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Volume 21

DECEMBER, 1921

Number 7

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

(VOLUME I. NUMBER 1)
OF

The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station

The New York State College of Forestry

Syracuse University

Published Quarterly by (he University, Syracuse, New York
Exitered at the Post Office at Syracuse as second-class mall matter

ANNOUNCEMENT

The Serial Publications of The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest
Experiment Station consist of the following:

1. Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin.

2. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals.

The Bulletin is intended to include papers of general and popu-
lar interest on the various phases of forest wild life, and the Annals
those of a more technical nature or having a less widespread
interest.

These publications are edited in cooperation with the College
Committee on Publications.
Exchanges are invited.

CHARLES C. ADAMS

Director and Editor

RoosevBit Wild Life Forest Experiment Station

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2015

https://archive.org/details/rooseveltwildlif01unse

THEODORE ROOSEVELT
1858-1919

Those aro Roosevelt's words on wild life research : " There must be ample
research in the laboratory in order even to present those problems, not to speak
of solving tbeni. and there can be no laboratory study without the accumulation
(if masses of dry facts and specimens.

" I also mean that from now on it i.s essential to recognize that the best scientific
men must largely work in the great out-of-doors laboratory of nature. It is only
such outdoors work which will give us the chance to interpret aright the labora-
tory (il)scrvalioii.s."

Volume 21

DECEMBER, 1921

Number 7

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

(VOLUME I, NUMBER 1)
OF

The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station

The New York State College of Forestry

Syracuse University

Published Quarterly by the University, Syracuse, New York
Entered at the Post Office at Syracuse as second-class mail matter

TRUSTEES OF
THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

Ex Officio

Dr. James R. Day, Chancellor Syracuse University

Dr. Frank P. Graves, Comfnissioner of Education Albany. X. Y.
Hon. Eli.is J. Staley, Conservation Commissioner .. .Whiiny, X. Y.
Hon. Jeremiah Wood, Lieutenant-Governor Hempstead, L. I.

Appointed by the Governor

Hon. Alexander T. Brown Syracuse, X. Y.

Hon. John R. Clancy Syracuse, X. Y.

Hon. Harold D. Cornwall Lowville, X. Y.

Hon. George W. Driscoll Syracuse, N. Y.

Hon. C. C. Burns W'atertown. X'. Y.

Hon. Louis Marshall New York City

Hon. William H. Kelley Syracuse, X^. Y.

Hon. Edward H. O'Hara Syracuse, X'. Y.

Hon. J. Henry Walters ..New York City

Officers of the Board

Hon. Louis Marshall President

Hon. John R. Clancy Vice-President

[2]

HONORARY ADVISORY COUNCIL OF THE ROOSEVELT
WILD LIFE STATION

American Members

Mrs. CoRixNXE Roosevelt Robinson New York City

Hon. Theodore Roosevelt Washington, D. C.

Mr. Kermit Roosevelt New York City

Dr. George Bird Grinnell New York City

Dr. GiFFORD PiNCHOT Harrisburg, Pa.

Mr. Chauncey J. Hamlin Buffalo, N. Y.

Dr. George Shiras, 3rdj Washington, D. C.

Dr. Frank M. Chapman New York City

V'iscouNT Grey

Viscount Bryce

Sir Harry H. Johnston

European Members

Falloden, England
Forest Row, England
Arundel, England

[3]

ROOSEVELT STATION STAFF

Franklin Moon, M. F Dean of the College

Charles C. AuajMS, Ph. I)., ScD Director of the Station

Alvin G. Whitney, A. B Assistant Director

William Converse Kendall. A. M., M. D Ichthj-ologist

Wn.roRi) A. Dence. B. S Assistant

Temporary Appointments *

Thomas L. Hankinson, B. S Ichth3ologist**

Perley M. Silloway, M. S Roosevelt Field Ornithologist

Henry S. Pratt, Ph. D Roosevelt Field Naturalist

Charles E. Johnson, Ph.D Roosevelt Fur Naturalist

Aretas a. Saunders, Ph.B Roosevelt Field Ornithologist

Collaborators *

Edward R. Warren, B. S Roosevelt Game Naturalist

Richard A. Muttkowski, Ph.D Roosevelt Field Naturalist

Gilbert M. Smith, Ph.D Roosevelt Field Naturalist

Edmund Heller, A. B Roosevelt Game Naturalist

* Including only those who have made field investigations and whose reports
are now in preparation.

** Resigned as Station Ichthxologist October i, 1921.

[4]

CONTENTS

PAGE

1. Foreword Dr. George Bird Grinnell. 9

2. Roosevelt Wild Life State Memorial Dr. Charles C. Adams. . . 11

3. Appropriateness and Appreeiation of the

Roosevelt Wild Life Memorial Dr. Charles C. Adams. . . 19

4. Suggestions for Research on North Ameriean

Big Game and Fur-Bearing Animals Dr. Charles C. Adams. .. . 35

5. Theodore Roosevelt Sir Harry H. Johnston. . . 43

6. Roosevelt's Part in Forestry Dr. Gifford Pinchot 47

7. Roosevelt and Wild Life Mr. Edmund Heller 50

8. The Present Economic and Social Condi-

tions as Results of Applied Science and

Invention Hon. George W. Perkins. 53

9. Suggestions for the Management of Forest

Wild Life in the Allegany State Park, New

York '. Dr. Charles C. Adams. . . 62

0. Aims and Status of Plant and Animal Pre-

serve Work in Europe, with Special Refer-
ence to Germany, Including a List of the
Most Important Publications on These

Preserves Dr. Theodor G. Ahrens ... 83

1. Current Station Notes The Director and Editor. . 93

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Plate I. Theodore Rooscx elt, 1858-1919. Courtesy J. B. Lyon Co. . . .

Frontispiece

Plate 2. George Bird Grinnell, Member of Honorary Advisory Council . 8
Plate 3. The New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, containin.i;-
the offices and laboratories of the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest

Experiment Station 13

Plate 4. Fig. i. The field party of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station at
Camp on Mount Marcy, working in cooperation with other

scientists. Photo T. L. Hankinson 15

Fig. 2. A field party of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, work-
ing on wild life problems in the Palisades Interstate Park, in
cooperation with the Park Commissioners and the U. S.

Bureau of Fisheries. Photo T. L. Hankinson 15

Plate 5. Mrs. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, Member of Honorary Advi-
sory Council iS

Plate 6. Fig. i. The Game Laboratory of the Roosevelt Wild Life Sta-
tion, with a temporary game exhibit. Photo T. L. Hankinson. 21
Fig. 2. The office of the Ichthyologist, Roosevelt Wild Life

Station. Photo T. L. Hankinson 21

Plate 7. Fig. i. The Fish Laboratory of the Roosevelt Wild Life Sta-
tion. Photo T. L. Hankin.son 22

Fig. 2. Another view of the fish laboratory, showing methods of

storing the collections. Photo T. L. Hankinson 22

Plate 8. Theodore Roosevelt, Member of Honorary Advisory Council.. 26
Plate 9. Kermit Roosevelt. Member of Honorary Advisory Council.... 28

Plate 10. Viscount Grey, Member of Honorary Advisory Council 31

Plate II. Field headquarters of Roosevelt Wild Life Station party, at
Camp Roosevelt, Yellowstone Park, 1921. Courtesy Forest
and Trail Camp 34

Riiuscvcll W ild Life Bnllctiii

Plate 12. Fig. i. Field party of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station in Yellow-
stone Park, summer of 192 1. Park Ranger mounted. Photo

E. R. Warren 38

Fig. 2. Lx)dge at Forest and Trail Camp, shared by Roosevelt
Wild Life Station field party in the Yellowstone, 1921. Photo

E. R. \yarren 38

Plate 13. Sir Harry H. Johnston, Member of Honorary Advisory

Council 42

Plate 14. George Shiras, 3rd, Member of Honorary Advistory Council.. 45

Plate 15. Gifford Pinchot, Member of Honorary Advisory Council 46

Plate 16. George Walbridge Perkins, 1862-1920, late President of the

Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park 52

Plate 17. Chauncev T. Hamlin. Member of Honorary Advisory Council.. 61
Plate 18. Fie:, i. Alleganv State Park, looking up Quaker Run from
Hotchkiss Hill, shooting general character of the topography.

Photo H. R. Francis 65

Fig. 2. Mature forest in the " Big Basin." near the head of
Stoddard Creek, Allegany State Park. Photo H. R. Francis. 65
Plate 19. Fig. i. View of Quaker Run, Allegany State Park. Photo

T. L. Hankinson 66

Fig. 2. A bayou in Tunungwant Valley, Allegany State Park

Photo A. A. Saunders 66

Plate 20. Map showing the location of the Pennsylvania State Game
Refuges and Preserves, in relation to the State Forests and
the proposed National Forest. Adapted from map by Penn-
sylvania Denartment of Forestrv 68

Plate 21. Frank M. Chapman. Member of Honorary Advisory Council.. 82
Plate 22. Viscount Bryce. Member of Honorary Advisory Council.

Courtesy The Macmillan Company 97

THE RELATION OF FORESTS AND FORESTRY TO HUMAN

WELFARE

" Forests are more than trees. They are rather land areas on w-hich are
associated various forms of plant and animal life. The forester must deal
with all. Wild life is as essentially and legitimately an object of his care as
are water, wood, and forage. Forest administration should be planned with
a view to realizing all possible benefits from the land areas handled. It
should take account of their indirect value for recreation and health as well as
their value for the production of salable material ; and of their value for
the production of meat, hides, and furs of all kinds as well as for the
production of wood and the .protection of water supplies.

" Unquestionably the working out of a program of wild life protection
which will give due weight to all the interests affected is a delicate task.
It is impossible to harmonize the differences between the economic, the
esthetic, the sporting, and the commercial viewpoint. Nevertheless, the
practical difficulties are not so great as they appear on the surface."

Henry S. Gr.a\ es.
Former Chief Forester, U. S. Forest Service.
Recreation, Vol. 52, p. 236, 1915.

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

RESEARCH ON WILD LIFE

" The discovery of new species and races based upon the study of pre-
served specimens of game animals, has already progressed very far; but the
more attractive field which includes the habits of the game remains yet to a
great extent unexplored. This field is peculiarly open for investigation to
big-game hunters, and to all other men who go far afield and obtain first-
hand knowledge of the conditions under which the game animals live. The
closet naturalist, with his technical knowledge of the structure of animals,
can be trusted to perform the work of classification to a mathematical degree
of precision ; but we cannot obtain from him a trustworthy account of the
behavior of animals in their natural environment, or learn from him the
value to the animals of the various structures or characteristics which he has
shown them to possess. Much knowledge regarding the habits of game is
acquired by the successful sportsman. Yet it is often infinitesimal in quantity
compared to what may be acquired if the outdoors observer will direct his
investigations along the broad lines co\ering the life-history of the species
with which he comes in contact. To carry out such investigations success-
fully it would be necessarj- to spend many hours and days, perhaps even
weeks and months, observing certain individuals or faniilj- groups of game.
This is quite beyond the limits of time alloted the average sportsman. Never-
theless much can be learned by the collected evidence from many fragmentary
observations, providing only these are accurate. A great mass of accurate
fragmentary observations will often spell far more progress in investigations
of this kind than the observations of a few trained individuals over an
extended period of time."

Theodore Roosevelt and Edmund Heller.
Life Histories of African Game Animals,
Vol. I, pp. vii-viii, 1914.

PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

"If you want improvements in industry, you may turn with confidence
to applied science. If you want to revolutionize an industry or create a new
one, you will do well to search the innermost recesses of the pure science
laboratory."

Sir J. J. Thomson.

GEORGE BIRD GRINXELL
Memlier of Honorary Advisory Council

FOREWORD

After the death of Theodore Roosevelt, a number of his friends
who knew him best on the side of sport or natural history inquiry
felt very deeply that there should be established for him as a
memorial an institution which should carry on a work that was very
near his heart — an inquiry into certain phases of natural history
in which he had always been interested. Chief among these was an
investigation into various processes of wild life and especially into
the life history of animals. Such studies would have scientific
value and might lead up to matters of economic importance.

A suggestion to this effect was made to the committee having
the Roosevelt Memorial in charge but did not appear to meet with
favor, and those advocating it thought it undesirable to take any
action which might seem to be in opposition to the wishes of the
Memorial Committee.

Since Colonel Roosevelt's death, the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest
Experiment Station has been established and has done good work.
Its plan had been submitted to Colonel Roosevelt, who thought so
well of it as to advocate it to some of his associates and to bring
it before the Boone and Ci^ockett Club. Its work is in line with
the thought of some of Colonel Roosevelt's closest friends, and is
of a character that would have greatly interested Colonel Roosevelt.
The Station occupies a field not filled by any other institution in
the State, and carries on research work on a scale not done elsewhere.

I feel that this Experiment Station deserves the support of all
scientific men and of all lovers of outdoor life, and my personal
feeling is that its work may profitably be extended beyond the limits
of the State which authorized its establishment.

The average field-naturalist tends to become a collector of speci-
mens rather than an investigator of the ways of animal life. His
ambition is to collect the specimens as soon as he can, and as many
as he can ; and fearing lest each specimen shall escape him and
be lost, he neglects the opportunity to observe it in life and to learn
something about its habits and its ways. Often he takes this atti-
tude from the institution for which he is working. It desires a
great series of specimens which he feels he must secure. Yet the
collecting of a large series of specimens, and the bringing them

[»]

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

home in satisfactory shape, should be only a small portion of the
field-naturalist's work. Skins and skulls are useful, but skins and
skulls and measurements and proportions tell us only a little about
the living animal. Most of us wish to learn something about its ways
of life.

I hope for great things from the Roosevelt Experiment .Station;
and I hope for them not only for the great service that this Station
may render to science, but because this good service will be ren-
dered in the name of one of the great field-naturalists of this coun-
try who was interested not only in science but above all in the
betterment of America and of its people in every way.

No one more than Theodore Roosevelt appreciated the value of
the work done and to be done by the field-naturalist. No one more
than he would welcome those services to science that may be accom-
plished by the Experiment Station that bears his name.

George Bird Grixxell

ROOSEVELT WILD LIFE STATE MEMORIAL

By Dr. Charles C. Adams

Director, Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station,
Syracuse, N. Y.

With the passing of Theodore Roosevelt the nation and the world
naturally turned to estimate his place in the galaxy of great men.
He was the most thoroughly and widely informed man of his time,
and was aware of the significance of his own acts as few men in
history have been. He did not drift about; he worked in whatever
direction forward movement could be made toward a clearly defined
goal. He reduced random movements to a minimum and took
every possible advantage to hasten progress. The chemist and
physiologist calls a substance a catalyzer or enzyme which hastens
changes which otherwise proceed slowly, and there is no better word
to describe Roosevelt's influence. His eflFect was that of a good
yeast. He speeded up progress, which without him would have
required many more years for accomplishment. For example, the
Panama Canal would ultimately have been dug by some one, but
not in our generation, and very probably not so much to the
advantage of the United States.

The magnificent grasp which he possessed of historic events and
of existing social, economic and political conditions of the world,
made it possible, with his mental poise, to estimate, as has been
said, very accurately the value of his own work. Evidently his
chief method of procedure was to find out what was of the greatest
importance, and then get behind it and work to the limit of his
ability.

What was his supreme achievement? Some students of public
affairs hold in highest esteem the influence which Roosevelt's ideal-
ism exerted on our public life. This was of the highest order and
belongs in the same supreme place with that of Washington and
Lincoln. He made concrete to our generation the living standards
of these men as no other man has done. Others consider the
Panama Canal as his greatest achievement, and still others his con-
servation program — the proper or highest use of nature's bounty
for the best welfare of the people. It seems to me that this is

[11]

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

unquestionably his supreme achievement, because in it is the cul-
mination or climax of his whole constructive national program.

In view of these considerations let us bear in mind that the
supreme memorial to him is the life he lived and the work itself,
as Lincoln said of the soldiers' lives given at Gettysburg. All other
kinds of memorials worthy of the name should aim to continue the
kind of work for which Roosevelt lived and strove. Let us full)'
realize this and proceed to do what is best, from this standpoint.
We must expect considerable divergence of opinion, depending upon
the variations in human nature, but in the minds of many a most
appropriate memorial to Roosevelt would combine and recognize
not only his public service but as well his distinctive personal quali-
ties and likings. All grant that he was a statesman, a scholar, a
hunter, and a field-naturalist. He was a field-naturalist first, and
later became a scholar and statesman. He never outgrew his first
love for wild nature and wild things of the field and forest. This
knowledge of nature was the fertile soil upon which grew his con-
servation plans, which he developed in cooperation with Gififord
Pinchot, the forester.

A memorial therefore which would help perpetuate one of Roose-
velt's greatest achievements, namely, his conservation program as
applied to forestry, including wild life, and which would promote
a wide public interest in natural history studies, the subject " always
uppermost in his mind," would be truly distinctive and worthy.
Roosevelt himself has said:

" From now on it is essential to recognize that the best scientific
men must largely work in the great out-of-doors laboratory of
nature. It is only such outdoors work which will give us the chance
to interpret aright the laboratory observations. . . . There
must be ample research in the laboratory in order even to present
those problems, not to speak of solving them, and there can be no
laboratory study without the accumulation of masses of dry facts
and specimens."

Here, in Roosevelt's own words, are the essential features for a
plan to advance our knowledge of forest wild life b\' a balanced
combination of outdoor study and laborator\' research.

The EstabLshment of the State Wild Life Memorial

The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station of the New
York State College of Forestry at Syracuse was authorized by the
legislature in May, 1919. and has the unique distinction of being

14 Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

a memorial which was adapted from plans which had been pre-
sented to him for the study of wild life and which Roosevelt him-
self had approved. These plans were presented to him in
December, 1916, by the College of Forestry and received his hearty
commendation. He urged that they should be developed " in a big
way," and began active work for them. We then went into the
war and the subject was dropped temporarily, but with his death
the Trustees of the College asked the Legislature to make these plans
a nucleus for the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station.
This was done, as has been stated, in May, 1919.
The law establishing the station reads as follows :

" To establish and conduct an experimental station to be known
as " Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station " in which
there shall be maintained records of the results of the experiments
and investigations made and research work accomplished ; also a
library of works, publications, papers and data having to do with
wild life together with means for practical illustration and demon-
stration, which library shall, at all reasonable hours, be open to
the public."

Thus New York State has definitely committed herself to this
wild life Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. From the Roose\-elt
family came the following hearty approval, through Lieutenant-
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. :

" I think your ideas are excellent and I know that my father
would appreciate no type of memorial more than that which you
suggest, as you know it was one of the subjects that was always
uppermost in his mind. I give my consent without reservation for
the use of his name for this memorial."

The appropriateness of the Memorial has been confirmed by a
number of close friends and admirers of Roosevelt who had worked
with him for many years in his campaigns for conservation. It is
especially fitting that the Station should be located at the State
College of Forestry at Syracuse because the College emphasizes
modern forestry, which consists in using forest regions to the best
human advantage. This includes not only the timber, but the fish
and game which can be used for food and recreation, and any other
crops, such as forage for grazing animals, and even a harvest of furs.
It is a broad policy, but it is the only one yet discovered that is
economically and socially sound.

