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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
VoL. I, PP. 15-110. May, 9, 1899.
REVISION OF THE SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND
CENTRAL AMERICA.
By E. W. NELSON.
CONTENTS.
TRACTION ee AS Sect Ounces 2 to: UB} CuO CIN Ose OmOMeOIRo pce ue. 2 25 Deals
Physiography of the Region 7.) 3) sas sire es) ge eh ee oh es 17
Elistory and. Nomenclature |. .(5 2 2. ee )s 826 se Hie 2s ite 18
Notes on Distribution and Variation . .......+. 5++ 5 ses» 20
Subgenera of North American Squirrels... 2. e+ ee ee ee ees 23
HEE ELON SPE CIOS Med veniarvaitah (euler inl ollie ts Wehiie eine uel #)/ 08, folie es 1 libel Gale aie 33
List of Species with Type Localities. . . . 1 2. 2 ee et ee 8 36
Systematic Descriptions of Species... 2. 1 1 ee ee ee ee eee 38
INTRODUCTION.
Tue arboreal squirrels inhabiting the region between the
southern border of the United States and the Isthmus of Pan-
ama have been studied by several authors, notably J. E. Gray,
E. R. Alston and J. A. Allen. The material at the disposal of
these revisers was of the most fragmentary character, often
without definite localities and in poor condition, hence it is
hardly surprising that their conclusions are unsatisfactory.
During the past few years the quantity of material has been
greatly increased and its quality much improved. Mr. G. K.
Cherrie and Sefior Anastacio Alfaro in Costa Rica; Dr. Chas.
W. Richmond in Nicaragua; Mr. A. Forrer, the Lumholtz Ex-
pedition, and the late Dr. Audley C. Buller in Mexico, and
Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. S. A., on the Mexican Boundary, have
1Recommended for publication by the Biological Society of Washington,
February 25, 1899.
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1899. (15)
16 NELSON
contributed largely to the extent and value of recent collections.
The bulk of new material, however, has been gathered by
Mr. E. A. Goldman and myself. Since 1891 we have been
engaged in making explorations for the United States Bio-
logical Survey, under the Department of Agriculture. Western
Guatemala has been explored and Mexico has been repeatedly
traversed from north to south and from sea to sea. ‘The routes
of nearly every naturalist whose work is recorded have been fol-
lowed, and almost all the known type localities of Mexican mam-
mals have been visited. The series of squirrels thus brought
together has given an insight into the relationships of the mem-
bers of this group, which lack of material had hitherto rendered
impossible. Moreover, familiarity with the topography of the
country and the geographic distribution of Mexican and Guate-
malan species gave me advantages not possessed by any pre-
vious worker on Neotropical squirrels.'
During the preparation of the present revision I have been
able to examine representatives—and in most cases types or topo-
types—of nearly all the known species and subspecies found
in Mexico and Central America. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, who
had already done some work on the group, generously placed
in my hands his MS notes and the Biological Survey series
of more than 600 specimens; Mr. F. W. True, Executive
Curator of the U. S. National Museum, gave me the use of the
National Museum series, and Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of Mam-
mals in the American Museum of Natural History, forwarded
the Tropical American squirrels, including the types of his spe-
cies, in that collection. These additions brought the total num-
ber of specimens up to 919. But after a little study it be-
came evident that, in order to reach satisfactory conclusions on
many questions of synonymy, definite information was necessary
concerning the types of species described by Gray and others.
Accordingly, a series of specimens from the U.S. National
Museum and Biological Survey collections answering as closely
as possible to the imperfect published descriptions, was sent to
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, Curator of Mammals in the British Mu-
seum, for comparison with the types preservedin London. Mr.
1T am especially indebted to Dr. T. S. Palmer for many valuable suggestions,
particularly in connection with the nomenclature and synonymy.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 17
Thomas responded very handsomely, devoting considerable
time to the comparison and returning the specimens with an-
notations which have made it possible to state authoritatively
exactly what species were represented.
Within the area covered by the present paper Gray, in 1867,
recognized 18 species and varieties, Allen in 1877, 6 species and
3 varieties, and Alston in 1880, only 7 species. As a result of
the accumulation of modern material a number of new forms
have been described by various authors, and in the present re-
vision 43 species and subspecies are recognized.* In order to
understand the relationships of these numerous species it is
necessary to have a general idea of their surroundings and the
topographic features of the region they inhabit.
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE REGION.
Mexico and Central America present great contrasts of topo-
graphic and climatic conditions, accompanied by wonderful
variety of animal and vegetable life. The mountain ranges
fronting the two coasts of Mexico, and uniting near the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, are of great magnitude and form the outer
border or rim of the broad interior tableland. Southward the
continental area is narrow and the elevated interior correspond-
ingly reduced. One of the most characteristic features is the
comparatively level lowland skirting both coasts between the
sea and the base of the mountains. This coastal plain is some-
times 100 miles wide and often broken by hills or low ranges
of mountains which extend out from the main interior ranges as
short spurs, or rise island-like in the midst of the plain. The
hills reach the sea at many points but usually the country near
shore is level. The northern parts of the coastal plains, except
a very narrow belt along the east shore of Mexico, lie within
the Lower Sonoran zone and in passing southward, gradually
merge into the Arid Tropical. On the west side the arid char-
acter of the coast belt extends at least to Costa Rica, but on the
east coast it gives way in the southern half of Vera Cruz to the
Humid Tropical zone which, with the exception of the arid
1 Several South American species have been reported from the Isthmus of
Panama but in the absence of any material have necessarily been omitted.
18 NELSON
tropical peninsula of Yucatan, continues on to the Isthmus
of Panama. The Arid Tropical areas are characterized by low
scrubby forests; the Humid Tropical by greater luxuriance of
vegetation. The rainfall on the mountain slopes facing the sea
on both coasts is much heavier than on the adjacent lowlands,
and is distributed more generally throughout the year, produc-
ing a heavier forest growth. In eastern Mexico this ¢auses a
northward extension of the Humid Tropical area, in the form of a
long narrow tongue along the mountains, which reaches eastern
San Luis Potosi. On the west coast the uniformity of the Arid
Tropical area is broken by humid tropical islands at intervals
along the mountains northward nearly to the border of Guer-
rero, and by belts of heavy forest along streams flowing through
the plains.
Above the Tropical zones in Mexico the higher mountain
slopes extend through all the succeeding life zones to extreme
timberline, and in Central America to altitudes varying from
6000-14,000 feet. Differences of altitude are always accom-
panied by climatic changes, but in addition local causes also
often exert a marked influence. Thus the proximity of high
mountains, or the trend of a range or spur in relation to the
course of the prevailing wind, frequently has a direct effect
upon the rainfall of the surrounding district. In Vera Cruz
the north and northeast slopes of mountains are by far the most
humid owing to the fact that during the dry winter months
‘northers’ prevail, bringing fogs and rain. A striking example
of the climatic differences that may exist within a limited area
is afforded by the slopes of Mt. Orizaba, in western Vera Cruz.
The top of this mountain rises over 18,000 feet above sea level
and is perpetually covered with snow; its southeastern base
reaches the hot coast plain, and at an altitude of 800 feet the
foothills are covered with a humid tropical forest so dense in
places that the dew drops all day from the undergrowth; while on
the opposite side, at an altitude of 8000 feet, lie the arid treeless
tablelands.
HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE.
The first tree squirrel of tropical North America to receive
a distinctive scientific name was Sczurus aureogaster, described
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 19
by F. Cuvier in 1829. During the succeeding decade a few
species were described, and in 1839 Bachman’ published sev-
eral additional species from Mexico. The first general enumera-
tion of Tropical American squirrels appeared in 1842 in Les-
son’s ‘ Nouveau Tableau du Regne Animal,’ in which seven
species were mentioned from the region under consideration.
During the next 25 years Wagner, Schinz, Peters, and Gray
described a few species, Audubon and Bachman gave ac-
counts of several in their ‘ Quadrupeds of North America’
(1851-54), and Baird in 1857 referred briefly to the Mexican and
Central American species in his ‘ Mammals of North America.’
The year 1867 was marked by the publication of two papers,
Fitzinger’s ‘ Natiirliche Anordnung der Nagethiere,” which
included 10 species and subspecies of squirrels from Tropical
North America; and, a few months later, Gray’s ‘ Synopsis
of Species of American Squirrels in the Collection of the
British Museum.” The latter paper recognized 18 species and
varieties north of Panama, several of which were supposed to
be new, and was the first formal attempt to revise the Neotrop-
ical squirrels. Gray paid little attention to the work of pre-
vious authors and consequently renamed a number of species.
His descriptions were poor, the synonymy badly involved, and
some of the species were given impossible ranges. Dr. J.
A. Allen, in revising the group in 1877,* not only had the hope-
less task of untangling Gray’s results with the scanty material
afforded by the museums in the United States, but was further
handicapped by the prevailing tendency of the time to lump
species, and as a consequence did not clear the ground. In the
following year, 1878, Alston published a paper ‘ On the Squir-
rels of the Neotropical Region,” based on an examination of
series in the Berlin, Paris, and British museums, with additional
specimens sent him by Dr. Allen. Alston states that this
material included the types of forty-one nominal species. In
this revision 7 species were recognized as living within the limits
1 Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., III, p. 334, 1839.
2 Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien. math.-nat. Cl., lv, pp. 474-480. July, 1867.
%Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., XX, pp. 415-434. October, 1867.
4Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877.
5 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 656-670.
20 NELSON
of Mexico and Central America, as against 6 species and 3
varieties enumerated by Allen. In the Mammalia of the ‘ Bio-
logia Centrali-Americana,’ published in 1880, Alston again
recognized 7 species—no more than those mentioned by Lesson
in 1842. This wholesale lumping of widely separated species—
sometimes under a name inapplicable to any of the forms placed
under it—left the group even more complicated than before.
Dr. Allen followed Alston’s paper of 1878 by a ‘Synonymatic
List of American Sciuri, or Arboreal Squirrels’”* in which he
adopted the latter’s conclusions. ‘Trouessart, in his ‘ Revision
du Genre Ecureuil” in 1880, proposed several subgenera and a
few months later enumerated the species in his ‘ Catalogue des
Mammiféres Vivants et Fossiles’ (Rodentia) .*
During the last 18 years no extended papers on Neotropical
squirrels have appeared, but a number of species have been de-
scribed from Mexico and Central America by Allen, Thomas,
Merriam and myself.
NOTES ON DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION.
Tree squirrels occur in suitable places throughout Mexico
and Central America but the distribution of the various species
depends largely upon the character of the forests. Thus Sczurus
negligens is most abundant in the low, dense forests of ebony,
less than twenty-five feet high, on the hot coast plains, while
its near relative S. deppez loves the shady depths of humid trop-
ical forests on the lower mountain slopes where the damp air
produces an exuberant tree growth and an abundance of para-
sitic plants. The pigmy Sczwrus alfarz, first mistaken by its
discoverer for a bird—a Dendrocolaptine creeper—also lives in
similar surroundings in the mountains of Costa Rica. The
large species exist under even more varied conditions since
they occur from the hot coast country to the region of oaks and
pines close to timberline, but the ranges of different species or
subspecies are never coincident and overlap only in a few in-
stances, as in the case of S. colliet nuchalis and S. poliopus
1Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Survey Terr., IV, pp. 877-887, 1878.
2Le Naturaliste, II, No. 37, pp. 290-293, Oct., 1880.
3 Bull. Soc. d’Etudes Sci. d’Angers, X, pp. 76-82, 1880.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 21
colimensvs on the coast of Colima, and .S. apache and S. durangi
in the Sierra Madre. No such antagonism exists between the
large species (subgenus Achénoscéurus) and the smaller ones
(subgenera Guerlinguetus and Microsciurus) which frequently
occupy the same ranges.
Many species change their environment by periodical migra-
tions in search of food, moving from one locality to another with
the ripening of fruits or seeds upon which they subsist. This
is most marked on high mountains where a species may have a
vertical range of many thousand feet. Dr. Buller obtained a
specimen of Sccurus poliopus cervical’s among the pines on the
Sierra Nevada de Colima at an altitude of 12,000 feet, but when
we visited this mountain at another season, gnawed pine cones
were abundant near the summit, but the squirrels had de-
scended to lower levels and were feeding on wild figs and acorns
at an altitude of 4000-6000 feet. In eastern Queretaro and
northern Hidalgo, S. aureogaster, a tropical species which
usually ranges below 4000 feet, was found in winter among the
oaks and pines above 8000 feet alt. S. depped likewise at
times wanders high above its normal range.
The effect of climate on the character of the pelage is so
marked that it is possible to tell with considerable certainty
whether a species belongs to the tropics or to the higher moun-
tains. ‘Tropical species have thin pelage, short thin under fur,
and coarse, stiff, or almost bristly dorsal hairs; those of the
Transition and Boreal zones have thick soft pelage with long
dense under fur. These differences are sometimes strikingly
shown in subspecies of the same squirrel: thus the tropical
Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus has thin coarse pelage, while
S. aureogaster frumentor, which ranges between the altitudes
of 6000 and 8000 feet on a cold mountain slope, has dense soft
pelage. Species of the hot coasts of Central America are char-
acterized by peculiarly coarse, shining, bristly dorsal hairs.
Seasonal differences in pelage are usually slight, since there is
no area of heavy snow fall or long continued cold weather ex-
cept in the Sierra Madre of Durango and Chihuahua. Indi-
vidual variation, on the other hand, is often excessive and ren-
ders some species extremely difficult to describe. The large
22 NELSON
number of species and subspecies of these squirrels, together
with their great individual variation, have hitherto proved an
insuperable stumbling block in their treatment. The large
series now available for study shows that the group as a whole
is in a state of evolution and has developed groups of closely
related species or well marked geographic races, often within
very limited areas. For example, in the State of Vera Cruz,
the typical form of Sceurus aureogaster occurs throughout the
northern part, S. aureogaster frumentor on the west-central
border, and S. aureogaster hypopyrrhus in the southern part.
Many of the subspecies are so different from others of the same
species that without the intermediate series no one would for a
moment suspect their specific identity.
The extraordinary amount of geographical variation in trop-
ical North American squirrels is due mainly to an unusual plas-
ticity of organization which allows slight climatic differences to
produce a visible effect. The most obvious of these influences
are differences in temperature and rainfall.with their distribu-
tion through the year, and consequent effect on the vegetation.
The cool forests of the Transition zone in the interior of
southern Mexico and Guatemala are characterized by moderate
rainfall and have what may be called an inland climate. The
forests of the same zone on the mountains bordering the hot coast
plains, exposed to the moisture bearing winds from the sea, re-
ceive a much greater annual rainfall accompanied by cloudiness
and mists, resulting in an exuberance of vegetation not found
elsewhere in this zone. The effects of these differences in hu-
midity upon the squirrels are beautifully illustrated by Sczurus
poliopus and its subspecies. For example, subspecies hernan-
dezt, nemoralis and cervicalis, of the drier interior mountains,
are characterized by dull grayish upperparts and white under-
parts, and the absence of sharply contrasting nape and rump
patches. Sccwraus poliopus and its subspecies effugzus inhabit
mountains near the coast, and the effect of the increased humid-
ity is marked by the striking contrast between their gray backs
and bright ferruginous underparts. In addition, efugzus has
an unusually dark nape patch and brilliantly white ear patches.
Increased humidity within the tropics, also, is usually accom-
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 23
panied by increased intensity of coloration. This is well shown
by the dark, rich colors of Sccurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus of
the humid tropics compared with the paler colors of the closely
related S. aureogaster, of the arid tropics a little farther north.
A similar intensification of color is characteristic of the squir-
rels inhabiting the humid east coast from Vera Cruz to Pan-
ama, as contrasted with the paler species of the more arid west
coast from Mazatlan to Costa Rica.
SUBGENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN SQUIRRELS.
The tree squirrels of North America may be separated into ten
groups, distinguished by cranial, and sometimes by external
characters. Six of these groups have been already recognized
as of subgeneric rank, and four others are here named.
In discriminating the subgenera of squirrels one of the charac-
ters on which much stress has been laid is the presence or absence
of the small upper premolar. The discussion of the groups in
detail is prefaced, therefore, with a few remarks on this tooth.
Trouessart makes the erroneous statement that in the subgenus
Macroxus the upper molar series is often } in the young and 4
in the adult, adding that the rudimentary premolar is more or
less speedily shed.! Under MJacroxus he names six Tropical
American squirrels, viz., aureogaster, @stuans, hoffmannt,
deppet, chrysurus, and pusillus. Of these @stwans and hoff-
mannt never have the extra premolar, while all of the others,
with the possible exception of chrysurus, always have it in the
adult skull. The six species named above represent four sub-
genera, two of which were recognized by Trouessart in the same
paper; one has since been separated by Allen; another is de-
scribed below. Inall North American Squirrels having the extra
premolar, except the Chickarees or Red Squirrels of the United
States and Canada (subgenus Zamdasciurus), it is well devel-
oped and permanent. Among the Chickarees it is extremely
small, variable in size, shape, and position, and frequently ab-
sent. Dr. Allen states, in his recent revision, that it is absent
? Le Naturaliste, II, No. 37, pp- 292, Oct., 1880.
24 NELSON
in thirty percent of the specimens examined. In the skulls of
Tamiasciturus examined by me the percentage of absences is
much smaller than that given by Dr. Allen, but the tooth was fre-
quently so minute that it could be seen only by the aid of a lens.
It is smallest, most variable and most frequently absent in the
eastern S. Audsonzcus and its subspecies. In the other groups
of North American squirrels, this tooth, when present, is a well-
developed peg, reaching nearly or quite as high as the 2d pre-
molar, and often functional, the crown wearing down with the
adjacent teeth. Skulls from Mexico show conclusively that in
the species of that region, at least, the small premolar is a char-
acter of the adult. It is not present with the milk premolar in
immature skulls, but appears coincidently with the permanent
premolar and is equally persistent. Since it is persistent in cer-
tain groups and always absent in others, it evidently possesses
considerable taxonomic value.
The subgenera recognized in the present paper occupy
clearly defined geographic areas and, without exception, the
ranges of the most closely related groups are separated by
a distinct.gap. A curious equality is found in the number of
subgenera belonging respectively to Tropical and Temperate
North America. Five of the ten subgenera belong essentially to
Mexico and Central America, only one having a representative
within the United States. The remaining five belong to Tem-
perate North America, although four of them have each a single
representative in extreme northern Mexico. The distribution of
the subgenera may be tabulated roughly as follows:
MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. UNITED STATES.
Batoscturus subgen. nov. Tamiascturus Trouess.
Evchinosciurus Trouess. Neosciurus Trouess.
Are@osciurus subgen. nov. Parasciurus Trouess.
Not represented. Otoscturus subgen. nov.
Not represented. flesperosciurus subgen. noy.
Guerlinguetus Gray. Not represented.
Microscturus Allen. Not represented.
The extra premolar is present in all of these groups except
Areosciurus, Parascturus, and Guerlinguetus. Guerlinguetus
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 25
and Microsciurus are South American groups with numerous
species, and occur as intrusive elements in Central America,
where each is represented by one or two species. Otosczurus
and Hesperosciurus have few species and belong to the western
United States, but cross the border into Mexico.
The first name available for a subgenus of American Squirrels
is Guerlinguetus Gray, 1821, of which Macroxus is a synonym.
Macroxus, the name which has been commonly used, has been
curiously diverted from its original application to include nearly
all American squirrels. Lesson was the first to misuse the name,
after which Gray went to even greater extremes, in which he was,
to acertain extent, followed by Trouessart in 1897. In 1880 the
last named author established several subgenera of American
squirrels, several of which were accepted by Merriam and
Allen; yet in 1897 he again lumped several of them in the
ancient confusion under Wacroxus. The most recently described
subgenus is A/tcrosciurus Allen, 1895.
LIST OF SUBGENERA WITH TYPE SPECIES.
Echinoscturus, type S. hypopyrrhus Wagler (p. 25, 38).
Hesperosciurus, type S. griseus Ord (p. 27, 83).
Neosciurus,' type S. carolinensis Gmelin (p. 27).
Otoscturus, type S. abertd Woodhouse (p. 25, 85).
Tamiasciurus, type S. hudsonicus Erxleben (p. 28, 87).
Areosciurus, type S. oculatus Peters (p. 29, 88).
Parasciurus, type S. niger Linneus (p. 30, 97)-
Guerlinguetus, type S. guerlinguetus Gray (p. 30, 98).
Batioscturus, type S. deppez Peters (p. 31, 101).
Microscturus, type S. alfard Allen (p. 32, 105).
Subgenus ECHINOSCIURUS Trouessart (pl. I, fig. 9).
Echinoscturus TROUESSART, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 37, Oct. 1880, p.
292; Cat. Mamm., Rodentia, pp. 80-81, 1880 (part).
Macroxus TROUESSART, Catalogus Mammalium, nov. ed., II, pp. 421—-
429, 1897 (part).
Type Sczurus hypopyrrhus WAGLER, from Mexico.
1 Neosciurus is included here in order to complete the revision of the sub-
genera of North American squirrels.
26 NELSON
Distribution.—All of Central America and Mexico (except extreme
northern part). Ranges from Arid and Humid Tropical zones up to
Boreal.
External characters.—Form and color extremely variable: body
usually rather slender; tail long, narrow; pelage coarse, stiff, almost
bristly, in typical species.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull short, broad, depressed ;
brain case not highly arched but expanded laterally and widening to
occiput; interorbital area broad, rostrum short, broad, and heavy;
nasals about equal to or shorter than interorbital width.
General notes.—S. hypopyrrhus Wagler was named as the type
of Echinoscturus, but most of the red bellied Central American
squirrels were given that name at the time Trouessart wrote, and he
no doubt had in mind some bristly haired species from Central Amer-
ica instead of Wagler’s animal. However, Wagler’s hypopyrrhus
belongs to the same natural group and must therefore be retained as
the type. Most of the large squirrels in tropical North America belong
to this group. The skulls are distinguished from those of other large
North American species by the combination of two upper premolars
with ashort broad rostrum and flattened interorbital region. chino-
scturus contains S. aureogaster, S. poliopus, S. yucatanensis, S.
colliei, S. truet, S. sinaloensis, S. nelsoni, S. soctialis, S. griseo-
flavus, S. goldmani, S. managuensis, S. boothiea, S. adolphet and
S. thomast with their subspecies. These species occupy nearly all of
the hot coast region of tropical North America and range thence over
the mountains of Central America and southern Mexico. Those of
the highlands of Guatemala and southern Mexico are distinguishable
from those of the hot coasts and the interior of Central America by their
much longer and softer pelage. Inthe former series are S. aureogaster,
S. poliopus, S. truet, S. stnaloensis and S. griseoflavus, with their
subspecies. The species of the hot districts on the coast and south-
ward are remarkable for the stiff, harsh and usually shining long hairs
of the back—the character upon which the name of the subgenus
must have been based. S. yaucatanenszs with white ear tufts, and S.
poltopus with a comparatively long, slender rostrum and soft pelage
are least typical. S. aureogaster hypopyrrhus, the type, is about
midway, in the character of its pelage, between the soft haired species
of the highlands and the harsh haired species of Central America.
The wide geographic range and large number of species of this
group are accompanied by a greater amount of specific variation in the
skull than is shown in the smaller groups. In the species of Central
Se ee
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 27
America there seems to be a curious correlation between the increased
thickness of the rostrum and the increased coarseness of the pelage,
the extreme of which is reached in S. fhomasz.
HESPEROSCIURUS' subgen. nov. (pl. I, fig. 5).
Type Sciurus griseus Ord, from the Dalles of the Columbia.
Distribution.—Extreme southwestern Washington, western Ore-
gon, and most of California, to northern Lower California, Mexico.
Transition zone and border of Upper Sonoran.
External characters.—Size very large—total length about 560 mm. ;
tail a little shorter than head and body, very broad and bushy.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2; molar series, including small
premolar, unusually heavy; skull large and long, with long and deep
rostrum; nasals long, expanded anteriorly and much narrowed poste-
riorly ; brain case depressed and broadened across parietal region; pos-
torbital process of malar strongly developed and usually ending in a
point. Skull most like that of Meosctwrus, especially in proportions
of rostrum and interorbital area, but decidedly more depressed and
broadened posteriorly ; the zygomatic process of squamosal thrown out
horizontally, and the zygomatic arch inclined less obliquely upward.
General notes.—Hesperosciurus isa small group containing only 5S.
griseus Ord and its subspecies z2grzpes Bryant. It is limited to the
Transition and upper part of Upper Sonoran zones of the Pacific Coast
States and has its nearest relative in the Gray Squirrels (JVeosczurus)
of the eastern United States. Like the latter the color is uniform
gray above and white below, the group distinctions resting mainly on
cranial characters.
Subgenus NEOSCIURUS Trouessart.
Neoscturus TRoveEssart, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 37, Oct. 1880, p.
292; Cat. Mamm., Rodentia, pp. 76-77, 1850 (part) ; MERRIAM,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 27, 1892 (part).
Macroxus TROUESSART, Catalogus Mammalium, nov. ed., II, p. 421,
1897 (part).
Type Sczurus carolinensis Gmelin, from Carolina.
Distribution.—Eastern half of United States, not reaching Mexican
border. Lower and Upper Austral and Transition zones.
External characters.—Form rather slender; tail bushy; upper-
parts gray or grayish brown; underparts white. Externally much
like certain species of Ar@oscéurus but with different tooth formula.
1From éo7epoc, western ; + Sczurus.
28 NELSON
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull long and rather narrow ;
braincase inflated over interparietal region; rostrum long, compressed
laterally ; nasals much longer than interorbital breadth, much narrowed
posteriorly and expanded anteriorly; occiput high and narrow;
squamosal process of zygomatic arch turning abruptly down, the arch
ascending more obliquely from back to front than in Hlesferosczurus.
General notes.—This subgenus includes S. carolinensis and its
subspecies of the eastern United States. It is an Austral and Tran-
sition zone group. JVeosczurus is most closely related to Hespero-
scturus, from which it is distinguished by the braincase, which is
highly arched over the interparietals and narrowed and rounded pos-
teriorly. These two groups balance one another in the eastern and
western United States much as do Parasciurus and Arcoscturus.
OTOSCIURUS! subgen. nov. (pl. I, fig. 2).
Type Sczurus aberti Woodhouse, from San Francisco Mt., Arizona.
