Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2019 with funding from
Wellcome Library
https://archive.org/details/s5id13407010
J
A N D
OBSERVATIONS*
Revifed and Publifhed by
A Society in
VOLUME III.
%1qz ^cconiJ €Ution cojrected>
E © 1 N B V M G Ii
Printed by T» and W. R U D D I M A M jj
for W. Monk o and W. D k & m m o n dt. Sold by t hem and t tit
other BookfcUcrs in Edinburgh ; by Mcrfi T. Longman
W. Inn ys and R. Man by, A. Bette^worTh and
C.H i tchjC. Riving ton, J. David son, [.Oswald;
and E. Cave, London j and Meif. Bruce and Smith, Du¬
blin ; A. Stalker, Glafgow , and W e s t i I «• and $ &x i
sd Atnjletdam* „ , _
MDCCXXXVifc'
an
CONTENTS.
Art. o ' Pag,
I. CTT^HE Meteorological Regifter , i
ff II. An Account of the Difeafes that
were mod frequent laft Tear in E«
burgh, 1 2,6
III. An Extra 61 from the pub lick Regift er of
Burials in Edinburgh, 3 1
IV. jin Account of the Effeffs of the Conefli
Bark, by - 32
V. A Gangrene flopped hy the Cortex Peruvia-
nus5 by Mr. Samuel Goolden Surgeon at f
Bridgnorth in Shropfhire, - 35
VI. A Mortification cured by the Peruvian
Bark, by Mr. John Paifley Surgeon in Glaf-
gow, ^ 43
VII. Remarks on chalybeat Waters , by Alex*.
Monro Profejfor of Anatomy in the Univer -
fity of Edinburgh, and F. R. S. 47
VIII. An Enquiry into the mineral Principles
of Montrofe Water , by Alexander Thomfon
M. D. Phyfician at Montrofe, 60
IX. The medical Vitalities of Montrofe Well9
with feme Inftances thereof by the fame, 96
a 2 X* An
•6
C 0 N T E N T 8.
X. An Ejfay on the Method of preparing and
preserving the Parts of ' animal Bodies
for anatomica} Ufe^ by Alexander Mon-
nimal Pleat , tf/zd the Divarications of the
rjafcular Syjtem , by Dr. George Martin ''Fby-
fician at St. Andrews, 13I
XI I. An Ejfay concerning the Motions of our
*Eye s^ by William Porterfield, M. I). FeU
low of the College of P by fie inns ^Edin¬
burgh, 1 6qj
2S.IH* Supplement to Art. ix. 0/ Vol. I. and
to Art. ix. and xiij. of Vol. IJ. by Alexan¬
der Monro, P. X 263
XIV. Xtf Account o f a Child born with the U-
rinary and genital Organs preternatural ?
ly formed 3 by Air, James Mowat Surgeon
at Langholm, ‘ 2^83
XV. 4^ Ejfay on the Di/eafes of the lactymal
Canals , Ap Alexander Monro, P. A. 280
XVI. A fitmor of the Nofe unfuccefs fully ex¬
tirpated by — — 3011
XVII. 4# Account of a Procidentia Uteri,
by Alexander Monro, P. A. 3 o^i
XVIII. it he Defcription of a Peftary, inven¬
ted by Dr. Thomas Simfon, Profejfor of Me¬
dicine in the Univerfity of St. Andrews, 3i$y
XIX. An Account of the Sides of the Os uteri
grown together , by the fame * 3 1 ^
XX. if he Defcription of a Forceps for extra **
dfp
CONTENTS.
$re.
Pag.
der Butter Cbirttrgeon in Edinburgh,
XI. An Account of a malignant Lues Vene¬
rea communicated by Anti ion ; by Edward
Barry, M. D. F. II. S, Phyficiau at Cork, 325
XXII. A remarkable Hydrocephajum, by
Mr. James Mow at. Surgeon at Langholm 3 34
XXIII. A Hyd rocephajum, with remarkable
Symptoms , by Mr. John Paifiey Surgeon at
Glafgow, 33|
XXIV. An uncommon Angina, by Alexander
Monro, P. A. 343
XXV. Ah Afthma with uncommon Symptoms ,
by the fame, ^ 349
XXVI. A large S tea tom pafjwg with the Oe-
iophagu s,from the Thorax into the Abdo¬
men, by Mr. James Jamiefon, Surgeon in
Kelfb,
XXVI 1. Of the Service of a warm Bath in a
bilious Colick , by Robert Porter, M. D.
Member of the College of Phyficians Lon¬
don.
XXVIII. The Water of a Jhropfy evacuated
at the Navel , by Dr. Francis Pringle, late
Prefident of the College of Phyficians at E-
3 58
dinburgh.
378
Xxix. The Menftrua regularly evacuated
at an Ulcer of the Ankle , by Mr. James
Calder jun. Surgeon in Glafgow, 38^
XXX. An Account of Medical Difioveries,
Improvements and Books publijhed in the
Tear 1^32, and onfitted in the fecond Vo-
38
XXXI
2
CONTENTS.
vi
Art. Pag.
XXXI. An Account of the rnofi remarkable
Improvements and D i/cover ies in Phyfick ,
made or propofed fince the Beginning of the
Tear 1733, 38 6
XXXII. A Lifi of Books publijhed fince the
Beginning of 1 7 3 3 , 414
XXXI II. Books propofed , and other Medical
, News , 420
papers defign3d for this CoUeffion are to be addref-
fed to Mr. William Monro Bookfeller in Edin¬
burgh 1 and to be delivered to him, or to any
other of the Bookfellers whofe Names are on
the Title-Page, who will tranfmit them care¬
fully to the Society.
Medical
AND
observations:
Article I.
The Meteorological Regijleri
t
H E Inftrtiments defcribed in Ar^
tide II. of our fir ft Volume wer€
employed in making the follow*
ing Obfervations,
2-
Medical EJfays
JVNE 1733.
D.*
Hour,
Baro.
I11.D.
Ther.j
In, DJ
Hyg-
I.D.
*3?
• <1
N - < •
HH S
_iJ -a.
0 %
•
Weather.
1
9 a.
m.
29
9
12
7P
9
N.
2
Fair
8 p.
in.
29
8
*3
3
O
9
W.
AN
fair
z
9 a.
m.
29
8
13
7
I
X
W.b.N
.2
fair
8 p.
m.
29
9
14
.3
I
5
W.b.N
,1
fair
, 3
9 a.
m.
3°
0
[2
6
I
0
3
E.
I
cloudy
7 P*
m.
3°
c
13
4
I
I
E.
I
cloudy
4
9 a.
m.
3°
0
13
6ji
I
S. E.
I
cloudy
8 p.
in.
^9
9
13
0
I
5
E.
0
cloudy
4
8 a.
in.
29
8
8
13
3
I
8
E.
2
cloudy
7?P-
in.
29
12
6
1
S
E.
2
cloudy
6
9 a.
m.
29
8
13
4
I
5
E.
itair
7 P-
111.
29
8
12
8
I
S
E.
2 fair
/
9 a.
m.
29
8
13
4
I
s
E.
1
fair
r
7 P-
m.
29
8
If
0
X
2
E.
1
cloudy
8
9 a.
m.
29
/
12
9
I
s
E.
2
cloudy
6 p.
m.
29
8
13
0
I
3
E.
2 fair
9
9 a.
m.
29
7
13
3
I
2
E.
1 fair
7 P*
m.
29
6
13
2
I
4
S. E.
1 cloudy
10
9 a.
m.
29
8
12
7
I
2
N. E.
i fair
7 P-
in.
29
9
12
7
I
2
E.
2
cloudy
1 1
9 a.
m.
29
9
13
8
I
4
E
1 fair
7 P-
111.
29
9
13
7
I
0
D
E.
0
cloudy
12
9 a.
ni.
29
29
9
14
8
I
S. E.
0
cloudy
8 p.
in.
7
*3
S
I
8
E.
2 Rain
*3
9' a.
m
29
7
13
4
2
8
N.
0
Rain
?P-
m.
29
7
14
f\ 2
1
NT.
1
cloudy
14
9 a.
m.
29
7
14
42
1
N.
1
fair
8 p.
in.
29
7
1 y
3
X
4
W.
1
lair
15-
9 a.
m.
29
8
6
I
4
s, w.
1
cloudy
8 p.
m.
29
8
1 s
y
I
1
s. w.
r
cloudy
16
9 a.
m.
29
7
1 6
0
I
S
s.
0
cloudy
8 p.
m.
29
6
3.
I
4
s. w.
2
fair
Ra
In.
0,c
o
o,u
and Obfervations, 3
JVNE 1733.
D
Hour.
Bar
Ther.
Hyg
.1 Wind.
Weather.
Rain.
In.D,
In.
D
L
D
. Dir. For.
0^960
17
9 a.
*m.
29
6
6
1
2
S;
2
Gloudy
Ojo8 y
8 p.
m.
29
14
3
1
4
s. w.
2
cloudy
18
9 a.
m.
29
5-
14
6
1
6
w.
2
cloudy
0,0 ss
8P.
m.
29
3
!3
S
1
4
w.
2
cloudy
19
9 a.
in.
29
2
14
1
1
4
w.
2
fair
°P3f
*
9 P-
in.
29
1
13
s
1
7
s. w.
1
Rain
0,316
20
9 a.
m.
28
9
14
I
1
8
S. E,
1
Rain
fP*
m.
28
9
14
5-
1
f
W.
2
fair
21
9 a.
m.
29
3
13
9
1
7
W.
3
fair
°»J73
JP-
m.
29
6
13
7
1
3
w.
3
fair
22
9 a.
m.
29
8
14
2
1
4
s. w.
1
fair
r*
O
5* P*
m.
29
9
14
4
6
1
3
s. w.
1
cloudy
23
9 a.
m.
29
9
If
0
1
S
w,
2i
cloudy
8 p.
m.
29
9
*s
2
1
2
w.
0
fair
24
9 a.
in.
29
9
14
9
i
3
E.
1
fair
8 p.
m.
29
9
IS
4
i
5*
E.
6
fair
00
O
0
2f
9 a.
m.
29
8
1 6
0
1
4
S. W.
0
cloudy
9 P-
m.
29
9
1 6
0
1
3
W.
0
fair
2o'9 a.
m.
29
9
1 5*
3
1
7
E.
0
Fog
0,100
7 P-
m.
29
9
16
1
1
7
E,
0
fair
27
9 a*
m.
29
9
1 S
2'
1
8
E.
1
Fog
28
8 p.
in.
29
8
14
I
2
5*
E,
2
Rain
9 a.
m.
29
8
1 6
O
1
6
S. W.
2
cloudy
Ojiyo
7P*
m.
29
8
1S
O
1
2
s. w.
1
cloudy
29
9 a.
nn
29
8
14
8
i
4
s.w.
2
fair
8 p.
m.
29
8
14
1
1
7
s, w.
2
cloudy
30
9 a.
in.
29
9
14
7
1
6
s. w.
2
fair
8 p.
m.
29
9
14
7
1
6
s. w.
2
fair
H.atamed,
29
8
x4
2
1 3
Tota
1 Depth
2,1 38
Gr
Height
3°
0
16
1
2
8
L,
Height
28
9
12
6
0
9
A %
Medical Effays
A.
“T
y v l r 1 733.
D.
Hour.
io
.i i
12
9 a.
8 p.
2 9^.
j8p.
3 9 a-
I 7 P-
4 9 a.
7 P-
9 a.
5" P*
9 a.
7P-
8 a.
9 P-
9 a.
8 p.
9 a.
5* P*
9 a.
8 p.
9 a.
3" P*
9 a.
7P-
Baro.
in.D.
m. 29
111J29
111J29
m. 29
5
6
7
8
*3
14
9 a.
5* P-
9 a.
I7P.
i f Q a.
|8P.
16 j 8 a.
1 rp.
m.
m.
m.
m.
in.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
in.
m.
m.
m.
ITS.
rn.
in.
in.
m.
m
m.
m.
29
30
3°
3°
29
29
3°
3°
3°
3°
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
2-9
29
29
29
29
m. 29
m.! 2 9
IT! .I29
ni.Up
m.i29
9
9
9
9
o
1
c
9
9
0
o
’ I
0
9
9
7
j
/
8
c
0
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
Ther.
I11.D.
if
iS
97
17
14
i7
14
17
17
17
17
17
14
17
17
14
14
13
13
14
14
13
17
14
17
1 2
13
14
13
13
12
7
o
Hyg.
I.D.
3 1
8!i
7 1
o
7.
1
7
6
o
7
7
6
1
2
3
3
»
7
2
9
9jx
°;i
7I1
i
O I T
Si1
2:2
2' 1
61
7,2
4
1
9
7
7
6
7
7
6
4
6
6
3
2
7
6
Wind.
Dir. For.
N. W,
W.
fE.
3 E.
" E.
fE.
E.
E
S. E.
W.
f S. E.
S. W,
f w.
w
Weather. Rain,
iln.D,
Fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
lair
fair
fair
W
w
w
w.
N. W.
N. W.
f W.
w.
w.
6 W.
7 w.
w.
N. E.
N. E.
N. E.
N. E.
2; cloudy
2 pair
2!fair
2'cloudy
o’fair
3 fair
2'cloudy
3 cloudy
Ecloudy
3 fair
3’ cloudy
3 fair
3 cloudy
2 cloudy
1 cloudy
4
1
4
4
3
.8j N. E.
3 tair
2 cloudy
1 fair
rair
fair
Rain
cloudy
0,04 s
°P93
0,283
and Obfervations.
JVLT 1 733-
D,
Hour.
Baro.
Ther.
Hyg.
Wind.
Weather.1 Rain #
In. D.
In.D.
1. 19.
Dir. For.
8 a. m.
N. E. 2
Cloudy
0,283
27
29 6
13 4
3 S
18
4 p. m.
19 6
14 O
I2 0
N. E. 1
cloudy
9 a. m.
29 7
14 I
2 0
N. 1
fair
<W4
9 p. m.
i29 7
14 Cl 6
N. E. 0
lair
19
8 a. m.
,29 7
13 6
1 6
N. W. 2
fair
8 p. m„
29- 7
14 1
1 7
N. W. 2
fair
20
9 a. m.
19 8
14 0
1 6
W. 2
fair
f p. m.
29 8
^ 4
1 4
W. 2
fair
21
8 a. m. *29 7
14 0
2 0
W. 2
fair
7p. m. 29 7
17 6
1 2
N. W. I
fair
22
9 a. m. 29 8
lS S
1 f
W. 2
fair
6p. m.
29 s
lS S
1 3
W. 2
fair
23
9 a. m
29 s
'4 ■ ?,
1 6
W. 2
cloudy
.
fp. m.
29 8
IS 8
[ 6
W. 3
cloudy
24
9 a. m.
29 8
If 1
2 0
W. 2
fair
f p. m.
19 8
If 3
1 4
W. a! fair
ar
8 a. m.
29 9
14 0
1 7
W. 2 fair
0,1 if
26
yp. m.
29 9
14 8
1 3
W. 3 fair
9 a. m.
29 8
14 4
1 y
w. 3ra'r
8 p. m.
29 8
14 0
I 5'
W. 2 Fair
- 27
8 a. m.
29 8
13 3
1 6
W. 2
Fur
28
5" p. m.
9 a. m.
29 8
29 7
14 8
14 7
1 0
1 4
W. affair
S. 1 Fog
4 p. m.
29 6
if 3
1 3
S. b. W.o
cloudy
o5i86
29
9 a. m.
29 5
14 3
1 S
E. 1
fair!
7 p. in.
29 4
H 3
1 9
W, 1 jcloudy
3°
8 a. m.
29 4
13 8
2 0
N.b. W. 1 lair
5 p. m.
29 4
14 s
1 1
N. W. a‘fair
V
32
8 a. m.
29 4
13 9
1 7
W. 2 'fair
7 p. m.
29 4
13 2
1 4
N. W. 2 'fair
. „ . .
H-atamed.29 7(14 6J
1 6
Total Depth
0,638
Gr.
Height 30 1
if 8)3 f
Jv. Height 29 4U2, all o|
Medical Ejfays
JVGVST 1733.
3
4
f
Hour. Baro.
In. D.
8
9 a.
6 p.
9 a.
8 p.
L
9 a.
8 p.
9 a.
8 p.
9 a.
i 8 p.
0 9 a.
8 p.
7 9 a.
7 P*
9 a.
8 p.
9:9 a.
i:TP-
?°i9a.
1 7 P-
11 8 a.
6 p.
12 9 a.
i 6 p.
?3 8 a,
fP-
?4l9 a.
!4P-
?^,pa.
' IJ'P-
26 9 a.
4 P*
nn
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m
m.
m
in.
m
m
m.
ID.
ill
ill
111.
m.
111
m.
111
in
111
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
^9
29
2 9
29
29
29
29
2 9
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
7
6
6
6
6
Ther.
In. Do
*3
L3
12
*3
13
13
J3
*3
13
E3
414
4:i3
4; 1 3
4 1 3
413
S
4
5
S
$
*3
*3
14
!3
n
12
*4
17
J3
7 13
S
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
8
*4
414
7 12
6 12
713
*
9
7
8
6
5
3
6
8
5'
4
o
D
7
6
6
6
6
4
4
*
o
5"
1
3
1
8
4
o
o
o
Hyg.
I.D.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
•>
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
X
X
X
2
I
I
I
I
I
£
I
l
I
I
I
Wind.
Dir. For.
3W.
3 N. W.
5 W.
oe;
3^-
4E.
s"
s
8
o.
F
O
E.
8 E.
E.
4]E.
x
X
2
2
3
2
9
E.
E.
E.
E.
N.
N.
W.
N. W.
5* N. W.
8 S. W.
9 S. E.
ojW.
W.
So w.
So W.
4jW.
2|W.
3 So w.
4W.
2
I
I
I
I
1
2
I
I
X
I
I
2
3
4
31
1
1
1
o
o
o
I
I
I
4
Weather. Rain.
In. D.
Cloudy
fair
fail-
fair
fair
V ♦
rair
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
o,°y0
o,093
Rain
Fog
7
4
W.
w
8 N. W.
7IN. W.
cloudy
Fog
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
fail-
cloudy
cloudy
fail-
fair
cloudy
4 cloudy
‘fail-
fair
fair
fair
faii-
cloudy
2
1
3
3
x
1
x
o
o,°K
cloudy
0,03 s
0,188
0,210
0,490
and Obfervktions. j
AV G V S T 1733
Hour.
Baro.
Ther.
'Hy?.
Wind.
Weather 7 Rain.
In. D.
In.D.
I.
D.
Dir. For.
M47
11
9 a. m.
29
7
12
4
I
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Height 29
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SEPTEMBER 1733.
D.
Hour.
Baro.
I11.D.
3
4
9 a. m
6 p. m.
9 a. m.
6 p. m.
8 a. m.
4 p. m
9 a. m
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W.
Weather. ’Rain.
In.D,
2
7
S
8
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0,084
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0,230
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and Obfsrvations
SEPTEMBER 1733.
D.
Hour.
Baro.r
Ther.
Hyg.i
Wind.
Weather
Rain,
In.D.
In. D.
I.D.
Dir. For.
. ■ ■ '
0,677
17
9 a. m.
3°
1
12
0
2
1
E. 1
Fog
y p. m.
3°
1
I *s
1 3
O
1
9
E. 1
Cloudy
18
8 a. m.
30
2
12
3
2
1
S. W. 1
cloudy
Y
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30
2
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0
2
1
S. W. 1
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19
9 a. m,
3°
2
13
2
2
4
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fair
f p. m.
3°
1
*3
8
1
7
W. 2
fair
20
9 a. m.
29
913
6
1
9
S. W. 2
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4p. m.
29
9
13
8
2
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Rain
21
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29
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2
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6 p. in.
29
9
11
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2
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22
9 a. m.
29
9
12
2
2
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£ p. m.
79
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29
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29
6
12
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9
Total Depth 5,83?
Gr. Height
3°
2
13
83
3
u
Height 28
2
11 0
s\ 1
2
1
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ftfedical EJfays
C T O B E R 1733.
D.
Hour,
4
S
'8
19 a.
SP-
9 a.
SP-
9 a.
r p-
9 a.
SP-
9 a.
4P*
69 a.
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30
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3°
29
in. 29
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29
29
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30
30
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S
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4
1
1
5
7
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2
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4
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In.D.
0,045*
0,060
0,124
0,229
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‘ /
OCTOBER 1733.
Weather. 1 Rain,
0,2,29
D.
Hour.
Baro.
Ther.i
In.D.
in. D.
17
9 a.
m.
3°
3
8
9
7 P*
m.
30
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m.
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10
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20
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m.
30
3
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m.
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11
0
21
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in.
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30
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m.
30
1
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m.
30
1
10
8
23
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7 S, W.
2 S. W.
7 S. W.
9 S. W.
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9 S. W.
8 S. W.
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4 S, W.
4 8. W.
9 W.
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4
5
9
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fair
fair
fair
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3 cloudy
2
3
4
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0,2©6>
0,380
0,084
Total Depth 1,083
Ml
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2
3
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6
7
2
9
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33
14
if
26
0 V E M B E R 1733
Baro.
Ther.
Hyg.
Wind.
Weather.
In. D
In. D.
I.D.
Dir. For.
29
7
12
2
2
3
S. W. 3
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29
7
12
4
2
3
S. W. 2
cloudy
29
7
12
4
2
3
w. 3
fair
29
7
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8
2
2
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29
8
10
6
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29
9
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2
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fair
3°
3
9
4
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8
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fair
3°
3
10
0
I
7
N. 1
cloudy
3°
1
11
6
2
5
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3°
1
12
0
2
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2
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Rain,
In.D.
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0,066
0,19^
and Obfervationi
NOVEMBER 1733.
D.f Hour.
17
18
19
20
21
22
^3
24
IS
26
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
m.
9 a.
4 P*
9 a.
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27 9 a. in.
4p. m.
9 a. m.
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29J9 a. m.
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28
29 5* 10
29 6
29 8
29 8
29 7
29 8
29 7
29 <5 10
29 y 10
29 6
29 8
29 8
29 8
29 7
29 7
29 6
29 7
29 7
29 7
29 5
29 8
29 9
29 8
29 7
29 8
29 7
29 S
29_ 6
H.at amed.29 7
9 a.
SP-
9 a.
4 P*
9 a.
4p.
9 a.
4p. m.
9 a. m.
4 p. m.
9 a. m.
4p. m.
9 a. m.
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9 a. m.
4p. m.
m.
m.
in.
m.
Baro.
In.D.
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In.D.I.D.
Gr. Height 30 3
L. Height 29 1
9
9
10
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S.
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9
o
2
o
9
o
7
7
21 7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
4 Cloudy
cloudy
fair
fair
fair
fair
cloudy
cloudy
fair
Fair
fair
fair
fair
3 cloudy
cloudy
loudy
fair
fair
3 fair
Rain
fair
cloudy
fair
cloudy
cloudy
4
2
2
2
3
2
f: . ir
cloudy
Raifo
o,i94
0,03-7
0,09^
Total Depth 0,326
Medical Ejfajs
{ DECEMBER 1733.
D.
Hour.
Baro.
In.D.
"I
9a.
m.
29
6
4 P»
m.
29
6
2
9 a«
m.
29
4
4 P*
m.
29
3
3
9 a.
m.
29
7
4 P-
in.
29
9
49 a.
m.
30
0
4 P*
m.
30
1
S
9 a*
m.
30
2
6
4 P*
m.
30
2
9 a.
m.
30
2
4 P-
m.
30
1
7
9 a.
m.
30
0
4P.
m.
30
0
9 a.
m.
3°
0
4 P*
m.
29
9
9 93.
m.
29
7
4 P*
m.
29
6
10
9 a.
in.
29
1
4 P*
ni.
29
3
II
9 a-
m.
29
0
4P*
m.
✓
29
0
12
9 a-
in.
29
1
4P.
m.
29
0
13
9 a.
m.
29
1
4P*
in.
29
0
14
9 a.
m.
29
0
4 P*
m.
28
8
IS
9 a.
m.
29
2
16
4p.
in.
29
9 a.
m.
2-9
2
4 P*
in.
2-9
3
Ther.
In.D.
9
9
12
11
9
i°
11
11
11
11
10
11
10
10
9
10
9
9
10
10
11
12
10
11
10
10
10
11
11
10
io
9
Hyg-
I, IX
Wind,
Dir. For.
0 2,
I
6
4
7
1
o
2
7
7
c
?
y
2
f
o
7
8
7
8
9
4
1
9
3
9
2
1
1
2
42
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
o
o
6
W.
W,
w.
w.
7W.
9W
w.
3W.
w.
s. w.
s. w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
w.
s. w.
s. w,
I
1
o
9
o
9
o
o
9
2 o.
8.
s.
s.
S.
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2<
1
4
2
9
1
2
1
o
2
1
9
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Weather. Rain.
In.D,
8. W.
8. W.
S. W.
8,
S.
S.
s. w.
s,
8.
S. W.
8. W.
8
3N. W.
2
2
2
3
4
2
J
Fair
fair
4 cloudy
fair
fair
fair
cloudy
fair
cloudy
cloady
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
fair
fair
Fog
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
Rain
Rain
fair
fair
Fog
cloudy
Fog
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
Rain
fair
0,205
0,146
0,072
0,248
0,124
0,176
0,198
o,3I4
1 366£
and Obfervations.
\ DECEMBER j73h
D,
Hour;
Baro.
In. D.
In.
D
1.
D.
17
9 a.
m.
29
4
10
0
2
4
4p.
m.
29
4
10
3
2
y
18
9 a.
m.
29
4
12
6
2
3
4 p-
m.
29
4
12
y
2
y
i9
9 a.
m.
29
6
11
y
2
2
4P-
m.
29
7
11
7r
2
20
9 a.
m.
29
7
1 1
7
2
2
4 p-
m.
29
7
11
7
2
2
21
9 a.
m.
29
6
11
9
2
3
4 P*
m.
29
6
ii
3
2
1
22
9 a.
m.
29
y
10
3
2
1
4 P*
in.
29
1
10
7
2
2
^3
9 a.
m.
29
2
10
2
1
9
4 P-
m.
29
3
10
6
1
8
24
9 a.
m.
29
3
9
7
2
8
4 P*
m.
29
y
9
7
2
0
2y
9 a.
m.
29
4
9
9
2
1
4P-
m.
29
4
9
y
2
1
26
9 a.
m.
|i9
6
8
9
2
1
4 P-
m.
29
7
9
4
2
0-
27
9 a.
m.
29
2
9
0
2
2
4 P*
m.
29
4
10
4
2
2
28
9 a.
m.
29
8
10
2
2,
1
3
4 P*
m.
29
9
10
6
2
1
29
9 a.
m.
29
6
11
7
2
1
4 P.
m. 29
6
10
7
1
9
30
9 a.
m. 29
y
11
0
2
0
4 P-
m.
29
4
11
7
2
2
3i
9 a.
m.
29
2
11
3
2
2
4 P-
m. 29
3
11
1
2
1
H.atamed
.29
y
10
7
2
1
Gr. Height 30
2
12
6
2
8
L.
Height 28
8
8
9
1
7
Ther.
Hyg
Dir. For.
W.
W.
s. w.
w.
S. E.
s. w
s.
W-
s. w.
s. w.
Wither .iRam
$. W;
S. W.
w,
w.
W. b. S. 2
W.b.S. 2
W-b. $. 2
W- i
W*. i
S. w. o
S. w, I(
S. W. 3 cloudy
S. W.
s. w.
S. W. 3
s. w.
w.
i:air
fair
fair
fair
fair
idy
cloudy
Fog
fair
fair
cloudy
fair
fair
fair
fair
cloud y
clouay
fa : v
fail
Fog
fair
Fog
Cloudy
fair
Rain
fair
cloudy
cloudy
h,6(
0,223
0,274
0,074
0,155
A,i30
0,195
F
■•PSS
PM3
0^71
Total Depth 3,629
td
Medical EjfayS
J A NV A R r 1734,
T\
*,
; Hour, j
Rrro.
in D.
Ther.
In.D.
Hyg-
L D.
Wind.
Dir. For.
Weather.
1
!
911. m,
29
4
8
6
2
3
s. w.
3
Cloudy
4p, m.
29
6
9
3
2
0
w.
3
cloudy
.%
9 at. m.
2.9
6
9
6
2?
0
s.
3
cloudy
4p. m.
29
4
9
3
2
1
s. w.
1
Rain
3
9 si. in.
29
3
8
4
2
3
w,
2
fair
4 P‘ m*
29
3
8
5
2
1
w.
2
fair
4
9 a. m .
29
2
8
3
2
2
s. w.
2
fair
4P- ro.
2,9
2
8
3
2
1
s. w.
2
fair
5
9 a. m.
^9
2
7
8
2
3
s, w.
2
cloudy
4 p\ m.
19
3
7
«s
2
5
s. w.
2
cloudy
6
9 a* m.
19
6
7
4
2
0
w.
2
fair
|4 P • m-
29
6
. **»
t
*7
/
1
9
W-
1
fair
7 oa, ITS.
29
—9
/
y
I
1
9
w.
2
fair
4 p , m.
29
8
7
7
2
<5
w.
1
Fog
8
9 a. m.
3°
0
8
c
2
8
s. w.
1
Fog
4 p, in.
30
0
8
8
2
6
s. w.
1
Fog
9
9 a., rn.
30
0
9
0
2
0
S.b.W.
1
cloudy
4 p. m.
30
0
9
3
2
0
1
1
cloudy
to
9 a.. m.
30
2
8
7
2
5
1
cloudy
4 p. m.
30
3
9
1
2
f S.
1
cloudy
11
99 a. m.
30
5'
7
7
1
8 S.
1
fair
14 P- m-
30
S
7
J
i
7S.
1
fair
729 a. in.
30
5
7
0
1
7
s. w.
1
fair
Up- m.
30
6
'7
6
1
6
s. w.
1
fair
13
j 9 a. m.
30
S
6
2
1
f
s. w.
1
fair
14 p. m.
30
4
7
4
1
*7
/
s. w.
2
fair
i 4
9 a. m.
30
2
7
c
2
0
s. w.
1
fair
4 P*
30
1
7
4
2
2
s. w.
1
fair
*S
9 a. -n.
30
0
7
0
2
6
S.b. E.
i
Fog
16
4P- m.
29
9
7
3
2
5*
S. b. E.
1
Fog
9 a. m.
29
7
7
6
2
5*
s.
1
Fog
4P. m.
l9
7.
8
2
2
3
s.
1
lair
Rain.
In.D«
0,085^
op$S
0,095*
V73
J A N't) A R T 1734.
D,
Hour.
Baro.
Ther.
Hyg.
Wind,
Weather
Rain.
In. D„
In.
D.
L
D.
Dir. For.
0,408
17
9 a. m.
29
8
8
0
S. 1
Fog
4 p. m.
3°
0
8
5
2
4
S. W. I
cloudy
18
9 a. m.
29
9
10
0
2
1
S.W. 3
cloudy
4p. in.
30
0
11
2
2
3
S- VV. I
cloudy
19
9 a. m„'
30
0
10
7
2
3
S. W. 1
cloudy
4 p. m.
3°
1
10
S
2
1
s.’W; 2
fair
*
2'0
9 a. m.
30
1
9
8
2
0
S. W. I
fair
4p. m.
30
1
9
8
2
0
S. W. I
fair
21
9 a. m.
3°
0
8
9
2
0
S. w, I
fair
4 p. m.
2 9
8
10
0
1
9
SI W. 1
fair
22
9 a. m.
29
41
9
4
2
1
S. W. 2
fair
4 p. m.
29
4
9
7
2
1
W. 2
fair
23
9 a. m.
29
8
9
5
1
9
WV 2
fair
4P. m.
29
8
10
4
1
,•1
2
wv 2
fair
M
9 a. m.
29
8
if
1
2
5
W. 2
cloudy
4p. in.
29
7
11
S
2
4
W. i
Rain
*5*
9 a. in.
29
6
10
4
2
1
W. b. S. 3
cloudy
op6f
4P- m.
29
3
9
9
2
1
W. b S 3
cloudy
26
9 a. in.
29'
8
10
1
2
0
N. W. 2
fair
4p. m.
29
9
10
8
1
8
W. 3
fair
9 a. m.
3°
2
11
0
2
6
W; 2
fair
>
4p. m.
3°
2
11
2
2
3
W. 3
cloudy
. \ ,,
28
9 a. m.
3°
2
10
7
2
5
S. W. i
lair
<¥*4 f
4P» m.
3°
2
11
4
2
4
Wo 2
lair
29
9 a. m.
3°
3
11
0
2
5
W. 2
cloudy
4p. m.
30
3
10
8
2
W/b.’ Sa
cloudy
30
9 a. m.
30
3
11
2
2
W. 2
cloudy
0,077
4 p. m.
3°
2
if
2
2
3:
W/ 2
cloudy
31
9 a. m.
3°
2
10
2
2
1
w; , , 2
fair
4p. m.
30
2
9
Jf
1
N.W. 3
fair
H.atamed.
29
9
8
8
2
2
Total Depth'
0,5-9^'
(dr. Height 30
6
11
2
8
L, Height
29
2
6
2
1
2
1 8 Medical Ejfays
FEBRVART 1734.
D.
Hour.
Baro.
Ther.
Hyg.
Wind.
Weather.
In. D
I11. D.
I.
in
Dir. Jr or.
1
9 a.
m.
30
2
9
0
1
9
W.b.S.2
Fair
4 P-
m.
30
1
10
4
2
1
W, 3
cloudy
2
9 a.
in.
3°
0
10
0
2
1
W. 4
fair
4P*
m.
30
0
11
0
2
0
W. 3
fair
3
9 a.
m.
29
9
10
8
2
3
S. W. 2
fair
4p.
m.
29
7
11
2
T
2
2
VV. 3
fair
4
9 a.
m.
29
9
9
9
1
9
W. 3
fair
5>
m.
29
8
10
3
2
p
W. 3
cloudy
S
9 a.
m.
29
8
10
8
2
3
W. 2
cloudy
4p.
m.
29
9
n
4
2
1
W. 2
cloudy
6
9 a.
m.
29
8
10
9
2
2
S. W. 2
cloudy
4 P*
m.
29
6
11
0
2
0
b'.W. 3
cloudy
7
9 a.
m.
29
6
10
3
2
0
W\b.N. 3
fair
4 P
m.
29
8
10
4
1
4
N. W. 3
fair
8
9 a.
m.
30
3
9
9
1
6
VV. 1
cloudy
s\ ■
4 P*
m.
30
3
10
S
2
O
W. 2
cloudy
9
9 a.
m.
3°
2
11
0
2
3
S.b. W. 3
cloudy
4 P-
m.
30
0
11
3
2
0
S. W. 2
cloudy
10
9 a.
m.
29
9
10
4
2
0
N. W. 3
faii-
4p.
m.
30
0
10
6
1
8
N. W. 3
fair
11
9 a.
m.
30
0
10
7
1
9
S. W. 2
cloudy
4 P-
m.
29
9
11
1
1
b
S. W. 2
cloudy
12
9 a.
m,
29
6
11
7
2
0
S. W. 2
cloudy
4 P-
m.
29
6
1 1
8
1
7
S. W. I
cloudy
13
9 a.
in.
29
4
11
8
2
0
S. W. 2
fair
W ■
4P*
m.
29
S
ii
1
6
S. W. 2
fair
. :
14
9 a.
in.
29
6
9
8
*
1
1
S. W. 2
Fair
4p.
m.
29
S
9
6
1
S
S. W. 3
cloudy
IS
9 a.
m.
28
8
10
S
2
0
S. b. W.4
Rain
4 P*
in.
28
6
10
2
2
0
S. W. 4
cloudy
16
9 a.
m.
29
0
9
2
2
0
b. W. 3
fair
4P-
in.
29
0,
9
4
2
0
W. 2
cloudy
Raim
In.D.
°,ii4
0,094
0,243
0,023
°>474
and Obfervatiohs*
l9
FEBRVART 1734,
D.
17
18
19
20
21
22
2-3
24
Hour,
9 a.
TP*
9 a,
TP*
9 a;
4P*
8 a.
TP*
9 a.
4 P*
9 a.
TP*
9 a.
TP*
9 a,
TP*
2y 8 a.
m.
m.
m,
m.
m.
m.
lllo
2TL
m.
in.
m.
m.
ni.
m.
Baro.
In.D.
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
m.|28
m. 28
in.
m.
m.
4p. m.
9 a. m.
4p. nr.
9 a. m.
TP*
26 9 a.
27
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
o
1
o
S
7
T
5
7
9
9
7
T
3
'3
9
9
G
I
3
3
6
6
4
Ther.
In.D.
9
8
9
10
9
10
9
9
9
9
10
11
2
6
9
4
1
2
1
7
1
6
9
6
10 9
11 y
10
10
10
6
6
1
10 8
9 6
10 8
9 7
11 4
11 4
Hyg.i Wind.
L DJDir, For.
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
8
2
1
T
7
7
S.- W. 3 Cloudy
cloudy
Weather, Rain,
°)474
S. W,
N. W. 3 cloudy
N.
N. W, 2
W, 2 Rain
oN. Wi 3 cloudy
N. W. 2 fair
4 fair
fair
T
9
o
6
1
1
7
o
W.
w.
S. W/
s< w,
s. w.
s, w.
s. w
7 W.
2 S.
s.
s.
oS.
o
6
8
S p. Bl. 29 S
12 2
i T
H.atamed.29 6
10 s
2 9
Gr. Height 30 3
12 2
2 6
L, Height 28 6
8 6
1 4
S, W<
s. w.
s.
s. w.
3 cloudy
2 Rain
2 fair
2 cloudy
2 cloudy
2 cloudy
2 cloudy
fair
cloudy
cloudy
fair
fair
fair
cloudy
cloudy
3 fair
1
1
1
1
1
G
2
0,0 6$
Total Depth Qrf9$
B 2,
40
Medical E frays
MARC El 1734.
D. Hour.
19 a. m.
5“ p. m.
2 9 a. m.
\SP- m
2 9 a. m
i S p. m
4 9 a. m
6 p. m
y 9 a. in
y p. m
6 9 a. m
4 p. m.
79 a. m.
5- p. m.
8 9 a. m.
yP- m
99 a. m.
yp. IB.
10 9 a. in.
yp.
11 9 a. in.
6p. m.
129 a. in.
5 p. m.
13 9 a. m
y p. m.
14 9 a. m.
| S P- m-
1 5*1 9 a. m.
s y p. m.
16 9 a. m.j
1 6 p. m,!
Baro.lTher.
in.D. I11.D.
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
710
jii
6\ 10
6 1 1
6|ii
6 11
I.D.
7
7
7
42
2
5-
4
5"
12
11
11
4 11
4
7
7
6
6
7
8
8
6
6
7
5
3
6
y
12
12
11
11
9
10
11
10
9
10
9
11
10
10
9
10
9
11
4 10
9
1
f
2
6
3
o
D
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
61 1
5 1
6 1
8.t
9 >
1
6
7
1 1
11
11
7
9
7
8
6
S
s
4
o
D
3
fji
r
1
f
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
8
6
7
o
1
8
9 S.
o
Wind,
Di . For.
S.
S. E.
S. b. E.
S. E.
s. w.
s. w.
Weather. Rain.
I In.D,
Fair
fair
cloudy
fair
cloudy
fair
cloudy
cloudy
Rain
cloudy
3 cloudy
r
8 IS.
8 S. W.
s. w.
oS. W.
7S. W.
W.
7 W.b.N. pair
8 W.b.N.2fair
6 W.b.N.2!cloudy
9 W. 2'cloudy
W. 2 cloudy
o W.b.N.2 fair
y N. W. 2 fair
' S. E, 2 'fair
8
9 S. 2
S. W. 3
W. 3
7S. E. 2
9 S. E. 1
S. b. E. o
7 S.‘ E. o
W. 3
4 W.b.N. 2
8 S.b. W.
6
S, W. 4 cloudy
cloudy
Rain
fair
Fog
Rain
fair
cloudy
cloudy
fair
cloudy
0,I9£
P MS
0,025*
0,048
0,036
0,09.7
0,172
0,077
0,026
0,707
and Ob fer vat ions.
at
MARCH 1734.
D.
Hour.
17 9 a. m.
yp. m.
18 9 a. m.
6 p. m.
19 9 a. m,
7p. m.
20 9 a. m.
6 p. m.
21
22
23
Baro.
Iii.D.
29
29
29
V)
29
29
29
29
9 a. m. 29
8
8
5
4
1
4
2
i
1
Ther. Hyg.
in. D.
9
10
10
11
10
11
11
12
11
yp. no. 29 4,n
9 a. m.!29
yp. in., 29
9 a. m. ! 29
6p. m. 29
24 9 a. m. 29
y p. m. 29
2y *9 a. m. 29
jy p. in. 29
26 9 a. m. 29
I4 p. m. 29
27 9 a. m. 29
6 p. m. 29
a. m. 29
1 6 p. in. 29
29 9 a. m. 29
!yp. no. 1 29
30:9 a. m. 29 7
6
.3
1
4
y
7
6
5
5"
11
12
1 1
IQ
10
1 1
10
II
II
II
II
II
9
11
11
11
11
jy p. m.:29 712
31 9. a. m
y p. no.
29
29
812
9U2.
H.atama.1.29 y
Gr. Height 29 9
L. Height 29 1
11
6 1
81
61
3
8 1
o
2
*
S
o
2
Si
81
I.D.
8
7
8
4
6
3
4
3
4
61
01
21
4
2
3
4
41
1 1
12 y
9 7
Wind.
Dir. For
S. W 3 Fair
3 w, b. S. 4
9 S.b.W. 1
9 S. b. W. 1
9 S. b. E. o
4 *S. W. 1
8 S. E .
9 S.b.W
8 S. W.
7:W.
o S. W.
4'S. W.
7 s. w.
y S. W.
7 S. V/.
4 S. W.
7 S. W. 2
3 W. b. S. 1
7 S. W. 2
8 S. W. 1
Weather.
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
fair
fair
Rain
cloudy
fair
fair
fair
loudy
variable
4 Rain
3 fair
cloudy
fair
fair
cloudy
Rain
fair
fair
foir
cloudy
6 N. W. 2
4 N. W. 2
6 N. W. 1
y W. 1
y W. bt N. 3 fair
4 W.b.M, 3 fair
y W.b.N.ifair
7 S. W. 3 cloudy
1 1 W.b.N.3 cloudy
7 W.b.N.2fair
*7
Rain.
0,707
o,034
o,i9f
0,07^
0,113
0,093
0,204
0,265*
0,21©
0,034
0,044
0,08 y
0,063
3
Total Depth 2,12a
Medical EJfays
A eP R I L 1734.
D,
Hour.
Baro. '
I11.D, .
Pher. I
In/D. 1
1
9 a.
m.
29
9
12
3 1
6 p.
m.
29
9
12
8 i
2
9 a.
m.
29
9
12
2
4p.
m.
3°
0
13
2
0
0
9 a.
m.
3°
0
12
4
SP-
m.
3°
0
1 2
6
4
9 a.
m.
29
9
12
3
4p.
m.
29
9
*3
7
5
9 a.
m.
30
0
ii
3
y p.
m.
30
0
12
4
6
9 a.
m.
29
8
13
3
m.
29
6
?3
1
7
9a.
m.
29
6
10
9
8
6p.
m.
29
6
11
1
9 a.
m.
29
6
u
S
4 P?
m.
29
S
11
7
9
9 a.
m.
29
s
10
S
4p.
m.
29
6
11
9
IP
9 a,
in.
29
8
12
1
5>
m.
29
8
12
4
I!
9 a.
m.
29
9
11
4
6 p.
m.
30
0
11
6
12
9 a.
m.
30
0
11
8
S P,
m.
30
0
12
7
?3
9 a.
m.
30
1
x3
2
PP>
m.
3°
2
*3
7
14
9 a.
m.
30
2
12
7
fPi
m.
3°
1
x4
7
i.r
9 a.
m.
3°
Q
12
S
m.
29
9
x4
0
|6
9 a.
m.
29
9
12
3
m.
29
9
*3
4)
Hyg.
I.D.
G
Wind, j Weather. Raifi
Dir. For
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
s. w.
7 W„
S. w.
8 W.
oW.
7 w.
w.
w.
w.
3.N. E.
‘ S. E.
s. w.
y vv.
w.
s. w.
2 cloudy
cloudy
o
5
7
5
6
6
2
o
2
2
2
2
o
2
2
2
loudy
cloudy
cloudy
lair
fair
fair
fair
cloudy
cloudy
fair
fair
cloudy
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
In.D.
0,125-
0,034
y W.b.Nf2
W.b.N. 3 fair
N. W. 3 fair
W.b. S,,i 3 cloudy
5 W. 3 cloudy
6 W. 2 fair
W. 4 variable
5 W-b.lS. 2 cloudy
5" S. W. 3 cloudy
9 W. 2 ~ '
S W.b, S.2
9 W.b.S. I
4 5. b. E.
8S, E.
S. E.
8S. E.
3&
,0 SS
0,214
and Obfervations.
A T R I L 1734.
D.
Hour.
ifaro.
Ther. Hyg
,Wind.
j Weather
In. D.
In.
D.
I. D.
Dir. For.
17
9 a.
m.
±9
9
11
y
1
9
£. b. N.
2
Fair
S P’
m.
19
9
11
$
1
6
N. E.
2
fair
18
9 a.
m.
29
7
10
7
2
4
E.
3
cloudy
4 p-
m.
29
8
11
5
1
8
E.
2
cloudy
19
9 a.
m.
30
0
11
S
i
9
E.
2
fair
6 p.
m.
3°
0
11
2
1
8
E.
2
cloudy
2-0
9 a.
m.
30
0
11
s
2
6
E,
2
cloudy
7 P-
m.
3°
0
11
I
2
0
E,
2
fair
21
9 a.
m.
3°
0
11
5“
1
6
E.
I
fair
6 p.
ni.
29
9
12
6
1
4
E.
1
fair
22
9 a.
m.
29
9
9
9
1
8
N. E.
2
Cloudy
6 p.
m.
29
9
9
4
2
1
E.
1
Rain
23
9 a.
m.
29
8
11
3
2
0
E.
1
cloudy
6 p.
m.
29
8
11
4
1
8
E.
2
fair
24
9 a.
m.
29
7
11
4
2
0
S. E.
2
cloudy
6 p.
m.
29
6
11
6
2
1
S, E.
2
cloudy
2?
9 a.
m.
29
S
12
7
2
3
S. E.
1
lair
6 p.
m.
29
6
i3
0
1
6
w.
1
cloudy
26
# a.
m.
29
S
13
S
1
6
s. w.
2
fair
6 p.
m.
29
s
13
1
1
4
w.
2
fair
^7
9 a.
m.
29
s
12
6
1
6
s. w.
2
lair
5* P*
m.
29
s
13
0
1
6
w.
1
cloudy
28
9 a.
m.
29
f
12
4
1
6
w.
2
fair
6 p.
m.
29
s
13
5-
1
3
S. W.
2
fair
29
9 a.
m.
29
s
13
S
1
3
s. w.
2
fair.
6 p.
m.
29
4
13
6
1
4
s. w.
1
Rain
3°
9 a.
m.
29
4
12
6
1
4
s. w.
2
fair
fP-
m.
I29
412
4
i
4
s. w.
2
cloudy
H.atamed.
29
8
12
2
1
7
Total Depth
Gr
Heigpt 30
2
J4
7
2
6
>
L.
Heig
;ht
29
4
9
4
1
2
0,214
°>r37
°,2°4
0,0 SS
0,045*
Medical E/ays
M A T 1734-
Hour.
Bar or
in. D.
Ther.
In.D.
1
9 a.
m.
19
4^
[2
yp.
m.
29
4:
12
a
9 a.
m.
29
7
9
/,
y p.
ml:
19
7
8
10
0
3
9 a.
in.
29
10
6 p.
m.
29
8
11
4
9 a.
m.
29
8
11
*
y p*
m.
29
9
12
5"
9 a.
m.
30
D
11
5" P *
m.
29
9
12
6
9 a;
m.
29
7
11
7 pi
m.
29
8
11
7
9 a.
m.
2.9
7
11
S' P-
m.
29
6
10
8
'i
9 a.
m.
*9
7
i2
j
S' p*
ip
9
8
*3
9
9 a.
in.
30
0
11
yp»
m.
3°
1
12
1°
9 a.
in.
30
0
12
*
S P-
m.
29
9
12
H
9 a.
m.
29
7
12
7 P-
in.
29
4
12
12
9 a.
in.
29
4
11
yp-
m
29
3
12
13
9 a;
m.
29
4
11
SP-
in
29
4
11
*4
9 a.
m
29
4in
yp.
m.
29
4! 11
■fir
9 a.
m
.29
y
iIO
7 P-
m
29
y
11
|6
9 a.
in
29
6
11
»
7 P-
m;
29
6
11
Wind. Wither.
I. D.lDir, For.
2
o
B
8
4
6
o
3
2
6
9
2
I
I
I
I
1
i
x
i
i
f
i
X
i
4i
8
o i
i
i
i
8
7
o
8
%
9
o
3
6 I
7
9
91*
3 8. W.
ys. w
7 N. E.
4N. E.
2
2
2
2
N.b.W.2
4jN . W. 2
ojN. W
2
6
W.
W;
y Wl
yW;
7,N.
<5E.
3IE.
4'N.
6 N:
E.
E.
i
i
1
2
2
2
2
Cloudy
Rain
fair
air
cloudy
C • . * a
fair
fair
kir
air
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
fait
fair
fair A
fair
yjW.b.N. 3 cloudy
4 1 5
ti
6 i
o i
3!Nv W.
yW.
W.
4 N. W.
o:N. IV.
3;No W.
2|S. ‘ *
4|E.
4 N. W.
y!E. b. S.
y|E;
| Rain.
In. Do
3 fair
cloudy
cloudy
_ fair
3 cloudy
q fair
Hail
2 fair
2 fair
i fair
i cloudy
i cloudy
I Rain
0,066
°,o S7
0,127
i
ops $
°,iSf
0,205;
y
0113
0.808
9 > *
and Obfervations.
MAT 1734.
Do
Hour.
Baro.
*— —
•
5-1
CD
.£2
Hyp:.
Wind.
Weather
Rain.
Iu,D.
In.D-
I.
D.
Dir. For.
*
j *.
0,808
17
9 a.
m.
29
6
ii
2
I
3
N. W. 1
Fair
0,130
6p,
m.
29
6
12
6
I
2
E. 1
fair
18
9 a.
in.
29
5"
12
6
I
4
N. E. 1
fair
6 p.
m.
29
S
12
2
I
4
S. W. 2
fair
19
9 a.
m.
29
s
31
8
I
3
S. W. 2
fair
0,247
V
6 p.
m.
29
6
1 1
9
I
2
S. W. 1
fair
20
9 a.
m.
29
8
12
3
I
7
W. 2
cloudy
0,070
"Jo
6 p.
m.
29
8
13
0
I
4
W. 2
cloudy
21
9 a.
m.
29
8
13
9
I
4
S. i
lair
0,120
£
6 p.
m.
29
6
12
6
I
7
S. W. 2
cloudy
22
9 a.
m.
2-9
4
!3
1
I
7
S. W. 1
cloudy
0,398
>.
7 P-
m.
29
4
13
1
I
4
S. w. I
cloudy
23
9 a.
m.
2-9
6
12
2
I
S
W. 2
fair
0,127
7 P-
m.
29
7
12
S
I
3
W. 2
lair
24
y a.
m.
29
8
*3
2
I
f
W. 1
cloudy
'0,088
6 p.
m.
2-9
8
13
7
I
3
E. |
fair
25*
9 a.
m.
29
8
12
8
I
Ej 2
fair
0,034
8 p.
m.
29
7
II
9
I
6
E. 2
cloudy
' ** f.
26
9 a.
m.
29
6
1 1
7
2
0
N. E„ 2
cloudy
7 P*
m.
29
7
II
7
2
1
N. E. 2
cloudy
27
9 a.
m.
29
7
12
0
I
8
N. E. 1
fair
* ‘ l
6 p.
m.
29
7
13
0
I
6
E. 1
fair
28
9 a.
m.
29
7
13
6
2
0
N. E. 1
fair
°ass
7 P-
m.
2.9
7
13
3
I
3
S. E. 1
cloudy
29
9 a.
m.
29
6
12
7
I
2
E. 1
cloudy
0,087
6p.
m.
29
6
12
2
2
2
E. 1
cloudy
3°
9 a.
m.
29
5
12
2
3
5*
E. b.N. 2
cloudy
0
00
0
J'P-
m.
29
X
?3
c
2
6
Eb. N. 2
cloudy
31
9 a.
m.
29
5
3
2
JN. E, 2
Rain
5* P*
m.
29
6
II
8
3
3
N. E. 3
|Rain
H.atamcd.29 8|i2 i|i 7
Gr. Height 30 i[tj 9)3 7
L. Heigin 29 3I 9 8|i o
Total Depth 3,313
Medical EJfays
II. An Account of the DISEASES
that were moji frequent lafl Tear in E-
dinburgh.
IN June 1733, feveral Inhabitants of2£-
dinburgh were feized with Tertian A-
gues , and others laboured under flight Fe¬
vers, with Pain of the Head, and flying
Pains through the Body, the Sick having
fliort Remiflions of the Fever, and partial
Sweatings. At the fame Time Scarlet Fe¬
vers and lore Throats were frequent in fe¬
veral Parts of the Country near the City.
In July many complained of Angina^
Coughs, Hoarfienefs, and other EfFedts of
what they call Summer Colds , and Chil¬
dren were attacked with the Scarlet-fever
and Angina , which became very epide-
mick in the two lucceeding Months, was
lefs frequent and milder in October ; but
continued* all the Winter and Spring. This
Ddeafe began commonly with a quick Pulfe,
Heat, Thirft, Headach, and a Pain in the
Throat, wh re frequently a Swelling of
the Amygda1# was obierved. Many had
a V omiting ; nd cDiarrh£a at the fir ft At¬
tack of this Difeafe, without any remark-
and Obfer vat tons . 2.7
eable Change on the other Symptomes. Af¬
ter a Day or two, the Face, or Extremities,
and fbmetimes the whole Body fwelled, the
Skin being red, with a watery Clearnels
fliining through it. Frequently the Swel¬
ling and Rednefs proceeded gradually from
one part to another. It was remarked,
that Inch Patients who had undergone the
Scar let -fever any Time of their Lives be¬
fore, took at this Time the Fever and An¬
gina, without the Scarlet Eruption, but all
who laboured under the Scar let -fever had
the Angina alfo.
Many who were negle&ed in the Begin¬
ning of thisDifeafe, were fuffocated by the
Angina. Few died who were timely and
plentifully blooded, which weakned the Fe¬
ver, relieved the Throat, and was the only
Medicine that removed the Vomiting and
2 ^iarrhaa. After the Pulfe was brought
down with the Lofs of Blood, Veficatories
were of Ufe, and the Cure was afterwards
haftned and compleated by purging the Pa¬
tients with aperient laxative Ptizans.
In the Account of epidemical Difeafes iu
Vol. II. we meptioned the Small-fox ha*
ving attacked fome Children through all the
Spring of 1733, the Numbers increafing in
Mayy which they continued to do in June
July and August, but were then gene-
2,8
Medical Effays
rally of the diftind mild kind. As they
became more frequent in September,
there were more of them confluent, and the
Number of Patients increaied all October,,
after which they raged mod violently, few
Families efcaping them, till February,
when they decrealed, and gradually went
off in M arch. The pocky Pimples gene¬
rally began to appear the third Day from
the Sickning, and yet were not always ei¬
ther confluent or dangerous. Very few had
any purple Spots with the Small-pox ; and
of thole who recovered of the confluent
kind, fewer had Tumors or Ulcers than at
other Times.
The cool Regimen was generally follow¬
ed; and when the Fever was high in the
Beginning, with the Head or Breathing
much affeded, the Patients were common¬
ly blooded and vomited ; and, in the con¬
fluent kind, it was neceflary and proved
ufefui to repeat the Blooding about the
Height of the Difeafe, and fome time after.
From the firft Attack of the Fever, till the
Small-pox were all out, many order’d ePe-
diluvia of warm Water once or twice a
Day, which feemed in many Cafes to re¬
lieve the Head confiderably, and to bring
a greater Number of Pimples to the lower
Extremities. When the Patients were co-
ftive.
and Ohfervations, £9
ftive, diluent cooling Clyfters were inje-
died. Syrup of white Poppies was ge¬
nerally given at Night to procure Sleep*
In lome who had bloody Stools andUrine9
the Spirit of Vitriol, mixed in pretty large
Quantities with the Drink of the Sick, did
very remarkable Service, theie thr earning
Symptoms dilappearing in a little Time af¬
ter they began to take inch acidulated Li¬
quors. Vejkatories affifted the Eruption
when the Pulfe was low, and often were
of Service in removing Raving, Startings
of the Nerves, Convuiftons and difficult
f
laborious Breathing ; and fome who had a
bad confluent Small-pox , lecm’d to have
the dangerous Symptoms at the Blackening
prevented, by applying Veficatories a Day
before the Blackening began, and by keep¬
ing up a Suppuration in the blifter’d Parts
for fome Days. Gentle Emeticks were al-
fo advantagioufly given, when the Stomach
or Lungs appeared to be overcharged with
Mucus . When the Small-pox were em¬
pty, or had only a little watery Mat¬
ter in them, and the Swellings began to
fall luddenly on the 9th or 10th Day, Pur¬
gatives were given to lome with good Sne¬
eds.
Though Blooding in the Beginning of the
Small fox evidently gave Relief in a great
• k many
30 Medical EJfays
many Cafes, yet it could not well be jud¬
ged whether the taking Blood before the
variolous Fever began, or after the Sym¬
ptoms appeared, had any Effedt in deter¬
mining the Nature or Number of the Small-
fox ; for many who had been prepared by
Blooding, Purging, I flues, and low cool¬
ing Diet, had a very bad confluent Small-
fox % and others who had alio been treated
in that Manner, and a great Number who
had ufed no liich Precautions, took the
mild kind. Some who had undergone
Courfes of Mercury , and who had been
afterwards kept for a confiderabie Time to
the conftant Uie of JEthiofs Mineral , were
feized with the confluent Small-fox and
died.
During the Harveft Months of 1733,
cDyfenteries were frequent and mortal in
Fife , efpecially on the Coaftof the Frith
of Forth.
In March and April 1734, Tertian
Jlgues became frequent in Edinburgh , and
were very irregular ; but repeated Vomits
either carried them off, or made them eafi*
ly yield to the Bark. At the fame Time
many Children in the neighbouring Villa¬
ges were feized with a very lharp Fever, and
high laborious Breathing, which foon killed
them, unlefs they were timely relieved by
and Obfervations. 31
frequent and plentiful Bleeding, and gentle
Vomits,
«||&^§»^|8»<0il&'®§§9*»8§t8» ^§»€§l&€§l»«§|S*«tf8*
III. An Extract from the publick Regifer
of Burials in Edinburgh,
1733-
Men.
Women.
Child/;
Still-born.,
Sum.
(
June - -
‘9
29
40
4
92
July - -
17
19
4i
2
79
%
(
«
20
26
.63
4
X13
September
13
21
65
3
102
October -
15
26
106
6
153
November
19
27
144
8
198
December
21
27
Il6
4
168
1734*
January
26
46
80
3
155
February
22
23
57
4
106
March -
28
27
66
4
12 s
April - -
25
3i
50
3
109
May - -
31
46
41
9
127
Total
256
348
869
* 54
1527
IV. The
o
32* Medical EJfays
IV. The Effects of the Conefii Bark by — —
Gentlemen,
\]Ot having Allowance from my Friend ,
** who wrote me the inclofed Letter , to
fublijh his Name , / cannot take upon me
to communicate it ; but can ajfnre yon, his
Integrity , ^00^ Senfe, and Knowledge are
Juch as may give entire Credit to his In¬
formation ; and lately' I cured an obftinate
Dyjentery of three Months Jlanding, which
had yielded nothing to a great Variety of
other Medicines, by giving the Conefii
Bark in the Form prefcribed by him / I am
Your moll humble Servant,
Ale xr. Monro.
THE Tree of which I gave you fome
of the Bark as a Specifick in Diar¬
rhoeas, grows on the Cormandel Coaft in
the Eajt-Indies, where it is called Coneffi,
and is not unlike the Cadogapala of the
Hortus Malabdricus . The Conejfi-feca ,
or Coneffi-bark of the fmall young Bran¬
ches of the Tree which has leall Mofs, 01
ex*
' and Obfervaiions . 33
External infipid Scurf on it, is to be chofenf
and ail that Scurf is to be lcraped off.
The clean Bark being pounded into a
very fine Powder, is made into an Eledtu-
aryi with Syrup of Oranges, and taken to
the Quantity of half a Drachm, or more,
four Times a Day, for three or four Days,,
The firft Day it increafes the Number and
Quantity of the Stools, but without in*’
creafing the Gripes, The fecond Day the
Bark is taken, the Colour of the Stools is
mended; and on the third or fourth Day,
their Confiftence generally comes near to
a natural State, when it fucceeds at all.
In recent Diarrhoea, arifing frdm Irre¬
gularities in Diet, Without a Fever, this
Medicine leldom fails to make a Cure, if a
Vomit of Ipecacuanna is given immediately
before the Patient begins the Ule of the
Bark. The fame Management alfo is atten¬
ded commonly with Suceefs in Perfons of
a lax Habit of Body, who are troubled
with an habitual 'Diarrhoea in moift rainy
Weather, a remarkable Itching in the Skin
being felt on the third or fourth Day. To
luch Patients elpecially, the Eledtuary
ought to be given Morning and Evening,
for lome Time alter they are feemingly
cured. Their Drink fhould be Water
wherein Rice hath been boiled* and forae-
C times
34 Medical Ejfays
v
times Emulfions of the cold Seeds, with
Sal prunell. are neceftary.
If there is a Fever with the Loofenefs,
that mud be removed* by Bloodings and
cool Emulfions, or cDeco£l . alb. with Sal
jprunell. before the Conejji Bark is given.
Sometimes when the Caule of a "Diar¬
rhoea , ftop’d by this Medicine, lies beyond
the inteftinal Canal, the Patient, in a few
Days after, complains of a Pain in the right
Hyfiochonder , or in the right Shoulder, or
over the Stomach towards the left Side,
caufing often a dull Senfe of Pain, near or
above the left Clavicle, with a feverilh
Pulfe. As loon as theie Symptoms appear,
the Patient mull be blooded, and his Blood
will be fizy, or with a tough yeliowifh
Cruft on the Top, when it has coagulated.
The Quantity of Blood to be taken away,
and the repeating the Vena: led: ion, mull be
determined by the Patient’s Strength, the
Degree of Fever, and Sharpnefs of his Pain.
In inch Calcs however the Blooding leldom
removes the Pain entirely ; but after the
Fever is brought lufficientiy down by the
Lofs of Blood, I have feldom miffed to com¬
plete the Cure, by giving Jweet Mercury
or rather Calomel , for fome Days, in lmall
Quantities, as an Alterative.
I ought to obferve* That the Bark Ihould
be
and Obfervations. 35
be frefh-powdered/ and the EleCluary new*
made every Day or ieeond Day, othervvife
the Bark iofes its auftere, but grateful Bit-
ternefs on the Palate, and its proper Effects
on. the Inteftines.