It is also fitting that the Station should be located here for cer-
tain additional reastms : first of all, because the plan having Roose-

tig. 2. A field party of the lvoose\'elt Wild Life Station, working on wild
life problems in the Palisades Interstate Park, in cooperation with
the Park Commissioners and the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

velt's approval originated at the College ; second, because the wild
life problem is primarily a forest or non -agricultural land problem,
for which adequate provision had not previously been made. There
was no experiment station devoted solely to the requirements of the
14,000,000 acres of non-agricultural lands and waters in the State,
although the agricultural needs were already fairly well supplied
by experiment stations and farms ; third, because the College is a
New York State institution bound by its charter to conduct research
and education in all phases of forestry ; and fourth, because the
Roosevelt Wild Life Station is solely a research institution, and
is, therefore, more intimately related to education than to any
administrative department of the State service. The State has
already developed at Syracuse the largest and best equipped plant
for diversified forestry education in America.

The Duties of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station

The duties of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station are to investigate,
by all possible methods, our forest wild life : including the habits,
life histories, methods of propagation and management of fish,
birds, game, food and fur-bearing animals. The Station is thus
primarily devoted to increasing our knowledge of forest wild life,
by both outdoor and laboratory study which will develop new or
improved methods of increasing the forest production of fish, fur
and game animals and show their application to general forest man-
agement. The Station, therefore, supplements all State adminis-
trative agencies in forest wild life work and does not in practice
duplicate that of any other State scientific department. Any inci-
dental overlapping might even be beneficial if diflFerent methods of
approach were used.

Since the establishment of the Station it has taken over the
forest wild life investigations already under way in the Department
of Forest Zoology at the College and has enlarged and extended
them. Thus the fish surveys of Oneida Lake, of Cranberry Lake
in the Adirondacks, and of the w-aters of the Palisades Interstate
Park and Erie County have been taken up or continued, and similar
work will be extended to other parts of the State as rapidly as
funds will permit.

The investigations begun in the Adirondacks, on the relation of
birds to the protection of the forest, have been extended to the
Palisades Interstate Park. Hon. Louis Marshall, President of the

State Wild Life Memorial

Board of Trustees of the College of Forestry, gave loyal support to
the migratory bird treaty with Canada, upon the basis of the pro-
tective value which birds give forests in destroying harmful insects.
The decision of Justice Holmes, of the United States Supreme
Court, acknowledges the value of this kind of forest protection.
This is only one phase of the special work to which the Station is
de''Oted, and it is a fine example of the kind of research which will
guide the State and nation in enacting just and constructive legis-
lation and making wise decisions in our courts.

For several years the College has advocated the investigation of
the game vermin of the State and means for its control, but funds
have been lacking to advance this work. Now it is hoped that the
Station can make a good start on this important problem and deter-
mine the relation of game vermin to the problem of fur production,
as well as its relation to game management. A scientific study is
needed of the winter life of the Adirondack deer; and the beaver
problem in the Adirondacks is also in urgent need of careful tech-
nical study, from the standpoint of the forest trees, of water storage,
as well as its influence on trout.

The fur industry in the State is in vital need of scientific guidance
with regard to the natural history of our fur-bearing animals. The
siidden rise of New York City to leadership in the dressed fur
markets of the world is an event of great importance, only slightly
appreciated by many. We have never had a careful study of the
chief fur-bearing animals of the State, such as the muskrat, skunk,
and the raccoon. The Station has made a start on these problems
and deserves hearty support from all who are interested.

These are but a few examples of the kind of work in which the
Roosevelt \^'ild Life Forest Experiment Station is now engaged,
or for which it is making comprehensive plans. These suffice to
indicate what the Station is doing in various parts of tl:e State in
attempting, to solve the ' more practical and urgent prol)lems con-
cerned with forest wild life, and in such manner as to make the
Station a worthy memorial of New York State to Theodore
Roosevelt.*

* Reprinted by rermission of Mr. James Malcolm, Editor, from State
Service (Magazine), Vol. 5, pp. 57-60, 1921.

MRS. CORIXXE ROOSEVELT ROBINSON
I\lcnibci (if Honorary Advisory Council

APPROPRIATENESS AND APPRECIATION OF
THE ROOSEVELT WILD LIFE MEMORIAL

Dr. Charles C. Adams, Director

The establishment of a wild life Memorial to commemorate
Roosevelt's interest in and achievements for forest animals seems a
very natural response to everyone acquainted with him. Its appro-
priateness is emphasized most strongly by those who were closest
to him.

Indorsements

In response to a request for the use of the Roosevelt name,
Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt wrote : " I know that my
father would appreciate no type of memorial more than that which
you suggest, as you know it was one of the subjects that was always
uppermost in his mind. I give m}' consent without reservation for
the use of his name for this memorial."

Captain Kermit Roosevelt wrote as follows : " I was very much
pleased to learn of the foundation, as it is the sort of activity of
which my father would heartily have approved, and should play an
important and useful ])art in the study and preservation of our
wild life."

Mrs. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, on her recent visit to the
Station expressed her enthusiastic approval of its aims and gave
assurance of the fitness of this memorial to her brother.

Dr. George Bird Grinnell, the Nestor of American s])ortsman-
naturalists, and a life-long friend and co-worker of Roosevelt,
wrote, May 19, 1919: " Some of us feel very deeply that in this
project Mr. Roosevelt would have felt an interest far keener than
in the various monuments of which we now hear so much and which

no doubt will be carried through It seems to me that

there is no limit to the good that may Ite accomplished by it, and
this appears to be the first active step in a work that will receive

more and more attention in this country My long friend-

.ship with Theodore Roosevelt gives me a ])eculiar interest in this
Station on sentimental grounds; and my life-long experience in pro-
moting the protection of natural things on purel}' economic grounds
justifies my faith in your work, and leads me to hope that your
plea for support may be successful."

[19]

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

Hon. Henry L. Stimson, former Secretary of War, wrote:
" I sympathize with the purpose of making your Station a Memorial
to Theodore Roosevelt. I know his sympathy and interest in that
kind of work, and I feel it is just the kind of purpose in which he
would take deep and lasting interest."

Mr. Edmund Heller, Roosevelt's companion on his African hunt-
ing trip, and joint author with him of Tlic Life Histories of African
Game Animals, wrote: "The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experi-
ment Station, the Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt, is just the sort

of memorial of which he would have approved Nothing

would have brought more joy to Roosevelt's heart than the establish-
ment of a Wild Life Experiment Station such as you have, where

animals can be studied free from artificial conditions It

seems particularly fit that this institution should commemorate such
a man as Roosevelt, whose keenest enjo\ment in life was the pur-
suit and study of animals in their native haunts."

Mr. Horace M. Albright, Superintendent of the Yellowstone
National Park, writes : " I have read your bulletin on the Roose-
velt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station and have found it most
interesting. You have undertaken a great public work and it
deserves the support of every section of the country, and particularly
does it deserve the encouragement of every Government institution
that is interested in the conservation of forest wild life ; and as
superintendent of our greatest game-preserve, Yellowstone Park. I
hope that you will call on me for any aid that you think I am capable
of giving to the Experiment Station."

Dr. William T. Hornaday, Trustee, Permanent Wild Life Pro-
tection Fund, a life-long champion of wild life protection, writes
as follows : " I give my most cordial indorsement to the aims and
purposes of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station, and I regard it as
a very necessary factor in the fight for better preservation and
better utilization of the wild life of the State."

The indorsement and commendation of this Memorial bring out
clearly its appropriateness and unique character, and are an assur-
ance by the highest authority that it stands for Roosevelt's distinc-
tive personal interest, as well as for a large and important part of
his conservation program, paving the way for an intelligent use of
forests and forest wild life. Still another distinguishing and com-
mendable feature of the Station is that it is an adaptation of plans
for wild life research which Roosevelt himself approved, as will
now be shown.

Fig. 2. The ofifice of the Ichthyologist, Roosevelt Wild Life Station.

Fig. 2. Aiiotlicr view of ihc fish laboratory, showing- methods of storing

tlie collections.

. } pprof^rialcncss and . I p j^rcciation

Roosevelt's Approval of the Original Plans

That Roosevelt himself heartily approved not only of wild life
research in general but of the general program w^hich is now the
foundation of this Memorial Station, is, as has been stated, its
most distinctive feature.

A brief plan for research in wild life was presented to Mr. Roose-
velt on December 29, 1916. He at once approved the idea, and sug-
gested that as a member of the Executive Committee of the Boone
and Crockett Club he would gladly present this matter to the Com-
mittee at an early meeting, and requested that I write him a fuller
statement. This plan was outlined in my letter to him of January 8,
1917. as follows :

In response to your recent request for a working plan for the
scientific investi-gation of the life history and natural history of
the large game and fur-bearing animals, I would suggest the
following :

Statement of the Problem

" In view of the fact that there are several organizations and
endowments devoted solely to the protection and propagation of
the large game and fur-bearers, and none devoted solely to the
investigation of their life history and natural history, it is evident
that this field is greatly neglected. I know of no one whose time
is devoted solely to this kind of investigation.

The present critical economic condition will certainly influence
these animals. The recent organization of our National Park Serv-
ice, and the extensive area of National Forests suitable for large
game, and the impending crisis of the beaver problem in New York,
are examples which show the urgency of scientific investigation of
those problems by technically trained men before the management
and administration of these animals in preserves and forests can
be executed intelligently.

" Whi'e of course considerable is known about the life histories
and habits of our larger animals, yet much more remains to be
learned about even the beaver, possibly the best known species. At
present our knowledge of these larger animals is verv superficial
indeed, when compared with what is known of many harmful insect
pests, such as the Chinch Bug, Rock\- Mountain Locust, and the
San Jose Scale, ^^'e are passing through an important awakening
as to the value of wild animals, and yet we have no generally
recognized policy for the management of animal sanctuaries because
we know so little about the larger dominating species.

" Special attention should be called to the fact that emphasis is
here placed not on the technical details of species and varieties
(a subject which for the North American fauna has reached the

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

point of 'diminishing returns') but on the activities of the living
animal and its relation to the real world in which he lives.

" There is thus an urgent need for scientific research. How
can this be best favored?

Proposed Remedy

" Our larger universities, as a rule, have ignored the investiga-
tion of the larger game animals, and at present there is no indica-
tion of an early change of policy. The larger animals of the forest
have for ages been considered as one of the regular products of
the forest, or as Chief Forester Graves of the Forest Service has
expressed it : * Wild life is largely a forest product. It should be
regarded as a public resource, to be protected and systematically
developed. It is a resource which is easily destroyed under abuse;
but it readily responds to right treatment. The intelligent fostering
of the valuable wild life of the forest is and has always been one
of the objects of forestry. Forests are more than trees. They are
rather land areas on which are associated various forms of plant
and animal life. The forester must deal with all. Wild life is as
essentially and legitimately an object of his care as are water, wood,
and forage. Forest administration should be planned with a view
to realizing all possible benefits from the land areas handled. It
should take account of their indirect value for recreation and health
as well as their value for the production of salable material ; and of
their value for the production of meat, hides, and furs of all kinds
as well as for the production of wood and the protection of water
supplies.'

" The relation of game to forests is thus seen to be a permanent
one and not a temporary alliance. It should not depend upon the
favor of a few men who happen to be interested, for it is based
upon mutual fundamental interests and therefore there should be
a definite poMcy looking forward to permanent results. The most
promising methods of favoring research on these large game animals
are :

" First, to utilize trained men. To put into the field such available
trained men as can be secured to investigate important and urgent
problems. These men should be used while younger men are in
training.

" Second, train voung men. By means of fellowships young men
can be encouraeed to get the necessary training to become technical
investigators of large game animals.

" It would be the part of wisdom to utihze both of these methods
at some educational institution where emphasis is put upon research."

At a meeting of the Directors of the Boone and Crockett Club
soon afterward a special committee was authorized to consider this
plan, composed of Dr. Lewis Rutherford Morris, chairman, acting

Appropriateness and Appreciation 25

with Major W. Austin Wadsworth, president of the Club. Dr.
Morris then wrote me, " The club took much interest in the matter
. . . . which you set forth in your letter, and in favor of which
Mr. Roosevelt spoke very strongly at the meeting." The commit-
tee then requested that the plan be presented to the Clulj at its
annual meeting on February 8. 191 7. The general plan presented
to the Boone and Crockett Club at this meeting, except for certain
financial estimates and other business items, is republished just fol-
lowing this article (pp. 35-41). under the title Suggestions for
Research on North American Big Game and Fur-Bearing Animals."

In response to a letter sent to Colonel Roosevelt with a request for
suggestions, came this reply, dated January 18, 191 7. which was quite
characteristic : " I would not know what plan to suggest to you.
Morris and Wadsworth are both big fellows, to whom you can

talk in a big way, and put the case frankly before them

It was a real pleasure to bring the matter before the Club and get
Dr. Morris to take it up." This statement expresses very clearly
that he believed the plans should be developed in a " big way." We
have in these words Roosevelt's approval of the general project now
being carried on. No other program would prove a more worthy
Memorial of the man.

The Boone and Crockett Club, on April 25, 1917, passed the fol-
lowing resolution :

" Whereas, Professor Charles C. Adams, of The New York State
College of Forestry at Syracuse University, has brought to the
notice of the Executive Committee of the Boone and Crockett Club
a plan for the scientific stud)' of the life-habits of the fur-bear-
ing and large mammals of North America,

" Resolved, That this committee heartily approves this plan, and
believes the results of such an investigation \\ ould be of vast scien-
tific interest and probably of great economic value."
(Signed) Kermit Roosevelt,

Secretary of the Boone and Crockett Club.
Lewis R. Morris.

Chairman of the Special Committee.

With the entrance of the United States into the World War on
April 6, 1917, it was decided to reserve this plan of research for
development at a more favorable time. The armistice was signed
November 11. 1918, and Roosevelt died soon after, on Januar\^ 6,
1919. These plans for research had, throughout, the hearty support

THEODORE ROOSEVELT
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

Appropriateness and Appreciation

of Dr. Hugh P. Baker, then Dean of the College of P^orestry. who
took the plan to the Trustees of the College. Inasmuch as it had
originated at the College, and had had Roosevelt's approval, the
Trustees considered it eminently appropriate as a Memorial, and
therefore requested Senator J. Henry Walters and Assemblyman
George R. Fearon to present a bill to the Legislature authorizing
the establishment at the College of the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest
Experiment Station. This bill was presented to the Senate and
Assembly on March 26. 1919. and became a law May 10, 1919, with
the approval of Governor Alfred E. Smith.

Activities of the Memorial Station

This brief account of the origin of this Memorial shows how
,New^ York State has made a very modest start indeed toward what,
in the minds of many, is the most appropriate kind of Memorial to
her greatest citizen ; and the future must reveal what wisdom and
foresight the State will show in its proper nurture. The State of
New York thus becomes the guardian of this wild life Memorial
to Theodore Roosevelt. The New York State College of Forestry
at Syracuse, is a State institution supported solely by State finids,
and the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station is a part
of this institution. The Trustees are State officials. A legislative
mandate instructed them as follows:

" To establish and conduct an experimental station to be known as
' Roosevelt WWd Life Forest Experiment Station,' in w-hich there
shall be maintained records of the results of the experiments and
investigations made and research work accomplished ; also a library
of w^orks, publications, papers and data having to do with wild life,
together with means for practical illustration and demonstration,
which library shall, at all reasonable hours, be open to the public."
[Laws of New York, chapter 536. Became a law May 10, 1919.]

Special attention should be called to this unique provision for a
wild life library. We have no such public library in America
devoted exclusively to this subject. The policy of the Station is
to build up a comprehensive collection of publications of all kinds,
including also original note books, manuscripts, photographs, draw-
ings, and other illustrative material, technical and popular, which
bear upon the use and appreciation of forest wild life.

While this Memorial Station was founded by New York State,
its functions are not limited solely to the State. The Trustees of

KERMIT ROOSE\ELT
Member of Honorary Advisory Council.

Appropriateness and A pprcciation

the Roosevelt Station are further authorized by huv to cooperate
with other agencies, so that the work is by no means Hniited to
the boundaries of the State or to the use of State funds. Provision
for this has been made by the law which enjoins the Trustees —

" To enter into any contract necessary or appropriate for carrying
out any of the purposes or objects of the college, including such
as shall involve cooperation with an\- person, corporation, or associa-
tion, or any department of the government of the State of New
York or of the United States, in laboratory, experimental, investiga-
tive or research work, and the acceptance from such person, corpora-
tion, association, or department of the State or Federal government
of gifts or contributions of money, expert service, labor, materials,
apparatus, appliances or other property in connection therewith."
[Laws of New York, chapter 42. Became a law March 7, 1918.]

By these laws the Empire State has made provision to conduct
forest wild life research upon a general and comprehensive basis,
and on a plan as broad as that aj^proved hy Theodore Roosevelt
himself.

From its inception the Station has enlisted the cooperation of
other State departments, first with the Commissioners of the Pali-
sades Interstate Park, and later with the Commissioners of the
Allegany State Park and the- State Conservation Commission on
Park wild life problems. Special investigations have been conducted
with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, in the
Palisades Interstate Park and on Oneida Lake. On Mount ]\Iarcy
in the Adirondacks, timber line conditions were studied with the
Ecological Society of America, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and
the Vermont Agricultural Station. A fish survey of Erie County
has been conducted with the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,
the Erie County Society for the Protection of Birds, Fish and
Game, and seven other allied organizations in that vicinity. Several
Trustees of the College of Forestry have contributed funds for a
special study of the Adirondack beaver which was made during the
past summer.

In addition to the cooperation with various State departments,
private organizations and individuals within the State, studies now
in progress in Yellowstone National Park have been made possible
through the financial support of the Yellowstone Park Camps Com-
pany and a grant from special friends, together with the assistance
of the ,National Park Service and with the collaboration of several

30 Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

field naturalists. i his has provided for studies of the fish food,
the beaver, and the large mammals of the Park. The original plans
presented to Roosevelt made provision for just such studies in our
National Parks and Forests on the broadest possible basis.

The Honorary Advisory Council

In the plans for wild life research presented to Mr. Roosevelt
provision was made for an Honorary Advisory Council to assist in
their execution. After the Memorial Station had been established,
it was considered that this feature should be included in the present
Station plans.

It was considered eminently appropriate that at this stage this
Council should include only those who were close personally to
Roosevelt, or who had some special interest in promoting research
on wild life.

The present American members of the Honorary Advisory Coun-
cil are :

Mrs. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, Xew York City. By nature
destined to be an intimate sharer in her brother's life work. Author

of My Brother Tlicodore Roosevelt.

Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Wash-
ington, D. C. Mr. Roosevelt gave consent to the use of the
Roosevelt name for this Alemorial Station.

Kermit Roosevelt, Xew York City. Companion of his
father on his expeditions in Africa and South America. Author of
The Happy Hunting Grounds.

George Bird Grinnell, New Y'ork City. Life-long friend and
associate editor with Roosevelt ; a founder and for some years
President of the Boone and Crockett Club, of which Roosevelt was
the originator.

Gifford Pinchot, Harrisburg, Penna. Leading co-worker with
Roosevelt in his general conservation campaigns and in the estab-
lishment of National Forests — a chief stronghold of wild life.

Chauncey J. Hamlin, BufYalo. N. Y'. Ardent supporter of
Roosevelt in his political reforms, and actively engaged in con-
structive wild life conservation.

George Shiras, 3rd, Washington. D. C. Wild life photographer,
congressman, author of the original Federal migratorv bird bill,
and author of the bill for the Federal protection of migratory fish.

Frank M. Chapman, New York Lity. Ornithologist, close friend
of Roosevelt, and a leading champion of outdoor bird studv.