Distribution.—Rocky Mountains and Sierra Madre, from state of
Colorado to Durango, Mexico. Transition zone.
External characters.—Ears long and broad, with magnificent
tufts in winter; tail short and unusually broad; feet very large.
Upperparts mainly gray; underparts white, with lateral line more or
less distinctly black.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull short and broad; frontal
area flattened; braincase depressed, inflated laterally; rostrum com-
pressed laterally, rather light; nasals long (equalling interorbital
breadth).
General notes.—Otoscturus like Tamitascturus has strong ex-
ternal characters by which it may be at once recognized. The group
contains three species, S. adertz, S. concolor, and S. durang?t, which
range through the yellow pine forests of the Transition zone in the
southern Rocky Mountains and northern Sierra Madre.
Subgenus TAMIASCIURUS Trouessart (Pl. I, fig. 8).
Tamiascturus TROUESSART, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 37, Oct. 1880, p.
292; Cat. Mamm., Rodentia, pp. 81-82, 1880; MErRr1IAM, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 23, 1897; ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat.*Hist., N. Y., X, pp. 249-298, 1808.
Macroxus TROUESSART, Catalogus Mammalium, nov. ed., II, pp. 421-
429, 1897 (part).
Type ‘Scturus hudsonius Pall” (= S. hudsonicus Erxl.), from
Hudson Bay.
1From ods, oréc, ear; + Scturus.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 29
Distribution.—Most of the wooded parts of the United States and
British America; south to northern Lower California, Mexico. Bo-
real and Transition zones.
External characters.—Size small—under 450 mm.; ears long,
well haired, conspicuously tufted in winter; tail short, bushy, flat-
tened; lateral line (present in summer) black.
Cranzal characters.—Premolars 2 sometimes +} (the first very small
and irregular in development) ; skull short, wide and depressed; ros-
trum short and stout; nasals shorter than interorbital breadth ; anterior
end of zygomatic arch unusually broad and abruptly spreading ; aud-
ital bullz proportionately large.
General notes.— Tamiascturus was proposed by Trouessart in 1880
and subsequently dropped into synonymy until revived by Dr. Mer-
riam in 1892. Curiously enough Trouessart reduced it again to
synonymy in 1897, uniting it with most other North American squir-
rels under the untenable subgeneric name AZacroxus. In 1898 Dr.
Allen again revived the subgenus, which is unquestionably worthy of
recognition as a well marked natural group. Zamdasccurus includes
all of the Chickarees, S. hudsonicus, S. douglast and S. fremonti
with their subspecies. As already stated by Dr. Merriam, this sub-
genus is of Boreal origin, but is also common throughout a large part
of the Transition zone in the United States.
AR-EZOSCIURUS'! subgen. nov. (rl. I, fig. 3).
Type Scturus oculatus Peters, from eastern Mexico.
Distribution.—Mountains bordering the tableland of Mexico from
the volcanoes of Orizaba and Toluca north to central Arizona and
west-central New Mexico. Transition zone.
External characters.—Size large; body rather slender; tail usually
long, sometimes exceeding length of head and body ; upperparts gray
or yellowish; underparts white or yellowish.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 1. Skull rather short, depressed ;
braincase broadened at parietals; occiput low and broad; front of
skull depressed at base of rostrum (more arched in Parascturus) 3 ros-
trum light; nasals narrow, slightly tapering posteriorly; upper end of
premaxille narrow.
General notes. —The subgenus Argoscéurus is characteristic of the
Transition zone in the mountains bordering the tableland of Mexico
from Mts. Orizaba and Toluca northward. It is intrusive in the United
1From dpaioc, slender; + Sciurus.
30 NELSON
States, where it is represented in Arizona and western New Mexico by
a single species, S. av¢zonensts. ‘The group is most nearly related to
Parasciurus from which the skull characters distinguish it. The fol-
lowing species and subspecies belonging to this subgenus: |S. oculatus,
S. 0. toluce, S. allent, S. nayaritensis, S. apache, S. arizonensis
and S. a. huachuca.
Subgenus PARASCIURUS Trouessart (pl. I, fig. 1).
Parasciurus TROUESSART, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 37, Oct. 1880, p.
292; Cat. Mamm., Rodentia, pp. 77-78, 1880 (part); Mrrriam,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 27, 1892.
Macroxus TROUESSART, Catalogus Mammalium, nov. ed., II, p. 421,
1897 (part).
Type Sczurus niger Linn., from Carolina.
Distribution.—Eastern half of United States, entering Mexico
from western Texas. Upper and Lower Austral (Sonoran) zones.
External characters.—Size large; body slender; tail long, rather
bushy. Upperparts grizzled blackish or yellowish; underparts black-
ish or yellowish.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 4. Skull rather long, rostrum
long and broad, nasals broad; braincase long, narrow, not inflated
over parietals and narrowed at occiput.
General notes.—The subgenus Parascturus is limited to the Fox
Squirrels, S. zzger and S. dudovictanus with their subspecies. It is
distinguished from Ar@osczurus mainly by the long narrow braincase
and heavier rostrum. The ranges of the two groups do not touch at
any point.
Subgenus GUERLINGUETUS Gray (el. I, fig. 7).
Guerlinguetus Gray, London Medical Repository, XV, p. 304,
April, 1821.
Macroxus F. Cuvier, Dents des Mamm., p. 162, 1823. (Type, le
guerlinguet); Dict. Class. d’Hist. Nat. X, p. 16, 1826; Lzsson,
Nouv. Tabl. Regn. Anim., Mamm., p. 111,1842(part) ; Gray, Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Ser., XX, pp. 271, 419-434, 1867 (part) ;
TROUESSART, Le Naturaliste, II, No. 37, 1880, p. 292 (part) ; Cat.
Mamm., Rodentia, pp. 78-80, 1880 (part) ; Catalogus Mammalium,
nov. ed., II, pp. 421-429, 1897 (part).
Type, ‘le guerlinguet—S. guerlinguetus Gray (= Scturus e@s-
twans Linn.), from Surinam.
Distribution.—Tropical America from Peru and Brazil to Nica-
ragua.
External characters.—Size rather small—total length between 300
and 450 mm.; ears long, thinly haired; tail shorter than body, rather
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 31
bushy, flattened; color usually some shade of brown on upperparts
and buffy or rufous below.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 4. Skull rather broad, flattened
interorbitally; rostrum broad and deep at base; nasals long, ex-
panded at outer end; braincase not very highly arched but expanded
laterally over parietal region; audital bulla small; post-palatal notch
a little farther behind last molar than in AM/croscturus (about as in
Batoscturus); palatal width between molar series great. The skull
resembles in size and general appearance that of Lazosczurus, from
which it is distinguishable by slender rostrum, proportionately greater
interorbital and zygomatic breadth, and by the absence of the small
premolar.
General notes.— Guerlinguetus, proposed by Gray in 1821, is the
first name available for a subgenus of American squirrels. It was
subsequently discarded by its author for A/acroxus, proposed two
years later by Cuvier in the ‘ Dents des Mammiferes.’ In the ‘ Nom-
enclator Zoologicus,’ Agassiz cites AZacroxus from the ‘ Dictionnaire
des Sciences Naturelles, X, 1818,’ but a careful search fails to verify
the reference. The name does appear in the Dictionnaire Classique
d’Histoire Naturelle, Vol. X, 1826, p. 16, which was probably the cita-
tion intended by Agassiz. The ‘ Dents des Mammiféres’ was completed
in 1825, but on page xvi of the introduction Cuvier states that the
work appeared in parts, and that the part containing the rodents was
issued in 1823; from which therefore must date A/acroxus. Subse-
quent writers have followed Gray in ignoring Gwerlinguetus in favor
of Macroxus. The latter name was proposed for the group typified
by Scéurus estuans of South America, yet Lesson in 1842, Gray
in 1867, and Trouessart in 1880 and 1897, included under it the
most diverse squirrels in America. Guerlinguetus should be strictly
limited to .S. e@stuans with its numerous subspecies and allies, all of
which have brownish backs with brown, fulvous, or rufous bellies and
a single upper premolar. It is a characteristic group of northern
South America, intrusive in Central America where it is represented
by S. a. hoffmanni of Costa Rica and S. richmond? of Nicaragua.
BAIOSCIURUS' subgen. nov. (rl. I, fig. 4.)
Type Sciurus deppei Peters, from Papantla, Vera Cruz.
Distribution.—Northeastern Honduras, Guatemala, Chiapas and
eastern Mexico to Tamaulipas.
1From Baréc, small; + Sczurus.
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1899.
32 NELSON
External characters. —Size small—total length between 350 and
400 mm.; ears long, thinly haired; tail slightly shorter than body,
narrow and flattened.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2, well developed; skull rather
long and slender; rostrum broad and deep at base; nasals about equal
to interorbital breadth; anterior end of zygomatic arch narrow and
tapering gradually to junction with premaxilla; braincase rounded
and slightly arched on posterior half of frontals; audital bulle propor-
tionately small, smaller than in Guwerlinguetus and much smaller
than in Zamdasccurus.
General notes.—Batoscturus contains but two species, S. deppez
and S. zegligens. In size and general style of color these squirrels
are very similar to members of the subgenus Guerlinguetus, but are
distinguished by the presence of an extra premolar and other skull
characters. Their size, shape of tail, and form of skull distinguish
them from Af@crosczurus ; and the slender tail, presence of a well de-
developed small premolar, lack of ear tufts, absence of the black
lateral line and shape of skull separates them from TZamdasczurus.
The group is purely tropical, S. deffez belonging to the Humid and
S. xegligens to the Arid Tropical zones.
Subgenus MICROSCIURUS Allen (rl. I, fig. 6).
Microscturus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 332, 1895 ;
TrRovEssarT, Catalogus Mammalium, nov. ed., II, p. 429, 1897.
Type Sciturus alfari Allen, from Jiménez, Costa Rica.
Distribution—Northern South America north to Costa Rica, Cen-
tral America.
External characters—Smallest of American squirrels—total length,
in nearly or quite all the species, under 300 mm. Ears short, rounded,
well haired; tail much shorter than body, slender and rounded.
Cranial characters—Premolars ;. Skull short, broad and highly
arched over braincase: rostrum short, broad and deep at base; nasals
narrow and shorter than interorbital breadth; upper end of premax-
ille very heavy; malar broad and expanded vertically; postpalatal
notch only a trifle posterior to last molar.
General notes.—Microsciurus is a tropical American subgenus
with numerous species distributed over a large part of northern South
America and may be considered intrusive in Central America, S. @-
fart being the only species known north of Panama. S. puszllus
Desm., S. kuhli (Gray), S. peruanus Allen, S. mimulus Thomas,
and other South American species belong here. Until Dr. Allen de-
ee
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 35
fined this group its members were confused with the species of the
subgenus Guerlinguetus Gray (Macroxus Cuvier) which are charac-
terized by a single upper premolar.
KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
SIZE LARGE, TOTAL LENGTH OVER 450 MM.
Premolars +
Belly buffy or yellowish
Back gray ;
Median area on back black; belly usually deep buff
oculatus p. 88.
Median area on back washed with blackish; belly
buthyavelitishtts 0. ver actc en oo sere toluce p. 89.
Back yellowish gray
Belly rusty yellow; total length over 500 mm.
apache p. 94.
Belly more dingy yellow; total length under 500
ALVIN 4, erste Meron aetna SNES ae a ee limttis p. 97-
Belly white
Back golden buffy or yellowish overlaid with grizzling
Of blackyandcwhite woh: 2sse.5. se nayarttensts p. 93-
Back gray
Back uniform gray or grayish brown; ears gray;
total length under 500 mm............ allent p. Ql.
Back gray washed with yellowish on nape and
back of shoulders; ears rusty; total length over
SOG MIMI es sesso tesestemeneseeee Seer huachuca p. 96.
Premolars 2
Nape patch strongly marked, rump patch present or absent
Belly gray, white, or buffy
Belly gray, rump patch well marked; back dark
(2A SNES os nm omnicct BOSC GODEOACODOCG frumentor p. 44.
Belly white or buffy
Rump patch poorly defined or absent
Back dull whitish; belly white or buffy
soctalts p. 62.
Back pale gray; belly white or buffy
hernandezi p. 48.
Rump patch well defined
Middle of back gray; feet gray or black-
ish; belly; white..2.... colimensts p. 52.
Middle of back whitish ; feet whitish, belly
wihitevonr bully. ss)-22c- sess cocos p. 65.
Belly rufous
Feet gray or blackish
Ribs and sometimes shoulders rufous
Back pale gray; top of head iron gray
aureogaster p. 38.
34 NELSON
Back dark gray; top of head iron gray or
blackish’ (ovens. hypopyrrhus p. 42.
Ribs and shoulders not rufous
Back dingy whitish; nape patch rusty
socialis p. 62.
Back bluish gray in middle, remainder
sooty brownish. .:2.ccsecs2200 hirtus p. 56.
Feet white
Back whitish, rump and nape patches very
bright... ..c}U.sussenesn we neece meee ccc cocos p. 65.
Back gray
Nape patch strongly marked, dark rufous
effugius p. 54.
Nape patch not strongly marked, rusty
vellowaishs... 00. eeeeeeceee poliopus p. 46.
Nape and rump patches absent or not well defined
Nape and rump patches not well defined
Back dark gray, sparingly or not at all mixed with yellowish hairs
Back and under side of tail dark iron gray; feet gray
cervicalis p 51.
Back and under side of tail paler gray; feet white
nemoralis p. 50.
Back pale gray mixed with yellowish hairs; feet white
Belly: whites. eeiusccsctewencesteser coe ee eevee hernandezi p. 48.
‘Bellyirud oustes 66 i, Ase i ee en ee ies dee ean stays poliopus p. 46.
Nape and rump patches absent
Back with broad median band of blackish; rest of body whitish
dorsalis p. 74.
Back without broad median band of blackish
Belly pale gray; back coarsely grizzled gray or yellowish gray
yucatanensts p. 70.
Belly not pale gray
Belly blackish or white
Belly blackish; back sooty blackish grizzled with yellow-
ISHUP TAWA cess: FG Gemieele nee enne someMaaes ssismentletels nelsoni p. 55.
Belly white
Ear tufts present, whitish; back gray or yellowish gray
yucatanensis p. 70.
Ear tufts absent
Lars bordered with black
Back very dark, lateral line reddish; ear patches
TUISEY Suet Oe aseebinac tee ema eon caste boothte@ p. 76.
Back grayer, no lateral line; ear patches very large,
WEE) sens it aticde nines MeRe Me ance: goldmant p. 82.
Lars not bordered with black
Back pale gray or yellowish, fizely grizzled with
black
Back gray
Size large; total length about 57o mm.; _ back
uniform ; no lateral line............ griseus p. 83.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 35
Size medium, total length about 485 mm.; me-
dian dorsal area rufous; lateral line black
durangt p. 85.
Back yellowish
Ears pale rusty ; flanks like back...¢raez p. 61.
Ears dull rusty; flanks washed with whitish
stnaloensis p. 60.
Back yellowish gray, coarsely grizzled with black
Ears gray; yellowish of back dull, sometimes
VELYuIMGIStINCle aes ani eeraaen cen ances BOD p- 58.
Ears rusty ; yori of back brighter, more buffy.
nuchalts p. 59.
Belly not blackish or white
Belly buffy
Back with median area blackish or dark brown, rest of
bediyet birfby ieee eo oush e see NRO sa eee dorsalis p. 74.
Back with median area not blackish
Harssplacksed sediysck. esdcsteosee variegatotdes p. 79.
ars mot black edged:.:2......c<.s 0. managuensts p. SI.
Belly rufous
Top of head paler than back
All of back blackish brown; feet, legs, lower flanks
and belly dull chestnut rufous........ adolphet p. 73.
Middle of back blackish or dark yellowish brown
or grayish yellow; rest of body rufous
dorsalis p. 74.
Top of head not paler than back
Back heavily washed with black
ellivarustys ruLOUS Is. Maelva oc oseceeseeetons beltz p. 78.
Belly rich dark ferruginous............ thomas? p. 71.
Back not washed with black
Back pate gray or sooty blackish
Back pale gray
Feet dark gray or blackish; rufous of belly
sometimes extending up on ribs
aureogaster p. 38.
Feet pale gray; rufous of belly not extending
LP MOM EDS. sce aaedeseeeee. chiapensts p. 69.
Back sooty blackish, with thin wash of yellowish
ay
aCe WaMlOTiNas jeans ene sees anecee nelsont p. 55-
Back with area of bluish gray across the mid-
et Ns oacl soca erat talete: erala siesrae hirtus p. 56.
Back not pale gray or sooty blackish
Back yellowish brown sometimes thinly washed
WHER LAY le uieain ceo oma sia Nene griseofiavus p. 67.
Back blackish, grizzled with gray or yellowish ;
underparts and costal area rufous
hypopyrrhus p. 42.
36 NELSON
S1zE SMALL, TOTAL LENGTH UNDER 450 MM.; PREMOLARS + OR 2
Premolars 1; ears medium long, thinly haired (Subgenus Gzer-
linguetus )
Tail washed with bright ferruginous.......... hoffmanni p. 98.
Tail washed with yellowish.................. richmond p. 100.
Premolars 3
Ears large, tufted (Subgenus Zamdasczurus)
Back gray, belly white, lateral line black.mearnsz p. 87.
Ears small or medium, not tufted
Ears short, rounded, thickly haired; total length under
300 mm. (Subgenus A/zcrosczurus)
Tail washed with reddish............... alfart p. 105.
Ears medium long, pointed, thinly haired; tail washed
with white; total length over 300 mm. (Subgenus
Batoscturus )
Backigrayish brown. .:..7-..0-she- 20 negligens p. 104.
Back reddish or yellowish brown...... deppe? p. 101.
LIST OF SPECIES, TYPE LOCALITIES, AND SPECIMENS
EXAMINED.
No. of
Name. Type Locality. specimens
examined.
Sciurus aureogaster F. Cuv.Eastern Mexico [Typical at Alta Mira,
Tamaulipas ] 98
hypopyrrhus ‘Mexico’ [Typical at Minatitlan,
(Wagl.)| Vera Cruz] 18
frumentor Nelson |Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, Mexico 14
poliopus (Fitzinger) ‘Cordillera of Oaxaca’ [Typical on
Cerro San Felipe] Oaxaca 16
hernandezi Nelson |Mts. w. of Oaxaca City, Oaxaca,
Mexico Ly
nemoraiis Nelson |Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico 32
cervicalis (Allen) |Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mex. 24
colimensts Nelson |Hacienda Magdalena, Colima, Mexico 10
effugius Nelson Mts. w. of Chilpancingo, Guerrero,
Mex. 8
nelsont Merriam Huitzilac, Morelos, Mexico 18
hirtus Nelson Tochimilco, Puebla, Mexico 7
colliei Richardson San Blas, Tepic, Mexico 24
nuchalis sub sp. nov.|Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico 17
sinaloensis Sp. NOv. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico 4
truez Sp. NOV. Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sonora, Mexico 4
soctalis Wagner Near Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Mex. 54
cocos Nelson Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico 33
griseoflavus (Gray) ‘Guatemala’ [Typical near Duefias] 22
chiapensis subsp. n.|San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico 12
D2 en Se
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA
LIST OF SPECIES, TYPE LOCALITIES, AND SPECIMENS
EXAMINED.
( Continued. )
No. of
Name. Type Locality. specimens
examined,
yucatanensis Allen Merida, Yucatan, Mexico 5
thomas? sp. nov. Talamanca, Costa Rica 5
adolphez (Lesson) Realejo, Nicaragua I
dorsalis (Gray) W. coast Central America [Typical at
Liberia, Costa Rica] 20
boothie Gray ‘Honduras’ [Typical at San Pedro
Sula] 8
Scturus boothie belti subsp.
nov. Escondido River, Nicaragua 8
variegatotdes Ogilby Salvador, Central America I
managuensis Nelson Managua River, Guatemala 3
goldmanit Nelson Huehuetan, Chiapas, Mexico Io
griseus Ord The Dalles of the Columbia, Oregon
52
durang?t (Thomas) Ciudad Ranch, Durango, Mexico 2
douglast mearust San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower Cali-
(Town.) fornia, Mexico 3
oculatus Peters Eastern Mexico [Typical at Las Vigas,
Vera Cruz] 46
toluce Nelson Volcano of Toluca, Mexico 15
ailent Nelson Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico 22
ms nayaritensis Allen Valparaiso Mts., Zacatecas 41
apache Allen Near Bavispe River, Chihuahua, Mex. 33
arizonensis huachuca
Allen {Huachuca Mts., Arizona 26
ludovicianus limitis
(Baird) |Devil’s River, Texas 14
estuans hoffmanni Peters|Costa Rica [Typical near San José] 25
vichmondt Nelson Escondido River, Nicaragua 18
deppei Peters Papantla, Vera Cruz, Mexico 73
negligens Nelson Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico 23
alfart Allen Jiménez, Costa Rica 3
38 NELSON
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.’
Subgenus ECHINOSCIURUS Trouessart. (rl. I, fig. 9.)
SCIURUS AUREOGASTER F. Cuvier. Red-bellied Squirrel.
Sciurus niger ERXLEBEN, Syst. Regni Anim., pp. 417-418, 1777 (part: the
melanistic form—Sczurus mexicanus or Quautechallotlthliltic of Hernan-
dez, p. 582. Not S. #zger Linn., 1758.)
Sciurus vartegatus DESMAREST, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., x, pp. 103-104, 1817
(part); SAUSSURE, Revue et Mag. de Zool., pp. 4, 5, 1861; ALSTON,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 660-662, 1878 (part) ; Biol. Cent.-Am.,
Mamm., pp. 127-128, 1880 (part: specimens from Orizaba, Cordova,
Mirador, Santuario and Jalapa, Vera Cruz) ; SUMICHRAST, La Naturaleza,
V, p. 324, 1882 (part : specimens from central Vera Cruz) ; THOMAS, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 74, 1890. (Not S. variegatus ERXLEBEN 1777.)
Scturus aureogaster F, CuviER, Hist. Nat. Mammiferes, vi, livr. L1x, pl. with
text, 1829; BACHMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 88-89, 1838; I.
GEOFFROY, Voyage de la Vénus, Zool., Atlas, pl. 11, 1846; text, pp. 156—
163, 1855 (part : specimens described with rufous lower surface) ; BAIRD,
Mamm. N. Am., p. 282, 1857; ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N.
Y., III, pp. 181-182, 1890 (part: specimens from Tampico) ; Ibid., m1,
p. 222, 1891 (part: specimens from Valles, San Luis Potosi, and Tampico,
Tamaulipas.
Sciurus rafiventer LICHTENSTEIN, Abhandl. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 116
(1827), 1830.
Sciurus leucogaster F. CUviER, Suppl. d’Hist. Nat. Buffon, I, pp. 300-301,
1831.
Sciurus mustelinus AUDUBON and BACHMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
pp. 100-101, 1841 (melanistic) ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vl, pt. 2,
p. 312, 1842; Quad. N. Am., III, pp. 258-259, pl. CLII, 1851. *
Sciurus ferrugintventris AupUBON and BACHMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., p. 1o1, 1841 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, pt. 2, p. 313,
1842 ; Quad. N. Am., I, pp. 292-293, pl. XXXVIII, 1851.
Sciurus ferruginetventris SCHINZ, Synopsis Mamm., I, p. 14, 1845.
Sciurus aurogastery AUDUBON and BACHMAN, Quad. N. Am., II, p. 344, 1851.
Sciurus hypoxanthus (LICHTENSTEIN MS) I. GEOFFROY, Voyage de la Vénus,
Zool. (text), pp. 158-159, 1855 (on labels of squirrels from Berlin Museum).
Sciurus chrysogaster GIEBEL, Saugethiere, p. 650 footnote, 1855.
Macroxus aureogaster GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, 423,
1867 (var. 2 from Mexico).
Sciurus aureigaster ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 750-753, 1877 (part:
specimens from Orizaba, Cordova, and Mirador, Vera Cruz); Bull. U.S.
Geol. Survey Terr., Iv, pp. 882-883, 1878.
Sciurus hypopyrrhus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., II, pp.
222-223, 1891. (Melanistic specimens from Tampico, Mexico.)
Sciurus leucops ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1x, p. 198, 1897.
Type locality.—‘ California’—-really eastern Mexico. Specimens
from Alta Mira, Tamaulipas are typical.. Type in Paris Museum?
1All measurements are in millimeters ; specimens measured in the flesh
unless otherwise stated. The basal length of the skull is measured from gna-
thion to basion, the palatal length from Henselion (posterior alveolus of incisor)
to palatal notch.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 39
Distribution.—Arid tropical lowlands and adjacent mountains of
southern Tamaulipas, northern Vera Cruz, eastern San Luis Potosi,
eastern Queretaro and Puebla, northeastern Hidalgo, and thence south
to border of Humid Tropical zone in central Vera Cruz, and northern
side of Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca. (Usually below 4ooo ft.
alt., but sporadically up to over Sooo ft. in Hidalgo and Queretaro. )
Characters.—Size large; color of back pale grizzled gray with nape
patch poorly defined, rusty or yellowish brown; underparts bright
ferruginous, this color extending up over fore legs and costal area
nearly or quite to top of shoulders. Tail long, flat, and rather slender ;
hairs on back rather coarse and glossy. Teats: p. + a.3 i. 4.
Color.—Top of nose and fore part of crown iron gray; nape patch
often indistinct and varying from dull yellowish brown to dull rusty
rufous, generally grizzled with gray or whitish; rest of upperparts in-
cluding upper cheeks, sides and top of neck (below and behind nape
patch) a median line between shoulders, entire lumbar region, rump
and outside of thighs varying from dark iron gray to pale whitish gray ;
fore feet and sometimes outside of fore legs iron gray, usually darker
than back; hind feet varying from blackish faintly grizzled with gray to
iron gray like back; sides of nose, lower cheeks and chin pale grizzled
gray ; rest of underparts bright ferruginous, this color usually extend-
ing over outside of fore legs and high up over costal area, sometimes
even meeting and forming a band across top of shoulders ; base of tail
all around like back; rest of tail above black washed with white ; be-
low, with a broad median band of ferruginous, bordered by a line of
black and edged with white; ring around eye dark buff, with an area
of dull yellowish brown extending back nearly or quite to base of ear;
ears gray like crown, or rusty reddish like nuchal patch; ear patches
(usually absent in summer) dingy gray or whitish. Hairs on back
black, with broad white tips, often mixed with others having broad
median and sometimes basal yellow rings. The winter pelage differs
from that of summer mainly in paler upperparts and distinct whitish
ear patches.