Sw* 5&S wx 5w* W& 5ms 5m5 7/W 5j5S 3&5
V. Gangrene flopped by the Cortex Pc-
ruvianus; by Mr. Samuel Goolden
Surgeon at Bridgnorth in Shropifaire*
I Cannot help not only exprefling my own
Pleafure and Satisfaction, but muft alio
congratulate every Profeffor of Phyfick and
Surgery, upon the laudable Attempt of
your Society, in their Endeavours to im¬
prove medical Knowledge, by their annual
E flays and Obfervations: A Work which
I have long defired, and thought wanting
in our Dominions, and do think it a Duty
incumbent on every ProfefTor of Phyfick,
or any Branch of it (in thefe Countries e-
fpecially) to communicate to them any re¬
markable Obiervation that may fall under
their Cognizance, and may tend to pro*
mote fo ufeful a Defign.
Since that valuable Medicine the Cortex
Peruvianas has been fo luccefsfuily given
in Mortifications from an internal Caufe,
C x by
3 6 Med leal E Jf ays
by Mr. Rufbworth , Mr. Aftiyand, Mr.
Bradley , Mr. "Douglas and Mr. Ship ton ;
a remarkable loftance of its Succels in a
more than parallel Cafe, I bad lately the
Fleafure of oblerving in a Patient of mine,
I have not the Vanity to think that what
I can fay will add any thing to its Credit ;
but it may be a Means to make its Virtues
in fuch direful Diforders more generally
known, and help to confirm what the above
Gentlemen, and efpecially Mr. Douglas
and Mr. Shipton have lo ingenioully laid
of it.
January 8. 1733-4.
Samuel Lewis , aged 76 . of a pale Com¬
plexion, and cholerick Conftitution 5 a hi¬
lly, and leemingly a very healthy Man,
having but little Sicknefs from his Youth,
lhewed me an Inflammation of his left Leg,
extending from an Ififue he had below his
Knee, down to his Ancle, and all round
his Leg, partaking of an Eryfipelas and Oe¬
dema. I threw out the Pea from his If-
fue, and endeavoured by difeutient Fomen¬
tations, Embrocations, and Cataplafms,
with Bleeding and lenient Purges to mitigate
the Inflammation ; but to no Purpole ; for
I, found it tending very faft to a Gangrene.
His Leu from an intenle red Colour, turn-
cd livid, blaqk Blifters arofe, &c. I would
have
and Ob fer vat tons, 3 7
have fcarified it, but was not permitted.
On the 13. Day, the Tumor was funk,
his Leg black and dry, his Pulfe quick, with
frequent Intermiffions, his Countenance
wild, his Tongue hard, parched and dry.
He would not permit the neceffary Incifi-
ons to be made. With the Confent of Dr.
Anthony Weaver , a Gentleman of great
Charity, Humanity and Learning, I pre«
. pared eight of the following Draughts,
VfL.Cort JPeruv . opt . pulv.TOrach. fem.Aq*
Cerafor. nigr , Unc. i. fern. Syrup. Croci
T)nc .fem. M. One of which I gave him
about Noon, and ordered thathefhould con¬
tinue to take one every four Hours.
14. About ten this Morning, by which
Time he had taken three Drachms of the
Bark, I found his Tongue moift, his Coun¬
tenance not fo wild ; and examining his
Leg, found it impoftumated, from a little
below the liiperior Tubercle of the Tibia
down to the lmall of his Leg, a little above
which I faw a linall Aperture, with a little
Matter ouzing from it. I told him he flood
a very fair Chance for his Life, if he would
fubmit to the fuitable Means. With his
Allowance, I immediately entred the Probe-
Point of my Sciffars at the Aperture, and
cut upwards as far as it was hollow ; then
turned them, and cut downwards as far as
C 3 the
38 Medical Ejfays
the Cavity ran, and difcharged between
three and four Ounces of a well digefted
*Pus, and after fomenting very well with a
Deception of the warm Plants in a ftrong
Lixivium of Woodajhes , Sal Ammon, com.
& Spiv . V in 'Camphor . (which I had ufed
from the Time 1 iulpedted it would morti¬
fy)! dreffed the Incifion with 'Dng.Rafilic .
Liniment Anctei a a. fart. aq. Ipread upon
aDoffil dipt in hot 01. Terebinth . with a
Cataplafm of Oat Meal , Flor. Centaur .
Chamamel. a a. p. a. with the Fomentati¬
on ; and 01. Chamemel. over ail. He found
an agreeable Warmth about his Leg after
the Drefiings were applied.
iy. I found him very chearful) and dif-
covered a large Sinus betwixt the Solteus
and Gaftrocnemius intern , I laid it open,
and difcharged about the fame Quantity of
welLdigefted Matter as yefterday. There
was a very large Slough in the former In¬
cifion, which I cut off, and dreffed as be¬
fore.
16. He had been very reftlefs all Night,
his Pulie irregular, his Tongue rough and!
dry, with Fluftiings in his Cheeks. In¬
quiring if he had taken his Draughts regu¬
larly, I was told he had not, through the
Attendant’s Drowfinefs. After reprimand¬
ing them for that Negledt, and cautioning
and Obfervations . 39
him about it for the future, I opened his
Leg, and found the Difcharge large, a fun¬
gous Flefh rifing in the firft Incifion, which
I fprinkied with prsecipit. rubr. and drefled
as before ; and by reafon he had not a Stool
fmce the 14th, I ordered him a common
Clyfter, which brought away fome hard-
ned Excrements. At Night his Heat and
Flulhings were not lb great, and his Tongue
was moifler.
18. Being wearied of his Draughts, or¬
dered thus,
gL Cort. Reruv.opt.pulv . ^Vnc .fern. Confec .
Alkerm.Unc . i. M . divid . in Bol. viiL
cap . imam quarta quaque bora fuperbu
bend. Cochlear, iii. jalap . fequentis .
JL Aq. Lacl. Cerafor. nigr. a.'Vnc, iv. Rut .
Unc.fem, epidem. fc) nc . ii. Tinbl. croc, in
aq. theriac ,fa£t . unc . i. Confebl .Alkerm.
cl)ncA\.Jyrup. Cariophyll. rl)nc. ii. M.
I oblerved Matter lodged in the Gaftroc-
nem . intern . almoft to the Back of the
Leg ; I opened it in the mod depending
Part, but had not the Difcharge I expe¬
cted.
21. Comprefles and Bandage were ap¬
plied to unite that Cavity, and prevent the
Matter from lodging in it.
22. A Sinus running towards the Small
of his Leg opened.
C 4
23. He
40 Medical E flays
z$. He complained of a Pain in his Side,
and had a reftlefs Night : I drefled the Ul¬
cers only with dry Lint ; the,Cavity above*-
mentipned inclined to unite.
24. He was very much dejedted, but I
could not apprehend theReafon of it, every
thing appeared in good Order.
25. Be Ihewed me a Swelling in his
Groin, with great Hardnefs and Inflamma¬
tion down the fore and infide of his left
Thigh, extending to a pretty large and in-
fenfibie Tumor, a little above his Knee,
which he found gradually to increafe fince
the 15th Inftant, but did not fpeak of it be¬
fore, left he ihould (as he exprefled it) be
cut there. I applied an emollient Plaifter
over it, was apprehenfive he would have a
very large Abfcefs, which would exhauft
him. There was very little Difcharge from
his Leg. '
30. To this Day his Fever increafed with
an irregular Pulfe, great Drought, dry
Tongue, &c. notwithftanding he conti¬
nued the Uie of the Draught or Bolus as
before; very little Diicharge from his Leg;
tne Llcer appearing livid. I fomented well,
gnd applied the warm Digeftive as abovp.
due Swelling in his Groin very much in—
creafed ; tne Inflammation decreafinp’, I felt
Matter to fluctuate, but deep; the T timpr
not
and Obfervations . 41
not very painful. Not having a Stool for fe-
veral Days paft, I gave him a lenient Purge,
by which he had a very large Stool of black
and very fetid Excrements.
31. The hard mienflble Tumor above his
Knee of a livid Colour, and that in his Groin
rifing towards a Point near the Inguen , in¬
clining to the Infide.
I, 2. February, Indead of Matter, there
was a Difcharge of clotted Blood from his
Leg; I drefled with the warm Digedive.
3. The SPus was laudable, the Tumor
in his Groin confiderably railed; he took
a lenient Purge, which gave him one Stool,
not having one fince the 30th ult.
II. To thisDay his Fever continued, but
not in any great Degree, and his Pulle irre¬
gular; a white Pudule appeared upon the
mod prominent Part of the large Tumor in
the Inguen , which I cut, and then entring
the Point of my Probe-Scidars, cut abont
an Inch in length near his Groin; well di~
gelled Matter gullied out, as from a Cock,
and in as full a Stream, fometimes dreaked
with Blood. I took thence at lead lib. iii.
His Leg begins to cicatrize.
12. A large Difcharge about the Bed from
the lad Incifion, and a large Quantiry of
Matter that fell below the Orifice, yet in
the Cavity on the infide of the Thigh. I
42- Medical Ejfays
Applied a Cauftick on the loweft Part, and
difcharged thence about lib . fern. I alfo o-
pened that Tumor near his Knee, and dif»
charged Unc. i. of well digefted Tus .
19. i opened another Sinus on the infide
of his Leg, and difcharged thence only fe-
veral Clots of Blood. From this Time the
Di (charge from his Thigh gradually leften-
ed; that very large Sinus united, by means
of Comprefs and Bandage; his Fever left
him, and he did not ufe his Medicine fince
the 14th i nft ant, in which Time in Draughts
and Bolides, he had taken between Vnc. x.
and Vnc. xii. of the Cortex, which being
continued fo long and regularly, I believe
a (lifted Nature to expel her Enemy in that
very large Abfcefs in his Thigh, which o>
therwife might, notwithftanding the Mor¬
tification was ftopt in his Leg, have feized
it again, or have fallen upon fome more
noble Part, and occafioned his Death ; af¬
ter which I made him a Decodtion of the
moft agreeable Bitters, by which Means he
recovered' a good Appetite; and in a fliort
Time was able, with a little Affiftance, toi
walk down Stairs, and any where elfe ini
the Houle with a Staff only ; and, on the:
ayth of March, he walked to my Houfe:
to be dreffed, which is near a Quarter ofi
a Mile ; and about a Week afterwards wentt
and Obfervations . 43
to his Work as ufual (which is mending
Shoes) his Leg giving him very little Di-
fturbance: In the Day it fwells confider-
ably, but when he riles in the Morning is
of its natural Size, for which I ordered a
laced Stocking. His Thigh is ftrong and
firmly cicatrized, as alfo is his Leg; and
the Man enjoys good Health, and is every
way as fit for his Work as he was before his
Illnefs.
% % % ® @ ® @ © ©©^ $©©©©©©©#
t
VI. A Mortification cured by the Peruvian
Bark\ by Mr. John Paisley Surgeon
in Glalgow.
Gentlemen ,
THE good Effects of your generous
Concern for the Welfare of Mankind,
are now confpicuous in the many ufefulOb-
fervations and E flays that have been com¬
municated to the Publick in your Collecti¬
ons, which, without this Opportunity,
would probably never have feen the Light.
At the fame time I muft think we are alfo
greatly indebted to you for the judicious
Abridgement of the mo ft confiderable Im¬
provements and Dilcoveries iftPhyfick made
through Europe, which moft private Per-
fons
44 Medical Ejfays
fons remain entirely ignorant of, or it is
very late before they are informed of them.
It is owing to your Second Volume that the
Ipecifick Virtue of the Cortex Feruvianus ,
in curing Mortifications , was known early
enough here to be put in Practice in the fol¬
lowing Cafe.
A Surgeon of this Place, of a very bad
fcorbutick Habit ofBody , about forty Y ears
of Age, had a little Pimple on the middle
of the Under-lip, which his Barber cut the
Top from, in {having him on Saturday the
9th of February laft. The following E-
vening, upon going out to the cold Air, the
Pimple {welled, and turned hard, with an
Inflammation all round it; which increa-
fmg the Monday following, he applied an
Antiphlogiftic Fomentation with Spirit of
Wine camphorated. Notwithftanding the
frequent Uie of thefe for four or five Days
folio wing,, and his being twice blooded, the
Inflammation, Hardneis and Swelling in-
creafed confiderably, extending itfelf to the
Angles of his Mouth, and feme way along
the Cheeks, and all round the Chin, with
great Pain and with vaft Diforder through
his whole Body.
On Friday the ifth, at Eleven at Night,
a fmall black Spot, about the Bignels of a
Herring Scale, appeared (not where the
Wound
and Qbfervations. 45
Wound was, but) on the middle of the red
Part of the Lip, which fpread fo fail that by
Eleven next Forenoon, it covered near one
half of his Lip, that then began to ftand out
very much ; when a Confultation of almoft
all the Phyficians and Surgeons in Town
was called, who adviled the Continuation
of the Fomentation and Spirits as before,
and a Decotftion of the Woods. For two
or three Hours the Mortification continued
to fpread, till it had covered almoft his
whole Lip, reaching inwards and down¬
wards to the Gums, the Hardnefs and Swel¬
ling of the neighbouring Parti increafing*
Upon this he was advifed to try the Pow¬
der of the Cortex ‘Peruvianas , half a
Drachm fora Dole. He took the firft Dole
betwixt Three and Four a-clock after Noon,
and his Lip was dreffed at Ten at Night,
when the Mortification did not appear to
be increafing, at leaft the Increafe was ve¬
ry inconfiderabie: He then took another
Dole of the Bark. Towards the Morning
of the 1 7th, his Lip was again fomented, and
he took a third Dofe of the Cortex . At
Ten of the Forenoon I dreffed it, and found
the Mortification had made no further Pro-
grefs fince laft Night. At Night I drefled
it again, , and then for the firft time obfer-
ved iomething like an Appearance of Suppu¬
ration
46 Medical Ejjays
ration at the Place where the Wound or fa¬
ther Pimple was, but none at all on the
mortified Part. That Night he took ano¬
ther Dole of the Cortex, and continued to
take two Doles, one in the Morning, and
another in the Evening for two Weeks.
The Fomentation and Spirits being ap¬
plied twice a Day, and a little Emulfion
given him for Drink, without any other
Medicine than the Cortex, the Suppuration
flicceeded well in the mortified Parts on the
third Day after he began to take that Medi¬
cine; upon which, proper Digeftives and o-
ther Dreffings were applied. The Sloughs
caft off very well, the Hardnefs and Swel¬
ling went away, and in nor 15 Days the
Lip healed up, though with a confiderable
Contraction by the great Loft of Subftance,
In very cold Air he (till feels a Pain in his
Lip; This I am apt to believe does not io
much proceed from the Callus, as from his
Lip prefllng upon the Fore- teeth which are
very rough and lode; and which it does
more, especially when he attempts to Ipeak,
by the Lip being io much contracted.
I have read this Account to the Patient,
and had his Approbation of my Relation of
the FaCts, which my Attendance on him-
all the Time of this Diforder gave me fuffi-
cieiit Opportunity to obferve.
VII. Re*
and Qbfervations.
47
VII. Remarks on Chalybeat Waters ; by
Ale xr. Monro Rrofejfor of Anato¬
my in the cl)niverfty of Edinburgh, and
F. R. S.
✓
TH E ingenious Account of feveral
Steel-Waters in feme of our North¬
ern Counties, given by my worthy Friend
Dr. Thomfon Phyfician at Montrofe , [See
Art. 6. of our id Volt] railed a Defire in
me to be informed of the raoft remarkable
Mineral Waters of that kind which are to
be met with fo frequently all through Scot¬
land; and as my View was only to know
fo much of them as was necefiary- in Pra¬
ctice, I propofed to dilcover, by my Friends
and Correipondents, what their real or
comparative Strength was, and how well
they would carry and prefer ve without lo-
fing their Vermes, whereby Phyficians
might judge which of them was moil; proper
in the various Dileaies and Circumftances
of Patients, and which muft be drunk at
the Fountain, or would ferve as well when
kept.
It was neceffary in fuch an Enquiry that
there Ihould be iome general Method by
which.
^.8 Medical EJfays
which all the Trials fhould be made, other
wile there would be an inluperable Diffi¬
culty in making the Companion of them.
The Writers on this Subject have content¬
ed themfelyes with telling; ns, that inch Wa-
ter ftrike a red, purple* violet, or black
Colour, when Gails or fuch other Aftrin-
gents are mixed with them, and that this
Change of Colour is a lure Mark of a Cha-
lybeat Water; and lome have laid, that the
deepeft Colour ihews the greater Proportion
of Steel. Tofatisfy my lelf of the Truth
of this, I diflblved artificial Sal Mai'tis in
a fmall Quantity of Fountain Water, and
then dropping more or fewer Gutts of this
Solution into a given Quantity of common
Water, I found that by the Mixture of the
Tindture of Galls, I could form all the dif¬
ferent Colours mentioned, the larger Quan¬
tity of the Solution always requiring the
greater Number of Drops of the Tincture
to bring it to all the Colour it would take,
and that being as conftantly deeper than the
others, where fewer Drops of each had been
employed. If Words could exprels the nu¬
merous Degrees of Colours between the
pale-red and the black, the lighteft and
deepeft of thele mentioned, the Pimple Ex¬
periment of bringing Steel-Waters up to
the deepeft Colour they could ftrike with
Galls*
mid Obferxations \ ^ / 49
Galls, might be fufficient to determine the
different Proportions of Steel in each;. but
as that Variety of Colours cannot be ex~
prefled in Words, and I wiihed to come to
the Knowledge of nearly the real Quantify
of Steel contained in any given Quantity
of each Water, there was a Necefiity of
having fome general Standard to which all
might be brought. To obtain this, I ob-
ferved the Quantity of Steel employed in
preparing Sal Mart is, law how much Salt
was got, what the Refiduum of earthy Parts
was, made a fmall Allowance for fome eva¬
porating during the Effervefcence of the
Limatura Mart is with the Oil of Vitriol,
and concluded that the Proportion of Steel
in the artificial Salt ox Vitriol of Iron, was
very* little more than a third Part. Next,
I diffolved a certain Quantity of this Sal
Mart is in Fountain Water, weighed the
Powder that precipitated from it, weighed
the whole Solution, and then putting lome
of it into a fmall Glafs, I dropped it gutta -
tim , into another Glafs counterpoiied exa<3>
ly in a Scale, till I law how many Drops of
this Liquor weighed two Drachms ; after
which, by common Arithmetick, it is ea*
fy to know how much Salt, and confequenfc*
ly very near how much Steel is contained
in any given Number of fuch Gutts. To
D faYO
fo Medical Ejfays
fave my Friends the Trouble of making fuck
a Solution, I prepared 20 Ounces, which
contained an Ounce of the Vitriolum Mar-
t Is , except a Scruple which wTas precipita¬
ted, and 141 Gutts of this Solution weigh¬
ed two Drachms ; therefore every fuchGutt
contained fT of a Grain of Salt, or h of a
Grain of Steel. The Difference of the Bulk
of the Drops let fall from different Glaffes
Should not, you lee, at this rate make a ve¬
ry confiderable Error; but to prevent this
as much as I could, 1 chofe all the Glaffes
as near to the Shape, Size and Thicknefs of
the Lips of the one I ffrft ufed as I could get
them.
To make a Comparifon then of any
Chalyheat Water with this Solution, in¬
to a determined Quantity of fuch Water,
pour Drop after Drop of a Strong clear Tim
Cture of Gails, allowing a fufftcient Time
between each Drop for its having its full Ef¬
fect, till it is oblerved that the Addition of
more TmCture makes no Change on the Co¬
lour of the Water ; and to make lure of the
Number of Gutts of the TinCture that are
xeejuifite, let the Experiment be repeated
ieverai Times. Then having the fame Quan¬
tity of common Water as was .employed of
the Mineral Water, in a Glafs of the fame
Dimenfions, Lhicknefs and Transparency,
with
and Observations , 31
With that made life of in the preceding Trials ,
pour into it the Number of Drops, diicovefed
by them, of the fame Tincture of Galls, and
mix them well * after which in the lame
cautious Manner, drop ill the Solution gut*
tatim , till their Colour is the fame with
that of the Mineral Water. When once the
Quantity of Solution equal to the Contents
of the Sfaw is known, pour a due Propor¬
tion of it into common Water, and let leve-
ral People examine whether the Tafte of it
is not the fame with what the Mineral Wa¬
ter has. I have thus made Fountain Water
fo like to feveral Chalybeat Waters, that
none could diftinguiffa them;
I prefer Tindtufe of Gaits to their Sub-
fiance for making the foregoing Experi¬
ments, becaule it produces its Effedl* much
fooner and more equally than the Powder^
and a lefs Proportion of the Virtue of the
Galls can be added at once,, which from an
Obfervation communicated to me by Dr;
John Taylor Phy fician here, and verified by
me afterwards in feveral Steel Waters, and irf
common Water impregnated With Sal Mar ~
tis, would feem very neceffary to be regard^
ed ; for if too large a Proportion of Galls
is at once poured into fuch Waters, for Ex¬
ample, if 60 or loo Drops of a Tiii6turtf
of Galls is thrown into a Water that re-
yi Medical EJfays
requires only 8 or 9 to bring it to its deep-
eft Colour, it will be fo far from making it
ftrike the Colour ftronger or fooner, that,
for feverai Hours after, no Change will be
obferved on the Water; and at Taft it gra¬
dually becomes of a deep Sea-green Colour,
infteadofthe Purple or Violet it would o-
therwife have turned into. It is not impel-
flble that good Chalybeat Waters have been
iometimes condemned as containing no
fuch Mineral, or of being impregnated with
Copper by a Mixture of too much Galls at
random.
Recent Tindhire of Galls is certainly pre¬
ferable to that which is long kept; but I can
allure you, that after I had kept luch Tin¬
cture till it was covered with a thick Mois,
or was mouldy, as we call it, a Top, and
had a vifeous thick Sediment, it ftill pro¬
duced the common Effects on Steel- Waters.
I would propole that the Companion a-
bove defer ibed Ihould be made with frelh
W ater at the Steel-Springs in different Sea-
fbns, and Ihould be repeated once a Week
with W ater that is right put up in Bottles
well corked and fealed in thele different
Seafons, till it becomes vapid by keeping;
by which the proper Seafons for bottling
the Mineral Waters, and the Time each
will preferve, can be much more exacftly
known
and Observations . yj
known than it is poffible to determine by
the Smell and Tafte of them.
It will be alfo requifite to obferve what
time it is before the Galls ftrike the Colour
fully afrer they are put in, and to remark
how long this Colour remains in an open
Glafs; for it appears realbnable enough to
think with the, French Academift Mr. Geof-
froy (a) that more Time will be neceftary
to ftrike the Colour fully, but that it will
remain longer in inch Mineral Waters where
the Steel is moft intimately diffolved in and
and blended with the other Principles.
To make the Account of the S paws corn*
pleat, their other Contents ought to be
iought after, hy mixing different Subftances
with them, remarking the Changes they
undergo in Smell, Colour, &c. by keeping,
and by extracting their Salts and Earths af¬
ter Evaporation.
By thele means it is that I was in Hope
to have furnilhed you with a pretty com*
pleat Lift of the moft remarkable Sfaws in
this Country, with the comparative Strength
of each, and the Time they kept; but be¬
ing difappointed of feveral I expected, while
Informations of others, I had not heard of,
are often brought me, I fhall referve what
D 3 I
{&) Memoires del* Acad, des Sciences, 1714.
I
Medical EJfays
I have received till I can prefent you %
more full Account, which your Publicati¬
on of this Invitation will probably foon en¬
large, by acquainting the Gentlemen who
have the Opportunity of examining Inch
Waters, of the common Method they lliould
all take in their Enquiries, and to whom
they may addrefs their Difcoveries, In the
mean time allow me here to an»ex lome
Experiments, which Thinking on this Sub¬
ject led me to make.
1 had obferved, as above, a ftrongRefem-
blance between our Steel Waters and com¬
mon Water in which a final 1 Quantity of
Sal Martis had been dilfoived ; but the
natural Sgaw Waters, when expofed to the
open Air, very foon loft their Chalybeat
Tafte, and would not ftrike a purple Co¬
lour with Galls: When expofed to Pleat,
their Virtues were much iooner loft, and in
the cloleft Ve dels they, in no long Time,
became vapid f whereas Sal Martis bears
Heat, and being expofed to the Air, with-
put perceptibly lofing 3;ny thing. I iufpe-
cted' this Difference might ip part depend
upon the imalier Proportion of the vitrio-
ftek Principles in the Chalybeat Waters, and
iome Change they might thereby undergo^
ip tiie Water, and therefore having added
to feme Bottles of Water as much Sal Mar¬
tis
5 4 )
and Obfervations, 55*
its as had been found to make it of the fame
Tafte, and to {trike the fame Colour with
Chalybeat Waters, I corked lome careful¬
ly up, others I put bad Corks into, and a
third lort I left open. The Water in thefe
laft loft its Tafte and Virtues in about a
Fortnight, with little other Change than
becoming a little muddy, and having a Saf¬
fron-coloured Powder at Bottom. The fe-
cond kind kept fbme time longer, but had
£ little of a {linking Smell before it became
vapid. The Water chat was carefully cork¬
ed and rofined, kept well, but acquired a
pretty ftrong Smell of rotten Eggs exactly
like to what feveral Spaws had when kept;
and when the Bottle was left open, the
{linking Smell wentfoon off, and foon af¬
ter the Chalybeat Virtues were not to be
obferved, and the Bottom of the Bottle, was
covered with the Saffron-coloured Powder,
which is generally to be feen alfo in Bottles
where natural Chalybeat Waters have been
kept any Time. So far therefore the Dif¬
ference between the natural and artificial
Steel W aters feem’d only to be in the grea¬
ter Volatility of the natural ones.
Several of our own Chalybeat Waters,
and the two foreign ones of greateft Repu¬
tation, Spaw and cPiermont , feem’d to me
W Exception to the Relemblance I had
D 4 found
0* Medical Ejfays
found between the diluted Solution of Sa}
Mart is and the natural Steel Waters, for
the Colour they fir ike with Galls is very
faint, while their Tafle and other Effects
are remarkably ftrong. This put me on
trying to find fome artificial way of imita¬
ting them: For this End I mixed Filings of
Iron, Oil of Vitriol, and Water in a Flo¬
rence Bottle, which I laid on its Side, and
immediately fitted another to it, in which i
had put fome Fountain-Water. The Fumes
that rote upon the EfFcrvefcence of the Oil
of Vitriol with the Steel, came over into
the other Glafs. After the violent Effer-
vefcence was over, I took away the Glafs
with the Water, which was quite limpid,
but had a flrong empyreumatic Smell ; its
Take was pungent at firftupon the Tongue,
and then the acidulous Tafte prevailed.
When Tindture of Galis was mixed with it,
it became of a red-purple but faint Colour,
which held a great many Days without a-
ny obfervable Precipitation, Next Morn¬
ing the Empyreuma of the remaining Wa¬
ter was gone, and it had a very agreeable
brisk Spaw Tafle: In lefs than a Day af¬
ter, this alfo went off'; a fmall Quantity of
the Saffron-powder was fallen to the Bot¬
tom of the Glafs, and the Galls had no Ef¬
fect on the Water.
On
and Obfervatiom . 57
On a Sufpicion that this artificial Water
would give evident Signs of Acidity ;
whereas the Solution of Sal Martis, and
feme of the Spaws that ftrike a black Co*
lour, rather appear alcaline, by changing
Syrup of Violets and Clove-july-flowers
into a green Colour; I mixed it with thefe
Syrups, without changing the one into red
or heightning the Colour of the other. It
is true it. did not make them green, neither
do the more ipirituous Spaws.
The Succefs of this Experiment, which
was beyond my Expectation, led me to try
if I could not diicover what it was that e-
vaporated, and what was precipitated in
thefe Waters. I fuipedled the Menflruum
to fly off, and the Steel to be left behind.
To know then if this Safron-coloured Re*
fidunm was Steel, I poured Oil of Vitriol
on it, which made no remarkable Efferve*
fcence; I then added Water, and let them
Hand two Days, when feme of the Pow*
der leem’d to be diffolved : Upon mixing
Tind:ure of Galls with it, the Colour did
not change ; but upon further Addition of
Spirit of Hartshorn, a great Effervefcence
followed, and a hidden Coagulum of a deep
red-purple Subftance was made. This
Change of Colour I at firft imagined to de*
pend on the Rejidmm , but upon mixing
fg Medical Ejfays
the other Ingredients without any Refidu -
mm, the fame Coagulum was formed; and
therefore, if the Powder precipitated from
the Mineral Water, is the Particles that
compofed Iron, they are greatly changed.
The Refemblance of the Ruft of Iron to
this Powder, made me try how thefe Ex¬
periments would hold with it, and they
came out in the very fame manner: Nor
would Ruft, or the Powder, when fufpen-
ded in Water, ftrike any Colour with Galls,
though the crocus mart is of the Shops did.
What flies off in the Evaporation is evh
dently the Menjiruum , in which the irony
Particles were diftblved, which carries a-
way fome of the Principles of the Iron with
It. From feeing the Effects of Acids on Iron,
obferving the EfTecfts of that almoft univer-
fai Menjiruum of the Air upon this Metal,
and finding Vitriol of Iron naturally for¬
med, we have Realon to judge that the Men¬
jiruum of the irony Particles in ehalybeat
Waters, is alio an Acid. And confidering
how much Sulphur enters into the Compo-
fition of Iron, what a ftrong ftinking Smell,
(which can only depend on Sulphur) Mine¬
ral Waters have before they turn vapid, and
how much the Sulphur of Iron is dcftroy-
ed, before the Iron turns into Ruft, which
$gain refemblcs the Powder precipitated in
• ' . ' . v thefe
and Obfervations .
thefe Waters; all this would perfwade us*
That the Menftruum carries the Sulphur
along with it, and leaves only the earthy
Parts, with a fmall Proportion of Sulphur.
May not Steel-Waters be impregnated
with common grofs Vitriol, or with the
more fuhtile Fumes of Iron dilTolved in the
natural Menftruum ; or with both in diffe*
rent Proportions?
Will not the lefs Volatility of fome cha-
Ivbeat Waters, and the quicker Precipitate
on of their irony Particles, after the Mix¬
ture qf Galls, (hew the Sulphur not to be
fo much freed from the earthy Particles, as
in others that precipitate more ilowly, and
* are more volatile ?
Will not the common Obfervation of Air
generated in all EfFervefcencies, Fermenta^
tions, Putrefactions, and wherever a con-
fiderable Change is produced in the Com-
pofition of Bodies, account for the Quan¬
tity of elaftick Air, obferved in chalybeat
Waters, in the morelpirituous when recent,
in others when the putrid Smell Ihews the
Sulphur to be more difingaged?
Are not the different Kinds of Steel-Wa¬
ters to be prefcribed, according as there is
Occafion for a liibtile penetrating fulphure-
ous Spirit to pervade the fmaHeft Veflels,
or according to the Quantity of an abfor-
bene
to
Medical EJfays
bent aftringent Earth, that is required to be
joined with this Spirit ?
Where different Spaws are not to be had,
may not the fame Water be made to anfwer
each of thefe Intentions, according to its
being more or lefs kept, or expofed to the
Air or Heat ?
«»§§«*• •<>§&€»• «0i§0 •Oi'aC*
VIII. An Enquiry into the Mineral Prin¬
ciples of Montrofe Wt ater ; by Alexan¬
der Thomson M. D. Phyfician at
Montrofe.
Fter all the Enquiries made into the
n Contents and natural Appearances of
Mineral Springs in Germany , France and
England , by Men moft accompliilfd, and
Means promifing the bed Succeis, the Sub¬
ject leems yet much in the dark, when all
Appearances are juftly weighed.
Of the lateft Enquirers into the Englijb
Waters \$Dx. Short, and after him Dr. Shaw
has examined the Scarborough Water par¬
ticularly. They have entred more into the
Subject than moft others before them, and
offered fairer at a Difcovery of their Vir¬
tues from their real Principles ; yet all the
Learning of the firft, and Accuracy of the
other, have ftill left the Subject involv’d •
and Obfervations . 61
in Variety of Doubts, of which I lhall on¬
ly mention a few.
That Spaws {trained through Mineral
Bodies, diiTolvable in Water, may not, and
at Times actually do not partake of all, but
only of lome them, as Dr. Short hath
obferved of the Alum Stone, in the Clifts
of the Rock through which the Scarbo¬
rough Water {trains ; and that yet the Wa¬
ter gives no Veltige of Alum, upon all his
Trials.
From the famelnftance oiAlum.hQ hath,
1 think, obferved fomething more myfteri-
ous in the Compofition of mineral Waters,
to wit, That in the Congeries of Mineral
Bodies through which they flow, two of
different Natures, as Alum and Sulphur ,
may be lo involv’d, that the one apparent
as Alum , gives, upon Trial, a Demonftra-
tion of the Prefence of the other, whereof
nothing appeared before; as in the Soluti¬
on of the above named Alum-Stone , both
the Sludge, or undiflolved Dreg of the
Stone, and alio the Sediment of its Soluti¬
on, give an intolerable Foetor , as flrong
as that of the Harrigate fulphurous Well ,
and, in a red hot Iron-Spoon, throws out
a blue Flame, whereby Sulphur is known
to be diftinguilhed.
That the purple Tindture of SteeUSpaws
with
gi Medical Ejfays
With Galls and fucfi like, fhould be ovHng
to the Vitriol of Chalybeat Waters, and
notwithftanding, what gives fuch Tindure
fhould inevitably fly offlefs or more, oral-
together, an Hour or two after drawing;
or iooner by feveral Degrees of Heat, the
higheft within the boiling Degree; when
nothing in Vitriol that gives fuch Tindure,
hath been obferved- to fly off' in that Man¬
ner,
That the medical Effeds of mineral Wa¬
ters in general, in Cafes of the Spirits or
animal Faculties affeded, fhould be gene^
rally obferved, and particularly by Dr.
Short , to be beft when drunk at the Foun¬
tain; and yet that Dr. Shaw fhould find,
that the Salt of Scarborough^ ater , got by
Evaporation, cheared the Spirits, and ill
general gives Life and’fjefh Powers to Na¬
ture, as much as the Water when drunk
frefh at the Fountain.
That a Mineral Water fhould be 17 or
18 Grains a Pint heavier when carried to a
finall Diftance, than When immediately
drawn, as Dr. Short hath obferved of Scar¬
borough Water, and this fhould be owing
to a more dilated Air, or a very fubtile Mi¬
neral Spirit; and yet no Air for being more
dilated is lefs a Body, neither does any
Mineral Spirit, for being fubtile, become no
and Obfervafhns. 6')
Body, and therefore not ponderous. Bodies
differ from Bodies in their Ipecifick Gravi¬
ties; but no Subtilty nor Dilatation hinders
every Body from gravitating : And there¬
fore, whatever it be that evaporates from
the Water, itfhould, by all that is known
of Bodies univerlaily, rather dimmilh than
augment their Weight by its Abfence. Nor
would there be Ids Difficulty to conceive
aRealon why the Weight of the Water thus
increaled in io iliort a Time, fhould increafe
no more a Day, a Month, a Year after. All
this notwithftanding, the Dodtor hath like-
wile oblerved, that the Chalybeat Scarbo¬
rough Water weighs {till heavier, the more
it is freighted with this Mineral Spirit.
The general Uncertainty wherein the
greateft Naturalifts, as Mr. Boyle and
Mr. Hoffman , have put or left us, on the
Subjedt of Mineral Springs; and the more
particular Difficulties I have now chofe
out from among feveral others, which, for
Brevity I omit, wherein the two learned
Fhyficians I have named, after their more
accurate Difcoveries,have left us yet invol¬
ved ; and the Laws of Enquiry, propoled by
the lateft of them, requiring an Age, or it
may be Ages, rather than the Endeavours of
any one, or of a few Men : Theie Confi-
derations, I fay, are a fufficient Caution to
me
V
Medical Effays
me, not to be too decifive inaa Matter ftill
fo oblcure.
The Montrose- Well is fituate in the
richer Sort of our Soil; the upper Lay be¬
ing of a blatkifli or Mofs Colour ; the low*
er, to about three Feet depth from the Sur¬
face, Lays interchanged perpendicular, one
offbftClay, the other of Sand, loft, and
as it were fattifh to the Touch; through
which iaft, at about the above depth, the
Springs drill out horizontal to the Surface
in feveral Parts.
The Water, when new taken up, is of a
whiilfh Colour, above that of ordinary
Spring- Water; the Tafte loft, and faintly
difcovering the Mineral Quality, i com¬
pared the Weight of this Water with two
of the in oft noted of our Steel Springs, and
one of line ordinary Spring-water, in a Bal-
lance that was turned by one Grain, and
couid obl'erve fcarce any Difference of
Weight in any of them. This Difficulty
1 cannot well account for.
I began my T rials on this W ater with thole
commonly made with Steel Springs, but
they did not aniwer ; and 1 liilpecfed its pur¬
gative Quality on the Drinkers might be
owing to its being generally drunk very
muddy, by People’s thronging on it, till it
was built about. A few Days after, by an Ac¬
cident
. j and Obfervathns.
i : '
dent I began to conceive it to be of a diffe-
rent Nature from the Steel Springs,* A.
Phial Giafs into which feveral Parcels- of
the Water had been thrown at random, with
feveral Things, as Galls* Role-buds, and
green Tea, being broken by Accident at
Night ; in the Morning I perceived a white
milky Subftance covering the Floor where
the Giafs was, and about it a Scurf variega¬
ted green and other Colours, much like
thefe of a Peacock's Tail. Thefe led me
into a Sulpidon of fomething iulphureous in
the Water.. ,
I drop’d feme Gutts of 01. Tart, pet
dellq. into a Giafs of the Water* and there
prefently form’d at the Bottom of the Glals
a white light equable Cloud, fitch perfedlly
as appeareth ordinarily in the Urine of
People in Fevers, at the Time when they
have a favourable Crijis , or immediately
after it, the one and other waving with
plain equable Surface, by inclining the
Giafs to and again, only that of our Water
was of the pur eft white. As this Appear¬
ance in iuch Urine, gives, as 1 imagine/
plain Notice of the morbid lurphureous Parts
of the Blood now perfectly conco died, and;
fo wafhed offby the Urine, as by the other
Strainers of the Body y the Analogy ieenv*
®df to me natural betwixt the two Appear^
E , anie#
Medical Effdys
ances in the Urine, and in our Water,
To try this further, I made Sulphur fo -
labile cum Alkali fixo after Boerhaave's
Way, four Parts Sulphur to a fifth Sal
Tart. This diflolv’d in Water, and 01. Tart .
drop’d on it, gave a Cioud, but lefs diicer-
nible than what appeared in our Water*
which I imputed to the yellow Tincture of
the Solution not reflecting the Rays fully :
And accordingly a Day after the Sulphur
Solubile having become moifter by the Air
it imbib’d, and turning whiter, 1 dilTolved
it again, pouring on Water till the Solution
became ofthe Colour of our Water when
new-drawn, and the 01. Tart, affufed gave
confpicuoufly. the -fame manner of Cloud
with that in the mineral Water, fo that the
one could fcarce or not at all be diftinguilh-
cd from the other.
The S ucce(s ofthefe Experiments, com¬
par'd with the above Accident, made me
incline to believe that theie Clouds were
Lac of Sulphur. To make Trial of this
further, I would fee what a ftrong aftrin-
gent Salt would do with the Water of our
Well; I chofe Alum, and weighing a fmall
Piece of it, I put it whole among a Glafs
of the Water, and by conftri&ing its Pores
(as 1 imagined from the Alum's having loft
none of its Weight when taken out of the
Water,
mid Obfervations . 6j
Water) it quickly form'd a white Coagu¬
lant, which, by mixing lome Drops of OP
Tart, prefently falling to the Bottom, 1
poured off the Water, and evaporated what
remained by the Heat of the Sun, into a
concrete Mafs, of a foft Tafte, and with
nothing faltifh therein.
For Trial whether the Effects of the Al¬
kali Salt might be the fame, or near fo, on
Sulphurs univerfally, whether volatile or
fixed, I drop'd fome Gutts of 01. Tart, on
common Spirit of Wine, and prefently had
a«n equable Cloud form'd towards the Bot¬
tom of the Glafs, and of higher Colour than
the liquid above. Juft fo when it was affm*
led on 01. Oliv. it formed a Cloud or Lac
of an equable Surface to the Bottom ; for
the Gil above poured eafily off, the conipi-
coufiy white Lae remained. The fame fuc*
ceeded with the Solution of Sal Tart, a-
mong Water poured on theie Liquors.
As I here only confider the Analogy of
Things, I have not to do with what is caL
led the Rationale of them, or to account
how the Alkali , which diflblves Sulphur ,
or renders it foluble, fllould in fuch man¬
ner appear to precipitate it, by Separation
of Parts, an Effebt rather belonging to Acids*
as in making the Lac Sulphuric : Neither
will the narrow Bounds I am confined to
E % . al*
68 Medical Ejfays
allow me to enter on lticli Enquiry ; and
the rather that it will further appear that
Chymifts are yet much in the Dark concer**
ning the ‘Phenomena of thefe famed Salts,
or what are generally reputed iuch.
I went on next to try what Appearances
Spirits, both the alkaline and acid* could
make on our Water.
By Spirit of Hartshorn there quickly
role a-top of the Glais an equable Cloud all
over the Water, refembling much the Co¬
lour of old Brandy, which, in about an half
Hour, vanilhing, left the Water more mil-
killi, and as it were troubled. This feem-
ed to anfwer well enough to the former Ex¬
periments.
Spirit of Nitre turned its native milky
Colour into a fine light-blew, from the Top
to below the middle of the Glafs, and as it
Hood longer, the Colour advanced further
downwards.
Spirit of Vitriol changed the whole Bo-
dy of the Water into a faint Purple, or di¬
lute Pink Colour.
As I could make nothing of the two
laft Trials, I try'd next Solution of fiibli -
mate Corrofive ; and, by fome Drops there¬
of on our Water, the lame Manner of Cloud
began to form immediately, but form’d out
more gradually.
The
(
i
and Observations.
The fame Solution, on Solution of Sul¬
phur cum Alkali fixo , made prefently a Co-
agulum , but no equable Cloud. %
By thefe, with the two former, it appears
that the Alkali prevails in the Salt of our
Water: But this can determine nothing con¬
cerning the Species of the Salt; as it will
appear, that even the moft reputed Acids
of tlie Fpffil Salts prove no lefs Alkaline up¬
on Trials.
But what comes moft to my prefent Pur-
pofe, is. That the Analogy hereby appears
of the Eff ects of the ftrongeft Alkalies and
ftrongeft Acids, both agreeing in forming
an equable Cloud in our Water. And I con¬
ceive the Co agulum formed in the Soluti¬
on of Sulphur cum Alkali fixo , to have a-
rifen from the Cloud being confided by the
Mercury being more difmgaged of its add
Menfiruum , by a ftronger Alkali than is
the Salt of our Well, and thereby precipi¬
tating in greater Quantity.
1 found by the above Trials on Scarbo-
rough Water, the Analogy and Differences
following betwixt it and our Water.
01. Tart, affus’d on it, form’d immediate¬
ly a thick milky Cloud Handing equable in
a Minute or thereabout.
Solution of Sublimate Corrofive on the
fame Water form’d immediately a thin
E 3 white
Medical Effiays
white Cloud, rifing to the middle of the
Glafs.
* Solution of Sublimate Corro/ive on our
Water gives juft inch a Cloud as OL Tart .
on Scarborough Water ; and when it begins
to diffufe itfelf, the Affufion of a little more
of the Solution makes it become again more
confpleuous.
Solution of Sal Tart, forms the Cloud
$ii Scarborough and our Water alike; with
this Difference, that in the Scarborough it
formed more immediately, in our Water
more gradually, but Handing longer with¬
out diffufing/
I made a Lac of the Scarborough Water
|n the lame Manner, and anfweriiig to the
fame Iciifiblc Qualities as that made of our
Water. *
The Lac may be made of both alfo, by
Piece of a Gall entire, or any Inch like
iUiringent, and Sal Tart, but not fo pure.
Powder of Galls mixed with both, gra¬
dually turned both into a dusky green, with
Foliages fufpended through the Waters, in
irregular Plains.
Thefe, I think, are as near Refemblances
is are readily to be found betwixt one Wa¬
fer of the Mineral Kind, and another; and
any Variety that appears, may be owing to
Come Variety in the Salts of the one, not (o
mtich
and Obfervations . yt
much, or at all, in their Nature, as in their
Combination, or in feme Difference of Pro-
portion. To know what Account to make
of thefe, and whether any Salt by it felf, or
in Combination with others, could come up
to the above Appearances, I made the fol¬
lowing Trials.
I made the Experiments as above on
each of the Toffil Salts, and alfo on Sea-
Salt diffolved in common Fountain Water,
firfl: feparately , then on their various Com¬
binations, as I could conjecture they might
mofl probably prove, or be the Contents of
our Water, but found none except the fol¬
lowing come up to Inch Purpofe.
01. Tart, on Solution of Nitre makes no
Change of Confequence; but on Solutions
of Nitre and of Sea-Salt mixed, formed a
Cloud to the Bottom; but Solution of Sub¬
limate Corrojive on the above Solutions
mixed, made no Change, though remaining
a confiderable Time in the Glafs.
Solution of Sublimate Corrojive on Solu¬
tion of Nitre , made at firft no Change; but
feme Minutes after, form'd a Cloud, as by
01. Tartar, on Solution of Sulphur with
the fixed Alkali, and on our Water.
Mixture of Solutions of Alum , Nitre
and Sea Salt , made a troubled white.
0/. Tartar . affufed gave feme Appea-
E 4 ranee
i
g% Medical Effays
jranee of a Cloud, not equable, but intey-
fperled as in Precipitations, and fwimming
above the Bottom.
V *
Solution of Sublimate Corroflve on the
above Solutions, does nothing further than
change the fame into biewilh.
01. Tart, on Solution of Sea Salt , for a
jconfiderahle Time made no Change; but
then falling down troubled, and making it
as it were muddy to the Bottom, it gave
ibme faint Appearance of a Cloud, but not
io equable,
v i f “ * * on Sea Water made immedi¬
ately a white Precipitate, then quickly
formed a thick Cloud, which fome Time
after precipitated an equable Cloud.
Spirit of tlart shorn on Sea Water for¬
med quicKiy an equable Cloud or Suipenfi-
pn a, -top pf the Glafs, about the'Jkeadtlq
of a Ini all Straw, much rcfemSHng that
pade by the fame Spirit alfuied in our War
ter p But f could obierve nothing of that
Whitenefs nor Curdling that Dr. Short ob-
ferved to be made by this Spirit and 01.
Tart on Sea Water. I at fir ft fufpe&e4
fhis Suipenfion a-top of the (dials by Aft
pn ol tne Spirit, to be only the Spirit a
-tie ringd, getting a-top, and tincfturing
both qur Water and the Sea Water. To
jpake lure whether it was fo, I affus’d 4
little
and Ob fer vat ions. 73
little of the Spirit on good Spring-water?
and waiting fome time, 1 found no Change*
and thereby perceived a further Improve’
ment of the above Analogy, which I lhaU
now ft ate.
By the Trials above, it appears that no
Salts come up to any Analogy with our Wa¬
ter and that of Scarborough, except Nitre
and Sea Salt ; but elpecially that of rhe Sea
without Evaporation comes neareft. Yet
none of them, either by themfelves, or in
their Combinations, come up to them in
the Trials both with Acids and Alkalies ;
whereby it appears that the fpecifick Qua¬
lities of theft Waters are not confined to
either or both thefe Salts, or the Earths
/ , ; j * \ t j t *
they lodge in. As on the other hand, theft
Salts being both fulphureous, thereby they
the better correfpond to a further fulphu¬
reous Principle in theft Waters, anfwering
more perfectly in the Analogy aboye-ftated
with Sulphur itftlf. The Inflammability of
Nitre proves its fulphureous kind ; and the
Difference of the Salt of Sea-water before
the Evaporation from prepared Salt, ap¬
pears plainly above, from the different Ef¬
fects of the fix’d Alkali on Sea Water, and
on Solution of Sea Salt . This Difference
is owing to the Sulphur of the Salt in the
^Vatej: before Exhalation, as may appear
from
Medical EJfays
from the volatile Alkali calling up the Suf-
penfion or Cloud above mentioned, which
it doth not in the Solution of Sea Salt more
than in common Spring Water ; at leaft the
one was confpicuous, the other fcarce or
not difcernible.
This agrees with, and is confirmed by
Dr. Short' s Account of this Matter : For he
kept Sea-water clofe cork'd and pitch’d,
with a Bladder tied over the Neck of the
Bottle a Month ; then opening the Bottle,
expofed it a few Days, then {hut it up clofe
again: On opening the Bottle again after
feme time, he ohferved that it flank infuf-
ferably, not much Abort of the Earrigate
Sulphur-well. The Dodtor imputes this
Foetor to a high Alkali in the Salt of the
Sea; which I do not well under ftand, fmce
no Alkali, as a pure Alkali , efpecialiy of
the fix’d Sort, hath been obferv’d to be foe¬
tid without being liilphureous, as I believe
Sulphur hath hitherto been obferved to be
the Subject or Subjiratum of all Foetor ;
and the Smell agreeing with that of the
Harrigate-well , Ihould rather have deter¬
mined its Quality to be of this kind : There¬
fore I rather would agree with theDo&or’s
Conclufion, that it contains Nitre , and a-
fcribe accordingly the Foetor from its Cor¬
ruption to the known Sulphur of that Salt ;
but
and Qhfefvations .
but It is not my JJufinefs at prefent to judge
in inch Things.
.Thclaft Thing 1 have here to obferve on
this Part of the Analogy is, That as 01.
Tart, on Solution of Nitre and Sea Salt ,
gives a Cloud, and Solution of Sublimate
Cor ro five on Solution of Nitre alone, gives
alto a Cloud, 1 tried to make a Lac of both,
in the Manner I did by our Well; but I
had nothing of either but a Coagulum Iwim-
niing through each, without any Lac fal¬
ling equably to the Bottom: So that hi¬
therto I have found nothing but of the ihl-
phureous kind, which gives a Cloud; nei¬
ther can any thing but Sulphur itfelf, it
fcems, give a Lac. By a pure Accident I
favv this further confirmed ; One of the
Mixtures I made of the Solutions of Salts
as above, particularly of Alum , Nitre , and
Sea Salt with 01. Tart, affus’d, thrown at
random into Soap- water, an equable Lac
fell to the Bottom, leaving the Water clear
above.
So far Analogy hath led me, and I have
kept the Laws thereof the beft I could,
without {training beyond what Nature can
eaflly bear. Other Ways have been thought
on to get into the intimate Principles of
Mineral Waters, but Succefs hath not well
anfwered theDefign ; nothing hath yet been
found
V
jS Medical Ejfays
found to come over the Still, whereby we
could have learned more for any real Ufe,
than we could have attained to without
that Labour. Chymical Mixtures to dis¬
cover contraries by contraries. Alkalies by
Acids , and Acids by Alkalies, have as little
reached the Composition of natural Bodies,
the Mineral efpecially. All the foffil Salts,
which Authors have contended for, as the
Contents of Mineral Waters are fuppofed
Acids , and appear fo more or Ids to the
Tafte; yet they have been all of them, the
moft acid not excepted, as Vitriol and A-*
lum , found, by the Trials of the learned
and ingenious Monf, Tournefort in his Pre¬
face to the Hijlory ofElants , to go Ids
or more on the Alkaline Nature ; as of
the moft Alkaline of Earths, burnt Lime -
Jlone wants not its own Acid. So that upon
the ‘whole, thele retries teach us lefs in
Nature or Medicine than is commonly
thought, whereas the Way of Analogy be^
twixt things known and things fought for,
if right purfued, feems the moft univerfal
way, chalked out by Nature for us, in our
Enquiries of Nature ; and if it come not up
to Demonftration, it (till comes neareft to
Truth of all the other -Methods of Mens
Contrivance. The learned have content¬
ed themfelves with this Method in theiy
Enqui-
and Observations. 7/
. *
Enquiries into Steel Springs. Galls with In-
full on of Iron or its Vitriol, gives a highdr
or lower Purple: Therefore whatever with
Galls {trikes fuch a Colour, is concluded to
be of Iron-Mineral ; Why may not the
fame way of reafoning on all Mineral Springs
be allowed?
To know the more adequately to what
Species of Salt Or Salts that of our Well
and of Scarborough might be reduced by
further Trials On them; I was at the Pains
to compare and mark down the Agreement
or Disagreement in every one of the foffil
Salts, alio in Sea Salt, as they were tried
by the learned and ingenious Author above
named ; and from his Trials, compared
with thofe above, and others to be yet na¬
med, on the Decodtions of thefe Waters, I
found the Agreement of their Salts with
Nitre and Sea Salt much nearer than with
any other; though there is none of thefe
Salts but what (by Ionic Trial of the fame
Author) falls in more or lefs into the Qua¬
lity of the other. The Particulars I would
have marked here, but that they would
have exceeded the juft Bounds I ought to
confine my felfto: And if any have the
Curiofity he may fatisfy himfelf, by com¬
paring the Trials with Mr. Tourneforfs
Book.
By
Medical EJfajs
By the Experiments alio of the faitCe ac*
curate Gentleman on the Mat rum of the
Levant , compared with thefe on Nitre and
Sea Salt, and all three compared with his
chief Enquiry concerning the natural Salt
of thq Earth, it appears that the Nat rum
. and Natural Salt anfwer almoft the lame
Trials, and that the Nitre and Sea Salt
anfwer to both more than any other Salt 5
that is, Nitre and Sea Salt appear to make up
the greateft Part of this univerfal Salt. ' And
if to this we add his Difcoveries concerning
the Natural Sulphur of the Earth, we may
hence probably have the more natural Ac¬
count of fuch Mineral Springs formed by
the Spring falling in its way through the
Crannies of the Earth, into a Congeries or
Beds of fuch Mineral Sub (lances gathered
together, as certainly it is from a greater
Congeries of Mineral Particles under or a-
hove the Surface of the Earth, ferving as
Embryo’s of concrete Minerals, that fuch
Minerals are formed. I am glad that Dr,
Short leerns to account for the comparative
Strength or Weaknefs of one and the fame
Mineral Water at different times, as well
as of two Springs of the fame kind, from
. feme fuch Thought as this. It would alio
hence feem that we need not be over- an¬
xious in finding out or fearching after this
ot
and Obfervations . 7^
or that concrete Mineral in the Neighbour*
hood of any Mineral Springs, for determi¬
ning its Nature or Contents ; though ftill
the Prefumption may be flrong in fuch Cafe,
that the one qualifies ojc afiifts the other.
But after all, this Preiiimption does not
come up to Certainty ; for the fame learn-
ned Author hath obferved, that notwith-
Handing the Alum-flone in the Clefts of the
Rock through which the Scarborough Wa¬
ter flows, yet it hath nothing of Alum in it.
I thought it belt to finilh this Analogical
Enquiry into our Water, and to give it en¬
tire, and in its native Condition, before I
fhould enter on Examination of the Con¬
tents got by Evaporation of the Water.
I caufed to dig as deep as could be well
reached, with a fmall Shovel, along the
Bottom of the Sand-lays, through which
the fmall Springs of the Water run, fepara-
ting forne Pounds of the Sand from the ad¬
jacent Clay: This I boiled leifurely in a-
bout four Enghjh Quarts of the Water to a
half; then pouring off the Water, I (train’d
it through gray Paper. This I put to allow
Evaporation on the Fire, obferving if any
! Tellicule appeared, but I (aw none. After
drawing off the remaining Water with Bits
of gray Paper, and evaporating the Moi-
fture at the Sun, the Refiduum came to a-
bout
go Medical Ejjfayt
bout five Grains of a black Subfiance, fcin-
tillant in thin Foliages , and of a factiihf
Tafte, I put this in two Drachms of Spirit
of Wine rectified, and had gradually al'ul-
phureous greenifh yellow Tindture. I dropt
a little of this into a Glafe of Water, which
(lie wed irfelf * quickly a-top, of an- equal
Surface ; and after feme Hours advancing
downwards* its Colour became more dilute
to the Bottom. Then I dropt on it feme
Gutts of Ol. Tartar, which formed a Cloud
to the Bottom, equable and waving by the
Motion of the Glafs,. as above-narrated.
Having poured off this Tindture, I put
on the Rejiduum about the fame Quantity
of Spirit of Hartshorn, which drew a black
Tindture refembling a Bitumen by its
Thickriels of Confidence. I poured Water
on it, and it fell to the Bottom without
mixing with the Water: After {landing a
while, it rofie up again gradually, but did
not incorporate, with the Water. Some
Gutts of the Solution of fublimateCorrofive
precipitated it, and let fall a black Powder.
This, after drying, I caft into a red-hot
Iron-fpoon, and it fpatkled all over; but
caft after on a Live-coal, it fenfibly flam’d
blue. I threw the remaining Rejiduum three
feveral times after into the red-hot Iron-
Ipoon, it (till fparkled as before* remained
blacky
/
atld Ob fervat tofts . 8 if
■f *
black, and its fcintillant Particles (hewed
themlelves as at firft. To try further what
the Heat of a Furnace could do, I put it in*
to a Crucible placed about five Minutes in
the mod intend Heat of a Goldfmith’s Fur¬
nace, and got returned ipe near one halfy
after it had ftain’d the Bottom of the fmall
Crucible with an indelible black Colour.
I tried next whethtr the Lac I had made
as above would prove inflammable, by put¬
ting it on a Fire in an Iron-fpoon, but I had
no Fufion nor Flame by the Heat increa-
fing; on the contrary, when the Spoon be¬
came red, my Lac turned into a black Cin¬
der % but having thrown fome of the Lac
into the Spoon firft made red-hot, it pre-
fently took Flame, and continued fo till it
burnt into black Allies.
I would next try what a Heat increafitfgj
leifurely would do with lome Lac fulphtt-
ris I had lately made with the Calx viva?
it did not flame in the red-hot Spoon, but
burnt to Afhes. I tried the fame with the
officinal Lac fulphuris, but neither did it
give any Flame till the Fire was too hafti-
ly increafed : But then the Spoon being ta¬
ken from the Fire, the Flame ceafed; and
the Spoon being put on the Fire again, the
Lac burnt alfo into Allies without Flame;
I tried alfo fome Sulphur of Aix in the lam®
P Marnier/
/
2% Medical Ejfays
Manner, and the Succefs was the fame, it
being reduced into a red Cinder, which
gave no manner of Flame when thrown in¬
to the red-hot Spoon.
Thefe Things it may be are Paradoxes
concerning Sulphur , the whole whereof is
believed to be inflammable, in whatever
manner it is treated on the Fire.
Some Time after I® tried in the red-hot
Spoon a Lac I had made of Scarborough
Water ; but it flam’d not openly, though
put on the Fire; only in about a Minute it
Alined above the Brightnefs of a Live-coal,
and refembled a Rho/p horns. Having at
the lame time by me a Lac I had formerly
made of our Water, I treated it in the fame
Manner, and the Appearance was juft like
to the other, both continuing in that bright
State a pretty good Time before they wTere
reduced to a black Cinder ; whereas when
the Lac of our W ell broke out into open
Flame, it quickly changed into a Cinder.
I tried in the lame manner a little of the
Refiduum of Scarborough Water after Eva¬
poration, much relembiing in Colour the
Lac or both, and the Succefs was juft the
fame.
T hough I think this Appearance on the
Fire demonftrated a Sulphur in the Con¬
tents oi both Waters. I had various Con¬
jectures
and Obfiervattons . 83
jechires why the Lac of our Weil had not
anfwered to open Flame as formerly; 1 af¬
terwards thought on yet a hirer Way to try
the Inflammability of the Contents of both,
I cauied a Crucible to be made red-hot in a
Goldlmith’s Furnace, then having removed
all flaming Coals from the Neighbourhood
of the Crucible, that any Flame without
might not confound the Appearance within
the Crucible, I caft fome of the Refiduum
of our Well into it; and ordering to pulh
the Fire by blowing the Bellows, I faw the
Flame within the Crucible gleaming, then
filling the Crucible, and continuing fo a
confiderable Time, the Bellows ftill going.
Then having emptied the Crucible of the
Refiduum , I tried in the fame manner the
Refiduum of Scarborough Water , and the
Succefs was the fame.
In thefe Trials it was not poffible to ap¬
proach lo near as to feel whether the Flame
Imeiled of Sulphur or not, only it was more
white, and going more on the Colour of
the Flame of Nitre in Detonation. For
underftanding what Reafon there might be
for fuch Appearance, I reflected on what I
had formerly obferved, on a Parcel of the
Refiduum of Scarborough Water, that in
two or three Days, by Attraction of a moiffc
Air it had augmented confiderably, bo h in
F z Bulb
g^ Medical Ejjays
Bulk and Weight: Alfo eonfidering a vuf-
oar Expedient to make fmoaking Goals
burn clear., by throwing Salt upon them, I
thought that the Salt’s impregnating tbe
Waters as above, might in great meafure
procure the Difference. To determine this,
I caff; equal Parts of Sulphur and Sea Salt
in Powder into a red-hot Crucible, whence
immediately aroie a white Flame, going on
the blue towards the End ; but at the near-
eft Diftance I could approach my Nole, I
could perceive little or nothing of the ful-
pbureous Steam ; neither were others who
ftood by lenfible of it. The Flame ending,
what remained was a grey acrid Concrete.
Nitre and Sulphur, mix’d alfo in equal Quan¬
tities, and thrown into the Crucible, gave
much the fame Flame with a Sihilus , but
no lulphureous Steam perceptible by me,
nor others {landing by. After fome Time
flaming, the Mals went into Fufion as a Ro-
fin at the Bottom of the Crucible.
Hereby appears that the Salts attradl the
Smoak of the Sulphur, imbibing it by the
lame Meclxinifm as one of them attracts that
oi Coal, and both of them the Moifture of
the Air ; and io I think the Difference of
Flames, as above ffcated, may be underftood.
For finding whether there might be any
thing Reguliu or Metal lick in either of
thefc
and Obfervations. 8y
fhele Waters, I mixed both Refiduums with
one half Tartar and as much Nitre. I tried
firft that of Scarborough Water , the Quan¬
tity being about two Drachms, which was
kept ten Minutes on the ftrongeft Furnace-
fire in a Crucible, with a Cover of its own
Kind. After cooling it was eaftly fhak’d out,
retaining the Form of the Bottom of the
Crucible, and being white as before expo-
fed to the Fire, only interlperfed with fome
blackifh Particles, and on the upper Surface
appearing porous, and the whole refembling
a fpongy Concrete of fait and chalky Earth,
the Tafte acrid, the Weight exceeding but
very little the Weight of the Tartar mixed
with it.