VISCOUNT GREY
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

32 Roosevelt Wild Life BuJletin

The European meml^ers of the Council are:

Viscount Grey, Falloden, England. Author of Fly-Fishing. A
close student of birds, whose story of his bird outing in the New
Forest with Roosevelt, as told in his essay on Recreation, will inspire
every outdoor enthusiast.

Viscount Bryce, Forest Row, England. A close friend of Roose-
velt, and keenly appreciative of wild nature ; a sympathetic friend
of American institutions, and our most respected and cherished
European statesman.

Sir Harry H. Johnston, Arundel, England. A keen admirer
of Roosevelt, a successful student of wild life, and a wilderness
explorer.

Very hearty ap])roval of the plans for the Station have come
from various members of the Honorary Advisory Council. Thus
Viscount Grey remarks :

" The project for a Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment
Station ap])eals to me strongly, both by the intrinsic interest of the
subject and by the fact of its being a memorial of one for whom I
had great admiration and regard. I very much appreciate the
invitation to be a member on its Honorary Council.. .... I

should feel it both a pleasure and an honor to be associated with the
Memorial Station in any honorary capacity that you think suitable,
and I shall always be interested to hear of its progress and work."

And Viscount Bryce writes :

" I cordially appreciate your invitation to become a member of
the Honorary Advisory Council proposed to be created, and as I
assume that membership thereof does not involve active duties,
which of course my residence in England would not permit me to
discharge. I have much pleasure in accepting the honor." He
further adds that he is in " hearty sympathy with the work described
[in publications sent to him] and with every plan for preserving
wild life and the untouched aspects of Nature. Theodore Roosevelt
did admirable work in that line, and I rejoice to learn that the
impetus is not declining."

Sir Harry H. Johnston writes similarly:

" I feel myself both honoured and gratified at being selected as
an Honorary Advisory Councilor of the Memorial to Theodore
Roosevelt's intense interest in the beauties and wonders of United
States wild life and natural scenery. You are right in supposing
that he exercised considerable influence on my mind in regard to
interest in American scenery and the preservation of American wild

Appropriateness and Appreciation

life If, without being- impertinent, I might make some

expression of my hopes, it would be that this commemorative influ-
ence of Rooseveh might spread far beyond New York and New
England into those States of unappreciated natural Ijeauty, Georgia,
Alabama and Louisiana, in time to save their splendid magnolia
forests from destruction."

That the Station should n jt lie hmited to New York State is the
opinion expressed by many persons who are unaware that this fea-
ture is already provided for by law.

An editorial in Forest and Stream reads thus:

" Three years ago the authorities of the ,New York State College
of Forestry sulimitted to Colonel Theodore Roosevelt plans for an
inquiry into the wild life of the New York forests, and received the
promise of Mr. Roosevelt's hearty support and that of a number
of his friends and associates. The establishment of the Roosevelt
\\'ild Life Forest Experiment Station marks the first active step
in a movement .... likely to go far in the United States.
. . . . The work of the Roosevelt Experiment Station will thus
consist of experiment, investigation, and general research into the
wild life which occupies millions of acres of land and water. . . .
For some years work of this character has been urged upon the
Interior Department, and in a tentative way has even been under-
taken by the, National Parks Service The work that such

an experiment station may do is almost limitless, and its possibili-
ties are as yet quite beyond the range of our imagination." (Vol.
89, p. 409, August, 1919).

In concluding this lirief account of the history of this Roosevelt
Memorial, too much emphasis cannot be put upon its unique fea-
tures. It is the only existing ^Memorial that has been built upon
a plan that had Theodore Roosevelt's personal approval. There is
unanimous agreement among those who were closest to Roosevelt,
and who shared his interests in wild life, that this is the most appro-
priate kind of Memorial to him. The State of New York is the
guardian or trustee of this Memorial, has made a comprehensive
plan for its future development, and now awaits the execution of this
plan in a manner worthy of her greatest citizen.

SUGGESTIONS FOR RESEARCH ON NORTH
AMERICAN BIG GAME AND FUR-BEARING
ANIMALS

Presented by request to the Boone and Crockett Club

By Dr. Charles C. Adams

Professor of Forest Zoology, The Nezv York State College of
Forestry at Syracuse University

Introduction

Statement of the Problem. In view of the fact that there are
several organizations and endowments devoted solely to the protec-
tion and propagation of large game and fur-bearers, and none
devoted solely to the investigation of their life history and natural
history, it is evident that this field is greatly neglected. I know of
no one whose time is devoted solely to this kind of investigation.

The recent organization of our National Park Service, and the
extensive area of National Forests suitable for large game, and the
impending crisis of the beaver problem in ^New York, are exam-
ples which show the urgency of scientific investigation of these prob-
lems by technically trained men before the management and admin-
istration of these animals in preserves and forests can be executed
intelligently.

While of course considerable is known about the life histories
and habits of our large mammals, yet much remains to be learned
about even the beaver, possibly the best known woodland species.
At present our knowledge of these larger animals is very superficial
indeed, when compared with what is known of many harmful insect
pests, such as the Chinch Bug, Rocky Mountain Locust, and the
San Jose Scale. \\ t are passing through an important awakening
as to the value of wild animals and yet we have no generally recog-
nised policy for the management of animal sanctuaries because zve
knozv so little about the larger dominating species.

Special attention should be called to the fact that emphasis is
here placed not on the technical details of species and varieties ( a
subject which for the North American fauna has reached the point
of "diminishing returns") but on the actiz'itics of the living animal
and its relation to the real ZL'orld i)i z>.'hich it liz'es.

[35]

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

There is thus an urgent need for scientific research. How can
this be best favored?

Proposed Remedy. Our larger universities, as a rule, have
ignored the investigation of the larger game animals, and at present
there is no indication of an early change of policy. The larger
animals of the forest have for ages been considered as one of the
regular products of the forest, or as Chief Forester Graves of the
United States Forest Service has expressed it : " Wild life is
largely a forest product. It should be regarded as a public resource,
to be protected and systematically developed. It is a resource which
is easily destroyed under abuse ; but it readily responds to right
treatment. The intelligent fostering of the valuable wild life of the
forest is and has always been one of the objects of forestry. Forests
are more than trees. They are rather land areas on which are
associated various forms of plant and animal life. The fore-ster
must deal with all. Wild life is as essentially and legitimately an
object of his care as are water, wood, and forage. Forest adminis-
tration should be planned with a view to realizing all possible bene-
fits from the land areas handled. It should take account of their
indirect value for recreation and health as well as their value for
the production of salable material ; and of their value for the pro-
duction of meat, hides, and furs of all kinds as well as for the
production of wood and the protection of water supplies."

The relation of game to forests is thus seen to be a permanent
one and not a temporary alliance. Progress in game should not
depend upon the favor of a few men who happen to be interested,
for it is based upon mutual fundamental interests and therefore
there should be a definite policy looking forward to permanent
results. For these reasons it is suggested that cooperation between
those interested in game and fur-bearers and a forestry i:istitution,
The New York State College of Forestry, is based on sound logic
and upon mutual advantages. The College is a State educational
and research institution which is devoted to the utilization of all
forest crops both plant and animal. It is now coming to be generally
recognized that animal crops (game and fish) from forests are
necessary and legitimate in forest practice, as much so as is the pro-
duction of cattle on the farm.

The following provisional suggestions are intended to aid in the
selection of a problem or problems and in the development of a
working plan.

Suggestions for Research

Proposed Research on Alaskan Big Game

The coastal region of Alaska is at present the main home of
American big game. These animals are of exceptional interest, and
in spite of the excellent work by several skilled field men they
are in reality but little known. There has been no work done
by resident naturalists wbo have lived there the year round devot-
ing their whole time to the study of the game. This region is alrave
all the Jiiost important region for investigation in America.

I would suggest headquarters for a field party on the Kenai
Peninsula. With the railroad developing from Seward there is
urgent need of early study of the game of this peninsula before it
is too late.

It may be objected tbat the remoteness of the region, and tbe
expense of working at this distance, are serious defects of this
project, bvit importance of the subject, its urgency on account of
the railroad, and the little detailed knowledge which we have of the
animals, should be kept in mind.

A naturalist, with two trained assistants, a guide, and camp cook,
located at a permanent camp from which local camps could be
reached, would permit detailed study of the region and an intimate
knowledge of the big game and of the smaller organisms upon which
they are dependent.

So far as known to me no such study has ever been made of big
game. It would, if carried out properly, serve as a model for
other workers for years to come and would raise the standard of
game study to a new and higher level.

Proposals for Eastern Big Game

In addition to the Alaskan project it is very desiralile also to do
some intensive work on the game nearer home. With tbis in mind
the following suggestions are given with the idea of selecting the
most suitable :

I. New York Deer. To make a detailed field study of the sea-
sonal changes in habits, food, influence of weather, behavior during
the breeding season, care of young, causes of death, normal density
of deer population in forests, influence of deer upon the vegetation
and allied subjects.

Such a study could be made on some of the large preserves in
the Adirondacks or Catskills (possibly on property belonging to

Fig. 2. Lodge at Forest and Trail Camp, shared by Roosevelt Wild Life
Station field party, in the Yellowstone.

Suggestions for Research

some member of the Club). A carefully selected area with diversi-
fied conditions would furnish opportunity for important results. In
spite of the fact that the deer has been hunted so much and has
been the basis for so much legislation, feclniical studies of it are
conspicuously wanting. In fact, when we compare our knowledge
of the Codling Moth of the app!e and the Cotton Boll Weevil with
that of the deer, it is amazing how little we really know about the
deer although this is contrary to the usual impression.

2. Game Survey of the Mt. Ktaadn Region. A game survey
of the Mt. Ktaadn region is desira])le in order to determine the
amount of game, how the species influence one another, and to
.secure detailed data on their life histories. Such a scientific study
is needed for many reasons, such as :

a. There is some reason to hope that this might l)e made the
best, or one of the best, big game preserves in Eastern United States.

b. Such a studv might aid in the establishment of a National
Park.

c. Should a Park be established such an investigation would
aid in the intelligent management of the large game, and in stock-
ing the Park properly.

d. The example of such work would stimulate other similar
investigations.

3. Caribou and Moose in Eastern Canada. A study of the
Caribou and Moose (and possibly of other big game) in Eastern
Canada. Detailed field studies along lines similar to those suggested
for the deer.

For the preceding Eastern investigations the following kind of
party is suggested :

A naturalist, with an assistant and a camp hand. For the Ktaadn
problem two assistants should be provided.

Possible objections to all these Eastern plans are very likely to
come mainly from those who are much influenced by the mass of
game literature, or who are perhaps for the time being much more
interested in the propagation and protection of game than in under-
standing it and in advancing our knowledge of it. It is hardly
necessary to mention that the mass of game literature is of a popu-
lar character and is largely pure trash, as far as science is concerned.
Today we probably know more about the rat and the fur seal than
any other wild mammals, and yet every one knows that our knowl-
edge of the seal is far from complete, and the urgency of a scientific

Roosevelt ll^ild Life Bulletin

knowledge of the rat increases every year in spite of the extensive
investigations made during recent years. When, therefore, we
compare what is known of these animals with that of our Eastern
game and fur-bearers the contrast is very marked indeed. In
spite of all we know there is urgent need of further investigation.

Proposals for Western Big Game

The large amount of big game in the \\'est very naturally calls
for suggestions for that region. Here also several are made :

1. Big Game of the National Parks. This might be a study of
the life history of the big game in some Western National Park,
such as the Yellowstone, Glacier National Park or Rocky Mountain
National Park.

2. Life History of the Mountain Sheep and Goats of Glacier
National Park. Study of the detailed life history of the ]Moun-
tain Sheep and Goats of Glacier National Park.

3. Relation o£ Beavers to Conservation of Water and Soil. An

important study should be made of the relation of beavers to soil,
water and fish conservation in the Rocky Mountain region, includ-
ing a careful measurement of the areas flooded (made with the
assistance of a civil engineer), depth of soil accumulated by dams,
and influence of these dams upon fish. W ith all that is known about
the beaver, there is no recent detailed work along these lines since
conservation became a live issue.

4. Game Vermin. A detailed study should be made of the game
vermin of a limited area in order to get a better understanding of
the character of the " balance of nature " existing between game and
game vermin. No careful detailed study of this problem has ever
been made in America.

This study could be made in a National Forest or Park. By
means of systematic trapping of the live animals, and extensive
field observations much important scientific and practical informa-
tion could be acquired which would bear upon the " struggle for
existence " of game. It should be made a study of their dynamic
relations.

The coyote, bear and mountain lion are being destroyed at a
rapid rate because of their relation to grazing, but the relation of
these animals to game has not received much attention as a scientific
problem.

Suggestions for Research

For the preceding Western investigations the following kind of
party is suggested :

I. A naturalist, with one assistant (two for the larger problems),
and one or two camp helpers.

Fellowship and Scholarship Plan

In addition to the use of trained field naturalists as a means of
advancing our knowledge, provision is desirable to care for a rising
generation of trained men who can and will study the big game
problems. At present there are no such positions in our colleges
and universities, and there is a great paucity of men who are able
to do field work on game animals, and who can or will publish their
results. To improve this situation the establishment of Fellowships
and Scholarships is urged.*

January 31, 191 7.

* Reprinted; see p. 25.

WILD LIFE RESEARCH IN THE YELLOWSTONE

" This whole episode of bear life in the Yellowstone is so extraordinary
that it will be well worth while for any man who has the right powers and
enough time, 10 make a complete study of the life and history of the Yellow-
stone bears. Indeed, nothing better could be -done by some of our outdoor
faunal naturalists than to spend at least a year in the Yellowstone, and to
study the life habits of all the wild creatures therein. A man able to do this,
and to write down accuratel\- and interestingly what he had seen, would make
a contribution of permanent value to our nature literature."

Theodore Roosevelt.
Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 315, 1908.

SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

By Sir Harry H. Johnston

The ex-President of the United States who died in the first week
of 1919 was in many ways the most remarkable man I have ever met,
and combined with unusual qualities of intellect and co-ordinated
development of bodily skill — for was he not a fine shot, a bold
equestrian, an untiring marcher, an adept at most games and sports ?

— a kindness and sweetness of disposition, and a thoughtfulness for
the happiness and well-being of all around him, very rare in great
men of the world.

He was a field-zoologist of the new school, the school which has
given us J. G. Millais, Radclyfife Dugmore, Ernest Seton, C. W.
Beebe, and a host of young and middle-aged Americans who have
studied wild life with unswerving accuracy, seeking only to set
forth the truth in real natural history, and disposing summarily of
many a hoary lie and legend about wild life, scorning, moreover, the
vagueness of statement and nomenclature which arises from imper-
fect observation and inadequate study.

Theodore Roosevelt was not only a great naturalist himself, but

— what in its ultimate effect was even more important — he set,
as President, the fashion in yovmg America for preserving and
studying fauna and flora until he had gone far to create a new phase
of religion. Under his influence young men whose fathers and
grandfathers had only studied the Bible, the sacred writings of the
post-exilic Jews and Graeco-Syrian Christians, now realised that
they had spread before them a far more wonderful Bible, the book
of the earth itself. Geology, palaeontology, zoology, botany, eth-
nology, were part of Roosevelt's religion. He may have been a
specialist in none of these branches of science, but he saw the
divinity pulsating through them, more glowingly apparent than in
narrow imaginings of theology.

The man's memory was prodigious. I once spent some ten days

— in two separate visits — as his guest at the White House in
1908. At one luncheon party the question of Mayne Reid's novels
came up. Roosevelt gave a precis of the more remarkable of their
plots, of their characters, their defects and strong points. So he
could with Dickens. Thackeray, Jane Austen, Nathaniel Hawthorne,
and IMark Twain. \\"hen I was setting out to study the negro in

[43]

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

the New World he gave me from memory an almost complete
bibliography of the works discussing the slavery question in the
United States, from the books of Anthony Benezet in 1762 to those
of Olmsted in 1861. Once, when the then Provost of Oriel called
and lunched, and was rather perversely Hellenistic in his lore,
Roosevelt, with a twinkle in his eye, turned the subject to the
Tatar invasion of Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century, and
gave us a really remarkable sketch of its chief incidents and ulti-
mate results.

It would be a great mistake to represent this great man as one
who monopolised the conversation in public or in private. On the
contrary, he was a rarely good and encouraging listener to anyone
who had something to say, and singularly courteous about not
interrupting. Indeed, he drew out good conversation in those around
him, besides being an exceptionally interesting talker himself.

As a writer on zoology Roosevelt is best known by his African
Gouic Trails and African Game Animals, but his Outdoor Pastimes
of an American Hunter (igo8) is well worth reading, both for
letterpress and illustrations. Through the Brazilian Wilderness gives
a truthful, though not always exhilarating, description of the Bra-
zilian forest and grassy plains. But there is another side to Theodore
Roosevelt, and many an instance of his versatilit\-. in the five volumes
of his " Presidential Addresses and State Papers." Probably no
head of a State in history has uttered so much sound sense with
so much originality of diction and illustration. In Roosevelt we
had for the first (and. so far. the only) time a great ruler who
was also an adept in the modern sciences, a student and an exponent
of the New Bible, a statesman who was extraordinarily well .versed
in geography — prehistoric, historical, political, physical, and com-
mercial — who was strongly interested in botany, ethnolog}'. zoology,
philology, modern history, sociolog}. and questions of hygiene and
the struggle for the supremacy of man over recalcitrant Nature. He
gave a great impulse to the research into the causes of yellow fever,
and the means of eliminating it from Cuba and Panama. If we
only had the luck to acquire a Prime Minister with the learning, the
driving force, and the sincerity of Roosevelt, what might not be the
after-history of the British Empire, could such a Premier direct its
destinies and the education of its governing classes for seven years?
But. alas ! Politics in Britain do not breed Roosevelts.*

* Reprinted, by permission of Sir Harry H. Johnston, and the Editor, from
Nature, Vol. 102, pp. 389-390, January 16, 1919.

GEORGE SHIRAS, 3rd.
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

GIFFORD PIXXHOT
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

ROOSEVELT'S PART IN FORESTRY

By Dr. Gifford Pinctiot

Instead of a formal article from me describing in a balanced way
President Roosevelt's service to forestry, will you accept this dis-
cursive letter, which neither surrounds the subject nor lays
measured stress upon its different parts, but just talks about the
man and the leader whom we all loved. Just at the moment I am
deep in an effort to defend the Roosevelt policies as to coal, oil,
and phosphate, and that comes first.

Some men belong to all people and all time. I suppose it is
true that Theodore Roosevelt was loved and trusted by more men
and women in more lands during his lifetime than any other man
who ever lived. Certainly more men and women followed him in
spirit to the grave than ever did the like before for any other man
in human history.

Very much of the work that Roosevelt started is yet unfinished.
As his great soul goes marching on, we know that at the very heart
of the goal to which it marches is that greatest of Roosevelt policies
— the planned and orderly development and conservation of the
natural resources of America — by no means forgetting the forest,
which in a true sense in the mother of all the rest.

No matter how or where you touched him, you could not long
delay in finding that Roosevelt was an outdoor man. Gifted in
the highest degree with the forester's master qualities of hardiness,
judgment, self-control, and the power of observation. Roosevelt
brought with him to the White House so deep a sympathy with
the foresters' viewpoint that it gave co'or and direction to all he
did touching the great central problem of conservation.