Vartation.—Sciurus aureogaster presents a wide range of varia-
tion. The underparts range from bright ferruginous to dark ru-
fous, almost like the color of SS. hypopyrrhus. The back varies
from whitish to dark iron gray. The upward extension of ferrugi-
nous on the sides varies from a slight wash just back of fore legs to
a broad band reaching over costal area and across top of shoulders,
covering nearly half of the body.
A specimen from Orizaba in the U.S. National Museum has the
40 NELSON
rufous reaching up all along the flanks, covering the outside of thighs
and back, and confining the gray dorsal area to a median band on lum-
bar region and rump; the top of head and nape black, thinly grizzled
with gray, and the tail black thinly washed with gray above, and with
ferruginous along middle of under side. A specimen from Pinal de
Amoles, Queretaro, has the upperparts, including outside of legs,
sides of body and upper surface of tail, nearly uniform pale grizzled
gray; the underparts dingy rusty. A specimen from Catemaco, Vera
Cruz (approching hyfopyrrhus in intensity) has the same pattern as
the one last described, but the breast and inguinal region are grizzled
with gray. The width of the red median band on the under side of
tail varies and is sometimes nearly or quite replaced by the widening of
the black border. This is a common phase in individuals grading to-
ward hypopyrrhus. Specimens from northern Vera Cruz, Queretaro,
San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas are paler or grayer than those from
farther south in central Vera Cruz.
On the east slope of the Cofre de Perote near Jico and Jalapa,
Vera Cruz, most of the squirrels are intergrades between aureogaster
proper and frumentor. They are even richer ferruginous below than
true aureogaster, but have the distinct nape and rump patches and
tendency to obsolescence of rufous median band on lower side of tail
of frumentor. On account of the rufous underparts these specimens
are referred to awreogaster rather than to frumentor; they combine
the characters of the two forms in about equal proportion but dif-
fer slightly from either. Squirrels from Lake Catemaco, Vera Cruz,
and about Guichicovi, Serabia, and Santo Domingo, Oaxaca, on the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, show intergradation between true azreo-
gaster and hypopyrrhus, and it is frequently puzzling to decide on
which side of the line to class them.
Melanism is common in this species; it is particularly prevalent in
some localities and at times entirely replaces the normal phase. A
melanistic specimen from Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, has the top of the
head and rest of upperparts dark rusty brown, thinly washed with
black, darkest over the shoulders; tail black slightly washed with gray ;
entire underparts, including nose and sides of head to eyes, fore feet
and legs and hind feet black, and a thin collar of grizzled rusty brown
across the under side of neck. A specimen from Forlon in the same
state is similar but has a very much heavier wash of black on the back.
Very young squirrels show the characteristic color markings.
Measurements.— Average of 5 adults from Alta Mira: total length
509; tail 260; hind foot 66.6.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 41
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. The skull (pl. I, fig. 9) of
this species is typical of a large group of squirrels in Mexico and Cen-
tral America. It is rather short and robust, with heavy rostrum; the
braincase is inflated over the interparietal region; the peg-like rst pre-
molar is set barely inside and close to the anterior angle of the 2d
premolar. Five adult skulls from Alta Mira average: basal length
49.8; palatal length 26.5 ; interorbital breadth 19.1; zygomatic breadth
34.5; length of upper molar series 11.3.
General notes.—This strikingly colored species was the first tree
squirrel of Mexico and Central America to receive a distinctive scien-
tific name, and has figured most prominently in scientific literature.
Cuvier published an excellent figure of it with the original description,
showing the characteristic bright rufous underparts. The figure repre-
sents the less common phase of pelage with but slight extension of ru-
fous on the costal area and a poorly defined nuchal patch. By some
curious oversight Cuvier, two years later, renamed the species S. lezco-
gaster. He gave California as the habitat of this squirrel but men-
tioned specimens from eastern Mexico; modern explorations have
proved conclusively that it occurs only in eastern Mexico. Later
authors have placed it under various names, among which Sczurus
vartegatus Erxleben has been frequently used, but as I have recently
shown (Science, NS., vu, No. 208, pp. 897-8, Dec. 23, 1898),
the latter name belongs toa ground squirrel—the so called Spermo-
philus macrourus of Bennett and other authors. The Sczurus ferru-
giniventris of Audubon and Bachman is unmistakably the same as
Cuvier’s aureogaster, and like it was said to come from California ;
and there is little doubt that .S. mastedinus of the same authors was
based on a melanistic specimen of the same animal.
Scturus aureogaster is separable into three well marked geographic
races, of which the one most closely agreeing with Cuvier’s figure and
description inhabits northern Vera Cruz and southern Tamaulipas.
Hence specimens from Alta Mira in southern Tamaulipas are here de-
scribed as typical.
Habits.—This squirrel has a wide distribution in the forests of
eastern Mexico, ranging from the coastal plains to the slopes of the
Cordillera. On the northern side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca, as well as near Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and farther
north it commonly ranges up to an altitude of 4000 feet.
Still farther north it extends back along the deep river valleys far
into the interior of Hidalgo and Queretaro; and on the humid,
densely forested slopes of the mountains at Pinal de Amoles, Quere-
42 NELSON
taro, and near Encarnacion, Hidalgo, Mr. Goldman took specimens
at an altitude of over Sooo feet. The northern part of its range is an
arid tropical region where it occurs mainly in heavy woods along
streams and canyons. Farther south, on the borders of the humid
tropical region, it finds suitable forests more generally distributed ; and
on the mountain slopes it is usually found in areas of heavy tree growth.
Throughout their range these squirrels do considerable damage to
cornfields, and while corn is in the ear it is an easy matter to find
them about the edges of fields cleared in the forest. At other times
they are dispersed, seeking food wherever wild fruits or nuts may be
in season. Their occurrence at an altitude of Sooo feet in Hidalgo
and Queretaro is probably due to a migration in search of food, for
this is far above their usual range.
Specimens examined.—Ninety-eight, from the following localities :
Victoria, Forlon and Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Valles, San Luis
Potosi; Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro (8000 feet); Metlaltoyuca,
Puebla; Sierra Encarnacion, Hidalgo (Sooo feet); Papantla,
Chichicaxtle, Jalapa, Jico, Mirador, Orizaba, Motzorongo, Otatitlan,
Tuxtla, and Catemaco, Vera Cruz; Serabia, Guichicovi, and
mountains near Santo Domingo, Oaxaca.
SCIURUS AUREOGASTER HYPOPYRRHUS (Wagler).
Fire-bellied Squirrel.
Sciurus hypopyrrhus WAGLER, Oken’s Isis, pp. 510-511, 1831; WAGNER,
Schreber'’s Saugth., 11, Suppl. pl. ccx11 c, 1837; Ibid., Suppl., 111, pp.
167-168, 1843 ; SAUSSURE, Revue et Mag. de Zool., p. 5, 1861 ; ALLEN,
Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 746-750, 1877 (part) ; ALSTON, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, pp. 662-664, 1878 (part) ; Biol. Cent.-Am. Mammalia, pp.
128-131, 1880 (part : specimens from Coatzacoalcos, Vera Cruz).
Scturus hypopyrrhous Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., Xx, p. 424,
1867.
Macroxus morio GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, p. 424, 1867.
Macroxus maurus Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, p. 425, 1867.
Sciurus variegatus SUMICHRAST, La Naturaleza, v, p. 324, 1882 (part: speci-
mens from southern Vera Cruz, Mexico).
Scturus rufiventris? Rovrrosa, La Naturaleza, vil, p. 360 (1885-86) 1887
(Tabasco, Mexico).
Scturus aureogaster ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, pp. 181-182,
1890 (part: specimens from Serabia, Oaxaca).
Type locality.—‘ Mexico.’ Specimens from Minatitlan, Vera Cruz,
are typical. Location of type specimen unknown—but probably in
Berlin Museum.
Distribution.—Humid tropical forests of southern Vera Cruz, ad
tr
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 43
jacent parts of extreme southeastern Oaxaca, Tabasco, eastern Chia-
pas, and perhaps extreme northwestern Guatemala (below 4000 feet).
Characters.—This form is much darker than true S. awreogaster ;
the intense, almost chestnut rufous of underparts usually extends as a
broad band over the costal area and top of shoulders; the pelage is
thinner, with much stiffer and more shining dorsal hairs, and the tail
slenderer with black predominating. Teats: p. 1a. 2i. 1.
Color.—Top of nose and fore part of crown dark iron gray; lum-
bar region, rump, outside of thighs and base of tail finely grizzled
with black, grayish white, and dull rusty or yellowish brown; nape
patch indistinct, dull yellowish brown or dingy rufous, often grizzled
with black and gray; ears like nape, grizzled gray or reddish brown,
sometimes bordered with black; a thin basal patch of dingy grayish
white in winter; ring around eyes reddish or dark buffy brown,
confluent with area of same color extending back on sides of head
below ears; sides of nose, chin, and most of cheeks dingy gray; rest
of underparts deep, almost chestnut ferruginous, the same color
usually covering all of fore legs and extending up as a broad band
over costal area and shoulders; fore and hind feet black, sometimes
minutely grizzled with gray; tail above, black thinly washed with
white; below, usually with a narrow median line of rich ferruginous,
heavily bordered with black and thinly edged with white, the median
rufous line frequently absent and replaced by black. Hairs on
back (except rufous area) black, with fine tips of white or some-
times narrow subterminal rings of yellowish brown.
Variation.—Black squirrels of this form are very common at
Minatitlan and in Tabasco. A curious specimen from Minatitlan is
uniformly black except on sides of nose, cheeks and chin which are
dark gray; flanks and hips thinly grizzled with yellowish gray ; upper
surface of tail thinly grizzled with gray; underparts, including inside
of legs, dark reddish brown. The nuchal patch is sometimes
confluent with the rufous area on shoulders, though usually lighter.
An immature specimen from the vicinity of Santo Domingo, Oaxaca,
is dingy reddish brown above, grizzled with black and gray. The
area covered by rufous on sides and across shoulders varies, and
the color also varies in intensity. The forelegs are sometimes grizzled
iron gray with or without mixture of reddish.
Measurements.—Average of 5 adults from Minatitlan: total
length, 522.8; tail vertebrae, 266.8; hind foot, 67.3.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull similar to that of typi-
cal awreogaster but larger and proportionately narrower, with audital
44 NELSON
bulle larger and slightly constricted just in front of middle. Five
adult skulls from Minatitlan average: basal length, 52.6; palatal
length, 27.1; interorbital breadth 15.4; zygomatic breadth, 34.8;
length of upper molar series 11.4.
General notes.—Although Wagler merely gave ‘ Mexico’ as the
type locality for S. Aypopyrrhus, his description applies so well to the
dark colored race of S. aureogaster of southern Vera Cruz that it
seems advisable to adopt his name for this form. Specimens from
Minatitlan, Vera Cruz, are typical.
An adult from Minatitlan (No. 78082 9 ad., U. S. Nat. Mus.)
is even darker and more generally ferruginous than the Santo Domingo
specimen, and has a blackish area on fore shoulders and blackish rump
finely grizzled with dingy yellowish. After comparing this specimen
with thetype of Macroxus maurus Gray, Mr. Thomas writes that it
is exactly like one of the two co-types. He also states that the British
Museum has a specimen from Teapa, Tabasco, similar to the type of
Macroxus morio Gray, but a little less melanistic, and that this speci-
men is the same as our No. 78082 except for a little dash of melanism
across the shoulders, thus proving the identity of sauwrus and morzo.
The name hyfopyrrhus Wagler has been used indiscriminately by
various authors for the rufous bellied squirrels of Mexico, Central
America and even northern South America.
FlTabzts.—The Fire-bellied Squirrels live in the humid tropical forest
where they range from sea level up to an altitude of about 4000 feet.
They levy a heavy toll upon cornfields planted in clearings in the
forest, and are also fond of cacao beans, gathering about the planta-
tions in large numbers, and are especially destructive in Tabasco and
eastern Chiapas. In order to gather a cacao crop the planters are
obliged to employ men with guns to patrol the plantations daily, but
in some districts, despite such efforts, the squirrels are a serious pest
and do great damage.
Specimens examined.—EKighteen: from Minatitlan and Catemaco,
Vera Cruz; mountains near Santo Domingo and Guichicovi, Oaxaca;
Uspanapa River, Tabasco; Tumbala, Chiapas.
SCIURUS AUREOGASTER FRUMENTOR Nelson.
Perote Squirrel.
Sciurus aureogaster frumentor NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xII, pp.
154-155, June 3, 1898.
Type locality.—Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type no. 54259
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 45
Distribution.—Mixed pine and oak forests of Upper Austral zone
on east and north base of the Cofre de Perote and adjacent eastern
slope of the Cordillera near Las Vigas, Vera Cruz (alt. 6000-8000 ft.).
Characters.—Differs strikingly from typical awreogaster in having
well marked nuchal and rump patches of yellowish brown or rufous
brown; the underparts gray or gray washed with rufous; tail heavier
and more bushy; pelage softer. eats: p. 4a. 31. 4.
Color.—Nuchal and rump patches strongly marked, varying from
dark yellowish brown to dark rusty red, washed with black, extending
forward as a paler area along sides of- head to enclose ears and eyes;
rest of upperparts including nose and fore crown, fore feet, outside
of legs and sides of body, dark grizzled iron gray, usually with rusty
or pale rufous subterminal rings on hairs of back and sides; hind feet
varying from black, slightly grizzled with gray, to dark iron gray;
chin, throat and cheeks dingy gray; rest of underparts varying from
pale gray to gray washed with rusty red; tail at base like back, rest of
tail above black thinly washed with white ; below, with a median band
varying from pale rusty yellowish to dark ferruginous, bordered with
a black band and edged with white; ears usually like nuchal patch but
sometimes grayish and sometimes with a black border; basal patch
dingy white, present in winter, usually absent in summer. Hairs on
back black, with conspicuous white tips often mixed with others hav-
ing pale rufous subterminal rings.
Variation.—The series of this form and of awreogaster show per-
fect intergradation although the two extremes are strikingly different.
Some specimens taken below Las Vigas have the ferruginous of the
underparts somewhat grizzled with gray and more dingy than in
aureogaster. The black on the lower surface of the tail varies from
a narrow border to a broad band which reduces the median area to a
narrow line. Some specimens show 3 or 4 distinct black and rusty,
or reddish, annulations on lower surface of tail, giving a grizzled ap-
pearance which does not occur in either awreogaster proper or hyfo-
pyrrhus. No melanistic specimens seen.
Measurements.—Average of 5 adults from type locality: total
length 504.6; tail vertebra 249.2; hind foot 68.8.
- Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull indistinguishable from
that of typical awreogaster. Four adult skulls from the type locality
average: basal length 52.5; palatal length 26.1; interorbital breadth
19.7; zygomatic breadth 34.4; length of upper molar series I1.2.
General notes.—In several characters this subspecies agrees with
the description of S. xégrescens Bennett, but after comparing a speci-
46 NELSON
men of frumentor with Bennett’s type, Mr. Thomas writes that they
are not the same.
Habits.—This form, like true awreogaster, gathers about corn fields
to feast upon the ripening ears. At other seasons it feeds mainly
upon acorns and pine nuts, moving from one locality to another with
the variation in food supply.
Specimens examined.—Fourteen: from near Las Vigas and above
Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico. ,
SCIURUS POLIOPUS (Fitzinger). Oaxaca Squirrel.
Sciurus albipes “WAGNER, Abhandl. math.-phys. Cl. K. bayerisch. Akad.
Wiss. Miinchen, II, pp. 501-504, 506-507, 1837; Suppl. pl. ccxilI pb,
Schreber’s Saugthiere, 1837 (not S. a/ézpes Kerr, 1792).
Sciurus varius \VAGNER, Supplement Schreber’s Saugthiere, 111, pp. 168-170,
1843 (see Suppl. pl. ccxt1 D, 1837). Not S. varcus Pallas, 1831.
Sciurus variegaius poliopus FITZINGER, Sitzungsber. K. K. Akad. Wiss.
Wien. math.-naturw. Cl., Lv, I. Abath., p. 478, March, 1867. (Based
on S. varius var. 6 Wagner, l.c. 111, p. 168, 1843.)
Sciurus variegatus rufipes FITZINGER, Sitzungsber. K. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien.
math.-naturw. Cl., Lv, I. Abth, p. 478, March, 1867, (Based on 5S.
varius var. y Wagner, l.c. WI. p. 168, 1843.)
Macroxus leucops GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, pp. 427-428,
Dec., 1867.
Scturus variegatus ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 660-662 ;
Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 127-128, 1880 (part: Oaxaca and La Pa-
rada, Oaxaca).
Sciurus wagnert ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., N. Y., x, pp. 453-454,
Nov., 1898.
Type locality.x—Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico. Type in
Berlin Museum.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition and Boreal zones
on mountains north, east, and south of Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
(alt. 7500-11,000 feet).
Characters.—Size large; back grizzled gray; underparts bright
ferruginous; feet white. Pelage thick and soft; tail large and bushy.
Teats: p. ia. 21. 4.
Color.—Top of nose and fore crown iron gray; nape patch rather
indistinct, yellowish brown washed with black; rump patch, when
present (usually absent), of same color; rest of back and outside of
fore and hind legs gray, more or less plentifully intermixed with hairs
having yellowish or rusty brown subterminal rings; feet usually pure
white; ears gray or mixed gray and brown, with well marked white
basal patches: sides of head gray, or grayish white, paler than back;
ring around eyes whitish; chin and throat white or grayish white;
rest of underparts rich ferruginous red; tail at base all round like
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 47
back; tail above black, washed with white; below, with well defined
broad median area varying from grizzled yellowish or rusty brown to
clear ferruginous, narrowly bordered with black and edged with
white. Hairs of back black with white tips and basal, median or
subterminal rings of rufous.
Variation.—Most of the series from Cerro San Felipe, Reyes, and
Mt. Zempoaltepec agree in having the feet white. When the nape
patch is well defined the area between the eye and base of ear is usually
yellowish brown.
A Zempoaltepec specimen is brighter rufous below, and the reddish
buffy rings of the dorsal hairs are brighter and more conspicuous than
usual. The three specimens from the vicinity of Ozolotepec, at the
southeast end of the Valley of Oaxaca, are in winter pelage and differ
from summer specimens from the Cerro San Felipe in having the sides
of the head and ring around eye shaded with dark buffy, and the feet
grizzled gray. ‘The squirrels from near Ozolotepec live in an isolated
group of mountains, though not distant from the range of which the
Cerro San Felipe forms a part, and probably represent a local form
not sufficiently differentiated to warrant subspecific recognition. A
single specimen from Cerro San Felipe, with feet grizzled gray, repre-
sents Wagner’s var. 6 (= S. variegatus poliopus Fitzinger) ; and an-
other with feet white suffused with rufous represents Wagner’s var.
7 (=. variegatus rufipes Fitzinger) showing that these forms were
based upon individual variation. Apparently there is no striking differ-
ence between summer and winter pelages. No melanistic specimens
seen.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 527.6; tail vertebre 257.6; hind foot 70.2.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull (pl. II., fig. 3) more
slender and rostrum longer than in typical S. aureogaster. Five adult
skulls from the type locality average: basal length 52.2; palatal length
27.33; interorbital breadth 18.6; zygomatic breadth 34.5; length of
upper molar series 10.7.
General notes.—In 1837 Wagner named this squirrel Sczzrzs
alézpes, and in 1843 replaced this name by SS. varézs, mentioning two
varieties, var. # (‘+ pedibus nigro-cinereis”) and var.y (‘‘ pedibus fer-
rugineis”). In March, 1867, Fitzinger named these varieties respec-
tively Sctéurus variegatus poliopus and Scturus variegatus rufipes,
and in the following December Gray named the species Alacroxus leu-
cops. Recently Dr. J. A. Allen has shown that both of Wagner’s
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., April, 1899. (47)
48 NELSON
names were preoccupied and, overlooking Fitzinger’s names, renamed
the species S. wagver?.'
A typical specimen of S. Aoldopus (No. 68183 U.S. Nat. Museum)
from Cerro San Felipe, was sent to the British Museum for compari-
son with the type of Gray’s M/acroxus leucops, and Mr. Thomas in-
forms me that it is exactly like one of the two cotypes (B. M. 58. to.
22.4.) ; the other cotype differs only in being rather less rufous and not
so gray.
Wagner’s specimens were obtained by Karwinski, a botanical col-
lector who did much work on the Cerro San Felipe (a few miles north
of the city of Oaxaca) and as the original descriptions apply perfectly
to the squirrels of this part of the Cordillera of Oaxaca it is unques-
tionably the type locality.
Specimens examined.—Sixteen: from Cerro San Felipe, Reyes,
Mt. Zempoaltepec, mountains near Ozolotepec, and Pluma, Oaxaca.
SCIURUS POLIOPUS HERNANDEZI Nelson.
Oak Woods Squirrel.
Sciurus albipes quercinus NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, pp. 150
I51, June, 3, 1898 (not S. gwercinus Erxl., 1777).
Sciurus wagnerit quercinus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., x, p.
453, Nov., 1898.
Sciurus albipes hernandezi NELSON, Science, NS., vi, p. 783, Dec. 2, 1898.
Type locality.—Mountains 15 miles west of City of Oaxaca,
Oaxaca, Mexico. Type no. 68202, U. S. National Museum, Bio-
logical Survey Collection.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition and Boreal zones
on mountains west of the Valley of Oaxaca and thence to Lower
Sonoran zone in southern Puebla and southeastern Guerrero, Mexico.
Characters.—Back grayer than in S. folzopus, and intermixed with
yellow instead of rufous; underparts white or buffy; median band on
lower surface of tailusually grizzled yellowish gray. Pelage thick and
soft; tail large and bushy. Teats: p. ia. $1. 4.
Color.—Top of nose and fore part of crown grizzled gray washed
with blackish; nape usually faintly yellowish, grizzled with black;
rump patch rarely present; rest of upperparts, including outside of
legs, pale gray mixed with pale yellowish; feet white; ears gray or
mixed gray and yellowish brown with well marked white basal patch ;
sides of head dingy grayish, sometimes shaded with brown between
eye and ear; ring around eye whitish; tail all around at base like
1Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., X., pp. 453-4, Nov. 10, 1898.
a pad
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 49
back; tail above black, heavily washed with white; below, with
broad median band varying from dingy grizzled yellowish gray to
pale rusty, a poorly defined black border and broader edging (and
sometimes wash over entire lower surface) white; chin and throat
white; rest of underparts usually white, sometimes varying to pale
buffy or rusty buff. Hairs on back black with white tips and yellow-
ish basal rings, mixed with others having subterminal and basal rings
of dull yellowish, and still others with black subterminal, and yellow-
ish median rings.
Vartation.—The yellowish ringed hairs on the back vary somewhat
in number but are not sufficiently numerous to appreciably effect the
general color. A faint yellowish indication of the rump patch is some-
times present, but always indistinct. No melanistic specimens seen.
Specimens from the arid Lower Sonoran and upper edge of the Arid
Tropical zones in northwestern Oaxaca, southwestern Puebla, and ad-
jacent part of Guerrero are closely related to hernandezz, but are
slenderer with backs whiter, nape and rump patches more distinctly
yellowish brown; underparts usually buffy but sometimes white, and
median area on under side of tail bright rusty ferruginous. The char-
acters presented by these squirrels are almost worthy of subspecific
recognition, but the material at hand is too limited to satisfactorily de-
termine their value.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 539.6; tail vertebre 268.8; hind foot 68.8.
Crantal characters.—Premolars 2. Skulls average a little smaller
(with longer upper molar series) but are not otherwise distinguishable
from those of S. poliofpus. Five from type locality average: basal
length 51.5; palatal length 26.5; interorbital breadth 19.5; zygomatic
breadth 34.6; length of molar series 11.
General notes.—The name first proposed for this squirrel being
preoccupied, the subspecies was renamed in honor of Francisco Her-
nandez, the author of the Historia Animalium Nove Hispaniz.
ffabits.—These squirrels feed upon acorns and pine nuts, and at
the time of our visit to the type locality, in September, were found in
the huge oak trees growing along certain slopes and ridyes in the pine
forest at an altitude of 8000-go000 feet. They were shy, and instead
of concealing themselves at our approach, usually made off through
the tree tops.
Specimens examined.—Twenty-one: from mountains west of Val-
ley of Oaxaca, southwestern Puebla and southeastern Guerrero.
50 NELSON
SCIURUS POLIOPUS NEMORALIS Nelson.
Michoacan Squirrel.
Scturus albipes nemoralis NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, p. 151,
June 3, 1898.
Scturus wagnert nemoralis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., X, p.
454, Nov., 1898.
Type locality.—Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico. Type no. $3334,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition and Boreal
zones, from the Volcano of Toluca, State of Mexico, to Nahuatzin,
Michoacan, Mexico (alt. 7000-12,000 feet).
Characters.—Similar to S. hernandezi in having feet and under-
parts white, but back, including nape and rump patches, decidedly
darker. Pelage full and soft; tail large and bushy. Teats: p. ja.
i. 4.
Color.—Top of nose and fore crown dark iron gray washed with
shining black; nape patch usually varying from dingy yellowish brown
to dark rusty, almost chestnut brown, washed and grizzled with black ;
rump patch usually paler; rest of upperparts, including outside of
legs, iron gray with slight intermixture of rusty; feet usually white;
ears dark gray or grizzled gray and yellowish brown, with distinct white
basal patches; sides of head whitish gray; ring around eye whitish;
sides of head from nape patch to eyes sometimes yellowish brown;
underparts usually white, rarely buffy yellow; tail above black, with
heavy wash of white; below, with broad median area grizzled gray,
yellowish gray or yellowish brown, with poorly defined black border
and white edge, the white sometimes extending as a wash over entire
lower surface. Hairs of back black, with subterminal and sub-basal
rings of dark buffy or yellowish, or with white tips and basal, or sub-
terminal, buffy rings.