Before trying the Refiduum of our Wa¬
ter in the iame Manner, it came into my
Thought what Appearance it might make
when thrown into a red-hot Crucible be¬
fore being put into the Fire. When this was
done, it began to boil immediately with
fparkling, and then caft up a thick Cloud of
Smoak with a high bituminous Smell. I re-
greted I had not thought on doing fo by
the Scarborough Rejiduum , and the rather
that I had no more of it for Trial, yet
what is laid may in great mealure fupply
this Omiftion. The Rejiduum of our Water
appearing in Fufion on the Fire, and after
F 3 ft
8 6 Medical Eff %y$
it cooled, adhering fo dole to the Crucible,
that it could not be got out but in Parcels
by an Iron-bodkin, it looked like a hard-
iied dark Rofin, and had an acrid Tafte :
Which Appearances compared with that a-
bove of the Fufion of Sulphur and Nitre in¬
to the fame manner of Sub fiance, is, I think
a good Addition to the Proof of our Well’s
Sulphur going more on the nitrous Kind, as
the Appearance of the Scarborough Reji-
duum compared with what remained after
flaming of Sulphur and Sea Salt, may prove
that its Sulphur goes more on this Sait, and
that both are lodged in a calcarious Earth
as a Subfir at um , wherewith, as by after
Trials may appear, they are both io com¬
bin'd, eipecially the fulphureous Part, that
the Violence of Fire cannot difengage them,
fo that the Sulphur does not always diico-
ver itfelf.
The Deceptions of both Waters, when
farther carried on, may. give further Light
into the above Companion. I boiled an
Englijh Quart of each to about two Oun¬
ces, and obferving the Progrefs, I found
our Water become (till of a deeper Colour,
till about fix Eighths being boiled in, it be¬
came like to a ftrong Deception of Guajac
Wood, in the Smell, Tafte and Colour;
that of Scarborough , when boiled that far,
reiem-
and Obfervations . 87
refembling rather the Colour of Whey, and
having the Tafte more briny, in refped of
the refmous and mellowy Tafte of the o-
ther.
I attempted next to find if any of the
Subftances ufually employed in trying Mi¬
neral Waters, when mixed with the Deco-
dions of thefe Waters, and by comparing
their Effects with thole obferved upon their
Mixture with the frefh Waters as above,
would, by the Difference, difcover any thing
further concerning the Nature of the Salts
in the Waters, particularly, whether and
how far they might be accounted volatile
or fix’d, whereat I could difcover nothing
that could be relied on in our Water kept,
fome of it a Month, feme two Months, in
Cask or in Bottles,- fliut or open, fimply
corked, or with the Corks laid over with
Pitch ; as neither could I perceive any Dif¬
ference of Smell but what was common to
any Spring-water when kept a confiderable
Time.
To extend this comparative Trial a little
farther, I took in two other Subftances
than were formerly employed, to wit, Sy¬
rup of Violets and Tindure of Turnfole,
for which laft, after Monf. Tourneforfs
Way, I made ufe of blue Paper.
SB Medical Ejfays
x. Syr. Viol . turned both our Water and
that of Scarborough into green.
z. Blue Paper dipt in our Water chan¬
ged! not, only the blue appears more in-
tenfe in our Water. No Change at all when
dipt in Scarborough Water. '
3* A DecodHon of our Water changeth
not by Syr. Viol, neither does the blue Pa¬
per change its Colour thereby. But,
4. Scarborough Water evaporated to one
Jialf, becomes by Syr. Viol, confpicuoufly
green. Blue Paper dipt in the Decodtion
changeth not Colour. v
y. Solution of Sublimate Corrofive on
JDecodiion of our Water, at firft makes no
Change, but home time after troubles it in¬
to a whiter Colour, then precipitates a dui-
ky Rejiduum.
6. Solution of Sal . Tart, on the fame
Decodtion, gives prelently a Precipitate e-
liable as a Cloud.
7. Solution of Sublimate Corrofive chan¬
geth the DecodHon of Scarborough Water
gradually into a troubled dusky grey.
0 • Solution of Sal. Tart, on the fame
Decodtion, makes no notable Change.
9* Infufion of Galls changeth not the De-
coftipn of our Water, but prelently makes
^Uagulum in Decodtion of Scarborough
W ater falling downwards from the Top.
and Obfervations .
By the fir ft of thefe Trials it appears that
the Salt of both Waters in their native Con¬
dition goes moil on the Jllkalin , as it ap¬
pears, by Monfi Tourneforfs Trials, th$
natural Salt of the Earth alfo does, what¬
ever may be generally (aid of its acid Nature.
It leems by the third and fourth compared,
that the Salt in our Water is more of the vo¬
latile Sort, agreeing hereby more with Nitre.
The fifth alio may feein to confirm the
fame ; but the feventh makes this more am¬
biguous, and the fixth renders it yet more
doubtful ; and the fixth , compared with
the eighth , might rather leem to give the
Volatility to the Salt of Scarborough Wa¬
ter ; but the ninth to reftore the lame Hill
to our Water. In fuch counter Appearances
I tried if any thing more certain could be
made out, by affufing a little common Wa¬
ter on the Remains of the Refidua of both
Waters left in the Crucibles, after trying
their Inflammability, as above. On thefe
Infufions I made over again the fame Trials ;
but Appearances were To little confident to
thefe above, or to one another compared,
that I found little elfe but the Folly of
thinking by liich chemical Attempts to
reach Nature further than Conjecture reach-
eth ; and that, as I laid before, all we can
pretend to, by fuch Trials, is to find out by
Ana?
tjo Medical Effays
Analogy, the Congruity or Incongruity oi
one thing we know, with another we leek
after, without pretending hereby to come at
the intimate Principles of things, which wee
have hitherto in vain been hunting afterr
by inch Means. All that we may accountt
certain is. That Nature affords nothing
pure Alkali or pure Acid : Or, in othen
Terms, whatever it be of any Produd oft
Nature/ which is proved of the one or the?
other Nature by one Trial, may be pro¬
ved alio of the contrary Nature by fome
other different Trial. This Monf. Tourne ~
fort hath proved by Multiplicity of Expe¬
riments on the natural Sait of the Earth,,
on the Nat rum of the Levant , on Seal
and all foiiil Salts. In fine, the Violence?
of the Fire cannot quite break this Make;
of natural Bodies, fo as to deprive it quite;
of its native Texture, as he hath alio pro¬
ved by his Trials on Lime-water, that
the Acid hath Hill a Being in burnt Lime -
/rone. And I had been tempted to fufped,
that all my Trials of Analogy failed of
proving the iixlphureous Quality of ourWa-
ter} by ieveral of the Attempts to burn the
Refldua failing when they were expofed
to the greateff Violence of Fire in a Cru¬
cible, had I not feen the Flame of the fame
Refldua in the Furnace before. But what
more
and Obfervations . 9X
more My liter y is in this, than in Steel Wa¬
ters failing in the Trials by being expofed
to the leaft Evaporation, either when open
to the Sun, or even in the common Air,
without any fenfible Influence of the Sun’s
Heat, and yet nothing properly volatile is
to be found in Iron, or its Vitriol ? Such
Things put the Minds of Men to a fort of
Nonplus . Yet ftili we muft take them as
we find them, and be determined by Na¬
ture, and not by our Reafonings.
I refolved next to have a greater Quanti¬
ty of our Water, for Evaporation to a Re-
JiduiiM, and to prepare it better for Diffo-
lution of its compounding Parts by Putre¬
faction. For this Purpofe, I put twelve Eng-
lijh Quarts into a fmall Cask, which I flmt
up dole, with the Mouth pitch’d round,
and placed it in a Cellar during five Weeks;
and put about fix Quarts more in Glafs
Bottles, fome fimply cork’d, others alio
pitch’d, others open, fome expofed to the
Morning Sun, others in a Cellar. I told
before, that by my Smell, Tafte or Trials,
I could find very little Alteration in our
Water, other than the Tafte and Smell the
Pimple Element has in fuch Cafe. Thefe
eighteen Quarts I put on the Fire to boil,
and evaporate in two Brafs Pans, one (mailer,
the other larger ; the fmaller was open for
moft
Medical Eff'ays
1110ft part during the Boiling, the larger was;
covered from Beginning to End. The
Quantities in each I did not mark. I had of
Sediment of the leffer, Gr. xxxiv. of a grey
dusky Powder, as in Evaporations former¬
ly. The Refidence of the larger I obferved
coming to the Confidence of Bitumen, and
of a black Colour, the Decodtion accordi¬
ngly finelling and tailing high of the iame
Kind. I poured off a little remaining War
ter of the Decodtion, and dropping on it
fome Gutts of 01. Tart. 1 found (till the
Cloud form’d, and (landing all the Day
without any curdling Precipitate. I found
the Bitumen, after the Water was evapo¬
rated before a Fire in a Tea-plate, weighed
Gr. 1 70; and expofing it again to the Fire
till it became a Rofin, I had cDrach. ii. Gr.
xi. Of this I threw feveral Parcels into a
red hot Crucible, placed in an ordinary Fire
of no intenle Heat, and every Parcel quick¬
ly flamed about two Minutes, then almoft
vanifhed. I next tried the Powder I had
as Rejiduum of the fmaller Decodtion ; but
it did not flame, but jetted out Sparkles of
Flame, huzzing as wet Gun-powder does,
when touched with Fire. I can attribute
this Variety to nothing el(e but the larger
Pan’s being covered during the Decodtion,
whence I had the Bitumen ; and upon Sight
of
1
o
and Obfervatiorls .
df it, compared with its Tafte and Stnell t
concluded that I Ihould have my Refiduum
more inflammable, or eafier to take Flamed
than formerly. Of fuch Conlequence it
may be, more than we ordinarily think on,
to have our Decodtions, whatever they be,
more or Ids circulated.
Upon the whole it may appear, that Ana*
logy right ftated, and juftly regarded, is the
fureft W ay by which our Reaion is capable to
lead us into the Nature of Things; and that
Experiment juftly ftated and managed will
always anfwer to fuch Analogy. And here¬
by is confirmed the Likeneis of our Water
to that of Scarborough , as to their fpeci-
fick Contents, though in Proportions dif¬
ferent from each other ; the Saks abound¬
ing more in that of Scarborough , the Sul¬
phur appearing to abound more in ours,
the different Bulk or Weight of the whole
confidered, which is much greater in Scar¬
borough Water than in ours. And yet it
will next appear, that equal Quantities
drunk, the phyfical Operation of ours hath
proved not inferior. Analogy hath taught
me the Prelence of thele Salts; Dr. Short
and Dr. Shaw have found them by dired;
Trial. Thus does the Fad: confirm the A-
nalogy, as I ftated it betwixt the Experi¬
ments on different Subftances, and thefe
on
54 Medical Ejfays
on our Well, and of Confequence betwixt
our Well and that of Scarborough. The
Evidence appears equally concerning the
Nitre and Sea Salt in both. Concerning
the relpedtive Quantities whereof in each
Water, I had Occafion to make an Obier-
vation pretty remarkable, but whereon at
fir ft I was little thinking.
Having remark’d, That a Parcel of, the
Scarborough Rejiduum , two or three Days
after evaporating its Moifture, appeared
confiderably more bulky, I weighed and
found it Sbrach. ii. very near, then put it
in a Tea-plate, before a warm Fire two
Hours, and found the Weight diminilh near
one Third, which anfwered to my Sufpici-
on, that its comparative Bulk was from the
moil! Air it had attracted, the W eather ha¬
ving been io me what foggy. I had obfer-
ved no inch Appearance in any Rejiduum I
had got of our Well : But to be more Hire,
I tried in the very lame Manner, while the
Weather was moift, Gr. xviii. 1 had re¬
maining of the Rejiduum of laft Decoction,
When the Plate was taken hot from the
Fire, I found the Weight diminifhed not a-
bove Gr. i. fem. This with the compara¬
tive Colours I always obferved of the Re*
Jidua of each, that of Scarborough Water
going conftantly on the grey white, and
that
and Obfervations . 95*
that of our Well on the dusky brown, lels
or more intenfe, proves ftill the Prevalence
of the Salts in Scarborough Water, if not
of the calcarious Earth, and of the Sul¬
phur in ours. To which, finally , maybe
added, that having brought my lafl; Deco¬
ition of our Water to about a Gill, I drop¬
ped thereon fome 0l9 Tart . and it form’d
a thick Cloud of an equable Surface and
Confiftence all over, and ftanding firm fe-
veral Days, without feparating till broken
on Defign, which had not occurred to me
before in any former Trials; and it appears
above, that Decoition of Scarborough to
one half, gave no fuch Appearance.
*P.S. As I could not, by Evaporation,
bring our Water at any Time to call; out a-
ny Cryftals, I defigned, at iaft Decoition,
to have tried the Salts adhering to the Sides
of the Pan ; but not finding how to deter¬
mine any thing thereby, and fearing to
tranfgreis my Bounds, I caufed them to be
walhed down into the Decoition.
IX. Me*
Medical EJJayf
IX. Medical Qualities of Montrofe W ell?
with fome infances thereof ; by the
fame.
THE Water of this Weli is of an ob«
fcure Mineral Tafle, which cannot
well be defcribed. It is lighter on the Sto=
mach, and eafier to digeft than the fineft
ordinary Spring Water, or any other of
©ur Mineral Springs; fo that delicate Con¬
futations bear it eafily, and are improved
by it in their Appetite and Digeftion. A
Man about feventy Y ears of Age, and of a
decrepit Habit, bore eafily, even when he
began firft to drink it, two Engltjh Quarts
in the Morning, and near as much after
Noon, with Alleviation of a Cough he la¬
boured under, and told me, though he was
of a low Station of Life, he could never
formerly bear a Draught of any manner of
Water.
It clears the Spirits of Heavinefs, and
gives Life to the inward Powers, even of
tiiefe of the more fober and low Diet. The
fimple Element, whether cold, or hot in¬
filled on Tea, by diluting, and in either
Way
and Obfervatio7U , £7
Way, by its Stimulus , walhing off the I11”*
digeftion, which clogs the natural Facul¬
ties, in thofe of high or full Diet, ferves fo
far well to this Purpofe. But thofe of fkn-
der Conftitutions, and who live on low
Diet, have found this Effedt by a few Cups
of this Water. Some of the more fober
and delicate Females have alfo experienced
this. And a Gentleman ufing the vege-
table Diet, and of the animal, nothing a-
bove Milk or Eggs, and the fimple Ele¬
ment for Drink, of a thin Habit of Body,
and with lively Spirits, found himfelf ge¬
nerally yet more chearful, and his Appetite
and Digeftion improved, by drinking only
about an Englijh Pint.
It is universally diuretick, People ac¬
counting generally that they pafsmore that
Way than they drink.
Being drank from two to three Pints
Englijh , it generally purgeth by Stool three
or four Times, the half of that Quantity
fucceeding in fome. By this Quantity a
Gentleman, from beginning to drink of ir^
was fet a purging three or four Days toge¬
ther, during which he was obliged to re¬
frain its Ufe, and afterwards to diminifh the
Quantity, till he was more accuftomed to
it. The more plentifully one feeds it ge¬
nerally operates more, as hath been obler-
G ved
Medical Ejfays
ved concerning other purgative Spaws. fdi
iome the fame Degree of Operation hathi
continued during the Ufe ol the Water :
But generally as People are more accuftom-
ed to it, they are obliged to intermit at
Times its Uie, or to augment the Quan-
ticy-
Soon after its medical Virtues were nrit
obierved, it performed a Cure, icafce inferi¬
or, I believe, to moft, or any recorded in Ob-
fervations of Medicine. A Girl during nine
Years, almoft from a Child, affiidted with
Strangury, Stoppage of Urine, and, for moft:
Part, of the Evacuations of her Belly alio ;
her Urine being conftantiy as a thick Gleet,
and reiembiing the Mucilage of Oat-meal ;
ihe having, during moft of the above Time,
icarce any Intermiilion of Symptoms',
whereby her Flcih became wafted, and her
Strength io much impair’d, that fhe went
on Crutches, or other wife fupported. At
length the Paroxyfms taking her conftant¬
iy io foon as afleep, ihe became as one in-
fenfrble, talking, and anfwering Things
fpoken to her out of Pnrpoie. She being
then iupported to the Well, began imme¬
diately, being under no Diretftion, to drink
freely, and it paffed by Stool and Urine as
freely, with immediate Eaie. This encou¬
raged her to too much Freedom, till over¬
charging
mid Obfervatlons .
Charging Nature, file was threatnCd with' a
Suffocation, and hereby was taught to ufe
it more moderately. I gave her ionic Di¬
rections for drinking it afterwards; and, the
Evacuations ft ill fucceeding, file not only
was cured of all Difeafe in, a few Weeks, but
alfo became of a clean and natural full Ha¬
bit of Body; when file declared, that for
nine Years bygone file had not enjoyed fa
much Freedom from Trouble, taking all in
one, as file had fmce file began to drink the
Water,
In general, as a good many in various
Symptoms of Gravel and Nephritick Pains*'
have come to it for Relief, io I have found
none who have not been more or lefs; and
Xno ft of them remarkably relieved by it;
A Gentleman during a good many Years
afflicted with Paroxyfms of the Stones
rarely under twice a Year, and foni'etinies
they feized him more frequently, each Pa-
1‘oxyfm only going oft" after palling Stones
of various Bignefs, by drinking in the Mor¬
ning the above Quantity, or a little more
of this Water, it going oft" plentifully by
Urine, and by moving the Belly a little;
became freflier in all his natural and animal
Faculties, and has continued almoft a Year
free of all Nephritick PaTOxyfes, except
tome fmall Threatnings. He then left this
G % Mate#
$£>0 Medical E flays
*
Place, and I know not how he has been
fince. One Gircumftance in his Cafe was
moft remarkable, that during the Ufe of
the Water he palled Urine always without
any Stimulus or Inclination to pals any
more, which had conftantly affedted him
before, fince the firft Attack of the Dileale.
Another Gentleman, during lev eral Y ears
under grievous Symptoms of Strangu¬
ry, and iometimes palling Gravel, feve-
ral Means of Relief, and particularly the
Aberbrothock Water being ufed to no Pur-
pole; at laft there was ftrong Sufpicion of
an Ulcer in the Neck of the Bladder where
he ailed moft, from a purulent Matter pal¬
led with his Urine. After all Hopes of
Life were almoft gone, he began infenfibly
to become eafter of the Symptoms; but the
Difeafe ftill remained, and particularly his
Urine palled with Difficulty, and he had vio¬
lent Pain from the Strangury always after
palling it. From beginningto drink a Pint
or little more of the Montrofe Water in a
Morning, and drinking it warm infilled on
Tea after Noon, f his Belly being opened
a little after his Morning Draught, he began
to pals his Urine every Day with more
Freedom; The Pain diminiihed alio daily y
which good EfFedts he had not found before
from
and Ob fer vat ions. iox
from any Water Ample or medical, neither
from any other Liquor he drank.
As it generally relieves in all fcorbutick
Symptoms, and Foulnefs of the Blood, fo
hath it perfectly cured feveral inveterate
Scurvies in the Younger and Older, above
any Effects of medical Waters I have hi¬
therto oblerved.
A Gentleman, otherwife of a ftrong
Conftitution of Bowels, and of a vigorous
Body, but labouring a good many Years
under the fouleft Eruptions on his Skin,
almoft coming to a Degree of Leprofy,by
drinking from three to four Engl'ijh Quarts
a Day, which gave him three or four Stools,
and dipping his Shirt among the Water for
a Bath over Night, was, from the work
Degree of Eruption he had been liable to,
brought, almoft incredibly, to a perfect Cure,
in leis than three Weeks. The Eruptions
that were thick, inflammatory, and lending
out a fanips , as I oblerved them in the Be¬
ginning, going all away, and his Skin be¬
coming all over loft and Imooth, as I alio
law ; and he has continued found and in per-
fed: Health now above a Year, fometimes
drinking the Water at about fix Miles Di-
fiance.
A Woman of about fixty Years of Age,
pf a valetudinary State of Health, and par*
G‘3 tie tv*
*02, Medical EJfayj
tjcularly much afflidtcd, during feveral
Years, with feorbutick Runnings over (e-
yeral Parts of her Body, her Head aiio be¬
ing greatly affedted in the fame Way ; Diet-
drinks of leveral iorts given and repeated
proving of no Uie, by about a Month’s
Die qf about three Englijh Pints of this
Water a Day, whereby ihe purged three or
four Times daily, was entirely cured, and
remains fp now more than a Year.
A Girl ieven or eight Years of Age, la¬
bouring, almoft from her Birth, under a dry
itching Scurf over her Ski n, and leveral
Meafures being taken for her pure in vain,
by drinking three Weeks daily, about two
thirds of a Pint of W atcr a-Day , whereby fh^
had the ordinary Stools, and bathing therer
| a twice a Week, was made entirely clean.
And the Dileafe having threatned lorne-
tinies to return by unguarded Treatment,
Ihe hath been always cured by the lame
Means, and is now perfectly found.
By other Inftances of Cures made, or Re¬
lief given by theUfe pf pur Water, it would
|eem to be of pretty good Service in moft
chronical Difeafe?, and to reach from the
firft Organs of Digeftion, to all tjiat affedt
the Blood. In Winds and Flatulency Rifled
ja the BoweR, it hath proved of good ule,
?!}§ Wind vyflli fuel] Fctpe that
people
and Obfervations. 103
People, the Females especially, have been
afraid to drink it in publick ; and home who
have been long afflicted this way, have been
perfeddy cured by it. Others have found
Benefit by this Water, who could not bear
drinking the fimple Element cold, So hath
it alio made complete Cures by Stool and
Urine in Ipafmodick Colicks, called by the
Vulgar windy Gravel. To this Clals we
may even like wile bring the Cale of a Wo¬
man labouring under racking Pains of her
Breaft and Head, who, having palled turbid
Urine in large Quantity, by drinking it,
was cured without any purging.
It has alfo been beneficial in difordered
Secretions from the Blood, and where the
Liquors have been in a ftagnating Way. A-
mong the reft, the Cafe of a young Man was
remarkable, who after a Tertian Ague of
three Months Continuance, having iwelled
all over the Belly, Arms and Head, was cur¬
ed, by drinking without Allowance what he
could of the Water, from Sun-rifing in the
Beginning of Augufl , to about nineca-Clock
every Day of two Weeks. But the Cafe
following is more Singular .
A Woman falling into Blood-fpitting,
(fuppofed to have been occafioned by a
Strain fome Time before) which continued
about a Year and a half, recurring lets or
G 4 more
IC4 Medical EJdys
more every three, or at moft four Days,
and frequently iooner, notwithstanding her
menftruating regularly, from the Time Hie
began to drink this Water, which jhe conti¬
nued for two Weeks or more, ihe ipit none,
neither did any bad Symptom appear, al¬
though the Water operated every Day, both
by Vomiting and Stool. She began by
drinking two Quarts. On hearing which,
to prevent fuch Operation, I ordered her
to take not above the Half; notwithftand-
ing this, it continued to have the fame Ef¬
fect; and I am juft now told, that ihe con-
tinueth well.
In Rheums and Strains alfb I have found
it of good Ufe, by way of cold Pump,
where the Perfons could not bear ilich ufe
pf ordinary cold Water.
A Gentlewoman of a thin Habit, and adr
?anced Age, being afflided with a Rheum
of a pretty long Continuance in her Arm,
had the Pain allayed, and the Rheum as good
as quite cured, by the Water ufed in that
Way; But theRheum feme Time after at¬
tacking the other Arm, file was afraid to
admit of the Cure.
A Gentlewoman having drained her Foot,
whereby , not withftanding V ^riety of Cures,
|he was confined during mod of a Year,
pcmld riot move her Toes, nor put her
Sole
and Obfervations .
<
Sole flat and even to the Ground, the Fldli
of her Leg being alio remarkably wafted,
her Skin became difcoloured, rough, and as
it were dried; not having been able to bear
the Application of ordinary cold W ater to
the recent Strain, by bathing and pumping
this Water on her Foot and Leg, about two
Weeks fhe bewail to move her Toes, then
all her Foot freely, and refted it level to
the Ground; her Leg alfo recovering its
native Colour and Softnels, and becoming
plumper; fo that fhe began to walk about a
little, fupported by a Crutch, and fometimes
only by a Staff, when by an unhappy Ac*
cident falling on the lame Leg again, and
her Foot folding as it were under her, all
her Ills returned to almoft a worfc Conditi¬
on than in the Beginning: And Are, after
not finding the immediate Benefit of the
Water, was impatient to lay it afide, that
flie might try other Cures, which hitherto
have had no Succeis.
A poor Man at once paralytick of his
Limbs, and wrong in his Judgment for fe-
veral Years, as I am well informed, co¬
rning to our Well on Crutches, without
which he could not ftir; in a few Weeks,
by drinking what he could get of the Wa¬
ter, and bathing his Limbs in it when he
found none to hinder him, was lb well cured,
not-*
io 6 Medical Ej'ays
iiotwithftanding his being feen drunk at
Times, that I law him walking about found,
carrying his Crutches.
I could have given other Jnftances of
Cures done by this Water, had not my Ad¬
vocation in the Country, and Bufmefs when
in Town, detained me from fc clolely at¬
tending the Well in this as in the former
Seafon. But perhaps thele are enough for
the Bounds of this Paper.
The Disadvantages of our Well are its
being a little too much expofed, being clole
on an open Road, without convenient Co¬
vering for walking about; This could not
be well helped without lb me Apartment e~
rebted for the better fort, Females elpeciafo
ly. Then the Spring is but fmall, giving
only two Englijh Quarts in a Minute, too
little,' for affording fufficient Water for the
Demands of bathing the Body, but more
Specially for the Drinking of any Conflu¬
ence of People. To remove both Defeats,
I will endeavour, next Spring, to have a
Stone-Bafon with a Cover, made as a Re¬
fer voir for the Water in the Ground below
the Well
X. An
and Observations.
X. An Ejfay on the Method of preparing
and preferying the Barts of animal Bo¬
dies for Anatomical rU/es ; by Ale-
xander Monro Trofeffor of Anato*
wry in the cQniyerJity of Edinburgh, and
F. R. S
rT’n FI E m oft artful Management of the
X Knife alone cannot difcover the Tex¬
ture of Animals fufficiently ; Anatomiils
are therefore obliged to employ feveral o~
ther Arts, which often require a confide-
rable Time in their Execution, and fre¬
quently fail through feme Unfitnefs in the
Subject, or by a very Imall Omiffion or Ac¬
cident : And when they fucceed in any At¬
tempt of this Kind, they endeavour to pre-
ferve the Parts thus prepared, that they
may always be in Readinefs to fupply what
cannot be demonftrated on the recent Sub¬
ject. While each Anatomift is obliged to
his own Ipduftry only for the Difcovery
of thefe Arts of preparing and preferving ,
it is probable that frequent Diiappoint-
pients, apd the Defpondency theie will
create, may difeourage many from purfuing
the Study of Anatomy, who might become
joS Medical Effdys
the greateft Improvers in it, if thefe Diffr
culties did not ly in their Way. With a
View to remove them in feme mealure, I
fhall lay before you in this Paper fuch Arts
of preparing and preferving the Parts of a-
nimal Bodies as I have found iuccelsful,
which may ferve as a Foundation on which
others more induftrious or ingenious may
build.
The principal Preparation that Bones
require is to make them white ; for which
JDiredtions are given at confiderable length
by Eaulli ( a ) and Ly/erus (£), who alio
teaches the Method of putting the Bones
of Adults together. What I have found
rnoft fuccefsfui for whitening the Bones of
young Creatures, is macerating them long
in cold Water, which ought to be changed
frequently ; the Bones being laid out each
Time to dry a little in the Sun. If they
ly too long in the Water, even thofe of A *
dults will difToive in their more Ipongy
Parts, and the younger ones lole all their
Eftiphyfes. If they are allowed to dry be¬
fore the Blood in their VefTels is melted
down by the Maceration, it fcarce can af¬
terwards be feparated from them, or they
will never become white. The Marrow of
' young
( a ) Aft. Hafn. Vol. a. §
(b) Cult. anat. lib. y.
and Obfervdtions ’ f co¬
yoting Bones being much lefs oily than in
Adults, they generally can be made much
whiter, and do not fo readily turn yellow
by keeping. The Bones of Feet life s require
to be taken frequently out of the Water;
and the ‘Periojieum muft not be leparated
where the Eftifihyfes are joined, otherwife
it is fcarce poilible to prevent the Lofs of
thefe additional Pieces.
The Method of burning and expofing
the Bones of Adults long to the Weather,
for unravelling their Texture, is fo gene¬
rally known, I need fcarce mention it.
Cartilages are made pellucid in the
fame way that Bones are whitened, ,and
they muft afterwards be brought to their
natural Shape and Situation, in which they
are to be kept by Strings, Weights, Pins,
andfuch other Contrivances, if they are to
be prelerved dry.
The Muscles that have no large Ca¬
vity are to be laid and lecured in thePofture
they are defigned to be preferved in, and
they are prefted with the Fingers into a na¬
tural Shape while they are drying.
You have already publiihed all I know
of the Method of injecting the Vessels.
[See Art . IX. of Vol. I.] That they may
appear better, it is neceffary to macerate in
cold Water all injedted Parts that are co¬
loured
s io Medical Rjj'ayS
loured with Blood, till the Blood is ex¬
tracted ; after which the Water is to be
prefled well out, and, even when the Pre¬
paration is to be prelerved wet, it is of Ser¬
vice to let it dry a little in the Air, before it
is put into the embalming Liquor. But be¬
fore the very minute Extremities of inject¬
ed VefTels can be demonftrated, there is
a farther Art requisite, which is the fame
that has been employed by feveral of late
for unravelling the Texture of Leaves and
Fruits, of which Severinus (aj near a
Century ago, fays, Vetum me inept urn ^
quid prtfterieram Opontii Folii rej'olutio-
nem artificiofam: parabitur hxc porro Jim -
plici tabefaiJu per affufam uberem aquam
tamdiu complexuram , dum jibris iignea
duritie rejlibilibus , omnis exfolvatiir ear¬
ned portio. And Rinfch ( b ) at laft ac¬
knowledged his Method of preparing the
fuccous VefTels of Fruits, and of the Brain,
&c. to be the fame. Put therefore the in¬
jected Brain, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, or
any other Part of a tender Texture into1
Water, allow it to remain there till its in¬
volving Membrane is railed by the Water
infinuated into the cellular Membrane,
which connects it to the Parts below ; then
ieparate
(a) Th. Bartholin. Epift. Med, Cent. I, Epift, 6 $.
(< b ) Adverf. Anat. Dec. 3. § 2.
(
and Obfervations. in
feparate the Membrane, and afterwards
keep the Part among the Water till the
Fibres connecting the fxnall Veffels are difi-
folved : This is known by fhaking fre¬
quently the Part among the Water* which
wadies off the corrupted Particles, and at
lalt the face o us Veffels are keen diftind: and
floating in the Water ; then the Preparation
is taken out, and, by gently prefling, the
Water is fqueezed from it, the Remainder
of it being walked away with fame of the
preferving Liquor into which it is imme¬
diately put, and, by a little Twirle of the
Thread or Hair by which it is fafpended,
the Preparation is expanded, and the Lnall
V die Is are leparated.
I never could divide Nerves into their
very fmall Filaments after they had got
their firm Coat from the T)ura Mater , but
before they are involved in that Membrane
they are eafily divided. Thofe that con-
ftitute the Cauda Equina are fitteft for this
Purpole ; for they are long, and their
Fibres adhere by very weak fine Mem¬
branes. One of thefe Chords being cue
through, where it comes off from the Me¬
dulla Spinalis , and where it is about to
enter the Ehira Mater , one End is fecured
with a Hair, by which it is fafpended in a
Bafon of Water, and after macerating fame
T ime
jit Medical E fays
r*- '-V t >
Time there* it is railed to the Side of the
Bafon, upon which it is laid, while one
Hand holding the Hair, with the other a
very ftnall Needle fix’d in a Handle/ is
Hightly ftrip’d along the Nerve. Let this
Operation be continued, till upon twirling
the Nerve among the Water, it is expand¬
ed into a fine Web of very fmall Fibres,
wb n it is put into the embalming Liquor,
If the Blood VefTels were previoully inject¬
ed, the Hair muft be tied on the End of
the Nerve neareft to the ‘D ur a Mater , that
the Trunk of the Nerve and Artery may
appear together : When a Piece of the Cau*
da Equina is thus prepared, it fhews very
prettily; for each Filament almoft of the
Nerve appears with injected VefTels upon it.
When a fine fingle Membrane, Inch as
the Pleura or Peritoneum, are to be pre-
icrvcd for demonftrating their Arteries af¬
ter an InjeClion, as much of the cellular
Membrane, by which they are connected
to the neighbouring Parts, is to be laved in
difleCting them off as can be done, without
fpoiling the Tranfparency of the Mem¬
brane ; for when the cellular Subftance
is wholly feparated, very few continued
Ramifications of VefTels can be ieen, a
great Number of exceeding fliort Extre¬
mities only appearing, which require a
Micro-
and Obfervati&ns, 113
Microfcope to view them diftindly. When
there is little Fat lodged in the Ceils, the
Membranes of the cellular Subftance may
be left without a Poffibility of obferving
them : When they are filled with Fat, it
mull be prefTed out as much as poffible, af¬
ter being well macerated. Even when Mem¬
branes are to be preierved in a Liquor,
they are more eafily kept extended in it,
and their VefTels are better feen, if they are
previouily dried. In doing this, they mu ft
be extended with Pins or Threads on a
finely polilhed clean Board, or it is rather
better to keep them on the Stretch while
they are railed up from it, that they may
bear no Print of the Board. After Mem¬
branes are dried, their doubled Edges or o-
ther Inequalities are to be cut off with a
Pair of Sgiflars.
Ruyfch ( a ) defcribes the Manner of fepa-
rating the Cutieula and Corpus reticulare
from the Skin, by ftretching thele com¬
mon Teguments, well freed from the Fat,
on a Board, with the Cutieula outmoft;
and then dipping ail into boiling Water,
which loofens the Cutieula and Corpus re -
ticulare fo from the Skin, that they are ea¬
fily feparated with a blunt Knife, or the
H thia
(a) Adv. Amu Dec. 3. § 8*
214 Medical Effays
thin Ivory Handle of a Scalpel; then witfs
the iame Inftrument he feparates the Or-
pus reticulare from the Cuticula , leaving
them connected to each other, and to the
Skin in lome part. After this they may
be either dried or put into the embalming
Liquor. When either the Corptis reticu¬
lare is not made firm enough by the hot
Water, or happens to be very thin, it is
difficult to feparate any confiderable Piece
of it entire from the Cuticula .
- A Cbirotheca or Eodotheca , a Glove or
a Shoe of the Scarf-skin, with the Nails ad¬
hering to it, is brought off with very little
Trouble after the Cuticula loofens from the
Pans below by the Putrefaction, which
keeping a Subject long brings on. This
Method anlwers the Defign better than for¬
cing off the Scarf-skin with boiljng W7aterr
which makes the Cuticula tender.
1 he cellular Membrane under the Skin
•cannot be preierved diftended with Air, ex¬
cept where there is little or no Fat contain¬
ed in it. One of the befl Parts for making
a Preparation of this Kind is the Scrotum ,
where what is commonly called Mu/culus
6Dartosy may, by blowing into it, be
changed entirely into fine membranous Cei-
luicS ; and Carolus Stephanas ( a ) very
_____ well
(aj De dilkft. part, corp, hua^n. lib. z. cap. a.
a%d Qkfervations.
Well obferved, that the cellular Subftance
any where elfe under the Skin purs on a
mufcular Appearance when the Fat is wa¬
fted. Will not thefe Obfervations ferve as
fome Apology for former Anatomifts who
reckoned a Tunica car no fa among the com¬
mon Teguments of the Body ? May not
we hence lee one Reafon of old emaciated
People having fo many Wrinkles in their
Skin ?
That the Dura Mater with all its
Proceffes may be prefer ved in a natural Si¬
tuation, it is neceffary to law the Cranium
from near the Root of the Nofe to the Mid¬
dle of the Os occipitis , by a perpendicular
Section at half an Inch diftanee from the
»
fagittal Suture, and then by a horizontal
Section terminating at the Extremities of
the former perpendicular Seftion, to taka
off a confiderable Share of the Side of the
Cranium . After which the bar'd Part of
the TDura Mater being cut by an Incifion
in Form of a T, the Brain and Cerebellum
are taken out, and the Head is put among!!
a Liquor to preierve it ; or the Bones are
made clean and expoled to the Air to dry,
taking care to keep the cut Parts of the
TO ura Mater ft retched out with Pins,
Hooks or Threads, If the Head of g Foe¬
tus, or of a very young Child* is thus- to
H i M
u6 Medical Ejjays
*
be dried, the ligamentous Membranes be¬
tween the Bones muft be kept extended by
Sticks cut of fach a Length, as when put
into the Cavity of the Cranium , their Ex¬
tremities may reft on the Bones, and pufh
them outwards.
TheProceflesofthe Pia Mater whichi
are placed in the Interftices of the Convo¬
lutions of the Brain, may be eafily fepara-
ted entire with the *Pia Mater , when that
Membrane is preternaturally thickned by
Difeafes, as it frequently is : And even in
a found State, large Pieces of it may be got
with its Procefies, after macerating the
Brain in Water. As loon as it is feparated,
and the Water preffed from it, it ought to
be immerfed in the embalming Liquor,
where it is to be kept extended by Threads
or fmall Branches of Plants.
The Brain requires no Preparation, ex¬
cept either for demonftratingitsfuccous Vet
ieis, the Method of doing which I have al¬
ready mentioned ; or for hardning it, which
I ihail afterwards fpeak of.
Before the Coats, Humors and VefTels of
the Eye can be rightly prepared for pre¬
serving, fo as to demonftrate all of them,
it is neceflary to coagulate the cryflailine
and vitreous Humors, by immerfing the
Eye for lome Time in a proper Liquor; of
which
and Ob fer vat ions. 1 1 7
which hereafter. After this they will bear
Maceration in Water, for the Separation
of the choroid and Ruyfch? s Coat.
The febaceous Glands and Duds of the
Eye-lids appear much better after a fubtile
Injedion of the Arteries, and the Coagu¬
lation of their Liquors, than in the recent
Body.
Dr. Trew ( a ) has very juflly obferved,
that by macerating the Ear in Water, the
Membrane which is continued from the E-
pidermis of the Ear to line the Meatus au¬
dit or ins externus , and to form the outer
Lamella of the Membrana Tympani, may
be brought off entire in Adults, as well as
it is eafily feparated in Foetufes, or very
young Children. And indeed the Mem¬
brana Tympani appears to be no other than
this Cuticula , and the Membrane that lines
the Tympanum , conneded by a thin cellu¬
lar Subftance, in which, as in all other fuch
Parts of the Body, the larger Branches of
the VefTeis run.
The Epithelia of the Lips, as Ruyfeh
calls the Cuticula covering the Papilla
there, is to be taken off by macerating 41
Water, which makes the Surface appear
better in the villous Way, when the Lips
H 3 are
(4) A&. Ph| ^co-medic. Acad. N. C. Vol. 2,. Obf. $0.
|.r8_ Medical E flays
are afterwards put into a Glafs with the cm"
jjfjping Liquor.
The viftous Subftance of the ToNoup
js very ealiiy ixiade quite red, with Inje¬
ction thrown in by the Arteries, and a
Membrane analogous tp a Cuticula fepa-
fates by ioaking in Water ; and upon com¬
paring the Lips, Tongue, Qefophagus , Sto¬
mach and Inteftines, the Structure Teems to
be fo far alike in all, as they are covered
with this fort of .Cuticula, which is con-
* l r' '» 1 »■ y
nebted to the mufcular Part by a cellular
Subftance, in which the numerous Nerves,
Veffels and Glands are lodged. This cel¬
lular Subftance either is formed into Rid¬
ge? and Valves where it is thick and loofe,
pr appears like a fine Membrane where it
IS thin and ftretched.
There are po Organs in the Body, of
which I find a greater Difficulty to give the
Students of Anatomy a good Idea, than
Shpfb employed in ^Deglutition. In the re¬
cent Body they cannot fee them all at once
in the natural Situation: They can fcarce
be held in a wet Preparation, io as to iliew
them well enough. What has the beft Ef-
febj: is tq demonftrate the grofler Parts firft
14 a dry Preparation, which requires Fa-
t0 execute right; for all the Mufcles
gqionging to thele Organs, that are fixed tq
any
i. i 4
and Obfervations . ngt
any of the furrounding Parts, mud be all
clean differed, and then cut off from thefe
furrounding Parts; after which the Tongue,
Os Hyoides , Fauces , Velum pendulum Fa-
lati , with the Uvula , the Larynx , yV;<z-
rynx, Afpera Arteria and Oefophagus , are
taken out with the differed Mufcles .hang¬
ing at them, to be all fecured in their natu¬
ral Situation with fmall Pieces of thin
Boards, and Threads faftned to Hooks. A
Cork is then put into the lower Part of the
Trachea , round which and the Oefojphagus
a ftrong Thread is tied firmly, and Quick-
filver is poured by the Fauces , or by the
Paffage which formerly led to the Noftrils,
till the Oefophagus, Trachea , Larynx and
Fharynx are filled ; in which Condition it
is allowed to hang till the Parts are pretty
firm, but not near fully dry, when the
Quick-filver is poured out, and the Parts
overftretched by its Weight, iuch as the
Glottis and Space between the Tongue and
Larynx , are, by preffing and fqueezing
with the Fingers, to be brought near to the
natural Situation ; and others that fhrivel
too much, as for Inftance the Uvula and
Epiglottis , are kept near to the natural
Form, by drawing and preffing them from
Time to Time till they are fully dried.
The hollow Viscera of the Thorax
H 4 and
it® Medical Ej/ayv
and Abdomen are not only to have their
VefTels demonftrated in the Ways mention*
ed formerly, when fpeaking of the Blood*
yeiTels; but when they are to be kept dry,
they require a particular Preparation for
preferving their Form, and for fhewing
their interior Structure, which is to fill
them with fom@ proper Subftance. The
Properties I think this fliould have, are to
be able to refill: the fhriveling Contraction
of their Fibres, to fill them all equally, and
to leave them clean if it fhould be taken
out. For thefe Reafons, Cotton, Wool,
Sand, or fuch like, are improper ; all that
I ufe is Air, Quick-filver, or melted Wax,
Wax is only to be employed where there
is no farther Defign than to view the ex¬
terior Surface, for which purpofe it may be
thrown into any of the hollow Bowels;
but in all other Cafes, Air or Quick-filver
mult be tiled.
Where Air will anfwer the Defign, iris
preferable to the Quick-filver, for it ftret-
ches every where equally; whereas Mer¬
cury preffes mod on the depending Parts.
Air dries the Bowels in the twentieth Part
of the Time that Quick-filver does, and it
leaves no colouring or gilding on them ;
which the Mercury always does. On the
Othet Hand 9 Air does not ftretch fo me
Parts
and Obfervations , ' tzt
Parts fufficiently, cannot be retained, and
infenfibly efcapes fo from others, as to al¬
low them to collapfe in drying; which In-
conveniencies the Quick-filver is not fo
fubjedl to.
From what has been faid, it is evident
that Air is required, or is much preferable
to Quick-ftlver, for making dry Preparations
of the Qefophagus , Stomach , Guts , Vefica
fellea with the bilary UuEls , and Bladder
of ‘Urine with the Ureters. And it is as
plain on the other Side, that the Bericar ~
dittm and Uterus can only be kept diftend-
ed in their natural Form with Mercury.—
The Heart with its Blood-vefTels, and the
Belvis of the Kidney with the Ureter ,
generally have fome finall Paflages for the
Air to eicape at, and it fcarce can refill the
fhriveling Contra&ion of their Fibres ;
wherefore Mercury is preferable in drying
them. The Corpora cavernofa ofth tBenis
and the VeficuLe feminales retain both Air
and Mercury ; but this laft leaves a Gild¬
ing in the Corpora cavernofa , which hin¬
ders luch a clear View, as could be wilhed,
of their Veflels and Texture ; and there is
a Difficulty to fill the Veficula feminales
with it, for the Orifices at the Caput Ga+
linaginis will not admit it from the Ure¬
thra, and when it is poured in at the Vas
deferens
I %% Medical E frays
deferens , the Moifture of this narrow Pipe
is liable to flop it ; and after you have got
it to run in this Canal, its Weight forces
open the Orifice into the Urethra of the
fmall Dud: common to the Vas deferens
and Vejicula feminalis , fo that it will not
mount into the Vefictila till the Urethra is
filled ; Whereas the Contradion of that
Orifice refills a imall blaft of Air, which
readily regurgitates into the Veficula . For
which Reafons Air is preferable for the
Corf ora cavernofa and Veftcul# feminales ,
-—It is feldom we meet withSubjeds whofe
JLungs or Spleen will retain Air, and the
Clans of the Uenis is very liable to allow
it to efcape; Wherefore generally we are
obliged to make ufe of Quick-filver for
thele Parts : Which however does confide-
rabie Prejudice in all of them, but elpecial-
ly in the Lungs and Gians, whofe Celiules
are f mailer than thole of the Spleen.
Being determined by the foregoing Rules
which of the two Liquors to uie, we prefs
out all the Blood or other Liquors con¬
tained in the Bowels we dcfign to fill, and
then tie all the Pafiages from them, except
the one by which we are to introduce the
diftending Liquor ; and in cafe we difcover
any others in the Time of filling them, at
which
and Obfervations . tH
Which the Air or Quick-filver efcapes, we
tie it likewise.
ThePafTage by which the Liquors fhould
be introduced, is to be ehofen inch as loom
eft allows them to pais every where into
the Cavity to be filled, and that is moft ea-
fily fecured afterwards. What was faid of
the Organs of Deglutition will readily lead
one to know how to diftend the ‘Pericar¬
dium and ‘Uterus . The Place for blowing
up the alimentary Tube, Vefica fellea and
urinaria , is known to every body. Li¬
quors are poured into the Heart and large
Arteries through the fuperior Vena cavay
and any Branch of the pulmonary Veins.
The Trachea Arteria receives what the
Lungs are to be diftended with. The Kid¬
ney is to be filled by the ^Ureter . The
Veins of the Spleen, Capfula atrabilaris
and Corpora cavernofa Penis , are to con¬
vey the Subftance with which they are di¬
ftended,,
W e muft always make ufe of a Pipe, when
we are to blow up any Part. The beft fort
pf Pipe for this Ufe, is what has a fmall Ex¬
tremity, with a Notch round it, and a Stop-
cock a littje higher in it. We introduce
the fmall Extremity into the proper Canal
>vhich is tied upon it with a waxed Thread,
fhat is made to fink into the Notch ; and
affooa
Medical EJfays
aflbon as the Bowel is fufficiently diftend-
ed, the Stop-cock is turned, to prevent the
Air to get out. If any of it fliould efcape,
it is eafily fupplied by a new Blaft at the
Pipe, which is fupported by feme String or
Board to hinder it to prefs or draw the Pre¬
paration while it is drying. - If the A-
natomift is provided with no other than a
common Blow-pipe, the Canal by which
the Air is introduced, mull be tied tight
upon it with a thread, which is drawn with
a firm Knot by an Afiiftant, while the Air
is blown in. As loon as the Bowel is fuffi-
ciently diftended, a Signal is given to the
Afiiftant for pulling the Ends of the Thread,
while the Pipe is drawn out of the Canal,
and immediately another Knot being made,
the Preparation is fulpended by this Thread.
When Quick-filver is employed, the Paf-
fage by which it is poured, irnift be higher
than any other Part of the Preparation ;
and when that Pafiage is narrow, a lmall
Glafs Funnel or Pipe muft be put into it.
This Pipe muft be long, where the Weight
of a high Column of Mercury is wanted to
make it run through fmall Veffels. If the
Preparation will allow, the Pafiage by
which the Mercury entred is to be tied
firmly, otherwife, before any Mercury is
poured in, that Pafiage muft be fecured,fo
and Obfervations. 1x5*
as to remain uppermoft, all the Time the
Preparation is drying.— When a confide-
rable Quantity of Mercury is poured into
any Part whole Texture is tender, it is ne-
ceflary not only to fulpend it with Threads
and Hooks in the fuperior Part, but to fup-
portit alfoby a iinall Net extended below
it, upon a proper VefTel for receiving the
Quick- filver, if by any Accident it lliould
run out.
The Diretftions now given will ferve for
preparing the moft Part of the Bowels ; but
the Lungs and Spleen, whofe Mem¬
branes very difficultly retain either Quick-
filver or Air, efpecially this laft, require .
more Care. Thefe Bowels muft not be
taken indifferently from any Subject ; but
fuch muft be cholen as have the exterior
Membrane thick and ftrong. After they
have been diftended as above directed, they
fliould be expofed to the warm Sun, or near
a Fire to dry them (bon, returning fre¬
quently to lupply by a new Blaft what they
lofe in very little Time. As foon as their
outer Surface is dry, immerle them into
ftrong Turpentine Varni/h , fo as their
whole Surface may be covered, after which
they will retain the Air much better; con¬
tinue to place them fo that they may loon-
eft dry, taking care to rub on Varnilh with
a
t%6 Medical Bjfays
a Feather, wherever it is wanting, and to
blow in new Air whenever they iubfide.
After the human Spleen has been kept
diftended with Quick-filver or Air till it is
dried ; it feems to be wholly compofed of
Cells communicating with each other, upon
the Sides of which the fmall Branches of
the Artery are oblerved to fpread in great
Numbers, if they have been previoufly in¬
jected, as you may lee when you pleafe in
feveral fuch Preparations now in my Pof-
feffiom
3 « r f
Upon cutting the Lungs thus prepared*
their Veficles appear far from being Spheres,
or any other Figure whole tranlverfe Se¬
ction is circular, for they evidently are Po¬
lygons, generally irregular Squares* and
Pentagons. And indeed one might con¬
clude d priori , that they are rather more
fo in a living Creature 5 for feeing the exte¬
rior Membrane is of a firmer Texture than
the Veficles, and will not ftretch out fo far
as they could be extended* they mult pufb
violently on each other, and therefore be
prefled from a fpherical Form, into as ma¬
ny Sides and Angles as there are contiguous
Veficles; and the Thorax of a living Crea¬
ture does not allow the Lungs to be exten¬
ded fo far as their exterior Membrane can
be ftretched, as is evident from their flatt¬
ing
and Obfervatlons. itf
ing out at Wounds of the Thorax, or by
blowing into the Trachea Arteria, after
the Sternum of a Creature is taken away ;
and therefore their Vefieles imtft be more
compreffed, and confequently their Sides
be ftraighter in Relpiration, than when
they are diltended, after being taken out
of the Body. Theie Confiderations, and
the obvious Polygon Form of the Cells in
the fimple Lungs of Serpents, Frogs,
makes me lurprifed that ever the Vefieles
of more complicated Lungs Ihould have
been imagined to be Spheres, or any other
Figure, whole tranfverfe Se&ion is cir*
cular.
I come now to confider the Manner of
preferving Preparations, which is either by
expofing them to thex\ir till all their Moi-
flure is evaporated, and they become dry,
rigid, and out of Hazard of corrupting; or
by immerfing them in a proper Liquor. Be-
fides what has been already laid concerning
the Manner of drying Preparations, it is
alfo necefTary, efpecialiy when the Parts
are thick and bulky, and the Weather is
warm, to guard further againft Putrefa£U-
on, to hinder Flies to lay their Eggs upon
them, which foon growing into Maggots
would deltroy them, and to prevent In-
lx g Medical EJfays
feds, Mice or Rats to feed on them. All
this may be done by foaking the Preparati¬
on, fomeTime before it is expofed to dry,
in a Solution of corrofive Mercury in Spi¬
rit of Wine. The Proportions I uie, are
two Drachms of the Corrofive to a Pound
of the Spirit ; and while it is drying, it is
to be moifteifd frequently with the fame
Liquor. By this Method one can, with¬
out any of the Dangers above-mentioned,
dry the difTeded Bodies of pretty large
Children in the midft of Summer, which
fooner anlwers the Defign, than the cold
Moifture of Winter can. — After the Pre¬
paration is dry, it is ftill liable to moulder
away, become brittle, crack, and have an
unequal Surface ; wherefore it is necef-
fary to defend all its Surface with a
thick Varnilh, with which it is to be co¬
vered over as often as the Luftre of the for¬
mer Application wears off, and it muft al¬
ways be kept well from all Dull and Moi-
flure.
Dry Preparations are very ufeful in feve-
ral Gales, but there are a great many where
it is necefiary the Parts ihould be flexible,
and nearer a natural State, than the Shri¬
veling and Rigidity in this way of prepar¬
ing can allow; theDifficulty has hitherto
been to find a Liquor that would preferve
them
and O bjervatibns . izy
them fo near to a natural Condition. Wa¬
tery Liquors do not prevent the Putrefacti¬
on, and diffolve the hardeft Parts of the
Body. Acids prevent Putrefaction, but
diffolve the Parts into a Mucilage. Ardent
Spirits harden the Parts, change their Co¬
lour, and deftroy the red Colour of the
injeCted VelTels. Oil of Turpentine, be-
fides the Faults of the ardent Spirits, be¬
comes thick and vifcous. But without
dwelling longer on the faulty Liquors, I
fhall inform you, That what I have always
found to anlwer belt, is a rectified ardent
Spirit, no Matter whether from Wine or
Malt, that is {till limpid, without having
any yellow TinCtnre, to which a fmaii
Quantity of a foffii acid Spirit, ftich as that
of Vitriol or Nitre, is added; both of them
refill Putrefaction, and what might be
looked on as Faults, if each was' confider-
ed fingle, is mended by the other. When
thefe are mixed in a right Proportion, the
compound Liquor changes neither the Co¬
lour nor Confiftency of the Parts, except
where there are ferous or mucous Liquors,
which it hardens much in the Way that
boiling ^ater does. The Brain even of a
new born Child is madefo firm by it, as it can
be handled with great Freedom. The cry-
Italline and vitreous Humours of the Eye
I become
130 Medical EJfays
become firm, but white and opack, by
foaking in it. The Liquor of lebaceous
Glands, of mucous Folliculi , the Seed, &c.
are coagulated by it. The lymphatick, or
watery Liquors, Inch as the aqueous Hu¬
mour of the Eye, Water of the ‘Pericar¬
dium and Amnios are not changed by it. It
heightens the red Colour of injected Li¬
quors fo much, that VefTels, which did not
at firft appear, are plainly leen, after the
Part has been in it lome Time. If you’ll
compare thefe ElTcdts with what Ruyfch
has laid here and there of his Preparations,
you’ll find that the Liquor defcribed comes
pretty much up to the Properties of his Bal-
lam, as he calls the Liquor in which he
prelerved his wet Preparations.
The Proportion of the Acid to be mixed
with the ardent Spirit, is to be varied ac¬
cording to the Part to be immerfed in it,
and the Defign the Anatomift has. When
the Brain, Humours of the Eye, &c. are
to be coagulated, a larger Proportion of
Acid is neceffary, fuch is, two Drachms
of Spirit of Nitre to a Pound of Alcohol .
When the Parts are only to be preferved,e-
fpecialiy if there are any Bones ig the Pre¬
paration, forty, thirty or fewer Drops of the
Acid will be kifficient. If too large a Pro¬
portion of the Acid is mixed, the Bones
become
and Qbfervdtlons . 131
become firft flexible, and then diffolve.
After any Part is embalmed, particular
Care mud be taken to keep it always co¬
vered with the Liquor, otherwise its Co¬
lour fpoils, and fome Parts harden, others
diffolve. To prevent therefore the Eva¬
poration as much as poffible, and to ex¬
clude the Air, which makes the Spirits ex-
trad: a Tindure, the Mouth of the Glafs
is to be carefully (lopped with a Glafs or a
waxed Cork, Cover or Stopper ; over
which Leaf-tin, a Bladder, or injeded Mem¬
brane is tied, in which Way it will keep a
confiderable time without any great Wafte0
Whenever the Spirits fink near to the Top
of the Preparation, more of the Spirit of
Wine muff be added, without the Acid,
which flies little off. If at any Time the
Spirits acquire too high a Tindure, they*
muff: be poured of, and new Spirits, with
a leis Proportion of the Acid than at firft,
muft be put in their Place, the old ones
being kept in a well corked Bottle, for
walking away the natural Liquors of any
new Preparation, which ought always to
be carefully done before any Part is em¬
balmed, and the old tindured Spirits are
likewife to be walked off, with a imall
Quantity of limpid Spirits, every Time the
old ones are renewed* or a new Preparati-
I % OH
1 3 z M edit'd l EJfays
on is to be preferved. The Spirits unfit to
be longer fhewn in Glades, may alfo be ftill
employed in preferving Parts in earthen
VelTels or Glafs ones, out of which the
Preparation muft be taken when it is to be
viewed.
It may not be amifs to remark here,
That the Glades in which Preparations are
to be demonftrated, ought to be ofthefineffc
mod tranfparent thick Kind, for thefe al¬
low the Parts to be feen moft diftincftly,
without changing their Colour, and at the
fame Time magnify the Objects, difcover-
ing Parts, which, when they are out of
the Glafs, could not be feen with the na¬
ked Eye. Since then the Glafs with the
Liquor has a certain Focus , where Objects
are ieen moft diftindtly, it will be necefta-
ry to uie fome Contrivance for keeping the
Preparation at the proper Diftance from the
Side of the Glafs; which may be done by
putting in a imall Branch of fome Plant, or
a little Stick, or by faftning the Thread or
Hair by which the Preparation is luipcnded,
towards one Side of the Glals. Such little
Arts for keeping the Parts expanded, or
} lack g them io as to be leen to the beft Ad-
vant ge, win eafily occur to any who pra-
dile $ A n a to my .
I mail finilh this Eft ay with a Caution to
A n a-
mid Obfervations. t 3 3
Anatomifts to Ihun as much as poffibleput'
ting their Fingers into this acidulated Spi¬
rits, or handling the Preparations that are
very wet with them ; for they bring fuch
a Numnefs on the Skin for fome Time, that
makes the Fingers unfit for any nice Difi*
feCtion. The bell Cure I have uled for this
Numnefs, is wafhing the Hands with Wa¬
ter, into which a few Gutts of 01. Tartar .
Ter deliquium have been dropped.
XI. Some Thoughts concerning the Tro-
dudtion of animal Heat, and the "Diva¬
rications of the Vafcular Syfem, being
an AbJiraTt from a Latin Treat ije , of
the Heat of Animals; In a Letter to
Dr . John Stevenson Dhyfician in
Edinburgh, from Dr. George Mar¬
tin Thyfician in St. Andrew’s.
SIR,
I Cannot but acknowledge the Pieafure I
had from the good Opinion you con¬
ceived of my Treatife, de calore animalium .
The Objections you was pleafed to propoie
againft it, gave me full Proof you had con-
delcended to read and confider it carefully ;
I 3 ' and
134 Medical E fays
and at the fame time gave me an Opportu¬
nity, if not to obviate them entirely ? at
leaft to render the Scheme fomewhat lefs
exceptionable. You think it would be of
Ufe to the World, and will) it were made
pubiick : But I do not yet think it finiflied ;
and I know not if any W orks of mine fhall
ever arrive at that Degree of Perfection, as
to be able to bear the Light, and face thp
Pubiick by themfelves. In the meantime,
in Compliance with your Defire, which I
lliali always very much regard, I will make
a ihort Ex trad: of feme of the moil mate¬
rial Things of it, which, after reviling, you
may djfpofe of in any way you think proper.
I need not fay much concerning the Uni-
yerlality of this Property of Heat, where¬
of ail Animals, while in Life, have acorn
fiderable Share. Nor is it neceflary to re-
count the Sentiments or Miftakes of others
about it : It may luffice to declare my A L
lent in general to the Opinion now moft
oommonly received. That the Heat of ' Anu
mals is produced by the Motion of the
Hflood in the Vafcular Syftem ,
f • Nor does it leem to owe its Origin to
p.ny inteftine Motion of the Particles of the
flawing Blood, When I view the circula*
ma
I .
end Obfervations. 13 f
tion in the fmall pellucid Veflels of Ani¬
mals, I fee no inteftine Confufion of Par¬
ticles; nor can I perceive any Motion fit
for the Production of animal Heat, except
the progreflive Courfe of the Blood prefling
and rubbing upon the Sides of the Veflels.
3. Nay I am afraid that even this Motion
of the Blood, however rapid in the great
Trunks, will in the minute Veflels be
deemed too fmall and inconfiderable to pro¬
duce an Attrition fufficient for the generat¬
ing any fenfible Heat: So that it may be
thought neceflary to have Recourfe to che¬
mical Principles; and to iuppofe Heat to be
a fort of animal Procels producing a certain
Change in the Aliments, fome way analo¬
gous to the LuEtas and Effervefiencies we
obferve many other Bodies, in certain Cafes*
to undergo.
4. But it was juft now remarked, that
we could not perceive any violent inteftine
Motion of the Particles of the Blood, vi«
Able in the ordinary heating Effervefcen-
cies. And befide, in direCt Confirmation of
the mechanical Force of the Attrition of
the Fluids on the Sides of the containing
Veflels, from medical Obfervations we find,
in the various Circumftances of the human
I 4 Body,
13$ Medical EJfays
Body, the Heat generally in fome fort to
correlpond to the Degree of Motion of the
Blood. And above all, I hope I fliall be
able to make it appear, that the vafcularSy<-
fiem is io admirably contrived, and the va¬
rious Motions of the Blood fo skilfully ad^
jufted by the great and wife Author of Na¬
ture, that, bating external Influences or Di-
fturbances, the Heat of the circulating
Fluids generated by Attrition, is every
where prelerved nearly uniform, with how¬
ever differing Celerities they be propelled
in different Parts of the animal Machine.
5*. In order to the clearing and fettling
of this, I muft premife a general Suppofi-
tion, That the Intenflty of Heat generated
by Attrition is , exteris paribus, in ‘Pro¬
portion to the relative Celerity , where¬
with the Bodies rub againft one another ,
C. And therefore if a Liquor be forcibly
propelled through a Canal, the Quantity of
Attrition of the Liquor upon the Sides of
the Canal generating Heat , is in a com *
pound ratio of the Celerity of the Liquor
IC), an 4 of the Circumference ( or ‘Diame •
?fr P) of a Section of the Canal ; that ist
always as CxD. ‘ . '
f, Whej|
9
and Obfervaiions . *3 7
7. When a Liquor moves through a Ca¬
nal, its Particles, tho* they have no brisk
inteftine Motion, are frequently, however
flowly , Ihifting Places. Whence we are to
conceive the Quantity of Attrition around
the Circumference of a Section, as equably
diffufed through the whole Section, lo as
to render the Heat in every Point of it
from the Circumference to the Center per¬
fectly uniform: And therefore the real In-
tenfity of Heat in fach a Sell ion is found
to be as the Quantity of Attrition (CxD)
applied to (Z) the Area of the SeUion , or
(is ^-~~D ; that is as r^) the Velocity of
the Liquor , and the Diameter of the Ca¬
nal direElly , and the Square of that Dia¬
meter reciprocally . Which comes out as
(g ) the Velocity of the Liquor applied to
the Diameter of the Canal .
8. And from this it eafily follows, that if
Liquors be propelled with Celerities pro¬
portional to the Diameters of their con¬
taining Canals , the Heat ofthefe Liquors
generated by Attrition Jhall be equal . For
D, d being the Diameters of the Canals
proportional to C, c the Celerities of the
propelled Liquors ; in this Cale C . . c : :
D . , 3nd therefore C . , D : : c , . d ; and
corn
138 , Medical Ejjays
eonfequently £ ~ ; that is, the refpe*
iftive Intenfities of Heat are equal.
9 . If a Canal carrying a Liquor be ra -
m'tfied into Branches , the Heat of the Li¬
quor generated by the lateral Attrition
may be confiantly equal ; or may be increa -
fed or diminijhed in its Progrefs through
this ramified Syftem ofVejfels , according
to the Method of its Divaricationy or the
Proportion that the Widenefs of the
Branches bears to the Widenefs of the
Trunks from whence they arife .