There was no forester but would have liked to have him on the
hardest of his trips. There was no time when his mind was not
alert for the protection and advancement of the forests. His
sympathy with foresters as such was well shown when he broke
all presidential precedents to attend, at a private house, a meeting
of the Society of American Foresters, to address its members and
to meet them all personally.

Roosevelt's sympathy with forests and his genius for admin-
istration made him from the first an active and powerful supporter

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

of the proposal to transfer the National Forests from the General
Land Office to the old Bureau of Forestry, and thus to unite the
forest work of the Government under a single head. For more
than three years, as I remember it, his recommendations for the
transfer were made to Congress, while the personal pressure which
he exerted was by far the strongest factor in our final success.
Without him it would have been wholly impracticable to bring the
transfer about. It was Roosevelt who made the Forest Service
possible.

It tells but little of the story to say that Roosevelt saved for us
more National Forests than all other Presidents put together.
He not only created but defended and preserved them, and when
Congress finally took from him the power to add to their number,
at the last moment he saved to the people of the United States
some 16,000,000 acres more of mountain forest lands. He did
it by using the method which has meant so much to forestry and
conservation in America, by out-thinking the opposition.

It was William T. Cox, now State Forester of Minnesota, who
came to me witli the suggestion that Roosevelt should save this
forest land Ijefore the objectionable provision had passed both
houses. When I took Cox's suggestion to him, the President
approved it with enthusiasm ; the Forest Service was ready ; the
necessary field studies had been made : the maps had been drawn ;
we knew what we wanted and we knew how to get it. It remained
only to prepare the official proclamation for each addition to the
existing National Forests.

For forty-eight hours the drafting force of the Forest Service
worked night and day. As fast as they prepared the proclamations
they were taken to the \\'hite House. As fast as he received them
the President signed them, and sent them at once to the State De-
partment for safe keeping. Thus Roosevelt saved from destruction
and set aside for all the people an area more than half as large as
the State of Pennsylvania, and did it in the short interval while
the bill was passing and before it passed.

No other President has ever been, and doubtless no other ever
will be, as practically familiar both with the forest and the range as
was President Roosevelt. It was in the early part of his administra-
tion that the forest and grazing problem in the Southwest became
the livest question before the Bureau of Forestry. To the huge
gain of the nation as a whole, Roosevelt was thoroughly equipped

Roosevelt's Part in Forestry

to handle it. At the recommendation of the Secretary of Interior,
as I recall it, President Roosevelt made, soon after he came to the
W'hite House, a decision as to grazing on National Forests in Ari-
zona which I thought to be unwise. Representatives of the grazing
interests of that territory, including, I believe, the present Associate
Forester of the United States Forest Service, came to me and set
forth their objections to the President's decision. I agreed with
them, and I suggested that, although the President's action had
been made public, we might nevertheless put the case before him.
\Ye did so, very briefly. W ith his usual lightning grasp of a situa-
tion, Roosevelt saw that he had followed the wrong trail, and with-
out the slightest care that he would be reversing himself in public,
he set the matter right. I knew then that he was a great man.

It was the endless good fortune of forestry in America that while
it was still young it should have had in the White House so firm,
sympathetic, and understanding a friend. How much it owes to
him it will never be possible accurately to determine ; for the debt
of forestry to Roosevelt is not to be counted only in the great
things he did for it, but also in the thousands of small advances
and advantages which came to American forestry because it was
known to be dear to the heart of the first citizen, the greatest driving
force, and the most powerful influence in America.

Forestry is firmly established among us today because Roosevelt
stood behind it like a stone wall when there was little to it except
hope and good intentions.*

* Reprinted, by permission of the author and the Editor, from the Journal
of Forestry, Vol. 17, pp. 122-124, 1919.

ROOSEVELT AND WILD LIFE

By Mr. Edmund Heller
N'attiralist, Roosevelt African Expedition

The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, the Memo-
rial to Theodore Roosevelt, is just the sort of memorial which he
would have approved. There was ever present in Roosevelt a keen
interest in wild life, primarily an interest in the habits and actions
of animals, in their family life, and in the way they carried on the
struggle for existence. Throughout his life in the hunting field
he was an enthusiastic observer of animal behavior, a far keener
one than most of our expert naturalists. Nothing would have
brought more joy to Roosevelt's heart than the establishment of a
Wild Life Experiment Station such as you have, where animals
can be studied free from artificial conditions.

Roosevelt contended for many years that faunal or field natural
history studies were fully as important a feature of natural history
as closet or laboratory investigations. At the present time nearly all
naturalists are of this opinion, but during Roosevelt's youth, when
he was a student at college, the field naturalist was considered a
very superficial sort of investigator, and this deprecatory attitude
kept Roosevelt from taking up faunal natural history as his life
work. Today, however, all naturalists are agreed that animals react
normally only in their natural or wild environment, and any observa-
tions that may be made in the laboratory must be verified in the
field before they can be accepted as normal or characteristic of a
particular species. Roosevelt emphasized the idea that the real
laboratory in which to test theories and study animal behavior is the
great out-of-doors, the field, where all life is struggling for existence
and exhibiting its characteristics for our observation and study.

Colonel Roosevelt may be said to have introduced the term
" faunal naturalist " to the public through his natural history writ-
ings. He demonstrated in his African expedition what a marvelous
faunal naturalist he was by acquiring a great mass of new observa-
tions on the life histories of the animals with which he met. Roose-
velt was a practical faunal naturalist who had scant sympathy for
mere theories in zoology. As an instance of this may be cited his
application of the protective coloration theories of certain modern
naturalists to the actual field conditions as he found them in Africa

[50]

Roosevelt and Wild Life

and America. He disco\ered that in many cases the authors had
placed the animals in an imaginar}' environment to make their color-
ation appear protective. W hen Roosevelt applied the color theories
to the actual field conditions he found that the coloration was, in
many cases, far from protective, the actual conditions of environ-
ment often making it astonishingly advertising. It was a great boon
to the study of protective coloration to have a field naturalist of the
wide experience of Roosevelt call attention to the numerous errors
of application as well as to the defective reasoning in many color
theories.

As one of the naturalists of the Roosevelt African Expedition,
it was my especial duty to preserve for the Smithso ia 1 Ins itution
the skins and skulls of all the game animals shot hy Colonel Roose-
velt. I accompanied him daily in the field so as to be near when he
bagged the big game. The Colonel was a delightful companion, and
on our rides afield we had long talks together regarding game ani-
mals and zoology generally. He had at his command the entire
published literature concerning the game mammals and birds of
the world, a feat of memory that few naturalists possess. I felt
constantly while with him that I was in the presence of the foremost
field naturalist of our time, as indeed I was. His indelible memory
seemed to furnish him with all the known facts about any species
of game animal, or any phase of vertebrate zoology, or theories con-
cerning it. Whatever I might say regarding my experiences in col-
lecting animals in foreign lands, or as to my knowledge of animal
behavior, Roosevelt always understood every detail, and I was con-
stantly delighted by his remarks and by the keen interest he always
exhibited in the animal life about him. His exhaustive knowledge
of zoology always gave him the ability to think clearly along scien-
tific lines, and he was never led astray by misinformation or fan-
tastic theories concerning animal life.

The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station will, I sin-
cerely hope, receive the support that will enable it to assume the
foremost rank among institutions devoted to the study of wild life
in its natural environment. It bears the name of a man whom we
all loved and admired for the whole-hearted way in which he devoted
his life to America, that it might be a better place to live in; and
to one whose sincerity and Americanism will ever remain a great
inspiration to his countrymen. It seems peculiarly fit that this insti-
tution should commemorate such a man as Roosevelt, whose keenest
enjoyment in life was the pursuit and study of animals in their
native haunts.

GEORGE WALBRIDGE PERKINS
1862-1920

Late President of the Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park

THE PRESENT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CON-
DITIONS AS RESULTS OF APPLIED
SCIENCE AND INVENTION

By Hon. George \V. Perkins

Late President of the Coinuiissioncrs of the Palisades
Interstate Park

[This paper, by the late Hon. George \V. Perkins, President of the Com-
missioners of the PaHsades Interstate Park, was presented before the Section
of Social and Economic Science of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, Dr. George F. Kuntz, Chairman, at Pittsburgh,
December 29, 1917. At the conclusion of the ensuing discussion, Mr. Perkins
presented me with a copy of the manuscript, from which this paper is
published.

This paper has been considered particularly appropriate to publish in this
Bulletin, because it outlines in a striking manner the precise relation that
scientific research and invention bear to practical proi)lems. It has an added
interest in coming not from a professional scientific man, but from a leader
in large constructive business enterprises. The dependence which he recog-
nizes between research and practice is the same relation that the research
of the Roosevelt Wild Life Station should bear to practical wild life
problems.

An early number of this Bulletin will contain a paper by me entitled
" Forestry and the Food Problem," in which it will be shown how intimately
research on wild life is related to practical problems, as exemplified oy
the production of food for man from the non-agricultural or forest lands
and waters.

Mr. Perkins was a close personal friend of Mr. Roosevelt, and his
active, practical cooperation in the wild life research of the College, and
of the Roosevelt Station, has been much appreciated. The first financial
support which the Roosevelt Station received from outside sources was
through Mr. Perkins' cooperation in the Palisades Interstate Park. His
interest was further shown by his suggestions. He said: "As a matter of
actual fact I think that any Roosevelt Memorial along the lines you suggest
ought in some way to be connected with the Palisades Interstate P'ark,
because, as you doubtless know, Roosevelt started it and was interested in
it for many years, and it has come to be a very large undertaking. However,
I do not feel like advocating this, because I am President of the Park Commis-
sion and ha\e been since it started. However, since you bring up the
question of using the Park in connection with the matter in which you are
interested, I will say frankly that I think this is where it ought to be
located. ..... I am iust at the eve of starting out to raise a consider-
able sum of money for the Park. Would there be any w-ay of our getting
together on the undertaking? "

Plans were later presented to him, and were under consideration by him
when overtaken by his last illness. To his wife, Evelina B. Perkins,
the Station is greatly indebted for permission to publish the address that
follows, as well as for the excellent portrait accompanying it. — C. C. A.]

As recently as when our fathers were boys, Samuel F. B. Morse
flashed to the world the first message ever carried by electricity.
That message was the query, " What hath God wrought ? " How

[53]

Roosevelt ]]"ild Life Bulletin

prophetic was that (juery, in view of the stupendous revolution in
social and industrial relations brou<,dit about since then by the use
of electricit} !

When miracles are mentioned our minds instinctively revert to
the miracles chronicled in the Bible; and yet, with the possible
exception of the raising of the dead, is there a miracle recorded in
the Scriptures that is more wonderful than the miracle of the tele-
phone? It is a miracle of a very real, practical nature; a miracle
that has revolutionized every detail of our present-day life, social,
financial, and industrial ; a miracle that has annihilated space and
brouf^ht the world so close together in its everyday relationships
that we have become one small group of people, regardless of the
hemisphere on which we live or the race to which we belong.

Business Revolutionized by Science. The revolution in busi-
ness methods caused by the use of electricity has been so rapid and
so com])lete as to cause bewilderment and consternation in the minds
of multitudes of our ])eo])le. They are fairly staggered by the
mighty changes that have taken place, and I sincerely question
whether they comjirehend the fundamental cause of these mighty
changes; and this lack of comprehension, in my judgment, is
responsible for much of the unrest that i)ermeates the world today.
Multitudes of people engaged in everyday atlfairs are seeing the
results, feeling the results, without understanding the causes, for
they have not been furnished by the men who have produced them
with sufficient information as to the causes and the results which
these causes are bound to produce.

The business men of the United States have been very properly
charged with having been so engrossed in money making during the
last quarter of a cenutry that they have given very little if any
attention to public afifairs ; have given very little if any of their
superb ability to public service ; and have given nearly all of their
ability to pursuing se'fish ends, largely of a money making nature.
Much can be said to substantiate this charge, but, in my judgment,
a similar charge can be made against the men of science. They
have been so engrossed in the fascinating problems on which they
have been working that they have taken little or no time to inform
the public as to the practical etfect that modern scientific inventions
were bound to have on the everyday lives of our people. These
inventions have been placed in the hands of the people of the world
within the last third of a century, and their application to business

Science and Progress

and social affairs has overthrown and carried away a countless
number of old practices and precedents. The result has been a
mighty conflict bet\veen the old laws of man and the new laws of
science. One or the other has had to give way. As the man-made
laws were the outgrowth of centuries of effort and cumulative
human knowledge, it did not seem possible that anything could come
into the world that would set all this cumulative knowledge and
experience to naught, and to do it over night as it were. Such, how-
ever, is the actual situation ; but a vast majority of the people of the
world do not realize this, do not understand it. It is also true that
even a large number of our more intelligent men have refused to
accept the new conditions in which we live, and have insisted on
continuing under the old system, following old precedents and prac-
tices. As a result, a mighty conflict has engaged us and will con-
tinue to engage us until our people and the other peoples of the
world realize that a might}' upheaval has taken place ; that we have
entered a new world of thought and action, dominated almost wholly
by the discoveries of science within the last half century; that new
codes of business morals, of finance, of industry are being set up;
and that it behooves us all to give the best thought, the broadest
vision, and the most unselfish devotion to the erection of a new
structure that will be in harmony with the modern economic needs
of our people.

Who can be of more help in this great reconstruction period than
the scientist? Should he not, in the present troubled and confused
thought of the world, give of his thought and time to the work of
informing the people in simple, easily understood language as to
what he has done to upset our old practices and customs ? Should
he not tell them wherein his work and accomplishments will be
of benefit to the people and why? Should he not show them how
impossible it is to fol'ow old precedents and practices when he, the
scientist, has by his discoveries and inventions completely wiped
out old methods ; when he, the scientist, has, through the miracles
he has wrought, destroyed old tools and substituted new ones ?
Until the people as a whole realize this, it is going to l^e most diffi-
cult to readjust our minds sufficiently to make us capable of
rearranging our social and industrial practices.

The bitter conflict that has been waged in our country during
the last twenty-five years between the old laws of man and the new
laws of science has been caused by a lack of understanding on the

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

part of our people as to what has Ijeen going on. I beheve that a
half century from now — yes, much sooner — our people will look
back at the struggle in which we are engaged and marvel at our
short-sightedness. They will look upon it then much as we nowa-
days look upon the witchcraft of early New England days.

Facility of Communication Enlarges Business. For the last
twenty-five years the scientist and the inventor have almost daily
placed in the hands of the merchant and the manufacturer some new
instrument or device that has made it possible for him to speed up
his business and reach out and do business at far distant points ;
some new device that has made it possible for a single human mind
to do infinitely more business than any human mind ever did before.
As soon as the business men began to employ these devices, our
old man-written laws of a quarter or half century ago were invoked
to prosecute these men who, as a matter of fact, were simply u ing,
in their practical everyday work, the discoveries of science and the
instruments of the inventor.

How perfectly aljsurd it is to allow a man to invent a machine,
to applaud and honor him for such invention, and the very next
instant attempt to place behind the bars the business man that uses
that invention. This is precisely what our country has been doing
for a quarter of a century. The telegraph that Mr. IMorse invented
and the telephone that Mr. Bell in\ented have been acclaimed as
the great discoveries of the age, and these men have been hailed
everywhere as great benefactors of the human race; yet had it not
been for these two in\entions how utterly impossible it would have
l)een to have had an interstate corporation or a so-called trust. Our
politicians have told us that the taril^ made the trusts. They seem
to have forgotten that while we have had a tarilY in this country
for more than a hundred years, we have only had large interstate
corporations for a matter of thirty or forty }ears. Intercommuni-
cation, improved and developed through the use of electricit}-, has
been the underh ing cause of the great industrial interstate and inter-
national enterprises. Raise or lower the tariff as much as you
please, and leave modern intercommunication undisturbed, and your
great interstate and international industrial iir.it of today would
continue ; but take away the strange force which we call electricity,
and your interstate and international business concern would fall
to pieces in short order. The telephone, not the larilT, made the
trusts.

Science and Progress

Intercommunication is the first requisite for doing business. In
our grandfathers' day there was no concern larger than that of
the store owned and operated by one individual, for the simple
reason that an ox or horse team could not go very far, and they
were the only methods of intercommunication. Intercommunica-
tion has rapidly improved, thanks to the marvelous work of the
scientists and inventors, and as it has improved and extended busi-
ness has grown from the individual to the firm, from the firm to
the company, from the company to the great international corpo-
ration. The only way to stop this development, to set it back where
it was in our grandfathers' day, is to eradicate the causes that have
produced the results. My plea is, that our people be told all this
in plain, everyday language ; that they be told it by you, the men
who are so largely responsible for creating the cause that has pro-
duced the result.

Until our people understand the fundamental cause, we are going
to have a conflict of titanic proportions. A campaign of education
is therefore imperative, for much that we learned in our youth
must be consigned to the scrap-heap, discarded altogether. We
must learn new methods of thought and of action. In order to do
this our people must have the facts. We cannot expect them to
readjust their thought and their action to such a great extent as
they must without facts that are indisputable. Who can give
them these facts better than the men who have created them, the
scientist and the inventor?

Cooperation the Path of Power. Steam and electricity have
been the great unifying forces in business. With their advent it
becomes perfectly natural for men to reach out and command larger
areas of trade, to have great, practical visions of interstate and inter-
national conquest in trade. The people as a mass do not understand
this. They almost feel that supermen have come into the world
in the last quarter of a century — men of far greater mental ability
than ever existed before. This of course is not true. The men of
the last quarter of a century have accomplished what they have, not
because the}' were endowed by the Almighty with vastly better
mental machines than their fathers possessed, but because they
have been endowed by the scientist and the inventor with vastly
better material machines than their forefathers possessed. If our
grandfathers wished to talk with a man in the next block, they had
to put on their hats and go and hunt up the man. If a man living

58 Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

in Boston wished to talk to a man living in San Francisco, he had
to transport his body across the continent before he could do it.
Today, all that is necessary is for you to turn in your chair, pick
up a tiny instrument, and command the voice of your friend whose
body is on the other side of the continent, and his voice immediately
sounds in your ear.

The Germans were the first people who had sufficient vision and
courage to comprehend what mighty and practical changes the
scientist and the inventor had wrought in business methods. They
lost no time, twenty-five }ears ago, in shaping their future to be
in keeping with the great new electrical age which the world was
entering. They formed large trading companies, with great rapidity
abandoned the old axiom " competition is the life of trade," and
substituted the new slogan cooperation is the life of trade." With
this slogan they went out for the trade of the world. At the same
moment our country took exactly the opposite course, and through
the passage of the Sherman law declared that competition was and
must continue to be the life of trade.

Japan is another country that has lost no time in throwing off
the customs and precedents of the past and entering the great new
electrical world with broad vision and splendid courage. Witness
what Japan has accomplished in less than half a centun,-. She has
cast off the customs and precedents of centuries, and has reached
out with great eagerness for the newer and more advanced thought
of the world. She has sent her best young manhood to the uni-
versities of all the civilized countries. She has sent commissions
of her most able men to all points of the globe, that they might
bring back the best thought and most advanced practices in social
and business relations. For the last quarter of a century precedent
has meant nothing to Japan. She has thought only of the match-
less opportunities that are opening to the world because of universal
education and vastl\ improved methods of intercommunication.

In both Germany and Japan the government has worked hand in
glove with its merchants and manufacturers, leaving no stone
unturned to make it clear to their people that the customs of their
fathers and forefathers were things of the past, and that new
beliefs, methods, and practices must take the place of old ones.