2
2
Variation.—The nape and rump patches vary from dingy yellowish
to dark buffy or dingy chestnut, washed more or less heavily with
black; nape usually darker than rump. A melanistic phase occurs at
Patzcuaro and becomes more common to the southeast until on the
Volcano of Toluca it entirely replaces the gray phase. Only two out
of nine melanistic specimens from Toluca are grizzled with dingy
yellowish gray, the others being uniformly black. Some of the six
melanistic specimens from Patzcuaro are sparsely and others abun-
dantly grizzled with gray or dingy fulvous, and the tail is strongly
edged with white. In the latter specimens the under surface is usually
smoky black, and one has albinistic patches in the axilla and on the
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 53
belly. An immature female from Patzcuaro has the feet gray, but
this is rare. Only three of the large series in the gray phase from
Patzcuaro have buff underparts. The amount of intermixed rusty on
the back varies but is never strong enough to affect the general color.
Measurements.—Average of five adult specimens from type
locality : total length 537; tail vertebre 272; hind foot 68.8.
Cranial characters.x—Premolars 2. Skulls not distinguishable
from those of S. pol/éopus. Three adult skulls from the type locality
average: basal length 51; palatal length 26.8; interorbital breadth
18.6; zygomatic breadth 34.3; length of upper molar series rr.
flabits.—These squirrels feed upon acorns and pine seeds accord-
ing to the season, and are not so shy as some of their relatives. They
were common near Patzcuaro and on the Volcano of Toluca.
Specimens examined,—Thirty-two: from Patzcuaro and Nahuatzin,
Michoacan, and north slope Volcano of Toluca, Mexico.
SCIURUS POLIOPUS CERVICALIS (Allen).
Colima Mountain Squirrel.
Sciurus leucops ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 753-756, 1877 (part:
specimens from Sierra Madre of Colima—not 5S. /eucops Gray, 1867).
Sciurus variegatus ALSTON, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mammalia, pp. 127-128, 1880
(part: specimens from ‘‘ Durango, Xantus, U. S. Nat. Mus.’’ ; really
from the Sierra Madre of Colima. Not S. vardegatus Erxl., 1777).
Scturus aureogaster leucops ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., I, pp.
166-167, Oct., 1889.
Scturus cervicalis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 11, pp. 183-
185, Dec., 1890.
Scturus wagnert cervicalis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., N. Y., x, p.
454, Nov., 1898.
Type localéty.—Hacienda San Marcos, Tonila, Jalisco, Mexico
(at east base of Sierra Nevada de Colima). Type no. 1991,
American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Upper Austral and Boreal
zones of the Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico, and thence
north along high mountains to Ameca, Jalisco, and east into western
Michoacan (alt. 6000-12,000 feet; sporadically down to 4000 ft.).
Characters.—Readily distinguished from the other forms of
S. poliopus by the dark iron gray upperparts, blackish head, dark nape
and rump patches, and dark iron gray under surface of tail. Pelage
thick and soft; tail large and full. Teats: p. 4a. 21. }.
Color.—Top of nose and fore crown shiny black with grizzling of
grayish white; nape and rump patches usually distinct, dark fulvous
or rusty brown heavily washed and grizzled with black; rest of upper-
52 NELSON
parts, including outside of legs, dark iron gray (rarely intermixed
with yellowish ringed hairs) ; feet similar but paler; ears dark grayish
or yellowish brown with distinct white basal patch; sides of head
dingy grayish; ring around eye whitish; area between eye and ear
often suffused with brownish; underparts white, sometimes slightly
grizzled with black; tail at base like rump; rest of tail, above black
heavily washed with white; below, a broad median line of grizzled
dark iron gray bordered with black and edged with white, the white
often forming a thin wash over under surface. Hairs of back usually
black with white tips, but occasionally intermixed with others having
a median ring of buffy.
Vardation.—Specimens from the type locality show comparatively
little variation. The upperparts are sometimes paler or darker than
in typical specimens and the wash of black on crown and rump is
sometimes heavy enough to obscure the yellow patches. The feet
vary from iron gray to whitish gray but are never white. Black al-
ways predominates on lower side of tail but the amount of gray varies.
Compared with typical specimens those from Ameca are paler on the
back and lower surface of tail, and the nape and rump patches are
more obsolescent.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 536; tail vertebrae 267.2; hind foot 66.4.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull indistinguishable from
that of S. polzopus. Five adult skulls from near type locality aver-
age: basal length 51.2; palatal length 27.6; interorbital breadth
19.8; zygomatic breadth 34.9; length of upper molar series 11.7.
Habits.—These handsome squirrels have a wide vertical range
In April they were found at an altitude of 4000 feet feeding on wild
figs in the canyon near Plantinar, at the east base of the Sierra Nevada
de Colima. On the north slope of the same mountain they were com-
mon and feeding on acorns among scrubby oaks at 6000 feet, and we
saw many gnawed pine cones at 12,000 feet. Dr. Buller who col-
lected the type took a specimen at the latter altitude on this mountain.
Specimens examined.—Twenty-four: from Plantinar, Hacienda
San Marcos and elsewhere on slopes of Sierra Nevada de Colima,
and at Ameca, State of Jalisco.
SCIURUS POLIOPUS COLIMENSIS Nelson. Colima Squirrel.
Sciurus leucops ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 753-754, 1877 (part:
specimens from Rio Coahuyana, Colima, Mexico).
Scturus albipes colimensis NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, p. 152,
June 3, 1898.
Sciurus wagneri colimensts ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., X, p.
454, Nov., 1898
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 53
Type locality.— Hacienda Magdalena, Colima, Mexico, Type no.
33432. U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Distribution.—Arid tropical coast region in State of Colima,
western Mexico (below 2000 ft.).
Characters.—Pelage thinner and tail more slender than in other
subspecies of S. AolZopus; nape and rump patches well marked, rusty
or yellowish brown; back gray mixed with considerable rusty; feet
dark iron gray or blackish. Teats: p.1a.2i.1
1,
Color.—Nape and rump patches distinct, varying from yellowish
brown to dark rusty shaded with black; nose and forecrown grizzled
iron gray, sometimes suffused with yellowish brown extending forward
from nape patch; rest of back rather pale grizzled gray, abundantly
intermixed with rusty ringed hairs; outside of legs iron gray; fore feet
dark iron gray; hind feet darker iron gray varying to black and thinly
grizzled with gray; sides of head dingy grizzled gray, sometimes suf-
fused with yellowish brown; ring around eye dingy white or dull buff;
ears like nape, with small basal patch of dull whitish or dingy rusty ;
underparts white; tail at base like back; rest of tail above black
thinly washed with white; below, with broad median area dark
grizzled iron gray (sometimes faintly washed with yellowish) bor-
dered by black and thinly edged with white. Hairs of back black with
white tips and basal, sub-basal or subterminal rings of buffy or rusty.
Variation.—The upperparts vary from pale gray to iron gray; the
feet are usually darker than the back, but sometimes paler. Animma-
toto
ture specimen from the type locality is pale gray with the rusty rump
patch nearly obsolete. A female taken in February at Armeria has the
inside of fore limbs, thighs, and sides of belly washed with buffy, and
median area on under side of tail dark grizzled fulvous. The black
border on lower surface of tail varies from a narrow line to a band
half an inch wide.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 526; tail vertebre 267; hind foot 67.6.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull somewhat smaller but
not otherwise separable from that of typical S. polzopus. Five adult
skulls from near type locality average: basal length 502; palatal
length 26.7; interorbital breadth 19.1 ; zygomatic breadth 33.8; length
of molar series 11.2.
General notes.—Sciurus p. colimensis is most closely related to
S. p. cervical’s, but typical specimens are readily distinguished by
paler backs and strongly marked reddish or fulvous nape and rump
patches. The feet are darker chan in any of the other subspecies of
54 NELSON
poltopus and, with the exception of S. p. effugzus, the nape and rump
patches are more strongly contrasted with the rest of the back.
Specimens examined.—Ten: from Hacienda Magdalena, Armeria,
and Rio Coahuyana, Colima.
SCIURUS POLIOPUS EFFUGIUS Nelson. Guerrero Squirrel.
Scturus albipes effugius NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xIIl, pp. 152-
153, June 3, 1898.
Scturus wagnert effugius ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., N. Y., x, p.
454, Nov. 10, 1898.
Type locality.x—High mountains west of Chilpancingo, Guerrero,
Mexico. ‘Type no. 70288 U.S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection.
Distribution—Pine and oak forests of Transition and Boreal zones
along summit of Cordillera in southwestern Guerrero (alt. 7500-
9500 ft.).
Characters.—Back grizzled gray; nape patch conspicuous, dark
rufous; ear patches large, white and more conspicuous than in any
other form of the species; underparts darker rufous than in polzopus ;
median areaon under side of tail deeper, richer rufous. Pelage thick
and soft; tail large and bushy. Teats: p. ta. 2i. 1.
Color.—Winter pelage: Nape patch rusty rufous, becoming almost
rusty chestnut in some specimens; top of nose iron gray intermixed
with yellow ringed hairs; rest of dorsal surface finely grizzled iron
gray intermixed with rusty ringed hairs; indications of a rump patch
similar in color to nape sometimes present but heavily overlaid with
grizzling of white and black; extension of nape patch over sides of
head, including bases of ears and eyes, slightly paler than main area;
ring around eye buffy or whitish; ears reddish brown like crown, but
sometimes grizzled with grayish; basal ear patches very large and
brilliantly white ; outside of legs gray, usually with less mixture of rusty
than on back; feet white, often washed with pale rufous; tail at base
like rump; rest of tail above black, heavily washed with white (with
rufous under color showing through) ; below, with broad median area
nearly pure rich dark rufous, narrow black border, and thin white
edge; chin and throat white ; rest of underparts rich dark rufous. Hairs
on back black, with short white tips and either basal, sub-basal, or
median rings of rufous.
Variation.—One topotype has the nape patch extending over
shoulders and costal region, rest of back strongly suffused with rusty,
and a wash of same color on outside of fore legs and feet; another,
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 55
probably representing a much worn phase of the summer pelage, has
very distinct well defined nape and rump patches of rusty brown; top
of nose and back, including outside of legs and feet, pale iron gray
with very indistinct rusty rings on intermixed hairs; chin and throat
white; underparts pale dull rusty washed with dingy white.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 496.8; tail vertebrae 249; hind foot 68.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skulls average a little smaller
but are otherwise like those of S. Ao//opus. Four adults skulls from
the type locality average: basal length 50.9; palatal length 26.9; in-
terorbital breadth 19.1; zygomatic breadth 34.5; length of upper
molar series II.
ffabits.—In December we found these squirrels feeding on acorns
of the large oaks among the pines on top of the Cordillera, but the
abundance of gnawed cones scattered on the ground showed that at other
seasons pines furnish their chief food supply. They were extraordi-
narily shy and cunning, and it was very difficult to secure specimens.
Specimens examined.—Eight : all from the type locality.
SCIURUS NELSONI Merriam. Nelson’s Squirrel.
Sciurus nelsoni Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, p. 144, Dec. 1893.
Type locality.—Huitzilac, Morelos, Mexico. Type no. 51157 U.S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Distributton.—Oak and pine forests of Transition and Boreal zones
in mountains on south and west sides of Valley of Mexico, and south
side of Valley of Toluca, in the Federal District and States of Mexico
and Morelos (alt. 8000-12,000 ft.).
Characters.—Body large and heavy; back grizzled, sooty blackish
brown; feet black; underparts grizzled blackish, sometimes washed
lightly with dingy yellowish brown or rusty rufous. Pelage very thick
and soft; under fur long; tail extremely broad and bushy. Teats: p.
ta. 21.4,
Color.—Upperparts sooty blackish usually washed or grizzled with
dull yellowish brown; head usually darker than back and sometimes
entirely black, shading gradually into color of back on nape; ears, feet,
and sometimes outside of fore legs and lower thighs black; sides of
head (when not black) grizzled blackish gray varying to dark yellow-
ish brown; lower cheeks and chin grayer; underparts grizzled and
varying from dingy blackish brown, thinly washed with dull yellowish,
to dark brown washed with dull rusty; tail at base all around like
rump, rest of tail above black, washed with grayish white; below
56 NELSON
nearly uniform blackish with yellowish gray or brown showing through
and thin edging of dingy white, but sometimes with median area very
dark grizzled yellowish gray or yellowish brown, washed with black and
narrowly edged with dingy white. Hairs on entire back black with
narrow subterminal and broader basal or sub-basal rings of smoky buff
or brown.
Variation.—No melanistic specimens have been seen from the type
locality, but two individuals from Tenango del Valle in the Bangs
collection are nearly uniform black, having only. a thin grizzling of
dingy gray along the sides, and one has a pale wash of reddish brown
on breast and belly. Another specimen in the same collection from
Tenango differs in having a nuchal patch of dark grizzled reddish
brown, contrasting with rest of back; feet pale buffy brown, toes
dingy whitish; rest of back normal, but entire underparts dull
rufous, becoming darker posteriorly. One specimen from Ajusco also
has the underparts similarly colored.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length, 521.6; tail vertebra, 262.6; hind foot, 67.6.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull like that of S. azreo-
gaster. Five adult skulls from the type locality measure: basal
length 50.7; palatal length 26.7; interorbital breadth 19.4: zygomatic
breadth 34.9; length of upper molar series 11.9.
General notes.—Sciurus nelsoni is one of the most distinct of the
Mexican squirrels and has a very limited distribution. It has a single
subspecies which lives on the slopes of Mts. Popocatepetl and Iztac-
cihuatl, and serves as a good illustration of the remarkable readiness
with which the squirrels of tropical North America vary with climatic
conditions. The area inhabited by S. xelson¢ and S. nelsoni hirtus
are in the same life zone and not more than 75 miles apart. S. 2elsont
is much the darker of the two and its coloration is correlated with the
somewhat greater rainfall of the area it inhabits.
Specimens examined.—Eighteen: from Huitzilac, Morelos; Salazar
and Ajusco, Federal District; and Tenango del Valle, State of Mexico,
Mexico.
SCIURUS NELSONI HIRTUS Nelson.
Mount Popocatepetl Squirrel.
Scturus nelsoni hirtus NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, pp. 153-
154, June 3, 1898.
Type locality.—Tochimilco, Puebla, Mexico. Type no. 55325
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA S72
Distribution.—Oak and pine forests of Transition and Boreal zones
on Mts. Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl, in States of Mexico, Puebla,
and Morelos (alt. Sooo to 12,000 ft.).
Characters.—Similar to S. xelson¢ but differs in having a dark
iron gray area on middle of back, grizzled gray feet, and dingy fur-
ruginous underparts. Pelage thick and soft; under fur long; tail ex-
tremely broad and bushy. Teats: pda. 2i. 1.
Color.—Crown, nape, and rump dingy grizzled yellowish or gray-
ish brown; top of nose, middle of back (often reaching down on out-
side of legs) finely grizzled bluish gray; feet gray, toes paler; ears
similar to crown, with conspicuous white basal patches; chin and
lower cheeks dull gray; underparts dingy ferruginous; tail above,
black heavily washed with white; below, median area grizzled yellow-
ish or rusty brown, with black border and thin white edge. Hairs on
gray area of back black, with short white tips, scantily mixed with
similar hairs having narrow median or subterminal rings of dull buffy.
Variation.—The gray area is sometimes an enclosed spot on mid-
dle of back and sometimes covers most of the upper surface; the gen-
eral color is lighter and less sooty than in zelsonz, and the wash on
tail is white. The ferruginous of underparts varies from light rusty
to dark dull rufous. One specimen from Tochimilco has black ears
and feet and a small patch of gray on middle of back, but can be recog-
nized at once by the other characters. Two winter specimens from
Mt. Popocatepetl can be distinguished from summer specimens from
Tochimilco by the general grayness of the upperparts.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 514.2; tail vertebra 256.8; hind foot 68.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull like that of S. awreogas-
ter. Five adult skulls from type locality average: basal length 50.2;
palatal length 26.5; interorbital breadth 19.4; zygomatic breadth 35.1;
length of upper molar series 11.8.
General notes.—This subspecies seems to be peculiar to the Vol-
cano of Popocatepetl, and probably Iztaccihuatl immediately adjacent.
One specimen came from near timberline on the north slope of Popo-
catepetl, the others from Tochimilco on the southeast slope, and Tetela
del Volcan on the south slope.
Specimens examined.—Seven: from Tochimilco, Puebla; Mt. Po-
pocatepetl, Mexico; and Tetela del Volcan, Morelos.
58 NELSON
SCIURUS COLLLEI Richardson. Collie’s Squirrel.
Scturus colliet BACHMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 95, 1838 (nomen
nudum) ; RICHARDSON, Voy. of H. M. S. Blossom, Zool., pp. 8-9, pl.
I, 1839; BACHMAN, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., 111, p. 334, July,
1839; Aub. & Bacu., Quad. N. Am., Ill, pp. 21-23, pl. civ, 1851;
ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 738-740, 1877 (part: specimens
from San Blas, Mexico).
Macroxus colliet Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, pp. 421-422,
1867 (part : var. 3, Mexico).
Scturus hypopyrrhus ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 662-664
(part) ; ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., Iv, pp. 881-882, 1878
(part).
Type locality—San Blas, Tepic, Mexico. Type in British Museum.
Distribution.—Arid tropical lowlands and lower slopes of adjacent
mountains from northern border af Tepic south to Bay of Banderas
(below 2500 feet).
Characters.—Body large and slender; upperparts dull yellowish
gray or dark grayish; legs and feet grayer; underparts white. Pelage
rather thin; hairon back harsh; under fur long and thin; tail long and
rather full. Teats: p. ta. 21.1.
Color.—Top of nose iron gray; rest of upperparts and base of tail
all around nearly uniform dull yellowish gray or brownish gray shaded
with black, darkest on crown; lower border of flanks and sides of
shoulders rather grayer than back; outside of legs distinctly grayer
than back; feet usually paler or more whitish than legs; side of head
dull grayish; ring around eye paler or more whitish; ears usually
somewhat yellower or browner than crown, with basal patch of dingy
whitish or yellowish white; underparts white, sometimes pure and
sometimes darkened by the plumbeous under fur showing through;
tail above black, washed with white; below, with broad median area
dark grizzled black and yellowish gray, or black, dull gray and yel-
lowish brown, with narrow indistinct border of black, edged with
white. Hairs of back black, with rather narrow subterminal or me-
dian ring varying from pale buffy to brownish gray.
Varzation.—The variation in the San Blas series is small and
confined mainly to the inteusity of the yellowish or buffy of the
back; some specimens have the feet and toes whiter than others and
are grayer on the flanks. Some spring and summer specimens have
a curious scorched, rusty brown color on the back, as if burned by
the sun.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 506.4; tail vertebra 264.6; hind foot 65.
-—>_
atte
(th
4
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 59
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull similar to that of 5S.
aureogaster, but averaging smaller; jugal slenderer ; upper molar series
a little narrower and lighter. Four adult skulls from the type locality
average: basal length 49; palatal length 25.6; interorbital breadth
18.4; zygomatic breadth 32.6; length of upper molar series 11.
General notes.—Specimens from Ixtapa and Las Palmas near the
Bay of Banderas are intermediate between the San Blas Squirrel and
S. c. nuchalis. Specimens from Acaponeta near the northern border
of Tepic are yellower than those from San Blas, thus inclining toward
the yellow backed \S. s¢aloensts of Mazatlan. The latter may prove
a subspecies of co//ie¢ notwithstanding its striking difference in gen-
eral appearance.
This species was named in honor of Dr. C. Collie, Surgeon of
H.M.S. ‘ Blossom,’ who collected the type during the ship’s visit to
San Blas in the winter of 1825.
Sfectmens examined.—Twenty-four: from San Blas, Santiago,
and Acaponeta, Tepic.
SCIURUS COLLLI NUCHALIS subsp. nov.
Manzanillo Squirrel.
Type from Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. Type no. 32837 ¢@ ad.,
U. S. Nat. Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Collected Feb.
2, 1892, by E. W. Nelson.
Distribution.—Arid tropical lowlands from the border of Michoa-
can north along the coast to the Bay of Banderas, Jalisco, and inland
to the more heavily wooded mountains near San Sebastian, Jalisco
(below 3000 feet).
Characters.—Differs from true col/ie/ in its rusty rufous ears, buffy
yellow suffusion on nape and shoulders and heavy wash of black on
lumbar area and rump. Pelage rather thin; hairs of back coarse,
stiff and shining: Teats: p. 4a. 3 i. 4.
Description of type.—Winter. pelage: Upperparts, including
crown and base of tail, buffy yellowish or yellowish gray, grizzled
with black on crown and nape and heavily washed over lumbar re-
gion and rump with shining black; the yellow more rusty on nape
and more buffy posteriorly; flanks paler than back; ears rusty rufous,
with small basal patches of rusty or rusty whitish; sides of nose and
cheeks dingy yellowish brown; ring around eye paler yellowish; feet
and outside of legs iron gray, with wash of gray on fore shoulders ;
underparts white, tail, above black rather thinly washed with white ;
60 NELSON
below at base, grizzled brownish gray, rest of lower surface with a
broad median band of grizzled rusty yellowish, broadly bordered with
black and narrowly edged with white. Hair on back black with broad
median ring of rusty or buffy yellowish.
Variation.—Two of the Manzanillo specimens resemble the type
and are very different from typical col/zez. Three others are grayer
than the type, or less strongly shaded with yellowish on back, but may
be distinguished from colléez by the rusty ears, more yellowish suf-
fusion on nuchal area, and heavier wash of black on rump. On three
of the specimens the median line on lower side of tail is grizzled yel-
lowish rusty; on two others it is grizzled gray with a yellowish suf-
fusion. Specimens from Ixtapa, Las Palmas, Mascota, and San
Sebastian are intermediate but are more like zwchadzs than like true
colliez. Compared with typical colléez all of the twelve specimens
from these localities have the ears more yellowish or rusty; the nucha]
area yellower than rest of back; the crown, lumbar region and rump
more heavily washed with black; the median line on lower surface of
tail grizzled rusty rufous on two specimens, and suffused with a paler
shade of same ona number of others; pelage coarser and harsher,
with grizzling on back consequently coarser.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 530; tail vertebra 274.8; hind foot 68.4.
Cranial characters.—Premolars ?. Skull similar to that of typical
collie¢ but larger, with proportionately larger audital bulla and rather
broader, heavier jugals. Five adult skulls from the type locality aver-
age: basal length 52.3; palatal length 27.6; interorbital breadth
206; zygomatic breadth 35.9; length of upper molar series II. 4.
General notes.—This form is characterized mainly by the increased
rustiness on the head, body, and under side of tail. There is a pro-
gressive increase in the amount of this color southward from San Blas
to Manzanillo.
Specimens examined.—Seventeen: 5 from Manzanillo, Colima; 12
(all intermediate) from San Sebastian, Mascota, Las Palmas and
Ixtapa, Jalisco.
SCIURUS SINALOENSIS sp. nov. Sinaloa Squirrel.
Type from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, no. 13753, ¢ ad., Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, N. Y. Collected Jan. 27, 1897, by
P. O. Simons.
Distribution.—Arid tropical parts of southern and central Sinaloa
(below 2500 feet).
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 61
Characters.—Crown, nape, and middle of back pale rusty yellow-
ish; flanks, legs, and feet whitish. Tail long, bushy; ears thinly
haired; pelage rather full and soft; under furlong. Teats: p.1a. 2
i. 4.
Color.—Winter pelage: Top of nose gray, shading on fore crown
into grizzled yellowish gray, rest of crown, nape, middle of shoulders
and rump pale rusty yellow slightly grizzled with black; sides of neck,
shoulders, costal area, lower flanks, legs and feet grayish white, palest
on feet; sides of nose and ring around eye dingy gray; cheeks pale
yellowish brown; ears dull rusty yellow with small basal patch of
same; underparts white; tail above brownish yellow, lightly grizzled
with black and heavily washed with white; below, a broad median
area brownish yellow (thinly grizzled with black and lightly washed
with white) narrowly bordered with black and edged with white.
Hairs on back black with sub-basal and subterminal rings of rusty.
Variation.—Specimens of this squirrel from extreme southern
Sinaloa are a little darker than the type.
Measurements of type.—Total length 524; tail vertebre 255; hind
foot 62.
Cranial ¢haracters.—Premolars 2. Skull larger and more mas-
sive than in true cod/¢ez; rostrum decidedly heavier than in co//¢/ez or
truez, and heavier even than in azreogaster; nasals broader and
more expanded anteriorly. The skull of the type measures: basal
length 53; palatal length 26.3; interorbital breadth 20; zygomatic
breadth 34; length of upper molar series 11.
General notes.—This fine species belongs to the group of which
S. colliet, S. c. nuchal’s,and S. truwez are the other members. It is
the most divergent of all and its rusty yellow back and hoary white
sides and tail render it easily recognizable. Specimens from near
Rosario, in extreme southern Sinaloa, are darker than those from
Mazatlan, and it is possible, notwithstanding its wide difference, that
sinaloensts may eventually prove to be a subspecies of co//zez.
Spectmens examined.—Four: from Mazatlan, Tatamales, and
Plomosas, Sinaloa.
SCIURUS TRUEI sp. nov. Sonora Squirrel.
Type from Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sonora, Mexico. No. 96229 ¢ ad.
U. S. Nat. Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Collected Jan-
uary 20, 1899, by E. A. Goldman.
Distribution.—Scrubby forests of Arid Lower Sonoran zone in
southwestern Sonora and northern Sinaloa, Mexico.
62 NELSON
Characters.—Upperparts of head and body dark yellowish; outside
of legs and feet dark gray, in strong contrast to back; ears behind,
rusty ; underparts white; tail slender; ears thickly haired and sparsely
tufted; pelage thick and soft; under fur long. Teats: p. } a. $1. 4.
‘Color.—Winter pelage: Top of nose gray, rest of upperparts, in-
cluding sides of neck and flanks, nearly uniform dark yellowish, griz-
zled with black; outside of legs and feet dark gray, slightly paler on
toes; ring around eye whitish; sides of head dingy yellowish gray;
ears bordered anteriorly with grayish; behind, including small basal
patch, rusty; underparts white; tail at base like back but washed with
grayish white below; rest of tail above, grizzled black and dark yel-
lowish, thinly washed with white; below, mainly dark yellowish,
grizzled with black, an indistinct narrow black border and thin white
edge. Hairs on back black, with sub-basal and subterminal rings of
dark yellowish.
Variation.—-The principal variation in the specimens examined is
a difference of intensity in the rusty of the ears.