For the Heat of the propelled Liquor ge¬
nerated by Attrition, is every where as its
Celerity applied to the Diameter of the Ca¬
nal through which it is carried ; fo that, if,
in the Divarication of a Canal, the Branch¬
es have always fuch a Situation and Large-
11 efs with reipedt to the Trunk from whence
they arife, that the Velocities of the Li¬
quor moving through them ihall always
correlpond to their Diameters, then the
Heat generated by Attrition ihall be con«
ftantly equal.
But if the Largenefs of the Branches be
lo adapted to the Capacity of the Trunks,
that the Velocity of the Liquor flowing in
them ihall be greater, equal, or even but
nearly equal to that in the Trunks, then
mid Obfervathons. I39
the Heat of the Liquor generated by Attri¬
tion, would be conftantly increafmg in its
Progrefs through this fuppofed ramified Sy-
Item, and that, cater is paribus, in a reci¬
procal Proportion of the Diameters of the
Canals.
And on the other hand, if the Capacities
of all the Branches put together fhould be
yaftly greater than the Largenefs of the
Trunk from whence they arife, fo as to dl-
minilh the Velocities of the Liquor in a
greater Proportion than the Diameters of
the Canals; then indeed the Heat in fuch a
Syftem would be "conftantly on the Decay*
?o. It feems to be the firft of thefe Cafes
which actually obtains in the animal Ma¬
chine. For though the Ancients made a
great Ado about the various Degrees of
Heat of the different Parts of the humaq.
Body ; yet ibme of the beft and moffc
careful Obfervers amongft the Moderns, by
Methods more certain and regular, than
what the others were Mafters of, have been
allured that they are all nearly of the fame
Degree of Heat, when left to themfelves
in a found State, and fufficiently defended
from the Injuries of the Air, or external
Cold; which I have confirmed by a thou,
fand Experiments : And therefore it be-.
1 4© Medic &l Ejfays
. hoves us to enquire more narrowly into
the Nature of mch a Divarication, which
may render the Velocity of the Blood al¬
ways in Proportion to the Diameters of its
containing Canals, and coniequently give
it a Heat conftantly equal.
ii. Suppofeany
Artery A to be di«
vided into what— - — J L~__
number of Branch- A &
es b , /3, ft, you
pleafe, equal, or
however unequal,
whole Diameters we call d , '<f , the Dia¬
meter of the Trunk A being D : So that
their refpe&ive Orifices lhall be propor¬
tional to D2, d\ £'z,~bz ; while the Cele¬
rities C, c, n, k, wherewith the Blood is
fuppofed to flow through thele Veflels, are
required to be proportional to the forefaid
Diameters D, d, 7) refpedively.
Now in the Divarication of any Arte¬
ry, the Blood would flow into the feveral
Branches with the fame, or nearly the fame
Celerity, if they all rofe with the fame Ob¬
liquity to the Trunk from whence they
fpring. Therefore it leems necefTary, for
the due ballancing of the Velocity, to con¬
trive the Divarication in fuch a manner,
that
and Obfervations. 141
that the larger Branches fhall always ly in
a direcfter Courle, and the imaller ones in a
more inclined one to the Current in the
Trunk, that the Quantities of the Blood
flowing into them may be in a greater Ra¬
tio than their Orifices would otherwife re¬
ceive ; fo too that it may flow through
them with the requifite Velocities propor¬
tional to their Diameters,
ix, Thus tfien the Pofition of the Branch¬
es being iettled, we come next to enquire
what Proportion the Amplitude or Orifice
of the Trunk muft have to the conjunct
Amplitudes of the Branches, fo likewife as
to prderve the above-mentioned Ballance
of Celerity, fn which Enquiry, in the firfl
place, we are to obferve that, univerxally,
the Quantities of Liquor palling equably
in a given Time through any Canals, are
in a compound Ratio of the Amplitudes of
the Canals, and of the Velocities of the
Liquor conjuncily. Hence then the Quan¬
tities of Blood paffing in a given Time
through the Branches b, /3, ft, are as dl x c,
y x 56, d x k refpecftively ; to all which
Quantities, the Quantity furnifhed them by
the Trunk A, or palling through the Trunk
in the iame Time muft be equal, and as
D x C. That is then D“ x C = d x c
Medical Ejjfays
+ £* x % +l)z x k» And therefore in the
prefent Cafe (the Celerities C, c, x, k be¬
ing fiippofed proportional to the Diameters
D, d , *f) D3 x D ftiall be equal to dx x d
+ x £ + iz xD; or D3 == ds 4- + l)3.
That is, the Cube of the diameter of the
3T hunk is equal to the Cubes of the 'Diame¬
ters of all its Branches added together .
And fo D is equal to ^dl + ^ +^3 ; that
is, the Diameter of the Trunk is equal to
the Cube-root of the conjunct* Cubes of the
Diameters of all the Branches .
From whence, if once we know what
Proportion the Branches have to one ano¬
ther, we can for certain determine what
Ratio they, when put together, muft have
to the Trunk from whence they arife.
Which was the Thing propoled to be found
out concerning the Nature of that Divari¬
cation, where the Celerities of the flowing
Liquor are fiippofed always proportional to
the Diameters of the containing Canals.
To illuftrate this Doftrine of the
Proportions of the Trunks and Branches
of a Syftem of Veflels ramified according to
the propofed Law of Divarication, for pre-
ferving the Velocities of the contained Li¬
quor in a conftant Ratio to the Diameters
of its containing Canals, and fo to maintain
a
and Obfervations. S43
a conftant uniform Degree of Heat, let us
try the Refult of it in two or three familiar
Examples.
If a Trunk Ihould divide itfelf into two e-
qual Branches, whole Orifices lhall be to one
another, as 1 to 1, and their Diameters in
like manner to V 1 and V 1, or 1 and 1 ;
then, by the general Propofition § iz, the
Diameter of the Trunk is proportional to
y i! 4 i!=: V z =3 T ; and conle-
quently its Orifice mull be — i’5874.
So that the Amplitude of the Trunk is to
the conjunct Amplitudes of the Branches as
i’*8 74 to 1 -f 1 = z ; or as 100 to 12,5 ■”99.
Suppofe a Trunk divided into two, how¬
ever unequal Branches, tyhicb, for Example,
ihould be to one another as 2 to 1 ; fo that
the Diameter of the greater Branch lhall be
proportional to 2 = T 4141, that of the
lefler as y 1 = Then the Diameter of
the Trunk is proportional y 4i4i3 1
= i’5«44; and its real Largenefs, compared
to the Branches 2 and 1, lhall be Tf<*44* —
z’ 4475 . So that this Amplitude of the Trunk,
being to the joint Amplitudes of the Branch¬
es as z' 447j to 2 + 1 a= 3 , lhall be to them
likewife in the Ratio of 100 to 122’ 5^
But Ihould the Divarication be more com¬
plex, fo that there be three, and thefe ve-
/
*4.4 Medical EJfays
ry unequal Branches, in the Ratio perhaps
of 3, a, i ; whofe Diameters therefore
inuft be proportional to V 3 = i’7szo?,
4141 9 and y 1 = 1 : Then the Diame¬
ter of the Trunk comes out proportional too
V i’T jaoj3 4- i544i3 +T3 = V 9’ oaw
a’o8^,the Square whereof is 4*3344. Whence:
we find the Trunk to be to the Sum of the:
Branches put together as 4’ 3344 to 3 + x +
1 = 6; that is as 100 to 13 8’ 4*.
14. I obferved before, § 10, that the:
Heat in different Parts of the Body, in ai
natural and found State, was every where:
nearly equal. And now having determi¬
ned the Laws of the Divarication of a ra¬
mified Syftem of Canals wherein the Heat
generated by Attrition ihould be conftant-
iy uniform ; let us in the next place en¬
quire ifthefe Laws obtain in Fad: ; and if
Anatomy and a true Menfuration of the
VefTels of the human Body do in reality
correfpond to our Theory. !
It is obvious at firft Sight, and every
body may have obferved, that the Pofition
of the VefTels entirely favours our Scheme.
Is it not manifeft, as it has been fometimes
very juftly remarked, that the greateft Vef-
fels ly more dire&ly m the Way of the
Trunks
and Obfervations.
I45'
Trunks from whence they arife, while the
final! ones rife at very great Inclinations
according to their various Sizes? (the like
whereof may in feme mealure be obftrved
even in the Ramifications of Trees and o¬
ther Vegetables.) From whence the Blood,
flowing more freely into the greater Branch¬
es, mull iikewife pais through them with
a proportionably greater Velocity^ than
through the minuter Veflels, which give
not fueh an advantageous Ingrefs to the pro¬
truded Fluid.
if. The next Thing we are to eonfidef
is the Size of the Veflels, or the Proper td
£>ns of the’ Branches to their furnifhing
Trunks. It is very difficult, if not impoft
fible,; to furvey the Veflels of Animals With
a mathematical Exadf nefs, fo as to find them
always obferving the fame Rule. In mea«
•luring an Artery, for Example, a Lind
broad, who will undertake never to err
Part of an Inch ? And yet an Error io feeta*
ingly little, will lead us into aMiflake neat
i of the Amplitude of the VefFel: So that
the final left unavoidable Errors iii meafti-
ring fhall occafion Ibme feeming Deviations
from the Rules that really Nature tiliy
have followed. And therefore I hope efeii
the moft (crapulous will be fadsfied,- if fip
Ife
14 6 Medical Ejfays
on the ftridteft Examination it fliall be
found that Experience and our Theory,
though not always jumping exactly in the
fame Numbers, are however, for the moft
part, very little wide of one another. Phy-
fical Experiments and practical Mechanicks
allow only of an Approximation to Geo¬
metrical Demonftrations.
Now it has been obferved in general by
others, that the conjunct Amplitude of the
Branches of Arteries are always larger than
the Trunks from whence they ar ife ; and
confequently that the Blood, on this Ac¬
count chiefly, Buffers a vafi Retardation in
its Progrefs from the Heart to the extreme
Parts of the Body: But we do not flop in
this general Obfervation. From innumer¬
able Meafures and Experiments we more¬
over pretend to find a determined Propor¬
tion, and a very elegant Harmony in the
Dilatation of the arterial Syftcm, and in the
Retardation of the Blood moving through
it; to wit, That the ‘Diameter of every
Artery is equal to the Cube-root of the con¬
junct' Cubes of the Diameters of all its
Branches : And the Velocity of the Blood
in the Arteries always in proportion to
their fever al Diameters ; for the Preler-
vation of an equable Degree of Heat through
all this far extended Syltemu
16 . This
and Obfervations 4 147
16. This, I fay.; we find from the niceft
Examination of the Veffels that poffibly
can be made ; the feveral Meaiures fome-
times exceeding, fometimes not coming en¬
tirely up to the Rule; but by fo little Dif¬
ferences, and thefe as often on the one Side
as the other, that we cannot doubt of fuch
finall Variations having flowed from fome
overlooked Circumftance, or fome inevi¬
table Errors of Menfuration. Which is
plain from the following very ample Colle¬
ction of Experiments, wherein at one View
we have the Proportions of the Trunks to
the Branches, both according to the Theo¬
ry, and according to the adual Meaiures
that were taken of them, with the DifFe-
rences in thefe two Circumftances. Which
Differences are truly leis than we could well
have expected; and which would ftiil have
been but a half of what we have here fet
down, if we had made our Calculations of
the Diameters, and not of the Amplitudes
of the Veffels. And they are the Diame^
ters which are primarly meafored,
17. No body will blame me that 1 have*
in Confirmation of this Dodtrine, chofen to
give other Folks Experiments rather than
my own. Thofe are liable to no Qbjedlff
K % o ns s
148 Medical Ejfays
ons : The Authors of them could have nO
PrepofTe (lions in favour of a Scheme they
were not apprifedof ; which I acknowledge
would be much more exceptionable, had l
founded it only on my own Obfervations.
In the firft place I have fet down fome
Meafures, taken with all the Care imagi¬
nable from the Anatomical Tables of Eu~
Jlachio ; who of all the Anatomifts feems
to have ftudied,with the greateft Accuracy,
the Symmetry of the human Body, and the
juft Proportions of all its Parts. However
that I may not conceal any the leaft mate¬
rial Circumftance from you, I nmft ac¬
knowledge, that, in comparing the Aorta
with the Iliacks, I took it where it appears
fmaileft in his Figures, which is a little be¬
low the Emulgents: Which Trunk, befide
the Iliacks., gives off other Arteries, as
fome of the Lumbars, the inferior Mefen-
terick, andth Q/acra. Butthefe, when ta¬
ken in too, are not really of inch Confide-
ration as much to difturb or alter our Cal¬
culations.
1 8. Then follow fome Meafures taken
from ProfejfTor Ruyfclfs Figures. His fin-
gular Art in injecting the VefTels, and the
great Pains he took to have them accurate¬
ly delineated, every body knows.
But
and Qbfervations'. 149
Bat fince whatever Care Eujlachio and
Ruyfch took, it mud have been imp.offible
to Dion forae final! Deviations from Nature,
both in painting and graving their Tables,
(as we find fome Variations in the fame Fi¬
gures repeated in different Tables of Eu -
Jiachio ) and that we iikeways may not have
meafured them with abfolute and perfedfc
Exadhiefs, you will not wonder that they
do not precilely coincide with the Numbers
of the Theory. However this dill comes
out as a Medium between them.
19. The Experiments we have borrow¬
ed from the ingenious Dr. Keill are liable
to none of the Inconveniencies of painting.
He mealured the Veffels themselves ; and
therefore I have adopted all his Mealures:
Only iome few I have omitted, which, ior
their being taken from too minute Veffels,
could not be much relied on ; and two or
three more, which, by tranfgreffing the ne-
ceffary Laws of Ramifications, as omitting
a Branch or two, or exhibiting a Branch
greater than its furnifhing Trunk, difeover
iome Miftake to have crept into thele Ob-
fervations. On which Account, and for
other like Realons, I have negledted mod
of the ordinary Anatomical Figures. How¬
ever even lome of thele I have now like-
K 3 wife
i j-o Medical Ejjfays
,wiie added under the Title of Mifcellanyr
Obfervations \ though 1 do not pretend to*
lay fo much Strefs on them, as upon the o-
ther Experiments 1 had firft taken in, eipe-
iially thofe of Keill and Eufiachio .
%o . That I might not fccm to have ne¬
glected fuchMeaiures my felf, for the great-,
er Confirmation of the reft, if any thing off
mine could add to their Authority, I have;
added ionic of my Observations too. Audi
being unwilling to omit any thing of this;
kind, in . tranfcribing this Paper, I have in¬
ferred two or three that the induftrious Dr*
Nichols has now furnifhed us ; who, I find,,
has been at more than ordinary Pains ini
Purveying the Yefiels both of Animals and!
2.1, And now follows the Collection II
promifcd of the Experiments themfelves,
iliewing the Proportions of the Trunks to,
their Branches in the Arterial Syftem of)
fbe human Body, ^
send Observations*
.*> "* >'T, * , •'
♦
The divaricated ARTERIES.
From EVSTACHIO.
The right Subclavian Artery, divided into the Axillary Y
and Carotid. Tab. XVI. Fig. i. - - X
A Meienterick Artery, the exadteltWay I could take ?
theMeafures, Tab. XI. Fig. i. - - J
A Meienterick Artery in another Subjedt, Tab. XXVII.)
-Figj. 4. - - J
The defcending Aorta Iplit into the f Tab. XII. Fig. i.
. I. Fig. i.
$Tab. XII. Fig. 3.
\Tab. I. 1.
two Iliacks
V
The fame in another Subjedfc
The lame in another
* I
The fame in another
» * ) ■ **
*
The fame in another
• - - , _ V -
The fame in another
C Tab. XII. Fig. 4.
I Tab. IV. Fig. 7.
f Tab. XII. Fig. 7.
xTab. I. Fig. 3.
C Tab. XII. Fig. 9.
l Tab . III. Fig. 1.
c Tab. XII. Fig. 10.
1 Tab. III. Fig. 3.
J Tab. XII. Fig. 1 2,.
(. III. Fig. x.
The lame in another
The fame in another. Tab. II. Fig. 1.
The lame in another, Tab. II. Fig. x.
The fame in another. Tab. II. Fig. 3.
The fame in another, Tab. XXV.
The fame in a Woman, Tab. XIII.
From RVTSCH.
The Right Subclavian branched into the Axillary and 7
Carotid. Ej>. Trobl . HI. Tab. III. f 2. * 7 S
Proportions
of the
Branches.
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Medical EJfayt
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TLc divaricated ARTERIES.
cen, Ep. Frobl. IV. Tab. IV. Fir. z.
Its inferior Branch, ibid. ,
The uppermoft Artery from this inferior Branch,
The lower one, .
A Mefenterick Artery, Muf. Anat. p. 76. Fit,
Its right Branch, ibid. -
Its left Branch, ibid. -
5%
From KEILL.
The fuperior Mefenterick Artery, (pending itfelf in twen¬
ty one Branches, Tent. IV./. 88.
The 5th Branch of the Mefenterick, ibid. p. 90. 1. 15. '
The larger Branch of this yth Mefenterick, ibid. 1. 15.
The 3d Twig of this larger Branch, /. 91. /. 4.
The 1 ft Branch of the 8th Mefenterick, ibid. L ix
The xd Branch of the 8th Melenterick, ibid. 1. 16. -
The 10th Melenterick Artery, ibid. /. xo.
The lirfl Branch of the 10th Melenterick, ibid. 1. X4. -
The xd Twig of this ill Branch, p. 9X. /. 3.
The 14th Melenterick, ibid. I. 7.
The 15 th Mefenterick, ibid. 1. ix.
The xd Branch of this 15 th Melenterick, ibid. 1. 16. -
One of the Twigs ofthislecond Branch, ibid. 1. zi. -
tarn. II. p. 45 \ /. x.
Its xd Branch, ibid. I, 3. ?
The xd Branch in /. 3. ibid. 1. 4.
The ill Branch in /. 4. ibid. 1. 5.
The xd Branch in /, 5. ibid. 1. 6.
Conjunct Ca-
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und Obfervations,
The divaricated ARTERIES,
V
tdi l.io
Proportions
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Branches.
U-i
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^ c
Ah# ^
» u
ra H
«" O
r X JC
O tS
Conjunft Ca¬
pacities of all
>« .
*5 3
The firft Branch in /. 6. 1. 7.
The ift Branch in /. 7. /. 8.
The ift Branch in l. 1. l. 9.
A Branch of the Femoral Artery in its Progrefs,
The 3d Branch in /. 10. ibid, l.n, *
The ift Branch in l. 13. ibid. 1. 14,
The ift Branch in 1. 14. ibid. 1. 15 . *
The xd Branch in l. 9. ibid. 1. 16.
The id Branch in l. 16. ibid. /. 17.
The 3d Branch in l. 17. ibid. /. 18.
The id Branch in /. 5. ibid. 1. 19. - *
*
From my own Difledtions.
The right Subclarian branched into the Axillary and 7
•*' Carotid, in a Man, - - - - - 3
The fame in a Woman, -
The fame in a young Girl,
The Right Carotid, divided into the Internal and Exter-7
nal in a Man, - 3
The fame in a Girl* ....
The Aorta ending in the Iliacks in a Boy,
The Iliack Artery branched into the External and Inter-7
nal in a Man, - - 3
The fame in a young Man, -
The fame in a Boy, *
The fame in another Boy, - • *
The fame in another Boy, *
The fame in a Woman, - *
The fame in a young Girl, - - *
The fame in another young Girl, ♦ ; ?
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From
*5*4
Medical EJfays
The divaricated ARTERIES#
- From NIC HO fS.
An Artery A (which I take to be oneof theMefentericks))
ramified into the BranchesB, C .Comp. ^inat. Tab. ll.p.i.y
The Branch C, divided into D, E. r
The Branch E divided into the Imaller Branch 36, 3i>d a- 7
nother (Z.) which I find to be about 11, : - 3
The Branch (£.) ramified into thg Twigs 1 6 and 9, -
Mifcellany Obfervations.
A Branch A of the External Carqtid, divided into the an->
terior and pofterior Branches C, B, T)u Verney Org:>
de I'Quie, Tab, II. Fig. 1. - S
The fame, ibid. Fig. - - -
The anterior Branch, after throwing off D,fubdivided in-7
to two Branches, ibid. Fig. 1. - - 3
The defending ^<9^#,ending in the inferior Mefenterick,-*
Lumbars and liiacks, Verheyen. Anat. Tab. XVI. F/g. i.J
The Aorta ending in the liiacks, the inferior Melenterick,
4 Lumbars and 3 Sacra, Confer Anat. hum. Bod. App.
Tab. III. - - - - • - - -
The right Iliack into tfie External and Internal, ibid. -
The left Iliack divided in the fame Way, ibid.
The Cmliac into i\l>xiLathks,Chefelden Anat .Tab. YNW.x.
The larger Branch of the Catliac into leffer Branches; ibid.
The iuperior Mefenterick into three Branches, ibid. 3.
The inferior Mefenterick divided into threeBranches, ib.±.
The defeending Aorta ending in rhe liiacks, ibid:Tak. XV.
The Caeliac Artery branching into tfie right and left,' \
Stukeley of the Spleen, Tab. I. - r - > “3
A Capillary Artery of the Inteftines fending off eight e-7
Qual Branches, Hales Hgrpajlat . IX. 14./. * J
i
Conjunft Ca-
0 J2
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6
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Proportions
•g n
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of the
Cm
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In
and Ob fer vat ions. %$$
In this Colle&ion there are indeed
but few Obfervations which perfectly jump
with the exadt Proportions of the Theory :
But many come very near them ; and the
Numbers of thofe coming Ihort of it, and of
thofe that exceed it, are nearly equal. And
the common or middle Excefs or Defeat
(reckoning one with another) is only a-
bout Part. Nay, in about ninety Ob¬
fervations, from the ExcefTes and Defeats
ballancing ‘one another, the Sizes of the
Branches determined by our Rules, and
thofe found out by the moft carefully made
Experiments, come out almoft exactly the
fame. The Odds being about rh or j*?
Part ; a Quantity in fuch a Cafe to be e-
fteemed as nothing. A furprifing Coinci¬
dence! and which, before Trial, we durft
not in iuch difficult and precarious Mea-
fiires have expected or prorailed upon.
X3. Seeing then thefe Obfervations qua¬
drate fo nicely to Theory, even more ex¬
actly than the moft Icrupulous would have
required, I muft acknowledge the very
fenfible Pleafure I had in perceiving this
beautiful Harmony ; and that I was ex¬
ceedingly delighted to find (as I wifned and
expedted) the Arteries of the human Body
& 4 to
2 5* 6 Med lea l E flays
to be diftributed and divaricated in fitch a
manner, both in their Pofition and Wide-
pels, £^4# the Celerity of the Blood flow¬
ing through them may be preferved in a
given 'Proportion to their ^Diameters ; and
the fame , or nearly the fame degree of
Heat generated by Attrition, continued
along the whole arterial Syftem,
M- To obviate feme Difficulties that
might be flatted againft us, we muft cb~
ferve. That, for the eafier Reception of the
Blood, the Artery is always a little wider
in its Rile from the Trunk, from whence
|t converges in a conical Form : And that
Arteries, confidered as Trunks,’ juft before
they fplit into Branches, muft be widened
a little for the more convenient Divarica-
tion. So that if an Artery, from the be~
ginning of its Rile to its Ramification in¬
to Branches, happen to be very ihort, it will
commonly be found wider, and have a
greater Proportion to its Branches than our
Theory would require.
Tnu$, tor Example, the great Trunk of
Iffie right Subclavian, before it divides into
|he Carotid and Axillary, is fometimes
longer, and iometimes fhorter, Ip the firfl
One, as in Euftacbioh Tab . XVI. Fk. i.
or fr°n. in. tar. in,
and Obfervationsl tff
pig. %. it almoft coincides with the Theo¬
ry. In the iecondCale, as in Ruyfctis ibid \
Fig. 3. and Cowper's Anat . hum. Bod .
Append. Tab. III. it differs fo far from our
Rules, as even to be much larger than the
conjoined Branches which arife from it.
Thus too the great Trunk of the Aorta
being very fhort, and alfc curvated, is found
to have a greater Ratio to its primary
Branches, than otherwife we fhouid have
had Reafon to expe<3t; And fo it fee ms
Valfalva ( a ) reckoned it as a fort of Sinus „
In which, and other like Cafes, though we
allow" the Blood to have a flow Courfe
through the Trunks, we need not be ap-
prehenfive of any Lofs or Decay of Heat in
inch fhort Intervals; Which too may foonbe
fuificiently compenfated by the fubfequent
more regularly adjufted Arteries ; efpeciak
ly that the fmaller Vefleis do frequently , by
Inofculations, communicate one with ano¬
ther; and fo, befide other Ufes, help to
maintain a due and regular Balance of the
Velocity of the circulating Fluids.
ay. And, on the other Hand, for the like
Reafons, we need not be afraid of the Heat
being too much increafed, though it fliould
move
(a) See Comment. Acad. Bonon. p. 37^.
l\f§ Medical Effays
move fomething fafter in the End, than in
the Beginning of the long converging ar¬
terial Trunks, as in the Carotids or Iliacks;
which run a good Space before their Diva¬
rication, without emitting any confider-
able Branches.
Contrary to what I alledged of the lar¬
ger Branches rifing more directly, and the
fmall ones obliquely to the Courfe of the
Blood, it will be (aid that feme, even pret¬
ty large Veffels rile at an acute Angle from
their Trunks in a retrograde Way ; fitch
as the umbilical Arteries in a Foetus , or
the Epigaftricks from the external Iliacks.
This I acknowledge one will be ready to
think from infpeding the Figures in the
common anatomical Tables. But every
Body that is acquainted with DiiTedtions,
mufi have obferved, that thefe Tables, ei¬
ther for the Convenience of Dideding or
Painting, or even fometimes by the Care-
lefnefs of the Authors, do very often ex-
hibite Things far out of their natural Situ-
ation. And in this particular Cafe before
us, if we will look into the Book of Na¬
ture itfelf, and examine Things as the great
Author thereof has deligned them, we ihall
find, that though fitch Veffels do carry the
Blood in a Courfe diredly contrary to its
mid Qbferv&tions . 15^
Flux in the Trunks, yet their Rife is much
in the fame Angle with others of the like
Size. Thus the Epigaftrick Artery, iu-
ftead of rifing at an acute Angle, from the
outer Side of the external liiack, as V
fa litis and the ordinary Tables reprefent
it, does really fpring from the inner Side
of that Artery (as in Cowper' s Delineation
ibidl) at an Angle nearly a right one, but
fomewhat obtuie; and then forming an
Arch, climbs upwards, carrying the Blood
in a Courfe retro^ade to what it was in be-
fore; which Eujtachio ( a ) alone has taken
care juftly to reprefent, as he is the Ana-
tomift in the World who has moft carefully
ftudied to exhibite all the Parts undiftur-
bed, and in their due and regular Poflure.
It remains now to apply our Rule of the
Ramification ofVeffelsto fome other Pur-
poles in the animal O econo my ; and to con-
fider this Dodirine with refpedt to different
Animals; and to enquire what Alterations
of Heat, if any, their Difference of Mag¬
nitude will produce: How it may be influ¬
enced by any other Changes, whether in
the Solids or Fluids, as by the Non-natu-
jals, Age, Sex, &c. Buf all this would be
diffi-
00 Tab. Anaj.Tab.XIii.XLV. Fig. 1. Tab. XXV. XXVU*
fig. 12.
s.6o
Medical Ejfays
difficult to abridge; and to tranfcribe all,
would carry me far beyond the Bounds I
bad fixed to my feif at this Time.
XII. An Ejfay concern fag the Motions of
our Eyes ; by William Porterfield,
M. D. Fellow of the College of Fhyfi
dans at Edinburgh.
Part I.
&>t tWt SPotfott^
H E Motions of the Eye are either
JL external or internal. I call external ,
thofe Motions performed by its four ftraight
and two oblique Mufcles, whereby thq
whole Globe of the Eye changes its Situ¬
ation or Direction. And by its internal
Motions, I underftand thofe Motions which
only happen to lome of its internal Parts,
fiich as the Cryjlalline and Iris , or to the
whole Eye, when it changes its fpherical
Figure, and becomes oblong or flat.
In this Paper I ihall only treat of its ex¬
ternal Mot ions , refer ving the internal Mo¬
tions for the far more fertile Subject ofa-
nother
*
and Obfervations. 161
mother EfTay, which I intend to fend you
hereafter. If I find that your Readers have
any Reliih for fuch Enquiries,
ThefphericalFigure of our Eyes, and their
ioole Connection to the Edge of the Orbit
by the Tunica conjunctiva, which is loft*
flexible and yielding, does excellently dii-
pofe them to be moved this or the other
Way, according to the Situation of the Ob¬
ject we would view. This Membrane is
from its Situation alfo called Adnata. It
takes its Origin from the Teriofleum ail
round the Edge of the Orbit, and is extend¬
ed over the whole fore Part of the Globe*
till its Termination in the Edge of th e Scle¬
rotic, where it joins the Cornea . It is called
Conjunctiva, from its Office, quia oculum
cum capite conjungit .
This Membrane is covered externally
with another Membrane: For, as is known
to Anatomifts, the internal Membrane of
the Eye-lids, at the Edge of the Orbit, is
turned forwards upon the outward Face of
the Eye, and is co* extended over it with
the Tunica conjunctiva , to which it is ad¬
herent.
Thefe two Membranes, becaufe of their
clofe Union, appear to be only one, and are
generally defcribed as fuch under the Name
of Membrana albuginea , lb called, becaule
they
t6t Medical Ejfays
they form the White of the Eye, though
in fa<5t they are diftind Membranes, call-
|y to be feparated ; the one a Continuation
of the ^Feriojleum , lining the Orbits inter¬
nally, and the other of the inner Mem¬
brane of the Eye-lids. Thefe Membranes,
efpecially the external* are lo full of Blood-
veffels, and fo laxly extended* that in vio¬
lent Ophthalmia? s, the White of the Eye
is fometimes fwelled fo cxceffively, as to
cover all the Cornea , which I here take
Notice of, becaufe it is ready not only to
furprife, but to impofe upon the unwary or
unexperienced Oculift, as if it were an in¬
curable Excrefcence of the Cornea itlelf.
Befides thefe two Membranes, the fore
Part of the Globe is covered all over ex¬
ternally with a very thin tranfparent Apo*
neurofe or Surpeau, which not only co¬
vers the Membrane which it has from the
Eye-lids, but likewife is extended beyond
it over the Cornea itlelf. The EhlyeEitcnse
which are imail tranfparent Veficles full
of dear Water, and which are frequently
oblerved upon the Surface of the Cornea it-
fell, as well as upon the White of the Eye,
and even fometimes have their Center in
feme Part of that Circle of the Cornea,
where it joins the Sclerotis , and by that
means occupy at the fame time both a Part
of
md Obfervations . 163
of the White of the Eye, and a Part of the
Cornea , are, amongft other Things that
might be advanced, a convincing Proof of
the Exiftence of this Surpeau , and of its
Extenfion over the whole Cornea .
It is by thefe Membranes that the Eye is
connected to the Edge of the Orbit, which,
being (oft and 'flexible, they do in Inch a
manner, as not in the leafl to impede its
neceffary Motions. And befides there is a
great deal of Fat placed all round the Globe,
betwixt it and the Orbit, which lubricates
and foftens the Eye* and renders its Moti¬
ons more eafy.
Now the external Motions of the Eye,
are, as we before hinted, performed by
means of fix Mufcles, whereof four are
flraight, and two oblique. Gabriel Fallo¬
pius (in his Obfervationes anatomic <e) is
among the firft that has given us a genuine
Defcription of the Mufcles of the Eye: For
before him not only Galen but Vefalius
himlelf has grofly erred in the Delcription
of the oblique Mufcles, and in affigning
(even Mufcles to the human Eye; on which
Account Realdus Columbus {de re anatom .
lib. c . 8.) does indeed juftly reprehend
them, tho\ at the fame Time, he commits
no lets an Error himlelf, not only in fuppo-
fing that the obliquus inferior begins and
ends
. u • t • 3
Medical Ejfays
. »
ends in the Cornea of the Eye, but alio iti
imagining, contrary to what Galen and Ve-
faints teach, that the ob limits fuperior be¬
longs to the Eye-lids.
The Firft of the four ftraight Mufcles is
fimated upon the fuperior Part of the Globe
upon which it lyes. It pulleth up the Eye
when we look up, and is therefore called
j&ttollens or Superbus, it being one of the
chief Marks of a haughty Difpofition to
look high; wherefore its oppofite Mufcleis
called Humilis . But Cafferius Tlacentu
nus thinks the Motion of the upper Eye¬
lids denotes thefe Dilpofitions more fignifi*
candy; for, fays he, {lib. y. cap. 18.) Qui
enim banc elatam habent ((peaking of the
upper Eye-lids) fuperbi & feroces funt , qui
vero deprejfam ac dimidium fere oculuni
elaudentem , it a ut t err am adfpicere vide an -
tar, humiles & mites funt. For which Rea-
ion IVillisix n his anima brutorum , cap . ry ^
chufes rather to cail them Eii aut Hevoti.
§hfia in precatione intenja , lays he, ocu-
lum valde , attollunt ; quare Hypo cr it is,
qui fanSlitatis fpcciem affe Slant, in more
eJi,oculum it a evolvere,ut albo fere tantuni
confpeSto papilla occultetur.
The Second , as before hinted, is dired:-
ly oppofite to the Attollens , and is fitua-
ted upon the under Parc of the Eye which
and Qbfervatidns. x$y
it pulls down, and is therefore called *De~
Trimens or Humilis .
The Third and Fourth are towards the
Sides of the Eye, and draw it towards the
Nofe, or from it towards the little Angle,
That which draws it towards the Noie is
called Addubtor or Bibitorius , becauie, in
drinking, the Eyes are turned inwards to
the great Angle for viewing the Drink0
That which pulls it from the Nofe towards
the little Angle, is called Abductor or In*
dignabundus , becauie it is made ufe of in
thofe lateral or fquint Views that denote a
fcornfui Refentment.
All thele four M nicies arife from the Cir¬
cumference of the Hole in the Bottom of
the Orbit, through which the Optick Nerves
pals; and advancing by the four Cardinal
Parts of the Eye, terminate by four broad
thin Tendons in the Sclerotts .
Thefe Tendons form a large Aponeu-
role, which isfpread over the outward Face
of the Eye under the Conjunctiva, to
which it^alfo adheres and terminates at the
Edge of the Sclerotis , where it forms the
Cornea . Columbus pretends to be the fir ft
Difcoverer of this Tunicle, to which he
has given no Name. Hence it is frequent¬
ly named Tunica innominata Columbia tho*
unjuftly, becauie it was known to Galen ,
L as
\6S Medical Ejfays
as appears from the id and 8 th Chapters of
his 10th Book de uju partium . Others
therefore with better Reafon call it Tunica
Tendinea , becaufe formed of the Tendons
of the four ftraight Muicles. Aquapendent
is of Opinion, that the White of the Eye
has its Colour from this Membrane : But
the Conjunctiva, and the Tunicle which
comes from the inner Membrane of the
Eye-lids, do likewife concur, as has been
demonftrated by Tlempius ( Ophthalmo -
graphia lib. i.eap. 8.)
When the four ftraight Mufcles of the
Eye ad feparately, they pull the Globe up
or down, to or from the Nofe, according
to the different Situation of Objeds we
would view. But when the Superbus and
Adductor or AbduCtor ad: together, or
when the Humilis and AdduCtor or Ab du¬
ff or ad together, they perform the oblique
Motions, which have been attributed to the
oblique Mufcles ; and when all four ad to¬
gether, they draw the Eye inwards to¬
wards the Bottom of the Orbit, a^nd keep
it fixed in an equal Situation, which is
therefore by Phyficians called its Tonick
Motion .
Some arc likewife of Opinion, that when
all thefe four Mufcles ad together, the
Bulb of the Eye is comprefled, and its Axis
and Qbferijdtions. i6y
* '
is lengthned, when Objects are too near
us ; while others give them a quite contra¬
ry Action. But this we only mention by
the Way, relerying it to be further confix
dered when we come to examine the in*
‘Ward Mot ion s of this Organ.
The oblique Muieles of the Eye are two
in Number, whereof one is called obliquus
major or fuperior,i he other obliqltus minor
or inferior ; they receive their Denomina*
tion from their oblique PofitionandCourfe.
The obliquus major, becaule of its length,
is iordetimes called longijjimus oculi ; it a-
riles from the Edge of the Hole in the Bot~
tom of the Orbit, that tranfmits the Gptick
Nerve, between the Elevator and Addu~
if or, from whence it runs obliquely to the
great Cant bus : In the upper Part of which*
near the Brink, there is a cartilaginous
Ring or Trochlea affixed to the Os frontis,
through which it paffes its Tendon; from
whence turning backwards* it is inferted
into the Tunica fclerotica , towards the
back Part of the Bulb of the Eye, id the
middle of the Diftance between the Terini*
nation of the Attollens and the Opticfe
Nerve.
This Trochlea through which this Mufcld
pafles its Tendon, was firft difeovered by
the great Fallopius, who therefore juftly
3L % t6*
<t68 Medical Ejfays
receives the Honour due to ftich a Diictf-
very; though Riolanus does likewiie aicribe
it to his Cotemporary Rondeletitis . From
it fometimes the Muicle receives its Name,
and is called Trochle&ris : When it aits, it
rolls the Eye about its Axis towards the
Note, and at the lame time draws it for-
wards, and turns its Pupil downwards.
The fecond of thefe oblique Mufcles,be-
caufe of its being the Ihorteft Mufcle of the
Eye, is frequently defcribed under the
Name of brevijjimus oculi . It takes its O-
rigin from the lower Part of the Orbit in
its Infide near its Edge; and afcending ob¬
liquely by the outer Corner of the Eye, it
is interred into the Sclerotis near the Im¬
plantation of the former, diredly betwixt
the Abducens and Optick Nerve.
The Adion of this Mufcle is to roll the
Eye about its Axis from the Nole, and at
the lame time to draw it forwards, and di-
red its Pupil upwards.
Thefe two oblique Mufcles are by fome
called Qircumagentes and Amatorii {Amou-
reux) from their Addons in winding and
rolling the Eye about, which Motions we
call Ogling . But the French Academift
Mx.Terrauti ( du mouvement desyeux ) will
not allow that the Eyes have ever any Mo¬
tion round their Axis s becaule he could ne¬
ver
and Qbfervations . 1 6$
ver obfervc it in the Eyes of Tortoifes ,
which havefome fixed Spots that may ferve
for rendring fuch Motions obvious, but
chiefly becaufe he does not fee what Ad¬
vantage we could reap therefrom. But were
Nature to be confined and limited in her O-
perations by our imperfed Views of the
Advantages of her Adions, we fliould fre¬
quently deny the moft evident Fads in the
World"
But that *Perraulfs Authority may not
mi fie ad fuch as have not accurately obfer-
ved the Origin, Progrefs and Infertion of
thefeMufcles, it may be proper to obferve
that the learned Mr. Mariotte (in his non-
velle deconverte touchant la vue) has de-
monftrated beyond Difpute, that that Part
of the Bottom of our Eyes, where the Op-
tick Nerves enter them, is infenfible; and
that the Rays of Light, which fall thereon,
are entirely loft, without giving us any I-
dea of the Objed from whence they came.
Now our Optick Nerves enter the Eye,
not in the Middle oppoftte to the Pupil,
but a little on the Infide towards the Nolc\
Hence Objeds placed a little on the Out-
fide of the Optick Axis, if not over large,
would be altogether invifible, becauie the
Rays which come from them fall upon that
inlenfible Part of the Bottom of our Eyes,
L 3 at
170 Medical Ejfays
at which the Optick Nerves enter ; but, by
theCircumrotation of our Eyes round their
Axis, this infenfible Part may be turned
a fide, and the Rays of Light which would
have been loft, in falling upon it, may
now, at leaft in Part, fall upon the fenfible
Part of our Retina ; and therefore the Ob¬
ject, which otherwife would have been en¬
tirely invifibie to that Eye, may at leaft:
in part become vifibie, which is a cpnfider-
able’ Advantage, as every one umft lee.
I am not ignorant that there ate many
who have denied this oblique Infertion of
0ur Optick Nerves. Willis and Briggs
tell us, that not only in Man, but alio in
Dogs, Cats, and all
the
more fagacious
fcreatures, they enter the Globe at its Axis
diredtly oppofite to the cPupilla: But the
Labour and Induftry of later and more ac¬
curate Anatomifts have long ago freed us
from this Miftake; and though this Obli¬
quity is confiderably lefs in Man than in
Oxen, Sheep, Sw7ine, and the greateft Part
of Birds and Fifties, yet no one who lliall
take the Pains to examine a human Eye,
can mils obferving it.
There are indeed feme Creatures, fuel}
idle 'Porcupine and Sea-Calf, that have
fhe optick Nerves inferred into the Axis of
i Heir Eyes : (Which fingle Fadt more effe-
‘ ; ^ually
and Ob fer vat ions, 171
dually overturns Mariotte' s Hypothefis of
the Choroides being the principal and im¬
mediate Organ of Sight, than all the fubtile
Reafoning of Mejjrs. ‘Pecquet and Per*
vault- , his greateft Oppofers. Neither is it
poffible that this Defect in our Sight, where
the optick Nerves enter, can arile from the
Want of the Choroides in this Place, which
according to de la Hire's Reafoning againfl
Mariottei See his Differ tauon, Stir les dif¬
fer ens Ac ci dens de la Uiie) ought to re¬
ceive the Imprellion from the Rays of
Light (which, according to him, pafe thro*
the tranfparent Retina , without producing
Yifion) and communicate it to the Retina ,
with that Difpofition and Modification
which is proper for Sight, juft as thefpiral
Lamella of the Ear receives the Impreffi-
ons of the Air, to be communicated to the
auditory Nerve, for exciting in the Mind
the Idea of Sound. For were this true,
then in thele juft now named Animals, all
Objecfts would become invifible, to which
their Eyes are direcftly turned, becaufe the
Choroides is wanting in that Place where
their Image falls ; which being contrary to
Experience, it remains that fome other
Caufe be aftigned for that Defect of our
Sight, than the Want of the Choroides. But
to return.
3L 4 Though
Medical EJfays
Though the Action of cheie two oblique
Mulcles ieerns pretty evident, yet there is
fearce any Part of the human Body about
ivhich Anatomifts have differed more, than
in aligning them their proper Offices. The
famous Mr, Cowper is .among the firlt I
know who began to reaion juftly about
them. But it would take up too much
Time to enumerate and confute the leve-
ral Opinions of different Authors; and
therefore I thaii content my lelf, after what
lias been already laid of each Muicle adfing
•apart, to confider what happens, when
both adt at the fame Time.
Mr. Cowper, in his Myotomia reforma -
fa, has well obferved, That when any of
the ftraight Mulcles adt, they will rather
draw the Eye inwards, within the Orbit,
than turn it either Tideways, or upwards,
or downwards, were it not at the lame
Time drawn outwards by fame equal Force*
Now the above deicribed Situation of theie
oblique Mulcles, excellently qualifies them
for keeping the Globe from being retradfed,
wfien any of its ftraight Mulcles adt ; For
by their joint Contraction they muff pull
the Eye outward from the Bottom of the
Qrbit, and keep it fufpended as upon an
ing the Moti-
: 4\nd this js
Jixtj, tor the better receiv
pps of the ftraight Mulcles
md Obfervations . tj$
what wc think the principal Ufe of its ob*
lique Mufcles, when a£Hng together, fee¬
ing they combine both in this, while they
are Antagonifts to one another in their p-
ther Actions.
Aquapendent (in his Treatife, de ocuio ,
cap. xi.) oblerves, That in the Tike, the
oblique Mufcles decollate one another in
form of a Crofs ; and Terrault ( du motive -
ment des Teux) tells us, That they are
both in the under Part pf the*Eye ; and that
becauie in fuch rapacious Animals, who
frequently dive in puriiiit of their Prey,
they have Occafion more than others to
turn their Eyes downwards. But this we
chiefly take notice of, becaufe it may after¬
wards be of fome Ufe for determining how
the Eye changes its Conformation, and a-
dapts itfelf to the different Difhances of
Obje&s, which fome have alcribed to the
Adtion of thole Mufcles.
* *
Cowper (in his Myotomia reformat a)
quotes Mullinete , for defcribing a feventfi
Mulcle, which he calls the fifth right Mu-
fcle, whole Office he confines to the Mo¬
tion of the Trochlea. But, upon Exami¬
nation, no fuch Mufcle is to be found in
the human Eye ; and it is poffible that
Mullinete might be led into this Miftake,
by that J^rt of the Orbicularis palpebrat -
rumn
174 • Medical Ejfays
rum , which adheres to the Trochlea , or
rather by what he might have oblerved in
Dogs, who have a (mall Mufcle arifmg near
the Origin of the Qbliquus major , and in¬
ferring icfelf by a very flender Tendon into
the Trochlea , to whole Motions it is liib-
iervient, as Douglas obferves ( Myographia
comparata^ cap. vi.)
Befides thele Muicles already defcrjbed,
Quadrupeds £re provided with another,
commonly called Sufpenjorius , from its
afligned Ule in fuipending the Eyes of luch
Animals, as go much with their Head hang¬
ing down towards the Ground. This
Mufcle, among other Thjngs, cHfcovers
that Vejalius has not been altogether free
from a Fault, which he condemns very fe-
verely in Galen, to wit, the obtruding on
ns the Organs of Brutes, inftead of thole
of the human Body, which he pretends to
defcribe ; for he has both ddcribed and
painted it as belonging to Man, in whom it
is never found.
This Mufcle arifes from the Circumfe¬
rence of the Hole in the Bottom of the Or-
bite through which the optick Nerve paf-
fes, and goes directly along the optick
Nerve, which it embraces and furrounds
On all Hands, and is inferted into the back
Part of the Sclerotis , all round the optick
Nerve,
and Obfervatiom. ’Vj$
Nerve, betwixt it and the Termination of
the ftraight Mufcles. Filhes and Fowls com?
monly want this Mufcle, as well as Man;
bat Oxen, Horfe, Sheep, Hogs, and Co far as
has been obferved, all Quadrupeds are pror
vided therewith, tho, in all, it i$ not of the
fame Structure, being fometimes compofed
of two, three or four diftindt Mufcles, as
Aquapendent (de oculo, cap. xi.) obferves.
Aquapendent, Willis and Briggs , with
the greateft part of our modern Anatomifts,
are of Opinion, that the only Ufe of this
Mufcle, is to draw the Eye inwards, to¬
wards the Bottom of the Orbit, and to keep
it fufpended, that when the Eye hangs
down, as often happens in Quadrupeds,
who gather their Food from the Ground, it
may not fall too much out of the Orbit, or
by its Weight ftretch and fatigue the optick
Nerve, to which it is attached. Hence they
call it Stifpenforius, as has been before ob¬
ferved. But this Action may in part be fup-
plied by the ftraight Mufcles acting toge¬
ther ; and befides, a Ligament would have
been fufficient for fufpending the Eye; and
therefore it is prpbable that this Mufcle has
feme other Ufe.
Dr. Tyfon finding this Mufcle in the Tor-
pefs , as well as in Quadrupeds, thinks its
Ufe is nor to fufpend the Bulb of the Eye,
but
I yS Medical EJfays
but rather by its equal Contraction of the
Sclerotis, to which it is affixed, to render
die Ball of the Eye more or lefs fpherical,
according to the different Diftances of Ob¬
jects, concerning which you may conlult
his Anatomy of the Torpefs, (j>. 39.) But
it is not abfolutely certain that the Figure
of the Eye can be changed by the Action
of this Mufcle, and that for Reafons after¬
wards to be mentioned, when we come to
confider its internal Motions ; and befides,
the necefTary Change of our Eyes is well
provided for by another Mechanifm, as will
alfb appear in its proper Place.
I think therefore that the Ufe of this
Mulcle is not only to fuipend the Eye, and
preferve the optick Nerve from being too
much ftretched, but principally to affift
the ftraight Mufcles in moving the Eye,
according as its different Fibres act, e. g .
when its fuperior Fibres act, they affifl the
Att aliens in pulling the Eye up; when its
internal Fibres next the Note act, they affift
the Adducens ; and when both together,
or thofe betwixt them act, they pull the
Eye obliquely upwards towards the Nofe,
and consequently affift the Attollens and
Adducens in their joint Action of moving
the Eye obliquely. Comparative Anatomy
inakes this Opinion very probable ; for, ia
feveral
and Qbfervations. S77
feveral Animals, as we have before hinted,
it is divided into feveral diftind Mufcles,
whereof Aquapendent has obferved fomc-
times three, and fometimes four in the Eyes
of Sheep ; and 'Douglas tells us. That in a
Dog it is divided fometimes into four, and
fometimes into five, which have as ma¬
ny diftind Infertions into the Sclerotis .
Mr. Perraulf s Obfervation on this Mufcle
does likewife very much confirm this Opi¬
nion. (SeehisTreatife, Du mouvement des
Teux .) His Words tranflated are, “ In ef-
“ fed we may fay, (fpeaking of this Mu-
6i fcle) that it contributes to the Adion of
“ the ftraight Mufcles, according as its
64 Fibres ad differently, there being feve-
‘4 ral Creatures, fuch as the Bear, Pole-cat,
“ ( l' Ours , la Fouine ) and many others,
“ where this Mulcle is feparated into four,
“ having as many different Infertions,
“ which being betwixt the Infertions of
“ the four ftraight Mufcles, may ferve for
“ the oblique Motions of the Eye; which
4 6 in Man are chiefly performed by the
44 Combination, or fuccefllve Adion of the
46 four ftraight Mufcles/'
Having examined what belongs to the
Mechaniim of the External Motions of our
Eyes, I fhall now beg Leave to add lome
Re-
tjZ Medical Ejfafs
Reflexions thereon, which I flatter my
felf will not be altogether unacceptable to
fome of your Readers. And
I. When Nature has denied the Head
or Eyes any Motion, it is to be obferved
that file has with great Care and Induftry
provided for this DefeX. Dr. ‘Power" s rhi-
crofcopical Obiervations furnifh us with a
beautiful Example of this t His Words are,
(Qhfervat. 8.) 44 The firft eminent Thing
«4 we found in the Houfe-ipiders were their
«4 Eyes, which in feme were four, in fome
44 fix, and in feme eight, according to the
*c Proportion of their Bulk and the LOhgi-
** ty of their Legs. Thele Eyes are placed
44 all in the Forefront of their Head (which
44 is round and without any Neck) all dia-
«• phanous and tranfparent like a Locket of
44 Diamonds, or a Set of round Cryftal
•4 Beads, &c. Neither wonder why Pro-
44 vidence fliould be fo anomalous in this
44 Animal more than in any other We know
44 of, (Argus's Head being fixed to
44 rachne's Shoulders :) For i ft. Since they,
44 wanting a Neck, cannot move their
44 Head, it is requifite that DefeX fliould
54 be lupplied by the Multiplicity of Eyes^
44 idly. Since they were to live by catch-
44 ing fo nimble a Prey as a Fly is, they
44 ought to fee her every Way, and to take
44 hef
and OhfervationL
«« her per fait um (as they do) without any
“ Motion of their Head to dilcover her ;
“ which Motion would have fcarred away
66 fo timorous an Infedt.
It is therefore with good Reafon that
Mujfet , fpeaking of this Lydian Spinflreis,
that proud Madam, whom for her Rival-
fllip the Fable makes 7 alias transform into
a Spider, fays of thole Philofophers that
held them blind. Sane cwcutiant illi fum -
mo meridie , qui videre ipfas non vident
neque intelligunt : Which he might have
faid with far better Reafon, if his Eyes had
been but alfifted with one of our common
Microfcopes.
To this Purpofe alfo belongs the furpri-
fmgly beautiful and curious Mechanilin ob~
fervable in the immoveable Eyes of Flies,
Wafps, &c. they nearly refemble two pro¬
tuberant Hemilpheres, each confifting of
a prodigious Number of other little Seg¬
ments of a Sphere; all which Segments are
perforated by a Hole which may be called
their Fupil, in which this is remarkable,
that every Foramen or Pupil is of a lenti¬
cular Nature, fo that we lee Obje&s through
them topfy turvy, as through fo many con¬
vex GlaHes ; yea they become a Imall Te-
lefcope, when there is a due focal Diftance
between them and the Lens of the Micro-
icope.
*So
Medical Effdys
(cope* Leuwenhoek’ s Obfervations make
it probable that every Lens of the Cornea
fupplies the Place of the cryjialline Hu¬
mour, which fecrus to be wanting in thofe
Creatures, and that each has a diftindt
Branch of the optick Nerve anhvering to it,
upon which the Images are painted 5 lo that
as moft Animals are binocular, and Spiders
for the moft part ocftonocular, fo Flies, &e,
are multocular, having, in effedt, as many
Eyes as there are Perforations in the Cor¬
nea. By which means, as other Creatures
but with two Eyes are obliged, by the Con¬
traction of the Mufcles above detcribed, to
turn their Eyes to Objedts, theie have iome
or other of their Pupils always ready pla¬
ced towards Objedts nearly all round them;
whence they are lb far from being denied
any Benefit of this noble and moft neccffa-
ry Scale of Sight, that they have probably
more of it than other Creatures, anfwering
to their Neceftities and Way of living: And
thus provident Nature has with great Indu-
ftry and Art provided for the Immobility
of the Head and Eyes.
II. As in Man and moft other Creatures
the Eyes are fituatedin the Head, becaufe,
amongft other Realons, it is the moft con¬
venient Place for their Defence and Secu¬
rity, being cgmpofed of hard Bones, where¬
in
dud Obfervat-zons. i $i
> # ,
ill ate formed two large ftrong Sinufes or
Sockets, commonly called Orbits , for the'
convenient lodging of thefe tender Organs,’
and lecuring them againft external Injuries;
fo in thoie Creatures, whole Head, like;
their Eyes and the reft of their Body, is foft
and without Bones, Nature hath provided
for this neeeflary and tender Organ, a won¬
derful kind of Guard, by enduing the
Creature With a Faculty of withdrawing its
Eyes into its Head, and lodging them iit
the fame Safety with its Body. We have a
very beautiful Example of this in Snails,
whofe Eyes are lodged in their four Horns,,
like atramentous Spots, one at the End of
each Horn, Which they can retraCt at plea-
fure when in any Danger. I know the
learned Berrault (in his mechanique des
UnimaUx) feems to doubt of Snails having
Eyes : And Dr, Brown ranks this Conceit
of the Eyes of Snails amongft the Vulgar
Errors Of the Multitude; but a good Mb
Crofcope would loon have fhewn him his
own Errof. *Thofe that defire further Sa¬
tisfaction in this Particular, may. confult
Dr. Bower’s Obfervations, and v Lifter de
Cochleis & Limacibus,
If it fhould be here asked, Whence if fe
that Fillies, whofe Eyes are not guarded and
defended by Eye-lids, fhould riot alio MaVi
M f
Medical Effays
a Power of retrading their Eyes for theitf
Defence and Security? To this I anfwer,
That if we refled on the Hardnefs of the
Cornea, which., in all Animals that want
Eye-lids, exadly relembles the Horn of a
Lanthorn, and therefore is not to be hurt
by fuch Particles as their Eyes are com¬
monly expofed to, we muft fee that inch a
Mechanifm would have been uielefs: And
befides, in lb me cruftaceous Animals, whole
Occafions and manner of living perhaps ex*
poles their Eyes to greater Dangers and In-
conveniencies, their Eyes are well fecured
by deep Sinufes, into which, as into a fafe
Chamber, they can retrad their Eyes up¬
on the Approach of any Danger, as has been
well obferved by Fabricius ab Aquapen-
dente (in his Treatife de oculo , cap. 14.)
Something of a Mechanifm fmiilar to this
has alio been thought to obtain in the Eyes
of Moles, which are not blind, as Ari -
fiotle , 'Pliny, Severinus , &c. would per-
fwade us; but being provided with little
black Eyes about the Bignefs of a fmail Pin¬
head, in which not only the aqueous , vi¬
treous and cryftalline Humours, but alio
the Ligament um ciliare, copped or conical
Cornea , with the round Pupil and optick
Nerve, have been manifeftiy difcerned,
they muft neceffarily ferye to guide and fe-
cur®
mid Obfervations ; 183
cure it, when it chances to he above
Ground. But becaufe this Animal lives
molt under Ground, which it digs and pe¬
netrates, it was neceffary their Eyes fliould
be well guarded and defended againft the
many Dangers and Inconveniencies to
which their manner of living expofes them*
and this is the Reafon why their Eyes are
fo finall, and that they are fimated lo far in
the Head, and covered fo ftrongly with
Hair, that they can be of no Service to
them, unlefs they be poffefTed of a Power
of protruding and retracing them at Plea-*
hire, more or lefs as they have more or left
Occafion to ufe or guard their Eyes, as has
been obferved by Borrichius , Epift. Bar¬
tholin. yz. cent . tv. Mr. cDerham> s *Phy*
Jico-Theology , Book iv. Chap. 2. &c.
III. The third and lafi Reflection we
fhall make upon the Motion of out Eyes,
is, what regards a Problem which has very
much perplexed both Phyficians and Philo-
fophers, viz. What is the Caufe of the u-
niforrn Motion of both Eyes?
In fome Creatures, fuch as Fifties, Birds %
and among Quadrupeds, the Hare, Came-
lion, &c. the Eyes are moved differently,,,
the one towards one ObjeCt, and the other
towards another: But in Man, Sheep, Oxen
and Dogs, the Motions are fo uniform that
M % they
184 Medical EJfays
they never fail to turn both towards tfe
lame Place. Hence in Operations upon the
Eye, that require it to be kept immoveable
for feme Time, it is neceffary to tie up the
found Eye with Compreis and Bandage, by
which means the other is eafier kept fixed
and immoveable.
The final Caufe of this uniform Motion
of our Eyes is,
1 . That the Sight may be thence ren~
dred more ftrong and perfed ; for fined
each Eye apart imprefles the Mind with an
Idea of the fame Objed, the Imprefilon
muft be more ftrong and lively when both
Eyes concur, than when only one; and
confequently the Mind mud receive a more
ftrong, lively and perfed Idea of the Qb-
jed in View, as is agreeable to Experience t
*And that both may concur, it is necelTary
they move uniformly; for though the Re-
tina or immediate Organ of Vifion, be ex¬
panded upon the whole Bottom of the Eye
as far as the Ligament um ciliare , yet no¬
thing is diftindly and clearly feenbut what
the Eye is direded to. Thus in viewing
any Word, fuch as Medicine, iftheE^e
be direded to the firft Letter M, and keep
itielt fixed thereon for obforving it accu¬
rately, the other Letters will not then ap¬
pear clear or diftind, becatife the leveral
Pencils
and Qb formations, xSj*
Pencils of Rays that come therefrom, fall
too obliquely on the Cryftalline and ocher
Humours of the Eye, to be accurately col¬
lected in fo many diftinct Points of the Re¬
tina ; and chiefly becaufe of a certain De¬
gree of Hardnefs, Callofity or Infenfibility
that obtains in all Parts of the Retina , ex¬
cepting towards the Axis of the Eye, di¬
rectly oppofite to the Pupil. Hence it is
that to view any Object, and thence to re¬
ceive the ftrongefl and mofl lively Imprefc
fions, it is always necelTary we turn our
Eyes directly towards it, that its Picture
may fall precifely upon this mofl delicate
and lenfiple Part of the Organ, which is
naturally in the Axis of the Eye. IJut if
this mofl lenfible and delicate Part happen,
from a Fault in the firfl Conformation, or
from any othe^Caufe, not to be in the op-
tick Axis , but a little off at a Side ; then to
fee an Object clearly, the Eye mufl not be
directed towards it, but a little to a Side,
that its Picture may fall on this mofl
fenfible Part of the Organ : And this
may be one Caufe of Squinting, which,
as is eafy to fee, mufl be altogether incure-
able.
Now though it is certain that only a ve¬
ry fmall Part of any Object can at once be
glearly and diflinctly feen, namely, that
M 3 ' whofq
t%G 'ffledic&l EJfays
whofe Image on the Retina is in the
of the Eye ; and that the other Parts of the
Objed, which have their Images painted
at iorue Diftance from this fame Axis, are
but faintly and obfcurely perceived, yet
we are feldom ienfible of this Defed; and,
in viewing any large Body, we are ready
to imagine that we lee at the fame Time all
its Parts equally didind and clear: But this
is a vulgar Error, and we are led into it
from the quick and almoft continual Mo¬
tion of the Eye, whereby it is fticceffively
direded towards all the Parts of the Ob¬
jed in an Jnftant of Time ; for it is certain
that the Ideas ofObjeds, which we receive
by Sight, do not prelent] y perilh, but are of
a lading Nature, as appears from what hap¬
pens when a Coal of Fire is nimbly moved
about in the Circumference of a Circle.
s • z ' *
which makes the whole Circumference ap¬
pear like a Circle of Fire, becaule the Idea
pi the Coal, excited in the Mind by the
Hays of Light, are of a lading Nature and
continue, till the Coal of Fire in going
round return to its former Place ; and
therefore if our Eye takes no longer Time
to dired itfelf fticceffively to all the fmall
Parts of an Objed, than what the Coal of
Fire takes to go round, the Mind will di-
icrceiye al| tJiofe Parts, without
fjeing
and Obfervation*.
feeing fenfible of any Defeat or Infenfibili*
ty in any Part of the Retina , becaufe the
Idea of one Part continues, till, by the Mo¬
tion of the Eye, the Image of the other
Parts be fucceffively received upon the fame
moft fenfible Part of the Retina : And this
is the Reafon why the Globe of the Eye
moves lb quickly, and that its Mufcles have
f'uch a Quantity ot Nerves to perform their
Motions, But I go on.
A fecond Advantage we reap from the
uniform Motion of our Eyes, which is yet
more confiderable than the former, con-
fills in our being thereby enabled to judge
with more Certainty of the Diftance of Ob¬
jeds.
There are fix Means which concur for
our judging of the Diftance of Objeds, of
all which the mod univerfal and, frequent¬
ly, the moft lure, is the Angie which the
Rays of Light make at the Objed in co¬
ming thence to our Eyes: When this Angle
is very great, we fee the Objed very near ;
and, on the contrary, when it is very fmall,
we fee it at a great Diftance ; and the
Change which happens in the Situation of
our Eyes, according to the Change of this
Angle, is a Mean which our Mind makes
life of for judging of the Diftance and Pro¬
ximity of Objeds. To be perfwaded of
M 4 the
Medical Ejfays
the Truth of this, fufpend by a Thread a
Ring, ib as its Side may be towards you.
and its Hole iook right and left, and taking
a fmall Rod, crooked at the End, in your
Hand, retire from the Ring two or three
Paces, and having with one Hand covered
one of your Eyes, endeavour with the o-
ther to pafs the crooked End of your Rod
through the Ring. This appears very ea-
fy, and yet, upon Trial, perhaps once in a
Hundred times’ you fliall not fucceed, Spe¬
cially if you move the Rod a little quickly.