Foreign Business Methods Ahead of American. We pride
ourselves on being a new country, a progressive country, free from
the shackling influence of precedent. As compared to Germany

Science and Progress

and Jai^an, in their accomplishments of the last quarter of a cen-
tury, we are an old, benighted country. While both Germany and
Japan have been reaching out into the future with new methods
and practices, our so-called statesmen and laws have tried to bind
us hand and foot to an archaic past.

Fifteen years ago some of our business leaders with vision and
courage attempted to organize the railroads of our great Northwest
into one company, and planned to connect that railroad system on
the Pacific coast with a line of steamships to Japan and China.
Under an archaic law our Government attacked the enterprise,
declared it illegal, and prevented its being carried out. The project
was abandoned, and the ships for the Pacific were never built. Later
on, the La Follette law was passed, which effectually disposed of
the few ships we had remaining on the Pacific Ocean; and today, in
place of our being a potential factor in the carrying trade of the
Pacific, we are a negligible quantity, while Japan, which many of
our people still regard as an ancient nation, has forged ahead and
practically taken possession of the carrying trade of the Pacific.
All this is largely due to an titter lack of understanding on the
part of our so-called statesmen, and our people as a whole, to the
great economic changes that have been brought into the world, not
so much through the selfish desires of business men as through the
potential achievements of science.

The modern commercial accomplishments of Germany are too
numerous to mention, but the latest one of which I know is the
creation in Berlin of what is known as a Federal Purchasing
Bureau. I understand that hereafter, when a merchant in Germany
wishes to procure some commodity that is to be procured outside
of Germany, he will be required to go to this purchasing bureau of
the Government and lodge his order. Take copper for instance :
If the German copper merchants wish to buy copper, they will
each go to the Government purchasing bureau and lodge their
respective orders for, say. May copper. When the orders are all
in, this purchasing bureau will go into the world to buy, say, fifty
million pounds of copper. It will naturally come here, for we pro-
duce such large amounts of that metal. When it comes here it
will find that our laws require that our copper merchants compete
with one another in the sale of copper, while the German law
requires that their merchants cooperate with one another in the pur-
chase of copper. The method of Germany is, therefore, exactly

Roosevelt JJ'ild Life Bulletin

the opposite of our method, ^\'h^ch is right? If Germany is right,
then she is acquiring from us one of our most precious metals on
terms very advantageous to her and very (hsadvantageous to us.

Duty of Science Toward the Public. Twenty-five or thirty-five
years ago, before science and invention had perfected electrical
intercommunication, such arrangements as these did not and could
not exist. But today they can and do. Not only this, but in the
judgment of all thoughtfvd men they are l)ut in their infancy, for
science and invention are making stupendous strides in perfecting
instantaneous intercommunication of thought and the more rapid
transportation of our bodies and commodities from point to point.
When this war shall have finished, the conquest of the air will have
been accomplished. The wireless will be a practical, everyday
instrument. The submarine telephone w^ill doubtless be in opera-
tion, and international lines will then mean about as little as state
lines mean now, all because of what science has accomplished.

Surely, you men of science have vast accomplishments to your
credit. You have reason to be exceedingly proud of a great record
of achievement ; but is it not high time that you '' did your bit "
by making it plainer to the people as a whole what your accomplish-
ments mean to them in their work-day lives, making them under-
stand that while you ha\e destroyed an old order of things you
have created a new and l^etter order of things. Would it not be
highly beneficial to our country if some of your meetings and dis-
cussions were given over almost wholly to the task of enlightening
the people as to why it is that old methods must be discarded for
new methods? ^^ ill you not give your splendid talents to plain
talks with the multitude, for a great crisis confronts the world?

It is the crisis of changing in a night, as it were, from the age
of the ox team to the age of the flying machine. Certainly no such
stupendous revolution has confronted the world in all its history,
and unless our people can comprehend it all. can understand it all,
they will not be qualified to deal with it in their homes, in their
business, and above all, at the polls where representati\es are
selected bv them to make new laws and discard old ones.

CHAU.\XEY J. HAMLIN
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
FOREST WILD LIFE IN THE ALLEGANY
STATE PARK, NEW YORK

Bv Dk. Charles C. Adams. Director
Contents .

1. Introduction.

2. Angling and Hunting Preserves.

3. A Natural History Preserve.

a. A Wild Life Exhibit.

b. A Natural History Sanctuary.

4. A " Roosevelt Field Station," for the Roosevelt Wild Life

Forest Experiment Station.

5. Reference List.

Introduction

The establishment of preserves for wild life and the purposes of
natural history has made much progress in America during
the past quarter of a century. At present there is urgent need of
greatly increasing their number, and an equally acute need of scien-
tific study of the Ijest m.ethods of managing them ; and of teach-
ing the public how most thoroughly to understand and benefit by
them. Reservations cannot be simply established and then left to
themselves, because by normal increase their wild life may soon
1)ecome a menace to itself and may even defeat the purpose for
which the preserves are established. Wild life must today be intel-
ligently supervised ; and it is quite a difficult applied science to
maintain it in a normal wild state in this modern world. Those won-
derful Louisiana preserves, now that they are created, must be care-
fully studied scientifically or they will not, in the long run, be a
success. W'e hear much more about setting apart reservations than
we do of their proper care and use ; the first step of course is to
establish them, and then comes the problem of their utilization.
The Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station was estab-
lished primarily to investigate just such problems, and since its
beginning has devoted itself to such investigations.

The Roosevelt Wild Life Station has reason to take a special
interest in the Allegany State Park because of its part in the move-

[62]

Wild Life Management for Allegany Park 63

ment that led to its establishment. On March 5, 1920, Mr. J. C.
Brennan, President of the Erie County Society for the Protection of
Fish, Birds and Game, sought the assistance of the Roosevelt Sta-
tion for a fish survey of Erie County, because the Station had pre-
viously conducted fish surveys in the State. Mr. Brennan was
assured of the hearty cooperation of the Station and the services of
its specialist on fish, Professor T. L. Hankinson. He also conferred
with Mr. Chauncey J. Hamlin, President of the Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences, who had already secured the cooperation of the
Erie County Society. President Hamlin came to Syracuse to consult
about these plans, and while in conference with Professor Henry R.
Francis, of the Department of Forest Recreation in the College of
Forestry, and myself, both of whom had previously had experience
in the Palisades Interstate Park on the Hudson River, it was sug-
gested that there ought to be established in Western New York a
large public forest which should embrace every phase of modern
park activity, including fishing, hunting and camping. For years
sportsmen and conservationists in Western New York had been talk-
ing about the need of a wild life preserve there, but nothing had
taken definite shape. Following this conference, Mr. Hamlin, work-
ing with Mr. Hamilton Ward, Mr. Brennan and Mr. James Savage,
interested a group of public-spirited citizens, including ex-Senator
A. T. Fancher of Salamanca, and several gentlemen from Chau-
tauqua County, including Mr. F. G. Kaiser, and an active organiza-
tion was soon under way. Dean F. F. Moon had given assurance
of full cooperation on the part of the College of Forestry. Later
President Hamlin visited the Palisades Interstate Park, and with
the assistance of Mr. Edward F. Brown, formerly Superintendent,
Camp Department of the PaHsades Park, organized local com-
mittees in New York City and in Albany designed to promote these
plans.

In behalf of the committee, Mr. Brown visited Cattaraugus
County and prepared a report suggesting plans and legislation for
the proposed park. A brief of this report was published in 1920
under the title, "A State Park for Western ^New York." At Mr.
Brown's request I prepared a tentative plan for the wild life and
the natural history resources of the proposed park. This was
incorporated in his unpublished report and brief mention of it
was made in the published abstract. Through the activity of the
Bufifalo committee, Mr. Hamilton Ward and Senator Henry W.
Hill, there was drafted a bill authorizing the establishment of the

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

Allegany State Park, and it became a law in May, 1921, with tlie
signature of Governor Nathan A. Miller.

The Roosevelt Station has thus, from the inception of the plans
which resulted in the establishment of the Park, been actively inter-
ested in its progress. As but few working plans for wild life parks
have been published, and as new parks are continually being estab-
lished throughout the country, the publication of these suggestions
is intended to assist the men and women promoting them. It should
be understood that these plans were formulated to meet a specific
case, and yet their application is widespread. At the end of this
paper I give a copy of the law under which the Allegany Park is
established and to be conducted (see pp. 75—81); and references
to publications that will be of special value to those interested in
this phase of wild life work.

It should be borne in mind that throughout the plans for this
Park it is intended to practice modem reforestation of the much
cut-over land, and establish there a forest so managed as to pro-
duce a permanent yield of timber, except in the area reserved for
the Natural History Sanctuary and in the suggested experimental
" Roosevelt Field Station." Its system of management is intended
to harmonize with the fullest and best public use of this large forest
area. The plan will provide not only for the permanent supply of
timber needed for construction of buildings, for camp-fires, and other
purposes, and will shelter many kinds of plants and animals native
in such a forest, but it will also provide the beautiful natural appear-
ing woodland background desired for a camping park. In time,
such a forest will become an important source of revenue for main-
tenance of the Park, and it should be made an example showing how
all uses of the forest can be harmonized when intelligently organized.

The Legislature has authorized the establishment of the Allegany
State Park in Cattaraugus County, about seventy miles south of Buf-
falo, near the State line, in the great bend of the Allegheny River
as it swings up into New York from Pennsylvania in the vicinity
of Salamanca. This is a part of the Appalachian plateau, lying at
a level of about two thousand feet above the sea, while entrenched
in this upland lies the beautiful open valley of the Allegheny
River, flowing about a thousand feet below. Many of the
tiibutary streams, such as Quaker and Wolf Runs, are fine
trout brooks. The whole region was once densely forested, but
has been cut over repeatedly. An occasional bear or deer is now

Fig. 2. Mature forest in the " Big Basin," near the head of Stoddard Creek,

Allegany State Park.

Fig. I. \ iew of Ouakcr Run. Allegany State Park.

Fig. 2. A bayou in Tunungwant \'alley, Allegany State Park.

Wild Life Management for Allegany Park 67

found there, and hares, cotton-tail rabbits, grouse and woodcock
still abound. The region is thus already well stocked, and intelli-
gent fire protection and supervision will make the Park an excel-
lent refuge for every sort of wild creature native to that part of the
State.

Angling and Hunting Preserves

A large pulilic angling and hunting preserve is needed in Western
New York, where deer, bear, grouse, wild turkey, woodcock, hares
and rabbits, as well as trout and other fish and game, can thrive
in abundance, so that the people may have an opportunity for
healthful outdoor recreation near at hand. That such a preserve
should abound in fish and game can only be assured where there
is a large area, carefully stocked, protected and supervised in a
thoroughly modern fashion. Park wardens, wild life keepers, and
park police can assure reasonable protection ; and under the man-
agement of competent fish and game keepers, large breeding sanc-
tuaries (where no killing will be permitted) can be permanently
maintained, affording excellent sport year after year for a large
number of persons.

Under the Pennsylvania system of game preserves, according to
John M. Phillips ('20), one of the Pennsylvania Game Commis-
sioners, a central area bounded by a single-wired fence waist high,
marks the sanctuary within which no killing of game is allowed,
while the surrounding area is a public hunting ground during the
regular open season. Under this system game has greatl\- increased
in numbers in Pennsylvania. The location of these preserves is
shown on the map of Pennsylvania, p. 68.

It has been found advantageous to make these preserves of about
three thousand acres, and not to exceed ten miles in their longest
diameter. They are situated in the midst of a forested area. Game
vermin on these tracts is killed ol¥ persistently, and thorough fire
protection is given. A keeper's duties not only include protection,
but also the planting of fruits, nuts, berries and other vegetation to
provide food and shelter for the birds and other animals. The
preserves are fully posted and are protected by fire lines. When-
ever possible, in the Allegany Park, fish and game should be given
equal protection, and in some cases it may be necessary to estab-
lish special fish preserves, independent of the game sanctuary, in
order to protect certain valuable breeding grounds. (See also
Scudder, '17).

Wild Life Management for Allegany Park 69

There are today about thirty State game preserves in Penn-
sylvania, including one in Tioga and three in Potter County, these
counties being on the^New York State line. There are none in Erie,
Warren or McKeen Counties, which are also adjacent to the State
line and the Allegany State Park. To equip one of these preserves
costs about $2,000, and its maintenance requires about $1,200. The
system has completely restored good hunting in Pennsylvania, and
would, with intensive care made possible by wardens, keepers, and
police, properly justify a moderate fee for the enjoyment of these
privileges. By such means a fund could be accumulated to pay at
least in part, for the wild life maintenance.

In the present Park there should be several of these preserves,
particularly in the remote areas, because other park visitors must be
fully protected from accidental shooting by hunters, or the fear of
stray bullets. If tramping trails are laid out in the hunting preserve,
they should therefore be closed during the hunting season. Shelters
and camps should be provided for sportsmen in the hunting areas.

The preserve method for maintaining game in the Allegany Park
should be carefully adapted and applied to angling preserves. (See
Kendall, '18; Adams, Hankinson and Kendall, '19). This may in-
volve a system of rotation, by periodically opening and closing cer-
tain areas, in order to keep the waters fully stocked. All game
preserves should occupy the most remote and inaccessible parts of
the Park if they are to be developed to the highest degree, as by
this means the greatest acreage can be secured, with the least dis-
turbance of the game by the visitors and with the least risk to human
life by accidental shooting. The hunting season of course follows
the summer season with its maximum number of Park visitors, but
there should be absolute safety from hunters throughout the year.

A Natural History Preserve

In addition to the angling and hunting preserves just discussed,
a large area of the Park should be set aside for a Natural History
Preserve where no hunting or angling should be allowed, and where
plants and animals should be carefully protected in as nearly a
natural state as is possible (Adams, '13). This area should be
devoted mainly to the scientific, educational and recreational inter-
ests that cluster about natural history in all of its varied phases, as
expressed in the popular regard for flowers, trees, birds, rocks,
minerals and fossils. Tramping and boating should be encouraged
and their needs amply provided for. (See Buxton, '84, preface;

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

Conwentz, '09). This area might be divided into two sections, the
first constituting a wild life exhibit.

a. A Wild Life Exhibit. Here would be assembled animals
both formerly and now native to the region, and this animal collec-
tion should be made easily accessible to the public. There should
be represented the buffalo, bear, deer, beaver, elk, wildcat, wolf, wild
turkey, grouse, squirrels and many others, all in suitable quarters,
so that those with limited time in the Park might easily become
acquainted with the native animals of the region. The recreational
and educational value of this, so limited, would be very great, and
it would be a very attractive feature of perennial interest to auto-
mobile visitors as well as to campers. (See Smith, '14).

A second section of this preserve should form a natural history
sanctuary.

b. A Natural History Sanctuary. To those who are camping
in the Park, or who wish to make extended walking trips through
it, as well as to amateur naturalists and to pupils and students of
our schools of all kinds, the Natural History Sanctuary should be
particularly attractive (Adams, '10, '21). In this area there
should be preserved the best remaining fragments of the virgin
forest vegetation, and these should be very carefully protected, not
only from fire but also from all other harmful influences. Even
the picking of flowers to excess, or the collecting of animals, should
be restricted. There is, however, as much reason for allowing boys
and girls, and pupils and students, to pick flowers and to collect
natural history specimens for either pleasure or study, as there
is for allowing others to catch and kill fish and game, or to wear
out the grass in our city parks. There is, of course, equal justifica-
tion for spending money to maintain a natural history preserve as
for spending money to stock the woods and waters with fish and
game. We have only been slower in recognizing the educational,
recreational, and scientific value of this aspect of natural history.
The park authorities should fully recognize this need, and carefully
encourage and wisely guide it, so as to secure a proper use and
appreciation of all natural history objects to the best advantage.
Special permits should be given to collect natural histor\- specimens ;
or this might even be done without a permit when accompanied by
an official Nature Guide or authorized leader.

The Natural History Sanctuary should be as diversified physically
as is possible in order to include the greatest variety of animals
and plants, and their various associations. In this area there should

Ji^ild Life MaiKu/ciiinit for .Allegany Park /l

be preserved the best samples of virgin forest and other natural
vegetation in the region, and an\ specially valuable or interesting
geological exposures or physiographic features. A systematic effort
should be made to restore in this area as near virgin conditions as
possible, so that in a generation from now a good sample of almost
primeval forest, with its native plants and animals, would be avail-
able to the public, not only as a memorial or monument, but also
for educational, scientific and recreational purposes. (See Con-
wentz, "09; Adams, '13; Sumner, '20). Special precautions should
be taken to make fire protection for this area as near perfect as is
humanly possible. Such a sanctuary should not be fenced unless
fencing is unavoidable, but should be carefully guarded by a high
grade of specially trained protectors or Nature Guides who would
not only guard but also help to maintain the preserve as natural
as possible, and who would be able to assist in teaching the public
a proper appreciation of natural history. The Nature Guides for
this sanctuary should keep thoroughly posted as to. the conditions
on the area, and should see that the sanctuary is not injured by the
visitors. This would necessitate not only guarding especially valu-
able, interesting or rare objects, but also insuring the proper rotation
of use by the public, so that the trails and special features may be
allowed time to recuperate after severe use. A large area within
this sanctuary should be made an absolutely zvild preserve of virgiti
conditions. If necessary, special areas should be purchased for this
purpose.

A small museum (see Smith, '14) and a nature library (Graves,
'19) should form a part of the equipment of this sanctuary, and
there should be provided also special camping sites, shelters and
automobile parking facilities. The museum and library would be
particularly valuable to campers, to visiting groups of school chil-
dren, and to those specially interested in one or another branch of
natural history.

This sanctuary should have a carefully worked out system of
marked trails, so that city people not familiar with the woods would
have no hesitation in penetrating the forest solitudes (Adams,
'10, '21). A good series of pockfet maps ought to be made available.

The sanctuary might not be fenced but might be marked by two
strands of wire, and would materially assist, by its overflow, in
stocking all other parts of the Park with wild life, — even the
angling and hunting preserves.

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

A " Roosevelt Field Station " for the Roosevelt Wild Life
Forest Experiment Station

Adjacent to the sanctuary there should be located on a large, care-
fully chosen tract, a " Roosevelt Field Station " or field laboratory
for the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station. The
Wild Life Station was authorized by the Legislature as a Memorial
to Theodore Roosevelt because of his great interest in wild life,
and is devoted to the investigation of the life histories, habits, and
methods of management of forest animals of all kinds. Just such
forest management and utilization problems as have been alluded
to — and they will constantly arise in connection with the adminis-
tration of the Angling and Hunting Preserves and the Natural
History Sanctuary, as well as in all other parts of the proposed
Allegany Park — will require attention. The College of Forestry
already possesses, near Red House, in the proposed park area, about
one thousand acres of forest land, and is thus already deeply inter-
ested in this region. There are a large number of scientific and
technical problems in connection with increasing and protecting
fish and game in the Park, and in the management of the Natural
History Sanctuary, which will require special study. The Roose-
velt Wild Life Station, since its establishment in May, 1919, has
been working on allied wild life problems in the Palisades Inter-
state Park along the Hudson River, and elsewhere in the State.
With its technical staff it is particularh- well fitted to aid and coop-
erate in the present undertaking. The members of the Station staflF
have been engaged in similar work for many years. In the Pali-
sades Interstate Park the Roosevelt Station has, for example, made
investigations on the fish, birds, methods of controlling the '" water
bloom " in bathing lakes, mosquito control by fish, and the use of
woodland trails in the study of the natural history of forest life.
Similar problems arise in all large parks and become increasingly
complicated with intensive use.