Measurements.—Average of four adults from type locality: total
length 487.5; tail vertebrae 247.5; hind foot 66.7.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull markedly different from
that of typical col/7ez. It is proportionately broader with brain case
more flattened, interorbital area broader; rostrum shorter and heavier ;
nasals shorter and much more deeply emarginate posteriorly; jugal
much broader (exceptionally broad) and expanded vertically; audital
bullz larger and scarcely depressed on inner anterior border. Four
adult skulls from type locality average: basal length 47.7; palatal
length 24.3; interorbital breadth 18.3; zygomatic breadth 33.2;
length of upper molar series I1.
General notes.— Scturus truez is most nearly related to S. collie
from which it may be distinguished by its uniformly dark yellowish
back, slenderer tail, and marked skull characters. Mr. Goldman
found it inhabiting the fringe of trees along the Rio Mayo and adja-
cent foothills, and heard of it in the foothills near Alamos, Sonora,
close to the border of Sinaloa, so there is no doubt of its occurrence
also in the northern part of this State. It is named in honor of Mr.
F. W. True, Executive Curator, U. S. National Museum.
Specimens examined.—Four : all from type locality.
SCIURUS SOCIALIS Wagner. Tehuantepec Squirrel.
Sciurus socialis WAGNER, Abhandl. math.-phys. Cl. K. bayerisch. Akad.
Wiss. Miinchen, 1, pp. 501, 504-507, pl. v, 1837 ; Supplement Schreber’s
Saugthiere, 111, pp. 170-171, 1843; Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d
S€r: eX pn 4 Zon koo7.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 63
Sciurus variegatus ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 660-662
(part); Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 127-128, 1880 (part: specimens
from Tehuantepec); SUMICHRAST, La Naturaleza, v, p. 324, 1882 (part :
specimens from southern part of Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Chiapas
—not S. variegatus Erxl., 1777).
Sciurus aureigastery ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 750-753, 1877 (part :
specimens from Tehuantepec and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).
Sciurus leucops ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 753-756 (part: speci-
mens from Tehuantepec).
Type locality.—Vicinity of Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type in Berlin Museum.
Distribution.—Arid tropical lowland forests along the Pacific
coast from Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, south to Tonala and Tuxtla,
Chiapas, Mexico, and up the river valley to Nenton, Guatemala
(below 3000 feet).
Characters.—Nape patch usually well defined, rusty rufous; back
dingy whitish gray overlying yellowish or rusty; underparts varying
from white or buffy to bright ferruginous. Pelage thin, hairs of
back coarse and stiff; under fur short; tail long and narrow. Teats:
p-ta.2i.4.
Color.—Nose and fore part of crown grizzled iron gray ; nape patch
rusty rufous slightly washed with black; rest of upperparts whitish,
rather coarsely grizzled with black, and shaded with underlying yel-
lowish or rusty rufous; rump patch usually obsolete but sometimes
more distinctly rusty rufous than surrounding area; feet like back;
ears grizzled gray and rufous, with basal patch white ; extension of nape
patch around bases of ears, and over cheeks, including eyes, paler and
more yellowish brown than main area ; ring around eye dingy fulvous ;
sides of nose and cheeks below eyes dingy grayish white; underparts
varying from pure white to pale buffy and bright rufous. Tail all
around at base like rump; rest of tail, above black heavily washed
with white; below, median area varying from pale fulvous gray (in
worn fur) to rich orange—or dark rufous (in good fur), bordered by
narrow band of black and edged with white. Hairs on back black,
narrowly tipped with white and mixed with others having broad sub-
terminal rings of rusty rufous; or in some specimens with white tips
and broader sub-basal rufous rings
Vartation.—Sciurus soctalis is a variable species, characterized by
general hoariness of back with pale rusty under color showing through,
and rusty nuchal patch. The color of upperparts varies according to
the proportionate amount of grayish white and yellowish rufous;
sometimes the back is hoary whitish and sometimes the white is re-
stricted and the underlying reddish or rusty becomes prominent. In
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1899.
64 NELSON
some specimens the nape patch is only slightly marked or entirely re-
placed by the general whitish color; it is absent in a few specimens
from near Tehuantepec, and becomes more and more obsolete to the
south. Ourlarge series, representing both summerand winter specimens,
shows great variation in color of underparts. Midsummer specimens
with few exceptions vary from pale to deep reddish buff; the under
side of tail along median line is usually paler (buffy gray, or yellow-
ish rufous), and the ear patches are absent or very small. Specimens
taken in winter, and up to close of dry season in May or June (with
half a dozen exceptions), are rich rufous below.
A young female from Huilotepec (May 8) is dingy gray below with
the buff restricted to axillary and inguinal regions, the middle of the
back rather darker and more rusty and the sides grayer, in greater con-
trast with the back than usual.
An adult female from Tonala in summer pelage differs from all the
others in having the entire back strongly suffused with light rusty red,
thinly grizzled with grayish white; underparts dingy yellowish white
faintly and minutely grizzled with black; lower surface of tail grizzled
dull orange buffy and black, edged with white. Specimens on which
rufous ringed hairs predominate on the back are suffused with rufous.
In the series from Puerto Angel north of Tehuantepec City the back
is much paler or more grayish white, the nuchal patches darker, and
underparts deeper rufous than in typical soczad¢s, but in one case the
back is uniform grayish white with no sign of a nuchal patch. In the
series from the vicinity of Tonala south of Tehuantepec the nuchal
patch is less strongly marked and usually absent; the subterminal ru-
fous on the back is much more conspicuous, often showing through as
a strong yellowish rusty suffusion grizzled with white and black; and
the underparts vary from pale buffy whitish to dull ferruginous.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 524.4; tail vertebra 271.4; hind foot 66.6.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull very similar to that of
S. aureogaster. Five adult specimens from the type locality aver-
age: basal length 51.8; palatal length 26.9; interorbital breadth 18.1 ;
zygomatic breadth 33.9; length of upper molar series 11.3.
General notes.—This species was described from an immature
specimen taken by the botanical collector Karwinski, who reported
that it frequented the forest on the southern coast of the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec in droves. The idea of its gregarious habits, suggesting
Wagner’s name, must have come from seeing it during the mating
season, when a number are often found together, as in the case of other
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 65
squirrels. It frequents low scrubby forests and raids cornfields when
the ears are maturing.
Specimens examined.—F ifty-four: from Huilotepec (near Tehuan-
tepec City), Tequisistlan, Colotepec, Puerto Angel, Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca; Calera, Tonala, Tuxtla, Chiapas; Nenton, Guatemala.
SCIURUS SOCIALIS COCOS Nelson. Acapulco Squirrel.
Scturus aureogaster 1, GEOFFROY, Voy. de la Vénus, Zoology, Atlas, pl. tro,
1846; text, pp. 156-163, 1855 (specimen with white under surface figured
in-pl. 10 of Atlas). Not S aureogaster F. Cuvier, 1829.
Scturus soctalis cocos NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, pp. 155-156,
June 3, 1898.
Type locality.—Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. Type no. 70644
U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Distribution.—Arid tropical lowlands of the Pacific coast from
Acapulco, Guerrero, south to Jamiltepec, Oaxaca (below 1500 ft.).
Characters.—Nape and rump patches distinct, dark rufous brown;
back and feet grayish white; underparts white, buffy, or ferruginous.
Pelage thin; hairs on back coarse and stiff; under fur thin and short.
Tail long, narrow, and heavily washed with white. Teats 1a. 2i.1.
Color.—Nape and rump patches varying from rusty rufous to deep
chestnut rufous lightly washed with black; anterior extension of nape
patch along sides of head enclosing bases of ears and eyes, usually
rather paler or yellower; ears like nape; top of nose and fore crown
pale iron gray; rest of upperparts, including outside of legs and feet,
grayish white—latter sometimes creamy white; underparts varying
from pure white to pale creamy buff, rufous buffy or rich dark fer-
ruginous; tail above black, heavily washed with white, with rufous
basal color sometimes showing through; tail below, with median area
varying from rufous buffy to rich dark ferruginous, bordered with black
and edged with white, the white extending also over all of under sur-
face as an overlying wash. Hairs of back black, with long white
tips, usually intermixed with others having broad rusty sub-basal rings.
Variation.—In the series of 33 specimens, all but seven fall within
the limits of variation already given. The exceptions are described
below. An adult female from Acapulco (Jan. 10) has the usual dark
rufous nape and rump patches, the former extending over ears and
down to eyes; top of nose and front part of crown clear iron gray; rest
of upperparts, including feet and legs white, with a reddish suffusion
along back; underparts pale creamy buff; tail above black heavily
washed with white; underside of tail obscurely black and rufous heav-
66 NELSON
ily overlaid with white. A male taken at same place (Jan. 19) is
similar but the white on upper surface is duller and the underparts rich
buff.
Another male taken at Acapulco (Jan. 10) has the nape patch even
richer or darker rufous than usual; top of nose and fore part of crown
clear iron gray; rest of upperparts dingy rusty red, grizzled with
grayish white; feet and outside of thighs whiter; underparts bright
ferruginous, palest on throat and breast; tail as usual heavily washed
with white.
Two males from Acapulco (Jan. 11) are in a curious melanistic
condition: One has the nose and fore part of crown black, sparsely
grizzled with white, the nape and rump patches very rich dark rufous
washed with black, and the intermediate area along the back black,
finely grizzled with dark rusty; sides of head, neck and body black,
overlaid with fine grizzling of dark fulvous and dingy rufous; feet
glossy black; tail black, thinly washed with white above and below,
with dark rusty rings near bases of hairs; underparts smoky black
washed with fulvous brown and dull rusty. The other melanistic
specimen has the top of head as in the last ; the nape and rump patches
black, the rest of upper parts dull rusty brown grizzled with black
and more sparsely with white; chin dark gray; throat grizzled rufous;
rest of underparts dark reddish brown becoming darker posteriorly ;
tail above black heavily overlaid with white; below black, heavily
bordered with white.
A female taken at Llano Grande, Oaxaca (Feb. 18) has the nose
and fore part of crown black, grizzled with gray; nape and rump
patches dingy rusty, heavily washed with black; rest of back grizzled
reddish brown and black, shading into dark yellowish brown on sides;
feet grizzled black and grayish brown; toes black; underparts dark
dingy buff; tail above black, washed with white; below, median band
buffy yellow with broad border of black, edged with white.
Measurements.—Average of 5 adults from type locality: total
length 518.2; tail vertebrae 268; hind foot 66.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull very similar to that of
SS. socialis but somewhat shorter; broader interorbitally ; upper molar
series slightly shorter. Five adult skulls from the type locality aver-
age: basal length 50.8; palatal length 26.5; interorbital breadth 19.3 ;
zygomatic breadth 33.7; length of upper molar series 10.6.
General notes.—In the Zoology of the Voyage of the Venus,
under the name |S. aureogaster, is a good figure of a white bellied
specimen of this species, which probably came from Acapulco. On
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 67
the way south from that port we took the last typical specimen of S. s.
cocos at Jamiltepec, Oaxaca; the series taken beyond, at Puerto
Angel, is intermediate between true soc¢alzs and cocos. We found
these squirrels frequenting cocoanut groves near Acapulco and feeding
upon the nuts. It is the only squirrel we saw doing this although
cocoanut trees are common in the ranges of various other species.
The name of the subspecies was suggested by this peculiar habit.
Specimens examined.—Thirty-three: from Acapulco, Aguacatillo,
San Marcos, and Ometepec, Guerrero; Pinotepa, Llano Grande and
Jamiltepec, Oaxaca.
SCIURUS GRISEOFLAVUS (Gray) Guatemala Squirrel.
Sciurus ludovicianus ToMEs, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 281, 1861 (from
Duefias, Guatemala. Not S. Zudovictanus Custis, 1806).
Macroxus griseotavus GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, p. 427,
1867.
Scturus auretgaster ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 750-753, 1877 (part :
No. 1156 from Guatemala).
Scturus griseoflavus ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 660, 1878 ; Biol.
Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 126-127, 1880; ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey Terr., IV, pp. 880-881, 1878.
Sciurus affints (REINHARDT, MS. in) Aston, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
660, 1878 (nomen nudum).
Type locality.—-‘ Guatemala.’ (Specimens from near Duefias are
typical).
Distribution.—Oak and pine forests of the Transition and Boreal
zones in central and northwestern Guatemala and adjacent high
mountains in southeastern Chiapas, Mexico.
Characters.—Size large and heavy. Color of upper parts grizzled
yellowish brown, thinly washed with gray (especially in winter) ;
belly fulvous brown or rusty rufous. Pelage full and soft; under
fur long; tail broad and flat. Teats: p. 1a. 2i. 14.
Color.—Upperparts, including crown and base of tail, grizzled
yellowish brown, sometimes thinly washed with grayish white; out-
side of legs like flanks; feet usually grayer, but sometimes grizzled
yellow and brown, and sometimes dark yellowish brown; top of nose,
sides of head, and ears, grayer than crown; an indistinct dingy
grayish ear patch sometimes present; chin and throat pale grayish
fulvous; rest of underparts varying from dark dull rufous to dingy
grayish washed with reddish fulvous; tail above black washed with
white, with underlying yellowish brown showing through; below,
with broad median area grizzled yellowish or rufous brown, bordered
68 NELSON
by a narrow black line, and thinly edged with white. Some hairs on
back entirely black, others black with white tip and either a sub-
basal ring or basal and median rings of brownish yellow.
Vartation.—The gray wash on the back varies greatly, sometimes
being entirely absent, especially in specimens from the humid forests
fronting the Pacific Ocean; in others it is general over the dorsal sur-
face, and in others still is confined to a band across the back, leaving
poorly marked rusty or yellowish brown nuchal and rump patches of
varying size. In one specimen the nape patch is chestnut brown, the
middle of back washed with light gray and the rump yellowish brown.
In winter, the white wash on the back is most conspicuous, and the
underparts are duller and less strongly ferruginous. (‘They may be dark
ferruginous, or dark grizzled grayish washed with fulvous, or pale fer-
ruginous). The absence of white tips produces the yellowish brown
nape and rump areas, or wholly yellowish brown backs of specimens
from the humid forest fronting the Pacific. Such specimens have
many hairs with subterminal rings of rusty yellow.
Measurements.—Average of two adults from central Guatemala,
from dried skins: total length 547.5; tail vertebra 270; hind foot 68.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull a little longer than that
of S. aureogaster but otherwise very similar. Four adult skulls from
southwestern Guatemala average: basal length 51.8; palatal length
27.23; interorbital breadth 19; zygomatic breadth 34.4; length of
upper molar series 11.4.
General notes.—A specimen from central Guatemala (No. 61226
U. S. Nat. Museum) sent to London for comparison with Gray’s
type, was pronounced by Mr. Thomas to closely resemble the two
cotypes on the dorsal surface but is richer rufous below with less white
on the tail. These differences fall within the minor individual varia-
tions.
Gray gave ‘Guatemala’ as the type locality for this species, and
specimens from near Duefias are typical. Specimens from the dense
humid forests near Guatemala City and thence along the slopes of the
mountains fronting the Pacific to Pinabete, Chiapas, are darker or
browner than those from the higher mountains of the interior. Those
from Calel are a little paler than typical specimens, and those from
the forest at the Hacienda Chancol are still grayer or nearer the form
from the mountains of central Chiapas.
Hlabits.—We found these squirrels rather common in the dense oak
forests at about 7000 feet above sea level on the volcano of Santa
Maria, near Quezaltenango, but owing to the tangled undergrowth and
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 69
the abundance of parasitic plants on the trees it was difficult to secure
specimens. Near Calel, and at Hacienda Chancol, they were less
common among other species of oaks in the more open forest at an
altitude of gooo to 10,000 feet, but were very shy, and it required cau-
tious and long continued hunting to secure a few specimens.
Specimens examined.—Twenty-two: from vicinity of Guatemala
City, Volcano Santa Maria, Calel, Hacienda Chancol, Guatemala;
and Pinabete, Chiapas.
SCIURUS GRISEOFLAVUS CHIAPENSIS subsp. nov.
Chiapas Squirrel.
Type from San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico. No. 75957, ¢ ad.,
U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Collection. Collected Sept. 22,
1895, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Go!dman.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition and Boreal zones
in mountains of central Chiapas (alt. 7500-9500 feet).
Characters.—Similar to true S. gréseoflavus but differing in the
decidedly grayer upperparts; paler, often nearly white, feet, and usu-
ally more vivid ferruginous underparts. Pelage full and rather soft;
under fur long and dense; tail broad and full. Teats: p. | a. toe.
Color.—Winter pelage: Upperparts, including outside of legs, top
of nose, and base of tail, dark grizzled gray (rather darker on top of
head), interspersed with many scattered hairs having median rings of
reddish buffy; ears dingy whitish gray with small whitish basal
patches; feet grayish white, the toes often nearly white; narrow ring
around eyes pale fulvous, confluent with a darker area of fulvous
brown extending back along sides of head to base of ears; sides of
nose, lower cheeks, chin and throat, pale grayish; underparts usually
rusty rufous, brighter than in true gréseoflavus ; tail at base all around
like back; above, black heavily washed with white; below, usually
with broad median area of yellowish, yellowish brown or rusty rufous,
black border and well marked white edge. Hairs on back black,
tipped rather broadly with white and often with broad median rings of
reddish buff (most numerous and conspicuous along flanks).
Vartation.—The series at hand shows but little variation in the
upperparts. In some specimens the crown is darker, and the brown area
behind the eyes more distinctly marked; the feet vary from grizzled
gray to almost white. The greatest variation is in the underparts and
tail. Eight of the twelve specimens are bright ferruginous below,
one is dull buffy yellow, one dark grizzled gray heavily washed with
70 NELSON
rusty rufous, while the two others are washed with rufous except a
grizzled gray band about 4 inches broad across the belly. The median
area on the lower surface of tail is sometimes broad, sometimes merely a
narrow line (the black border increasing in width as the other de-
creases) and varies from rusty ferruginous to yellowish brown.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 506.2; tail vertebra 256; hind foot 68.2
Cranial characters.—Premolars ?. Skull a little shorter than that
of grzseoflavus but scarcely distinguishable from the latter or from
that of S. awreogaster. Five adult skulls from the type locality aver-
age: basal length 50.9; palatal length, 26.6; interorbital breadth
19.1; zygomatic breadth 34.3; length of upper molar series 11.4.
General notes.—The squirrels taken in the oak forest between gooo
and 10,000 feet altitude on the mountains at Todos Santos, Guatemala,
are intermediate between chzafensis and true gréseoflavus. Those
taken at Calel, Guatemala, are more yellowish brown and much closer to
griseoflavus. A specimen from the arid subtropical canyon at Nenton,
Guatemala (below 3000 feet), and two others from similar localities near
Tuxtla, Chiapas, seem to indicate a direct gradation, in this intermediate
region, between S. er¢seoflavus chiapensts and S. soctal’s. Unfortu-
nately our series from intermediate points is too limited to satisfactorily
decide this point. Surprising as it may appear, the differences be-
tween griseoflavus chiapensts and soczadzs are not greater than those ~
between the latter and S. soc¢alis cocos.
Flabits.—The Chiapas squirrel feeds upon both acorns and pine
seeds, moving from one part of the forest to another with the season.
Specimens examined.—Twelve: all from the type locality.
SCIURUS YUCATANENSIS Allen. Yucatan Squirrel.
Sciurus carolinensis var. yucatanensis ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp.
705-706, Aug., 1877; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, Terr., Iv, p. 879, 1878.
Scturus carolinensis ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 658-659 ;
Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 124-125, June, 1880 (part: specimens
from Yucatan).
Scturus yucatanensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1x, pp. 5-7,
1897.
Type locality.—Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Cotypes nos. 8502-
8503. U.S. National Museum.
Distribution.—Arid tropical forests of peninsula of Yucatan.
Characters.—Back dingy, coarsely grizzled gray; belly white;
pelage coarse and harsh but not bristly; thin ear tufts sometimes pre- —
sent, yellowish white; tail rather full.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 7
Color.—Upperparts, including feet, rather coarsely grizzled black
and gray (sometimes suffused with yellowish), more yellowish along
middle of back and paler gray on sides of nose, body, and feet; ring
around eye dingy whitish; ears sometimes dark gray and sometimes
with distinct dingy white basal patch and small dull yellowish white
tuft at tip 3 or 9 mm. long; underparts varying from white to pale
grizzled gray. Tail at base similar to back; rest of tail above black,
heavily washed with white; below, with median area coarsely grizzled
black and gray, or dull, pale fulvous, bordered by black and edged with
white. Hairs on back black, with broad median ring of white or
yellowish.
Variatton.—The small series examined does not show much sea-
sonal difference, but the presence of ear patches and small tufts in two
specimens (¢ and 9 ) and their absence in three others indicate the
probable existence of certain marked differences of this kind. One
specimen taken at Chichenitza (Mar. 7) is mainly iron gray with slight
trace of yellow on the back; the underparts are whitish finely grizzled
with black. Another specimen taken at the same locality (Mar. 18)
has a strong yellowish shade on the upperparts, and the chin, neck,
breast, and middle of belly are nearly pure white, the underparts being
grizzled with black only along border of flanks.
Measurements.—Average of two adults from Chichen-Itza: total
length 451; tail vertebree 222; hind foot 55.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull very similar in general
outline to that of typical S. awreogaster but much smaller, with pro-
portionately longer nasals and larger audital bulla; nasals rounded in
front as in awreogaster. The single skull at hand shows no approach
to the massive rostrum and broad flattened nasals of the’ thomasé
group. It measures: basal length 45; palatal length 23; interorbital
breadth 16.2; zygomatic breadth 19; length of upper molar series 9.5.
General notes.—Sciurus yucatanensis is at once separable from
S. carolinensis and its races, and from S. ad/enz, by the much coarser
grizzling on the back, and the stiffer, harsher pelage in addition to the
cranial characters. It is a strongly marked species, the presence of
whitish ear tufts in certain pelages separating it from the other Mexi-
can and Central American squirrels of the subgenus Echznosccurus.
Specimens examined.—F¥ive : from Merida and Chichen-Itza, Yuca-
tan.
SCIURUS THOMASI sp. nov. Costa Rica Squirrel.
Sciurus boothie ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 741-746, 1877 (part:
specimens from eastern Costa Rica.—Not 5S. boothia Gray, 1842).
42 NELSON
Sciurus hypopyrrhius ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 662-664, 1878
(part); ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., Iv, pp. 881-882, 1878 ;
(part); ALston, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 123-131, 1880 (part:
specimens from interior of Costa Rica); ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., N. Y., 111, p. 206, 1891 ; Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., IX, p. 35,
1897; ALFARO, Mamiferos de Costa Rica, pp. 30-31, 1897 (part : speci-
mens from eastern Costa Rica),
Type from Talamanca, Costa Rica. No. 43944 U. S. National
Museum. Collected by Wm. Gabb.
Distribution.—Humid tropical forests of eastern Costa Rica.
Characters.—Entire upperparts black with underlying dark yel-
lowish or ferruginous brown shining through; underparts rich deep
ferruginous; pelage thin; hair on back coarse, stiff, and glossy; under
fur short and thin; tail long and narrow.
Color.—Upperparts, including crown, base of tail, sides of neck,
and outside of legs, nearly uniform glossy black with yellowish or
ferruginous brown of underlying color shining through; top of nose,
chin, and sides of head dingy grayish brown; ears blackish with thin
tufts of black hairs at tips and conspicuous basal patches of ferrugin-
ous; feet varying from black to grizzled ferruginous brown, latter
color sometimes extending as a wash over outside of legs; entire un-
derparts rich ferruginous, sometimes varied with irregular white areas ;
tail above black, thinly washed with white; below with median area
black grizzled with ferruginous or yellowish brown, narrowly bordered
with black and thinly edged with white. Hairs on back shining black
with broad median ring of rusty buffy or rufous brown.
Vartation.—The underlying color of the back and the ear patches
vary from yellowish brown to rich ferruginous. The darkest, most
intensely colored specimen is from Santa Clara and has the median
rings on hairs of back nearly as deep ferruginous as the underparts.
Measurements.—Average of four adults from eastern Costa Rica
(from dry skins): total length 517.5; tail vertebre 246.5; hind
foot 62.2.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull (pl. HI, fig. 6) even
broader and stouter than that of S. doothte@ ébeltz; rostrum much
broader and heavier; interorbital breadth much greater; occiput
broader. The type skull measures: basal length 50; palatal length
26.2; interorbital breadth 22; zygomatic breadth 35.5; length of
upper molar series 11.5.
General notes.—This species seems to occupy the more humid
area of eastern Costa Rica, ranging inland to the border of the more
arid western slope where it meets S. adolphet dorsalis. It may be
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 3
readily distinguished from the latter by the ferruginous ear patches and
blackish dorsal surface, the top of head not being paler than back.
Although specimens of both S. thomasé and 'S. dorsalis are before
me from the same locality, La Carpintera, where their ranges meet,
there are no intergrades. I take great pleasure in naming this hand-
some species in honor of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, Curator of Mammals
in the British Museum.
Specimens examined.—Five: from Talamanca, La Carpintera and
Santa Clara, Costa Rica.
SCIURUS ADOLPHEI (Lesson). Nicaragua Squirrel.
Macroxus adolphet LESSON, Rev. Zool., V, p. 130, 1842 (nomen nudum) ;
Nouv. Tabl. Régne Animal, Mamm., pp. 112-113, 1842; GRAY, Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, p. 433, 1867.
Sciurus boothie ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 741-746, 1877 (part :
Nicaragua).
Sciurus hypopyrrhus ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 662-664 ;
ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., Iv, pp. 881-882, 1878 (part) ;
Aston, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 128-131, 1880 (part).
Type locality.—Realejo, Nicaragua. Type in Paris Museum.
Distribution.—Tropical lowlands on west coast of Nicaragua.
Characters.—Top of head and nape iron gray, paler than back ;
rest of upperparts and base of tail dark grayish brown; underparts
and outside of fore and hind legs reddish chestnut brown, sometimes
with patches of white. Pelage thin; hairs of back coarse, stiff, and
shining; under fur short.