This furprifing Difficulty, which is found
in puffing theRod,arifes, becaufe when one
Eye is ffiut, the Angle which the Rays of
Light make at the Object, incoming thence
to both Eyes, is not known ; for in any
Triangle to know the Bignefs of an Angleh
it is not lufficient to know the Length of
the Bale iubtending that Angie, and the
Magnitude of the Angle which one of its
Sides makes with thatRafe, as is known to
Mathematicians, but iths alfo neqeflary to
know the other Angle which the other Side
makes with the Bale*.' But this can never be
known but in opening both Eyes, and di¬
recting them to the Obje£t; and therefore
the Mind can never make ufe of its natural
Geometry, forjudging of the Diftance of
the Ring, when one of the Eyes is l]iut.
mid Ob fer vat ions. 189
From this we may lee the Ufe of having
two Eyes placed at a certain Diftance from
one another; for by Ufe we get a Habit
of judging of the Diftance of Objects by
the Direction of the Axes , which is lenfi-
ble to us, becaufe it depends on the Moti¬
on of the Eye that we feel. But other Crea¬
tures that look differently with their Eyes,
asFifhes, Fowls, the Hare, Camelion,
cannot judge of the Diftance of Objects
from this Angle, and therefore rnuft be
more liable to Miftakes than we are ; yet
Nature has provided them with two Eyes?
that their Sight might npt be too much li¬
mited, but that they might fee Objects e~
qually well on both Sides, and thereby be
better enabled to ieek their Food, and a-
void Dangers ? Whence it is, that in
fome Animals they are feated fo as to fee
behind them, as well as on each Side. We
have a very remarkable Example of this in
Hares and Conies, whole Eyes are very
protuberant, and placed lo much towards
the Sides of their Head, that their two
Eyes take in nearly a whole Sphere ; where¬
as in Dogs that purfue them, the Eyes are
let more foreward in the Head to look that
Way more than backward.
From this alio we may fee, why we err
fo frequently in the Judgments we form of
the
Medical EJfays
the Magnitude of Objects feen only with
one Eye : For fince we judge not of Exten-
fion or Magnitude from the apparent Ma¬
gnitude alone, but alio from the apparent
Diftance; it follows, that Objeds feen
with one Eye, muft appear fmaller or grea¬
ter, as they are imagined nearer or further
off Thus a Planet viewed with a Telef-
cope, fometimes is judged near the Eye-
Glais, and therefore appears very final!,
while to others it appears very great, be^-
caufe imagined a good Way beyond the Ob-
jedive. The fame Thing happens in view¬
ing one's felf in a great concave Mirror not
too far off; when the one Eye is fhut, the
Face does not appear very big, becaufe it
is imagined at no greater Diftance than the
Surface of the Mirror; but to both Eyes
it appears a great deal bigger, becaule it is
then imagined much further off, as has
been obierved by Mr. Mariotte {Traite
des couleurs .)
It being therefore * manifeft. That the
Difpofition of our Eyes, which always
accompanies the Angle formed of the visu¬
al Rays that flow to both Pupils, and that
cut one another in that Point of the Ob¬
ject on which our Eyes are fixed, is one
of the beft and moft univerfal Means we
have forjudging of the Diftance of Objeds;
it
find Ohfervat ions'. Igi
9
it iieeds be no Surprife, that in very great
Diftances, where the Diftance of our Eyes
bears no fenfible Proportion to the Diftance
of the Object, it fhould be impoflible for
us, by this or any other Method, to judge
rightly of the Diftance, becaufe the Change
that happens here to this Angle is fb fmali,
as to be altogether infenfible.
Every Body muft fee that this Angle
changes confiderably , when an Objecft that
is only a Foot from our Eyes is tranfported
to four; but if from four it be tranfported
to eight, the Change is by much lefs fen-*
fibie ; if from eight to twelve, it is yet lefs ;
if from a thoufand to a hundred thoufand,
it is fcarce any more fenfible, nay not tho*
the Diftance be increaled from a thoufand
to an infinite Space,
It is for this Reafon that we are fo often
deceived in the Judgment we form of all
great Diftances, and that we fee the Sun,
Moon and Stars, as if they were involved
in the Clouds, though it is certain they are
vaftly beyond them. And being deceived
as to their Diftance, we muft alfo be de¬
ceived with refpebfc to their Magnitude,
Thus the Moon feems greater than the
greateft Star, though every Body knows
that lhe is vaftly lefs. Thus the Sun and
Moon appear not above a Foot or two in
Dia-
Medical Ejfays
Diameter, if we truft the Teftimony of our
Eyes, as did Epicurus and Lucretius , who
therefore imagined them no bigger than
what they appeared. Thus alfo the Sun
and Moon appear greater when near the
Horizon, than at a greater Height, becaufe
when nigh the Horizon, they are judged
at a greater Diftance.
There is yet another Advantage full as
confiderable as any of the former, that is
thought to ariie from the uniform Motion
of our Eyes, and that is, the fingle Ap¬
pearance of Objects feen with both Eyes.
This indeed at firfl: View does appear ve¬
ry probable ; for if, in looking to any Ob¬
ject, you prefs one of your Eyes afide with
your Finger, and alter its Direction, every
Thing will be leen double, which is a com¬
mon Experiment wherewith Children a-
mufe themleives, being delighted with the
uncommon double Appearance of Objects.
The fame thing alio happens, when ei¬
ther of the Eyes is, from a Spafm or Para-
lyfis of any of its M nicies, or from any o-
ther Cauie, reftrained from following the
Motions of the other. Thus Willis (in
his Anima Brutorum.cap.i^ .) tells us of
a young Man, long ill of the Pally, who
at laft came to fee all things double, from a
Spaim in the adducent Mulcle of his left
&nd Ob fer vat ions. t§ 3
Eye, whereby its Axis was turned inwards,
fo that it could not be directed to the lamd
Objed; with the other.
*Platerns likewife (in the ftrft Book of
his Obfervations , p, 13a.) gives us the Hi-
ftory of a Boy, who after having received
a Stroke on his Head, became paralytick
In one of his Sides, and had his Mouth di-
ftorted ; to whom every Thing he looked
at appeared double : And $10' he does not
attempt to account for this Depravation of
Sight, yet it is eafy to fee that it could pro¬
ceed from nothing but a Palfy of Spafm of
one of the Mufcles of one of his Eyes, by
which it was rendred incapable of follow*
ing the Motion of the othef.
c? J
Langius alfo has a very remarkable Cafe
to this purpofe,' which being a little uncom¬
mon, we muft not omit. He tells us (in
the 7th Epiftle of his firft Book) That in a
Wound of the Eye, it happened, through
Negled, to unite and adhere to the under
Eye-lid; fo that, after the Cure, that Eye
was tied down, and rendred incapable of
following the Motions of the other : This
occafioned every thing to appear double,
till the Eye by its frequent Motions had at
laft ftretched the Eye-lid, to which it was
adherent, and thereby recovered its former
Liberty of moving uniformly with the o*
tfaer. MoU
S j 4 Medical E (fays
Multitudes of Cafes of this Kind might be
advanced, but I like not, without Neceffity,
to multiply Examples of the fame Nature 5
thefe are iufficient to prove, that when our
Eyes are reftrained from moving uniform¬
ly, ail Objects are feen double. Neither is
it to be doubted, but when the lame Phe¬
nomenon occurs in drunk or maniac Per-
ions, it proceeds from the like Caufe : The
uniform Motion of our Eyes requiring an
eafy and regular Motion of the Spirits,
which frequently is wanting in inch Cafes.
The fame Thing does alio happen fome-
tiraes foon before Death, when the Spirits
have been worn out and exhaufted by long^
Sicknefs. We have a remarkable Example
of this in the Ahta Hafnienfia, publilhed by
Bartholin , OLaus Rorrichius there tells us,
{V ol z. p. 198) of a Woman, that had been
long ill of a Dileafe in her Breaft and Spleen,
to whom, two Days before her Death, all
Things appeared double. He indeed attri¬
butes this Phenomenon to a Change in the
figure of the Humours of the Eye, and
thinks that they had acquired the Form of
a Polygon, or multiplying Glafs; which is
a very ftrange out of the way Notion, and
altogether improbable. The true Caufe
thereof feems to have arifen from the lan¬
guid irregular Motion of the animal Spirits
dit
I
and Ob fir vat tons.
difqualifying them from executing the
Commands of the Will, and directing both
Eyes to the fame Objed.
For thefe and fuch like Reafons it is, that
very many, both Phyficians and Phiiofo-
phers, have been brought to believe, that to
lee Objeds fmgle, it is abfolutely neceffary
that both Eyes be directed to the fame Ob¬
jed, and that this is one of the final Caufes
of their uniform Motion ; and yet when
the Matter fliall be duly examined, I am
confident, little Foundation will be found
for any fiich Confequence. But I inuft de¬
lay entring upon this Subjed, till I have af-
figned what to me appears to be the true Rea-
fon of this ‘Phenomenon ; becaufe a Prin¬
ciple or two will be there eftablifhed, ne-
ceffiary to be carried along in our Thoughts
throughout the whole of this Argument.
Why Objeds feen with both Eyes do
not appear double, is a Problem that has
employed the Genius and Invention of the
greateft Men of all Ages. Gajfendus and
Porta found fuch Difficulty in reconciling
this Appearance with the ordinary Prin¬
ciples of Philofophy and Opticks, that they
have been forced to fuppofe, that tho’.both
Eyes are open, yet we only lee with one
at a Time. But this being Jo obvioufly
contrary to common Experience, ferves
more
Medical Ejfayi
more as an Example to fhew what fiirprP
fing Lengths Fancy may carry even the'
greateft Men, than to fatisfy the curiousj
Galen imagined that this fingle Appear¬
ance of Objects proceeds from the clofd
Coalition of the Optick Nerves behind the
Os Sphenoides , and feems to triumph in the
Difcovefy, aS if he had found out a find
Realbn why our Optick Nerves are thus li¬
nked, {lib. 10. de offic. part. cap. 14.) In
this he is followed by a great many Philo-
lophers as well as Phyficians, tho’ they are
much divided among themfelves in their
manner of explaining it. Galen himfelf had
Recourfe to a Communication of Pores, and
followed the Dobtrine of Herophilus in gi¬
ving to each Nerve one Pore, which he
made to* communicate at the Conjunction
of the Nerves. But as this Communication
of Pores is by our belt Anatomifts now
look’d on as mere Hypothefis, that has n6
Foundation in Nature, fo it is altogether in-
lufficienr for folving the Problem, tho’ in
place of one Pore, each Nerve Ihould, a-
greeable to the more modern Notion, be al¬
lowed to have as many of them as there are
nervous Fibres, asfome of the Followers of
Galen have indeed fuppoled.
Our juftly eminent Sir Ifaac Newton (in
the Queries annexed to his Optisks) accounts
for
and Ohfervations \ r97
for it thus, “ Are not the Species of Objedts
“ feen with both Eves united, where the
. *
s‘ Optick Nerves meet before they come in-
“ to the Brain, the Fibres on the right Side
of both Nerves uniting there, and, after
“ Union, going thence into the Brain, in
€< the Nerve, which is on the right Side
“ of the Head ; and the Fibres on the left
44 Side of both Nerves uniting in the fame
44 Place, and, after Union, going into the
44 Brain, in the Nerve which is on the left
44 Side of the Head; and thele two Nerves
44 meeting in the Brain, in liich a manner
that their Fibres make but one entire
44 Species orPidture, half of which, on the
44 right Side of the Senforium , comes from
44 the right Side of both Eyes^ through the
44 right Side of both Optick Nerves, to the
44 Place where the Nerves meet, and from
44 thence on the right Side of the Head, in-
44 to the Brain; and the other half, on the
44 left Side of the Senforium , comes in
44 like manner from the left Side of both
44 Eyes.”
This is indeed the moft beautiful and in¬
genious Explication of the Manner how an
Objedt appears fingle from the Coalition of
the Optick Nerves that ever appeared ;
and to render it ftill more probable, the
fame great Man obferves, 44 That the Optick
N 44 Nerves
198 Medical Efajs
44 Nerves of iuch Animals, as look the fam^e
46 Way with both Eyes (as of Men, Sheep,
44 Dogs, Oxen, &c.) meet before they
44 come into the Brain ; but the Opticfe
44 Nerves of liich Animals as do not look
44 the fame Way with both Eyes (as of
44 Fillies and of the Chameleon ) do not
44 meet.” Thefe Reafons do indeed render
his Hypothefis very probable, yet there
are others fo demonftrative of the contra¬
ry, that it is not to be doubted, but had
they been known to Newton , he had re¬
traced his Opinion, efpecially fince the
Thing admits of an eafy Solution, without
any Inch Suppofition: For,
Although the Optick Nerves are united
at the Sella Turcica , yet this happens
without any Confufion or DecuiTation of
their Fibres. It is indeed true, that their
Conjunction is lb dole, that their Subftan-
ces leem to be confounded, yet there are
feverai Oblervations which prove that they
are united only by a dole Conjunction,
without any Decuffation, InterfeCtion, Mix¬
ture or Confufion of Subftance, of which
I lhall only mention two ; the one is from
the accurate and faithful Anatomift Vefa-
Hus. His Words are, Torre its qui de con -
grejfu hoc meatuque acriter citra fiartium
infpedt to mm indies altercantur , non gra~
vahof
, , ■? * , ,, i <f
and Obfervations . tyg
vabor duoy qua in congrejfu animadvert i,
hie adjicere » quo S> bine fuarum nugarum
habeant argument a. : Ratavii itaque ado-
lefeens fufpendio necatus publics febtioni
adhibitus fiiit , r&i annum dexter o-
cuius d cdrnifice erutus fuerat : delude
mulieti eodem fupplicio affebla, nobis ob*
tigit , tui dexter quoque oculus ab meant e
state emarcuerat , finijlro interim integer -
tinio. Mulieri dexter nervus toto pro-
grejjii longe tenuior Jinijiro vtfebatur , //0/2
folum extra calvaria edvitatem , verum
in exortu quOque , @ i/2 dextrd congrefsus
nervorum fede. Ac prater qitdm quod dex¬
ter tenuis eraty durior quoque & rubicun -
dior cernebatur , //£i fane SJ i/2 adolefcen-
te : fed dexter non admodum , neque craf
fitie, neque mollitie adhuc finiflro cedebat a
(fDe corp. hum. fabrica, lib . iv. 0* 4.) The
other Obfervation which I fhall take notice
of, is from Cafalpiniis , whofe Words, as
recorded by Riolan , {Anthropograph . liba
iv. cap. 2.) and . Diemerbroek ( Anatom *
corp. human . lib. iii. 0^/. 8.) are as follows,
Repertus ef aliquando in andtome alter
ex nervis viforiis attenuates , alter pie-
im$ : vifus autem erat imbecillis in oculo
ad quern nervus extenuates ferebatar 5
habuit enim values in capite circa candeni
partem « nervus autem extenuates non ad
N ^ oPVo(i\
ico Medical EJfays
off oft am partem f roc e deb at , fed ad can*
dem flettebatur . Vijum hoc eft CP if s anno
1 59©. "Vnde omnes ffe£latores argument um
id certum exiftimaverunt , nervos vijorios
nequaquam fe inter Jecare, fed coire & re -
gredi ad e an dem partem.
From thefe and inch like Obfervations,
it plainly follows, That our Optick Nerves
do not interfed: each other, nor mix and
confound their Subftances, but are only li¬
nked by a clofe Cohefion, contrary to
what the Opinion of Newton and the Ga-
lenifts fuppofes.
But this is not all ; for fuppofing our
Optick Neryes to be united in what manner
they pleafe; yet that the fingle Appearance
of Objects feen with both Eyes, does not
depend on this Union, feems evident from
another Obfervation of the fame Vefalius ,
which being a little uncommon, I (hall al-
fo let down at length in the Author’s own
Words. His Hie accejjit (lays he, (peaking
of the former Obfervations) cujus nervos
viforios illo de quo hie fermo eft congrejfu
invicem non connafci neque feje continge -
re vidimus : fed dexter nonnihil ed fede ,
qua calvarium egre (funis fuerat , f ini ft r or-
film, & Jinifter nonnihil dextrorfum refe¬
ct e bat ur, quafi non coalitus occafione ner-
vi congrederentur , verum tit commode fer
fuum
o
and Ohfervations. ±0 1
fuum foramen e calvaria prociderent : pom
tijfimum quum e tiara hoc duchi progredr
entes , in oculi pofterioris fedis medium
non inferantur. Quam fedulo autem ac
follicite ejus viri , cut in cum modum ner -
vi dehifcebant , familiares , num Mi omnia
gemina perpetuo oculis obverfarentur , in -
terrogaverimus , neminem nature operum
cognitione flagrantem ambigere fat fcio ;
ali lid refcifcere licuit , quam ipfum
de vifu nunquam conquefam fuijfe , vifu-
que praftante femper valuijfe , familiaref
que de viforum duplicatione nihil unquam
intellexijfe . Seeing then that Objects have
appeared fingle to inch as had their Optick
Nerves disjoined, it muft be allowed that
this Phenomenon depends on fomething
elfe than the Coalefcence or Decuftation of
thefe Nerves. Others therefore laying a-
fide all the Hypothefes that are founded
upon any Coalefcence, Contact, or Crof-
fing of the Optick Nerves, have fought for
the Caufe of this Phenomenon in a certain
Sympathy betwixt them. To explain this
Sympathy, Mr. Rohault {Phyfic. part . i.
cap. 31.) fuppofes, that in each Nerve there
are juft as many Fibres as in the other, and
that the correiponding Fibres of both Nerves
are united in the fame Point in the Senfo -
Ttutn. e. g. Suppofe, as in Tab . L Fig.
N 3 the
aoj. Medical EJfajs •
v ) . jfe. , ' . t / :
the Nerves compofed of five Fibres, whole
Extremities in the right Eye are A, B, C,
D, E, and in the other Eye, a , b, c , d, e.
The correiponding Fibres, A^, B£, Cr,
and E^, are luppoied to meet in the Senfo¬
rium S, in the Points /3, <F, e. Hence
ff both Eyes are directed to F, its Image
will fall on the Qftina. at the Qptick^faw',
and there ft r ike the Sympathizing Fibres C
and c ; which Motion being propagated to
the fingle Point of the Senjbrium x, muffc
there make but one Species or Picture. In
like manner the Eyes retaining the fame Di¬
rection, the Image of the Point G will fall
lipon the right Side of both Eyes ; and by
firiking the correlpondent Fibres E and ey
will, in the Senforium , make but one Im-
preffiop at g, where thefe Fibres terminate;
and the Image of the Point H, by Unking
the correiponding Fibres A and a, will, in
the Senjbrium , make but one Impreffioa at
cp : And thus, though both Eves receive the
lame Imprefiions from Objects, yet they
are not feen double, becaule of thefe two
Imprefiions or Images, one is only formed
Ip the Senforium .
But neither has this Hypothefis, however
(pecious, any Foundation in Nature; for if,
with des Cartes , we iuppole the Glandulet
fine alls to be the Senforium , or chief Seat
of
and Obfervations. 203
£>f the Soul, Anatomy teaches us, that the
Nerves are not inferred into it; and if, with
Willis , we fhould place the Senforium in
£he Corpora Jiriata, or any other Part of
the Brain, thele being double and alike in
both Sides, can never make one individual
Senforium , in which all the corrciponding
analogous nervous Fibres are unitea.
The judicious Dr. Briggs (as may be
feen at large in the PbiloJbphicalTranfa -
Elions, and in his Nov# vifionis Theoria ,
annexed to his Opbtbalmogr-aphia ) has in¬
vented another Hypothefis for explaining
this fuppofed Sympathy of our Eyes, with¬
out having Recourle to any Meeting, Com?
munication or Conjunction of the nervous
Fibres in the Senforium . He fuppofes that
the Optick Nerves confift of homologous
Fibres, which have their Rife in th zXha-
lami nervorum optic or utn , and are thence
continued to both Retinae, and that thefe
fibres have the fame Situation, Dilpofitioa
and Tenfion in both Eyes; e.g. Heiuppo-
les that the Fibres going to the upper Part
of the Retina, have a greater Degree of
Tenfion; thofe going to the under Part, a
imaller Degree of Tenfion; and thole go¬
ing to the correlponding Sides, correfpon-
ding Degrees of Tenfion ; and fo forth ;
apd conlequently, fays he, when an X-
N 4
a 04 Medical Effays
mage is painted on the correfponding Parts
of each Retina , the fame Effe&s are produ¬
ced, tfee fame Notice or Information is car¬
ried to the Thalamus , and fo imparted to
the Soul, or judging Faculty ; for the, ho¬
mologous and correiponding Fibres of both
Retina i upon which the Image falls, having
the fame Degree of Tenfion, may be con¬
ceived as Cords of two mufical Inftruments
in Concord and Unifon, which, from the
Impreffions of Light, are put into the fame
Vibrations ; lo that the Mind can have but
one Senfation from the fame Objedt, fince
the two Impreffions are reunited in one, by
the fimiiar and like Difpofition of the Fibres
of the two Nerves, which do fo correfpond
with each other, and which have fuch a
Conformity and Similitude in their Vibra¬
tions, that the Soul cannot hinder itfelf
from identifying the two Impreffions which
it receives therefrom.
This is the Subftance of Dr. Briggs's
Hypothecs; to confirm which he flies to
Experience and Qhfervation, pretending
that this Variety of Tenfion in our ner¬
vous Fibres, is owing to their greater or
letTer Flexure in the Thalami , which, he
fays, is manifeft to the naked Eye ; and
finding that the Fibres on the lnfide of
both thalami agree in Flexure, as alfo
thofe
and Obfervations .
thofe on the outfide, &c. he concludes that
they agree alfc inTenfion, and confequent-
ly Iympathize by a Similitude in their Vi¬
brations. But, unluckily for the Author,
this curious Obfervation of his, is fo far
from confirming his Hypothefis, that it
quite undermines it ; for all Objects a little
to a Side of the Concourfe of the optick
Axes, would then appear double, by being
painted on diffimilar Parts of the Retina ;
whereas had he laid afide his Obfervation,
and with Newton, Rohault, &c. content¬
ed himfelf in fuppofing, that the Fibres on
the Infide of one Eye iympathize with the
external Fibres of the other, his Hypothe¬
fis had not been chargeable with this Ab-
furdity, though even then many Reafons
are not wanting for rejecting it; as,
i . It is a very difficult Matter to con¬
ceive how the foft, tender and delicate
Fibres of the Retina and medullary Part of
*
the optick Nerves, can, without breaking,
fufFer that ftrong Tenfion which feems ne-
cefiary to qualify them for being put into
thofe vibrating Motions, in which he makes
Vifion to confift. And it is more probable,
that the Impreffions made upon our Organs
produce an Undulation andReflu&uationof
the Spirits, or of Newton' s materia fuhti-
//> in the nervous Fibrils; which reaching
%o$ Medical Effays
the Senforium , gives us the Ideas of Ob¬
jects, than that thefe Ideas ihould be exci¬
ted by thefe Vibrations themfelves. This
} might eafiiy evince from a great many Ar¬
guments which I mull not now mention,
becaufe they would carry us too far out of
our Road ; and efpecially becaule though
We allow all Senlation to proceed from the
Vibrations of our neryous Fibres, yet this
does not appear fufficient to eftablilh hi$
Hypothefis: For,
x. Suppofing all Senlation to proceed
from Vibrations excited in the nervous
Fibres, and that thefe Fibres in the analo¬
gous and correfponding Parts of the Reti -
?ue, have the fame Degree of Tenfion; ex.
gr. Suppofe the Tenfion of the fuperior
Fibres of both Retina to be the fame, as
alfo that of the inferior; but that the Fibres
which terminate in the lirperior Part are
more tenfe than thofe that go to its inferior
Part: This is what our Author fuppofes.
Now, according to this Hypothefis, it
would follow, that yifion would be more
clear and ftrong when caufed by Rays fin¬
king the upper Part of the Retina , than
when caufed by Rays ftriking its inferior
Part, where the Fibres being lefs ftretched,
xnuft make the Vibrations more languid and
faint ; andconfequently an Objed placed be-
qn4 Qbfervatims .
Iqw the optick Axis, by painting its Image
upon the luperior Part of the Retina , would
appear more clear and lively than when ii:
is placed above it: But this is contrary to
all our Experience; and what we have laid
of the luperior and inferior fibres, holds e-
qually in all the reft : For Vifion being e*
very where uniform, it is neceiTary that
the Fibres, by whole Vibrations ft is fup-
pofed to be occafioned, Ihould be every
where equally ftretched. :
3 . If the Concord, Harmony and equal
Tenfion of the analogous and correfpond*
ing nervous Ffbres, were the Reafon why
Objects feen with both JSyes appear not
double, it is not eafy to conjecture why
this Depravation of Sight does not happen
oftner than it is found to do in Practice, and
; i i ; \ ;
eipecially in fuch as abound with ferous
and phlegmatick Humours, and whofe Brain
is moift and lax, and who thereby are difc
pofed to the Gutta ferena, or iubje£t to
Convulfions and other nervous Dileafes ;
for, in fuch, the Fibres of one of the optick
Nerves may eafily happen to be relaxed,
while the correlponding Fibres of the other
Nerve ftill retain their natural Tenfion ;
and in particular, why did not that Woman,
formerly mentioned from Cgfalpinus, fee
Objects double, fince one of the optick
i?, i ' . » 4 ■ ' hC i. ■* V y i y -
Nerves
iofr Medical E flays
Nerves was found withered and emaciated,
while the other remained moift, plump and
juicy as before ? Surely one would expert
that this could not have happened in the
Nerves, without affe&ing the Tenfion of
their Fibres, and thereby have occafioned
Objects to appear double, yet no fuch thing
happened; for every thing appeared Tingle
as before, only the Sight of the difealed
Eye was more faint and oblcure than in the
other : From which it follows, that the
Caule of this Eh&nomenon is to be fought
for fome where elfe, than in the fimilar Si¬
tuation, Diipofition and Tenfion of the
nervous Fibrillre.
The true Caule why Objects appear not
double, though feen with both Eyes, to
me feems wholly to depend on the Faculty
we have of feeing Things in the Place
where they are. But to explain and con¬
firm this, I muft premiie the following
L E M M. A.
Every Toint of an Object appears and
is feen without the Eye nearly in a Jlraight
'Line, drawn perpendicularly to the Retina,
from that E oint of it where its Image falls.
That this is true, we may gather from
many Experiments. The following is ve¬
ry eafy and convincing.
and Obfervations i©j
Suppofe E the Globe of the Eye, fur-
niihed with all its Coats and Humours,
(fee Fig. and 3 .) and let A be a fmall Ob-
jed, fuch as the Head of a Pin, whole Di-
ftance from the Eye mud be greater or left
than that at which an Objed would be
moil didindly feen when viewed with the
naked Eye. Ciofe to the Eye place a Card
or Piece of opaque Paper, in which is a fmall
Hole made with a Pin, and let QT repre-
fent the Card. If this Hole be luppofed at
x, then the Ray of Light A xn, falling oa
the Retina at n , will there paint the Image
of the fmall Objed A, and make it appear
in the vilual Line nx A, which is perpendi¬
cular to the Retina at the Point n. But
if the Card be brought lower, fo as its fmall
Hole may be at r, the Ray of Light A r,
after palfing the Hole, will be refraded in.
the Eye, io as to fall upon the Retina at
fome other Point as m : For the Objed A
being fuppoied at a greater or Idler Didance
than that at which an Objed may be mod:
didindly feen with the naked Eye, all its
Rays that pais the Pupil mud be made to
converge to a Point, either before or be¬
hind the Retina , inch as 0 ; but on the Re¬
tina itfelf they mud fall on different Points,
according to the Situation of the Hole
through which they pais ; for the Eye does
not
2,10 Medical Ejfajs
•5 * ■ * i
hot change its Conformation, 3nd adapt it-
felf to the Diftance of an Object viewed
through a perforated Card, as it always
does when Objects are viewed naked with¬
out any fuch Interpbfitioii. Now the Ob-
je<ft A feent through the Hole r, does not
appear in its real Place A, but at feme other
Place, as B, viz. in the right Line mQy
which is perpendicular to the Retina at the
Points; and if the Card be railed, fo as
the Ray Ad may pafs the Hole at d $ after
Refra&ion, it will fall upon the Retina at
i, and the Objed will appear nearly at C
in the Perpendicular iC.
In like manner, if the Card be pierced
With three fraall Holes, whole Diftance does
not exceed the Diameter of the Pupil, as in
d, x and r, then the little Qbjed A will
at the fame Time be feen in three different
Places, C, A and B, and mull therefore
appear multiplied, according to the. Num¬
ber of Holes ; which evidently proves, that
the Rays that flow from theObjed through
thele Holes, fall upon different Points of
the Retina ; and that there are three Lines
drawn perpendicularly from thefe Points
in the Retina , in each of which the Objedfc
is diftin&ly leen. We might #here obferve,
that if the Objedt A be brought to that pre-
cife Diftance from the Eye that is necefla-
tind Obfervations . %t%
fy for uniting all its Rays in one fingle
Point of the Retina , as ny then it will ap¬
pear fmgle, though viewed through ieveral
Holes: And the fame thing mull happen*
though the middle Hole be covered, fo as
ho Rays fall upon the Eye but what pafs at
the Holes d and r, towards the Extremities
of the Pupil 5 for thefe Rays being united
in the Retina at //, the Objed: will be leen
in the vifual JLine nxA, though no Rays
pafs that Way. From all which it is evi¬
dent, that every little Qbjed or Point of
an Objed, appears and is leen ill the vifual
Line, drawn perpendicularly to th q Retina,
at that Point of it where its Image falls.
To make this Experiment with Exad-
nefsy you muft, for an Objed, look to a
Imall luminous Point in a dark Place, luch
as a little Hole in a Card placed before a
Candle, or elfe you muft look to a Imall
black Objed placed on a white or luminous
Surface, as has been obferved by Scheneir
{Fundament. Optic.) who has feveral o*
ther curious enough Obfervations relative
to this Experiment. Any Trials I had oc-
cafion to make lucceeded well enough with
a Pin placed before a well-lighted Window*
It is from this Principle, that when a
Man in the Dark rubs the under Part, or ei¬
ther Corner of his Eye with his Finger, and
turns
%%% Medical Ejfays
turns his Eye away from his Finger, he will
fee, towards the oppofite Side of the Eye,
a Circle of fiery Colours like thole in the
feather of a Peacock’s Tail, which can a-
rife from nothing but fuch Motions excited
in the Retina by the Prefiure and Motion
of the Finger, as at other Times are excited
there, by Light coming from the oppofite
Side for caufing Vifion. Whence this Ex¬
periment may be of tile in diftingtiilhing a
Cataradt that admits of the Operation from
one that is complicated with an Amaurojis
or Raralyjts and Infenfibility of the Nerve:
For if in rubbing the Eye in the Manner
juft now mentioned, no coloured Circle ap¬
pears, it is a Sign that the Nerve is paraly-
tick, and that nothing is to be expedited
from theDepreffion of the Cataradt : Where¬
as, on the contrary, the Appearance of
fuch a Circle plainly Ihews that the Nerve is
not affedted, and conlequently that theSuc-
cels of the Operation is not to be wholly
difpaired of, even though the Tupil Ihould
be without Motion: Forluch an Immobi¬
lity of the Pupil does not always proceed
from an Infenfibility of the Nerve, but is
alfo fometimes occafioned either by the
PrefTure of the Cataradt againft th eTJvea,
or by their Adhefion; neither of which
are
and Oh Ji f vat ions . 213
are efteemed fufficient to render the Opera¬
tion always fruitlefs.
It is likewife from this Principle, that an
Object feen through a Prifm appears fo far
removed from its true Place, and that an
Object feen through a Rolyedrum or mul¬
tiplying Glafs, appears in fo many Places at
once* and therefore appears as often multi*
plied.
The fame Principle is alfo confirmed
from the eredfc and natural Appearance of
Objedts, though their Image on the Retina
be inverted : Thus (in Mg. 1.) H, the low¬
er Part of the Objedt GH is projedted on a „
the upper Part of the Eye, and the higheft
Part G is projedted on the loweft Part of
the Eye, which makes the Image or Re-
prefentation ae inverted; yet becaufe the
Point G appears without the Eye in the
Line eG , and the Point H in the Line aH 9
the Point G muft of Neceffity be feen high¬
er than the Point H.
What hath occafioned fome feeming Dif¬
ficulty in theBufmefs of eredt Appearances,
is the groundlefs Suppofition, that the Eye,
or rather the Soul, by means thereof, lees
an inverted Image of the external Objedt
painted on the Retina , and that it judges
of the Objedt from what it obferves in this
Image: But this is a vulgar Error, and I
O appeal
2,14 Medical Ejfays
appeal to any one’s Experience, whether
he ever fees any iuch thing, and every one
is himfelfbeft Judge of what he fees; and
as the Mind fees not any Image on the Re¬
tina, fo it takes no Notice of the internal Po*
(lure of the Retina , or the other Parts of
the Eye, but ufeth them as an Inftrument
only for theExereife of the Faculty of See-
ing; and therefore, when the Retina on its
lower Part, at the Point e , receives an Im*
pulfe or Stroke from the Rays that come
from the upper Part of the Objed G, is it
not more natural, as well as ufeful, that the
Mind, without any Regard to the Situati¬
on of that Part of the Retina, fhould, agree¬
able to the Principle here laid down, be di¬
rected to confider the Stroke as coming from
the upper Part of the Objed G, rather than
from its lower Part H, and confequently
to conclude the Caufe of it, or the Objed
itfelf there allb? And what is faid of upper
and lower, holds equally infinifter, dexter*
and ail other Parts of the Objed.
This may be illuftrated, by conceiving a
blind Man, who, holding in his Hands two
Sticks that crofs each other, doth with them
touch the Extremities of an Objed, placed
in a perpendicular Situation: It is certain
this Man will judge that to be the upper
Part of the Objed which he touches with
the
and Obfervatiohs. ixj
the Stick held in the undermoft Hand* and
that to be the lower Part of the Object
Which he touches with the Stick in his up*
permofl Hand,
S C H O L 1 O N.
The Judgment we form of Objects being
placed without the Eye in thofe perpeu*
dicular Lines , or, which is nearly the fame
thing , the Judgments we form of the Si¬
tuation and Diftance of vifual Objects., de¬
pends not on Cuftom and Experience , but
on an original connate and immutable Lain? ,
to which our Minds have been fubjetded
from the Time they were firfi united to out
Bodies.
That the Truth of this may appear, it
may be requifite we look a little into the
Nature of our Senfations, and carefully ob*
ferve what is meant in common Difcourfe*
when one fays he fees an Object.
Every body knows that, properly fpeafc*
ing, Colours are the only proper Objects
of Sight, Now Colours may be confidered
five Ways.
i. They maybe confidered as the Pro¬
perties inherent in the Light itfelf. What
thefe Properties are, was in the Year 1666
firfi dilcovered by the incomparable New*
ton , and afterwards publiihed in the Thik~
0 % fop h kit
%i6 Medical Ejffajs
fophical TranfaEtions, where he alfo gave
a Specimen of the Experiments he made for
confirming his Doctrine, After that, in
the Year 1704, the fame great Man propo-
fed the fame Dodtrine more fully, in his
beautiful Treatife of Optic ks> and confirm¬
ed it with great Variety of convincing Ex¬
periments; where he has demonftrated*
that Light is not all fimilar and homogeni-
al, but compounded of heterogenial and
diffimilar Rays, each of which are endow¬
ed with different Properties ; fome, at like
Incidence, being more refrangible; and o-
thers lefs refrangible ; and thofe that are
moft refrangible, are alfo moft reflexible :
And, according as they differ in Refrangibi-
lity or Reflexibility, they are endowed
with a Power of exciting different Motions
or Agitations in our Retina ; which being
propagated through the Nerves to the Sen -
forium, give us thofe different Ideas which
we call Colours . So that Colours, confi-
dcred as Properties of Light, are not Modes
or Qualifications of Light derived from the
various Terminations of Light and Shadow,
or from Refractions or Reflections of natu-
tural Bodies, as was the general Opinion of
former Philofophers, but original, connate
and immutable Properties, which in divers.
Rays are diverse Some Rays, when alone,
find Obfervatiom . 217
being of fuch Magnitude, Figure or Solidi¬
ty, as difpofes them, by ftriking the Re -
tin a, to exhibits a red Colour and no o-
ther ; fome an Orange and no other, and
fome a yellow and no other ; and fo of the
reft of Ample Colours, green, blue, Indigo,
and Violet. But when they are mixed and
blended promifcuoufly, they exhibite com¬
pound Colours of different lorts, accord- <
ing as the Light is compofed of more or
fewer of the different coloured Rays, or as
they are mixed in various Proportions.
2. Colours may be confidered as Quali¬
ties refiding in the Body that is faid to be
of fuch or iuch a Colour; and in thisSenfe,
Colours are nothing but the various Difpo*
fitions of the Surfaces of Objects, where*
by they are qualified to reflect only the
Rays of one fort of Colour, or at leaft in
greater Plenty than the other Colours. This
was experimented in a dark Room, by il¬
luminating Objects iucceffively with un~
compounded Light of divers Colours; for
by that Means any body may be made to
appear of any Colour. They have there
no appropriate Colour, but ever appear of
the Colour of the Light caft upon them;
but yet with this Difference, that they arc
moft brisk and vivid in the Light of their
own Day-light Colour. Minium appeareth
:Q 3 there
2i§ Medical Ejfays
there of any Colour indifferently with which
it is illuftrated, but yet mod luminous in red ;
and lb Bile appeareth indifferently of any
Colour with which it is illuftrated, but
yet moft luminous in blue; and therefore
Minium refleCtethRays of any Colour, but
moft copiouffy thofe endued with red; and
consequently, when illuftrated with Day¬
light, that is, with all forts of Rays pro-
jniicuoufly blended, thofe qualified with
red ifliall abound moft in the reflected Light,
and, by their Prevalence, caule it to ap¬
pear of that Colour. And for the fame
Rgafon, Bife reflecting blue moft copiouffy,
ffiall appear blue, by the Excefs of thele
Rays in its reflected Light, and the like of
other Bodies. And that this is the entire
gnd adequate Caule of their Colours, isma-
nifeft; becaufe they have no Power to
change or alter the Colours of any lort of
Rays incident apart, but put on all Colours
indifferently with which they are enlight?
ned. But we muff: remit thofe who defire
full Satisfaction in this apd the foregoing
Point, to that admirable Treatffeof Opticks
written by Newton ; for it is impoffible to
feparate the Parts of this Work from one an¬
other, without Difadvantage to them, or to
film them up in lels Room, without lofing
I offlg things yery nfgfui and beautiful; that
mid ObfervationSo itf
great Perfon, having before (hewn how far
Numbers and Geometry would go in natu¬
ral Philofophy, has in his Optic ks manj-
fefted to the World, to what furprifing
Height even vulgar Experiments, duly ma¬
naged and carefully examined in Inch Hands*
may advance it.
3 . Colours may be conceived as the Pat
fion of our Organ of Sight, that is, the A«
gitation of the Fibres of the Retina by the
Xmpulfe or Stroke received from the Rays
of Light; which Agitation is communicate
ed to the Senjorium , or that Part of our
Brain in which our Mind does principally
refide, elfe it could perceive nothing.
4. Colours may be confidered as the Pat
fion, Senfation or Perception of the Mind
itielf, or that which all of us perceive,
when we look at any Objedt. It is this on¬
ly that, properly fpeaking, deferves the
Name of Colour ; for Colours in Objects
are nothing but their Diipofition to refledfc
this or that Sort of Rays more copioufly
than the reft, and in the Rays of Light
they are their Difpofition to excite this or
that Motion in the Organs of Vifion, and
in them they are only different Undulati¬
ons in the animal Spirits, which are propaga¬
ted through the nervous Fibres to the Sen*
foriura . In all this there is no Perception,
O 4 UQ
Medical Ejjdys
jio Senfation, no Colour ; for to {peak tru*
ly, Colours are Senfations produced in our
Mind, and do not belong either to Light,
Objects, our Organs, or to any other Bo¬
dy* but are the Modifications of the Mind
itfelf, which always ftand connedted to
what palles in the Organs and Senforium .
5. The fifth Manner in which Colours
may be confidered, is the Judgment which
our Mind naturally forms ; when it con*
eludes, that that which it feels or perceives
is in the Body itfelf laid to be coloured, and
not in the Mind. How Body a£ts upon
Mind, or Mind upon Body, I know not ; but
this I am very certain of, that nothing can
%Qc> or be adied upon where it is not ; and
therefore our Mind can never perceive any
thing but its own proper Modifications,
and the various States and Conditions of
the Senforium to which it is prefent : For
when 1 look at the Sun or Moon, it is im-
poffible that thefe Bodies fo far diftant from
my Mind, can with any Propriety of
Speech be faid to adt upon it. To imagine
otherwife, is to imagine Things can adt
where they are not prefent; which is as ab-*
ford, as to fuppofe that they can be where
they are notf Nam yirtus fine fubfiantm
fubfifiere non pot eft. Newton print ip. ma
ikematffchol, general Juk fin] Thefe Bo-
■ dies
and Obftrvations. lit
dies do indeed emit Light, which falling
upon the Retina , does excite certain Agi¬
tations in the Senforium , and it is thefe A-
gitations alone which can any way adfc up¬
on the Mind, and therein excite thofe Mo¬
difications which we call Colours ; fo that
it is not the external Sun or Moon which is
in the Heavens which our Mind perceives,
but only their Image or Reprefentation im~
prefled upon the Senforium . How the Soul
of a feeing Man fees thefe Images, or how
it receives thofe Ideas from fuch Agitations
in the Senforium , I know not; but I am
fare it can never perceive the external Bo¬
dies themfelyes to which it is not prefent:
So that, properly fpeaking, the Colours
which our Mind perceives, when we look
at any Object* are only the Modifications
of the Mind itlelf, arifing from the Moti¬
ons excited in the Senjorium ; and when
we imagine we fee thefe Colours in the ex¬
ternal Objedt itfelf, this certainly is not a
Perception, but a Judgment or Conclufion,
whereby we attribute that which our Mind
feels to external Objects.
What we have faid with refpedt to Co*
lours , may without Difficulty be alfo ap¬
plied to our other Senfations : For we not
only afcribe the Colours we perceive to the
Objedts we look at, but alfo we judge that
out
. - jjr
I
%%% Medical EJfays
our other Seniations are in the other Ob*
jeds of Senfe ; thus when I tafte Sugar, I
conclude it is fweet; and when I fmellCam-
phire, or fuch like odoriferous Bodies, I
am naturally inclined to look on that Smell,
which I perceive, as a Quality inherent in
the Objed; and yet it is certain that thele
different Seniations are only the Modifica^
tions of the Mind itfelf, and do not belong
to the Objeds to which they are generally
attributed.
It is indeed true, that oivc Mind does not
always attribute its own proper Seniations
to the external Objeds that produce them;
for lometimes it alcribes them to the Or¬
gans, at other Times both to our Organs
and the Objed.
That we may explain how this happens,
we muft confider, That the Seniations of
our Mind are of three different Sorts; lome
are very ftrong and lively, others weak and
faint, and a third lort are of a middle Na*
rare betwixt both.
Our ftrong and lively Seniations are
thole that touch our Mind very fenfibly,
and as it were, liirprize it and roufe it up
with Force and Vigour 5 and of this fort are
all thole Senfations which are very agree¬
able or painful, fuch as that which arifes
when one is tickled with a Feather, or
burnt
and ObftrvatiQns . ±1*3
burnt with the Fire, and in general when
the Organs fuller any thing that is capable
of hurting or deftroying the Body ; in all
thele Cafes our Senlations are fo brisk and
lively, that the Mind can fcarce hinder it-
felf from looking on them, as in feme fort
belonging to itielf; and therefore it does
not judge that they are in the Objects, but
believes them to be in the Members of its
Body, which, becaufe of the Ibid: Union
betwixt Mind and Body, it confiders as a
Part of itielf. Thus, when my Hand is
pricked with a Pin, burnt, or othenvife hurt,
J am naturally directed to attribute that
painful Senlation to that Part of my Hand
on which the Imprelfion is made, and not
to the Fire, Pin, or other Objed: producing
it, and yet it is certain, that Pain is a Sen-
fation or Modification of the Mind itfelf,
and belongs as little to our Organs as Co*
lours do to Obje&s.
The fecond Sort of Senfatiojis are the
weak and languifhing, in which the Mind is
but very flightly touched, and which are
neither very agreeable nor difagreeable, as
Light, when not too ftrong ; all manner
of Colours, Taftes and Smells, moderate
Sounds, &e. Thele Senfations do fo flight¬
ly affed: our Mind, that it never thinks
that they belong to it, nor that they are in
2,14 Medical Ejfays
the Body to which it is united, but only in
the external Objects that produce them. It
is for this Reafon we rob the Mind of its
own proper Senfations of Light and Colour,
therewith to deck and imbellilli the Qbje£t;
and yet there is nothing more evident, than
that all of them are the Modifications of the
Mind itfelf, and noways inherent in the Ob¬
jects, in which our Mind places them.
The laji Sort of our Senfations are neither
ftrong nor faint, but of a middle Nature be¬
twixt both, fuch as Heat and Cold when
moderate, great Light, violent Sounds, C Sc.
And here it may be obferved, that a weak
and languifhing Senfation may become both
a middle or ftrong one ; as for Inftance, the
Senfation of Light is weak, when the Light
of a Candle or Flambeau is faint, or when
it is at any confiderable Diftance; but this
Senfation may become a middle one, if the
Flambeau be brought near enough the
Eye, for to dazle; and likewife it may be¬
come very ftrong and vivid, provided that
it be brought fo near as to burn. Thus the
Senfation of Light may be weak, ftrong, or
betwixt both, according to its different De¬
grees. Now thefe middle Senfations do nei¬
ther touch the Mind very fenfibly, nor ve¬
ry flightly ; hence it is that it is very much
embarrafled and ftraitned where to place its
Sen-
and Obfervations .
Scnfation ; for, upon the one hand, it is in¬
clined to follow the natural Judgment of
the Senfes, in removing from itfelf, as much
as pofiible, thefe Sorts of Senfations, to at*
tribute them to the external Objects ; but,
upon the other hand, it cannot altogether
hinder itfelf from looking on them as in
fonie Sort belonging to itielf, efpecially if
they approach to thofe which we have cal¬
led ftrong and brisk : And this is the Rea-
fon that the Mind judges that Cold, Heat,
and the other middle Senfations are not on¬
ly in the Ice, Fire, and other Objects pro¬
ducing them, but alio in that Part of the
Body itfelf upon which the Impreflions are
made.
Thus you fee how the Mind never con-
fiders its Senfations as belonging to itfelf,
but always attributes them either to the
Objed:, our Organs, or both, according as
they are of a fluggifli, brisk or middle Na¬
ture ; and though it is certain that they are
the Modifications of the Mind itfelf, yet
fince our Senfes are not given us to inform
us what Things are in themfeives, but only
what they are relatively to our Bodies, it
was very neceflary that they fliould incline
us to judge of fenfible Qualities in the Man¬
ner they do : As for Inftance, it is much
more profitable for us to feel Pain and Heat,
Medical Ejfays
as in our Body, than that we Ihould judge
them only in the Objects that caufed them ;
for, fince they are capable of hurting our
Members, it was neceffary that we Ihould
be advertifed when they are thereby at*
tacked, in order to fecure our lelves there*
from: But it is not lb with relpebt to Co¬
lours ; for they do not ordinarily hurt the
Retina on which they fall: And it is alto¬
gether ufelefs for us to know that they are
painted there. Colours are not neceffary*
imlefs to know Objects more diftindtly,
and at a Diftance ; and it is for this Reafon
that our Sight ever inclines us to attribute
them to Objebts. From all which it is ma-
nifeft. That the Judgments which our Sen*
fes induce us to make concerning the fen*
fible Qualities, are exceeding juft, if con-
fidered with refpecft to the Prefervation of
our Bodies, for which they were only gi¬
ven us ; though at the fame Time it is moft
certain, that they are altogether extrava¬
gant, and vaftly removed from Truth.
From what has been faid concerning the
Nature of our Senfations, it is evident that
the Mind never confiders any of them as
belonging to itfelf, but as belonging to
fomething external. Now, fince there is
no effential or necefiary Connexion be¬
twixt thefe Perceptions and the Judgments
we
and Obfervations. %%f
W e form concerning them, it follows that
thefe Judgments muft either depend upon
Cuftom and Experience, or on an original*
connate and immutable Law.
That all of them ihould depend on Cu¬
ftom and Experience, is a Contradiction in
Terms, it being impoffible for us to have
any Experience, till fome how or other we
have formed a Judgment; which Judgment
muft therefore depend on an original, con¬
nate and immutable Law, that cannot but
obtain at leaft in fome of our Senfations.
To fay other wife, is to fay fomething very
abfurd : It is to lay we judge by Experience
that has never been experienced. Hence
it is plain, that when one fays the Mind by
Cuftom and Experience comes to conclude
what it fees to be without the Eye in Inch
perpendicular Lines; this Experience can¬
not be meant of Sight, but of fome of our
other Senfes, fuch as that of Feeling or
Touch ; which therefore, by virtue of a
connate and immutable Law, muft natural¬
ly, and of itfelf, without any Affiftance from
the other Senfes, form a Judgment concern¬
ing its own Perceptions, and conclude that
they are not in the Mind, but in fomething
external.
But if by the Touch alone we can judge
thus of the Situation and Diftance of exter¬
nal
Medical Ejfays
nal Things, I fee not why the fame Power
ihould be denied to the Sight. It cannot be
faid that it is more difficult for the Mind to
trace back the Perceptions it has by Sight,
from the Sen fir turn to the Retina , and from
thence along thole perpendicular Lines, to
the Object idelf, than it is to trace back the
Perception it has by Touch from the Sen*
fir him along the Nerves to the external
Objedt occafioning them. The fubjedfing
our Minds to a Law in feeing, is as ealy as
fubjedting them to a Law in feeling; and
that, in feeling, our Mind muft be fubj edit¬
ed to a Law, dirediing it to confider its
own Senfations, as belonging to external
Objects, has been juft now fliewn ; and this
Ihews the Tenor and Courfe of Nature, and
makes it highly probable that the fame
Thing obtains in our other Senfes ; for Na¬
ture is very confonant and conformable to
herfelf, and very Ample and uniform. She
never performs fimilar and like Effcdts in
divers Manners, and by diffimilar and un¬
like Means; this were to deftroy that Sim¬
plicity and Uniformity, which is the Beau¬
ty of all her Works, and which Hie is ob-
ferved to delight fo much in.
Were not the Mind, in Seeing, fubjedted
to a Law, whereby it traces back its owa
Senfations from the Senfirinm to the Retu
and Obfervations .
n&9 and from thence along the perpendicu*
lar Lines above-named to the Objed itlelf*
and thence concludes what it perceives to
be in the external Objed, and not in the
Mind: It is plain that a Man born blind be¬
ing made to fee, would at firft have no Idea
of Diftance or Situation by Sight* The
Sun and Stars, the remoteft Gbjeds, as
well as the nearer, would all feem to be ia
his Eye, or rather in his Mind ; and if fo,
whence is it he comes afterwards to judge
what he fees to be in the external Objed?
This cannot proceed from Experience a-
lone; for though by the Touch we have
frequently experienced the Exiftence, Du
ftance and Situation of Things external,
and found thefe Ideas to have been prece¬
ded by certain correfponding vifible Ideas,
I fee not how, upon perceiving any vifiblo
Idea prefent with our Mind, we fhould
judge it to be without in the external Ob-
jed, without liibjeding our Mind to an ar¬
bitrary irrefiftible Law direding it fo to do*
This were to eftablilh an effential and ne-
cellar y Connedion betwixt thefe Judg¬
ments, and the Experiences we have by
Touch laid up in our Memories 5 whereas
it is plain no fuch Thing can be, all the
Connedion that is being only cuftomary
and experimental s And Teeing Nature at a-
Medical Ejfay#
ny rate mufi be at the Charge of a Law, ‘
it not more reafbnable to fuppofe, that by
the Sight alone, without any Aftiftance from
the other Sen fes, the Mind, in coniequence
of fuch a connate and immutable Law, as;
has been allowed it in the Judgments it:
forms by Touch, ihould be enabled to trace
back its own Perceptions in the fo often na¬
med perpendicular Lines, to the Qbjedt it-
felf, and thence to form a Judgment of its;
Diftance and Situation? I fay, is not this*
more reafonable, than to fuppofe that we:
Hand in need of the Experiences ofTouch?
Could thefe Experiences be of any Ufe;
without a. new Law, there might be fome
Pretence for fuch a Suppoiltion ; but this
being impoflible, it follows that the Judg¬
ments we form of the Situation and Diftance
of vifual Gbjedts, depend not on Cuftorn;
and Experience, but on an original, con*>
nate and immutable Law, to which our
Minds have been fubjected from the Time:,
they were fir ft united to our Bodies. To*1
fay otherwife, is to fay that our Sight is lefs;
perfect than our Touch; not from any Ne-
ceffity in the Thing icfelr, but from an Er¬
ror or Miftake in Nature. It is to make
Nature do fomething in vain, and to be
luxuriant in fuperfluous Caufes ; which is;
to break down the cathplick and fuudamen-
t ai
mi Ob/ervdions.
%3i
HI Rules Of Philofophizing, eftabliflied hf
Newton iii his Trincipid Thilofophigjg, It
is to maintain, that one acttiftomed ffOrri
the Birth to fee Gbjedfcs through a Trijm
orBolyedron, and not otherwise, would ice
Objedls as other Men do, without any inch
Interpofition, which to me Teems very ab*
ford and ridiculous.
From what has been faid, 1 think the
Truth of our Scholium is fufficiently evi¬
dent ; but becaufe Dean Berkeley in hi!
Theory of Vifiony has a good deal of Tub tile
Reafoning in favour of Cuftom and Experi¬
ence that has not yet been taken notice of,
I fliall flop a little to confider it.
He oblerves, That in Seeing, the Mmd|
ftridtly fpeaking, perceives nothing but
what i§ prefent with it - and thence corn-
eludes,' that the Ideas of Space, Gutnefs;
Diftance, and of the Situation and Magni¬
tude of Things placed at a Diftance, cannot
by the Sight alone be introduced into our
Minds, but that having of a long Time
experienced certain Ideas perceivable by*
Touch, to have been cormedted with cer£
tahl Ideas of Sight, we do, upon perceiving
theie Ideas of Sight, forthwith conclude
what tangible Ideas are, by the wonted
Ordinary Courfe of Nature; like to follow i
Mid thus by i habitual ox euftomaVy Cqn-
%■$% Medical Ejjays
mCtion that has grown up between thefe
two Sorts of Ideas, the latter is always
fuggefted by the former; juft as Things arc
fuggefted by Words, and Shame by Blulh*
ing : So that, according to him, when a
Man is faid to fee the Magnitude and Si¬
tuation of this or that diftant Object, no¬
thing is meant, but that the Ideas of Sight
which are prefent with the Mind, fuggeft
to his Underftanding, that after having paf-
fed a certain Diftance in fuch a Direction,
to be determined by the Motion of his Bo¬
dy, which is perceivable by Touch, hefliall
come to perceive certain tangible Ideas,
which have been ufually connected with
them; but becaufe there is no eftential or
neceflary Connection between the Ideas of
Sight and Touch, the Ideas, fuggefted by
Sight, of the Diftance, Situation and Magni¬
tude of external Things, muft depend en¬
tirely on Cuftom and Experience ; for that
one Idea may luggeft another to the Mind,
it is fufficient that they have been obferved
to go together, without any Demonftrati-
on of the Neceffity of their Co-exiftence, or
without lo much as knowing what it is that
makes them lo to co-exift; Thus Words ft-
gnify Things, for no other Reafon, than
barely becaufe they have been oblerved to
accompany them.
mid Obfervations . 133
In Anfvvcr to this, I mult ask Mr. Berke~
ley how it appears that the Ideas we hav®
by Sight of the Diftance, Situation an**
Magnitude of external Things, are nothing
but the ta&ile Ideas fuggefted to our Minds*
When my Eyes are fluit, I can at Pleafure
recal to Mind the Ideas of Touch, which
former Satiations had lodged in my Memo¬
ry, the bare naming the Thing doth pre-
fently fuggeft them as well as the feeing itz
But there is 'no Body who doth not perceive
the Difference in himfelf between actually
looking upon an Objed, and contempla¬
ting the Idea he has of it in his Memory;
and therefore he hath certain Knowledge
they are not both Memory or Fancy. But
this is not all: For,
Though it muft be acknowledged. That
in feeing Objeds, the Mind, ftridly {peak¬
ing, perceives nothing but what is prelent
with it ; yet it does not from thence fol¬
low, that the Ideas of Space, Outnels, Di¬
ftance, and of the Situation and Magnitude
of Things placed at a Diftance, cannot, by
the Sight alone, be introduced into our
Minds. Were this true, I fee not how we
could ever come by thofe Ideas ; for the
tangible Ideas are as much prelent with the
Mind as the vifible Ideas, and on that Ac¬
count muft be equally incapable of intro-
P ) ducing
Jfledical Etfays
av* •
duciiig the Idea of any Thing external.
When with my Hand t touch an Object,
the Idea perceived is prefent with my
Mind 5 gnd in moving my Hand along the
Dbje6t? pr in moving my Body from one
Place to another, the Ideas or Perceptions
that fucceed one another, are all of them as
pmch prefent with my Mind as any vifible
Idea can be. How then can it be laid, that
external \ Dijiance and Situation are only
determined by the Motion of the Body , per*
feivahle by Touch ? This is to deftroy the
pniverfally received Notions we have of
Things, and to confound external Spape,
Pittance and Situation, with a Series of 1*
deas fucceeding one another in the Mind,
ft is to take away all Difference between
Space and Time, and to make both confift
in a Confcioufnefs of a Succeflion of diffe**
l ent Ideas pr Perceptions in the Mind $
whereas it is certain, that neither of them
aependf on our Ideas, but muff: continue
the lame whether we have any Ideas or not.
It is to introduce a wild and unbounded
Scepiicifm , a Scepticilm that at once ba-
pilhes this external World and Space itfelf
put of the Field of Exiftence, and in place
thereof igbftitutes a vifionary World, a
^¥c?r}d of Ideas and Phantoms exifting np
wfe few b P %
md Oh fervat ions'. 23 $
|)ofe that it is God who prefents the Ap*
pearances of Things external to us, and that
He does it in fuch a Manner as to deceive
us ; For fuppofing Things external to exift,
I fee not what greater AfFurances we could
have of their Exiftence than we now have,
I11 fine* this is not to folve the Problem*
whether it be from Cuftom and Experience*
or by virtue of an original connate Law*
that by Sight we come to judge of the Si*
tuation of external Things, but by extermi¬
nating all Things external, to make the Pro*
blem itlelf abfurd and ridiculous.
If what has been demonflrated in the
preceding Lemma be duly attended to, it
will not be difficult to explain how Objects
feen with both Eyes appear fingle, from
their being feen by each of them in the
fame Place.
For illuftrating this, let it be fnppofed
that both Eyes are directed to the Point F,
(See Fig. 1 .) by the preceding Lemma , this
Point muft be feen by the left Eye in its
Axis cF, and by the right Eye in its Axis
CF : And fince we have alio a Faculty of
judging of the Diftance of Objects, it fol¬
lows that the Point F muft be leen by both
Eyes in that precife Place where the Lines
cF, CF interfedt each other; and being feen
in the fame Place by both Eyes, it muft
P 4 need-
s,3<S Medical E flays
* ^ 1 *
neceffarily appear fingle, it being impoffible
for us to conceive two Objects exifting in
die fame Place at tfre fame Time.
In like manner all the other vifiial Points
of the Object GH muft alio appear fingle;
for fuppofmg the Eyes to continue their
former Direction, the Rays, which come
from any other Point, as H, will be united
on the £.etin0 of the left Eye on the Out-
fide of the Qptick Axis at a , and in the
other Eye they will be united on the Infide
of its Axis at A : Hence the Point H w in
be ieen by both Eyes in the Lines <*H,
AH, which are perpendicular to the Re¬
tina, at the Points a and A, where the I-
jmge is painted ; but the Lines aH and
AH meet and interfedt each ather at H:
And therefore, fince our Mind or vifive Fa¬
culty has a Power of judging rightly of the
Diftance of Objects, it follows that the
Point H mull be ieen by both Eyes in the
precife Point FI, where thele Lines inter¬
red! each other ; and coniequently muft ap¬
pear fingle, becaufe we can have no Idea of
the Penetration of Matter; or, which is the
lame Thing, it is impoftible for us to con¬
ceive two vifibleObjedts placed in the fame
Place at the fame Time.
What hath been juft now faid of the
fingle Appearance of Objects Ieen with both
Eyes,
4nd Obfervatiotts .
Eyes, holds only with refpect ro Object®
placed in the Plan of the Horopter ; fo*
all Objects placed out of this Plan, muft, in
eonfequence of the Principle laid down in
the foregoing Lemma , be feen in two dif¬
ferent Places with relation to that Point of
the Horopter on which our Eyes are fixed ;
and, being feen in two different Places, muft
therefore appear double.
Thus, if, while the Optick Axes , (See
Fig, 4,) AC, BC, are directed to a Mark
C, for viewing it accurately, we attend to
an Object#, placed any where within the
Angle ACB formed of the Optick Axes ,
the Object x will appear in two Places;
for being ieen by the right Eye in the Di¬
rection of the vifual Line Bw, it muft ap¬
pear on the left Side of C, and itsDiftance
from C will be mealured by the Angle
CB# ; and being feen by the left Eye in
the Direction of the vifual Line Aw, it muft
appear on the right Side of C, and its DL
fiance from C will be meafured by the
Angle C Aw, and conlequcntly it muft appear
double, and the Diftance between the Pla¬
ces of its Appearance will be meafured by
the Sum of the Angles CBw, CAw. For
the like Reafon, fo loon as the Eyes change
their Direction from C to w, the Objects
fhall appear fingle, but all other Objects
placed
Medical Rffays
placed within the Angle DxE made by the
Optick Axes produced will appear double*
Thus the Objedt C, being feen in the vifu-
al Lines AC, BC, which are on different
Sides of the Objedt x , it muft neceffarily
appear double, and the Diftance between
the Places of its Appearance is mealured by
the Sum of the Angles CAE, CBD.
The fame Way of Reafoning applied to
Objedts in all Manner of Situations, will
{hew that all of them muft appear double,
when placed out of the Plan of the Horo *
fter % all which is exa&dy agreeable to Ex*
perience : And this alfo is the Reafon why
a double Appearance will be feen when the
End* of a long Ruler is placed between the
Eye-brows, and extended diredtly fore¬
ward with its flat Sides rdpedting Right
and Left; for, by directing the Eyes to a
remote Objedt, the right Side of the Ruler
feen by the right Eye, will appear on the
left Hand, and the left Side on the right
Hand. But we are not from this to ima*
gine that the fingle Appearance of Objedts
placed m the Plan of the Horopter , arifes
from the uniform Motion of our Eyes; for
while the left Eye is directed to F (S ecFzg.
i.) let the other be directed to G or H, it
is plain from the preceding Lemma , that
the Points G, F and H, will continue to
be
find Obfcrvations, &3f
bs feen in the fame perpendicular Lines
EG, CF, AH they formerly appeared in,
when both Eyes were directed to F ; and
fmcc at the lame Time ure have a Power of
t W ■ » ■ • •
judging rightly of their Diftance, it fol-
lows that here alfo they mull appear Angle
from their being feen in the la me Place by
both Eyes.