To conduct properly some of these studies on wild life, the " Roose-
velt Field Station " should be fenced, in order to insure undisturbed
investigations and experiments. For this reason also, it would be
best to have this Field Station somewhat removed from the main
centers where campers and visitors gather, as well as at a safe dis-
tance from the Hunting Preserve.

Upon a comprehensive plan of this character the wild life and
natural history interests of the Allegany State Park would be per-

JVild Life Management for Allegany Park 73

petuated and improved, and the means for attacking many problems
that require technical and scientific skill for their solution would be
immediately available to the Park authorities.

Reference List

Adams, Charles C.

1910. The Relation of Field Excursions to the Activities of
Local Museums. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Museums, Vol. 4,
pp. 1 12-124.

191 3. " The Value and INIethod of Ecological Surveys." Guide

to the Study of Animal Ecology, pp. 23-35. Y.
1921. Delights of the Wild Forest Trail. State Service (Maga-
zine), Vol. 5, pp. 100-103.
Adams, Ch.\rles C, Haxkinson, T. L., and Kendall, W. C.

1919. A Preliminary Report on a Fish Cultural Policy for the

Palisades Interstate Park. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc,
Vol. 48, pp. 193-204.

Buxton, Edward North.

1884. Epping Forest. Pp. 1-147. London.

Brown, Edward F.

1920. Social Aspects of Park Administration. The N. Y.

State College of Forestry, Syracuse, Bull. No. 10,
pp. 47-66.

CONWENTZ, H.

1909. The Care of Natural Monuments with Special Reference
to Great Britain and Germany. Pp. 1-185. Cambridge,
England.

Graves, C. Edward.

1919. A Plan for a Nature Library. Library Journal, Vol. 44,
PP- 707-710-
Grinnell, Joseph, and Storer, Tracy L

1916. Animal Life as an Asset of National Parks. Science,
N. S., Vol. 44, pp. 375-380.
Hahn, Walter L.

1913. The Future of the North American Fauna. Pop. Sci.
Mo., Vol. 83, pp. 169-177.

Hewitt, C. Gordon.

1921. The Conservation of the Wild Life of Canada.

Pp. 1-344. N. Y.
H0RNAD.A.Y, William T.

1913. Our Vanishing W'ild Life, its Extermination and Preser-
vation. Pp. 1-411. ,N. Y.

74 Ruosevcli Wild Life Bulletin

Kendall, Wm. Converse.

1918. The Rangeley Lakes, Maine; with Special Reference to

the Habits of the Fishes, Fish Cuhure and AngHng.

U. S. Bur. Fish. Bull., Vol. 35, pp. 485-594.
Miller, W. N.

1915. Game Preservation in the Rocky Mouritains Forest Pre-
serve. Dept. of Interior, Canada, Forestry Branch.
Bull. No. 51, pp. 1-69.
Palmer, T. S.

1910. Private Game Preserves and their Future in the United
.States. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surv., Cir. No. 72,
pp. i-ii.

1912. National Reservations for the Protection of Wild Life.

U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surv., Cir. No. 87,
pp. 1-32.

1917. National Monuinents as Wild Life Sanctuaries. U. S.

Dept. Int., ,Nat. Park Serv., Proc. Nat. Parks Confer.,
191 7, pp. 208-225.
Phillips, John M.

1920. How Pennsylvania is Bringing Back Game and Sport.

The Statement of the Permanent Wild Life Protection
Fund, Vol. 3, pp. 161-170.

ROOSEV ELT, T H EODORE.

1914. Wilderness Reserves. American Big Game in Its
Haunts (The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club),
pp. 23-51. X. Y.

ScuDDER, Bradford A.

1917. A\'ild Life Conservation Applied to a Large Estate.

Bull. Amer. Game Protec. Assoc., Vol. 6, No. 2.
pp. 10-13, 15.
SiLLOWAV, P. M.

1920. The Pali.sades Interstate Park: A Study in Recreational
Forestry. The N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syra-
cuse, Bull. No. 10, pp. 15-45.
Sumner, Francis B.

1920. The Need for a More Serious ElTort to Rescue a F"e\v
Fragments of Vanishing Nature. Sci. Monthly,
Vol. 10, pp. 236-248.
Smith, Harlan I.

1914. Handbook of the Rocky Mountains Park ]^Iuseum. Dept.

of Interior, Canada, Dominion Parks Branch.
Pp. 1-126.
WoLCOTT, Frederic C.

1914. " Private Game Preserves as Factors in Conservation."

In Hornaday's Wild Life Conservation, pp. 195-229.
New Haven.

Allegany State Park Law

Law Establishing the Allegany State Park

AN ACT to provide for the location, creation and management of
the Allegany State Park in Cattaraugus county and for the pur-
chase of lands; and making an appropriation therefor.

Became a law May 2, 1921, with the approval of the Governor. Passed,
three-fifths being present.

The Profile of the State of Nczc York, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section i. The Allegany State Park is hereby located and created
within the county of Cattaraugus, state of Xew York, and shall
include the lands owned or hereafter acquired by the state of New-
York within the following described boundaries, to wit : Commenc-
ing at a point in the town of Carrollton, where the western boundary
of the right of way of the Erie Railroad Company intersects the
state line between the states of New York and Penns\ lvania ; run-
ning thence northerly along said western boundarv of said right
of way to the southern boundary of the Allegany Indian reserva-
tion ; thence along the said boundary of said reservation through
the towns of Carrollton, Great \'alley, Salamanca, Red House, Cold
Spring, Elko and South Valley, to the intersection of said boundary
of said reservation with the said state line ; thence easterly along said
state line to the place of beginning, excepting and reserving there-
from any part of the city of Salamanca, and any part of the village
of Limestone included in the land above descriljed. All of the lands
hereinbefore described, and hereafter acquired by the state for such
state park shall be forever reserved and maintained for the use of
all the people, but the said Allegany State Park shall not constitute
a part of the forest preserve.

§ 2. Within thirty days after the going into efTect of this act
there shall be appointed by the governor of this state, by and with
the consent of the senate, five commissioners, who shall be citi-
zens and residents of the state of New York, and who shall con-
stitute, and are hereby appointed and constituted a board of com-
missioners by the name and style of " commissioners of Allegany
State Park." Such comtnissioners shall serve terms of from one
to five years respectively, and the governor shall designate the terms
.of each of said first appointed commissioners who shall hold office
for the terms of their respective appointments, and until others are
appointed in their places, and all such commissioners after the first
appointment shall be appointed by the governor by and with the
consent of the senate and shall hold office for the full term of five
years and until others have been appointed in their places. Vacancies
in the commission caused by death, removal, resignation, refusal
or inability to act, or removal from the state shall be filled by the
governor by appointment for the unexpired term only. No mem-
ber of said board shall receive any compensation for his services

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

as commissioner, but each commissioner shall be entitled to receive
his actual disbursements and expenses in performing the duties of
his office. The governor may remove a member of such commission
for inefficiency, neglect of duty or misconduct in office, giving him
a copy of the charges against him and an opportunity of being
publicly heard in person or by counsel in his own defense upon not
less than ten days' notice. If such member shall be removed the
governor shall file in the office of the secretary of state a complete
statement of all charges made against such member and his findings
thereon, together with a complete record of the proceedings.

§ 3. In case the state of Pennsylvania proceeds to acquire lands
adjoining the boundaries of the said state park to be used for a
similar purpose the commission is authorized to co-operate with the
said state of Pennsylvania and such representatives as said state
may designate for that purpose for the joint control and operation
of the Allegany State Park and the adjoining lands in the state of
Pennsylvania.

§ 4. Such commissioners and their successors are authorized to
sue and bring proceedings in the name of the people of the state of
New York, to use a common seal, and make and adopt by-laws
to regulate its proceedings. They shall keep a record of their pro-
ceedings and make an annual report to the legislature. Such com-
missioners shall annually choose from among their members a chair-
man and secretary, and appoint such other officers and such other
employees as the commission deems necessary to carry out the pur-
poses of this act. All patrolmen and game wardens appointed by
the commission may be uniformed and shall have within the limits of
the property of the Allegany State Park, all the ]X)wers, duties and
liabilities of constables of towns in the execution of criminal process.
The board of commissioners may also determine the duties and com-
pensation of such employees and may appoint and remove them at
pleasure and make all reasonable rules and regulations respecting
the same. The board of commissioners ma\' also build necessary
roads and bridges within the boundaries of the said park, erect
camps, and may provide and operate such other facilities for the
use and enjoyment of such park liy the public and for increasing the
accessibility of the park to such public, as the board may deter-
mine necessary or expedient and the said lioard may also provide
at its discretion by a proper rule or regulation for the terms upon
which and the manner in which all such facilities may be used, and
may do and perform all things necessary for the execution of the
purposes of this act, and have general supervision and control over
said park. Such board shall have and maintain a suitable office where
its maps, plans, documents, records and acts shall be kept subject
to public inspection at such times and under such reasonable regula-
tions as the board shall determine.

§ 5. Within sixty days after this act takes effect, such com-
missioners shall convene and organize, as hereinbefore provided,

Allegany State Park Law

and adopt a common seal. A majority of such commission shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

§ 6. The board of commissioners shall have power to, and shall
as soon as may be, after its organization, proceed to select, locate
and acquire lands in the name of the people of the state of New
York, within the foregoing described boundaries, and shall so far
as their appropriation permits, proceed to make the same available
for use as a public park and to provide for the protection and propa-
gation of fish and game thereon and for the reforestation of the
same.

§ 7. The commission shall, with the approval of the governor, have
the power and authority to appropriate real and personal property,
in the manner and under the conditions herein defined :

1. Purposes. The commission may enter upon and take
possession of any lands or waters or both, or of any forests and
rights in timber upon any lands included now, or hereafter to be
included, within the Allegany State Park, the appropriation of which,
in the judgment of said commission, shall be necessary for public
park purposes, or for the purpose of the propagation, protection
and conservation of fish and game.

2. Description of land. An accurate description of such prop-
erty so entered upon and appropriated shall be made by the com-
mission, who shall certify under its seal that the description is cor-
rect, and shall endorse thereon a notice that the property described
therein is appropriated by the people of the state of New York for
the purpose described in this section. The original of such descrip-
tion and certificate shall be filed in the office of the secretary of
state. The Allegany State Park commission may make such addi-
tional copies of this certificate and description as may be necessary
and certify the same.

3. Service of notice. The said commission shall thereupon cause
a duplicate of said description and certificate, with notice of the date
of filing thereof in the office of said secretary of state, to be served
on the owner or owners of the lands, forests, and rights in timber
upon such lands and waters so appropriated ; and from the time
of such service the entry upon and appropriation by the people of
the state of the property described in such notice shall be deemed
complete, and thereupon such property shall become, and be, the
property of the people of the state. Such notice shall be conclusive
evidence of an entry and appropriation by the state ; but the service
of such notice shall raise no presumption that the lands, forests
and rights in timber upon such lands described therein are private
property.

4. Manner of service. Service of the notice and papers pro-
vided for under subdivision three must be personal if the person to
be served can be found within the state. If the said commission
shall not be able to serve said notice and papers or to cause the
same to be served upon the owner or owners personally within

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

the state, after making an efifort so to do which said commission
shall deem to be reasonable and proper, service may be made by
filing said notice and papers in the office of the county clerk of the
county wherein the property so appropriated is situated and by
causing such notice and papers to be recorded in the books used
for recording deeds in the office of said clerk. On the filing of said
notice and papers with said clerk, it shall be the duty of said clerk
to record same in the books used for recording deeds in the office
of said clerk and to index the name of the person or persons to
whom said notice is directed as a grantor in an index book to be
kept by said clerk.

In case such service is made by filing said notice and papers in
the office of the county clerk, any person so served may at any time
thereafter file a claim with the court of claims, against the state,
notwithstanding the two year limitation provided by this article or
bv article one, title three of chapter three of the code of civil pro-
cedure, excepting that if the person so served shall be brought in and
made a party to any claim or proceeding pending in the court of
claims or before a referee having jurisdiction to hear, try or deter-
mine a pending claim, such person so brought in and made a partv
shall not thereafter file a claim against the state on account of such
a])pr()priation, in addition to or in substitution for the claim to which
he has been made a ])arty, unless he shall file such additional or
substituted claim within three months from the time he is so brought
in and made a party.

5. Description and certificates to be recorded. If service be
personal, the said commission shall thereupon cause a copy of such
notice and papers, together with an affidavit of due service thereof
on such owner or owners, to be filed and recorded in the same man-
ner as provided in subdivision four, and it shall lie the duty of said
clerk to record and index same as provided in subdivision four in
case service is other than personal ; and the record of such notice, and
of such proof of personal service, shall be presumptive evidence of
due service thereof.

6. Adjustment of claims by agreement. Claims for the value of
the property appropriated, and for legal damages caused by any
.such appropriation, may be adjusted by the commission, if the
amount thereof can be agreed upon with the owner or owners thereof.
Upon making any such adjustment and agreement the commission
shall deliver to the comptroller a certificate stating the amount
due to said owner on account of such appropriation of his land or
other property, and the amount so fixed shall be paid by the treas-
urer upon the warrant of the comptroller.

7. Court of claims, jurisdiction of. If the commission and the
owner or owners of the property so appropriated fail to agree upon
the value of such property, or upon the amount of legal damages
resulting from such appropriation, within one year after the serv-
ice of the notice and papers provided for in section sixty-eight

Allegany State Park Lazv

of this chapter, such owner may, within two years after the service
of such notice and papers, present to the court of claims a claim for
the value of such land and legal damages ; and said court shall have
jurisdiction to hear and determine such claim and render judgment
thereon. Upon filing in the office of said commission, and in the
office of the comptroller, a certified copy of the judgment of the
court of claims, antl a certificate of the attorney-general that no
appeal from such iudgment has been, or will he taken, by the state,
or if an appeal has been taken, a certified copy of the final judgment
of the appellate court affirming in whole or in part the judgment
of the court of claims, the comptroller shall issue his warrant for
the payment of the amount due the claimant by such judgment, with
interest from the date of the judgment until the thirtieth day after
the entr}- of such final judgment, and such amount shall be paid
by the treasurer.

8. Court of claims to examine property. The court of claims,
if requested by the claimant or the attorney-general, shall examine
the real property afi^ected by the claim of damages for the appro-
priation thereof and take testimony in relation thereto in the county
where such property or a part thereof is situated.

9. Oil, gas, mineral and lumber rights may be excepted. The
commission may except from the purchase of any lands or waters
taken under this article, any oil, gas, lumber or mineral rights thereon,
with the right of access thereto, which exception must be stated in
the description filed in the office of the secretary of state and in
the notice served on the owner, as provided by this section.

^Nothing in this section shall prevent the subsequent appropria-
tion by the commission of any rights so excepted.

10. Adjustment of claims for trespass or other injuries. In
cases of trespasses or other injuries to lands or property purchased
or acquired by the state, the commission may settle and adjust any
claims for damages due to the state on account of any such trespasses
or other injuries to property or interests of the state, or penalties
incurred by reason of such trespasses or otherwise, and the amount
of such damages or penalties so adjusted shall be deducted from
the original compensation agreed to be paid for the land, or for
damages, or from a judgment rendered by the court of claims on
account of the appropriation of such land. A judgment recovered
by the state for such a trespass or for a penalty shall likewise be
deducted from the amount of such compensation or judgment.

11. Judgments. When a judgment for damages is rendered for
the appropriation of any lands or waters for the purposes specified
in this article, and it appears that there is any lien or incumbrance
upon the property so appropriated, the amount of such lien shall be
stated in the judgmei'vt, and the comptroller may deposit the amount
awarded to the claimant in any bank in which moneys belonging

to the state may be deposited, to the account of such judgment, to

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

be paid and (listri])uted to the persons entitled to the same as directed
by the judgment.

12. Costs and disbursements; when offer made. If an offer
is made by said commission for the value of land appropriated,
or for damages caused by such appropriation, and such offer is
not accepted, and the recovery in the court of claims exceeds the
offer, the claimant is entitled to costs and disbursements as in an
action in the supreme court, which shall be allowed and taxed by
the court of claims and included in its judgment. If in such a
case the recovery in the court of claims does not exceed the offer,
costs and disbursements to be taxed shall be awarded in favor of
the state against the claimant and deducted from the amount awarded
to him; or if no amount is awarded, judgment shall be entered in
favor of the state against the claimant for such costs and disburse-
ments. If an offer is not accei)ted, it cannot be given in evidence
on the trial.

§ 8. Such commissioners are authorized and empowered, within
such park, through their agents and employees, to enforce, in the
name of the people of the state of New York, the penalties and
conduct the prosecution set forth in the conservation law, and such
commission shall have the power to create and establish closed
seasons for fish and game within such park as in its judgment may
be necessary for the propagation and protection of such game and
fish, and may make suitable regulations for the capture, killing
and transportation thereof, and such commission shall have power
and authority to propagate game and fish for the stocking of the
said Allegany State Park, and to make regulations and rules w^hich
shall be binding upon all persons within the boundaries of the
aforesaid Allegany State Park, whether upon lands owned b}- the
state or otherwise for the purposes of fire, game and fish protection,
and to establish and enforce suitable penalties for the violation
thereof.

§ 9. Such commissioners shall have the power, in the name of
the people of the state of New- York, to acquire, maintain and make
available for use as a public park, the lands located as aforesaid,
and for this purpose shall have the power to take, in the name of
the people of the state of New York, in fee or otherwise, by lease,
purchase, gift, devise, or through the procedure heretofore set
forth, the said lands or any of them, and any rights, interests and
easements therein, and to receive by gift, devise or contribution,
money to be used in acquiring and improving the said lands or any
of them, and the said board shall also have power, in the name of
the people of the state of New York, to receive and administer for
park purposes, any gift or devise of personal property, or any land
or rights in land outside the areas defined in said park, adjoining
the same, and it shall be its duty to preserve, care for and lay out
and improve the said park, and it shall have power to lay out. con-
struct and maintain roads and pathways over the said park, to

Allegany State Park Lazv

dam the streams therein, except the main stream of the Allegheny
river, and to lay out and construct and maintain roads between and
connecting any separate portion of said park, and for this purpose
to acquire rights of way upon and across any intervening lands, and
authority is conferred upon such commission to build and maintain
roads across the Allegany Indian reservation for this purpose, and
in case the state of Pennsylvania shall acquire lands for a state park,
adjoining the lands herein described, to connect such roads with
roads so laid out in the state of Pennsylvania and to maintain such
lands within the state of New York so that the same may form a
continuous park with the lands acquired by the state of Pennsylvania,
and to do all things necessary in their judgment to carry out the
purposes of this act.

§ lo. The sum of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000), or
so much thereof as may be necessary, payable out of any moneys
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, is hereby appropriated
to carry out the provisions of this act. No part of the said sum
shall be available for any purpose specified in this act, until the
certificate of the commissioners, provided to be appointed herein,
has been filed in the office of the state comptroller, showing that
the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) has been donated
by individuals or corporations and deposited to the credit of the
commission in a bank or trust company to be designated by the
commission, to be used for some or all of the purposes specified in
this act. Payments from said appropriation shall only be made upon
itemized accounts, duly verified, certified and approved by the chair-
man of the commission, by the state treasurer on the warrant of
the comptroller.