Color.—Top of nose and crown dull iron gray; nape grayish
brown; rest of back and upper part of thighs darker brown, witha
shade of grayish, slightly paler on flanks; sides of nose, cheeks and
sides of neck grayish brown; ears like crown and with well marked
white basal patches; feet dark chestnut grizzled with blackish ; fore-
legs all around (except axillar area), adjacent part of shoulders,
lower border of costal area and outer border and inside of thighs
(except inguinal area) dark reddish chestnut; underparts (except
white chin, throat, axillar and inguinal region), of same reddish chest-
nut as legs; tail at base dark grizzled brown; tail above black heavily
washed with white; below, with broad median area of rusty brown, a
narrow black border and white edge. Hairs on back black, with
broad median ring of dull yellowish or slightly reddish brown.
Measurements.—Adult, No. 8495 U. S. Nat. Museum (from dry
skin) : total length 440; tail vertebrae 199 (tail imperfect) ; hind foot
65. Inthe flesh the total length of this species must exceed 500 mm.
74 NELSON
General notes.—The type specimen of S. adolphez was collected
during the voyage of the French ship ‘ La Pylade’ by the ship’s surgeon,
Adolphe Lesson, in whose honor the species was named. The speci-
men described above differs from the description of the type only in
being a little less intensely colored on the back and in having less white
on the underparts. Lesson mentions another specimen from the same
locality which had a black dorsal line, grayish sides and flanks, with
grizzled gray and white on outside of legs. This squirrel appears to
differ from SS. a. dorsa/?s mainly in its darker colors.
Specimens examined.—One: from west coast of Nicaragua.
SCIURUS ADOLPHEI DORSALIS (Gray).
Banded-backed Squirrel.
Sciurus dorsalis GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 138, 1848; SCLATER,
Ibid., 1870, pp. 670-671.
Scturus rigidus PETERS, Monatsber. K. Pr. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1863, pp.
652-653.
Scturus intermedius GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, p. 421, 1867.
Macroxus dorsalis GRAY, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist., 3d ser., Xx, pp. 422-423,
1867 (part).
Macroxus nicoyana Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat Hist., 3dser., xx, p. 423, 1867.
Macroxus melania Gray, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, p. 425, 1867.!
?Scturus boothie ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 741-746, 1877 (part:
specimens from Costa Rica).
Sciurus hypopyrrhus ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 746-750, 1877
(part: No. 8628 from Costa Rica); ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1878, pp. 662-664 (part); ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., Iv, pp.
881-882, 1878 (part); ALsToNn, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 128-
131, 1880 (part); ALFARO, Mamiferos de Costa Rica, pp. 30-31, 1897
(part : west coast of Costa Rica).
Type locality.—Erroneously given as Caracas, Venezuela. (Speci-
mens from Liberia, Costa Rica, are typical.) Type in British Museum.
Distribution.—Comparatively arid parts of tropical western Costa
Rica from near Alajuela (or perhaps even farther south) north to dis-
trict about Liberia, the peninsula of Nicoya, and perhaps adjacent part
of Nicaragua.
Characters.—Colors brighter than in S. ado/phec,; top and sides of
head decidedly paler and grayer than back; broad area along middle
of back from nape to base of tail blackish brown or grizzled yellowish
brown enclosed by band of lighter or paler grayish along sides ; under-
parts white, buffy yellowish or bright rufous. Tail long and narrow;
1 This may be a valid species or subspecies but the type was evidently a me-
lanistic specimen and in the absence of material I refer it here. The type came
from extreme southern Costa Rica (Point Burica).
eo
—
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 75
pelage thin; hair on dorsal surface coarse and stiff; under fur thin.
Teats: p. 4a. 21.14.
Color.—This subspecies has several color phases of which the two
most characteristic are described below. SAlackish-backed phase:
Top and sides of head grizzled gray, paler than back; back with
broad band (widening on lumbar region and narrowing thence to
tail) blackish, blackish brown, or dark yellowish brown, bordered by
band (half an inch to an inch wide) of whitish or gray, paler than
dorsal area and separating it from color of underparts; lower flanks,
all of legs, feet, and underparts nearly uniform white, buffy, or
rufous; cheeks, chin and sides of neck grizzled gray or grayish brown;
ears grizzled gray or grayish brown, sometimes bordered with black;
ear patches white; tail above black, heavily washed with white,
below, a broad median area varying from dark rufous to rusty orange
or grayish white, bordered by a black line and edged with white.
Grizzled-backed phase: ‘Top and sides of head pale gray or
grayish brown, paler than back; rest of back grizzled grayish brown,
yellowish brown or blackish brown, darkest on upper half and paler
or grayer along sides and on legs; sides usually more or less strongly
mixed with color of underparts; fore feet like underparts or heavily
washed with same color; hind feet similarly washed but more nearly
like outside of hind legs; underparts rusty, bright ferruginous, or
buffy, sometimes with irregular white patches; ears like top of head;
ear patches large, white; sides of head and chin dull grayish or
grayish brown; tail above at base like back, rest of upper surface
black, washed with white; below with median band of rusty, rufous,
or yellowish brown bordered by black and edged with white.
Hairs on middle of back of blackish backed specimens, brownish
black with scattered white tips; hairs on flanks of these specimens
blackish broadly tipped with white or rufous. Hairs on specimens
with grizzled backs, black with median or subterminal ring of rusty
buffy, brownish yellow or grayish brown; on flanks similar but usually
paler and sometimes with whitish tips.
Variations.—This is an extraordinarily variable squirrel. The top
of head and upper part of flanks are usually paler than the median
dark dorsal area; the underparts, lower flanks and outside of legs and
feet may be white, some shade of buff, or bright rufous; or the back may
be grizzled brown, with the same color extending over flanks to outside
of legs and mixing with the color of the feet. In some cases where
the last described phase is most marked the head is but little paler
than back, especially in specimens from vicinity of San José and La
76 NELSON
Carpintera. At the latter place the range of this subspecies appears
to join that of .S. ¢romasz, but no intergrades have been seen.
Measurements.—Average of four adults from northwestern Costa
Rica (from dry skins): total length, 510; tail vertebre 248.5; hind
foot 63.2. ;
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull like that of S. 6. deléz,
and similar to that of S. ¢homasz but rather larger with slender ros-
trum. Two adult skulls from northwestern Costa Rica average:
Basal length 51.7; palatal length 27.7; interorbital breadth 21.8; zy-
gomatic breadth 35.2; length of upper molar series 11.7.
General notes.—In the original description of Sczurus dorsalis
Gray gave Caracas, Venezuela, as the type locality. Dr. Sclater has
since stated! that the type came from Nicaragua, but Mr. Thomas writes
that he does not know on what authority. Citations of this squirrel
from Nicaragua are probably referable to true adol/phez. A number
of specimens examined by me from northwestern Costa Rica, especially
from near Liberia, agree exactly with Gray’s description, and one
(No. 15759 U. S. Nat. Museum, from Liberia, Costa Rica) sent Mr.
Thomas for comparison was pronounced by him to be absolutely like
the type.
The type locality of Gray’s AM/acroxus nicoyana, based on a rufous
color-phase of S. a. dorsalis, was given as Nicoya, a town on the
peninsula of Nicoya, in northwestern Costa Rica. S. rzg¢dus of
Peters and S. zztermedius of Gray are based upon a_ phase of
dorsalis in which the head and upper part of flanks are nearly
as dark as the middle of the back, but the underparts, lower flanks,
and outside of legs and feet are nearly uniform bright rufous. Mr.
Thomas has compared a specimen from Alajuela, Costa Rica (No.
15757 U.S. Nat. Museum) with Gray’s type of zztermedzus in the
British Museum and pronounces it identical, differing only in slightly
duller colors. The type of S. rég¢dus came from San José, Costa
Rica. The type locality of ¢ztermedius was given as Guatemala—
evidently an error, as no squirrel of this style is found in Guatemala,
while it is common in western Costa Rica.
Specimens examined.—Twenty: from San José, La Carpintera,
Alajuela, Bebedero, San Mateo, Liberia and Nicoya, Costa Rica.
SCIURUS BOOTHIL Gray. Honduras Squirrel.
Sciurus richardsont Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., x, p. 264, 1842 (not S.
richardsont Bachman, 1838).
1Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1870, pp. 670-671.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA var
Sciurus boothie GRAy, List. Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 139, 1843; Voy.
fig... oulphur,. Zool,, p. 34, pl. 13, fie. 1, 1863.
Scturus fuscovartegatus SCHINZ, Synopsis Mamm., II, pp. 15-16, 1845.
Macroxus boothie Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., Xx, p. 424, 1867.
Scturus hypopyrrhus ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 662-664, 1878
(part); ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., tv, pp. 881-882, 1878
(part); ALsTon, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 128-131, 1880 (part:
specimens from Honduras).
Type locality.—* Honduras’ (specimens from San Pedro Sula are
typical). Type in British Museum.
Distribution.—Humid tropical coast forests of northern Honduras
and border of Guatemala.
Characters.—Back dark grayish brown, washed with shining
black; belly white; feet blackish; ears black edged, with basal patches
dark rusty; upper- and underparts separated by a narrow line of dull
reddish brown along flanks. Pelage thin; hairs on back coarse, stiff,
and shining; under fur short; tail long and narrow. Teats: p.1a. 2
i. 4.
Color.—Upperparts, including top of nose and base of tail, uniform
coarsely grizzled dark grayish brown, sometimes faintly suffused with
reddish; outside of legs and feet similar, but darker and sometimes al-
most shining black; ears bordered with black; basal patch on back of
ears dingy rusty; chin and sides of head dull grayish brown; entire
underparts white; tail at base all around like back; rest of tail above
black thinly washed with white; below, median area grizzled dark
brownish suffused with yellowish or faint rufous, bordered with black,
and thinly edged with white. Hairs on back black, with broad
median ring of grayish or buffy brown.
Vartation.—Three specimens from San Pedro Sula and one from
Truxillo, Honduras (July), vary but little, the upperparts being
washed with black over brownish, the feet black or blackish, grizzled
with grayish brown or dull reddish brown, the underparts uniformly
white.
A half grown specimen in the National Museum labeled ‘ Guate-
mala’ differs from typical specimens in having the outside of the feet
and legs black; sides of head and chin finely grizzled dark gray;
underparts finely grizzled grayish brown, and lower surface of tail
black, grizzled with gray near base.
Measurements.— Average of three adults from San Pedro Sula
(from dry skins) : total length 524; tail vertebra 255; hind foot 63.3.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. The only skull of this species
at hand from San Pedro Sula is immature, but its proportions appear
to be the same as those of subspecies de/¢z.
78 NELSON
General notes.—Gray first called this species S. richardson in
1842, but finding this name preoccupied by S. rzchardsonz of Bach-
man, 1838, he renamed it S. d00tht@ in 1843. Overlooking Gray’s
echange, Schinz renamed the species S. fuscovartegatus in 1845.
Most recent authors have lumped this squirrel with numerous others
under the name hypopyrrhus.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, to whom a specimen from San Pedro Sula,
Honduras (No. 19549 9 ad., U. S. National Museum) was sent for
comparison with Gray’s type, writes that they agree absolutely in color.
Gray gives no definite type locality for this species, but specimens from
San Pedro Sula are absolutely typical. Mr. Thomas writes that the
type is less than half grown and that in redescribing this species in 1867
(Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d. ser., xx, p. 424) Gray mentions,
not the type, but specimens received by the British Museum from
Honduras in 1845 which have gray instead of white bellies. S.
boothie grades into S. 6. de/tz to the south, and it is very probable
that another subspecies exists in the mountains of interior Honduras.
I have been unable to learn for whom Gray named this species.
Specimens examined.—Eight: from San Pedro Sula, Truxillo, and
Segovia River, Honduras; Guatemala (1 specimen without definite
locality).
SCIURUS BOOTHL# BELTI subsp. nov.
Escondido River Squirrel.
Type from Escondido River, 50 miles from Bluefields, Nicaragua.
No. 38477 9 ad., U. S. Nat. Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Collected Nov. 22, 1892, by Chas. W. Richmond.
Distribution.—Humid tropical forests of eastern coast region of
Nicaragua and north to Segovia River, Honduras.
Characters.—Differs from S. d00¢ht@ mainly in having the un-
derparts uniformly rusty rufous, and feet grizzled with rusty yellow-
ish. Pelage thin; hair on back coarse, stiff and shiny; under fur
short and thin; tail flat and slender. Teats: p. 14a. 21.1.
Color.—Upperparts including top of nose and base of tail all
around grizzled grayish brown, more or less heavily washed with
black; ears bordered with black, posterior surface and basal patches
dull rusty; sides of head and chin varying from yellowish brown to
brownish gray; feet black, grizzled with rusty yellowish; outside of
fore and hind legs like flanks but appreciably suffused with rusty yel-
low; tail above black, thinly washed with white; below, median area
varying from grizzled yellowish brown to rusty, with narrow black
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 79
border and still narrower white edge. Hairs on back, black with a
broad dull buffy or yellowish gray median ring.
Variation.—The ground color of the back varies from grayish
brown with a light suffusion of reddish, to clayey brown with an
overlying wash of shiny black. The rusty suffusion on outside of
legs is strong in some and light in others. An August specimen is
practically the same as others taken in November, thus indicating
little or no seasonal change. One from the Segovia River, Honduras,
is like those from the type locality, except that the underparts are
deeper rufous. Another from the same locality has a brownish shade
in the rufous of underparts, and large irregular pectoral and abdom-
inal white areas connected by a narrow white median line. A third
has the underparts grizzled rusty brown with a large, irregular
median white line. These specimens (June and July) have the
back heavily washed with black and in some respects are intermediate
between typical doothte and beltz. A single melanistic specimen
from Nicaragua is the only one seen.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 512; tail vertebra 261.6; hind foot 61.7.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull (pl. I, figs. 1 and 5)
generally similar to that of S. a@ureogaster, but rostrum broader and
heavier, anterior end of nasals broader and more flattened, interorbital
width greater, occiput usually broader; the small premolar heavier,
thus resembling S. ¢homasz. Four adult skulls from the type locality
average: Basal length 48.8; palatal length 25.5; interorbital breadth
19.6; zygomatic breadth 33.7; length of upper molar series 11.4.
General notes.—This subspecies is named in honor of Thomas
Belt, the well known author of ‘ A Naturalist in Nicaragua.’
Hfabits.—Dr. Richmond found these squirrels living in the forests
along the borders of clearings or other openings.
Specimens examined.—Eight: from Escondido River, Nicaragua ;
and Segovia River, Honduras.
SCIURUS VARIEGATOIDES Ogilby. Variegated Squirrel.
Sciurus variegatoides OGILBY, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. 117; Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist., v, pp. 62-63, 1840; WAGNER, Supplement. Schre-
ber’s Saugthiere, 111, pp. 185-186, 1843.
Macroxus pyladei Lesson, Rev. Zool., Paris, v, p. 130, April, 1842 (nomen
nudum) ; Nouv. Tabl. Régne Anim., Mamm., p. 112, 1842.
Sciurus griseocaudatus GRAY, Voyage of ‘Sulphur,’ Mammalia, 1, p. 34, pl.
13, fig. 2, pl. 18, figs. 7-12, 1843.
Sciurus pyladiti BARD, Mamm. N. Am., p. 282, 1857.
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1899.
80 NELSON
Macroxus colliai Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., Xx, pp. 421-422,
1867 (part: var. I).
Sciurus hypopyrrhus ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 746-750, 1877
(part: No. 7019 from La Union, Salvador); Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey
Terr., Iv, pp. 881-882, 1878 (part); ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1878, pp. 662-664 (part); Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 128-131, 1880
(part).
Type locality.—Salvador, Central America. Type in British Mu
seum.
Distribution.—Tropical forests of Salvador, west coast of Central
America.
Characters.—Entire upperparts and base of tail dingy yellowish
gray; underparts and feet dull buffy ochraceous. Tail rather slender ;
pelage thin; hairs of back coarse, stiff and shining; under fur short
and thin.
Color.—Entire upperparts, including top of head, outside of legs
near body, and base of tail all round, nearly uniform dull grizzled
buffy gray; backs of ears pale rusty with basal patches of dull buff, and
narrow indistinct borders of black; feet, and outside of legs on lower
half, dark ochraceous buff; paler or grayer buffy on chin, sides of nose
and cheeks; underparts dark dingy buff; tail above, black washed with
white; below, with broad median area like back, bordered by line of
black and edged with grayish white. Hairs on back black, with broad
median rings of pale yellowish gray; under fur dark sooty plumbeous.
Measurements.—Dry skin from La Union, Salvador, No. 7020
adult, U. S. Nat. Museum: total length 545; tail vertebra 280; hind
foot 66.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull similar to that of S.
thomasz, but proportionately narrower and slenderer with much lighter
jugals and smaller audital bull. It measures: basal length 49; pal-
atal length 26; interorbital breadth 20: zygomatic breadth 34; length
of upper molar series II.
General notes.—The specimen described above was compared with
Ogilby’s type in the British Museum by Mr. Thomas, who pronounces
the two identical, and adds that the type of S. g77seocaudatus Gray
differs from them only in having the color of the belly a little richer.
Ogilby described this species from a specimen taken during the voyage
of the ‘Sulphur,’ and later Gray described S. grzseocaudatus from
another specimen collected during the same voyage. By an error,
Ogilby stated that his specimen came from the west coast of South
America, but Gray gave the locality of his type more correctly as the
west coast of Central America. Lesson’s S. pyladed¢ from San Carlos,
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA SI
Salvador, as shown by the original description, was typical S. varce-
gatotdes; this, with the specimen in the U.S. National Museum,
definitely determines the region where the species is found.
Specimen examined.—One: from La Union, Salvador.
SCIURUS MANAGUENSIS Nelson. Rio Managua Squirrel.
Sciurus boothie managuensis NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, p.
150, June 3, 1898.
Type locality.—Managua River, Guatemala. Type no. 62476 U.S.
National Museum.
Distribution.—Humid tropical forests along Managua River, north-
ern Guatemala.
Characters.—Size of S. boothie but yellower on dorsal surface
and uniformly light buffy yellow below. Pelage rather dense ; hairs
of back coarse, stiff and shining; tail long and narrow. Teats p. }
a. 21.4,
Colors. —Upperparts, including top of nose and base of tail coarsely
grizzled dull yellowish or grayish brown; crown and middle of back
washed with shining black; sides of body and outside of legs more
suffused with yellowish; feet of type bright buffy yellow only slightly
grizzled (much more grizzled in two other specimens) ; ears edged
with black and tipped with thin tuft of rusty hairs ; basal patches con-
spicuous dull buffy yellow; sides of head and chin dingy yellowish or
grayish brown; underparts, varying from rich, almost reddish buffy
to dingy yellow; tail above black, thinly washed with white; below,
with broad median area varying from grizzled grayish brown shaded
with yellowish, to yellowish brown, bordered with black and edged
with white. Hairs on back black, with broad median rings of dull
yellowish buffy, or sometimes grayish.
Variation.—Two of the three specimens examined, including the
type, are distinctly suffused with yellowish on back and bright yellow
below; the third specimen is pale brownish gray above and much
paler, dingier yellow below, but has the lower surface of tail slightly
shaded with rusty and the feet and back with only a slight suffusion of
yellowish.
Measurements.—Average of 3 adults from type locality (from dried
skins): total length 537, tail vertebra 270; hind foot 62.7.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull very similar to that of
S. aureogaster but somewhat narrower; inner anterior border of audi-
tal bulla more indented, as in S. Jo0thie. Two adult skulls from
the type locality average: basal length 50.2; palatal length 27; in-
82 NELSON
terorbital breadth 19; zygomatic breadth 33.9; length of upper molar
series 11.5.
General notes.—This squirrel was originally described as a sub-
species of S$. d0o0thi@ and is closely related to that species, but further
study of the material at hand shows such strong differences that it
seems best to regard the animals as distinct. The difference in size,
more vivid yellow shade, and heavier wash of black on dorsal surface
are sufficient to distinguish S. managuensis from S. vartegatordes,
which resembles it but is a larger, duller colored species.
Specimens examined.—Three: all from the type locality.
SCIURUS GOLDMANI Nelson. Goldman’s Squirrel.
Sciurus goldmani NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Xii, pp. 149-150,
June 3, 1898.
Type locality.—Huehuetan, Chiapas, Mexico. Type no. 77903
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Distribution.—Arid tropical forests along southeastern coast of
Chiapas, Mexico, and adjacent part of Guatemala (below 1500 ft.).
Characters.—Entire upperparts coarsely grizzled iron gray with
an underlying yellowish or buffy shade; ear patches white and unusu-
ally conspicuous (in winter) ; ear tufts thin, rusty ferruginous; under-
parts, white. Pelage on dorsal surface thin; hairs coarse, stiff and
shining; tail long and narrow. Teats: p. 4a. 3 i. 4.
Color.—Winter pelage: Nose and crown dark iron gray usually
suffused with yellowish or buffy and washed with shiny black; rest of
upperparts rather paler, more yellowish iron gray (paler on nape and
sides), darker and more washed with shining black along middle of
back and rump; fore feet paler, shading through darker gray on out-
side of legs to yellowish gray of shoulders; outside of thighs like flanks ;
hind feet grizzled iron gray, toes grayish white; ears, anteriorly dingy
grayish with a distinct black border all around, posteriorly the upper
half covered by a thin rusty ferruginous tuft and lower half by the
large white basal patch; ring around eye narrow, dull buffy brown;
sides of nose and cheeks dingy gray or grayish brown; entire under-
parts white; tail above black, thinly washed with white; below, me-
dian area ‘dull grizzled iron gray, varying to grizzled yellowish or
rusty, with a narrow black border, broad subterminal area of black,
and narrower edge of white. Hairs on back black with broad median
rings of pale yellowish gray (sometimes buffy).
Vartation.—The main variation is in the color of the back which
may be gray with a pale yellowish suffusion, or a deep, slightly rusty,
buff grizzled with black.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 83
Measurements._——Average of five adults from type locality: total
length, 550.8; tail vertebre 280.8; hind foot 66.2.
Cranzal characters.—Premolars 2. Skull closely resembling that
of typical S. aureogaster but differing in slightly heavier rostrum,
larger and longer audital bullz, and in having the peg-like first premolar
set well inside the anterior angle of the second premolar. Five adult
skulls from the type locality average: basal length 51.2; palatal length
26.9; interorbital breadth 19.8; zygomatic breadth 33.9; length of
upper molar series 11.3.
General notes.— Sciurus goldmant bears a superficial resemblance
to S. colliet nuchalis but may be readily distinguished by the black
bordered ears, with large white basal patches, and the uniform color
of thighs and back. The hairs on the back are coarser and stiffer.
Specimens examined.—Ten: from Huehuetan, Chiapas; and
Guatemala.
HESPEROSCIURUS subgen. nov. (pl. I, fig. 5; pl. II, fig. 4).
SCIURUS GRISEUS Ord. California Gray Squirrel.
Sciurus griseus ORD., Journ. de Phys., LXXXVII, p. 152, 1818.
Sciurus fossor PEALE, Mamm. and Birds U.S. Expl. Expedition, p. 55, 1848.
Sciturus heermannt LECONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 149, 1852
(type locality California).
Sciurus fossor anthonyt MEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Xx, pp. 501-502,
Jan. 19, 1898 (type from Campbell Ranch, Laguna, San Diego Co.,
California).
Type locality.x—The Dalles, Columbia River, Oregon. No type
specimen. Named from description.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition (and upper
border of Austral) zone from extreme southwestern Washington
through western Oregon and most of California (except coast belt
south of San Francisco) to northern Lower California, Mexico.
Characters.—Size large; tail long and bushy; upperparts gray;
underparts white. Pelage full and soft; under fur long and thick;
ears thinly haired. Teats: p. 4a. 21.1.
Color.—Typical June specimens from Oregon: Upperparts, in-
cluding top of nose and base of tail, pale gray sometimes with slight
traces of yellowish on back; outside of legs similar, but fore legs
sometimes a little paler; fore feet varying from dingy grayish white
to gray scarcely paler than back; hind feet gray, varying from a little
paler than back to grizzled blackish gray, occasionally with white
markings on hind feet and toes; ears gray, sometimes suffused with
84 NELSON
dingy yellowish brown; basal patches small, dingy gray or yellowish
gray; sides of head finely grizzled gray, more whitish than back;
ring around eye white, poorly defined; underparts white; tail above
black with a thin wash of white; below, with broad median area dark
grizzled gray, a rather poorly defined black border, and thin white edge.
Hairs on back mostly black, with from one to three rings of white or
yellowish, intermixed with others entirely black.
Variation.—The large series examined shows but little individual
variation. Winter specimens from northern California are somewhat
darker, more iron gray above, with much less black on upper
surface of tail so that the underlying gray shows through; the ears are
more hairy and inclining to rusty on backs and basal patches.
Measurements.—Average of five specimens from the Columbia
River region—near type locality of S. grzseus: total length 569;
tail vertebre 270.6; hind foot 81.8. Average of five adults from San
Diego Co., California—topotypes of ‘azthonyz’: total length 566;
tail vertebree 284; hind foot So.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull (pl. I, fig. 5; pl. H,
fig. 4) rather long, tapering anteriorly; nasals long, narrowed
posteriorly ; posterior part of the braincase inflated; audital bulle
small; postorbital process of malar usually ending in a well developed
point. Molars unusually massive and the peg-like second premolar
stouter than usual. Skulls from the type locality of S. grzseus
‘ anthonyt’ average a little smaller than those from the Columbia
River region, but the range of individual variation from the two
localities is such that it is impossible to find any definite subspecific
characters. Five adult skulls from near the type locality in the Colaum-
bia River region average: basal length 58.3; palatal length 32.1; inter-
orbital breadth 20.8; zygomatic breadth 38.7; length of upper molar
series 12.9. Five adult skulls from type locality of S. grzseus
anthonyt average: basal length 56.3; palatal length 30.2; inter-
orbital breadth 20.9; zygomatic breadth 37.7; length of upper molar
series I1.7.
General notes.—Ord’s S. griseus is based on the ‘ Large Gray
Squirrel’ of Lewis and Clark, which is said to have been found ina
narrow tract of country well covered with white oak timber on the
upper side of the mountains just below ‘Columbia Falls.’ From
Lewis and Clark’s narrative and the well known character of the coun-
try itis evident that the place referred to is near The Dalles of the
Columbia, which fixes the type locality with some certainty.