How this agrees with the double Appear*
anceof Objects, when either of the Eyes is,
by thePreffure of the Finger, or bya Sftafm
or Taralyfis in any of its Mufcles, reftrain-
ed from following the Motions of the othcr?
will be fiiewn hereafter. In the mean time,
from what has been already faid, we may
fee the Reafon why thole who, from Ule and
Cuftorn?have acquired a Power and Habit of
Squinting, fee Objects Angle as other Men.
But for the better explaining the Nature
of Squinting, and from the above eftabliih-
pd Principles, to let the Diagnofticks and
Prognofticks of this Difeafe in ajufter Light
than hitherto has been done, it will be ne«
ceffary to take a View of the feveral Caufes
from which it may proceed, and to deter-
mine fome of the chief optical Effedts that
naturally arife from them, whereby theprer
ceding Dodfrine will be farther illuftrated
|ind confirmed. And
firji. This Difeafe may proceed from
Cviftom
Medical Ejfays
Cuftom and Habit, while, in the Eye itfelf*
or in its Mufcles, nothing is preternatural
or defective : Thus Children, by imitating
thofe that fquint, and Infants by having
many agreeable Objeds prefented to them
at once, which invite them to turn one
Eye to one, and the other Eye to another,
do frequently contrad a Habit of moving
their Eyes differently, which afterwards
they cannot fo eafily corred. Infants like-
wife gee a Cuftom of Squinting, by being
placed obliquely towards a Candle, Win¬
dow, or any other agreeable Objed capable
of attrading their Sight; for though to fee
the Objed, they may at firft turn both Eyes
towards it; yet becaufe fuch an oblique Si¬
tuation is painful and laborious, dpecially to
the molt diftant Eye, they foon relax one of
the Eyes, and content themfelves with ex¬
amining it with the Eye that is next it;
whence arifes a Diverfity of Situation, and
a Habit of moving the Eyes differently.
In this Cafe, which may admit of a Cure,
if not too much confirmed, it is evident
that Qbjeds will be feen in the fame Place
by both Eyes, and therefore muft appear
fingle as to other Men ; but becaufe, in the
Eye that fquints, the Image of the Objedjfc
to which the other Eye is direded, falls
not on the moft fenfibie and delicate Part
of
and Obfervations. 2,41
of the Retina , which is naturally in the
Axis of the Eye, it is eafy to fee that it
muft be but faintly perceived by this Eye.
Hence it is that while they are attentive in
viewing any Object, if the Hand be brought
before the other Eye, this ObjeCt will be
but obfcurdy feen, till the Eye change its
Situation, and have its Axis directed to it ;
which Change of Situation is indeed very
eafy for them, becaufe it depends on the
Mufclesofthe Eyes, whofe Functions are
entire, but, by reafon of the Habit they have
contracted of moving their Eyes differently,
the other Eye is at the fame Time frequent¬
ly turned a fide, lo that only one at a Time
is directed to the ObjeCt.
That all this may be the better perceived,
for an ObjeCt, caule them to look at the I-
mage of the upper Part of your Note in a
plain Mirror, while you (land direCtly be¬
hind them, to obierve the Direction of their
Eyes.
Secondly , The Strabifmus may proceed
from a Fault in the firft Conformation, by
which the molt delicate and fenfible Part of
the Retina is removed from its natural Si¬
tuation, w7hich is direCtly oppofite to the
Pupil, and is placed a little to a fide of the
Axis of the Eye, which obliges them to
turn the Eye away from the ObjeCt they
would
)
Medical Eff'ayi
would view, that its Pidure may fall Oil
this ffloft fenfible Part of the Organ. Thus
if a (See Fig. i.) be fuppofed the moft ien-
fible Part of the Retina , in order to fee the
Objed H, the Eye muft be turned afide to F.
When this is the Cafe, the Difeafe is al¬
together incurable, and the Rheenomend
that arife therefrom differ in nothing from
th cRhtsnomena of the former Cafe ; except¬
ing only that here, imo, The Objed to
which the Eye is not dircded' will be bcft
feen, which is the Reterfe of what happens
when this Difeafe arifes barely from Habit
and Cuftom. 'ido. No Objed will appear
altogether clear and diftind; for all Ob-
jeds to which the Eye is direded, by ha¬
ving their Image painted on the Retina at
the Axis of the Eye, where it is not very
fenfible, will be but obfcurely feen; and
Objeds that are placed io far to a fide of
the Optic k Axis , as is neceflary for making
their Image fall on the moft fenfible and de¬
licate Part of the Retina , muft appear a
little confuied, becaufe the feveral Pencils
of Rays that come therefrom, fail too ob¬
liquely on the Cryjialline , to be accurate¬
ly colleded in fo many diftind Points of
the Retina , thoiio;h it muft be acknowled-
ged, that this Confufion is for the moft part
io lmall as to efcage unobferved.
and Observations. %$3
Thirdly , This Difeafe may proceed from
an oblique Pofition of the Cry ft al line, as in
Fig, y. where the Rays that come direCtly
to the Eye from an Object at A, and that
ought to converge to the Point of the Reti¬
na D, which is in the Axis of the Eye, BE*
are, by Reafon of the Obliquity of the Cry-
ftalline made to converge to another Point,
as C,on that Side of the vifual Axis DE A,
where the Cry ftalline is moil elevated, and
therefore the Object is but obfeurely leeni
becaule its Image falls not on the Retina at
the Axis of the Eye, where it is moll fen-
iible. But the Rays that fail obliquely on
the Eye, as thole that come from an ObjeCt
at B, will, after Refraction, converge to
this moll fenfible Part of the Retina D,and
by converging there, muft imprefs the
Mind with a clearer Idea of the Object from
whence they came. It is for this Reaibn
that the Eye never moves uniformly with
the other, but turns away from the Objedfc
it would view, being attentive to the Ob¬
ject to which it is not directed. When this
is the Cafe, it is in vain to exped any Good
from Medicine.
The Symptoms that naturally arife from
it are, 1 mo. The Objed A, to which the
Eye is directed, will be but faintly feen,
fcecaule its Image falls ©a the Retina at C,
where
*44
where it is not very fenfible. 1/0, The
Objed B, to which the Eye is not dired-
ed, by having its Image painted on the Re*
tinazt the Axis of the Eye DE, will be
clearly perceived. But 3 tio, This lame Ob¬
jed B muft appear fomewhat indiftind, be-
caufe the Pencils of Rays that flow from it
are not accurately colleded in fo many di-
ftind Points in the Retina , by realon of
their oblique Incidence on the Cryjialline ,
And 4 to. It muft beleen, not in its proper
Place B, but thence translated to fome o-
ther Place as A, Situated in the Axis of
VifionDEA. (See the preceding Lemma
and Scholium.) And $to> Being thus tran¬
slated from its true Place, where it is leen
by the other Eye that does not fquint, it
muft necelTarily appear double, and the Di-
ftance between the Places of its Appearance
will be ftill greater, if the Cryjialline of the
other Eye incline to the contrary Side.
Had MonJ\ de la Hire attended to this
Tran flat ion and double Appearance of the
Objed, I lee not how he could have ima¬
gined, that when the Cryjialline is inclined
differently in both Eyes, the Moon, for
Example, will appear like two Ovals that
decuflate one another, as in Fig . 6. (Sec
his Diflertation fur les differens accidens
de la vue.) For though the Moon, or any
round
and Obfirvationf. 145*
round Body, may appear a little oval from
the unequal Refraction of the Rays in the
oblique Cryflalline , and though thefe Ovals
may have different Inclinations arifing from
the different Inclinations of the Cryjial*
lines , yet they can never decuilate one an¬
other, but being tranflated to two different
Places muft necefTariiy appear double and
at a Diftance from each other*
Fourthly , ThisDileafe may arife from an
oblique Pofition of the Cornea , which, as
Maitre-Jan obferves, in this Cafe is com¬
monly more arched and prominent than
what it is naturally. When the Eye has
this Conformation, no ObjeCt to which it
is direded can be clearly feen, becaufe its
Image falls not on the Retina , at the Axis
of the Eye, and therefore the Eye turns a-
fide from the ObjeCt it would view, that
its Image may fall on the mo ft fenfible Part
of the Retina .
To determine the Situation of the Eye,
with refpeCt to the ObjeCt it would view,
let AGK be the Axis of Villon, (See Fig, 7.)
and let the Arch bGdy whofe Center is o9
reprefent the oblique prominent Cornea ,
and let a Ax be a Cone of Rays, having its
Bafis in the Pupil, and its Apex in the mod
fenfible Part of the Retina ; it is evident
that this Cone muft come from a Point
O with*
Medical J^jfayf
without the Eye, which of all others ajV
pears moft clear and diftinih To find
therefore the Situation of this Point, no*
thing is required but to trace back the mid¬
dle Ray AG, in the Line it deferibed be¬
fore its Incidence on the Cornea at G. For
this purpofe eredt upon the Surface of the
Cornea , from the Point of Incidence G, the
Perpendicular GP, and having produced it
downwards to Q\ from A let fail upon it
the Perpendicular AD, and produce it to
H ; fo that DH may be to AD as the Sine
of Incidence to the Sine of Refra&ion, that
is as 4 to 3, and about the Center G, with
the Radius GA deferibing a Circle AHP,
draw parallel to the Perpedicular GPQ,
the Line HE cutting the Circumference in
E, and join EG; this Line EG lhall be the
Line of the incident Ray, in which an Ob¬
ject mull be placed to have its Image paint¬
ed on the Retina at th zAxis of the Eye A,
where it is ifroft fenfible1. For if EF be let
fall perpendicularly on the Line PQ, this
Line EF fhall be the Sine of Incidence of
the Ray EG, the Angle of Incidence being
EGP, and this Sine EF is equal to DH, and
coniequently in proportion to the Sine of
Refraction AD, as 4 to 3.
When the Strabifmus proceeds from this
Caufe, the Prognoftick and Phenomena
that
and Obfirvhtlons, 247
A- <
that attend it will be much the fame sis
in the Cafe immediately preceding, from
which neverthelefs it may be diftinguifhed
by the Obliquity of the Cornea, which is
ananifeft to the Series ; and if the Cornea be
alfo more arched and prominent than what
it is naturally, which .is commonly the
Cafe, the Eye will alfo be ihort-fightecL .
Fifthly , This Want of Uniformity in the
Motions of our Eyes may arife from a De¬
feat, or, any great Weakneis or Imperfection
in the Sight of both, or either of the Eyes.
It will afterwards be made appear, that
the Motions of our Eyes are voluntary,
and depending upon our Mind* which be¬
ing a wile Agent, does will them to move
uniformly $ not from any abfolute Neceffi-
ty in the Thing it felf, of for want of Power
to move them differently ; but becaufe of
the Utility and Advantage that arifes from
fuch Motions. , Hence Children, for feme
time after Birth, may be obferved to look
differently with both Eyes, till from the
Advantage they find in moving them the
lame Way, they come at length to move
them always uniformly $ which uniform
Motion does at laft become fo neceffary , as
to render any other Motion impoffibk, it
being certain that Cuflom and Habit does
o.» rendlf
Medical Ejfays
tender many A&ions necefTary which are
not efientially lo.
This being the Cafe with relpedt to the
uniform Motion of our Eyes, it follows
that when the Sight of both or either of the
Eyes is fo defective, weak or imperfect, as
to difappoint us of the Advantages that na¬
turally arile from their uniform Motion,
the Mind will not accuftom itielf to this
fort of Motion, but will prelerve its natu¬
ral and connate Liberty of moving them
differently. An Example of this may be
had in thofe who, from a CataraEl or Gutta
ferena , have been blind from the Birth ia
both or either of their Eyes; and that the
fame thing may alfo happen when the Dif-
eafe is of a later Date, ieems evident from
what Tlempius obferves {Opthalmografth.
lib . iv. Troblem. 13.) of a Girl who be¬
came blind from a Gutta ferena in the fifth
Year of her Age: This Girl finding no fur¬
ther Advantage, after being blind, in mo¬
ving her Eyes the fame Way, came at laft
to forget the Habit Hie had formerly acqui-i
red in the four Years Ihe faw, and moved
her Eyes differently, fometimes their Axes'
being parallel, iometimes converging, andi
at other Times diverging.
The Trognoliick in this Cafe is the fame:
with that of the Difeale from which it pro¬
ceeds;
md Obfervations. 2,49
oeeds, and the 'Phenomena are fo obvious
from what has been already faid, that to fay
any more, would be but to make Repetitions.
Sixthly , Another Caufe from which the
Strabifmus may proceed, lyes in the
Mufcles that move the Eye* When any of
thofe Mufcles are too iliort or too long, too
tenfe or too lax, or are feized with a Spafm
or Paralyfis , their Equilibrium will be
deftroyed, and the Eye will be turned to*
wards, or from that Side where the Mufcles
are faulty.
In this Cafe, the Difeafe frequently yields
to Medicine, and therefore admits of a fa¬
vourable Prognoftick. ; excepting only when
by a Fault in the firft Conformation, any of
the Mufcles are longer or ihorter than their
Antagonifl ; in which Cafe, if ever it fhould
happen, no Medicine can be of any Value.
As to what concerns the Optical Phe¬
nomena they are the fame here as in Cafe
firft ; only when the Difeafe commences
not till, by Cuftom and Habit, the uniform
Motion of the Eyes has been rendred ne*
m/
ceffary, ail Objects do for feme Time appear
double, of which we have given feme Ex¬
amples' above.
To explain how this fhould come to pafs,
and at the fame Time to reconcile it with
what has be$n formerly faid, from p. 1 91,
a 3 «
Medical Ejjays
to f. ^39. concerning the (ingle Appear¬
ance of Objects ieen with both Eyes, where
I have demonftrated that this Angle Appear¬
ance does not depend upon the uniform Mo¬
tions of our Eyes, is a Matter of very great:
Difficulty, and therefore deleryes well to be
carefully examined/
It hath been (hewn that Objects arefeen
Without the Eye, in Lines drawn perpen¬
dicularly to the Retina , from that Point
©fir where their Image is painted; it hath
likewile been demonftrated that thefe Lines
continue invariably the fame without any
Change of Situation, though the Eye be
turned away from the Object to which the
other Eye is directed: Whence it feems to
follow, that the Object in all Situations of
the Eye fhould continue to be (een in the
fame Place by both Eyes; and being feen in
iche fame Place, fhould always appear fingle ;
How comes if therefore that, in the Cafe
before u$, the Obje<9: (hould appear double ?
What is it can put this Cheat upon jthe Un-
derftanding ? Whether the Eyes look the i
lame Way or differently, the Objefl ap~
pears th each of them in the fame Lines ;
|pd fined at the fame Time we alfo perceive?
its Pittance, if ought to appear (ingle, be-
fcauic fefeif in the Concpurfe of theie Lines,
iMyef it is esteemed double; Herein 6©% •.
and Obfervationsi 25M,
fills the Difficulty, which does vanilh an^
admit of a moft eafy Solution, if we bxfi
confider that the Mind miftakes the Situa3*
tionofthe Eye, and fuppofes that it is dr*
redtedto the fame Objedfc with the other;
for having been accuftomed to move both
Eyes uniformly, from which a kind of Ne-
ceffity has ariien that makes ft impoffible
for us to move them differently, when we
would view any Object, the Mind wills
both Eyes to be directed towards it, and
not being fenfible that either of them has
difobeyed its Commands, it concludes that
they are both turned the fame Way,becaufe
it has been accuftomed to find them fo up-
on the like Occafions: And being thus mi~
ftaken ,as to the Situation of the Eye, it
mu ft alfo be miftaken as to the Situation of
the Object feen by it, which therefore
muft appear double, by reafon of the differ
rent Situation it appears in to each Eye, it
being impoffible for us to conceive that a-
ny one Thing can be in two different Pla-
. ces at the fame Time,
To illuftrate this Matter, let it be fuppo-
fed that one wills both Eyes to be dired:ed
to F, (See Fig. 1.) for viewing it accurate¬
ly, and that while the left Eye gives ready
Obedience, let the other by reafon of a re¬
pent Defeat in fome of its Mulcles, be turn*
0,4
Medical Ejfays
ed to H : It is plain that the Point F will be
feen ip the fame perpendicular Line CF it
would have appeared in, had it been dired-
ed to F ; but becaule this Line, by reafon
of the Obliquity of the Eye, does not fall
on the Retina at its Axis C, but at fome
other Point on the OutlUe of this Axis as
E, fo that the Angle OE may be equal to
the Angle FtfH, it will itfelf appear tran Ha¬
tred to EG, and being thus tranflated, the
Point F muft be tranflated with it, which
therefore will be feen, not in its proper
Place F, but in fome other Place as G, fi-
tuated in the Perpendicular EoG. For fince
the Mind knows not but the Eye is direct¬
ed to F, it muft form the fame Judgment
with refped to the Situation ofObj£ds, as
if it were really fo: But it has been alrea¬
dy fnewn, that Objeds are always leen by
virtue of a connate immutable Law, in
v * ! • ' - V • *>
Lines drawn perpendicularly to the Reti¬
na, from that Point of it where their Image
falls, and therefore the Objed F having its
Image pointed op the Retina at E, muft be
feep by this Eye, which the Mind fuppojes
direded to F, lomewhere in the Perpendi¬
cular EG, as at G; while to the other Eye
ft appears in its true Place, F : And, being
thus feen in two different ^Places G and F,
it muft neceffarily appear double.
-St ' * V 4 * . i . ■» i* _ : ! V i eg ■ A t . , KJ j*
mid Obfervations . 153
Something like this happens when an Ob-
jed is felt, by the Extremities of two Fin¬
gers that are made to crols each other ; for
the Mind* not attending to the Fofition of
the Fingers, judges that the Objed is
double ; becaufe it is felt by thofe Parts of
the Fingers that ule to beat a Diftance from
each other.
That we have here given the true Ac¬
count of this cPh£nomenon , will be further
evident to any one who confiders, that
when the Mind does not miftake the Situa¬
tion of the Eye, as in thofe who by Cuftora
have from their Infancy contraded a Habit
of moving their Eyes differently, all Oh-
jeds appear Angle as to other Men ; and
this likewile is theReafon why, in the Cafe
before us, all Things come in time to be feen
Angle: For, by repeated Experiences, the
Mindbecomes wifer, and, by Degrees, learns
to form a right Judgment concerning the
Diredion of the Eye, which Judgment, by
becoming habitual, muft ferve to corred
the Miftake it was formerly led into, with
reiped to the Situation of Objeds. The
ingenious Mr. Chefelden gives us a very
beautiful Example of this in his Syftem of
Anatomy ; his Words are, A Gentleman
“ who, from a Blow on the Head, had one
f4 Eye distorted, found every Objed ap-
' • '• . * pear
x Medical Ejfays
“ pear double; but by Degrees the mojft
4C familiar ones became fingle, and in Time
“ all Objects became fo, without any A-
“ mendment of the Diftortion
, The not confidering of what has been
laid, has been a fundamental and perplex*
ing Over fight ; for Proof whereof, we need
go no farther than the Cafe before us ; for
explaining which, many learned Men have
been forced to fuppofe, that by Sight alone
we can n,eyer fonn any Judgment with re-
Ipedt to the Situation of Objects, without
calling in the Experiences of Touch, the
contrary of which has been fet forth at
large, and d.enjonftrated in the preceding
Sc ho lion.
* *
From all that has been faid on this Head
i
laid together and duly confidered, we may
clearly deduce this Inference: The double
Appearance of Objects that happens when
either of the Eyes is, from a Spafm or Ta-
ralyfis of any of their Mufclos, or from a -
ny other Caufe, retrained from following
the Motions of the other, does not prove,
that to fee Objedts fingle, it is ablolutely
requifite that both Eyes be directed to the
fame Obje£t, and that this is one of the fi¬
nal Caules of their uniform Motion.
Lajtly , This Want of Uniformity in the
Motions of our Eyes may proceed from a
and Observations . syy
preternatural Adhefion or Attachment to
the Eye-lids ; of this we have already gi¬
ven an Example from Langius. And that
the lame Thing; may alio be occafioned by a
Tumor of any Kind within the Orbit, preE
fing the Eye afide, and retraining it from
following the Motions of the other, isfo
evident, that I need not bring Inftances to
prove it; thole who defire fuch, may con-
iiilt Obfervators. Here alio the Cale may
admit of a favourable Prognoftick : And as
for what concerns the optical Th^enomena^
they mull be the fame as in the Cafe imme¬
diately preceding.
Having finilhed what I intended to fay
concerning the final paufes of the uniform
Motion of our Eyes, I come now to en¬
quire into the efficient Caqfe pf t|iis JJnir
formity, or by what Necefilty it happens
that both Eyes are always turned the lame
Way, fo that none of us are able at plealure
to give them different Directions.
Arijlotle of old, and after him Galen »
Avicenna, and molt of the Ancients, do
attribute this to the Union of the Optick
Nerves, near the Sella ojjis Spbenoidis% but
fince theie Nerves give no Branches to the
Mufcles, but are wholly bellowed upon the
Jfletinse, it follows that they can contribute
nothing towards the Motion of our Eyes,
\ V •' ’ 1 1 ' i * » , 4 ■ < 4 ' I ‘
%$6 Medical EJfays
but are only for conveying to the Mind, or
vifive Faculty, the Impreffions made upon
their Fund by the Rays of Light. Hence
it is, that in Blindnefs from Obftrudtions in
thole Nerves, the Eyes continue to move
as formerly ; becaule their Motion does
not depend upon the Optick Nerves, but
upon their other Nerves and Mufcles. But
fuppofing that the Optick Nerves did con¬
tribute to the Motion of our Eyes, yet
their Conjunction could never occafion this
uniform Motion ; becaule, as cDiemerbroek
obferves, (See his Anatomy, lib. iii. cap.16.)
Anatomilts have found them disjoined in
fome Subje&s, who, while alive, moved
their Eyes uniformly as other Men.
It is therefore with good Realon that our
Moderns have reje&ed this Hypothefis as
falfe and groundlefs; but neither have they
themfelves fucceeded better, when they tell
us, That this happens becaufe the Nerves
bellowed upon the Mufcles of our Eyes,
called Oculorum motor'll , are united at their
Origin in the Brain. Every Body knows
that our Fingers are at Liberty to execute
different Motions, and to be extended fepa-
rately, though not only the Nerve, but al¬
io the Middle fubfervient to their Extenfion
. is but one : Whence therefore this Liberty
fliould be denied our Eyes, whole Mufcles
are
and Obfervations . i$y
are diftinCt, I fee not. But this is not all;
for there are many Parts of the Body, which
though they have Nerves of different Ori¬
gins, yet they neceflarily move together.
Thus the Eyes cannot be turned up or down,
but the Eye-lids follow their Motion, and
keep at the fameDiftance from the Pupil, tho*
at the lame Time the Eye-lids can be mo¬
ved without any Motion in our Eyes, Did
this uniform Motion depend upon any bi¬
llion or Conjunction of the oculorum moto -
rii, or of any of our other Nerves, none
would fquint but inch as had them disjoin¬
ed ; and it would be in vain to ufe any Pre¬
caution againft Childrens taking up iuch a
Habit, or to endeavour to correct it.
The true Caufe of this Uniformity in the
Motions of our Eyes to me ieems wholly
to depend on Cuftom and Habit. For it is
not to be doubted but thde Motions are
voluntary, and depending upon our Mind,
which, being a wile Agent, wills them to
move uniformly, not from any intrinfical
Neceffity in the Thing itfelf, or for Want of
Power to move them differently ; but be-
caule fiich Motions are moil profitable and
uleful to us. So that our Opinion is, that
the uniform Motion of our Eyes is not at
firft neceffary, but that the Mind has irnpo-
led upon itfelf that Law founded upon the
Utility
X
Medical Effkys
Utility and Advantage that arifes from this
Sort of Motion ; which Motion does in
Time become fo neceffary, that none of us
are now able to move one Eye towards a-
ny Object, but the other is likewife turned
the fame Way. And as for other Creatures
who move their Eyes differently, fuch as
the Chameleon , which has this Faculty in
an eminent Manner, fo that the one Eye is
moved, whilft the other remains immove¬
able. ; the one is turned forewards, at the
fame Time the other looks behind ; and the
one looks up to the Sky, when the other is
fixed on the Ground. I fay, as for other
Creatures that move their Eyes differently,
fuch as the Hate, Chameleon, &c. it is e-
vident, fince the Organs fubfervient to
thofe Motions are the fame as in Man, that
it is the Utility and Advantage they receive
from theie particular Motions, which deter¬
mines that Principle which governs and
rules all their Motions, to actuate the Or¬
gans in fuch a Manner as thofe Motions,
which they find mo ft profitable and need-
far y for them, may follow.
Dr. Goddart (in the 5P h ilofo p hie a l Tranf-
aElions ) has oblerved, that the Eyes of the
Chameleon referable a Lens or convex
Olals, fet in a verfatile globular Socket, of
which our Tarijian Academifts have taken
no'
dnd Observations ’
no Notice. But be this as it will, they
found that they were moved by true Mu-
fcles, which as in other Creatures are iniert-
cd under the Conjunctiva ; fo that it ieems
*P anarolus was miftaken, when, as Bart ho*
Tin informs us, ( Hijt . Anat . rat. Cent. z.
Hijt. 6x,) He fays that their Eyes want
Mufcles, and that they are moved by the
Corrugation of a Membrane, which is con¬
tracted by means of circular Fibres. What
might have led him into this Miftake, may
be giieffed at from the Obfervations of the
fame Academifls, who tell us, that the Eyes,
which are very large, jut out full Halt of
their Ball, and are covered with one (ingle
Eye-lid, made like a Cap pierced through
the Middle, with a Hole not exceeding one
Line in Breadth. This Eye-lid was found
faftned to the fore Part of the Eye, by means
of an orbicular Mulcle that was fpread over
the whole Tunica conjunctiva, to which,
as well as to the Eye-lid, it was lo adhe¬
rent, that it ferved to give the lame Motion
to the Lid as to the Eye, tho’ its particular
Adion was to contract the little round Hole
of the Lid, which clofes by enlarging itielf
crofs-ways, even to the making one Angle
Slit, which very exactly unites the upper
Part with the lower. Seeing then that the
Eye cannot be moved, without communi¬
cating
%6o Medical Effays
eating the fame Motion to the Eye-lid,
which muft therefore appear corrugated, it
is probable that Tanarolus , for w ant of due
Scrutiny after the Muicles, might have ima¬
gined that the Motions of the Eye proceed¬
ed from the Corrugation of this Membrane,
which is indeed contracted by means of the
circular Fibres of the orbicular Mufcle. But
fuppofing Tanarolus' s Oblervation to have
been juft, it is all one with relpeCt to the
prefent Cafe ; for the diffimilar Motion of
theit Eyes arifing from the diffimilar Con¬
traction of thofe circular Fibres, can have
no Foundation, but in the Utility and Ad¬
vantage that arifes from Inch Motions which
might as well have been executed by Mu-
fcles. Nor can any good Reafon be affigned
why the Mind, which prefides over all the
animal ( if not ■ alfo the vital and natural )
Motions, ihould not be at Liberty to contract
this or that Mufcle independently of others,
as well as to contract this or that Fibre in¬
dependently of others, efpecially when we
find it frequently does io in other Crea¬
tures, fuch as Fillies, Birds ; and amongft
Quadrupeds, the Hare, Cony, &c.
And as the Har.e, Chameleon, &c. have
a Power of moving their Eyes differently,
lb neither is there any Room to doubt, but
that at firft we our felves are alio pofleffed
of
and ObfervationSo ±6t
Of the like Power ; as is evident from th4
Obfervation, already mentioned* of Chil¬
dren, who, for fome Time after Birth, can
look different Ways With their Eyes $ which
Power they retain, till by difcovering the
Advantage of directing them the fame Way,
they come to move them always uniform-5
ly. This uniform Motion by Uie and Ha-
bit at laft becomes fo neceffary, that the
Eyes cannot be moved differently ; long
Cuftom rendring many Actions necefTary,
which were not fo effentially, nor from
the Beginning.
I have already given an Example of this
in the Motions of the upper Eye -lid*
which always follows the Motions of the
Eye, and keeps at the fame Diftance from
the Pupil, whether the Eye be turned up
or down. The fame Thing may alio hap-*
pen the Fingers ; for if one is not accu-*
Homed to move any of them but in Con¬
junction with the reft, it will not be in hi$
Power to move them feparately. Hence it
is that moft People cannot bend their Ring-
finger towards the Palm of their Hand, but
the little one fliall follow its Motion, If
any Body defires more Examples of thi§
Kind, let him try to elevate one of his Eye¬
brows, while the other is deprefTed \ let
him try to dilate one of his Noftrils, or oni
R ' fiute
±6% Medical Ejfays .
Side of his Thorax, while the other is con¬
tracted; or, if he can, let him contract the
Mufcles @n one Side of his Belly, while
thofe on the other Side continue relaxed.
I remember a Time when it was very diffi¬
cult for me to ffiut any one of my Eyes,
while the other was open, which now is
very ealy for me, becaule I have accuftom-
ed my felf thereto ; and this frequently
happens, even in the Eyes themfelves: For
if we accuftom our lelves to diredt them*
different Ways, as Boys do often in imita¬
ting thofe that fquint, we ihall in Time be
able to fquint without Difficulty, efpecially
if young. This is further confirmed from
the diffimilar Motions of the Eyes that are
fo frequently obferved in blind People, and
particularly by that Hiftory , already quoted
from Plempius , of a Girl who lofing her
Sight, and having therefore no longer any
Advantage from the uniform Motions of her
Eyes, came at laft to move them different¬
ly. Hence it is that Children, the younger
they are, are the more apt to become gogle-
ey5d ; becaufe, when young, they have not
fo much accuftomed themfelves to look the
fame Way with both Eyes, as to render
that uniform Motion neceilary ; and there¬
fore do frequently become gogle-ey’d, by
having many pleafant Objects prelcntcd to
them
I
\
' -> ■ ,
. - ■; " i
'V- ' ' .
,
38J- «. t'
*
*■
I
■
.
, ' ■ - • ’ V
1 •
■
V ’
(
* '
-
and Observations. i6j
them at the fame Time, which invites
them to turn cme Eye to one Objed, and
the other Eye to another : And thus they
contrad a Habit of moving their Eyes dif¬
ferently, which is apt to continue all their
Life-time, if not timely correded. IVillis
has obferved this (in his Anima Brutorum ,
cap . i5\) in thefe Words, Quare infantes ,
quando ip forum oculis mult a res fimul ob*
jiciuntur , frabifmum facile contrahunt .
XIII. Supplements to Art. XI. ofV ol. L
and to Art. IX. and XIII. of Vol. IL
by Alex*\ Monro Trofejfor of Anato*
my in the Univerjity 0/ Edinburgh.
HAving converfed with feme younger
Anatomifts, whofe Imagination could
not fupply the Want of a Figure to explain
what I wrote in Art . XL of your firft Vo¬
lume, concerning the Uigafric Mulcles, I
beg you would, on their Account, publifh
the inclofed Figures, with a Refledion or
two on them, as a Supplement to that Pa¬
per,
Tab. II. Fig . 1. is a Copy of as much of
Cowpef s Tab. 23 . Myot. as relates to the
Parts in queftion, with the Addition of
R z two
£C>4 Medical Ejfays
two or three pricked Lines; the View hert
reprefentod being a dire£l one of the left
Side, with the Head reclined towards the
right, and the Mufcles in an una&ive
State.
A denotes the Bafe of the lower Jaw, to
which the anterior Head of the Digajlric
Muicle is fixed.
B, The Part of the temporal Bone from
which the other Head of the TOigajiric
riles.
C, The Os hyoides .
D, The internal jugular Vein filled with
Wax.
E, The anterior Head of the cDigaftric
Mufcle.
F, The pofterior flefliy Belly of the fame
Mufcle.
G, g , The middle Tendon common to
both theie Heads.
H, A ftrong Aponeurofis fent from that
Tendon to the Os hyoides .
i, Part of that Tendon railed into a Con¬
vexity forewards, by the over-diftendcd ju¬
gular Vein.
K, The Stylo-hyoid Mufcle, through
which the Tendon of the ‘Digaftric palTes.
L, The Extremity of the Stylo-hyoid
Mufcle, that is fixed to the Os hyoides.
Fig . a. Reprefents the direct anterior
View
and Observations. i6f
View of the Stylo-hyoid and © igaftric
Mufcles, with the Os hyoides , when the
Head is drawn much back.
The Letters common to this Figure, with
the former, denoting the fame Parts, a
Comparifon of the two Figures will fliew
what the EfFedt of the different Attitudes is.
Befides what is common to both, q, q ,
here point out the great Curve of the round
Tendons, to be at the fame Part where the
ftrong Ajgoneurojis H goes off to the Os
hyoides .
P, Is the thin Afioneurojls of the cT)iga~
jiric Muicies, fpread upon the Mylohyoid
Mufcles.
You fee then that Mr. Cowfier paints
no ligamentous Pulley here for the round
Tendon of the *D igaftric Mufcle to move
in ; nor has he any in Tab. 31. Myotom .
where the Tdigaftric is again reprdented;
but in both he delineates the Af>oneurojis
fixed to the Os hyoides , which he menti¬
ons in his Defcription, Num. 68. as a con-
ftant Thing, as I always find it. But he is
obliged to acknowledge (notwithftanding
the Fondnefs he expreffes for being the firft
who fhewed the Mechanifm by which the
*Digaflrics ad: on the lower Jaw) that
the Tendon pafTes through the Stylohyo -
ideas, and an annular Ligament or forne-
R 3 times
%66 Medic & l BJfays
times a membranous Inch fur e . I ftill af¬
firm, that I never faw any Ligament, fuch
as ties down the Mufcles of the Hand, Fin*
gers, Foot, Toes, or any other Mulcle,
whole- Addon is determined by a Band or
Ligament, to any Direction different from
the ftraight Courfe of its flelhy Fibres, and
that what is called the annular Ligament of
the Tendon of the cDigaftrick Mufcle, is
no other than the common cellular Mem*
brane, which ftretches with the lead Force
drawing it, and readily riles into Cells up¬
on blowing Air into it.
Some have fancied that the Stylohyoideus
Muicles ferves as a Pulley to the Tendon of
the 'Digaftric ; but any who have ever dif*
feded Mufcles, muft know that their flefliy
Fibres are conneded to each other by fuch
weak Fibres, as can make very little RefU
dance; and in ditTeding this Part of the
Stylohyoideus Mufcle, we fcarce can hold
it with a Hook or Forceps fo tenfe as to dif-
fed it clean, without the Risk of tearing its
Fibres afunder, which plainly fhews it to
be too weak for the Ufe they adign it. They
ought to have alfo confidered, that the Ten¬
don has no Curve where it paffes through
this Mufcle, which is a fare Sign that the
Mufcle does not ferve as a Pulley to it.
Tho There was a Pulley through which
thw
and Obfervations . 167
this Tendon pafled, it could be of no Ufe*
fo long as the Tendon is tied to the Os hy~
aides; for the Aponeurojis H hinders its
Play in the fame Way as Threads tied to a
Cord laid over a Pulley, and to the Screw
or Ropes by which the Pulley is lulpended*
prevent the Motion of the Cord,
One may readily judge from the Figures
what the Action of this 'Digajtric Mufcle
mull be. If the poflerior Head, F, alone ad;,
the middle Tendon will be drawn back¬
wards till the Aponeurojis fhuffles from m
to oy which is a very fmall Space in Mr.
Cowpefs Figure, and mu ft be much lefs in
mine, after which this Head ads on the
Os by 0 ides.
The anterior Belly, E, ading alone, the
Extremity of the Aponeurojis H is brought
from m to n, which is as much as this Head
could be expeded to contradt.
If both Heads ad while the Os hyoides
is not kept down, the Mufcle becomes
ftraighter, approaching the Line r, till its
Axis is placed in that Line, which I have
endeavoured to prove is the proper Office
of this Mufcle in Deglutition, in which it
is affifted by the Stylo-hyoideus , K.
If both Heads contrad while the M11-
fcles, which pull the Os hyoides down, are
in Adion, the Tendon G will be iaifed to¬
ll 4 wards
%6B Medical Effkys
wards rf till the Apomurojis H is made
ftraight and tenfe, Both Bellies then con¬
tinuing to contract in this Situation, they
will confpire in their Efforts to draw the
Os hy aides upwards; befides which, the an¬
terior Head pulls alfo the Jaw A. Before
the Jaw can be depreffed, the Os hyoides%
C, mull be fo firmly kept down by its Mu-
fcles, that it Ihall be more difficultly raifed
than the Jaw can be deprelTed, otherwile
E would move the Os hyoides upwards,
without any Effed on the Jaw. Since
therefore the Jaw can be depreffed with no
greater Force than what is employed to
pull the Os hyo\des down, it will neceffari-
ly follow, that whatever diminilhes the
For^e pulling the Os hyoides down, niuft
hinder inftead 0f affifting the Deprefliqn of
the Jaw, But, in the prefent Suppofitjon of
both Heads of the *Digaftrick Mufcle coin
tracing in the Situation above-deferibed ,
ft is evident that the pofterior Head can
h^ve nq Efffed on the Jaw, but exerts its
whole Force in pulling the Os hyoides up^
Wards, by which it counterads the Mu-
fcles, i. e. diminilhes the Force that draws
the Os hyoides down (which rh§ anterior
Head papnot increale) and confequently
th? Jaw is deprelTed, or the Mouth is o-
pgned with lej§ Force, whet* the eDi,gafir\c
Mui'cJf
md Qbftrvations . %6f
Mufcle contrails, than when it is unaCtive *•
From all which, efpecially if joined to the
Experiments mentioned in the Article to
which this is a Supplement, it appears evi¬
dent to me, that the Depreffion of the Jaw
is no more the Office of the cDigaflric than
the E xtenfion of the Fore-arm is the Office
of the Brachi^eus interims .
LEST any ffiould charge me with the
Omiffion of Experiments which contradict
the DoCtrine I defend in § 1 6. of prelimi¬
nary FaCts in Art. IX. of your fecond Vo¬
lume, I beg you would allow me to menti-
on lome that have come to my Knowledge
fmce you publiihed that Effiay on the Nu¬
trition of Post life s\
Blafius^a') quotes Slade for faying, 44 The
64 Placental# of Cows have more and
44 larger Veffiels than the (Cotyledons ; and
if a black Liquor is injeCted into the Ar-
“ tery which is lent to a B lac eniula, the
Cotyledon remains white. The Liquor
54 injeCted into the arterious Veffiels of the
o Uterus was carried to the Cotyledons ,
o and, by the Cavities of the Cotyledons ,
into the Subftance of the Placental# C
CBrake
(a) Amt. Animal, p. m.
%yo Medical EJfays
Drake {a) affirms. That Mr. Cowper
proved the Anaftomofis between the Vef-
fels of the Womb and Secundines : “ For,
“ fays he, by pouring Mercury into a
Branch of the uterine Artery of a Cow,
** that went into one of the Cotyledons of
“ the c Uterus , he filled thofe Branches of
the umbilical Veins which went from
that Cotyledon to the Navel of the Foe-
tus, which, with aPart of the Uterus,
he keeps prepared by him.”
Slade , you oblerve, acknowledges that
he could not make his Liquor pafs from the
Placentary Veffels into the Uterine; and
the PafTage of the Liquor from the Uterine
is loofely laid to have been into the Sub-
fiance of the "Placenta.
After "Drake has mentioned what is a-
bove, he goes on to ihew, from the great
Analogy of the Parts, how weak an Obje¬
ction it would be to alledge, <6 that the Ob-
“ fervation and Experiment being made on
the Uterus of a Cow, the Inference would
not hold from thence in aWoman/’From
which it would appear, that I judged right
oiMx.Cowpefs not having feen what he lb
looiely affirms in the PafTage quoted from
his great Anatomy, concerning the Com-
muni-
(<*) Antliropol. nov. Book z, chap. 7.
\
and Ohfervations . %jt
munication between the human Uterus and
Placenta being proved by the pouring of
Mercury. It is alio a little odd that Cowfier ,
in his large Book, takes no Notice of this
Preparation defcribed by Drake, though he
mentions feme other Preparations of the
fame Parts in Cows.
I have tried the Experiment a great ma¬
ny times in both Slade and Cowper'* s Man¬
ner, but never could force one Drop of a
coloured Liquor, or of Quick-filver, into
any Branch of the umbilical Veins, though
they palled from the Cotyledons into the
Subftance of the Placental# , that is, into
the Interfaces of their unequal Surface, till
they appeared altogether of the Colour of
the injected Subftance, and the Weight of
the Mercury leparated the Placental# from
the Cotyledons ; which I think warrants me
to fay, that feme Miftake is committed by
Dr. Drake, or at leaft that Cowper' s Sub¬
ject had thefe Vefieis difpofed differently
from what they are commonly in Cows.
In/. 141. 1 fufpedted Mangetus to have
been inaccurate, in relating Vieujfens's Ex¬
periment, and now being fhewn a Geneva
Edition of Verheyen's Anatomy, where
Excerpt a e Raymundt Vieujfenii D , M.
Rfiiftold ad excell. Prof, celeb. Medic .
Facultatum Patavii $0 Bononi# , Anno
1705 ,
6 i
£ <
e *
< t
'« c
( i
f c
i <
fi C
Medical Effays
* •’ f
1707, Monfpelii typis excusd , are printed,
lice my Sulpicion was well founded; for
JPieuJfens fays, “ he tied the left Carotid
Artery of a living Bitch with young, and
then having put a fmall Ivory Funnel in¬
to the right Carotid, he poured Quick-
filver at different Times towards the
Head, till it amounted to about four
Pounds. By the Time this Quick-filver
was poured in, the Creature appeared to
be quite dead, and he differed her be¬
fore a great many WitnefTes.” After
defcribing the Progrefs which the Quick-
filver had made in the VefTels of the Bitch,
he has thefe Words, Minim diPtu! Flui -
dura hocce corpus, nullo rupto vafe , & ne
und quidem guttd fanguinis effusd, pla-
centam unumquemque Catulum obvolven -
tem> permeavit , ® in ipfas umbilicales ve-
nas protrufus fuit : Ipfummet fiuidum
corpus cavitates cordis , Jiomacbi , vefica
fellea , intejiinorum (0 vefica urinaria in-
grejfus eft. ‘Protrufus d me in artcriam
carotidem dextram Mercurius , in arterias
(3 fubinde in duPtus lapfiferos mammarios
fefe immifit , ut fupra indie avi. In my O-
pinion no more of this relates to the Foetus
than, “ That Fluid, the Mercury , with¬
out breaking an y VefTel, or the Effufion
of one Drop of Blood paffed through the
£ £
« £
mid Oh fir vat ions.
$t Placenta, furrounding each Whelp, and
“ was puflied into the umbilical Veins
“ themlelves.” What follows being appli¬
cable only to the Mother’s Organs, as ap¬
pears by the Reference to what he has laid
above; and by the Account he gives of this
Experiment in, another Treatife printed alio
with that Edition of Verheyen , where (a')
in treating this Queftion concerning the
Anaftomojis of the Uterine and Placentary
VefTels, he lays no more than, “ Mercury
“ being poured into the right Carotid Arte-
“ ry of a Bitch about two Months gone
“ with Whelp, the left Carotid being tied,
“ palled into the umbilical Vein of the
“ Whelps without any breaking of the
“ Ve/Tels.”
Vieujfens's Experiment feems flrangely
contrived; for by tying one Carotid, and
putting a Funnel into the other, he left on¬
ly the vertebral Arteries to propel theBlood
and Quick-filver through the VefTels of the
Head, from which they were to return to
be diftributed through the whole Body.
Some of the Blood of the Vertebrals mult
have had a retrograde Motion into the Ca¬
rotids by their Anajtomofes , to hinder the
Entry of the Quick-filver. And if the
Head
(aj.Diflcrtatio de ftru&ura & ulu Uteri 5c Placenta mulie-
bris § 80.
£74 Medical EJfays
Head of the Bitch was laid fo depending a§
the Weight of the Mercury could over¬
come the Refiftance of that Blood, then
this ponderous Liquor muft have parted
through the tender very fmall arterious Vef-
fels of the Brain, and have afcended in the
Veins contrary to its own Gravity.
It may be obferved that the Quick-filver,
which in his Account of the Dirtedion pe¬
netrated lb many fecerning Organs to pals
into the Cavities of the different hollow
Bowels of the Body, is laid in loofe Words
to have palled through the Placenta, and
to have been puflied into the umbilical
Veins, which the Appearances in the dead
Bitch, on which I made the Trial of this A -
nafiomofis , might eafijy have led him to
think, though a nicer Examination would
have difcovercd his Miftake. I endeavour¬
ed latey to imitate Vieuffens' s Experiment
on a living Bitch, but the Creature dying
before any Succefs could be expeded, I im¬
mediately repeated the Trial 1 had former¬
ly made, and with the fame Succds, not
one Drop of Quick-filver being (een in any
Branch of the umbilical Vertels of five
Whelps which the Uterus contained, tho’
not only the Arteries, but the Veins aifo of
the Womb were diftended with the Mercury.
T&zy %VieujTens*s Words, taken in the mo ft
fa-
and Obfervations.
favourable Senfe, are not conclufive for an
Anajiomofis , becaule while the Mother and
Foetufes were alive, fome of the Quick-fil-
ver might be taken up with other Liquors
by the abforbing Veflels of the Placenta.
Having quoted Vieujfens againft a Do¬
ctrine I endeavoured to lupport, I may be
allowed to tranfcribe a Paflage or two from
him that are favourable to me, § .
de jtruft. & ufu Uteri, &c. fpeaking of an
impregnated Uterus, he has theie Words,
64 It is obfer'ved thatQuick-filver, injected
44 into the Arteries of the Womb, does not
4 4 run into its Cavity, unlefs when its Sub-
44 ftance is ftrongly prefled with the Fin-
44 gers; for then lome Parts of the Mercu-
44 ry fall into the Womb by the Pores in
44 the Coats of the Lymphatico-arterious
44 Canals that form its internal Surface.’5
556. 44 This (the Effufion of Blood at
44 Birth) without Doubt was alfo the Caufe
44 why feveral old Anatomifts, who were
44 little acquainted with the natural Oeco-
44 nomy of the human Body, yea and Mr,
44 Mery believed that the Arteries of the
44 Womb direddy opened into the Veins
44 of the Placenta , and that the Arteries
44 of the Placenta opened into the Veins
44 ofthe Womb; from which they conclu-
44 ded, that the Mother’s Blood circulated
46 into
\
2,76* Medical Ejfdyi
K
44 into the Body of the Foetus, and that the
“ Blood of the Foetus paffed into the Mo-
44 ther’s Body. But the Falfity of this Opi-
44 nion, which was refuted by many Anato-
44 mills of the laft Century, who were not
“ only skilful DilTedfors, but very learned
44 natural Philofophers, lhail be moft evi-
44 dently demonftrated from what I am to
44 lay, when I explain the internal Structure
46 and the the of the Elacenta, fo that the
44 Abettors of it will readily rejedt it.”
Though Vie u[f ens endeavours only in
thele Paffages, and feveral others, to re¬
dargue the common Notions of the Vlnafto*
tnofis , inftead of which he pretends to efta-
blilh a; Communication by the means ofcer--
tain Pores in the Sides of the VefTels; yet
he. declares ftrongly for § 17. of the preli¬
minary Fadts in my Effay , that is, he will
not allow that any red Globules pals from
the Mother to the Foetus, or from the Foe¬
tus to the Mother. In Confirmation of
which, I lhail relate what I obierved lately
in injedting a human Vlacenta , the Mem¬
brane of which on the Side next to the Td-
terns , was very entire. After I had for¬
ced out the Blood, by macerating it in
warm Water, and injecting luch Water by
one of the umbilical Arteries, I tied the o-
ther Artery, and the V ein by which the W a- *
ter
4
and QbfervationL iff
ter had returned, and then turning the vis¬
ions Side of the ‘Placenta uppermoft, I in¬
jected more Water at the Artery in which
my Pipe was fixed. The Water crazed at
fiich fmall Orifices of the villous Surface,
that we could not diftinguiili them; and it
came out fo flowly , that I had not Strength,
enough to continue to pufh the Sucker till
the Syringe was near empty, though it con¬
tained only about eight Ounces of Liquor.
I afterwards prefied the Water out of the
Wefiels, as much as I could, and injected
Oil of Turpentine coloured with Vermili¬
on, which returned by the Vein of a fainter
Colour than it was in the Arteries; I could
make very little of the Oil ouze out at the
villous Coat, and what did come out was
not in the lead tinged. The coarfer Inje¬
ction being afterwards thrown into one of
the Arteries, filled both, but did not re¬
turn by the Vein, which I filled with the
green injecting Liquor.
WHEN I wrote Art. XIII. of your
Second Volume, I believed it to be the on¬
ly Inftance of a Cure of the opened Sali¬
vary DuCt, by an artificial Perforation into
the Mouth ; but have ftnce read Savmrd's
Book of Chirurgical Oblervations, in Ob/1
i%i . of which Mon/ de Roy communicatee
$ ih§
x;& Medical E flays
the Hiftory of fuch a Cure performed by &
Perforation made with an actual Cautery t
Upon comparing the two Methods, you’ll
eafily judge which is preferable.
XIV. An Account of a Child born with
the Urinary and Genital Organs fre-
ternaturally formed ; by Mr. James
Mo wax Surgeon at Langholm.
IN November 173X5 a Child was brought
forth, whole Funis Umbilicalis was
tied to the upper Edge of a deep Hole, at
the Place marked C, (See Tab . II. Fig. 3.
where all the Parts are reprefented of the
Size they now are of;) and juft above the
Ofla Tub is this deep Hole penetrated the
! 'Peritoneum ; but now a Lump of ipongy
Flefh D rifes out of it. The Edges of the
Hole were at firft and are nowiound. From
the Ipongy Flelh of this Hole arile two Fa-
F ill ^ A, B, about the Size of the Point of an
ordinary Probe: At which the Urine con- j
tinnally ouzes; but when the Child cries,
the Urine jets out as Blood from the Aper¬
ture of a (mail Artery. The F up ilia on
the left Side at A is now doled, but the o-
ther at B keeps open as at firft, through
which the Urine continually ouzes, and
and Obfervations.
fcalding all the Parts, keeps them very raw.
The ‘ Penis arifes immediately at the un¬
der Side of the Hole, is now of the fame
Bulk with the Figure G, but was at firft
much lels; it was and ftill is imperforated,
and flat upon the upper Side next th e Gians,
as if it had been flit longitudinally : It has
two lmall blue Veins marked o:o: and a
large Prepuce inverted at H.
The Scrotum and Teftes were and conti¬
nue in a good Condition; the Scrotum KK
is corrugated very clofe to the End of two
Prominencies marked E,E; the Raphe, I,
appears in its Middle with Wrinkles on each
Side; the Teftes , F, F, iy under the Promi¬
nencies, they can be moved from the Place
they are feated in, either higher or lower as
we pleale to put them.
The Diliance between the Scrotum and
Anus is longer than it Ihould be ; and the
Ofta Tubis are longer and flatter than in o«
ther Children.
There is a large Prominency, Et, E, on
each Inguen , under which the Teftes ly.
The Child is healthy, a&ive and ftirring*
and is very much affedted with his Misfor¬
tune ; for he frequently cries upon view'*’
ing himfelf, and is very unwilling any o-
ther Ihould fee thefe Parcs.
The Mother is a very healthy Woman,
S % ' has
% §0 M e die a l Effqys
has brought forth another Child every way
found and right in all its Members. She
tells that in May, before (lie was brought to
bed of this her firft Child, Die was (truck in
the Belly with a Cow's Horn; (lie recover¬
ed the Hurt in two or three Days, but the
Fright remained longer with her, and did
terrify her fometimes in her Sleep.
I have twice or thrice thruft down a fmali
Silver Probe at the right Papilla B, about
an Inch or more, but cannot feel it in the
Perineum . I have alfo doled up the Pa*
pilla two Hours and three Quarters with a
(mail Tent and an aftringent Plaifter over
it, but can difcover no Swelling in the Pc*
rtnettm , but rather in the Belly. Upon
withdrawing the Tent, the Urine fquirted
a great way ; but by the Uneafinefs of the
Child, and the Anxiety of the Mother, I’m
obliged to defift at prelent from any further
Experiments.
XV. An Ejfay on the P if cafes of the La*
crymal Canals ; by Alexander Monro
Prof e f or of Anatomy in the Pniverfity
of Edinburgh.
TH E many Improvements that have
been made of late in mo ft chirurgicai
Ope-
I
)
\
1
1
V
r
/
■
\
I
I
X .
*
4
and Obfervations ]
Operations, as they fhew how imperfect
Surgery was formerly, lb they fliould be an*
Incitement for endeavouring to improve it
ftill further; which will be found no dif¬
ficult Task to any who carefully confiders
the natural Structure and Situation of the
Parts that are affedted in the feveral exter¬
nal Dileafes; who examines the Changes
which thefe Dileafes do, or may make on
the Body ; who from thence lays down
reafbnable Intentions of Cure, whereby the
Parts may be brought as near to a natural
State as poffible, or the F.unCtions of iuch
as are difordered or deftroyed may be lup-
plied by Art; and laftly, who diligently
weighs the Manner, immediate Effects and
Conlequences of every Step to be taken in
executing thefe Intentions. I fhali endea¬
vour to fhew, in the following Remarks on
the Fijtula lacrymalis , how far the want
of due Attention to thefe neceffary Circum-
ftances is capable of keeping us in Ignorance,
and leading us into Error. I made Choice
of the Fijfula lacrymalis for an Example,
becaufc it is a common enough Difeale that
has been often feen and treated by Surgeons,
is wrote of in all the Syftems of Surgery,
and in mod Collections of Obfervations,
and is more particularly examined by the
profeffed Qcuiifts; yet, in my Opinion, is
S 3 * very
<*.8$
Medical Ejfays
very little underftood, and has very defe-
* Ctive or faulty Rules laid down for its Cure,
I iliall not trouble you with critical Ob-
fervations on the old DiftinCtion of Anchy-
lops and FEgylops, or on the Impropriety
of reckoning all Aigy lopes or Ulcers of the
internal Cant bus of the Eye to be Fijlulse
lacrymales , or on the Characters of any
Ulcer neceffary to conftitute a Fijiula ; but
iliall only inform you, that the Diieaie, I
now treat of, is fuch anlndifpofition of the
Canals that convey the Tears from the Eye
to the Nole, as dpes not allow the Tears to
pals as they ought : If you think the Name
of Fijiula lac rytnalis does not agree to this
Deicription, you’ll do me a Favour in chan¬
ging it for a more proper one, or in alien¬
ing Names to the different Cafes I Iliall iup-
pole.
The lacrymal Canals 9 whole Difeafes are
the Subject of this Effay, have been defer i-
faed by leveral Anatomifts, but none of
them having thefe Difeafes in View, their
Words or Pictures will not probably give
your Readers an Idea of theie Parts hiked
to my Purpofe ; wherefore I Iliall give a
ftort Deicription of them, illuftrated by the
Figures that are lent with this Paper, before
I enter upon any Accpt]nt of their Difeafes.
and Obfervatmis \
The two lacrymalPoints, A?B, {Fig. i.)
fituated each cn a little Prominence near
the interior Extremity of the Edge of each
Palpebra^ take in the Tears to be convey¬
ed by two little Dudts of about four tenths
of an Inch long, which are continued from
the Points inwards and fomewhat down¬
wards, (the fuperior being the longell: and
moft oblique) till they open into the lacry-
mal Sac , D. Between the Points and the
Angle where the Palpebra join, the Ca-
runcula lacrymalis, C, is placed. The la-
crymal Sac , D, lies upon the Groove in the
anterior half of the Os unguis , to which its
poflerior Part adheres flightly ; but this
membranous Bag is connected firmly to the
Ridge which is raifed on the Os unguis , at
the poflerior Part of the Groove, ferving at
this Place as a proper diftinguilhing Bounda¬
ry between the Orbit and exterior Parts;
lo that the lacrymal Half of the Os unguis
is without the Orbit, while its poflerior
Half conftitutes a Share of the bony Sides
of that Cavity. Such another firm Conne-
<5Hon of the lacrymal Sac to the Bones, is
alfo to be obferved at the anterior Part of
the Groove, where a fmall Suture joins the
Os unguis to the nafal Procels of the maxil¬
lary Bone.
The lacrymal Groove of the Os unguis ,
S 4 D*
Medical Effays
P, is about two tenths of an Inch broad in
its middle wideft Part, and is about half an
Inch long from the Top, till it is covered
by the maxillary Bone, and a compleat bo¬
ny Canal is formed for inclofing the whole
lacrymal <Du£t , which, after a fhort Pro-
grefs, opens into the Nole immediately be¬
low the Middle of the fuperior Edge of the
lower Os fpongiofum , where its Extremity
becomes Imaller than any other Part of it.
When we view the Side of the Nofe after
the bones have been divided by a perpendi¬
cular Section, we fee the Offa fpongiofa ,
K, L, Fig . %. fituated near horizontally,
depending by their fuperior Edge from the
other Bones, and removing; farther from
them as they defcend. The anterior Extre¬
mity of the fuperior Os fpongiofum K, be¬
ing fixed to the other Bones very near
where the upper Part of the Os unguis is
joined to the frontal Bone ; and the luperior
]Edge of the inferior, L, is very little below
where the great lacrymal Bud: begins.
This fhort Eftfcription will, I hope, afllft
your Readers to underftand the feveral
morbid Caies I am now to confider.
If after any Erofion of the Eye-lids, the
lacrymal "Points , or the fmall Pipes going
from them to the lacrymal Sac , iliould be
gfttirefy blocked up by their Sides growing
d ' i * * 5
md Obfervations f 2,85*
together, which may be known by the
conftant weeping of the affetfted Eye, after
a Difeafe capable of producing inch an Ero-
fion, without any Tumor, but on the con¬
trary with a Depreffion of the Teguments
covering the iacrymal Sac, and by the
Points being fo obliterated, that one of A-
nel’s fmall Probes cannot be pufhed by them
into the Sac; in fuch a Cafe, 1 fay, the Pa¬
tient muft all his Life bear the Deformity
and Uneafinefs of a weeping Eye, or fome
fuch Operation as the following muft be at¬
tempted : Let the Iacrymal Sac be opened
in a flow cautious differing Manner ; after
which pufh a fmall round curve Needle
with a waxed Thread from one of the Pro¬
minencies of the P algebra y wh^re the lacry -
mal ‘Point naturally is, into the fuperior
Part of the Sac ; draw out the Needle at
the Aperture lately made, and leave the
Thread by way of a Seton ; do the fame at
the Part where the other PunPtum lacry -
male was. Soon after the fmall Inflamma¬
tion, thefe Threads may raife, is over, the
briny Tears trickling along them will make
the PafTages callous and fit for fupplying the
Office of the. natural Dudts, when the
Threads are to be taken out; and the A-
perture in the Sac, which has been kept o -
pen by Dofiils, and refrefljing fometimes
With
nT 6 Medical Ejfays
with the lunar Cauftic, will very readily
Chut up as foon as this manner of dreffing is
forebore, and that it is only covered with
a Pledgit. The Succefs with which an ar¬
tificial Paffage, formed this Way into the
Mouth, has fupplied the falivary Dud;,
(See Art . XIII. Vol. II.) may make us
judge that the Method Juft now propofed
might alfo be fiiccefsfuh
When the Fibres of the lacrymal Sac are
too weak, or the large Dud is obftruded
by lome concreted Liquors, the Sac is gra¬
dually ftretched by the Tears which regur¬
gitate frequently at the PunBa lacrymalia .
Some call this Difeale a ‘Droply, others
would have it named a Hernia of the lacry -
mal Sac . We know it by the Tumor of
the Sac without Hardnefs, Difcolouring or
Pain, which difappears as foon as we prefs
out the Tears at the PunSta lacrymalia .
While this Diieafe is recent, thefe Tears are
pure, afterwards fome Pus appears with
them, becaule of the Excoriation which
the Sac luffers. Left there fhould be any
Hazard of miftaking a Tumor or fmall Ab¬
le els in the Teguments, which cover the
lacrymal Sac , for the Difeafe of the Sac
juft now deferibed, as I have feen done, al¬
low me to mention, that luch Tumor is ea-
and Ob fer vat ions . 287
fily diftinguifhed from the Hernia orfZ
^>/y, by its not diminiihing or not difchar-
ging a large Quantity of Tears or Pus at
the Pun ft a lacrymalia upon Preffiire.
The Method of Cure in the Dropiy , is to
pafs one of Anel' s Probes from the Punfta
lacrymalia into the Noie, to remove any
grumous Matter that may be lodged in the
iacrymal Canals, and then to injeCt by the
lacrymal Points mild, detergent, and gent¬
ly aftringent Liquors; fuch as Mel Rofe di¬
luted in Lime Water, to which a little
Brandy may afterwards be added, or any
chaiybeat Water, or a little weak Wine, &c.
which Injection is to be repeated twice or
thrice a Day ; and in the Intervals the Cure
is affifted by external Compreffion, made
with Comprefs and Bandage, or the proper
comprefTmg Machine, and by Corroborants.
We read of feveral Cures performed in this
Manner by Mr. Anel and Mr. Heifier ; I
have alio had Succefs with it.
It will be neceffary here to obferve, that
the fmall DuCt going from the fuperior la-
crymal Point, A, Fig. 1. being more ob¬
lique than the inferior, it will be more pro¬
per for paffing the Probe by ; and becaufe
the Paflage from that Point into the Nofe
is nqt flraigh t, the Probe mull: be bended
Into 3 ljnall Arch of a large Circle. The
fuperior
&8§ Medical Ejfays
fuperior Eye-lid being then raifed, and its
Edge turned a little outwards with the Fin¬
gers of one Hand, the Surgeon refting the
other Hand on the Patient’s Cheek near
the exterior Canthus of the Eye, introdu¬
ces the Probe, with its Convexity upwards,
into the Eun&wn, and raifing his Hand
gradually as he pulhes the Probe foreward,
he brings it almoft perpendicular to the la*
crymal Sac , by the Time that the Probe
reaches the lower Part of that Sac ; then
he turns the Probe fofdy, till he brings its
Concavity towards the Nofe, and puihes it
downwards through the great Dud: into the
Nofe. After which he moves it up and
down, and to different Sides, to break any
concreted Matter lodged in it.