§ II. This act shall take efifect immediately.

[Laws of New York, Chapter 468, 1921.]

FRANK M. CHAPMAN
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

AIMS AND STATUS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL
PRESERVE WORK IN EUROPE, WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GERMANY,
INCLUDING A LIST OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT PUB-
LICATIONS ON THESE
PRESERVES

By Dr. Theodor G. Aiirens
Berlin, W'ilmersdorf, Germany

Contents

1. Introduction: Conservation in Europe.

2. Bird Protection in Germany.

3. Plant and Nature I'rotection in Germany.

4. Organizations and Administration.

5. Publications.

Introduction : Conservation in Europe

As the aims and status of conservation in Germany constitute the
main body of this paj^er, a few general remarks on the care and
protection of nature and natural monuments in other European
countries are in order. To obtain protection of natural monuments
there are three general ways: by voluntary, by administrative, and
by legislative help. In the confines of the former Austrian Empire
about 11,000 acres of j^rimeval woods and meadows surrounding
Vienna were purchased and reserved. Unfortunately, the recent
deplorable economic conditions in Vienna have caused great numbers
of trees in these reserves to be cut down for firewood by the
inhabitants.

Three hundred and fifty acres in Moravia, with growths of
Juniperns nana and Salix Jicrbacca, and some 285 acres in the
Bohmerwald, for the purpose of safeguarding a primitive forest
tract in Central Europe, have been set aside and protected. Picea
excelsa and Abies pcctinata occur in considerable amounts there.
In Belgium the forest of Soignes, near Brussels, and various plant
associations of individual interest in different parts of the country
have been preserved.

[83]

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

In Great Britain there exists a " National Trust for Places of
Historic Interest or Natural Beauty " which was founded in 1895.
This association has had deeded to it and holds quite a number of
large and small areas of natural beauty in various parts of the
country. Under the British Government a number of State
Forest Preserves exist, among which the famous New Forest,
in Hampshire, and Ep])ing Forest should be mentioned. A note-
worthy plant reserve is Burnham Beeches, near Slough, a wooded
tract of 315 acres, in which stand beeches ten to twenty feet in cir-
cumference, oaks fifteen feet in circumference, and other ancient
trees. There are also many bird reserves on the coasts of the United
Kingdom, chiefly for sea birds.

In Denmark a numl)er of interesting moors and areas with rare
plants and ])lant associations have been preserved. Birds enjoy
also far-reaching care and protection.

In France forest areas with noteworthy trees and plants in several
forests, notably Fontainebleau. are protected, and efforts are being
made to extend protection of nature in various ways.

In Holland the Naardermeer, in the south of the Zuider See, a
breeding place and resort for many rare birds, is preserved.

-Sweden has reserved several natural park areas of scenic and
botanical interest. In one of them the bears, which are threatened
with extinction, are protected. Switzerland guards its rare plants
zealously by administrative ordinances, and with the aid of several
associations interested, for example, the Association pour la Pro-
tection des Plantes " at Geneva. Switzerland has a beautiful national
park in southeastern Engadine, a territory on the Inn, with the wild
valleys of Cluoza and Tantermozza and several adjoining districts ;
and Italy has had the intention to create a national park in continua-
tion of the Swiss Val Cluoza. The area of the Swiss park is about
ninety-five square kilometers, and it comprises pine forests and inter-
esting plant and animal associations.

Bird Protection in Germany

An interest in birds and in their protection and preservation has
always been maintained in Germany. Various local regulations to
protect birds were made from time to time in the eighteenth and
beginning of the nineteenth century, but Prof. K. Th. Liebe, who
worked for bird preservation in the second half of the past century
in Thuringia, in particular, and wrote numerous works about it, may

Plant and Animal Preserves in Europe 85

be looked upon as the originator of scientific and ethical bird pro-
tection. The movement increased, and in 1876 a law regarding the
protection of useful birds was presented to the Reichstag. This
measure failed to pass, but several of the federal states made in
the meantime new protective regulations or enforced old ones ; and
finally in 1884, at the first International Congress of Ornithologists
in Vienna, resolutions of importance for the birds came up for
discussion. The same may be said of the second International Con-
gress in Budapest, in 1892; and at the third, in Paris. 1902, an
agreement was made l)etween Belgium, Germany, France, Greece,
Lichtenstein, Luxemburg, Monaco, Austria-Hungary, Portugal,
Sweden, Switzerland and Spain, regulating the protection of birds
useful for agriculture. This was ratified by the German Reichstag
on June 5, 1902. Before this, in March, 1888, a general bird pro-
tection measure had passed the Reichstag for Germany alone. This
law was revised and passed again in May, 1908, and was a con-
siderable improvement upon that of 1888. Berlepsch, in his elabora-
tion of methods to retain the birds and to facilitate their exist-
ence; Conwentz, by the founding of the State Bureau for the Care
of Natural Monuments ; and countless societies for the promotion
of knowledge and protection of birds, advanced the cause of the
birds greatly.

The first suggestion for creating Bird Refuges in Germany dates
from 1883, but the first actual refuge is the Memmert, a sandbank
between Borkum and Juist, in the North Sea, founded in 1907 by
the " German Society for the Protection of Bird Life." Gulls and
terns are the principal birds breeding there. Two armed guards
are stationed on the island, and in 1920 a very satisfactory increase
was noted — about 4,000 pairs of Lariis argcntaHis, 2,000 Sterna
macrura, and other species in various quantities.

On the islands of Mellum, Juist, Baltrum, and Langeoog (East
Friesian Islands), there are a considerable number of bird refuges.
On some, guards are maintained, as on Langeoog ; on others, as is
the case of Baltrum, the inhabitants guard the birds and their nests
to a certain extent. The l)ird colony of Norderney, however, was
destroyed during the war. Competent observers believe that the
worst dangers for those interesting and characteristic colonies are
past, and that the near future will make uj) for the losses sustained
in the past bad years. At the mouth of the Elbe we find a refuge
on the island of Neuwerk, and another on Trischen farther north,
where there are colonies of sea birds, notably terns.

Roosczrlt Jl'ild Life Bulletin

On the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein are three refuges;
Nonleroog, Jordsand, and Kllenbogen, which were founded by the
" Jordsand Association " of Hamburg and promoted by the well-
known ornithologist Dr. Hennicke, of Gera. All of these refuges
have suffered severely from the war and its effects ; and EUenbo'^en,
which has been ceded to Denmark has suffered a total loss of its
colony by storms and egg rol)bery.

In the Baltic Sea the founding of refuges dates from 1909. One
of the first is a peninsula known as Priwall, at the mouth of the
Trave, in Mecklenburg, and Langenwerder, in the Bay of W'ismar.
both of which are subsidized by the Mecklenburg government.
T.angcnwerder adjoins the large Island of Poel, where prior to the
revolution there were considerable colonies of sea and other birds.
Here, as elsewhere, lawlessness in general, and the very widespread
lack of food among the poorer classes, have encouraged egg stealing
and the consequent destruction of the breeding places.

Perhaps the most interesting of the Baltic bird refuges are the
W'erder Islands, east of Zingst, Pomerania. They are private prop-
erty and are cared for by a protective association to guard against
egg stealing, as far as possil)le. A great variety of sea and also
land birds breed here, and the place has been considered the most
important Baltic refuge. Hiddensoe. to the west of Riigen. is another
bird colony, of considerable area as compared to the others.

The " Bund fiir Vogelschutz " maintains some fifty large and small
refuges, most of them in Southern Germany, this association having
its headquarters in Stuttgart ; notably on the Federsee in Wiirt-
temberg, several islands in the river Xeckar, near Lauft'en, and others.

The " Deutsch Ornithologische Gesellschaft " started an obser-
vatory for noting bird migration in 1900 at Rossiten, on the Kurische
Nehrung, the narrow peninsula extending from Samland to Memel,
East Prussia. This observatory has since been subsidized by the
State, publishes extensive reports, and has solved many interesting
problems of migration.

At Burg Seebach, Kreis Langensalza, Thuringia, Hans von
Berlepsch, the well-known ornithologist and bird protector, founded
and conducts the exemplary Experiment Station for Bird Protection ;
and we might also mention in the far east the Grosse Lauternsee.
in East Prussia, and in the South the \\'orthsee, not far from
Munich.

In conclusion, it ma\- be said that bird protection enjoys wide-
spread interest and is promoted, as far as possible, among all classes

riant and Animal Prcscn'cs in Europe

by means of lectures, literature, etc. At present it has great (lif¥i-
culties to contend with in counteracting the lawlessness and indif-
ference, particularly of the lower classes. The breeding colonies
are in great danger because of promiscuous and reckless egg stealing,
which is the result of undernourishment among large portions of
the people and the great scarcity of eggs at all times and in all
l^laces.

Plant and Nature Protection in Germany

Plant protection may be carried out in two ways : either by the
reserving and protecting of larger or smaller land areas upon which
the plants to be protected are situated, or by the issuing of general
regulations for the protection of specified plants in all areas under
consideration whereby a special reservation of the land is not abso-
lutely recjuired. There are quite a considerable number of smaller
reservations in Germany where plant life is protected and the rare
specimens are classified as natural monuments.

A natural monument is now defined as a particularly character-
istic formation of nature, especially when in situ, and which has
remained entirely, or almost entirely, untouched by the progress of
cultivation. To these belong areas of natural beauty or specific in-
terest ; formations of the earth which are of special interest for the
knowledge of the history of the globe or of geology ; botanical or zoo-
logical formations of interest for their rarity, variety, or other scien-
tific value; certain species of plants and animals, particularly at the
frontier lines of demarcation of their geographic or historic distribu-
tion ; and individual plants prominent for their growth, shape and age.
The necessity for protecting plant life, and the beauties of nature
connected with it, has not always been sufficiently regarded in Ger-
man}-, but gradually a widespread interest in preserving rare and
threatened plants and landscapes arose; and in 1898, in the Prussian
House of Delegates, Wetekamp, a delegate, pointed out the vital
importance of definite steps for protection, and thus concentrated
the attention of the parliament upon the matter.

Professor Conwentz, at that time Director of the West Prussian
Provincial Museum in Danzig, published a memorial pointing out
the endangering of primeval forests and demanding small reserva-
tions and an inventory of the notable trees and plants in the forests.
Conwentz somewhat later published the first forest botanical mem-
orandum for the province of West Prussia, upon request of the
Department of Agriculture, and in connection therewith an epoch-

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

making treatise upon the whole subject of the protection of nature
and natural monuments. A Prussian state bureau was then founded
in Danzig in 1906, and transferred to Berlin in 1910. A few examples
of individual plant dangers and protection are now in order.

Eryngitim maritimuni (Sea Holly), a plant growing along the
coasts of the Baltic, has been torn out in such cjuantities for floristic
uses as to be seriously endangered. Attention having been called to
this fact, it has been placed upon the list of plants that should be
protected and the plucking forbidden.

Betula nana (Dwarf Birch), a species that is common in Scan-
dinavia, Finland and Russia, is found in only a very few places in
Germany and is much endangered by the cultivation of the moors
in which it grows. This plant is now protected everywhere, partly
by the reservation of the places where it grows, e. g., in Xeulinum,
near the Drewenzerwald, and partly by protection of individual
plants or groups.

Cypripediiim calccolus (Venus Slipper), a beautiful orchid.

Trapa natans, a curious water plant, and others.

Ilex aqiiifoUuui (Holly), Taxus baccata (Yew), Viscuui album
(Mistletoe), are also protected in localities where they are rare or in
danger of extermination, e. g., the yew in the Fies Busch, of 45.7
acres.

An interesting plant association is a salt marsh near Artern,
Saxony, which was threatened by cultivation but has been preserved
together with the typical growths of Ruppia rostellata. Cladium
Mariscus, Glaux maritima, and others.

In Brandenburg, near the ruins of the Abbe)' of Chorin, the
Plagefenn and See have been reserved as an absolute sanctuary
by the State Forest Administration. This district comprises 417
acres, and consists of forest, moor and lake, constituting a typical
Brandenburg landscape, with characteristic plant associations and
formations, which has remained untouched by the hand of man.
since its inauguration in 1907.

A large tract of three to four German square miles, in the Liine-
burger Heide, has been acquired by the Stuttgart " Verein Natur-
schutzpark." This district includes the ^Mlseder Berg, the highest
elevation in the Northwest German plain, and represents a well-
preserved and typical moor and heather country.

In the administrative district of Cassel, at Sababurg. the Reinhards-
wald of about 133 acres of forest, consisting of particularly fine old
beeches and oaks, some of the latter having a circumference of

Plant and Animal Preserves in Europe

nineteen to twenty-nine feet, has been created a reservation by the
State Forest Administration. Seventy-seven acres in the Hasbruch,
and 121 acres in the Neuenburger Urwald (in Oldenburg), have
been set aside and protected. These wood tracts are types of the
very few remaining primeval forests in Germany, and the reserva-
tion is to remain untouched. Dead trees will not be removed and
trunks are to lie where they fall. Some of the trees are very old
and attain considerable dimensions, an oak in Hasbruch having a
circumference of twenty-nine feet. In Wiirttemberg, the Wildsee
and its surroundings, in the Black Forest, have been accpiired and
protected in an area of 185 acres. Here the hand of man is also
excluded as far as possible.

Moors which formerh' covered large areas of land in Germany,
notably in the North (ierman plain, have been more and more
threatened and endangered by amelioration. As the moors rep-
resent the most ancient types of vegetation, are in fact relicts of the
ice age, the rare plants growing on them should be preserved as far
as possible. Cultivation of all available land cannot be stopped, but
the reservation of individual moors in various parts of the country
has been recommended and carried out to a considerable extent.

Besides the Plagefenn, already mentioned, Zehlau, a moor of 5,829
acres in the district of Friedland, East Prussia, has been reserved
for the purpose of protection. Moose are still found here; but
most important is the fact that a primitive vegetation thrives here,
and that the indigenous moor mosses are constantly spreading, so
that moss growth can be admirably studied and observed, particu-
larly as in most other moors the withdrawal of the moisture by
processes of amelioration has caused them to cease spreading, to
become dormant. In the Danzig district, 326 acres of moor have
lieen reserved, and in several other sections of Prussia, in Bavaria,
and in ^^'urttemberg, moors have been set aside and preserved.

Organizations and Administration

The leading organization in Germany is the State Bureau for
the Protection of Nature in Prussia. This bureau was founded in
1906 by the Ministry for Education, and was first established in
Danzig. In 191 0 it was removed to Berlin. Professor Hugo Con-
wentz, who has been a pioneer in everything pertaining to nature
protection in Germany, has been at the head of the bureau since its
foundation. Besides its activities in discovery, exploration, and pre-

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

servation of natural monuments in Prussia, this bureau advises as
to and promotes legislation regarding reservations, bird refuges, etc.
It is in constant touch with the authorities and with societies inter-
ested in these subjects. It also endeavors to raise the funds needed
to purchase or to protect landscapes, etc. This bureau is situated in
the former Botanical Museum Building, and has a number of
spacious, well-lighted rooms for lectures, for the library, and for the
use of the staff.

The librar\- contains about 4,500 volumes of all the literature per-
taining to nature protection and natural history, a complete collec-
tion of maps of all kinds, pictures, i)hotographs and lantern slides.
Very valuable is the bibliographical collection, which contains some
15,000 cards, with headings covering the whole field of the care of
natural monuments, protection of nature, and kindred matters. It
has been the endeavor of the bureau to collect all the foreign litera-
ture possible; and information and literature concerning the Ameri-
can National Parks and Monuments are particularly complete. The
cards concerned with the most important publications contain an
abbreviated synopsis of their contents.

In all parts of the country, that is, in all the Prussian provinces,
committees for the care and protection of natural monuments have
been established, and these keep in intimate touch with the central
office. In all, there are 41 such committees in Prussia. They are
presided over by some higher official, but the actual work is in the
hands of an experienced and educated naturalist. These committees
send out questionnaires concerning natural monuments in their terri-
tory, keep in touch with public opinion, provide pul)lic lectures and
information, raise funds, issue publications, etc. The State Bureau
holds weekly conferences where the whole field of interest is dis-
cussed, and since 1908 annual conferences lasting from one to two
days have been held, in which delegates from the whole of Germanv
and even from foreign countries have been present.

The State Bureau also issues important publications, among which
are Bcitrage zur Natnrdcnkmalpflcgc herausgegeben von H.
Conwentz, vols. I-\TI (Gebriider Borntrager, Berlin) ; Natur-
denkmaler, Vortrdgc nnd Aufsatzc, Nos. 1-22 (Gebriider Born-
trager, Berlin) ; being popular discussions of various themes of
nature protection intended to awaken general interest and under-
standing for the aims of nature protection ; and also a very good
English work, The Care of Xaliiral Moiiiniiciifs i^'ifli Sf^rrial Refer-

PlcDit 011(1 .liiiiiial Preserves in Europe

encc to Great Britain and Germany, by H. Conwentz, Prussian State
Commissioner for the Care of Natural Alonuments (Cambridge
University Press, 1909).

As regards the organizations in the non-Prussian German States,
Bavaria possesses a " Landesausschuss fiir Naturdenkmalpfiege "
(National Committee for the Care of Natural Monuments), imder
the collaboration of the Ministry, and connected with it are local
committees in different parts of the country.

Saxony has a " Landesverein Siichsischer Heimatschutz "
(National Association for the Protection of Saxon Landscapes), with
a section for " Naturschutz," and also aided by the Ministry.

Wiirttemberg has a " Landesausschuss fiir Naturund Heimats-
chutz," and Baden a "Landesverein fiir ,Naturkunde und Naturs-
chutz," each under the Minister of Education ; and besides these there
are various private associations, such as the very energetic " Verein
Naturschutzpark " of Stuttgart. It must be remembered, however,
that only the Prussian State Bureau is a regular official institution
with official authority and functions. The other organizations enjoy
the aid and encouragement of the government, but they are not
official.

Publications

A list of the publications of the State Bureau follows, as these are
the most important among a very large literature concerned directly
or indirectly with nature protection.

Beitrage ziir Naturdenkmalpfiege

These Contributions to the Care of Natural Monuments comprise
the activities of the State Bureau, reports of conferences, and other
papers regarding care of natural monuments. Primarily intended
for scientific circles, administrative officials, and friends of nature,
they pursue the object of encouraging the exploration, care and
preservation of natural monuments in professional circles and
beyond.

Bana 1. Berichte iiber die Staat-
liche Naturdenkmalpfiege, 1906-1909
sowie iiber die 1. und 2. Konferenz.
Die Naturdenkmalpfiege in Dane-
mark. Reierate uber das Gesetz-
gegen die Vcrunstaltung von Orts-
chaften und landschaftlich hervorra-

Vol. I. Reports of State Care of
Natural Monuments, 1906-1909, and
of the 1st and 2nd annual conferences.
Care of Natural Monuments in Den-
mark. Discussion of the law against
the disfigurement of towns and vil-
lages or of places of prominent

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

genden Gegenden 1907 und iiber
Naturschutzparke. Anliegend ein-
schlagige Gesetze, Erlasse und
Verordnungen. Mit 36 Textab-
bildungen und 1 Tafel.

Band II. Die erratischen Block"
im Regierungsbezirke Danzig mit
botanischen Beitriigen. Berichte iiber
die Eroffnung der Staatlichen Stelle
in Berlin und iiber die 3. und 4.
Konferenz. P>hebungen iiber das
V'orkommen des Schwarzstorch und
Fischreihers in Preussen. Geschichte
der Naturdenkmalpflege in Schweden,
Schultz der Naturdenkmaler in Nor-
wegen u. a. m. Mit 30 Textabbil-
dungen.