A careful comparison of the type and topotypes of ‘ S. fossor an
22 =
Sek
—
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 85
thonyz’ in the National Museum, with a large series of typical S. gr?-
seus from Oregon and Washington, fails to show any character by
which they can be satisfactorily separated. The type and some of the
topotypes of axzthonyz can be matched by specimens taken at.the same
season in Oregon; I am obliged therefore to treat axthony¢ as synonym
of S. griseus. Some specimens from the type region of ‘ axthonyz’
have the feet intermediate in color between griseus and nigripes.'
Specimens examined.—Fifty-two: from many localities in Wash-
ington, Oregon, and California.
OTOSCIURUS subgen. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 2).
SCIURUS DURANGI (Thomas). Durango Squirrel.
Scturus abertti THOMAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, p. 372; ALLEN,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat, Hist., v, p. 28, April, 1893. (Not S. aberti Wood-
house, 1852.)
Sciurus aberti durangt THOMAS, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., x1, pp.
49-50, Jan., 1893.
Type locality.—Ciudad ranch (100 miles west of Durango City,
Durango, Mexico. Type no. 82.3.20.16., British Museum.
Distribution.—Pine forests of Transition and lower border of
Boreal zones in Sierra Madre, western Durango and Chihuahua,
Mexico (alt. 7000-11,000 feet).
Characters.—Similar to S. abertz, but much less reddish chestnut
on back; sides of nose to eyes usually reddish buffy, feet more or less
grizzled gray; tail much less full, and its lower surface uniformly .
grizzled gray; ears smaller and narrower; ear tufts in winter long (ab-
sent insummer). Pelage soft and full; under furlong. Teats: p. +
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts, including top of nose and
base of tail, dingy gray, with dark rufous or reddish chestnut along
back from shoulders to rump, but not reaching base of tail as in S.
abertd; outside of forelegs rather paler than back; fore feet white or
pale gray; outside of hind legs like flanks; hind feet uniform
grizzled gray like outside of thighs, or gray mottled irregularly with
areas of white and sometimes dingy rusty; a poorly defined black line
along flanks separating color of upper and lower parts; sides of nose
(to eyes) sometimes dingy gray suffused with brownish but usually
reddish brown; same color shading fore part and sometimes all of
1S, fossor nigrifes Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., II, pp. 25-26,
1889. [Type from coast region south of San Francisco, probably San Mateo or
Santa Cruz Co., Calif. ]
86 NELSON
white ring around eye; rest of sides of head finely grizzled gray,
paler than back; ears dingy gray and thinly haired, sometimes
with traces of grizzled gray and black winter tufts; underparts white ;
tail at base all around like rump; rest of tail above black, heavily
washed with white; below uniformly grizzled gray, with narrow indis-
tinct black border, a well marked subterminal black area, and broad
white edging. Hairs on back black with two to three rings of grayish
white, the rings often becoming rufous on middle of back.
Variéation.—In some specimens the upperparts are nearly uniform
dingy gray, the chestnut dorsal area being indicated merely by a rusty
suffusion along the lumbar region. In those with a distinct chestnut
dorsal area, numerous rufous ringed hairs are scattered over the back
and flanks, giving the gray a slight brownish tinge. The color of the
hind feet is very variable and is scarcely alike in any two specimens,
but is never pure white as in ader¢tz. One of the most striking and
constant characters of this species is the entire absence of white on
the underside of the tail.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from vicinity of type lo-
cality: total length 486.4; tail vertebre 235.4; hind foot 71.2. Five
adult topotypes of .S. a@dert¢ average: total length 510; tail vertebre
229.8; hind foot 75.6.
Cranial characters.—Premolars *- Skull (pl. I, fig. 2) generally
similar to that of S. ader¢tz but somewhat smaller, with notably
smaller molars, and shorter and more slender first premolar; audital
bull relatively larger; braincase a little less drawn out posteriorly.
Five adult skulls from vicinity of type locality average as follows:
basal length 50.1; palatal length 27.3; interorbital breadth 19.8 zy-
gomatic breadth 34.5; length of upper molar series 10.8. Five adult
skulls of .S. ader¢¢ from type locality average: basal length 52; pa-
latal length 27.8; interorbital breadth 19.8; zygomatic breadth 35.1;
length of upper molar series 11.2.
General notes.—The characters which separate this squirrel from
S. aderté are so constant in the series before me that it seems best to
consider it a distinct species. Each species has a well defined range,
there being a broad gap in northern Chihuahua and southern Arizona
in which neither occurs.
Specimens examtned.—Thirty-two: from El Salto (near Ciudad
ranch), Durango; Sierra Madre and near Guadalupe y Calvo, Chi-
huahua (in southwestern corner of State).
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 87
Subgenus TAMIASCIURUS Trouessart (pl. I, fig. 8).
SCIURUS DOUGLASI MEARNSI (Townsend). Mearns’ Squirrel.
Sciurus hudsonius mearnst TOWNSEND, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, p.
146, June g, 1897.
Sciurus mearnst ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., x, pp. 286-287,
1898.
Type locality. —San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California
(about 7000 ft. alt.). Type no. $3335. U.S. National Museum.
Distribution. —Pine forest of San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California, Mexico. Transition zone.
Characters.—Generally similar to S. douglas? albolimbatus but
grayer, with feet pale yellowish, or buffy white. Pelage soft and
dense; under fur long; tail short and bushy.
Color.—Entire upperparts, including top of nose, outside of fore-
legs and thighs pale dingy gray, with pale yellowish or rusty suffusion
extending from nape along back and out on middle of basal half of
tail; sides of nose pale buffy whitish; sides of head grizzled gray,
paler than back; ring around eye whitish; ears, in front, like sides
of head, behind like crown, with well marked tuft of black hairs,
slightly grizzled with gray or dingy fulvous; line along flanks black,
distinctly separating color of back from that of underparts ; feet pale
yellowish white; fore feet inclining to buffy ; underparts dingy white ;
under fur plumbeous, showing through white surface; tail above,
median line of basal half like middle of rump, but edged and slightly
grizzled with white; rest of upper surface black washed with white
tail below, median area of basal two-thirds dingy grizzled gray bor-
dered with black (the black also extends over most of outer third) and
narrowly edged with white. Dorsal hairs black with broad median
and narrow subterminal rings of pale dull grayish or dingy yellowish
(the latter mainly along middle of back).
Vartation.—The three specimens of this squirrel before me were
taken in April and May and show little variation. They are paler
than typical specimens of a/bolimbatus taken at the same season but
are not strikingly different.
Measurements.—Average of three adults from type locality (from
dry skins): total length 305; tail vertebre 111.3; hind foot 50.6.
(The total length and tail measurements are, no doubt, too short.)
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull (pl. I, fig. 8) much like
that of S. d. albolémbatus. The type measures: basal length 41; pa-
latal length 25; interorbital breadth 14.5; zygomatic breadth 28;
length of upper molar series 5.
Specimens examined.—Three: all from type locality.
88 NELSON
ARAOSCIURUS subgen. nov. (?l. I, fig. 3.)
SCIURUS OCULATUS Peters. Black-backed Squirrel.
Sciurus capistratus LICHTENSTEIN, Abhandl. K, Akad. Wiss., Berlin (1827),
p. 116, 1830. (Not S. capistratus Bosc, 1802.)
Sciurus carolinensis SAUSSURE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2e ser., XIII, p. 4, 1861.
(Not S. carolinensis Gmelin, 1788.)
Sciurus oculatus PETERS, Monatsber. K. Akad. Wiss., Berlin 1863, p. 63.
Scturus hypopyrrhus ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., Iv, pp. 881-
882, 1878 (part).
Sciurus niger melanonotus THOMAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 73-74, pl.
VI, 1890; ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., v, p. 30, 1893; Ibid., 1x,
p. 198, 1897.
Type locality.—Mexico, probably near Las Vigas, Vera Cruz. Type
no. 1434 Berlin Museum.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition and Boreal zones
in northern Puebla, western Vera Cruz (Cofre de Perote—Mt. Ori-
zaba), Hidalgo, eastern Queretaro, and southeastern San Luis Potosi,
Mexico (alt. 6000-12,000 feet).
Characters.—Size large; upperparts gray with large black or
blackish area along middle of back; belly buffy. Pelage rather soft
and dense; under fur long; tail long and full. Teats: p. ta. 21.4.
Color.—Crown between ears, and broad band along middle of back
from shoulders to base of tail, black or blackish, shading on edges to
dark gray like remainder of upperparts; ring around eye well marked,
buffy whitish or buffy; cheeks usually grizzled gray like sides of neck
but sometimes washed with buff; ears dingy gray frequently washed
with dull buff of variable intensity; basal ear patch varying from
dingy white to dark buffy (sometimes absent in summer) ; feet varying
from grizzled gray washed with buffy to rich buff shading to gray on
outside of forelegs; outside of lower hind legs varying from gray like
rest of thigh to dark rusty brownish. Underparts varying from white
with pale dull buffy suffusion to rich ochraceous buff; tail above black,
heavily washed with white; below, with broad median area of grizzled
yellowish gray, bordered with black and heavily edged with white.
Hairs of back black, with one or two rings of gray, yellowish gray or
brownish gray, mixed with other hairs wholly black.
Variation.—The black dorsal band is usually present, sometimes
continuous from crown to tail (as in a specimen from Tulancingo),
and varies from 25 to 50 mm. in width; but in two specimens from
the Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, and in nearly all from Pinal de
Amoles, Queretaro, it is represented only by a black wash. The buff
on underparts of the latter specimens is decidedly richer than on ordi-
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 89
nary examples with black backs, and is equally intense in specimens
from Encarnacion, Hidalgo, which have the well-marked black dorsal
band. Two specimens from Villar, San Luis Potosi, in worn summer
pelage, differ in being uniform gray on back, scarcely darker along
median line, but they agree with the Pinal de Amoles specimens in °
the rich, buffy underparts. The buff on feet accompanies and varies
in intensity with same color on underparts. The only melanistic
specimen in the series is from Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 542.8; tail vertebrz 269; hind foot 72.7.
Cranial characters.—Premolars +. Skull (pl. I, fig. 3) propor-
tionately broader and heavier than that of Zudovic¢anus ; rostrum shorter
and heavier ; interorbital breadth greater; top of braincase broader and
less convex on interparietal outline; occiput decidedly broader and
more depressed; audital bulle appreciably larger and more drawn out
anteriorly and posteriorly. Three adult skulls from the type locality
average as follows: basilar length 54.6; palatal length 28.5; interor-
bital breadth 20.3; zygomatic breadth 36.3; length of upper molar
series II. .
General notes.—Peters described Scturus oculatus in 1864 from a
specimen collected by Deppe in eastern Mexico. Thomas redescribed
the species in 1890 as S. xiger melanonotus, from specimens taken at
Las Vigas, Vera Cruz. Specimens from Las Vigas agree perfectly
with the original description of S. ocu/atus, and since this locality is on
the route followed by Deppe it may be considered the type locality.
ffabits.—This species properly belongs to the pine forests of the
Transition and Boreal zones from 7500-12,000 feet, but at Villar, San
Luis Potosi, near the northern border of its range, we found it in the
oaks of the Upper and Lower Austral zones (5500-6000 feet) where
it was feeding on acorns and wild figs in the canyon bottoms. Ordi-
narily its main food supply is obtained from various species of pines.
Specimens examined.—Forty-six : from Mt. Orizaba, Puebla; Cofre
de Perote and Las Vigas, Vera Cruz; Real del Monte, Tulancingo
and Encarnacion, Hidalgo; Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro; Villar, San
Luis Potosi (6000 feet).
SCIURUS OCULATUS TOLUCZ Nelson. Toluca Squirrel.
Sciurus oculatus toluce NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xu, pp. 148-
149, June 3, 1898.
Type locality.—North slope of the Volcano of Toluca, State of
Mexico, Mexico. Type no. 55927 U. S. National Museum, Bio-
logical Survey collection.
go NELSON
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition and Boreal zones
on tableland slope of the Sierra Madre in the State of Mexico, from
the Volcano of Toluca north to border of Michoacan; also arid moun-
tains of southern and western Queretaro, central and eastern Guana-
juato, and southern San Luis Potosi, Mexico (alt. '7500—12,000 feet).
Characters.—Paler than S. ocudatus, with a wash of blackish, or
blackish brown along middle of back; underparts dingy whitish, with
only a faint suffusion of buffy. Pelage and teats as in S. oculatus.
Color.—Top of head and broad median line down back to base of
tail, gray with a faint blackish or dull brownish wash shading laterally
into clearer grizzled gray; latter color, however, with slight shading of
yellowish on subterminal rings of some hairs; ring around eye grayish
white with pale buffy shade; rest of sides of head dingy gray suffused
with dull buffy or pale brownish; ears dull gray shaded with buffy ;
patch behind ear dingy whitish; feet grayish white with buffy wash,
usually deeper than on underparts; outside of fore legs and thighs like
flanks; thighs near feet suffused with yellowish brown; tail above
black, heavily washed with white; below, along median line grizzled
yellowish gray or pale yellowish brown, bordered with black and
broadly edged with white. Hairs of back black with one ortwo rings
of gray, yellowish or brownish gray, mixed with other hairs wholly
black.
Variéation.—A single melanistic specimen from the type locality is
the only one seen. The four normal specimens show little variation,
and this mainly in the amount of buffy on the feet and in the intensity
of the dark wash along middle of back.
Measurements.—Average of four adults from type locality: total
length 531; tail vertebre 263; hind foot 68.7.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 1. Skull much like that of S.
oculatus, but in nearly all of the specimens examined the nasals are
much narrower posteriorly with a corresponding increase in breadth of
the premaxillaries. Two adult skulls from type locality average as
follows: basilar length 54; palatal length 29; interorbital breadth 20.5 ;
zygomatic breadth 36.7; length of upper molar series Ir.
General notes.—This form resembles specimens of S. oculatus
from Pinal de Amoles very closely in the color of the back, but may
be distinguished at once by the whitish ear patches and whitish ven-
tral surface. It was named for the Volcano of Toluca, the type
locality. ‘
Specimens examined.—Seven: from Volcano of Toluca, Mexico;
Tequisquiapan, Queretaro; mountains north of Guanajuato city,
Guanajuato, Mexico.
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA Oi
SCIURUS ALLENI Nelson. Allen’s Squirrel.
‘Scturus carolinensis ??’ BAIRD, Mamm. N. Am., pp. 263-264, 1857 (Santa
Catarina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico).
Scturus carolinensis var. carolinensis ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp.
706-709, 716, 1877 (part: from Nuevo Leon, Mexico).
Sciurus carolinensis ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 658-659, 1878 ;
Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm., pp. 124-125, June, 1880 (part: from Nuevo
Leon, Mexico).
Sciurus arizonensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 111, p. 222,
May, 1891 (part: from San Pedro Mines, Nuevo Leon, Mexico).
Sciurus allent NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, x1I, pp. 147-148, June
3, 1898.
Type localzty.—Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Type no, 25731
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Distribution.—Open pecan and other forests of Lower Sonoran
zone near Monterey, Nuevo Leon, extending up to oak and pine forests
of Transition zone near Victoria and Miquihuana, Tamaulipas,
Mexico (alt. 2000-8500 ft.).
Characters.—Upperparts nearly uniform grayish brown or yellowish
brown, much as in Sczurus carolinensis; feet gray; underparts white.
Pelage on back soft and rather dense; tail rather full. Teats: p. 4
a.2i.4,
Color.— Winter pelage: Entire upperparts yellowish brown, finely
grizzled with gray and black, usually darker along back and grayer
along sides; top of head similar, but usually a little darker; eye with
distinct ring of dingy whitish shaded with buff on outer border; sides
of head grizzled dusky gray, often suffused with yellowish brown;
ears and basal patch brownish gray; fore feet and outside of fore legs
whitish gray, frequently more or less washed with buffy; hind feet
whitish gray, usually with a spot of dark buffy on middle of upper
surface; outside of thighs like flanks but often with a browner shade
near feet; underparts white; color of upper- and lowerparts
usually separated by a narrow line of pale grayish; base of tail all
around like back; tail above black, heavily washed with white, the
yellowish brown or yellowish gray under color often showing through ;
below with broad median area of grizzled yellowish brown or yellow-
ish gray, narrowly bordered with black and edged with white. Hairs
of back black, with one and often two rings of gray, buffy, or buffy
brown, the two colors sometimes on same hair and sometimes on
distinct hairs. The pelage in summer is darker and more yellowish
brown than in winter—due to absence of most of the gray or white
tips to hairs.
Q2 NELSON
Vartation.—The striking differences in proportions between speci-
mens from the lowlands near Monterey and those from the mountains
near Miquihuana (alt. 8500 ft.) as shown by the average measure-
ments are not accompanied by similar differences in color. The upper-
parts are sometimes grizzled brown and vary from that to nearly clear
gray. A specimen from the San Pedro Mines, Nuevo Leon, has
the upperparts dark yellowish brown, darkest (thinly washed with
black) on top of head. The eye is surrounded by a ring of dark
buff, the fore feet are washed with buff and the hind feet with grayish
white. Another specimen in similar pelage was taken at Miquihuana,
Tamaulipas, in June; a winter specimen from Rio San Juan, Nuevo
Leon, is almost as dark but has grayer sides and feet. No signs of
melanism seen.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from vicinity of type local-
ity: total length 471; tail vertebre 217; hind foot 60.6. Average of
five adults from mountains near Miquihuana, Tamaulipas: total length
465; tail vertebre 230.4; hind foot 65.8.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 1. Skulls of S. allenz are only
distinguishable from those of S. oculatus by their smaller size. Five
adult skulls from region of type locality average: basilar length
50.4; palatal length 26.3; interorbital breadth 18.4; zygomatic
breadth 33.7; length of upper molar series 10.5. Five adult skulls
from near Miquihuana average: basal length 50; palatal length 25.6;
interorbital breadth 18.1; zygomatic breadth 33.7; length of upper
molar series 10.3.
General notes.—Sciurus allent bears a close superficial resem-
blance to S. carolinensts of Texas, but has only a single premolar.
From S. 0. ¢odwce it differs mainly in smaller size, grayer feet and whiter
belly. The type of this species came from near Monterey, Nuevo
Leon. By a slip of the pen in the original description the type locality
was given as Monterey, Tamaulipas. Baird called attention to this
squirrel in 1857, under the name ‘ Sc¢éuraus carolinensis ??’ and gave
the essential characters which separate it from S. carolénensts. Sub-
sequent authors have referred it to the same species or to S. arzzon-
ensts, but a series in the collection of the Biological Survey shows that it
is a well defined species most nearly related to S. ocwlatus. Neither
S. carolinensts, nor any close relative of that species occurs in
Mexico.
Specimens examined. —Twenty-two: from Monterey, Linares, Rio
de San Juan, and San Pedro Mines, Nuevo Leon; near Victoria and
Miquihuana, Tamaulipas.
Bi
7
ears
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 93
SCIURUS NAYARITENSIS Allen. Nayarit Squirrel.
Scturus alstont ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 11, pp. 167-170,
October, 1889 ( Not S. a/ston¢ Anderson, 1878).
Scturus nayaritensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 11, p. vii,
footnote, Feb. 1890 (new name for S. a/stonz ALLEN); Ibid., 111, p.
185, 1890; Ibid., v, p. 30, April, 1893.
Type locality.—Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas, Mexico. Type no.
1985 American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of the Transition Zone in the
Sierra Madre and outlying spurs of western Zacatecas, southern Du-
rango, eastern Tepic and southern Jalisco, Mexico (alt. 6500-gooo0 ft.) .
Characters.—Size large; back dark gray; ears rusty, belly and feet
white. Tail bushy; ears thinly haired; pelage thick and soft; under
furlong. Teats: p. 1a. 2i. 1.
Color.—Upperparts dark gray, with underlying rusty yellowish
showing through; broad ring around eye white; rest of sides of head
gray, frequently shaded with rusty brown; ears varying from dingy
grayish to dull rusty brown; outside of fore legs varying from white to
grayish white, or white suffused with buffy ; fore feet dingy white often
suffused with buffy; outside of hind legs paler or more washed with
whitish than back; hind feet grayish white, often washed with buffy ;
toes whitish suffused more or less with buffy; underparts white; tail
above at base like back, rest of upper surface black heavily washed with
white; below, with broad ferruginous median area, heavy black border,
and broad white edge, the white often extending as a wash over the
entire lower surface. Hairs on back rusty yellow (sometimes ferru-
ginous) with broad subterminal black rings and narrow white tips.
Variation.—Among 17 winter specimens from the type locality ro
have a more or less strong wash of rusty on the back part of crown and
nape—thus forming a poorly defined nape patch; and one has a simi-
lar rusty wash along middle of lumbar region. This winter series is
more whitish on the back than summer specimens from the Nayarit
Mts. at Santa Teresa, Tepic; and a series taken in September near Pla-
teado, Zacatecas, agrees with the one from Santa Teresa. These
summer skins have numerous scattered hairs on the back entirely
black; others rusty yellow, or dull rufous, with sub-basal and subter-
minal black rings, with or without white tips; the white tips when
present generally smaller than in the Valparaiso specimens. The re-
sult is a generally darker, more rusty, back and an increase of buffy or
rusty buff on feet and outside of fore legs. The surface of the tail has
less white and the ferruginous median area below is consequently more
94 NELSON
distinct. This is probably the summer pelage but may possibly rep-
resent a local form. Two specimens from Santa Teresa have the
entire underparts dark rusty buffy and are the only ones showing this
color below.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 565.8; tail vertebre 272; hind foot 77.5.
Cranial characters.—Premolar 41. Upper molars broader and
heavier than in S. ocz/atus, but otherwise the skulls are scarcely dis-
tinguishable. Five adult skulls from the type locality average: basi-
lar length 55.5; palatal length 28.4; interorbital breadth 20.7; zygo-
matic breadth 37.1; length of upper molar series 11.7.
General notes.—The type of S. alstonz Allen came from the Sierra
Valparaiso, but in renaming the species Dr. Allen called it S.
nayaritensis from the Nayarit Mts., a part of the Sierra Madre about
100 miles southwest of the type locality.
Specimens examined.—Forty-one: from Sierra Valparaiso, Sierra
Madre, and Plateado, Zacatecas; Sierra Madre, northern Tepic;
Sierra de Juanacatlan and Barranca Beltran (east base Sierra Nevada
de Colima), Jalisco.
SCIURUS APACHE Allen. Apache Squirrel.
Sciurus griseoflavus THOMAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, p. 372 (not
S. griseofiavus Gray, 1867).
Sciurus niger ludovicianus THOMAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 73,
footnote.
Sciurus apache ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N: Y.j) v,)p. 29; Maren
16, 1893. :
Type locality.—Mountains of northwestern Chihuahua (near Ba-
vispe River?), Mexico. Type no. 3379, American Museum of Natural
History, New York.
Distribution.—Mixed oak and pine forests of Transition zone in
the Sierra Madre of western Durango and Chihuahua, eastern Sonora
and northeastern Sinaloa, Mexico, and the Chiricahua Mountains of
southern Arizona.
Characters.—Size large, about equalling S. Zudovictanus to which
it bears a strong general resemblance in color, but is readily distinguish-
able by its gray ears, darker, more iron gray upperparts, dull rusty
ferruginous hind legs and black upper surface of the tail which is
thinly washed with pale yellowish white, or rusty buff. Pelage thick
and soft; ears thinly haired. Teats: p. 4a. 31. 4.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts including top of nose and
base of tail dark, sometimes almost iron gray, often washed but never
aso
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 95
strongly shaded with yellow. Crown and back darker, often becoming
blackish along middle of rump and on base of tail; top of back some-
times, and flanks commonly, washed with pale yellowish; sides of head
grizzled gray and dark fulvous, the gray sometimes predominating ;
ring around eye well marked and varying from buffy white to rich
fulvous buffy; ears dingy gray sometimes suffused with pale buffy;
a scanty basal patch of dull buffy or orange buff sometimes present ;
feet and often most of fore legs and entire underparts varying from
dark dull buffy yellow to rich orange yellow, sometimes suffused with
rusty; hind feet usually a little darker than fore feet; outside of hind
legs varying from gray suffused with dull rusty to uniform rusty some-
times with a strong tawny rufous shade that extends over inside of
thighs ; tail above black, with a wash varying from pale yellowish white
to rusty yellow; below with broad median area varying from yel-
lowish rusty to dull rusty rufous with a broad indistinct black border
and broad edge of pale yellowish, or rusty buffy, the latter colors often
forming a wash over entire lower surface. Hairs of back black, with
small white or pale yellowish tips and broad buffy or yellowish basal
or sub-basal rings.
Var¢atton.—The amount of individual variation is comparatively
small; the back becomes a little paler or darker, the color on outside
of thighs more or less intense, and color of lower parts varies in in-
tensity as already described.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from northern Chihuahua:
total length 565.8; tail vertebre 279; hind foot 79.2.
Cranial characters.—Premolars +. Skull much larger than that of
S. oculatus, with audital bullae proportionately smaller. Five adult
skulls from western Durango average as follows: basilar length 56.4;
palatal length 28.7; interorbital breadth 21.5; zygomatic breadth
37-5; length of upper molar series 11.9.
General notes.—Although the color of Sczurus apache is very
much like that of S. Zadovictanus, the form of the skull shows that it
belongs to the subgenus Are@osczurus, of which \S. oczlatus is the
type.
During the summer of 1898 we found S. e@fZache common in the
mixed forest of pines and oaks on the mountains of western Durango.
They live in hollow oaks, entering by a knot hole or broken branch
and were rarely seen on the pines. The upper limit of their range
overlaps the lower limit of S. durangé but neither occupies much
territory of the other. The type of this fine squirrel came from the
region once occupied by the Apache Indians for whom it was named.
Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., May, 1899.
96 NELSON
Specimens examined.—Thirty-three: from El Salto (southwest of
Durango City), Durango; near Guadalupe y Calvo, Bavispe River,
and Sierra Madre near Arizona border, Chihuahua; Sierra de Choix,
northeastern Sinaloa, Mexico; and the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.
SCIURUS ARIZONENSIS HUACHUCA Allen.
Huachuca Squirrel.
Sciurus arizonensis huachuca ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., VI,
p- 349, Dec. 7, 1894; Ibid., vi1, p. 245, 1895.
Type locality.—Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona. Type
no. 2221 American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Distribution.—Pine and oak forests of Transition zone, in north-
eastern Sonora, Mexico, and Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona.