The inferior Punclum lacrymale,Y>, will
be fitter for introducing the Pipe of the
(mail Syringe into, and for making the In-
jedions by, becaufe the inferior Eye-lid
has not near fo much Motion as the fnpe-
rior, and is more eafily held with its Edge
turned a little outwards ; at the fame Time
that the Surgeon has a better Reft on the
Patient’s Cheek for the Hand that bolds
the Syringe, than he can have in making
the Injedion by the fuperior ‘Point .
|f this Method of injeding and compreR
fioa
and Obfervations,
lion is not fuccefsful, and the internal Part
of the lacrymal Sac is become Ipongy and
ulcerated, which we judge to be the Cafe,
by the Quantity of Pus exprefted with the
Tears ; the Sac muft be opeiied by an In-
cifion . In doing this I have obferyed, that
notwithftanding the Skin was kept as tenfe
as I could betwixt my Thumb and two fin¬
gers, and an Affiftant endeavoured all he
could by Prefture on the Puncla lac ry ma¬
il a, to prevent the Tears and Pus efcaping
by thefcjOrifices ; I fay, notwithftanding
thefe Precautions, I obierved that the Prei-
fore of my Knife fqueezed out the Liquors
contained in the Sac r and made it collapfe
fo much, that it could not be opened with¬
out a manifeft Fvisk of cutting the pofterior
Side of the Sac , and fo laying the Bone
bare, which evidently appears neceflary to
be lhunned in the Cale I now ipeak of. To
make fure therefore of not falling into this
Error, I introduced a fmall Probe at one of
the Pun 61 a lacrymalia , and caufed an Al-
fiftant to raife up the Sac with it, while
with a gently-crooked fliarp-pomted B i flou¬
ry , I cut the ftretched Teguments in the
common Way, till I felt or perceived the
naked Probe ; when laying afide the Bi-
ftoury, and taking a Pair of crooked Scif-
fars, I introduced the Probe-pointed Blade
into
Medical EJfays
into the Sac , and cut it firft upwards, and
then downwards, till its whoie Length was
opened.
In making this Opening, the Tendon of
the orbicular Mulcle of the Eye-lid muft be
cut through ; but it is of no Confequence,
for the firm Cicatrice afterwards ties that
Mufcle to the Bones herefufficiently, to pre¬
vent any Inconvenience. We are however
to take particular Care not to cut fo near to
the joining of the jP algebra, as to be in a-
ny Hazard of dividing them, which might
occafion a confiderable Deformity ; and it
will be more convenient to lave the angu¬
lar Artery and Vein, than to wound them;
becaufe, if they are wounded, the Blood
which they pour out, hinders the Operator
to fee fo diftincftly what he is doing.
After the Sac is fully opened, we can ob-
lerve in what Condition its interior Surface
is, and are at Liberty to free the nafal Du6t
of any thickned Matter that happens to be
in it. Small Doffils armed with fome pro¬
per Medicines, either of the detergent, dry¬
ing or ftrengthning Kind (according to the
morbid State of the Sac') are laid into the
Sac , but without being made very hard,
or being fluffed ftrongly in, left unneceffa-
ry Pain and inflammation fhould be occa-
fioned. The Lips are then covered with
a
i
and Obfervations . x^x
a imall Pledgit, and this is kept on by a fe-
milunar Snip of adhefrue ‘Plaifter . While
theDifeafe is a curing by proper Medicines,
the Lips are kept frelh with the Lunar
Cauftick. When once the Sac is made
found, the Orifice in the Teguments doles
very foon after the Ule of the Doffils is for¬
bore, if the Patient is in any thing of a to,-
lerable Habit of Body. I have pradtifed
this Method with Succels.
When the large lacrymal <DuEt is exco¬
riated, or has fungous Flelh rifing from
it, which will be known by the acute Pain,
or great Infenfibility, and by the Difficul¬
ty of palling a Probe through it after the
Sac is opened, and by a View of its fupe-
rior Part, there is a Necelfity of dropping
or injediing proper Medicines into it, and
of keeping its Sides from becoming conti¬
guous, by introducing fome convenient
Subftance into it. When Medicines are
made to pals through it, the Patient mull
be defined to hold his Head forewards, that
the Liquors may run out at his Nole, in-
ftead of falling back into his Fauces . In
my Opinion a Imall Tent of Lint, lecured
with a Thread, and armed with Medicines,
is preferable to a Imall Wax Bougie^ or any
thing that is oily, becaufe thele keep the
Parts
%c)Z Medical Effays
Parts raw much longer, and don’t imbibe
Ratable Medicines. AiTbon as the Duct is
brought to a right Condition, the Difeafe is
the lame as in the preceding Suppofition.
Let us now fuppofe, that the fungous
Fiefli rifing from the Sides of the Dudt, has
united and blocked up the PafTag£ entirely,
which can only be diicovered after the Sac
is open, by the Impoffibility of introdu¬
cing a Probe, or making Liquors pals thro5
it, into the Note, while it feels foft and
yielding, without that fort of firm Refi^
Ranee which a Bone covered with a Mem¬
brane makes, and which cannot be deferi-
bed well in Words, but what all Surgeons
of any Practice know. In the Cale as I
have now put it, I think there is ftill no
Necefiity of hurting the Bones, in order to
make a Paffage for the Tears, What I
would propoie is, to pufti a fmall Shoe-ma¬
ker’s Awl, or feme luch Inftrument thros
the middle of the Fungus into the Nofe,
and then to keep this artificial PafTage open,
and to render ir callous by a Tent or Seton.
In making the Perforation, the Inftrument
niuft be held with its Concavity towards
the Nofc, and it rnuft be thruft through
flowly, and with no great Force, the Sur¬
geon changing its Direction a little when¬
ever
and Obfervations J
ever he touches the Bone with its Point;
when the Drops of Blood coming out of the
Nole, fliew the Inftrument to have perfo¬
rated far enough, it is drawn back, and the
Tent or Seton mu ft be immediately palled
in the fame Way. The Seton is preferable in
my Opinion, but requires the Probe by
which it is introduced to be of very flexi¬
ble Silver, and previoufly brought to a par¬
ticular Form. You fee, Tab. III. Fig. 3.
a Probe about three Inches long, bended
into a Semicircle, only with near half an
loch toward the Point pretty ftraight; this
I have made to pafs from the lacrymal Sac
into the Nofe, and brought it out at the
Noftrils of feveral dead Bodies, without u-
, firig Force, or changing its Form. The
fmail Cord that is brought thro’ in the Eye
of this Probe, is to remain for fome Bays,
without drifting the Part engaged in the
Du6t, till it becomes foofe by the Suppura¬
tion which happens round it; then it may
be drawn a little, having beimcared the Part
that is to be next introduced with fome
gentle fuppurative Balfam. In a very little
Time the Suppuration will wafte as much as
is fufficient ; and then the Detergents and
Deficcatives will iucceedin bringing the Ca¬
nal near to the natural State. I need fcarce
mention the tying of the two Ends of the
T Cord
Medical EJfays
Cord after eachDreffing,to keep them from
hanging over theFace, whereby they would
be in hazard of being unwarrily pulled ; of
the Neceffity of dreffing the Sac all the
while, as in the former Suppofition; or
taking out the Cord, and curing all up, af¬
ter the Dud and Sac are found, they are 16
obvious.
If the Dud has been blocked up in a Child,
and no Cure is attempted, till the Perlou
comes of Age, the Dud: may be fo oblitera¬
ted or finall, that the Method now propo-
fed cannot be executed, and an artificial Paf
fage mult necefiarily be made through the
Bone : But as this Cald can never be certainly
difcovered till the Sac is opened, we ought
(till to proceed in the cautious Way I for¬
merly mentioned for this Part of the Opera¬
tion. The Place of the Os unguis where
this Perforation ought to be made, will ea-
fily be determined from the Defcription I
gave of the Parts, and from the Advantage
of the Canal for the Tears, being at themoft
depending Part of the Sac. It mu ft not
however be attempted to be made where
the natural Dud was; for in piercing the
Bones in that Place, and with that Diredi-
on, the Inllrument will more readily pierce
into the large Sinus waxillaris% than into
the
fond Obfervatzhns] ,
the hjofe. I imagine any one fnay eafily
imderftand the Plac£ and Direction fo t
making the Perforation right, by obferving
how the two Pins are placed in Fig. i. and
how they come through the Offa fpongi*
ofa in Fig . i, at M and N; for the Pin, E,
in Fig, i. being thruft perpendicularly thro*
the Os unguis , about the middle of the la-
cry mdi Sac , pierces the anterior Extremi¬
ty of the fuperior Os fpongiofum at M, ill
Fig. z. and the Pin, F, in Fig. i. thruft
very obliquely through the Os 'Unguis, at
the ioweft Part of the Sac , pierces the Os
fpongiofum infer ius at N, in Fig. t; F With
the perpendicular Direction of E, Would
anl'wer all Intentions without any Risk.
The Inftruments, with which thisPerfo-
ration has hitherto been ordered to be made,
appear to me very faulty. One general Fault
to all of them is, their deftroying more of
the Os unguis than is neceffary or fafe ; for
wherever the orbitar Part of it is diieaied*
there is great Danger of an Inflammation
and Suppuration being brought on the Mu-
Icles and Fat within the Orbit, which
may be attended with a Train of trouble-
fome dangerous Symptoms, that Art can
do little to relieve, becaufe of the Quan¬
tity of Fat, in which Tus diffufes itfelf ea*
fdy, and cannot be reftrained by Medi-
T 2, cines
Medical Effays
cities or Compreffion in inch a Cavity as
the Orbit, and in the Neighbourhood of
fuch a fenftble moveable neeeffary Organ
as the Eye. The actual* Cautery gives great
Pain, burns the neighbouring Parts, raxfes
Inflammation, and leaves a carious Piece
of Bone to exfoliate, which retards the
Cure much. The ‘Directory or blunt Sti~
let , when puilicd through the Bone, fra¬
ctures it far and near, and often rulhes
into the Nofe lb far as to break the feptum
narium . The olive-flriapM blunt Perfora¬
tive, or the tapering ftrong Forceps , make
large Fradtures in the Bone, befides open¬
ing a Paffage large enough to let the Point
of one’s Finger pafs, where one no larger
than a Crow-quill is required. In Place
of ail thefe then, I would propofe always
to make ufe of a Drill, (mail Perforative
of a Trepan, Gimblet, or any fuch fmall
Inftrument that can perforate with little
Force and no Fradture. What I have hi¬
therto employed was a Gimblet, which fuc-
ceeded well.
? It is of no great Confequence whether
the Bone is made bare before the perforat¬
ing Inftrument is applied, becaufe more
Pain cannot be expected in wounding the
Membrane of the lacrymaL Sac , than in
piercing the Membrana Mariam, which
mu ft
md Obfervationsl -297
muft always be done; however, as it is
rather eafier to the Patient, it will be con¬
venient to make a fmall longitudinal Inci¬
fion with a Biftonry in the Membrane, at
the Part of the Groove where the Perfora¬
tion is to be made ; and then ieparating the
Lips a little, lb much of the Bone is laid
bare as to place the Inftrumeht on; but ne¬
ver expofe much of the Bone, left it be ren-
dred carious and an Exfoliation muft be
waited, which is to be prevented, if pot
fible, in the Cafe I now fpeak of, where the
Bones are all fuppofed to be found.
The whole then of the Operation is to
open the lacrymal Sac in the manner for¬
merly directed; to make a fmall Incifion
in the Membrane of the lower Part of the
Groove with the Point of a Biftonry; to
feparate the Lips of this Incifion ; to pierce
the Bone there flowly, till Drops of Blood
falling out at the Nofe fhew the Mem¬
brane of the Noftriis to be alfor pierced ;
then withdrawing the Perforative, intro¬
duce into this new Paflage a Tent fecured
with a Thread, and drefs up as in the Cafe
of the Sac being opened. Allow thefe
Dreffings to remain till the Suppuration
comes on, when they are to be renewed.
Whenever the Inflammation is gone, by
drying Medicines injebled at the new O-
T 3 rifice,
Medical EJfays
fifice, or conveyed into it by the Tent,
endeavour to harden the Membrane with
which the thin Edges of the perforated
pone foon cover. I ufed Melrofe and a
little Brandy, encreafing gradually the Pro¬
portion of this laft Medicine. Whenever
the Tent oan be made to pafs this Hole,
Without giving Pain, leave off the Ufe of
the Tent, and cure up the external Orifice,
as foon as it will go together, which is very
foon, if its Lips have been gently touched
from time to time with the Lunar Cauftich*
• » a t\ %
In this vyay I have cured thofe who had this
Pifeate from their Infancy, without one bit
of Bone exfoliating, or the leaf!: weeping in
the Eye afterwards, or other Inconveni¬
ence, not lo much as an obfervable Scar.
Let us now fuppofe that the fharp Mat¬
ter in the lacrymal Sac has deftroyed its
Membrane, and rendred the Os unguis , on
which it lies, carious ; or that t be Caries
having begun in the Bone, the Ichor of it
has eroded the Membrane. In this Cafe,
ff there is a large Paflage eroded alfo thro*
|he Memhrana narium , while the Tegu¬
ments are whole, it may be long before the
lacrymal Canals can be difcovcred to be
|ffe<fted \ and the Difeafe will be treated as
in Qztfna. But if there is no fuch PafTage
/
and Objbr vat ions. 2,99
into the Nofe, the Malady may be known
by the brown-coloured ftinking Ichor di-
luted with Tears, which may be fqueezed
out at the lacrymal Joints , upon preffing
the lacrymal Sac.
The Method of Cure here will be to g-
pen the lacrymal Sac , as in the former
Cafes mentioned, to feparate as much of
the Bone as is carious, to make a Perforate*
on with the Point of a Lancet or Biftoury*
through the Membrana narium , and then
to complete the Cure, as directed in the pre¬
ceding Suppofition of the Bone being arti¬
ficially perforated.
The Separation of the carious Bone is or¬
dered to be haftned by the Application of
the actual Cautery, Tindtures of Myrrh
and Aloes, and of Euphorbium : But, in
my Opinion, the breaking away with a
Pair of Forceps all that is carious, will be
much more fpeedy , and is not attended witfy
fuch Inconveniencies as the other Methods
are.
You muft have obferved. That I have
r r (
hitherto fuppofed the Difeales of the lacry¬
mal Canals to be attended with no opening
of the Teguments made by Erofion, nor
with any Maladies of the neighbouring
Parts \ and I believe you will fee there is
T 4 no
300 Medical Effays
no Neceffity of infilling at any Length up¬
on them. 'For when there is an Opening in
the Teguments, near the internal Cant bus
of the Eye, we can eafily dilcover whe¬
ther the lacrymai Canals are affedted, by
ptefling Pus out of the Puntia lacrymalia ,
jbefore the Ulcer is cleaned; and after the
Pus is wiped away, the Tears will run out
at the external Orifice, which alfo gives a
better Opportunity of introducing Inftru-
jnents to dilcover the State of the diieafed
Parts.
In the Cure there is nothing different
from what has been formerly directed, un-
lefs that the Opening into the Sac is more
eafily made, where the external Orifice is
large enough to allow the neceffary Inftru-
merits to be introduced ; and when it is
too fmall for this Purpofe, we muft enlarge
it, by putting into it Tents of Sponge made
firm and hard, by being foaked in feme
incited Flaifter, and then kept prefTed un¬
der a Weight, or in a Prefs till the Plai¬
ner hardens; or this Sponge-tent may be
prepared, by limply wetting the Sponge in
Water, or a diluted Mucilage or Glew, and
then rolling Pack-thread firmly round it*
and hanging it thus up till it dry.
There is fuch a great Variety of Difea*
fes
,
1
and Obfervations. 301
fes which may accompany thefe Maladies
of the lacrymal Canals , whether as Caufes,
Confequences, or accidental Attendants,
that it would be to engage in almoft a Sy-
ftem of Phyfick and Surgery to give a De¬
tail of them ; and therefore 1 fhall pais them
without any further Examination.
% % % % % % % ® % % % % % % % % % % % % % % *3
XVI. A Tumor of the Nofe tin fuccefs fully
extirpated \ by - -
THE Author of Art. XXII. in your
firft Volume, having had the Benefit
of your Promife to conceal the Names of
thofe who fend you uniuccefsful Cafes, I
claim the Performance of the fame Promife
in the Publication of this Paper, if you
think it deferves a Place in your Code-
dfion.
A Child was born with a ffnall moveable
Tumor on its Nofe, which increafed as the
Child grew, otherwife the Child was heal¬
thy and flroiig, having only had a fliort Fe¬
ver or two, and pafied fome Worms, before
five Years of Age, when my Advice was
firft asked concerning that Tumor, which
now was fo large as to cover all the Nofe
except the Noftrils, and was fo prominent
£0
jot, Medical Ejfays
to each Side, that the Eyes were in part
covered with it. Towards the Bafe it was
fo foft, that by prefling a Finger on each
Side, they felt each other, but at the moil
prominent Part there were feverai hard
found Knots. When I faw it, the Child
£ ' • V,
complained of no Pain, though I was in¬
formed that ftarp lancinating Pains fome-
times (truck, through the Tumor. I held
the Noftrils, while the Child forced its
Breath that Way, but faw not the Tumor
rife any. I fearched into the Noftrils with
a Probe, but could neither feel any Excre-
fcence, nor pulh the Tumor or Teguments
outwards. The Os frontis was firm, and
united in the Middle. From all which I
concluded the Bones of theNoie to be corn-
pleat, and therefore was of Opinion the
Tumor (which would make the Patient ve¬
ry miferable by increafing, and would bring
Death at laft) might be fafely extirpated.
Being however taught by Job d Meekrefi
( a ), and fpme others, how deceitful Ex-
crefcences of the Head, brought to the
World with a Child, might poffibly be, I
would not undertake the Cure, till another
Surgeon of more Experience and longer
Standipg fn my Neighbourhood, who juft-
(. a ) Obferv. cap. 7,
and Obfervathns .
ly la as a confiderable Character, Ihould exa¬
mine the Tumor, and affift me in whatever
was determined to be done. That Gentle*
man joining in Opinion with me, I under¬
took the Extirpation with his Affiftance.
When I had differed about half the Bale of
the Tumor off , I obferved the Bones of the
Nofe to be incomplete, and that the Mem*
brane of the Nole, Part of which I had laid
bare, was moved outwards in Expiration,
and inwards in Infpiration. Not being cer¬
tain how far upwards the Bones might be
wanting, I diffeded all the Tumor off at
the lower Part, but left a little of its Bale
above. Having flopped the Blooding, I
dreffed the Wound in the common Way.
When the Tumor was examined, it ap¬
peared all of a Subftance little firmer than
the common Fat under the Skin, except
where the Knots were, which were of a
, fchirrous Hardnefs.
The Child paffed the firfl Night pretty
pafily. Next Morning the Pulfe was a little
quick, attended with a Third, and a Sicknefs
at the Stomach, which had made the Patient
vomit once. An emollient Clyfter being inT
je&ed and Emulfion given for Drink, thele
Symptoms abated. Towards the Evening
the Dreffings leemed moifter than they
commonly are fo loon after a Wound,
In
304 Medical E flays
In the Morning of the fecond Day after
the Operation, the Dreffings, Child’s Hair
and Head-clothes, and the Pillow under its
Head, were all wet with a watery Liquor,
which had a particular Smell that I never
felt in any Wound before, and do not know
how to defcribe. The Dreffings being ta¬
ken off we (aw that this Liquor ouzed faft
from the bared Membrane of the Nofc,
though we could not perceive the Orifice
by which it eicaped. We applied from
time to time, Bol . Armen. cPulv . Helvet .
Chalk, Sugar of Lead, white Vitriol, burnt
Alum, blue Vitriol, Quick-lime, Brandy ,
Alcohol. Oil of Turpentine, Spirit of Nitre
dulcify d, plain Spirit of Nitre, Oil of
Vitriol \ Lunar Cau flic , the actual Cautery .
In Hint, we applied every Thing we could
think of that had any ChanceTor (topping
this ouzing of Lymph, but without S ne¬
eds. On the Sixth Day our Patient vomi¬
ted a long round W orm; in fome Time af¬
ter fell into Convulsions, and in an Hour
more died*
XVIL Ait
and Obfervat ions', 305
I
XVII. An Account of a Procidentia Uteri;
by A le Xr. Monro Trofejfor ofAnato*
my in the Univerjity 0/ Edinburgh.
- - Scobie being feized with a Fever,
which continued fome Days, in the Month
of Auguft 1718, when ihe was not full three
Years old, had a confiderable Diicharge of
Blood by the Vagina for three Days; after
which ihe feem’d to be in perfect good
Health about twenty Days, then complain¬
ed of Pams in her Belly, Loins and Thighs,
and had inch another Evacuation. The
Quantity of Blood voided was judged by
her Mother to be as large as what ihe her-
lelf commonly had in her Menfes . The
Child iuffered regularly fuch Returns eve¬
ry three Weeks, or at furthefl within the
Month, attended with the lame Symptoms,,
without any confiderable Lois of Strength,
or Decay of her Body, till the Month of
May 1729. But during the third monthly
Evacuation, which was at the End of Se¬
ptember 17x8, her Mother obferved a fmaSl
Swelling rifing out from the Orifice of the
Vagina , which diiappeared as icon as the
Haemorrhagy ceaied. This Tumor how¬
ever
$oS * Medical Ejfajs
Cyer came out larger at each Period there¬
after; but upcii the Child's being kept in
Bed three or four Days, and the Flux of
Blood flopping, always difappeared, till May
that it came out of a confiderable Bulk, and
did not return as ufual. From this Time
there were no more periodical E vacuations
of Blood; but inftead of thefe, there was a
perpetual dropping of a white Mucus from*
a Flole in the lower Part of the Tumor,
which Mucus was fometimes in fo large
Quantities, that if a Swath had been ap-^
plied feme Flours about it, to prevent that
Liquor from coming away* in Drops, as fre^
quently was done, when ever the Swath
was taken off, the Mucus was thrown out
fo abundantly and with fuch Force, as made
thofe prefent to imagine it was Urine which
the Child palled.
About the End of July the Parents ha¬
ving brought the Child to the Flail of the
College of Phyficians, where Dr. John Rid¬
del and Dr. William \ 'Porterfield were then
attending to give Advice to the Poor ; theft
two Gentlemen having viewed the Child,
defired the Parents to carry her to me.
Being informed of the preceding Hiftory
by the Child’s Mother, I examined the
Parts, and found a Tumor, G, (S zeTab. IV.)
hanging out at the Vagina as big as a Hand¬
ball,
and Ob formations. 507
ball, the Neck of which, F, was about an
Inch diameter. At the lowed Part, H, the
Tumor was largeft, and of a faint leadfth
Colour : Behind the moll prominent Part
of it I difcovered a Hole of \ Inch diame¬
ter, by which 1 introduced a Probe, I,
lome Inches; and then the Probe was re¬
filled, and the Child complained of Pain.
From this Hole there was a conftant fit lit -
cidium of Mucus . Round this Orifice the
Tumor felt hard and firm, but a little high¬
er, where it was largeft, it was iofter, leem-
ing to be compofed of a cellular Subftance;
at this Place Scales had frequently formed
and fallen off. The Neck, F, of the Tu¬
mor was very fmooth, of a Ihining red Co¬
lour, and very lolid and hard; I introduced
a Probe betwixt this Neck and the Sides of
the Vagina , two Inches upwards, and turn¬
ed it all round the Circumference of the
Neck. The Clitoris , D, Nymfih<e, B, B,
and Orifice of the c Urethra , E, were natural
enough, only the Neck of the Tumor prefi
fmg on the Vrethra occafioned lome Diffi¬
culty in the Excretion of Urine ; and the
Urine being diffufed over the Labia magna ,
A, A, and other neighbouring Parts, by
ftriking againft the large Bale of the Tu¬
mor, had lomewhat excoriated thefe Parts.
' The Child could lcarce fit, and ftradled
when
30§ Medical EJfays
when (he walked, but lying a-bed fhe was
very eafy. Her Complexion was pale, and
her Body ftnall, orherwile fhe was healthy.
Having confulted with the two Gentlemen
who had fent her to me, and feveral other
Phyficians having ieen her the Difeafe was
rmanimoufly judged to be a Procidentia u-
teri. Wherefore I attempted to reduce it,
but the Tumor was lo lame and firm, I
o 7
could not accomplifh it. Fomentations and
Catapiafms, firfl; of the emollient and dii-
cutientKind were applied, afterwards they
were formed entirely of the Attenuants,
and laftly Aftringents wtre tried. In the
mean Time the Child underwent the gene¬
ral Evacuations as much as her Strength
could bear, without the Tumor’s yielding
in the lcaft, but on the contrary daily in-
creafing ; at laft fhe began to turn hedtick,
and the Tumor to be diipoled to gangrene
on its outer Surface, which were in vain
endeavoured to be prevented bv Diet and
antileptick Medicines. I feveral Times con*
fidered of the Amputation ; but being ien-
fible of the Body of the Uterus being to be
cut through, and frighted by the ill Suecels
Ruyfch and lorne others had in this Opera¬
tion, I had not Courage enough to under¬
take it. The Child in the mean Time turn¬
ed weaker,, the Tumor gangren'd in its ex¬
ternal
md Obfervatlons] J6'f
fernal Surface, and by the gangrened Parts
falling off, it was reduced to near half its
former Bulk. Ten Days after which (7th
November) file died.
On opening the Abdomen next Day, the
Bladder, K, was full of Urine, the left U-* #
refer , M, was in a natural State, but the
right one, N, was diftended by Urine to
four Times its natural Diameter, and the
Kidney from which it came was larger,
fofter and paler than the other, but with¬
out any Appearance of the Folliculi or Ve«
ficles lometimes found in morbid Kidneys*
The Urine had certainly been retained in
the Bladder by the Neck of the preternatu¬
ral Procidentia preffing on the Urethra ,
and the Diftenfion of the right Ureter was
owing to a fteatomatous Body, U, fome
more than an Inch long, and (even Tenths
of an Inch broad, which lay behind the Q~
varium and Ligamentum- latum , and reach¬
ed to the Cervix of the Bladder, to which
it firmly adhered, and through its exterior
Extremity the Ureter pafied.
There was fcarce any thing of the Ute*
rus to be feen, till the Bladder was reclined
over to one Side, when a fmall Part of its
Fundus, O, appeared.
The Tab & Fallopian se, Q, Q, were near
perpendicular to the Uterus , and the Ova-
U ria.
ft a Medical Ejfdys
ria, T, T, were fkuated contiguous W
them.
Having made thefe Remarks, and care¬
fully obierved the Situation in which the
feveral Parts were, I difledted off the ‘Pe¬
ritoneum and its cellular Membrane from
the Bones and Muicles compofing the Sides
of the Pelvis , and brought away all the
Parts contained in that Cavity with the
right Kidney and Prefer-, and then, that a
View of the whole might be had in one Fi¬
gure, I di fie died the left Side of the Blad¬
der away from the Peritoneum , and recli¬
ned it over to the right ; after which, ha¬
ving with a Needle pafied Threads through
the Skin where the Mons Veneris and ex*
ternal or great Labia pudendorum are, I
gently fir etched the Skin of thele Parts,
and fecured it in that Pofture by Help of
the Threads which were tied to a Probe
and two Pins which I had made fait to the
*
Table, in which Pofture Mr. Cooper deli¬
neated it, having his View obliquely from
the left Side and from above. The Figure
he drew, and afterwards graved, will, I
.beli eve, better explain the Situation and
Connexion of all the Parts, than any De-
feription, and is the only one l know that
gives a diftind: Idea of this Dileale my Pa¬
tient laboured under, a true genuine 'Pro¬
cidentia,
Jet l ur-uin deltti
wm a
mhmm
wife*
tew
< J
■
K ■
•
"V
and Qbfervatloni. 3 \ 1
cidentia Uteri covered with the Vagina,
and without any Inverfion of the Womb.
A. A. The two great Labia ! Tudendorum <
B. B. The Nympha.
C. Traputium Clitoridis .
D. Gians Clitoridis .
E. The Orifice of the Urethra .
F. The Neck of the Procidentia as it came
out at the Vagina .
G. The left Side of the Tumor, which was
much diminifhed by the falling off of the
gangrenous Parts.
H. The right Side which had no Parts cad
oft.
I. A Probe put into the Uterus by its in*
ternal Orifice.
K. The Bladder diftended with Urine, and
reclined over to the right Side.
L. L. The jaggedEdges of the Peritoneum
both on the left Side of the Bladder and
of the ‘Pelvis where it was cut, to re¬
move the Bladder to afide.
M. The left Ureter of the natural Size.
N. The right Ureter greatly enlarged with
Urine.
O. The Fundus uteri.
P. P. The Ligamenta lata .
Q. Q. The Tuba Fallopiane .
U ^
R. The
3 1 % Medical EJfays
R. The Fimbria of the right Tuba with its
Orifice in View.
S. The left Morfus TOiaboli feen on the
Side averfe to the Orifice.
T. T. The Ovaria.
U. The Extremity of the Steatom appear*
ing from under the right Ovarium,
W. The thick Tunica celhdo [a at the Side
and Back Part of the Telvis.
X. The Intejlinum reStum,
Y. The Probe to which the Thread flip*
poiting the Mons Veneris was tied.
Z. Z. The Pins to which the Threads
ftretching the great Labia were faftned.
After the Figure was drawn, I endea¬
voured to difeover by DilTedtion, how far
the inverted Vagina or * Uterus had each
been increafed in their Bulk to form fuch a
large Tumor; but they wereib intimately
united, that I could not diftinguilh the
Subfiance of the one from that of the o-
ther ; and therefore could not determine
their proportional Thicknefs.
XVIII. The
* *, ’ \
md Ob few, at ion s, J 3 S3
XVIII. The Uefcription of a Pejfary, in -
vented by Thomas Sims on M. T).
Profejfor of Medicine in the Univerjity
of St. AndrewV.
THere is no Calamity that affii&s the
fair Sex more than the Procidentia
Uteri , when they labour under it ; for it
is accompanied with perpetual Uneafmels
through their whole Body : It gives the
greateft Hindrance in following out the
common Affairs of Life, and frequently
ends in ulcerous and canorous Tumors.
The Caufes of thisDileafe are many, but,
which ever takes Place, there is no Hope
of a Cure, unlefs the Part is kept in its na¬
tural Situation; for its Weight, when it
hangs unfupported, does more Harm than
there can be Service done by any Medicines
applied for ftrengthning and bracing the re¬
laxed Fibres, and therefore the firft Step
towards a Cure of Procidentia has always
been to reduce the Uterus to its natural Si¬
tuation, and to keep it there by means of
the Inftruments named Pejfaries .
All the Pejfaries which I have feen de-
fcribed by Authors, or ufed by Pradtifers in
U 3 Medi-
314 Medical Effdys
Medicine, feem to me defective and incon¬
venient ; for they anfwer the Defign by
their Bulk only, and mud be thrall violent-
ly into th o. Vagina, which not only occafi-
onsa great deal of Uneafmefs and Pain to the
Patient, but askilfulHand is always requir¬
ed to manage them, which many Women
are unwilling to allow. To evite the ma¬
ny Disadvantages attending the Ule of the
common Pefiaries, I contrived the one de¬
livered with this Paper, which I can allure
you, after fufficient Experience of it in liich
Cates, has exadly anlwered all the Inten¬
tions without any Inconvenience.
Fig . i. of Tab. V. reprefents the exterior
Side of one of the Plates of Tin, of which
the Inftrument confifts.
A is the Body of it, the Sides of which,
B, B, C, have Holes made in them for low7-
ing a Piece of oiled Leather on it.
D, A narrow Neck in the Form of half
a Hinge going out from the large Plate.
E, A round Plate full of Holes, for low¬
ing upon it a Hemiiphcre of Cork boiled in
Fig fhews the Form of the other
Plate with its interior Side expofed to View,
and with the Leather and Hemiiphcre of
Cork lowed to it.
A* The Plate at the Sides of which, B,
B, C*
the Figure of the Inftrument
and Observations] J I y
B, C, the Edges appear turned in, With the
Threads which fecure the Leather on its
Outfide crofting over them.
D, A Spring of japanned Steel, which is
faftned to the Plate at E, but hands out
from it at the other Extremity.
F, The convex Side of a Hemilphere of
Cork, lowed to fuch a Plate as E reprefents
in Fig. i.
Fig. 3 . is
mounted.
A, B, The two large Plates.
C, The Spring keeping them at a Di-
ftance.
D, One of the finall round Plates with
the Threads, by which the Hemilphere of
Cork is faftned to it.
E, E, The two Hemifpheres of Cork,
F, Waxed Threads made to crols from
one Hemilphere of Cork to the other, and
left of liich a Length as to allow the Spring
full Play in feparating the Plates and
Corks.
G, G, Two Skains of waxed Thread
paffed through the Ends of each Plate, and
lecured from being drawn out by the Knots
at their Extremities.
Having leen D, the half of a Hinge in
Fig . i. one can eafiiy imagine what could
not be feen in this Pidture, viz. Inch ano-
U a ther
§tS Medical E (fays
ther applied to the Side of it, when thefe
Necks of the two Plates are made to crofs,
and that a Imali Axis being put through
them, they move eafily.
When this Inftrument is to be introdu¬
ced, the two Plates are prefled clofe toge¬
ther, and the Sphere of Cork is put as high
up into the Vagina as is convenient, taking
care to have the flat Sides of the Plates to*
wards the right and left of the Vagina,
When ever the Fibers prefhng the Plates,
are removed, the Spring pufhes the Plates
and Hemiipheres away from each other, to
preis only on the Sides of the Vagina ,
without any Danger of ftraitning the Ure¬
thra or Reffium. The crofs Threads now
extended between the Hemiipheres, hinder
the c Vterus or Ritas of the Vagina to fall
down between the Corks, fo as to be in
Danger of being broiled, when the Sides of
the Inftrument are again prelTed together,
in order to take it out, and at the fame time
Liquors will pafs freely. The Corks and
Plates covered with Leather when prefled
againft the Vagina by a Spring, which needs
not be very ftrong, cannot bruife its Coats
much ; and their being oiled preferves them
from corrupting foon, as the Metal of the
Plates and japanning of the Spring prevent
any bad Confequence from Ruft.
r - ' :: ' Wbea
and Obfervations , 317
When this Inftrument is to be taken out,
the Plates are prefled together ; or if it has
been wholly lodged within the Vagina , it
is brought away by drawing the Skains of
Thread. And the Patient can with little
or no Trouble, introduce or remove this
Inftrument at Pleafure.
*&§§0**
XIX. An Account of the Sides of the Os
Uteri being grown together in a Woman
with Child ; by the fame.
A Woman, forty Years of Age, obfer-
vably narrow between the Ojfa pubis
and the Os facrum , had been four Days in
ievere Labour of her firft Child, when I
was called to affift her : The Child appear¬
ing to have been dead for feme time, I o-
pened its Head, and extracted it, but with
great Difficulty, its Shoulders and Haunch¬
es being too large to pafs in the ftraitned
PafTage between the Bones. During feme
Days after her Delivery, fhe palled a great
many Imall rugged Stones by the Urethra ,
and at length, after her Urine had been flop¬
ped iome Time, her Husband drew out of
the Urethra a large Piece of thick membra¬
nous Subftance, three Inches in length, and
gig Medical Ejfays
in fbme Parcs two Inches broad. One Side
of it was covered with a Cruft of fmali iharp
Stones, the other Side was inflamed and
bloody ; which made me judge it #to be part
of the Coats of the Bladder feparated; and
I was confirmed in this Opinion, by intro-
ducing a Catheter into the Bladder; for
when ever it touched certain Parts of the
Sides of the Bladder, Blood came with the
Urine. The Patient continued a long Time
with a plentiful Suppuration about the ‘Pu¬
denda, but we did not lulpedt that the Pus
came from the internal Parts, but only from
the exterior, which had been fomewhat la¬
cerated.
About three Months after her Delivery
file fell again with Child, and took her
Pains after the ordinary Period. She con¬
tinued two Days in hard Labour before I
faw her. The Midwife then informed me,
that the inner Orifice had yielded nothing;
I left her half a Day, and Things remain¬
ing in the fame Way at my Return, I exa¬
mined her Condition, and found that the
Os Tine £ had not only not yielded, but
that the Sides of it were grown together,
without any Veftige of a PafTage ; where¬
upon I asked the-Affiftance of another Phy-
fician, and Dr. Haddow being called, was,
as well as the Midwife, lenfible of the Cafe
• being
I , I
and* Obfervat tons.
being fuch as I judged it to be. Wherefore
we agreed to make an Incifion into the Os
uteri , but were firft obliged to dilate the
Vagina fufficiently, that we might operate
more fecurely. We had no fpeculum ma -
tricis , and therefore behoved to fupply it
by iome other Inftruments. We tried to
make the Dilatation with a Pair of long
broad-bladed Forceps, but they neither had
Strength to dilate fufficiently, nor did they
keep the Vagina equally open. After this
we caufed two Pieces of Wood, each three
Inches long, and two and a half broad, to
be made concave on one Side, and convex
on the other, and of no more Thickneis
than we thought would be lufficient to bear
a ftrong enough PrefTure by the neceflary
Dilatation. When thefe were finely poli-
ihed, and belmeared with Greafe, I intro¬
duced them into the Vagina , with the con¬
cave Faces towards each other, then Hid¬
ing in the Legs of a Speculum oris between
them, and turning its Screw, I leparated
the Pieces of Wood lo far as we could lee
diflindtly the Cicatrice of the grown-toge-
ther Parts, and could have ealy Accefs to
divide them, which I did by an Incifion
at leaf!: half an Inch deep, before I pierced
through the Subfiance of this Part of the
Womb; then immediately introducing my
Finger
$ia Medical EJfays
Finger at this Wound, 1 touched the Head
of the Child, and felt the whole Circum¬
ference of the Paflage hard like a Cartilage,
which yielded nothing to feveraf Throws
Die had after the Incifion: So that I was
obliged to guide a narrow-bladed Scalpel
with my Finger, to make feveral Incifions
Into this cartilaginous Ring. In doing this,
there was not the lead Appearance ofBlood,
and the Patient had no Trouble, except
what the Dilatation of the Vagina gave
her. The Labour continuing, the Paffage
dilated a little, but not fo much as to give
any Hopes of its allowing the Child's Head
to pafs, notwithftanding the Bones of the
Cranium were overloped; and therefore I
was obliged to bring away this Child as I
had done the former. In this Birth there
was no Liquid with the Child/ nor did a-
ny Blood follow it ; it was quite (apple, and
had a white chalky Cruft over its whole
Body ; fo that we were convinced it had
been dead lome time.
The Want of Waters was fome Surprife,
till I recollected, that in the time of Labour
flie told us they were palling, at which
Time I had the Curioftty to make a ftridt
Obfervation, and found that what (he cal¬
led the Waters, palled by the Urethra ,
which opened externally by three different
Qxf*
and Observations . 321
Orifices: This with her having loft fuch a
Portion of the Bladder formerly, and her
being fubjedt to the Gravel, gave me
Ground to think there was fome Communi*
cation between thefe Paffages and the Ca¬
vity of the Womb, above the Os Tinc£9
which had allowed the Waters to be eva¬
cuated . I was the more inclined to entertain
this Supposition, becaule frequent I11 fian¬
ces nave been oblerved of Stones making
their W ay through the neighbouring Parts,
as happened lately to a Boy in this Neigh¬
bourhood, who palled a very large Stone,
which had lodged long in the Bladder, by
the Anus , by which the Urine had its
Courfe for fome Time after.
My Patient immediately after being put
to Bed, was ieized with a Pleuritick Pain,
very high Fever, and difficult Breathing,
which coming on lb foon after her being fa¬
tigued leveral Days with hard Labour, dur¬
ing which Hie fiept none, but drank much
of every thing in the Way, appeared to
me rather the Caufe of her Death in twen*
ty four Hours after, than any Confequence
of the Incifions I bad made ; for Hie never
complained of Uneafinefs in the Parts I had
cut, nor had any Pamorrhagy. Notwith-
{landing all the Solicitations I could ufe
with her Relations, I could not prevail
with them to allow me to open her Body.
XX. The <Defcriftion of a Forceps for ex¬
tracting Children by the Head , when
lodged low in the Pelvis of the Mother ;
by Mr. Alexander Butter Surgeon
in Edinburgh.
H E Forceps for taking hold of a
Child’s Head, when it is fallen fo
far down among the Bones of the Pelvis ,
that it cannot be puihed back again into the
TJterus , to be extracted by the Feet, and
when it feems to make no Advances to the
Birth by the Throws of the Mother, is
fcarce known in this Country, though Mr.
Chapman tells us, it was long made ufe of
by Dr. Chamber lane, who kept the Form
of it a Secret, as Mr. Chapman alto does.
I believed therefore that a Sight of iiich an
Inftrument which I had from Mr. cDuse ,
who praclifes Midwifery at Paris , and
who believes it to be his own Invention,
would not be unacceptable to you, and the
Publication of a Picture of it may be of
Ufe to to me of your Readers.
Tab. V. Fig . 4. reprelents this Inflru-
ment
and Qbfervations. 323
meat feen obliquely, of one third of its real
Dimenfions.
A, Is the Extremities of the Blades made
more concave in the Middle than is necef*
fary to fit them to the Surface of the con¬
vex Head of the Child, in order, as Mr.
1 Duse faid, to hinder them to comprefs
the temporal Arteries.
B, Is the convex Side of the one Blade.
C, The concave Surface of the other.
D, The Hinge where the two Blades
crofs.
E, A large flat Button of a Screw, which
ferves as an Axis to the Hinge, and can be
taken out at Pleafure.
F, A fecond Hinge, by which the Blades
can be joined when the Child is higher up
than can be conveniently reached by the
Inflrument, when the other Hinge is em¬
ployed.
G, G, The Handles.
When this Inflrument is to be ufed, the
Axis of the Hinge is to be taken out, and
each Blade, being directed by one Hand in
the Vagina , is to be introduced feparatcly
along the Side of the Vagina , and betwixt
it and the Side of the Child’s Head, as far
as immediately above the Ears, then the
two Blades of the Inflrument being eroded,
the Axis is put into the Hinge, which the
Ope-
1 24 Medical Ejfays
Operator finds mo ft convenient to employ?
after which the Child’s Head is to be taken
firm hold of, and the Operator pulling by
the Handles, extracts the Child.
I think Mr. Chapman is in the right to
defire the Axis not to be put in, for it is
very troublelome to take out and put in a-
gain, when any of the Blades quit their
Hold, and the Inftrument can eafily be ma¬
naged without it, in extracting the Child
in the Manner mentioned; and in ieveral
Cafes where it may be requifite to dilate
the ioweft Part of the Pafiage at the fame
Time that the Extraction is making, the
Blades of the Forceps require to be iepara-
ted, and are not to be crofted or moved
upon a Hinge.
You’ll eafily fee, that often when the
Head of a Child is a little too far foreward
on the OJfa Fuhis , or turned too far back¬
wards, that one Blade only of this Forceps
can be employed to bring it to a right Situ¬
ation, and to aflift the Birth,
XXI. An
V
>
and Obfervations.
XXI. Aft Account of a malignant Lues
Venerea communicated by SuEtion, in
the City of Cork 1728; by Edward
Barry, M. D. F. R. S.
THE Venereal Fiifeafe iii the com*
mon Way of Infedion has been fa*
tal to many. In this View it demands as
much Attention as any Diforder. But if
an Accident of this Nature which I now
tranfmit to you, is not guarded againfl:, it
may become a more gelierai Misfortune*
and to fuch who leaft delerve it.
A Woman in this City, who was com¬
monly employed to draw theBreafcs of Ly¬
ing-in Women, had probably in theCourfe
of her Bufinefs received the Infection in her
Mouth ; which fhe either did not fuiped, or
concealed, till fhe had communicated the
Poifon to feveral Perfons of Diftindion.
I think this Infedion was ftiil more re¬
markable for its Malignity, and the quick
Progrels of the Symptoms, than for the un¬
common Maimer of its being received. As
I had an Opportunity of feeing moft of the
unhappy Perfons who were thus affeded, I
thought that a faithful Account of its Ap¬
pearance, and the Method of Cure, which
X I
3xd> Medical EJfaj/s
{ found fucceisful, might not be unworthy
of a Place in your EfTays.
The Nipple firft became lightly inflam¬
ed, which loon produced an Exdbriation,
with a Difcharge of a thin Liquor, from
thence red fpreading Puftuies were dilperfed
round it, and gradually fpread over the
Breafl^ and where the Poiion remained un¬
co r red: ed, produced Ulcers. The Budenda
loon, after became inflamed, with a violent
Itching, which terminated ^Chancres, that
were attended with only a liuall Difcharge;
and in alhort Time after Puftuies were Ipread
over the whole Body. It finilhed this
Courfe, with all thefe Symptoms, in molt
Perfons in the Space of three Months.
This Diforder made a quick and dange¬
rous Progrds in fiich who firft received it;
they not being apt to ivtfped an Infedion
of this Nature in their Circumftances. The
t • 1 * 'v
Husbands of feyeral had Chancres , which
quickly communicated the Poiion, and pro¬
duced Ulcers in the Mouth, and red Ipread-
ing Puftuies on the Body : But liich of them
eicap’d who had timely Notice of the Na¬
ture of the Difeafe, before the Budenda
were affeded. Some Infants received it
from their Mothers, and to the greateft
Part of them it was fatal.
When I firft mentioned my Opinion of
this v
this Diforder to the Midwife of a Perfon
whom I vifited, file faid the Woman who
drew herBreafts was a few Days before, on
iuch a Sufpicion, examined, at the Requeft
of a Lady of Diftindtion, before (he tvould
make Ole of her ; and was declared free
from any filch Diftemper 5 by which means
that Lady was unhappily deceived, and
was one of the daft who received the In¬
fection, I ordered the Woman to be lent
to me, and obierved a fmall Ulcer at the
Root of her Tongue, and a large recent
Cicatrice on the inward Part of the iandef
Lip. She obftinately deny’d that file evet
had any Sore there, but was fb much tcr-
rify’d, when I told her ihe would certain¬
ly rot away, that file beg’d 1 would not
fuller her to periih, if I fuipeCted io much
Danger. While file was in a Salivation, fhd
owned to me and Mr. Osborne , an eminent
Surgeon in this Place, that file hadan Licet
where the Cicatrice remained, which ihd
cured by two or three Doles of Phylick,
and a Gargle made of Woodbine, andfome
other Ingredients, and faid file concealed it*
becaule ihe imputed it oilly to Cold, $nd
was afraid, if known, it might for evet de~
ftroy her Bufmefs and Chatadxn
This Woman who communicated this
Infection to fo many, had no Eruptions of*
h Ifc. %
3^1 « Medical Ejfays
her Body ; and by what I could find, the
Infection never made any Progrefs beyond
the Mouth. May not this be accounted
for from the particular Way of Life, which
flic followed, the Humours being difehar-
ged by an almod condant Salivation , and
the Parts deterg’d and cleanfed by a Gargle
of Bread- milk?
Some Women whofe Breads were drawn
by her, had never any Marks of Infection ;
but by what I could find, the few who e-
fcaped were fuch whom ihe attended after
the large Ulcer on her Lip was healed; for
while that continued, the Nipple was re¬
ceived into a Bed of Corruption. But the
Cafe of a Lady was very remarkable, whofe
Breads were drawn twice a Day by her,
when fhe communicated the Infection to all
others who came in her Way. A violent
confluent Small-pox ieized this Lady imme¬
diately afterwards; and ihe never had any
Marks of Infection.
The Activity of this Poifon was fb great,
that I immediately directed a Mercurial
Salivation to even fuch as were but lately
and lightly affected, and ordered it to be
brought on by repeated Unbtions, in a fmali
Quantity, with a few Grains of Calomel
internally, and continued the Salivation
five or fix Weeks.
i
and Obfervations \ 325
I have often obferved, That where the
Salivation eafily rifes on the Ufe of a fmall
Quantity of Mercury , the Cure is uncer-
tainjand the Symptoms often return: And
that the fame Inconveniencies often attends
a large Salivation accompanied with a great
Inflammation, from which many other dan*
gerous Symptoms alfo flow.
The fir ft of thefe is more frequently the
Cafe of Women, and fuch whole Fluids are
naturally dijfolved , and whofe VefTels are
relaxed and tender . The other attends •
Perfons of a reverfe Conftitution. In the
former. Mercury pafTes off too quickly
through the larger VefTels, without pene¬
trating into the fmaller Canals, where the
Seat of the Dilbrder moft frequently lies.
In the other the great Vifcidity of the Hu¬
mours oppofes their cDij([olution , which
muft be always previous to a free and eft
fedtual Salivation ; and is abfolutely neeeft
fary to difingage the Infection from them;
io, that it may eafiiy, by a proper Determi¬
nation, be difcharged from the Body: For
whenever the Animal Fluids are heated
beyond their natural Degree, they imme¬
diately become vifcid ; and all violent In¬
flammations being attended with this Effedr,
muft therefore counteract the Operation of
Mercury . Previous warm Bathing, gentle
X 3 Eva*
$$m Medical Ejfyys
Evacuations, if there is a Plenitude in the
VefTels, and a diluting Regimen are ne-
c diary to prevent thele Evils ; and after
fuch Preparation, a lefs Quantity of the
Medicine will produce the defired Effedt,
With more Eafe and Efficacy.
In the lax Habit neither is bathing, nor
much diluting necefiary, till the Salivation
appears; but the Medicine rnuft be repeated
at a proper Diftance, and in a (mall Quanti¬
ty to aniwer this End; though in fome
Cafes of thisNature, it may with moreSuc^
ceis be determined to the Surface of the Bo*
fly? and made Sudorific,
“ The venereal Diforder returned to fome
. lifter 3 regular Salivation, but was entirely
removed by the following Method, which
I made ufe of to all who had this Infection
fji a violent Degree.
I ordered a Machine to be made of Oak*
?he Cavity of which was four Feet long,
and fifteen Inches deep, that a Perfon might
fir in it with his Legs extended; a Cov.er
moving in a Groove was fo adapted, that
it clofed every Part round the Body. When
fhis Machine was to be ufed, it was filled
to about the Height of eight Inches, with
a ftrqog Bath of Herbs, with Sal Gew.di&
folved in it.-*™The Procels was as follows,
| 4ir?$?d thorn to ukc in the Morning
and
and Obfervationsl 331
tnd Afternoon, in divided Draughts, $
Quart of the following Decodtion.
Rad . opt. Bardan, Sarfaparil. China
GLycyrhiz, an. *Vnc. ii. cum Aq. cDecoff>
Spatio fem.hora. adde ligni ra/i SantaL
ruhri , Safafras an. *Vnc. ii. ebulliant
iterum parum , decoff. lib. viii.
hibe .
In the PI veiling, about anPIour after they
had taken the Deception, they went into
the Bath, as hot as they could well bear it;
the lower Part of their Body being naked,
the roll:, and elpecially the Head, being well
guarded from Cold. The Steam, which
had no other PafTage but where the Open*
ing was allowed for the Body, and the
Heat of the Bath, in a few Minutes, threw8
them into a very profufe Sweat. They
feldom remained in the Bath above a half
Hour ; when they came out of it they were
well rubb’d near a large Fire, dry Linen
was put on, and they went into a warm
Bed, where they continued fvveating two
Hours: During this Time they drank very
plentifully of three Parts Water, and one of
Milk warm’d ; their Linen was again chan¬
ged; they fat up for two Hours, and eat a
light Supper of Bifquet, with Broth or Sack-
whey. At Dinner I allowed them any of the
white Meats, with Sack and W ater for Dri nk *
X 4 When
13^ ' Medical Ejfays
When they had bath’d in this manner five
*or fix Times, I ordered a ftrong Deco&ion
of Guaicum to be ufed inftead of the for¬
mer, and a few Grains of Calomel to be ta*
ken an Hour before they entred the Bath ;
and in fome Cafes I have directed two Grains
of Turbith Mineral to be mixt with the
Calomel ;* which, though continued for a
confiderable Time, feldom affecfted the
Glands of the Mouth, being determined
with inch Force to the Surface of the Body.
And, if the Expreffion may be allowed.
Mercury thus managed, produces a Saliva¬
tion through the Pores of the Skin. When
the Salivary Glands are in the leaft affedted,
the Ufe of Mercurials is to be omitted, till
that Symptom disappears.
I have fometimes obferved, that the Mer¬
curial, taken going to Reft the Night pre¬
ceding the Ule of the Bath, is lels liable to
affedt the Stomach, than when taken an
Hour before bathing.
I ordered the Bath three Times in a
Week ; in fome Cafes repeated it five or fix
Times fucceflively every Day, andgradm*
ally remitted the Ufe of it.
The Patients were feldom faint with
Sweating, a large Supply of Milk and Wa*
ter, thin Gruel, and fometimes Sack-whey,
preventing this Inconvenience. During the
whol§
i
and Ob fer vat ions. * 333
whole Courfe they had a very good Appe¬
tite, and more than ulual Chearfulnels of
Spirits. I have known fome in defperate
venereal Diforders, reduced by former Me¬
thods, acquire a good Complexion and
Strength in this Courfe ; and though I have
ufed it in many advanced and dangerous
Cafes, I never met with one unhappy Ac¬
cident attending it, or with any Inflance
where it failed.
I have of late given Mercurius fir £ dpi-
tatus per f? in lome Cafes, inftead of the
former Preparations, as being lels liable to
affeCt the j'alivary Glands than any other
Preparation of Mercury . I have frequent¬
ly directed a Grain and a half of it twenty
Nights following, in a common unguarded
Way, without oblerving that it affcded the
Glands, or produced any remarkable (enfible
Evacuation: But lately the lame Quantity,
taken feven Nights fucceffi vely , railed an un¬
expected and violent Salivation in a Patient
of mine. This, however, has given me a
greater Opinion of the Efficacy of this Me-
ffigine.
XXIL A
Medical Ejfays
XXII. A remarkable Hydrocephalum ; by
Mr . James Mow at Surgeon at Lang¬
holm.
Child of a Year old is rather left
and imaller than fhe was a Month
after fhe was born, having fo little Flefh
on her Bones, that fhe is almoft a ve¬
ry Skeleton. She has no colliquative
Stools to keep her from growing, but is
only dull and lethargick. She has two
Teeth in the Under-jaw, and two appear¬
ing in the Upper. When’fhe was a Month
old, her Head began to fwell, and con¬
tinues yet daily to cncreafe; it is now
twenty (even Inches and a half in Circum¬
ference; from the Point of the Nofe (which
is very much deprefTed in the middle) to
the Nap of her Neck, Twenty one Inches
and a Quarter; from the one Ear to the
other, I think it is about eighteen Inches,
The Face above the Eyes is exactly fix In¬
ches broad ; the Cheeks and Mouth are ve¬
ry lmall for want of Flefh; the Eyes are
large, and fhe can hide them totally within
the Orbit, either above or below. All the
Bones of the Face and OjJ'a temp or um feem
m
and Obfervations . 33**
to be very large, firm and broad, without
any Suture, till near the Open of the Head;
but the reft of the Head is like a foft Quag¬
mire, covered all over with a large, dry, yel¬
low Scab, The Veins upon the Face, and
where the Skin is free of the Scab, are very
large, full and blue; fo that they are vifible
in their minuteft Ramifications. The Child
takes no pood but the Mother’s Milk: She
keeps the Head of the Child always lying
in a Hollow between two Pillows.
ftftftftftftftftjtftftftftftftftftftftftftkftftftftftftftftftftftftftft'k
XXIII. A Hydrocephalum with remark - .
able Symptoms ; by Mr. John Paisley
Surgeon in Glalgow.
A Boy betwixt fix and (even Years of
Age, of a found Conftitution to ap¬
pearance, and who had been very healthy
from his Infancy, was fuddenly leized one
Morning with a Pain in the left Side of his
Head, attended with an unufual Drowfinefs
andLaffitude, which increafed in the After¬
noon ; his Pulfe not very quick, fhort
Cough, loathing all Kinds of Meat and
Prink, an Inclination to vomit, with a
flufhing in his Face, at times, other whiles
pale and ill-coloured, and Pains in his Bel-
33# Medical Ejjays
Iy ; the Gums of his four back Jaw-teeth
much fwelled, and his Mouth hot.
It being lulpoCted that Worms were the
chief Caule of his Diforder, fome Worm-
powders were given him, Clyfters inject¬
ed, and his Belly rubb’d with the 'Vnguen -
turn vermifugum .
The fir ft three Days he continued much
the fame Way, being always more brisk and
lively in the Forenoon, but very dull and
heavy in the Afternoon. On the fourth
Day he complained more of the Pain in his
Head, and being a little more feverilh, he
was let blood at the Jugular to betwixt
four and five Ounces, had a Clyfter injected
at Night, and next Morning got a Vomit of
Ipecacoanna, which operated very well: At
the fecond Puke he brought up a pretty large
live Worm, five or fix Inches long, of the
Teres Kind ; by this he ieemed to be lomc-
what eafier, and more lively all that Day,
On the fixth he got fome more Dofes of
Worm-powders, though it was with great
Difficulty he could fwallow them, having
an Averfion to either Meat or Drink, as well
as to the Powders ; A V ermifuge Plaifter was
applied to his Belly, and a Clyfter injeCted.
On the ieventh his Pulfe was rather flow¬
er than the natural; and though, as was ob~
ferved, he tiled to be more quick and lively
in
and Qbfervations.
337
In the Forenoon ; yet this Morning he was
lb drowfy and dull, that it was with great
Difficulty he was prevailed on to take a pur¬
gative Potion : It was much ftronger than
any he had ever taken, yet had no Opera¬
tion ; wherefore he got a ftrong purgative
Clyfter, by which he had only one Stool,
being a Difcharge of feme hardned Foeces
covered over with a Kind of Mucus or flimy
Stuff, and with them a large Worm like the
former, nine Inches long, came away.
On the eighth, he was fo dull and fleepy
that he could be diverted no manner of
way, nor prevailed upon to take any Ali¬
ment, and far lefs Medicine : The purgative
Clyfters, continued to be injected, never
gave him above one StooL In the After¬
noon he feemed lethargick, his Pulfe flow
and unequal : A Clyfter made of the Tops
of Wormwood and the lefler Centaury boil¬
ed in Claret, was injected, and a bitter Infu-
fion in Wine was ordered to be taken by
the Mouth ; thele railed his Pude a little,
and he began to take lome \ Panado , or o-
ther loft Aliment, which he did in a very
quick Manner, flaring very broad, and
without ipeaking a W ord, but could not be
prevailed upon to tafte any kind of Drink ;
and lo loon as he had done, immediately
fell alleep again.
Oa
5 3 8 Medical EJfays
On the ninth he was much as the Bay
before, only more comatofe: A bliftering
Plaifter was applied to his Neck, which
role very well, and difcharged a good Quan¬
tity of Serum, without in the leaft rouzing
him, or making him more ienfible, only
his Pulfe was a little quickned.
On the tenth he was much as the Day
before, only his Face was very florid and
red, and fomewhat fvvelled ; , and he fre^
quently put his Hand to the left Side of his
Head, breathing a little quicker than ulual,
with a wheezing and lome Difficulty, his
Pulfe flow and languid : Upon which his
Head was fhaved, and the Part where he
complained the Pain was at firft, and to
which he often put his bland when he could
notfpeak, though there was no Appearance
externally of any Swelling, was Icarified
and cupped, and three or four Ounces of
Blood drawn away : This eafed him as to
his Breathing, and removed the Rednefs
and Swelling of his Face, but produced no
other vifible Effect 5 Supfiedalia were ap¬
plied at Night.
On the eleventh his Pulfe was exceeding
flow and intermitting, his Coma fo much
increafed with Startings, that he could take
no Kiud of Aliment, and appeared to have
no manner of Senfe 5 and thus he continued
perfectly
and Obfervations. 33*
perfe&ly infenfiblc till next Forenoon,
when he died.
All along he had fuch a Heavinels in his
Eye -lids that he could not lift them up with
Bale, and they appeared fwelLed.
Upon opening his Head, fo foon as the
Cranium was removed, I obferved a Pro¬
tuberance or Tumor about the Bigneis of a
large Halel-nut, on the Dura Mater , un¬
der the parietal Bone of the left Side, a-
bout an Inch and a quarter from the iagit-
tal Suture, and about two Inches from the
Lambdoidal, which was the Place the Child
had pointed his Pain was: This Tumor had
made no apparent Pitting in the Bone ; it
felt loft, and upon opening it, there i fined
out a little bloody Serum, and in the Bot¬
tom of it I diicovered a great Number of
little white Bodies like the (mall Worm? in
blown Meat, or the Subftances fqueezed
from Perfons Nofes ; they had no appear¬
ance of Life, and were contained in a Du-
plicature of the 'Dura Mater ; the inferior
Side of which at this Part adhered fo firm¬
ly to the Tla Mater , that it was impoflible
to leparate them without lacerating thele
tender Parts. There were feveral other
fmailer ones along the leftSide of the Sinus
Longitudinalis fuperiory befides the com¬
mon luxuriant Rifings of the Brain that arc
always
34® Medical Effays
always obferved in this Part ; thefe coip
rained the fame Kind of bloody Serum and
white Bodies as the large Tumor: Whether
they were real Worms, or an Obftructioix
in the Glands of the "Dura Mater follow¬
ing iome Inflammation in thefe Parts, I
could not determine, but rather incline to
thelaft; fince, wherever they were, there
was fuch a ftrong Adhefion of the 'Dura
and 5P id Mater , that they could not be fe-
parated without lacerating the tender Parts
below. All the Veins in the Head were
turgid with Blood, as if they had been fine¬
ly injected, though there was little or none
in the other Cavities when opened.
When, in taking out the Brain, I had cut
the Optick Nerves, I .obferved a preterna¬
tural Thicknefs of the Eta Mater , and a
large Diftenfion of it as with Water ; upon
cutting it open, about half an Englijh Pint
of a yellow-coloured Water iffued out. In
differing the Brain, I found the Ventricles
had been much diflended and enlarged by
the Water ; the GP Lexus Choroeides were
hard and* ichirrons, with a great Number
of fmall Hydatides (as I fuppofed) lying a-
iong them in Rows, whofe Coats were ex¬
ceeding tender, and burft upon the lead
Touch $ they exactly refembled the Lym-
phaticks
and Obfervatiohs.
phaticks delineated in the fifth Table of
Dr. Ridleys Anatomy of the Brain.
I obl'erved little that was remarkable ill
any of the other Vijcera , they being all
perfectly found, except the Inteftines,
which were empty, and in feveral Places
inflamed, with apparent Signs of a begin¬
ning Mortification: There were fome few
of the Teres Worms in them that appeared
dead, molt of the fmall Inteftines being
tranlparent, and in two Places one Pate
was drawn up confiderably into the other,
like the Finger of a Glove ; as if the peri-
ftaltick Motion of the inferior Part had been
inverted, while that in the fuperior Part
continued,* and fo the one thruft into the
other: It took a confiderable Force to draw
the one out of the other, the Inteftine be¬
ing much contracted in this Part, though
there was no Sign of any inflammation ill
thefe Parts.
Since this Cafe was under my Care, I
have lee n feveral Children who complained
of a Pain in one particular Part of their
Head, having a great Drowfineis and Hea-
vinefs in their Eye-lids, a Pulle much flow¬
er than the natural* no Drought, a great
Averfion to Food or Drink, an Inclination
to vomit, and other Symptoms, as this Boy
had, which made me judge them to labouf
3 42- Medical Ejfays
* &*_ -V
under the fame Difeafe ; and the Diffetftlofi
of two, who were all I was allowed to o-
pen, ihewed my Opinion to be juft, the
Parts being found affecfted in much the
Manner above defcribed, only that I could
obferve in neither of them any thing like
the little Tumors mentioned in the former
Cafe ; and in the latter two, all the Veffels
of the Elexus Choroeides were hard and
obftrutfted, and the Tia Mater at the Bot¬
tom of the Brain, immediately under the
Optick Nerves, was fo confiderably thick-
ned, as to appear almoft like the Eiura
Mater .
XXIV. An uncommon Angina; by Alex'1,
Monro Erofejfor of Anatomy in the
cUniverJity of Edinburgh, and F. R. S.