Band III. Das Plagefenn bei
Chorin. Ergebnisse der Durchfor-
schung eines Naturschutzgebietes der
preussischen Forstverwaltung. Mit
25 Textabbildungen und 3 Tafeln.

Band IV. Bericht iiber die 5. und
6. Konferenz. Denkschrift iiber den
Schutz der Xatur Spitzbergens. Die
geologischen Naturdenkmaler des
Riesengebirges. Bericht iiber die
Naturschutzsitzung beim russischen
Naturforscherkongress in Tifiis, 1913.
u. a. m. Mit 55 Textabbildungen
und 2 Karten.

Band V. Die Pflanzenschutzgc-
biete in Ba\ern. Bericht iiber die 7.
Konferenz. Denkschrift iiber die
Notwendigkeit der Schaffung \r.v
Moorschutzgebieten. Das staat-
Hche Vogclschutsgebiet an der alten
Weichselmiindung. W'andlunger der
schlesischcn Tierwelt. Mit 18 Text-
abl)ildnngcn.

Band VI. Bericht iiber die 8. und
9. Conferenz. Referate iiber die

scenic beauty 1907, and of Natural
Parks. Included are laws concerning
the above topics, decrees and regula-
tions. With 36 illustrations in the
text and 1 plate.

Vol. II. The Erratic Blocks in
the administrative district of Danzig,
with botanical contributions. Re-
ports of the inauguration of the State
Bureau in Berlin and of the 3rd and
4th annual conferences. Investiga-
tions as to the occurring of the Black
Stork [Cicoiiia nigra L.] and the
Common Heron [Ardea cinerea\ in
Prussia. History of the Care of
Natural Monuments in Sweden, Pro-
tection of Natural Monuments in
Norway, etc., with 30 text illustra-
tions.

Vol. III. The Plagefenn near
Chorin. Results of the exploration
of a nature reservation of the Prus-
sian Forestrj- Administration. With
25 text illustrations and 3 plates.

\"ol. I\'. Reports of the 5th and
6t]i annual conferences. Memorial
regarding the protection of nature in
Spitzbergen. The geological natural
monuments of the Riesengebirge.
Report of the Nature-protection
Session at the Russian Naturalists
Congress, in Tiflis, 1913, etc. With
55 text illustrations and 2 maps.

Vol. V. Plant reservations in
Bavaria. Report of the 7th annual
conference. Memorial regarding the
" Importance of the Creation of
Moor Reservations." The State Bin!
Refuge at the old \'istu]a mouth.
Changes in Silesian animal life.
With 18 text illustrations.

\'ol. W. Reports of the 8th and
9th annual conferences. Discussions

Plant Olid Animal Preserves in Europe

Seefelder bci Reinerz. Bericht iibcr
die Falz-Feiii Sitzung in der Staat-
lichen Stelle fiir Naturdenkmalpflegc
in Preussen. Zur Reform des Vogel-
schutzrechts. Sicherung von Natur-
denkmalern bei der bevorstehenden
Kultivieruiig der Oedlandereien.
I'rspriingliches in der warmbliitigen
Tierwelt der Kriegsgebiete. Mit '0
Textabbildungen.

Band VII. Das Recht der Natur-
denkmalpflegc in Preussen. Dr. B.
Wolf.

of the so-called Seefelder, at Reinerz,
Silesia. Report of the Falz-Fein
Session held in the State Bureau for
the Care of Natural Monuments in
Prussia. Regarding the reform of
bird protection laws. Safeguarding
natural monuments during the pro-
posed amelioration of uncultivated
tracts. Primitive peculiarities of
warm-blooded animals and birds in
the war regions. With 10 text
figures.

Vol. VII. Laws and Regulations
for the Care of Natural Monuments
in Prussia. By Dr. B. Wolf.

Natiirdcnkmiiler, Vortrcige und Aufsdtze

These pamphlets discuss individual themes of nature protection
in popular form, and are intended to awaken the interest and under-
standing for the aims of nature protection in the pubUc in general.
The contents of the twenty-two booklets or pamphlets which have
appeared are as follows :

1. Richtlinien zur Untersuchung
der Pflanzen und Tierwelt besonders
in Naturschutzgebieten.

2. Die Raubvogel als Naturdenk-
maler.

3. Unsere erratischen Blocke.

4. Zur rechtlichen Sicherung von
Naturdenkmalern.

5. Vogelschutzgebiete an deutschen
Meereskiisten.

6. Naturdenkmalpflegc und wis-
senschaftliche Botanik.

7. Das Naturschutzgebiet bei Sa-
baburg im Reinhardswald.

8. Schultz der bliitenlosen Pflanzen.

9. 10. Schultz der geologischen
Xaturdenkmalcr.

11. Schutz den heimischen Kriech-
tieren und Lurchen.

12. Der Drausen bei Elbing, cine
Statte urspriinglicher Natur.

13. Die Hiilse oder Stechpalme, ein
Naturdeiikmal.

1. Methods of Investigating Plant
and Animal Life, Especially in
Nature Reservations.

2. Rapacious Birds as Natural
Monuments.

3. Our Erratic Blocks.

4. Legal Safeguarding of Natural
Monuments.

5. Bird Reservations on German
Sea Coasts.

6. Care of Natural Monuments
and Scientific Botany.

7. The Sababurg Reservation in
the Reinhardswald.

8. Protection for Flowerless Plants.

9. 10. Protection for Geological
Nature Reservations.

11. Protection for Native Rep-
tiles and Batrachians.

12. The Drausen, near Elbing, 3
Place of Primitive Nature.

13. Holly or Thorn Palm \llcx
aqtdfolinm] as a Natural Monument.

Roosevelt JVild Life Bulletin

14, 15. Schwindende Vogelarten
in Deiitschland.

16, 17. Die Mistel.

18, 19. Das westfalische Indus-
triegebiet und die Erhaltung der
Xatur.

20. Die Zehlau, eiii staatlich ge-
schiitztes Hochmoor.

21. Katurschutz und \"erkehr.

22. Die Xationalparke der Verei-

nigten Staaten.

H. Conwentz : Merkbuch f iir
Katiirdenkmalpflege und ver-
wandte Bestrelningen, 1918.
(Geliriider Rorntrager, Berlin).

14, 15. Disappearing Bird Species
in Germany.

16, 17. The Mistletoe.

18, 19. The Westphalian Indus-
trial Region and the Preservation of
Nature.

20. Zehlau, a Moor Protected by
the State.

21. Xature Protection and Traffic.

22. The National Parks in the
L'nited States.

H. Conwentz: Suggestions for the
Care of Natural Monuments and
Kn.dred Projects. 1918. (Eorn-
triiger Brothers. Berlin).

WILD LIFE AND DEMOCRACY

"Above all, the people, as a whole, should keep steadily in mind the fact
that the preservation of both game and lesser wild life — by wise general
laws, by the prohibition of the commercialism which destroys whole species
for the profit of a few individuals, and by the creation of national reserves
for wild life — is essentially a democratic movement. It is a movement in
the interest of the average citizen, and especially in the interest of the man
of small means. Wealthy men can keep private game preserves and private
parks in which they can see all kinds of strange and beautiful creatures ;
but the ordinary men and women, and especially those of small means, can
enjoy the loveliness and the wonder of nature, and can revel in the sight of
beautiful birds, only on terms that will permit their fellow-citizens the like
enjoyment. In other words, the people as a whole through the government,
must protect wild life, if the people as a whole are to enjoj- it. This applies

to game also. THEODORE RoosEv^ELT and Edmund Heller.

Life Histories of African Game Animals.

Vol. I, pp. 155-156. 1914-

CURRENT STATION NOTES

Acknowledgments

In this first number of the ofificial serial pubHcations of the Roose-
velt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, opportunity is afiforded
to thank those who have been friendly to the cause for v^^hich the
Station stands and who have, in various ways, aided in advancing
a movement for wild life research which was first championed hy
Theodore Roosevelt himself. Friends of Roosevelt and friends of
the College have generously coml^ined in supporting these plans.
The Roosevelt family, the Trustees of the College of Forestry, our
friends in the Legislature, the former Dean, Dr. Hugh P. Baker,
the present Dean, Franklin F. Moon, and our Honorary Advisory
Council, have all responded generously. Gratitude and acknowledg-
ment is due the various authors, editors, and others who have con-
tributed articles or have given permission to publish their papers ;
including Dr. George Bird Grinnell, Sir Harry H. Johnston, Dr.
Giflford Pinchot, Mr. Edmund Heller, Mrs. George W. Perkins (for
permission to publish the paper by her husband). Dr. T. G. Ahrens.
and finally, to Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton for contributing the
excellent and appropriate cover design for the Bulletin.

The College and the Roosevelt Station were greatly honored on
October ii, by a visit from Mrs. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson.
Colonel Roosevelt's sister. Her enthusiastic approval of the pur-
poses of this Memorial and her recognition of its appropriateness
was very gratifying indeed. Her interest was further shown by her
accepting membership on the Honorary Advisory Council, and by a
contribution to our fund for big game research in the Yellowstone.
Mrs. Robinson's intimate account of Roosevelt's boyhood, as told in
her book. My Brother Theodore RooseTelf, shows how clearly his
interest in the living outdoor world was innate, and how natural it
was that as a mature man he should comprehend the full meaning
of conservation and be able to do so much for forestry and wild life.

Investigations in New York State, Summer of 1921

Through cooperation with the Commissioners of the Allegany
State Park, of whom Hon. A. T. Fancher is Chairman, the Roosevelt
Station has had a field party make a survey of the conditions of

[95]

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

wild life in this newly established State Park, which already con-
tains 7,000 acres. Mr. Aretas A. Saunders, Field Ornithologist for
the Station, has made a preliminary study and report on the birds.
Prof. T. L. Hankinson, Station Ichthyologist, aided by Mr. W. A.
Dence, Assistant, has made a study of the fishes of the region.

This same survey party extended its investigations of the fishes
of Erie County, begun in 1920, with Buffalo as headquarters.
This survey was made in cooperation with the Erie County Society
for the Protection of Birds, Fish, and Game, of which Mr. J. C.
Brennan is President, and the Buffalo Society of .Natural Sciences,
of which Mr. Chauncey J. Hamlin is President. Several local sports-
men gave very substantial aid in this survey.

Through the gifts of certain Trustees of the College of Forestry,
an investigation has been made of the status of the beaver problem
in Herkimer and Hamilton Counties in the Adirondacks. where the
prolonged closed season on beaver has led to their excessive multi-
plication. This study has been made for the Station by Dr. Charles
E. Johnson of the University of Kansas, who has been materially
assisted by the officers of the State Conservation Commission, par-
ticularly by Commissioner Ellis J. Staley, Mr. Llewellyn Legge,
Chief, Division of Fish and Game, and W. G. Howard. Assistant
Superintendent of State Forests. He was also given much valuable
assistance by the Forest Rangers.

Wild Life Research in Yellowstone National Park

Although the Station was founded by New York State, our activi-
ties are not limited solely to the State. Through the foresight of
the Board of Trustees of the College of Forestry, our Charter
provides that gifts and cooperation, when advantageous to the aims
of the College, may I)e accepted, and research may be conducted
wherever favorable. Through this wise provision not only are the
College and the .Station obligated to conduct statewide investigations
on forest wild life, but as well are permitted to conduct wild life
research in other regions.

Friends of the Roosevelt Station have sought its assistance and
generously provided funds for conducting wild life research in our
greatest wild life preserve — Yellowstone National Park. Through
Mr. Howard H. Hays, President of the Yellowstone Park Camps
Company, the Roosevelt Station has been able, with the approval and
cooperation of Director Stephen T. Mather and Superintendent

VISCOUNT BRYCE
Member of Honorary Advisory Council

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

Horace M. Albright, to put a field party at work on important wild
life problems in the Park.

The food of the stream fishes is being investigated by Dr. Richard
A. Muttkowski of the University of Idaho, and Dr. Gilbert M. Smith
of the University of Wisconsin. These are fundamental studies
underlying the maintenance of the fish in the Park, a problem never
having been studied before in this region. With the great increase
of Park visitors and the excessive demand for trout fishing, the
problem of maintaining the supply has become a very serious one.
Mr. Edward R. Warren, the well-known authority on Colorado
mammals, is making a detailed stud\' of the beaver ponds and dams,
which have been carefully surveyed and mapped. He has been
assisted by E. J. Spackman, Jr. Mr. Edmund Heller, the eminent
field naturalist who accompanied Roosevelt on his African expedi-
tion, is conducting an investigation of the large mammals of the
Park, giving special attention to photographic records. He has been
very materially assisted by a grant from two friends of the Station.

Governor Robert D. Carey, of ^^'yoming, an enthusiastic admirer
of Roosevelt, showed his interest in the work of the Station by
cooperating with Superintendent Horace M. Albright in aiding the
Director to visit the Teton National Forest, south of the Park, the
Two Ocean Pass region, and the upper waters of the Yellowstone
River. The first-hand knowledge gained by this trip, as well as
that secured in other parts of the Park, will be of special value in
planning for future investigations in this region. Here occurs the
Shiras ^loose named in honor of Dr. George Shiras, 3rd, a member
of our Honorary Advisory Council who has made extensive field
studies of this animal.

The preceding statement indicates only the amount of substantial
gifts and assistance which have been utilized, but does not include
all that has been available to the Station. This proffered assistance,
which for one reason or another could not be utilized, has nevertheless
been much appreciated. Thus Mr. W. C. Gregg of Hackensack. N. J-.
volunteered to take a Station representative on his exploration trip
through the southern part of the Park ; and Mr. Hays offered facili-
ties of which full use was not made.

The Assistant Director, Alvin G. Whitney, was given, during the
past summer, a special leave of absence to conduct the " Forest and
Trail Camp " for young men and boys in the Yellowstone National
Park. His substitute during this absence was Mr. Aretas A.

Current Siation Notes

Saunders, 'llic fundamental idea of this camp-school is that the
natural history resources of such a wonderful region as the Park
should be made the basis for a unique educational experience which
is believed to be vastly superior to the conventional games and
athletic sports dominating so much of the activities of summer
camps. It is an excellent practical demonstration of the value of
nature guiding in the best sense of the word.

The facilities of this Camp were generously made available to the
field party of the Station (see p. 38), and this cooperation was
greatly appreciated by the Station and the individual workers. The
presence of such a member on our stafif and the familiarit}' with
conditions in the Park which Prof, and Mrs. Whitney possessed,
was a leading factor in developing our cooperative Park plans and
\ery naturally is keenly appreciated.

Publications

The results of the foregoing studies will in due time be published.
Many causes have contributed in delaying the publication of the
earlier investigations of the Station. The prospects now indicate an
earl}- publication of manuscripts which have accumulated during
several years. The Station has been able to secure the valuable
services of Mr. Ernest IngersoU for assistance in this editorial work.

Wild Life Library

The establishment of a wild life library is one of the distinctive
features of this Memorial Station. This library is intended to include
not only books, magazines, and other publications but as well manu-
scripts, notebooks, photographs and all forms of valuable data on
forest wild life. Already a valuable nucleus of wild life photographs
and negatives have been accumulated, and the field workers of the
past season have made many important additions- to this series.
There is a real need for repositories of this sort where, under proper
care, the materials will be available for use by the public. In addition
to valuable books purchased, other publications, including books,
magazines and pamphlets have been received as gifts, so that this
librar}' is constantly growing.

Station Staff Changes

The Station regrets very much to announce the resignation of
Thomas L. Hankinson, Ichthyologist of the Station. His work
began with the College in 191 5 and continued each summer on a tern-

lOO

Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin

porary appointment until January i, 19x9, when he became Ichthy-
ologist on the Station staif. His resignation took effect October i,
1 92 1. While engaged in fish surveys he has, working with others,
made studies of the fish of Oneida Lake, of the Palisades Inter-
state Park region, and the Allegany State Park; and through his
interest the Erie County fish survey was initiated. He is a very
competent field naturalist, whose enthusiasm for studying the life
history and habits of fish has been a life-long passion. It is through
the Station having on its staff such a specialist that it has been able
to cooperate with various other State agencies and local organiza-
tions in its various fish surveys. He leaves the Station with its
best wishes for his future success.

The Station is fortunate in being able to announce at this time
that Dr. William Converse Kendall, Scientific Assistant and Ichthy-
ologist of the United States Bureau of Fisheries at Washington,
D. C, has accepted the position as Ichthyologist made vacant by the
resignation of Mr. Hankinson. Dr. Kendall cooperated with the
Station, through the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, in our study of the
fishes of the Palisades Interstate Park. He has devoted years to
the study of trout and is our leading authority in America on the
Salmonidae. His well-known paper. The Rangelex Lakes, Maine;
zvith Special Reference to the Habits of the Fishes, Fish Culture
and Angling, is one of the most important studies of its kind ever
published in this country, and is only one of a large number of inter-
esting and important papers published by him. The Station is very
fortunate in securing such a competent man.

The Fifth Anniversary

The twenty-ninth of December is the fifth anniversary of the
presentation of the original plans for forest wild life research to
Colonel Roosevelt, and at that time they received his cordial approval.
However, on account of the War, these plans were not developed
until after his death, when they became the basis for this ^Memorial
Station, in May, 1919. Since then investigations have been con-
ducted on forest wild life in the Adirondacks, in the Palisades
Interstate Park, in the Allegany State Park, and during the past
summer investigations were started in the Yellowstone National
Park. Thus several of the most important features of the original
plans are already under way.

THE ROOSEVELT WILD LIFE MEMORIAL

As a State Memorial

The State of New York is the trustee of this wild life Memorial
to Theodore Roosevelt. The New York State College of Forestry at
Syracuse is a State institution supported solely by State funds, and
the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station is a part of this
institution. The Trustees are State officials. A legislative mandate
instructed them as follows :

" To establish and conduct an experimental station to he known as
' Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station,' in which there
shall be maintained records of the results of the experiments and
investigations made and research work accomplished; also a library
of works, publications, papers and data having to do with wild life,
together with means for practical illustration and demonstration,
which library shall, at all reasonable hours, be open to the public."
[Laws of New York, chapter 536. Became a law May 10, 1919.]

As a General Memorial

While this Memorial Station was founded by New York State, its
functions are not limited solely to the State. The Trustees are further
authorized to cooperate with other agencies, so that the work is by
no means limited to the boundaries of the State or by State funds.
Provision for this has been made by the law as follows :

" To enter into any contract necessary or appropriate for carrying
out any of the purposes or objects of the College, including such as
shall involve cooperation with any person, corporation or association
or any department of the government of the State of New York or
of the United States in laboratory, experimental, investigative or
research work, and the acceptance from such person, corporation,
association, or department of the State or Federal government of
gifts or contributions of money, expert service, labor, materials,
apparatus, appliances or other property in connection therewith."
.[Laws of New York, chapter 42. Became a law March 7, 1918.]

By these laws the Empire State has made provision to conduct
forest wild life research upon a comprehensive basis, and on a plan
as broad as that approved by Theodore Roosevelt himself.

Form of Bequest to the Roosevelt Wild Life Memorial

I hereby give and bequeath to the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest
Experiment Station of The New York State College of Forestry at
Syracuse, for wild life research, library, and for publication, the sum
of , or the following books, lands, etc.

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