Characters.—Generally similar to S. arzzonensis but with a broad
band of gray over back of neck and shoulders, separating the median
grizzled yellowish or pale rusty area into a narrow patch on crown
and ears and a larger one on lumbar region and rump. Pelage full
and soft; tail long and bushy. Teats: p. 4a. 21. 4.
Color.—May specimens from Ft. Huachuca, Arizona: upperparts,
including top of nose and base of tail, pale grizzled gray with rusty
yellow wash on back of crown, lumbar region and rump; sides of
neck, flanks, and outside of hind legs somewhat paler than top of
shoulders; fore feet and outside of legs grizzled grayish white, some-
times pale gray; hind feet pale grizzled gray ; ring around eye whitish,
or slightly buffy; sides of head whitish gray often with postocular
yellowish brown suffusion ; ears dingy grayish or dull yellowish, some-
times with small patch of dull gray or rusty yellow behind base; under-
parts white; tail above black washed with white, heaviest along
border; below, broad median area grizzled rusty, dull orange yellow
or yellowish brown, with heavy black border and broad white edge.
Hairs on back black with white tips and broad yellow sub-basal or
basal rings, or with subterminal buffy yellow rings, mixed with other
hairs wholly black. Winter pelage similar to that of summer but a
little grayer on sides of body and outside of legs and feet; ears more
thickly haired and dull rusty with basal patches of same color; white
on tail more distinct.
Variation.—The type of huachuca has a dull yellowish wash on
crown, and the ears and basal ear patches are rusty; the rest of the
upperparts are grizzled gray, darker along middle of back where an
intermixture of rusty forms a small irregular patch; the flanks, outside
———
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 97
of legs and feet are paler. This specimen is exceptionally gray on
the back, as it lacks the usual well defined yellowish area on rump.
Several worn summer specimens from Huachuca have the area about
the mouth and inside of fore feet and legs stained deep brown from
the juice of walnut shells, and the underparts of a number of speci-
mens are dingy buffy, probably due to the same cause.
Measurements.—Average of four adults from type locality: total
length 517; tail vertebrae 247; hind foot 70.5.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 1. Skull similar to that of S. ocz-
latus, but rostrum heavier; parietal region slightly more inflated; oc-
ciput higher and narrower; foramen magnum higher, narrower and
obtusely triangular; audital bulla decidedly smaller. Four adult
skulls from type locality average: basal length 53.5; palatal length
27.53 interorbital breadth 19.9; zygomatic breadth 36.5; length of
upper molar series 10.9. Four adult skulls of ar¢zonenszs from near
type locality average: basal length 53.2; palatal length 27.1; inter-
orbital breadth 20.1; zygomatic breadth 36.4; length of upper molar
series I1.4.
General notes.—This is not a strongly marked subspecies but the
separation of the yellowish dorsal area by the gray band across the
shoulders and neck seems to be constant and is accompanied by dif-
ferences in size. A specimen from the Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona, between the type localities of ar¢ézonensts and huachuca, is
exactly intermediate between the two forms.
Specimens examined.—Twenty-six: from Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico (32 miles south of Nogales).
Subgenus PARASCIURUS Trouessart. (pl. I, fig. 1.)
SCIURUS LUDOVICIANUS LIMITIS Baird.
Texas Fox Squirrel.
Sciurus limitis BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vil, p. 331, 1855;
Mamm. N. Am., p. 256, 1857.
Scturus niger var. ludovicianus ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 724-731,
1877 (part : southwest Texas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico).
Type locality.—Devils River, Texas. Type no. 351 U.S. Na-
tional Museum.
Distribution.—W ooded parts of Lower Sonoran zone in southwest-
ern Texas and adjacent parts of Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, Mexico.
Characters.—Similar to S. ludovicianus but considerably smaller,
with slenderer tail, thinner pelage and paler colors. Pelage thin, hairs
of back rather harsh; under fur thin. Teats: p. +a. 1. }.
98 NELSON
Color.—Entire dorsal surface, including top of nose and base of tail,
uniform pale yellowish gray; sides of head dull, dark buffy yellow,
grizzled on cheeks with gray and black, sometimes with a slight red-
dish shade; ring around eye buffy; ears dingy rusty, or buffy yellow;
feet dark yellowish buffy shading into gray on upper part of fore legs;
outside of hind legs like back but with a buffy or dull rusty wash near
feet; underparts varying from orange buff to pale, slightly reddish
rusty; tail above, grizzled black and gray with a thin wash of grayish
or pale grayish yellow; below, with broad median area of rusty fer-
ruginous or yellowish rusty, often grizzled with black, a narrow black
border and thin edging of grayish or pale yellowish. Hairs on back
black, with broad subterminal and basal or sub-basal rings of pale yel-
lowish or buffy; along sides of body often tipped with white.
Variation.—The series at hand shows very slight individual and
little if any seasonal variation. The difference lies mainly in. the in-
tensity of the yellow or rusty and the amount of grayness on the back,
Measurements.—Average of five adults from region of type locality :
total length 482.2; tail vertebre 234; hind foot 65.2.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 1. Compared with S. ludovicz-
anus the skull (pl. I, fig. 1), is very much smaller. Two adult skulls
from Fort Clark, Texas, average: basal length 50; palatal length 25.5;
interorbital breadth 18; zygomatic breadth 33.5; length of upper
molar series 10.5.
Specimens examined.—Fourteen: from near the mouth of Devils
River, Fort Clark, and Nueces River, Texas.
Subgenus GUERLINGUETUS Gray. (pl. I, fig. 7.)
SCIURUS 4ESTUANS HOFFMANNI Peters.
Hoffmann’s Squirrel.
Sciurus estuans var. hoffmanni PETERS, Monatsber. K. Akad. Wiss., Berlin,
1863, pp. 654-655; THOMAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 401
’ (Macroxus griseogena Gray, referred to this form).
Macroxus xanthotus Gray, Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, p. 429,
1867.
Macroxus griseogena GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, pp. 429—
430, 1867 (part: Costa Rica).
Sciurus estuans var. rufoniger ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, pp. 757-763,
1877 (part: Costa Rica).
Sciurus griseogenys ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 667-668, 1878
(part: Costa Rica, Veragua and Panama.)
Sciurus hoffmannt ALLEN; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Iv. pp. 885-886,
1878.
=498
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 99
Scturus estuans ALSTON, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm , pp. 132-133, 1880 (part :
Costa Rica and Panama).
Scturus estuans hoffmannt ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 111, pp,
206-207, 1891 ; Ibid., 1x, p. 35, 1897; ALFARO, Mamiferos de Costa
Rica, p. 31, 1897.
Type locality.—Costa Rica, Central America.
Distribution.—Humid tropical forests of Costa Rica, south to Val-
ley of upper Cauca River, Colombia.
Characters.—Size similar to that of S. @stwans, but color much
darker and more rusty brown on back, more ferruginous red on under-
parts, and tail heavily washed with bright ferruginous. Tail broad
and flat; pelage soft and rather thin.
Color.—Entire upperparts, including top of nose and base of tail,
finely grizzled dark yellowish or rusty brown; top of head and middle
of back usually a little darker than sides and sometimes blackish; out-
side of legs and feet similar to back but often more yellowish or rusty ;
ears usually a little darker rusty than top of head, with small basal
patch of dingy fulvous or dull rusty; sides of head more yellowish or
rusty than back; ring around eye dark buffy or sometimes rusty yellow-
ish; chin and throat dull buffy yellowish, sometimes suffused with
rusty; rest of underparts varying from dull rusty buff to deep ferrugi-
nous; tail above black, heavily washed with bright ferruginous, some-
times becoming paler but always strongly ferruginous; below with
broad median area of grizzled black and dark yellowish brown, bordered
with black and edged with ferruginous. Hairs on back, black with
narrow sub-terminal rings of buffy or rusty yellow, sometimes with
similar sub-basal rings.
Variation.—The amount of variation seems to be comparatively
small. Specimens from Talamanca and Santa Clara in eastern Costa
Rica are darker than those from elsewhere in that country. Some
from the valley of the upper Cauca River, Colombia, are a little paler
or more olivaceous than Costa Rica specimens, but others from the
same district are indistinguishable.
Measurements.—Averages of four adults from eastern Costa Rica:
total length 426.6; tail vertebre 157; hind foot 54.3.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 1. Skull (pl. L., fig. 7) rather
broad, braincase arched and inflated over interparietal region and con-
stricted posteriorly, so that the occipital region is a little drawn out;
audital bulle small and rounded. Five adult skulls from central and
eastern Costa Rica average: basal length 43.2; palatal length 23.3;
interorbital breadth 17; zygomatic breadth 31.3; length of upper
molar series 9.
100 NELSON
General notes.—A specimen of hoffmannz from Costa Rica (no.
12058 U. S. Nat. Museum) has been compared with the type of J/a-
croxus xanthotus Gray by Mr. Thomas, who writes that they are the
same except that Gray’s type is immature. The distribution of JZ
griseogena Gray was given as extending from Venezuela to Mexico,
but it is scarcely necessary to state that no species of squirrel has this
range. Mr. Thomas writes that the question of the type of grzseogena
is very difficult, but it seems best, as with tephrogaster, to take the
first named specimens (Dyson’s) as the type (B. M. 47.2. 1.3). This
is the only one mentioned by Gray which exactly agrees with his de-
scription, and since Venzuela specimens agree best with 47.2. I. 3.
that country becomes the type locality for AZ. griseogena. Mr.
Thomas compared a specimen of S. @stwans from Venezuela (no.
11733 U. S. Nat. Museum) with the type of grdseogena and found
them to agree very closely. The Venezuela squirrels seem to repre-
sent a form of estuans paler and less rufous than hoffmannz.
Specimens examined.—Twenty-five: from Boruca, Talamanca,
Luis, San José and Santa Clara, Costa Rica; Rio Lima, Las Pabas,
Los Tambos, Rio Zapata, Rio Pescado and upper Cauca Valley near
Cali, Colombia.
SCIURUS RICHMONDI Nelson. Richmond’s Squirrel.
Sciurus richmondi NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, pp. ues
June 3, 1898.
Type locality.x—Escondido River (50 miles above Bluefields),
Nicaragua. Type no. 38481 U.S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection.
Distribution.—Dense humid tropical forests of the lowlands along
the Escondido River.
Characters.—Similar to S. @stuans hoffmannit but underparts
more ochraceous and tail washed with dull yellow. VPelage thin and
soft; tail slender. Teats: p.4 a.3.
Color.—Upperparts, including top of nose and base of tail, nearly
uniform dark, ochraceous brown, darker on crown and along middle
of back; outside of fore legs and feet like sides of neck, and more
ochraceous than back; outside of thighs like back, hind feet some-
times like thighs, but usually more ochraceous; ears like crown, a
small dingy yellow basal patch sometimes present; side of head paler
or more yellowish brown than back, with a narrow ring of dark
brownish buffy about eye; underparts varying from dark buffy yellow
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA LOT
to dingy ferruginous; tail above black, thinly washed with dull yel-
lowish; below, with broad median area grizzled yellowish brown, in-
distinctly and narrowly bordered with black and thinly edged with
dull yellow. Hairs on back, black with narrow subterminal (some-
times median) ring of rusty yellow.
Varzation.—The series at hand shows comparatively little variation.
Four specimens representing the summer pelage (May 10 to Sept. 27)
are rather darker above and dingy ferruginous below. Specimens
in winter pelage (October to May) have more ochraceous backs and
yellower bellies. Apparently there is no seasonal difference in the tail.
Measurements.—Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 361.4; total vertebrae 169.4; hind foot 51.6.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 1. Skull averaging a little smaller
than that of S. hoffmannz but otherwise very similar. Five adult
skulls from the type locality average: basal length 42.1; palatal
length 22.1; interorbital breadth 16.3 ; zygomatic breadth 30.4; length
of upper molar series 8.3.
General remarks.—Scturus richmondi bears a general resem-
blance to S. deppez but is readily recognized by its yellow washed
tail and single premolar. It differs from the still nearer S. @stuans
hoffmanni of Costa Rica by the yellower back and underparts and the
slender, yellow washed tail.
Specimens examined.—Eighteen: all from the type locality.
BAIOSCIURUS subgen. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 4.)
SCIURUS DEPPEI Peters. Deppe’s Squirrel.
Sciurus deppet PETERS, Monatsber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, p. 654;
ALSTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 668-669, (part ; Mexico,
Guatemala, and Honduras); ALLEN, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr.,
Iv, p. 885, 1878; ALsTon, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mamm. p. 133, 1880
(part; Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras); SUMICHRAST, La Natu-
raleza, Vv, p. 324, 1882 ; THomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 74;
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Ix, p. 190, 1897.
Macroxus tephrogaster Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, p. 431,
1867 (part; Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras); Ann. & Mag. Nat.
PMSt mth Ser, x, Dy 406, 1072.
Macroxus teniurus Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, p. 431,
1867.
Macroxus griseogena GRAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., XX, p. 429,
1867 (part: Mexico [and Honduras ?}).
Type locality.
Museum.
Distribution.—Humid Tropical and Austral zones from Truxillo,
Papantla, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type in Berlin
102 NELSON
Honduras, northward along mountains on both coasts of Guatemala
and Chiapas, to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and thence along the east
coast of Mexico to Papantla, Vera Cruz (alt. below 6000 feet, spo-
radically up to gooo feet).
Characters.—Size small; upperparts dark rufous or olive brown;
fore feet and outside of fore legs dark gray in typical specimens (like
back in others); tail above black thinly washed with white. Tail
slender; pelage soft and rather full; under fur long; ears long and
thinly haired. Teats: p.ta.41.4.
Color.—Eighteen specimens from near type locality: Upperparts
including top of nose and base of tail, uniform finely grizzled dark
rusty brown varying to dull dark yellowish brown; ears like crown,
with small. basal patch,of white or dingy fulvous; sides of head paler
and more yellowish than back; outside of fore legs and fore feet dark
gray, contrasting with color of back; outside of hind legs like back,
with hind feet similar but a little darker; underparts white, or grayish
white, sometimes buffy on breast and inside of thighs, and color of
flanks sometimes extending in on inguinal area and inside of thighs;
tail above, black thinly washed with white; below, with broad median
area varying from grizzled ferruginous brown to dark yellowish brown,
bordered with black and edged with white. Dorsal hairs black, with
broad subterminal and sub-basal rings of yellowish or rusty brown.
Variation.—This species presents considerable individual variation,
but in view of its wide distribution there is remarkably little geograph-
ical variation. Seasonal changes of pelage are not marked, the only
notable differences being the frequent absence, in summer, of the ear
patches and white tip of the tail, which is thus left black. There are
no signs of melanism. Specimens from the vicinity of Jico and Las
Vigas, Vera Cruz, and elsewhere in the higher parts of the range of
the species are considerably larger than those from the low country
near the type locality, but without accompanying differences in color.
Specimens from the damp forests of eastern Mexico are somewhat
darker along the middle of back, with underparts more inclining to
fulvous than in those from interior and western Chiapas. The series
from southwestern Chiapas, and a specimen from Truxillo, Honduras,
are more olivaceous above and clearer white below. A specimen from
central Guatemala (Coban to Clusec) is decidedly darker and more rusty
above and below than the average, but other Guatemala specimens are
nearly typical. Most specimens have the underparts soiled whitish or
grayish, but there is every gradation through pale buffy to dark fulvous
and rusty rufous. A Verreaux specimen (no. 3,5, U.S. National Mu-
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 103
seum), labeled ‘ Mexique’ is dark rusty red on chest and middle of belly.
A half-grown specimen from Catemaco, Vera Cruz, has the middle of
back darker than usual, the chin dingy white, rest of underparts deep
rusty fulvous, and the usual white tips of hairs at end of tail replaced
by rusty fulvous. A specimen from Ocuilapa, Chiapas, has the under-
parts, outside of thighs and hind feet washed with ferruginous. One
from west-central Vera Cruz has the underparts plumbeous gray with
a faint whitish wash. Specimens from the region of the type locality
usually have the outside of fore legs and fore feet finely grizzled dark
gray, contrasting with back, but in those from farther south the color
of the back usually extends over this area.
Measurements.—Average of 5 adults from vicinity of type locality :
total length 384; tail vertebre 182.4; hind foot 54.4. Average of
five specimens from just below Las Vigas, Vera Cruz: total length
393,9; tail vertebre 173.4; hind foot 57.5.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull (pl. I. fig. 4) in general
like that of S. hoffmannz but proportionally more slender and other-
wise distinguished by the small upper premolar and longer audital
bulla. Skulls from Jico and Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, are sometimes
larger than ordinary specimens of S. hoffmannz but the differences in
proportion remain the same. Four adult skulls from the vicinity of
the type locality average: basal length 42.5; palatal length 21.6; in-
terorbital breadth 15.2; zygomatic breadth 28.6; length of upper
molar series 9.2.
General notes.—Macroxus tephrogaster is unquestionably a syn-
onym of Sczurus deppet. In the original description of AZ. tephro-
gaster Gray mentions specimens from Mexico (Sallé), Guatemala,
Bogota and Honduras. Mr. Thomas writes that the Sallé specimen
from Mexico (B. M. 56. 8. 1. 11) may be taken as the type, since it
agrees exactly with Gray’s description. A nearly typical specimen of S.
deppet from Jico, Vera Cruz (no. 54,981, U. S. National Museum)
was sent Mr. Thomas, who writes that it ‘*‘ matches the type of feph-
rogaster and may be accepted as typical.” This proves beyond ques-
tion that S. ¢ephrogaster isa synonym of S. deppez. Mr. Thomas
also writes that the type of Macroxus tenturus Gray described from
Guatemala, differs from a specimen of S. depfez (no. 63671, U. S.
Nat. Museum) from Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, only in having the chest
and belly washed with yellow—merely a matter of individual variation.
Habits.—This species lives in dense humid forests and passes
much of its time seeking food on the ground. It is quiet and not often
heard, though now and then one will chatter and scold at an intruder.
104 NELSON
In some places it is very abundant, notably on the east slope of the
Cofre de Perote above Jico, Vera Cruz,and on the mountains above
Tapachula, Chiapas.
Specimens examined.—Seventy three: from Papantla, Jico, Las
Vigas, Jalapa, Cordova, Motzorongo and Catemaco, Vera Cruz;
Metlaltoyuca and Huachinango, Puebla; Reyes and mountains near
Santo Domingo, Oaxaca; Ocuilapa, San Cristobal, Pinabete and
Tumbala, Chiapas; Coban to Clusec and central-western Guatemala ;
Truxillo, Honduras.
SCIURUS NEGLIGENS Nelson. Little Gray Squirrel.
Sciurus arizonensis ALSTON, Biol. Cent.-Am., Mammalia, pp. 125-126, 1880
(part: from Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico).
Sciturus deppet ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Hist., N. Y., 111, p. 222, 1891 (part :
from Valles, San Luis Potosi; and Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico ).
Sciurus negligens NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, p. 147 June 3,
1898.
Type locality.—Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Type no. 93028
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
Distribution.—Arid tropical forests of lowlands in extreme north-
ern Vera Cruz, eastern San Luis Potosi, and southern half of Tam-
aulipas, Mexico (below 1ooo ft.).
Characters.—Size of S. deppez; ears longer and dull rusty; upper-
parts rather pale grayish brown; underparts white or pale buffy yellow.
Pelage soft and rather thin; tail thin and slender. Teats: p. 2
a.ii.d.
Color.—Upperparts, including top of nose and base of tail, rather
pale, finely grizzled grayish brown, generally with a slight yellowish
or dull rusty suffusion, most marked posteriorly; sides of head and
neck, and sometimes nape, dingy yellowish brown; ears varying from
dingy rusty to dark ferruginous; a small dingy white basal patch
usually present; fore feet, outside of legs, and sometimes adjacent part
of shoulders, dull gray; outside of thighs and hind feet usually like
rump, but toes sometimes gray; underparts white, varying to uniform
deep fulvous or almost rusty yellow; inside of thighs pale buffy in
white bellied specimens; chin and throat usually white; tail above
black, thinly washed with white; below with broad median area
grizzled and varying from yellowish to grayish brown, bordered by a
thin line of black and thinly edged with white. Hairs of back black,
with narrow subterminal and sub-basal rings of yellowish gray or yel-
lowish brown.
ee
SQUIRRELS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 105
Vartation.—The main variation is in the amount of rusty on the
ears, and in the color of the underparts, which ranges from white to
deep buffy yellow. Some specimens are considerably grayer above—
less shaded with yellow—than others. No melanistic specimens seen.
Spring and autumn specimens show no seasonal differences.
Measurements.— Average of five adults from type locality: total
length 357.4; tail vertebre 188.2; hind foot 54.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull indistinguishable from
that of typical S. deppez. Four adult skulls from type locality aver-
age: basal length 41.7; palatal length 21.4; interorbital breadth 15.3;
zygomatic breadth 28.4; length of upper molar series 9.1.
General notes.— Sciurus negligens closely resembles S. depped in
size and general appearance, and inhabits the more arid country lying
north of the region occupied by the latter species. It is readily dis-
tinguished from S. defped by the much grayer color of the upperparts.
flabits.—These squirrels are most numerous in the stunted forests
of ebony, 15 to 25 feet high, which cover great areas in their range
and furnish their main food supply. We found them in the greatest
abundance at Velasco, San Luis Potosi, where the ground under the
trees was strewn with gnawed seed pods.
Specimens examined.—Twenty-three : from Alta Mira and Victoria,
Tamaulipas; and Velasco and Jilitla, San Luis Potosi.
Subgenus MICROSCIURUS Allen (rl. I, fig. 6; pl. II, fig. 2.)
SCIURUS ALFARI Allen. Alfaro’s Pigmy Squirrel.
Sciurus ( Microsciurus) alfart ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,
Vil p. 333, Nov. 8, 1895 ; Ibid., 1x, p. 35, 1897:
Scturus alfart ALFARO, Mamiferos de Costa Rica, pp. 31-32, 1897.
Type locality.—Jiménez, Costa Rica. Type no. 129°, Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, New York.
Distribution.—Dense humid forests of northern, eastern and south-
western Costa Rica.
Characters.—Size very small; ears short and rounded, upperparts
dark, minutely grizzled reddish brown, the reddish most intense on
nose and sides of head; ring about eye reddish buffy. Pelage soft and
dense; tail slender. Teats: p. } a. }1. ¢.
Color.—(Of type): Entire upperparts including ears and outside
of legs, minutely grizzled dark brown, suffused with dull rufous ; rufous
most intense on head and brightest on narrow ring about eye; feet
and toes grizzled rusty brown slightly paler than back; chin, throat,
106 NELSON
chest and inside of fore legs pale dull ferruginous, shading posteriorly
into dark brown, with only a slight wash of reddish along middle of
belly and inside of thighs; tail at base like back; remainder of tail all
around, grizzled dark reddish brown and black with fine yellowish
brown tips to hairs; hairs of extreme tip forming a black pencil.
Hairs on back black with narrow subterminal rings of rusty yel-
lowish.
Variatton.—Two adults, including the type and one partly grown
young, show but little variation except in color of underparts. The
immature specimen is slightly more reddish on back and tail; the
cheeks, chin, throat, chest and line down middle of abdomen are dark
dull ferruginous, and the sides of abdomen are similar to flanks. The
other adult is like the type except in the dull brownish buffy of the
underparts.
Measurements.—Average of two adults (from dry skins): total
length 251; tail vertebra 109; hind foot 37.
Cranial characters.—Premolars 2. Skull (pl. I, fig. 6; pl. II,
fig. 2) short, broad, and much arched over top of braincase, the con-
vex outline descending in an almost unbroken curve to edge of occiput;
rostrum short and broad, especially at base where the upper parts of
the premaxillaries are very broad and heavy; jugals very broad verti-
cally, much more so than in the other species examined in this sub-
genus. Measurements of type skull: basal length 29.5 ; palatal length
14.2; interorbital breadth 13; zygomatic breadth 22; length of upper
molar series 6.
General notes.—Little is known about the interesting squirrels of
the subgenus AZcroscturus, but, as suggested by Dr. Allen, further
work in Central and South America is revealing other species. Mr.
Cherrie collected the type in the forest on the slope of the Volcano of
Turrialba, near Jiménez, Costa Rica, and the species has been found
since in several other parts of the country.
Specimens examined.—Three: from Jiménez, San Carlos, and Re-
ventazon, Costa Rica.
= ke «a price
232 hier eee
PLATE I.
Skulls of g subgenera of Tropical American Squirrels.
[Natural size. |
Figs. 1. S. (Parascturus) ludovicianus limttis. Kickapoo Springs, Texas.
(No. 7325 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
2. S. (Otoscturus) durangt. El Salto, Durango, Mexico.
(No. 94580 $ ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
3. S. (Are@oscturus) oculatus. Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
(No. 54238 ¢ ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
4. S. (Batoscturus) deppez. Wuauchinango, Puebla, Mexico.
(No. 92998 9 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
( Hesperoscturus) griseus. Trout Lake, Washington.
(No. 89006 9 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus. )
. (Microscturus) alfart. Jiménez, Costa Rica.
(No. 9554 g ad. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
. (Guerlinguetus) estuans hofimannt. Talamanca, Costa Rica.
(No. 2811 g¢ ad. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
. (Lamiasciurus) douglast mearnst. San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower
California, Mexico.
(No. 25170 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
9g. S. (Echinosciurus) aureogaster. Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
(No. 93034 9 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
Go GH H
(108)
PLATE |.
Proc. WasH. Acap. Sci., Vot.|.
SkKuLLts OF MEXICAN SQUIRRELS.
BEATE Sn:
Skulls of Tropical American Squirrels. [Natural size. ]
Figs. 1.
45
S. (Echinosciurus) boothie belt?. Escondido River, Nicaragua.
(No. 48847 9 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus. )
S. (Microsciurus) alfart. Jiménez, Costa Rica.
(No. 9554 @ ad. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
S. (Echinosciurus) poliopus. Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico.
(No. 68183 9 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus. )
S. (Hesperoscturus) griseus. Trout Lake, Washington.
(No. 89006 9 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
S. (Echinoscturus) boothie belti?. Escondido River, Nicaragua.
(No. 48847 9 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
S. (Echinosciurus) thomast. 'Talamanca, Costa Rica.
(No. 23367 ad. U. S. Nat. Mus.)
(110)
PLATE II.
SKuLts oF MEXICAN SQUIRRELS.
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