A Man, thirty four Years of Age, fob-
jedt all his Life to Flethorick Indifpo-
fitaons, efpecially in the Spring, and to
Catarrhs when the leaft expofed fo Cold,
who had not ufed any fermented Drink or
heating Food for feveral Years, on account
of a flight Hsemoptoe that had more than
once leized him, and had retrenched fome
ind Qhfervdtions . 343
£)f his ordinary Diet for near two Months,
to prevent his vernal P let bora ; having fat
ieveral Hours in a Chamber without a Fire,
and with an open Window* while the Wea¬
ther was very colcfand the Air foggy about
the Middle of January 173X5 complained,
as foon as he role from his Seat, of being
ftifFwith Cold and very weary, with Pains
211 moving all his Muicles, and perpetual
yawning : To free himfelf of the uneafy
Coldneis, he immediately went home, iat
near a Fire and drank Tea, but could not
remove the Shiverings and Wearinds. Up¬
on going into Bed he was feized with the
appearance of an aguifh Paroxyim, which
had made a regular Courle before Morning.
Next Day he was a little feverifh, and
ftill complained of Pains through ail his Bo¬
dy, and therefore took his uiual Cure iri
flight Maladies of that Kind, viz. a laxa¬
tive Ptizan in which Tamarinds and Sennd
had been boiled $ which operated gently^
and gave him confiderable Relief.
The Day following he was almofl fre^
Of all his former Complaints, but his right
Amygdala was fwelled and painful, for
which the Ptizan was repeated.
In the Morning of the fourth Day tho
Amygdala was leis and freer of Pain, and,
except a little Bitternds hi the Mouth, h#
Y i had
244 Medical Effajs
had fcarte any other Uneafinefs. But in th£
Afternoon the left Amygdala became pain¬
ful on the leaft Attempt to fw allow, his
Pulfe turned quick, but not very ftrong:
He was let blood at a large Orifice of a big
Jugular Vein, to the Quantity of fix teen
Ounces^ after which his Pulie became very
quick, ftrong and full.* On this appearance
of ‘Plethora, eight Ounces more were ta¬
ken away, and the Patient then inclined
to faint; but in a quarter of an Hour after,
his Pulie was very near as ftrong and quick
as ever. The Pain of the left Amygdala
was fo far from being diminiihed, that it
continued increafing, and all the Teeth in
the fame Side of the lower Jaw, that were
other wife very found, were alfo violently
and conftantly aftedted, but the Pains were
moft exquifite when he fwallowed. In the
mean time he could open his Mouth as wide
as ever, and nothing preternatural could
be obferved in his Fauces, except a final!
f welling of the right Amygdala , and an E«*
ryfipelatous Rednefs of the Uvula, Velum
pendulum and left Amygdala without any
Tumor. After he went to Bed, the Pains
were fo racking, efpecially when he f\v al¬
io wed his Spittle (which he could notpof-
fibly prevent doing frequently, whatever
Care he took to the contrary) that though
he
and Obfervations. 34^
lie is a Mail who is tolerably patient under
Pain, he made the whole Bed ffiake with
his Tremblings, and large Drops of Sweat
appeared on his Skin at each Attempt. A-
boat Mid-night he could ly no longer, but
putting on his Clothes, he received the
Fumes of warm Water into his Mouth ; and
the Pain remitting fomewhat, while he en¬
deavoured to hinder the Gccafions of its
violent Increafe, by leaning his Head for-
warn, opening his Mouth, and lo allowing
the Saliva to run out, he palled the reft of
the Night in a drowfy nodding Way,
Next Morning his Deglutition was per¬
formed with great Difficulty and Pain, and
he was lo hoarfe he fcarce could be under-
flood when he Ipoke, but had no Difficulty
of Refpiration, and the Fulnefs and Strength
of his Pulle were lefs, but its Quicknefs re¬
mained, His Throat had the lame appear¬
ance as the Night before. The purgative
Ptizan was repeated. The Fumes of warm
Water were often made Uie of, and an e~
mollient Cataplalin was applied externally
on the pain'd Parts.
In the Evening the Pain was eafier, and
the Pulle rather better, but the Hoarlenels
continued. A bliftering Plaifter was ap¬
plied on his Neck and Back, and Emulflon
was prepared for his Drink.
Y % Tha
I 'a$ Medical Ejfqys
The PUifter did its Office well, and the
patient, notwithftanding his Pain in fwal-
Iqwing, drank two Bottles of Emulfion in
the Night, which prevented any Strangury
till near Noon of the following Day, when,
the Chamber being overheated, and the Pa¬
tient thereby put into a Sweat, the Stran¬
gury came on violently, of which he was
relieved after feme Hours, by carrying a-
way the Fire, and injecting an emollient
Clyfter with Turpentine. The emollient
Poultice was in the mean time renewed,
and the Fumes of Water were frequently
applied, and a mild reiolvent Gargariim ai-
fitted the E vacuation of Mucus, which be¬
gan iiow to be ibcerned in more than ordi¬
nary Quantity in the Fauces. In the Even¬
ing the Patient feemed by his Pulfe to be
pretty free of Fever, and all his trouble-
fame Symptoms were confiderably removed^
The bliftered Parts difeharging plentiful¬
ly the two liicceding Days, he ieenfd to
mend apace, but ttill continued the Poul¬
tice, Fumes and Cataplalm.
On the third, which was the ninth of his
Pfeale, finding in the Morning the Pain
Increafed, he took the laxative Ptisan, and
plied the topical Medicines; but through
pic Day the Symptoms gradual!) increaied,
hi in the Evening his Pain in the left A-
M$g dal%
and Obfervations . 347
mygdala and Teeth was rather more vio¬
lent than ever ; the Hoarfeneis was worfe
than formerly, his Pulfc was low and quick,
he was drowfy, and palled little Urine.
No Swelling could be feen on the, left pain'd
Side, and he breath’d freely. He drank
largely of warm PoiTet made with Rhenifb
Wine, and chewed long Pepper with the
Teeth of the affedred Side, His Urine
foon came in great Plenty; he dilcharged
large Quantities of Mucus at the Mouth,
and in two or three Hours was much freer
of Pain ; his Pulle turn’d flower, and the
dozing went off. The Gargarilm was re¬
newed with the Addition of fome Aq.The-
riac. and Sp. Nitr . d.\ and Thermo . An*
dromach. was added to the Cataplafm.
By the Ufe of thefe Medicines he was
greatly recovered in the two following
Days, and nothing remaining the third, ex¬
cept a little bitter Tafte, a trifling Swelling
in the right Amygdala, and a Weaknefs in
the left Side of the Fauces : He went a-
broad to this ufual Labour of differing in
the Forenoon, and preleding in the After¬
noon, which he continued to do for a Week,
ufing a fpare Diet and applying the Topicks,
in which Time he got quite free of all Un-
eafinefs, except a dull Pain of the left Side
of the Fauces , dpecially in yawning ; and
Y 4 ~ he
Medical E flays
lie imagined all the Food he fwailowed pab
Jed only by that Side, where fometimes a
little of it ftopt, and was with ibme Trqu^
ble prefTed back again into the Mouth.
To remove this Weaknels, the Patient
one Evening gargled his Throat with Cla¬
ret Wine and a little Aq. Theriac . mixed.
That Night he was fenfible of a ftraitning
in his Breath, and in the Morning when he
awaked, he was quite hoarfe, breathed
with more Difficulty, and, on coughing,
his Head and Eye-balls felt as if ftrongly
girded, his Face became very red, and he
began to Jiffs in breathing. All thele bad
Appearances went greatly off, after breath¬
ing in the Fumes of warm Water, and drink¬
ing warm Tea. In a few Hours after he
(wallowed Pills compofed of Mercur . d .
and Re fine of Jallap, which operated mild¬
ly, and leffened all the paules of Complain!:
confiderably, and a fecond luch Dole taken
two Days after, removed all of them en¬
tirely, except a little Weakqefs of the left
Side of the Fauces, and an obtufe Pain there
in yawning^ which remained feveral Weeks
after.
In the Hiftory of this Difeale I have gi-
yen a ftrongHint who the Patient was, and
fufpedt the common Frailty of enlarging on
one’s own Misfortunes, may have ditco?
verf(3
and Obfervations . 34^
vered fufficienrly that it is my own Cafe I
have related.
What was the particular Seat of this ano¬
malous Angina ? Will the Ufes affigned to
the digaftric Mufcles in Art , XI, of VoL I,
be of Ufe to diicoyer it?
© © © © © # © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©
XXV. An Afthma with uncommon Sym«
ytoms\ by the fame.
l^/iR. fames nOre , whofe Bufinefs as a
JlVX Writer, or Solicitor at Law. enga¬
ged him frequently in Company and good
Fellowlhip, was lomctimes troubled with
a Palpitation at his Heart, a trembling in
his Hands, and Faintnefs, being always iub-
jed to a Cough, and having generally very
little Appetite for Food, with two or three
looie Stools a-day. In October 1730, the
fifty fifth Year of his Age, having catched
Cold, a Cough, feized him, with which he
brought up a fmall Quantity of very thick
Slime, and complained of a Difficulty of
breathing; he loft all Appetite for Food,
and his Belly became bound ; his Urine was
in imall Quantity, and he could not feel
fiis own Pulle.
He allowed thefe Symptoms to continue
eigh?
jy© Medical EJfays
eight Days without asking any Advice; but
finding them continue, and rather increafe,
he coniulted Dr. William Porterfield and
me, October 20th. Befides the above-menti¬
oned Symptoms, we obferved his Difficul¬
ty of Breathing increale fo much upon ly¬
ing down, that he was obliged to fleep in a
fitting Pofture. His Feet and Legs were
very oedematous. We could feel no Pulfe
in the Arteries of his Wrift,Ncck, Temples
or Ham, but only afort of Trembling un¬
der our Fingers, which we then attributed
to feme Irregularity in the Diftribution of
his Atteries, notwithftanding his affirming,
that, when in Flealth, he had a pretty
ftrong Pulfe in the very Parts we felt. The
Veins of his Arm and Neck were very large,
and ftretclied with Blood. He could take
no fort of Food, but had a Third, which
was not violent, nor was his Tongue dry,
or his Skin hot. When the Cough attack¬
ed him, he forced very little Pituit up;
but his Breathing became exceeding labori¬
ous, his Face turned very red or Purple,
and he complained of a violent Headach.
When he was free of the Cough a little
while, he walked, fpoke, complained of
little, and allured us he was fcarce weaker
than in Health. To prevent the bad Ef-
feds of the Cough, twelve Ounces of Blood
were
and Obfervations . 3ft
were immediately let ; he bled freely, and
did not turn faint. In the Evening a Te-
rebinthinat purging Ciyfter was injedfed,
which purged him gently. He was defired
jto take any fort of mild Food which his Sto¬
mach could receive. Rhenijh Wine and
Water were given for Drink, into which
he frequently dropped forty Gutts of the
following Mixture, l$l. Elixir . cPe£loraL
i Dnc . x.Tinblur .Caftor.cDrach.\\. Sp.Salin.
aror&at. cDrach. iii. and every two Hours
he fwallowed two Spoonfuls of the Gxjy-
mel pectoral, of the Edinburgh Difpenfato-
ry. At Bed-time he took this Bolus. i£0
Sperm. Get. Scrap. i. Sal. Succin. Gr. ya
Conferv. Rof Scrap . i. Syrup. Alth ■. q. f
tit ft. hoi.
Next Morning there appeared no Change
in his Condition ; and he took 5P. liypeca -
cuan. G . xxxy. Oxymel Scillit. C0nc. i.
This Emetick operated fix Times, without
increafing his Headach or Difficulty of
Breathing, and brought a good deal of Slime
with the Water he drank. He feemed a lit¬
tle relieved after this Vomit, and continued
the Uie of the Medicines prefcribed the Day
before. At Night a bliftering Plaifter was
applied to his Neck and Shoulders ; he took
his Bolus, and had & cooling Emuifion for
Drink,
!s / • i * "K \
The
35*2 Medical Ejfays
The Blifter rofe well, but the Pain of it
made him fo unable to move next Morning,
that we could not give the Purgative we
had determined to order. His Urine was
in larger Quantity, with a good Sediment;
notwithftanding which, his Legs were ra¬
ther more fwelied, and the other Symptoms
continued. His Bolus was again given in
the Morning ; he (till drank Water with
Rhenijh Wine; and he was defired to take
frequently a Spoonful of the following Mix¬
ture, 5*. Aq. Hyjfop. Tuleg. a . Vnc. iii.
Cm am. f v. Raphan. Compt. a . ‘X )nc. i.
Gum. Ammoniac <Drach . ii. Sal . Succin .
*Drach. fern, Oxymel . fcillit. Vnc. ii. Sy¬
rup. Alth. Vnc. i. M.
He continued much in the fame Way all
the 2xd and 23d, only his Legs and Thighs
fwelied more; and he began to complain
that his Clothes were too tight for his Belly,
In the Morning of the 24th he took this
purgative Bolus, Vg. Bulv. Rhei elect. Scrap,
i. Aqail.alb . Bulv, Jallap. a.gr. v. Syrup,
de Rhamn. q. s. tit .ft. Bol. capt. e Syrup .
Violar. This purged him mildly, and the
Quantity of his Urine increafed confide-
rably, and his Belly and Legs became left
fwelied, which relieved him iomewhat of
the Orthopnea.
$ext Day he began to ufe a medicated
Wine,
and Obfervations .
Wine, Rad . Ir/W. Florent . *SW/A Ac or.
vcr. Helen. Rap ban. ruft. a. Hnc. Jem .
Gentian. Hr ach . ii. Rub .Tin£t or .Unc Jem.
Cortic. Sambuc. Ebul. a. Hue. fem. Herb .
Alar ub . alb. Al. ii. Abfinth. rom. Centaur .
min.a.M. fern. Bare. Juniper. Hnc. i. Jem,
Sal. Tartar. Hrach. in. incif. £9 contuJ.J, \
a. M. ut ft. Alalia injundend. in vin. his*
bon. lib. vi. Colatur. capt. Unc. ii.
£S) /jtf/'Yz 5^ vefpertina. All this Day and
the following his Urine pajfTed plentifully,
with a large Sediment ; the Swellings di*
miniihed, and his Cough and Breathing were
eafier. In the Evening of the 26th, while
I fat by him, he furpriled me with putting
his Wrift into my Hand to feel his Pulfe,
which was full, ftrong, How and equal; but
two Hours after, I could again feel no
more than the very weak trembling I for*
merly mentioned.
The 27th the purgative Bolus was repe-
ted. On the 28th, his Pulfe returned, and
continued afterwards firm and ftrong, till
he recovered his former Health, which he
did in a little Time, by the Uie of the me¬
dicated Wine, pedtoral Mixture, and the
Purgative fometimes repeted.
About a Month after, having got the Cold
again, his Symptoms began to return with
the fame State of his Pulie; but upon taking
the
35*4 Medical Ejfays
the former Emetick, and the Purgative,
went off; and to prevent a fecond Relapie,
he got ftrengthning chalybeat Medicines,
with the ftimulatingGums for feme Time.
In the Beginning of January 1732, he
was again attacked with the Ajihma , and
wantofPulie; which avere removed with
two Doles of the Purgative. After a Cough
which continued lome Days in the Begin¬
ning of February \ hisPuife couldnot be felt
during twenty four Hours, but it returned
after the Operation of a purgative Bolus.
Soon after my Patient retired to the
Country, where he has continued in very
good Health? and being lately in Town, re¬
viled this Account of his Cale, and allow¬
ed me to communicate it to you.
XXVI. A large Steatom pajfing with the
Oelophagus from the Thorax into the
A~bdomen ; by Mr . James Jamieson
Surgeon at Kello.
1 * . V
A Carpenter in this Place, thirty fix!
Years of Age, of a thin Make of Bo¬
dy, asked my Advice about the middle of
February 1732 ; his Complaints were.
Pains at the Heart, in the Pit of the Sto-
machy
and Obfervations. $f§
mach, both Sides of the Thorax , and be¬
twixt his Shoulders; a great Difficulty in
Iwaliowing, and frequent Inclination to
vomit. He told me it was about fix Years,
fince, upon a hidden Grief, he was firft
ieized with the Pain, and frequent Palpitati¬
ons at his Heart, and that the other Sym¬
ptoms came on gradually afterwards, but
never kept him from his ordinary Work till
now.
At my firlt Vi fit I took twelve Ounces
of Blood from his Arm; the Blood was hzy
like that in a Rheumariim. Next Day he
took 'Tulv. Ipecacoan. Track, fem. Tartar.
Emet . Gr. ii. which purged him four or
five Times, but did not occafion the lead
Naufea. I gave him alfo Doles of the Ti-
lul GummoJ. twice a Day, walhing them
down with TOecoB. Amur, in which a (mail
Quantity of Sal Abfinth, was diffolved ;
cauled the pained Parts to be fomented with
a ftrongDecodtion of the Aromatick Plants,
and applied a large Plaifter of Theriac An-
dromach. 01. Mac .per exprejf. and the Pow¬
der of the carminative Seeds. The Blood¬
ing gave him lome Remiffion of Pain, and
Was repeated twice in the two following
Weeks, with lome ffiort Relief each Time.
Finding however his Complaints rather in*
ereafe, I obliged him to call a Phyfician,
which
Medical Effays
which his Poverty had made him obflP
iiatelv refufe to do hitherto; and while Dn
Abernethy was’ lent for, he lllewed me a
hard painful Tumor immediately below the
Cartilage Xifihoides , which he laid he had
only dilcovered the preceding Night.
The T)o£lor lulpedting from the Account
the Patient gave of his Difeaie, and from
the Appearance of this Tumor, that an Ab¬
le efs was forming in the Stomach, ordered
him a Milk Diet, and Lintleed Tea, or a De¬
coction of Hedera Ter red. or Milk and Wa¬
ter for ordinary Drink, andcaufed an emol¬
lient Cataplafm to be applied to the Tumor.
He continued to turn gradually worfe,
till about the Middle of March , when he
was attacked with a Vomiting, which none
of the different Stomachicks nor Opiats gi¬
ven him could reftrain, but were thrown
back again as loon as fwallowed. His Third:
became exceflive and perpetual; but all his
Drink, though taken in very Imall Quan¬
tities at a Time, was vomited as quickly
as his Medicines, without increasing his
Pains ; and a Singultus icon came on, which
continued till his Death.
He paffed very little Faeces by the Anus i
and thefe were generally procured by gentle
Clyfters.
His Urine was for the molt Part limpid,
w hen
and Ob formations e iff
ivhen there was any Sediment, it was white4-
. During the whole Courfc of this Difeale;
the Patient’s Pulle was never quick or
flrong, but low and languid, and fometimes'
intermitted. His Pains were always molt
ievere in the Night, and at laft deprived
him almoft entirely of Sleep ; and for a
whole Month he did not ly down, but lat in
the Bed, Or on a Chair bended forewards
with his Head on a Pillow. In this me¬
lancholy Condition he languifhed till the
firft of April , when he died.
On laying open the Thorax and Abdo¬
men, we oblerved a prodigious large ftea*
tomatous Body, which filled a great Part
of the Thorax, being grown to the Pleura
in both Sides, to the larger Share of the
Mediaftinum and Pericardium ; and then
accompanying the Oefophagus , they pal¬
led together through the ’Diaphragm, hav¬
ing enlarged thePafiage in this Mulcle con*
fiderably, and ftraitning the Oefophdgus ;
After entring the Abdomen, it was ftretch’d
along the Dorpum of the Stomach to the
‘Pylorus, which it alio compreffed greatly 0
Both the Orifices of the Stomach being i<5
much contracted, that I could lcarce puflf
my Finger through either, I wa’s a boat to'
have cut out this whole Tumor; to fnea-
fore and weigh it, but was oppofcd by the
Z ’ Re-
7?
A
I
3^8 Medical Ejfays
Relations; and therefore behoved to con
tent my felf with examining its Subftancc
as it lay in the Body. It was lb hard, my
Knife could Icarce cut it, but after a trani-
verfe Incifion, feveral Sinules formed in the
firm white Snbftance difcovered themfelves ;
iomefof them contained a Matter like a
Meliceris , in others, it was a-kin to that
of the Atheroma , and in a third fort it was
purulent and fetid.
The Fat of the Omentum was all wa¬
fted, but all the other Vifcera were found
enough.
«§§€» *&§§€►
XXVII. Of the Service of a warm Bath
in a bilious Colic k; by Robert Por¬
ter, M. D. Member of the College of
Fhyfcians , London.
IT is not my Defign to defcribe the feve¬
ral kinds of Colicks, their Contradi-
ftin&ion from each other, and their diffe¬
rent Methods of Cure ; my Purpole being
to recommend one particular Method of
managing the bilious Colick, and thole
fevere ones, whole Cure depends on pro¬
curing an entire thorough Dilcharge of that
acrid Matter within the Inteftines, that
caufes
and Qbfervationf,
d&ufes the Difeafe ( though not properly
bilious, becaufe unattended with luch Vo¬
miting) which feems but little attended to,
yet will appear from Realon and Experi¬
ence to be fo highly ufeful, and fo ablolute-
ly neceftary, that this Diftemper ought ne¬
ver to be treated without luch additional
A lii fiance.
The Defcription of this Difeafe by Sy -
denham ( a ) is lo juft, that in this Point no¬
thing can be added to him. It will alfo rea¬
dily be confdfed, That the grand Indica¬
tion of Cure, is to obtain an open PafTage
through the Inteftines for a perfect Dif-
charge of that acrid irritating Matter con¬
tained within them. As this therefore is the
true Caufe of the Diforder, to the grand
Point of its Evacuation fhould the whole
Method be directed.
But fuch is the Alteration produced in
the Cavity of the Bowel, by the conftant
fliarp Stimulus of this acrid Matter, that it
is not only contracted into an unufual Nar*
rownefs, but, if the Obfervation of Au¬
thors of unqueftioned Veracity may be
credited, the Coats of the affeCted Inte-
ftine have been found, upon DiffeCtion,
fo clofely joined, and fo entirely preclu-
Z x
( a ) Sydenh. 4. cap. 7,
■jfio * Medical Ejfays
ding any downward Paffage, as if they had
been ftrongly (aj girt round with a Li«
gature .
But the Circumflances of the Ilium
Bowel, produced by this [harp Irritation in
thefe Colicks, will be perfectly under¬
flood, and cannot poffibly be better ex¬
plained, than by tranicribing that mod
beautiful Paffage from Peyerus , where he
relates an Experiment he made on a living
Frog, that happily fets this Matter in
the cleared: Light ; not only vifibly ex¬
plaining the E ffedt of a fevere ColicL on
the Inteftine, but reprefenting at the lame
Time, the Manner in which its frequent
direful Confequenee, the Iliac Paffion is
produced.
Torminum genejin , atque intro fu fceptio*
nis conceptionem , mini fufierioris <efiatc\
Ik&w&jucundo admodum & utili experimen-
to oculis no fir is exhibuerunt . Etenim in -
teflina , vivente amphibio , lacejjita in di¬
ver fis locis , pert inacifjime mox fe confirm-
gebant , contentis violenter JurJum deor-
fumque qua data porta, protrufis ; atque
bine inde in cumulos quail conge ftis : unde
qua dam intefiini port 'tones valde imp let g
ac turgida , qua darn prorfus inane s © ar-
Etijfime
(a) Peyer. de Gland, inteftio. cap. p. p. 81.
and Observations . 3 6t
ctijjlme clatt fo perfiiterunt ; donee folutd
fibrarum firiSturd meatus liberior redder
retur: Intefiinis autem bine hide fe con -
firingentibus , Jive chylum , Jive feces
furjum deorfumve projicientibus , fa£tumy
tit ill# alicubi in molem a age fine parietes
intefiini plus debit 0 ampliarent : quod in
feed morem dilatatum yh recepit con-
ftriChim inferior is intefiini portionem ,
7?//// /#<? abfeonditam aliquamdiu reti -
unit : donee Jibris fe denuo exporngentibus,
intefiinum e latibulo alterius , /;/ apricam
firijlinamque fedem rediret .
Ifluch then is the Bowel’s Contraction
in the Severity of this Diieafe, one grand
important Point to facilitate this Evacuati¬
on on which the Cure mu ft turn, i'eems to
be the Removal of that Stricture ; and by
relaxing; the Tfehtnefs of the Inteftine, to
procure a freer and wider PafTage for the
Diicharge. For unlefs this be jointly en¬
deavoured^ in conjunction with the other
Method of Cure, I apprehend we do not
afilft the Patient with all that our Art
might contribute to his Relief. Nor do I
know any thing fo effectual to this defir-
able End as the warm Bath ; which is
daily found fo highly advantageous in fomo
what a fimilar Cafe ; 1 mean the Difeharge
of Gravel from the Kidneys.
Z 3 I an}
%6z Medical EJfays
I am not lb foolilhly prejudiced to ima¬
gine the Bath alone would prove effeduai,
or ought fingly, to be confided in, for the
Cure of thele Colicks: I hope I lliall not
be fo underftood ; the whole I would en¬
deavour is to propofe, and prove it a very
efficacious Affiftant, joined with the other
known, and uluai Methods, and what will
greatly foreward the happy Effed of them.
But fince I have mentioned a Nephritic
Dilorder, as lomewhat a parallel Cale I beg
leave to run over the feveral Indications of
Cure in that Diieafe ; from whence the near
Similitude of managing both will readily
appear; and the Advantage of the warm
Bath in one, be no finall Encouragement
to its Ule, and Evidence of its Service in
the other ; becaufe the Manner in which it
Isufeful, is in each the fame .
It will be readily confefTed the grand
Point here is the Evacuation of that labu-
lous Matter lodged in the ‘Pelvis of the
Kidneys, or fluffing up the Ureters. The
Methods to effed this are, immediate
Bleeding, to remove the Tenfion and In¬
flammation of them; by widening, as much
as poffibly can be, the Capacity of the U-
yeters, for the PafTage of thefe gritty Con¬
cretions; for which Purpole the Injedion
Of emollient Qlyfters has a double Advan-
and Observations . 3 6$
tage; both as they convey an Internal Fo¬
mentation to thole flender Tubes, by this
Warmth relaxing their Contraction, and,
by unloading the lower Bowels of any ac¬
cumulated Faeces, they remove their late¬
ral PrefTure againft the Ureters. To open
yet more this Paffage, the warm Bath
proves of mo ft important Service : For by
this Warmth and Humidity, the abdomi¬
nal Mulcles, ‘Peritoneum , and Inteftines,
are greatly relieved from their Tenfenefs;
and the Diminution of their former Preft
Pure allows a readier Difcharge of the Gra¬
vel. Hence alfo the Bladder is considera¬
bly relaxed; consequently the oblique In¬
sinuation of the Ureters, through its Seve¬
ral Membranes, is leSs liable to obftruCtthe
Evacuation of this Sandy Matter into its
Cavity.
By moderate Diureticks, by the USe of
oleaginous, emollient, and deterfive Medi¬
cines, this Dilcharge is greatly affifted, and
the PafSages themielves at the lame Time
properly lubricated, to facilitate the Ex-
pulSton, while the Severity of Pain is lii-
fpended by Anodynes , that produce alSo a
kind of paralytick Relolution of the ipaf-
modick Contraction of the Ureters on the
Gravel (by which convuifive Effort to ex¬
pel, they entirely preclude its Defcent)
Z 4 and
Medical Effays
and therefore contribute not a little even £q
open the Pafl age.
Theie appear the molt conftderable Me¬
thods for the Relief of this Dilorder, which
* i. rf ■ » ' *
is but imperfeddy managed, without the
united A fliftance of all ; and which ufed to¬
gether, feem the utmoft Art cpi furnifh.
Let us now examine the Methods of re¬
lieving thric Coiicks. By inftant Bleed¬
ing; the Tendon of the Bowel is in feme
Mealtire eaied, a timely Revulflon is made
from the Blood’s Impulfe on the affedted
-Part, an Inflammation, with its Confe-
* * • i
guences, is prevented: By giving immedi¬
ately brisk Catharticks, we propofe to urge
forcibly foreward the obfirudbed, acrid,
morbid Matter ; and by the fubfequent ufe
of more lenient and lets ftimulating Medi-
phes, to afilft the Operation of the former
\yith leis Violence; and, by the joint Af-
fiftance of Anodynes, not only to procure
a Suipenflon of Pain, but tq diminifh the
convulflve Contraction pf the Inteftine,
So flir the Curative Intentions in either Dil-
pafe ieem to quadrate with each other. The
Injections indeed of Clyfters here &rp of
little Sigiiificancy ; for they cannot pafs
beyond the Valve of Tulpius , placed at
|:he Ilium's Entrance into the C tecum ; con-
ieq neatly their Warmth cannot relax the
af-
fct &
I
and Obfervations. : %6f
&fieCted Inteftine, nor their purgative Qua¬
lity diflodge the obftruCted Matter. Still
the Patient and Phyfician continue alike
fdilappointed ; the Excefs of Pain remains,
and the Body, obftinately coftive, eludes
the united Effort of this Method. The
Repetition of the more violent Purgatives,
by the Strength of their acrid Stimulus y
provokes a firmer Tightnefs apd ContraCti-
on ; and by this Means they partly fruftrate
their own Operation ; yet the milder have
already proved too weak to effeCt any
Thing. By enlarging the Anodynes, his
Pain is but momentarily mitigated ; and
(even thefe, by the Coftivenefs they occafi-
pn, are liable in fpme Degree to prevent a
Dii charge ; yet the Patient can never be
jufe ; nor can the Difeafe ever be cured,
without procuring a thorough Evacuation.
But what will be the Confequence of
this obdurate ObftruCtion ? Either certain
Death; or the Contents of the fmaller In-
teftines,the Medicines and the Liquids the
Patient takes, if not returned by Vomit,
are together flopped at the contracted Part,
and, with the rarified Air contained here
likew.ife, dilate greatly the upper Portion
of the Bowel, to a very wide Amplitude,
while that below the Contraction is empty,
dole, and undiftended ; till by violent
ftraining
$66 Medical Ejjays
{training in the Torture of this Agony, the
contracted Part of the Inteftine is forced
upward and inward within the widened
Part, too greatly ftretched not to admit a
ready Introfufception, one being fo preter-
naturally ftraitned, and the other imme¬
diately contiguous fo vaftly widened be¬
yond its natural Dimenfion. This is the
true, the formidable IliackPaffi on, inw7hich
the VefTels furrounding the Coats of the In¬
teftine are doubled ; the Circulation through
them inftantly prevented, and afwift Mor¬
tification immediately follows. All which
might certainly have been prevented, if
the fingle Point of the intejiinal Stricture
could have been removed, to make Way
for the Evacuation; nor could the ftrong-
eft Catharticks forcibly break through it.
Should we not then attend to this Point
with great Diligence, and apply to obtain
it, a Method fo certainly ferviceable in the
Nephritick Cafe, by enlarging the Ureters?
Sydenham (a) indeed in his Difcourfe on
the Iliack Paffion, which he fuppofes pro¬
duced by the fharp Irritation of acrid Mat¬
ter, feems partly to propofe relaxing the
contracted Bowel, by his Method of ap-
plyiug an animal Warmth to the pained
Part
i* cap. p.
and Qbfervationsl $6y
Part of the Abdomen, laying a large Puppy
on it; though I confefs his principal View
appears to have been by this Heat to
ftrengthen the weakened Inteftine, agree¬
able to what he lays down as the fecond
Indication of Cure; but he hints at no luch
Indication in his Chapter on the bilious
Colick : Yet here only is it likely to be
moft advantageous, before the Cafe has
preceded fo far as to terminate in this
dreadful Symptom.
Shall we imitate this truly great Man,
and endeavour to improve on his Method,
by fomenting with emollient Decodions
the pained Part, and thus endeavour to di-
red: and determine their Effed to the very
Point where the Severity of Pain is com¬
plained of? But this will prove an inluffi-
cient, a defedive, and a partial Method,
while an Immerfton in a warm Bath, pre¬
pared of the lame Kind of Decodion, is an
univerfal Fotus to the lower Trunk of the
Body : Bcfides that, fuch a Quantity of re¬
laxing Moifture cannot be imbibed by the
bibulous Veffels, from the exprefled Flan¬
nels, as mull be ablorbed from the lurround-
ing Fluid itfelf ; where, ufed as a Bath, the
Application to the Part is the fame, the
Warmth is equal, and the Extent of its re¬
laxing Influence perfed and general on all
Medical EjJ’ays
the abdominal Region. It may alio be
worth Enquiry, whether the Preffure of
the Water has not feme iuperior Influence
to urge a larger Proportion of Fluid into
thole abforbent Veffels.
We fee then how nearly allied thefe two
diftind and widely different Difeaies are,
in their relpedive curative Indications ; the
grand Article of relaxing, opening and pro¬
curing a free PalTage being of equal Im¬
portance in both. I dare not contend in¬
deed, that the Decodion of emollient
Plants a dually carries any fuperior Virtue
in it beyond fimple warm Water; for the
gentle Heat and Humidity of the latter
may prove as fufficient for the Purpoiees
Yet, as the vvorft that can be laid of this
artful Difguife is, that it is a neediels Pomp,
the pia fraus deferves to be continued; for
the Patient would be too apt to entertain a
low, a thankjefs Opinion of his Phyficians
Merit or Depth, that effeded his Cure by
io fimple, fo naked a Remedy.
Upon the whole, I would not be appre¬
hended to advance the Notion, that no bi¬
lious Colick can poflibly be cured without
warm Bathing: The contrary is every Day
experienced ; for in the milder Kind, where
the inteftinai Stridure is far lefs ftreight-
ned? the Obflrudion more readily yields
tQ
and Ob fer vat ions.
to the Force of Catharticks : Yet even?
here, in Proportion to the Abatement of
this Tightnefs, the more fpeedily will it
affift in rdolving it, the more conducive
will it be to quicken the Operation of in¬
ternal Medicines, to haften the Patient’s
Relief, and prevent any lubfequent Dan¬
ger; for which Realons I iliould not even
in fuch Cafe, and at the Beginning of the
Dileale, omit it : And I am perfwaded, in
the feverer Kind, Neceffity indifpenfably
commands us to ufe fome Method for re¬
laxing the Bowel, that an Evacuation may
be timely obtained; and cannot but believe
many an Iliack Paffion might have been
happily prevented by an early Conjunction
of the warm Bath, with the other Manner
of Cure.
But it is juftly expected from every me¬
dical Writer, that he lhoiild confirm, and
efiablhh from Experience, and the Author
rity of repeated Trials, the real Efficacy
of that Method he recommends; for unlels-
the Sanction of Fad: is on his fide, all the
Fiourifli of laboured P^eafoning, and Pomp
of probable Argument, is but ridiculoufly
vain ; a barren Superfluity of Words, a
vox, & praterea nihil. But this, though
a neccfiary, is yet a painful Task to every
modeft Author; for even the fimple Narra¬
tion
3 jo Medical Ejfays
tion of fuccefsful Truth, is fo frequently
conftrued a vain -glorious Boafting, and
carries luch an Air of Oftentation with it,
that the cenlorious World too often, fome-
times too truly, conclude the Hiftory was
not lo much added to confirm the preceding
Argument, as the Argument defigned to
introduce the fubfequent f'elf- applauding
Story.
I ihall however give fome few Inftances,
wherein I have experienced the Succefs of
this collateral Aid of the warm Bath: The
firfl I produce is the Cale where I firft ufed
it for this Purpofe ; and the happy inftanta-
neous Relief was, as tar as a Matter of this
Nature can be proved, evidently and intire-
ly owing to it.
July 13. i73i.
A Gentleman of Spittle fields, about
Thirty, of a moderate Habit of Body, by
drinking adulterated bad Wine in a Jour¬
ney, was immediately ieized with a violent
Pain in the imaller Bowels ; which increa¬
sed daily, attended with an intire Coftive-
nei's : On his Return he immediately ap¬
plied to his Apothecary, who prudently
attempted to remove the Obftru&ion by
various pertinent Methods ; as Bleeding,
and the Stimulus of rougher Catharticks:
1 ■ Which
and Obfervatione. 3 71
Which proving ineffe&uai, he tried the la*
xative Method of more lenient Medicines,
a Solution of Manna in purging Waters,
attended with oily Draughts; not omitting
the proper Ule of Opiates to relieve the
convulfive Spalrn of the Inteltine; he had
alfo injected feveral Clyfters of the fofter '
and the ftrongly irritating Kind _ In vain.
I found him in the utmoft acute Pain, as if
a Cord had been forcibly ftrained round the
Abdomen , attended with frequent vomiting
of yellow, vilcid, bilious Matter ; and at¬
tempted once more the Effedt of a imart
Cathartick (Extradt. Rudii T>rachm. Cent .
Calomel. Gr. xv.) followed with a ‘Decodl.
of Fol. Senn. and Rad. Rhei, with the
Addition of Elix. Salutis and Syr. Rof.
Solutiv. of which he took two Spoonfuls
every Hour. I waited on him in the Even¬
ing, but he had received no manner of Be¬
nefit from this Method, his Torture con¬
tinuing without any Abatement, with the
lame inexprcffible Agony. I refolved there¬
fore to try what might be the Advantage
of a warm Bath, by relaxing the Inteftine,
and opening the Paffage : One was inftant-
ly prepared from a Decoction of the moll
emollient Plants; and fuch was the happy
Coniequence, that even while he was in it
he had a looie Stool, loon followed by five
more
3 7 & Medical E (fays
more, though he had but one for ten Days
before. This copious Difcharge termina¬
ted his Diforder; the remaining Tender-
nefs of his Bowels being foon relieved by an
Opiate, and a Solution of Sperma Ceti .
Augnjl 2,8. 1731.
I vifited— * — - — Eaton a Child not quite
five Years old, who wasfeized the zzd of
the fame Month with a vehement colicky
Pain immediately after eating two large
raw Codlings: Several Clyfters had been
ineffectually thrown up, and feveral Ca-
tharticks as fruitlefly taken internally ; for
the Child had had as yet no Stool : I found
the Abdomen greatly fwelled and hard,
with! exceflive Pain the Pulfe was frequent
and flrong ; the Relpiration quick, labo¬
rious, and indeed ftruggling. Bleeding was
immediately performed ; and the Blood
drawn away was covered on its Surface
with a leathery Subftance, equally thick
and hard with that of any adult, robuft,
pleuntick Patient I had ever attended. He
took inftantly Ril. Coch. Min. Gr. viii. Ca¬
lomel. Gr. in. in the Form of Pills; and
within an Hour began the Ufe of the Mix*
ture following, Fol. Senna ‘Drach. i„
Rad . Rhei Scrupul. i. coqne in aq. Font an .
q. s0 Colatura Vnc. iii.adde Elix. Saint is *
Mannd
and OhfervatiDkf. if
Manna an Vnc. fern. M. Sumdt. CdihL ih
omni bora donee refpondent Alvns * A
warm Bath was prepared from a Deception
of emollient Plants ; he drank alio frequent-
ly a Solution of Manna r( Me . fem. in '"One*
iv. of T)ecoB. PeBorale.
In a few Hours, after twice ufing the $e*
mic upturn, and taking a proportional Quan¬
tity of the other Medicines, the Ohftru&T
on was happily removed, and five copious
Dejections concluded the Difeafe; the great-
eft part of the Apples returned crude and
unaltered, with the Stools.
O Bober^* if$ti
— *Cajfeck, a Plumber about Forty*^'
Was feized September 30th with a violent
Colick, foon aggravated to great Intenfe-
nefs of Pain; either alternately fixed and
contracted to a Point, or ftrongly lur-
- bounding the Abdomen like a tightned
Girth, and had received no Evacuation by
feveral Catharticks and two Clyftefs admi*
niftred to him. The keen Severity of his
Pain extorted loud and conftant Screams
from him. His Pulfe was ftrong and full §
wherefore Blood was immediately drawn*
and a Dofe of Ptl. Coch. Min. cum Calo¬
mel. preferibed 5 An Hour after which he en-
tred on the Ufe of the following Medicine i
A & P FoU
374 Medical Ejjays
W Fol. Sen. Drach . in. Rad.Rhei Drach.
i. coque in aq. Font an. q. s. Colatur a X)nc .
vi. adde Elixir . falutis *l)nc. i. fern. Man¬
na ‘Vnc. i. Sal Glauber i Unc. Jem. M. fit-
mat Cocbl. iii, Joji elaf fara d Ji lulls ho-
ram , dein Cochl. ii, omni bora. He ufed
the Semicujium , made of emollient Herbs,
twice a-day, half an Hour each Time.
4th, His Agony increafedlo violently lafi
Night, that five Men could with Difficulty
overpower his ftruggling, and detain him in
Bed : To quiet this Severity, I ventured on
Gr. i. fem. of crude Opium ; by it his Pain
was greatly mitigated this Morning, but
without any Stool. He continued this
Day in the eonftant Repetition of the fame
opening Mixture, and the Bath, as before:
Whence the Morning of the next Day he
had five large Stools, and with them an
End of his Mifery and Diiorder. A Solution
of Sperma Ceti finilhed his Cure, by remo-
Ting the remaining Sorenefs of his Bowels.
May 3. 1733.
— . • ~ Lord , a Plumber alfo by Bufi-
nefs, a robufl Man, about thirty five, was
taken with a ftrong Pain in the fmaller In-
teftines, Flpril the 2,9th, that feemed like
a tight Bandage to gird the Abdomen round.
He was the Patient of an Apothecary, to
- whom
/
and Obfervatioiis . 37 jr
Whom I had frequently and dreiiuoufly ur¬
ged the Ufe and Neceffity of warm Bathing
in fevere Colicks : He had therefore from
the Beginning prudently joined this with
the other Method of drong Catharticks,
but without any Effed; I found his Pulle
hard and ftrong, his Pain increafed to per¬
fect Agony, either determined to a Point,
and piercing his Body through, or at other
Times binding forcibly the Abdomen round,
I attempted his Relief in the following
Manner :
Extrahantnr e Brachio fanguinis nOnc .
xvi . Jlatim. Extract. Radii Scrap, i.
Calomel. Gr . xv. f. Bilulte jtafim fmnend.
fup er bib end. prorfus nihil : Tribus vero
elapf horis capiat Coch. ii. mifturte feqtten-
tis. FoL Sen . ‘Drach. iii. Rad. Rhei
T)rach. i. Sal Glauber i rOnc.fem . coque in
aq . Fontan. q. s . Colatune T)nc. vi. adde
Elixir . falut is Unc. i.fem. Manna T)nc.\ .
M. capiat Cochl. ii. omni bora. Rergat in
ufu Semicupii . This he ufed half an Hour
twice or thrice a~day.
4th, As yet he found no lading Abate¬
ment of Pain, though the Bath condantiy
mitigated his Agony, while he continued
in it; nor was any Stool obtained, though
he had taken the whole of the opening Mix¬
ture: Wherefore the following more quick-
- / Aai uing
Medical Ejjays
ning Medicine was prefcribed, Extract*
Radii , Calomel . ^ Scrap, i. Refin.Jalapp*
Gr. vi. f. Rilukc qua?nprimum /amend .
££ /u?/. JV//, AJnc.fem. Rad.Rhei ErachAi*
Sal Glauberi cDrach. vi. aq . i*W/-
q. s. Colatur&cl)nc.\'& . adde Elixir*
falutis AJnc. ii. Mann £ AJnc. ii. iVf.
Capiat Cochl. ii.po/l tres , ^ a/fiwiptis Ti-
liihs, boras & dein omni bora.
He ftiil kept to warm Bathing as before.
I vifited him again in the Evening, but
found no Benefit yet received, the intefti-
nal Obflrudaon continuing equally obfti-
nate, with equal Pain. His Pulfe remain¬
ing ftiil full and hard, AJnc. xii. of Blood
were again drawn away, which, like the
firft, was greatly inflamed ; he continued
ftiil in the conftant Ufe of the aperient Mix¬
ture. The next Morning his Body was
happily opened, yet not before a Confum-
ption of one and a half of the laft prelcri-
bed Medicine: So difficult was it to get an
©pen Paffage ! Yet the following Day our
Patient complaining of a pleuritick Pain,
and his Pulfe continuing very hard, ftrong
and full, his Vein was opened a third Time
with Succefs.
I have thus honefliy related a few Cafes,
wherein, I apprehend, the warm Bath did
confiderable Service : Its remarkable Ad¬
vantage
and Qbfervations. 377
Vantage in the firft Inftance fufficiently en¬
couraged me to make repeated Trials of its
Efficacy ; and I am convinced it ever great¬
ly affifted and promoted^ the Operation of
Catharticks, and greatly forwarded the Pa¬
tient’s Recovery.
I fuppofe it will fcarcely be urged on the
contrary, that it as evidently appears from
molt of thel'e very Hiftories, that the Bath
was frequently repeated before the Work
could be performed ; confequently its Vir¬
tue was of little Avail, nor worth the
Trouble of preparing : But where the Qb-
ftrudfion is great, where the Tightnefs of
the Inteftines is obftinately firm, the
Strength and Repetition of Catharticks
muft be proportional, the Frequency and
Continuance of Bathing muft be kept to
without Wearinels, that the Virtue of this
united Method may at length prevail. In
Nephritick Cafes, the Bath, and all the o-
ther known Methods of Cure, muft fome-
times be long perlevered in, before the
fabulous Matter* lodged in the Kidneys*
or plugging up the Ureters, can be brought
away ; bccauie therefore it has not an im¬
mediate Effecft here, we (hall not rafhfy pro¬
nounce it of no Benefit : For, as in the In¬
teftines, the relaxing every Stri&ure, and
opening every Obftru&ion, will be earlier
A a 3 or
Medical Ejfays
or later, as is the Degree of their Strength*
Duration and Tightrteis.
On the other hand, I am far from attri¬
buting thefe Recoveries fingly to the Bath,
exclujive of the Help from internal Cathar-
ticks. But when I confider the very Nature
of this Diftemper, the Manner in which it
affects the Inteitine, the Continuance of
the obftmate Coftivenefs, the Severity of
their Torture, (ever mitigated by Bathing)
and the large Quantity of Catharticks of
either Kind taken before the Paffage was
made ; I cannot help concluding the Semu
cup turn was really and highly uleful in their
Relief; greatly forwarding their Cure, and
preventive of worfe Conlequences that
would have arifen from a continued unre-
jnoved Obftmdion. In this fmgle View
of an Ajjiflant to the other Methods of
Cure I endeavour only to propofe it*
XXVIII. The Water of a TDropfy evacua¬
ted at the Navel \ by T)r. Francis
Pringle, late Trefident of the College
of T hyficians at Edinburgh*
IN June 1 726 I was defired to vifit a Wo¬
man betwixt forty and fifty Y ears of Age,
who
and Obfervations . 379
who had laboured under a Hydrops Afc it e*
fome Years, and in that Time had taken a
great many Medicines by the Direction of a
Phyfician. The moft powerful Diureticks
and hydragogue Purgatives were given by
another Phyfician and me in vain, the Bulk
of her Belly, which was very great when I
law her firft, rather increafing ; fo that at
length, ddpairing of doing her Service by
Medicines, and Ihe refufing to undergo the
cParacenteJis, we gave over preferring for
her.
Having one Day taken a pretty brisk Pur¬
gative, ihe told me that the W aters ouzed out
a her Navel: This Ouzing continued con-
ftantly after, but was flow and gentle, giving
her no other Uneafinefs than what was oc-
cafioned by wetting her Linens. She remain¬
ed in this State all the Winter, without her
Belly increafing, but her Fleih and Strength
wafted.
In May 1727 having gone to Leith in a
Coach, in returning home, the Orifices at the
Navel were fo dilated that the Water gufbed
out in a Stream, as if ihe had been tapped ; and
with great Difficulty ihe was carried from the
Coach to her Lodgings, where the Waters
continued to flow plentifully, while 1 was
fent for, the People about her computing that
file had difeharged between 12 and 16 Scots
A a 4 Pints
Medical Ejfays
Pints of Water. When I came, flic was fa
faint/her Pulfe lb funk and her Looks ib ghaft-
fy , that. I found it abfoluteiy neceflary to put
a Stop to any farther Difcliarge of Water at
that Time, by proper ComprefFes and Ban¬
dage, and then ordered her to be laid in Bed
with her Head low and her Feet railed. She
paiTed the Night indifferently, but recovered
her Pulfe and Spirits. Next Morning a Cho¬
pin more of Water ran out, when the wet
Dreffings were changed for clean ones, and
that Day file wasfeized with a Fever, attended
with violent and threatning Symptoms, fuch
as Vomiting, Hiccough, and Afthma . The Fe¬
ver continued in this Way feme Days, but at
length (he recovered intirely,and continued
that Summer and moft part of Autumn in a
perfed: State of Health . Her Belly not being
|n the lead (welled, and her Flefli, Strength,
Colour and Appetite being recovered.
In OAober ihe was ieized all of a hidden
with a Colick, attended with violent Vomi¬
ting, and an obftinate Conftipation, which
cut her offin a few Days.
Upon opening her Body there was no Wa¬
ter nor any remarkable Diforder found in the
Abdomen, except that the cX)terus was valfo
fy large, being (chirrous all over, with its
Coats greatly thickned* It weighed foui*
Peun4s ftnd a h^ffo
XXIX, Thi
mid Ob ferv at ions . 3 § t
XXIX. The Menftrua regularly e vacua*
ted at an Ulcer of the Ancle ; by Mr .
James Calder junior, Surgeon in
Glafgow,
A Healthy , vigorous, labouring Country
Girl, of an ordinary Stature, ftrained
her right Foot at fifteen Years of Age, and
again at nineteen, when a fordid Ulcer
broke out in it: This being healed up in
three Weeks, fife foon after complained of a
Biforder through all her Body. At twenty
Years of Age her Menftrua appeared for
the firft time, but in very fmali Quantity.
The former Dilorders ft ill continuing,
file was blooded at the Vena Safh&na of
that right Foot. Soon after which an Ul¬
cer was formed in that Ancle, which has
now continued above five Years, a confi-
derabie Share of the Os calc is having come
out. This Ulcer lent out in two or three
Days of each Month, as large a Quantity of
Blood, as Women generally pais in their
Courfcs, and this in regular Periods, with¬
out any Blooding at the intermediate Time.
Some 'pays before this periodical Hamor-
rhagy\ Ihe always complained of great
Pain in Jier Fopt, which became tolerably
caiy
Medical Ejjays
cafy, as fbon as the Evacuation was paft.
She continued in this W ay till , in M#y 1 73 3 ,
the Bones being call out, and the Ulcer
beginning to heal up, while her Body tur¬
ned more plump and ftrong, the Menfes
came the natural Way, in much the fame
Quantity, and continuing the fame Time
they uled to do at her Foot, which bled
none. She had a fecond natural Return of
the Courfes in June , but in July fhe paffed
the natural Period, and her Foot became
more painful; but the Menfes returning as
in other Women, the Pain ceafed; and Hie
has ever fince that Time been in good
Health, with her Menfes regular in the na¬
tural Way, without any other Evacuation
than of a final! Quantity of Bus at the Ul¬
cer, which (till continues a little open.
XXX. An Account of Medical *D if cove-
ries , Improvements and Books publijhed
in the Tear 173 x, and omitted in the
fecond Volume of this Collection.
cDifcoveries and Improvements .
SEveral Anatomifts, particularly Meflrs.
Heifer and Balfyn , having of late de¬
puted whether Stem's Dudt, between the
Nofe
and Ob fer vat ions. 383
Nofe and Mouth, is pervious in the recent
Subject, as well as in the Skeleton; Dr.
Kulm , ProfefTor of Medicine at P)antzick ,
affirms. That he has found and demonftra-
ted it to feveral, to be pervious in a Deer,
a Bear, wild Goats, Hares, Calves, Dogs,
and in the humfo Subject, and then men¬
tions the Manner of tracing it. He fays
there is a double Opening of this Dud: in**
to the Mouth at the ‘Papilla , immediately
behind the 1 Dentes inci fores , out at which
Orifices a Liquor bubbles, when the Palate
is prefled with the Fingers from behind
forewards, by which one is directed to in¬
troduce a Hog’s Bridle into thefe Canals ;
and by pulhing the Bridle firft perpendi¬
cularly, and then a little Backward, it very
eafiiy pafles into the Nofe. Befides,fay$ het
the Place of thefe Dud:s in the Nofe may
be readily diftinguifhed by its greater De¬
clivity, Tabul. Anat. XI.
Dr. Pozzi, ProfefTor at Bologna , en¬
deavours to prove in the Comment ariolum
tacked to his Orations, />. 5 5*. that the Nails
grow out from the Tendons that are ipread
on thelaft Phalanx of the Fingers and Toes.
P. 58. He fays. That the Thymus of a
Calf, foftened by Maceration, difcovers a
Lobe from which a milky Liquor runs out
when it is wounded ; and if Air is after¬
wards
3?4 Medical EJfays
wards blown into it, the whole Thymus is
diftended, and may be dried, when it plain¬
ly appears to be compofcd of Cells commu¬
nicating with each other; upon the Sides
of which Mufcuiar Fibres are to be feen.
From which Structure he concludes, That
the Thymus in Feet ufe s iupplies the Ufe of
the Lungs, ferving as a Receptacle for the
Chyle to be prepared in.
CP. 72. Our Author relates the Pheno¬
mena he remarked in differing a Dog,
whofe Spleen was cut out when he was ve¬
ry young. The Liver, which was larger,
and more heavy than ordinary, was alio be¬
come more brittle. The Vena port arum
was enlarged. The GalLbladder was full
of Bile, the Colour, Confidence and Tafte
of which difcovered it to be more acrid than
it is commonly. From theie Appearances
he is led to think the Ufe of the Spleen to
be for feparating a Liquor like to Spittle,
which may dilute the Bile, and prevent its
too great Acrimony.
BOOKS .
TOijfertationes due , de viribus me die a-
tis olei animalis in Epilepfia , aliifque af-
feElibtis convuljivis , 8 vo, Londini.
A new Englijh Difpeniatory, by James
Alleyne , M. D. 8 vo London .
Tho*
and Ob fsrvat ions . 3 S 5
Thomas Fieni libri chirurgici duodecim
de pncipuis artis chirurgici controvert
Jiis, editio zda, 4 to , Londini.
! Frofodia chirurgica ; or a Memo rid
technic a , calculated for the Ufe of old Pra¬
ctitioners, as well as young Students in Sur¬
gery; being a Lexicon , wherein ail the
Terms of Art are accounted for, their moft
received Senfe given, and an exadt Defini¬
tion of them from the bed Greek Authors:
Aifo thfrir Pronounciation as to Quantity
determined by proper Marks over each Syl¬
lable. The fecond Edition, i%mo, London .
Giuftificazione di Antonio BenevoJi,
Cerufico e maeftro delle infigne fpedale di
janta Maria nuova del citta di Firenze,
dalle replicate ac'cufe del Signior Pietro
Paolo in Lucca , 4 tb, Fiorent.
Antonii Valiilneri Op ere me die he e Ft *
Jiche , Tom . x. Fol. Venet.
Nuove ed erudite oJfervazioM ,Storiche ,
medic he e naturali del Dot tor Girolamo
Cafpari, Medico primario di Feltre , Bw,
Venet,
Saggio di Medicina Teorico-praclica di
Carlo Gianello, 8vo, in Venezia,
Obfervationes de Febribus pracipue in-
termittentibus & ex earum gene re conti -
verjio -
delam
nuis , deque earum periculis ac re*
nibus pnnojeendis S pneavendis p
Medical E (fays
delam tempeftivam, ejfcacem , adaquatam,
candide & perfpicue propofitam . Autore
Paulo Gottlieb Werlhof, M. D. 4 to Han¬
nover.
A Difcourfe concerning Fevers, in two
Letters to a young Phyfician. The fecond
Edition, 8 vo, London .
Friderici Hoffmanni Medicina rationa¬
les Syflematicre, Tomi ^ti9 Bars 7*da , 4 to>
Halae Magdeburg.
* *
XXXI. An Account of the mofi remark -
’ able Improvements and cDiJcoveries in
! 'Phyfick made or propofed fence the Be¬
ginning of the Tear 1733.
DR. Boerhaave , ProfeiTor of Phyfick
at Leyden , has communicated to the
Royal Society at London , leveral accurate
and very laborious Experiments concerning
Mercury . The Reiult of them may be
fummed up in thele few Articles.
1. ffuick-ftlver , however well purified,
dv paihng through Leather, wauling, or
Diftiliations repeated ever io oft, yields al¬
ways a loft black Powder of a iharp brafTy
Tafte, when long expofed to violent Con-
quaffation, or to a Degree of Heat about
twice as great as that of Animals.
2* Heat
and Obfervations . 387
Heat near as ftrong as what is neceft
(ary for diftilling Quick-filver, changes the
greater Part of Mercury , if not all of it, in¬
to a heavy, Ihining, red, friable Powder,
of a very fharp, metallick, nauieous, pene¬
trating Tafte, which one can Icarce free his
Mouth of, that long and violently diior-
ders the human Body, and dilpoles it to
Excretions.
3. The Fluid Quick-Jilver remaining af¬
ter this red Powder is feparated, is more
fluid, and of Ids ipecifick W eight than com¬
mon Mercury.
4. All the black , and very near the whole
m/Powder,can be brought into the former
.fluid State, by a more intenfe Heat, and this
revivified Quick filver enjoys all the Pro¬
perties of common Mercury, andierves as
well for repeating the lame Experiments.
5*. The imall Part of the red Powder
which is not revivified, can Icarce be railed
by the Force of Fire, and becomes of a du¬
sky Colour, fwelling like a Sponge, and vi¬
trifies by the Addition of iome Borax ; but
when tried with Lead it flies off.
6. Quick-filver, when diftilled by itfelf,
or in Water, requires a very ftrong Heat
to raife it; but if it is previoufly reduced to
a biack Powder, by amaigamizing it with
one fourth Part of Lead, and then is put a-
mong
388 Medical Ejfays
tnong Vinegar, the Quick-filver rifes before
the Vinegar boils, jP hilofoph. Tranfaffi.
Numb. 4x7. § x.
I11 j Pag. 387. of Vol. II. we mentioned
^uick-Jiiver being the falhionable Medi¬
cine at London , fince which it has been gi¬
ven here at Edinburgh in feveral Forms,
different from thole commonly in ufe before.
Tho’ feveral have taken an Ounce or two
of crude Mercury each Morning of feveral
Weeks; we know no Inftance of its increa-
Img any of the fenfible Evacuations, but
have been told, that feme who ufed it thus,
had parted feme of it with their Urine, and
that the Hands of others under this Medi¬
cine, had guilded their Snuff-boxes and
Heads of their Canes.
Quick-filver rubbed violently with a
double Quantity of Crabs Eyesi or of Su¬
gar Candy, till it is extinguiihed, when it
goes by the Name of Mercttrius Alkaliz>a-
fus , or ALthiops albus ', tho’ it has been taken
by feme without any fenfible Effedt, yet we
have had the Experience of a very imali
Quantity of it having railed a high Salivati¬
on to others.
Mercury , extinguiihed in E rune Us, has
operated much in the fame Way with the
/Ethiops albus .
p^uic kfilver diffolved, by rubbing it
ftrongly
and Observations.
ftrongly with any chemical Oil, or with Ve*
nice Turpentine, has been given to the
Quantity of a Scrufiule, half a Drachm ,
or two Scrupiles in a Day. Such Pills keep
ionic Peoples Belly open, others they purge,
and a gentle Ptyalilm has fometimes been
occafioned; nay, a high Salivation has been
railed by them.
Dr . Rlummer* s ASthiQps,<\z£cxibz& in Arl0
VI. Vol. I. has been fuccefsful in feveral del-
perate cutaneous Difeafes, and obftinate
glandular Swellings, when Care has been
taken by Dofes adapted to the Patients, and
the proper Ufe of gentle Opiats, or Purga¬
tives, to prevent its running off by Stool, or
its affedting thefalivary Glands too much.
An Imitation of Bellofie9 s Pills has allb
been tried ; thefe are made by extinguilhing
Quick-filver in Refin of Guajac, then for¬
ming into Pills with a chemical Oil, or with
Ol. Tartar . and afterwards crofting each of
them over with the Extract of Rhubarb .
Thefe purge gently. We have not heard that
they increafed the Excretion of Saliva t
Crude Antimony is recommended in Pal-
fies, Pains and Numnefs that come on after
a Salivation, and is laid to have cured feve-
ral who were Paralytick from other Caules,
The Method of giving it, is to begin with
three Grains, increafing the Dole with three
0 b Grains
r
39°
Medical Ej/ays
Grains every Day* till the Patient takes
half a Drachm at once; after which the
Dole is diminilhed three Grains every Day y
till it comes down to the Quantity of the
firfl: Dofe. Commerc. Literar . Norimber z.
T7 T
1733. Hebdom.'L. § %.
The French Phyficians are at prefent
much divided in their Opinions concerning
the Medicine fo famous at Far is in 1719
and 17x0, under the Name of the Powder
of the Chartreux , which is now generally
named Kermes Mineral. It is the Sulphur
of Antimony prepared, by pouring' a diffol-
ved fixt Alkali Salt ; for Example, Ol.Tar -
tari per deliquium upon the Powder of An¬
timony ; and after digefting them in a Sand-
heat for a Day, to make the Liquor boil
two Hours, when it becomes of a very red
Colour: and being poured offinto another
Yefiel, lets fall a red Powder, which is
freed of the Alkali Salt , by wafting it fre¬
quently with Water; after which it is dried
and kept for Ufe. Half a Grain, or a Grain
of this Powder given every three or four
Hours, produces no violent Effedts; but
by increafing the Dole, it may be made to
vomit, purge, and fweat. Some commend
it in their Thefes and Pamphlets, as the mod
univerfal Reiolvent and Deobftruent, allur¬
ing us, that it almolt infallibly cures Tien-
md Obfifv&tUHii 59 {
rtfies, 5P eripneumonies , Ajihmas, Catarrhs,
Angina, Small-pox, and many other Dip
€aies. Others, on the contrary, areaspofP
tive that it heats and thickens the Blood*
thereby increafing Gbftm&ions, and is par¬
ticularly hurtful in all inflammatory DiP
eales. Unluckily both Parties appeal to
Experience, and mention Examples to flap*
port what they argue for.
By the Information we have received of
the Effects of the Medicine upon which the
great Run is now at London, we can ima¬
gine it to be no other than a Preparation of
Antimony, and that no milder one than the
Butter of Antimony ; than which there is
fcarce known a more violent Deftroyer of
all Animal Subftanccs, being compofed of
the reguline or metallick Part of that Mi*
neral corroded by the concentrated Acid of
Spirit of Nitre, or of Sea-Salt .
Dr* Boeli at Brunfwick recommends the*
Powder of the Root of the Valerian taken
into the Nole by way of Snuff', as an ex¬
cellent Reftorer of weak Sight, and men¬
tions lome Examples of his Succcls with it,
As he orders it, there may be lome Doubt
on what the Succefs defends. His Receipt
is, 5^. Rad. Valerian. FoL Tabac. a. Drachm
ii. fiat puli;, fubtilijjim* adde 01. deJiilL
Lavendul* Major an* a. gutt. iii. M< A£F
.1
392, Medical Ejfays
SPhyfico-medic . Acad, natur . curiof. Tom.
III. Ob f ix$\
Sir Sloane , Prefident of the Royal
Society informs us of four Children, who,
after eating the Seeds of the Hyofciamus
niger C. B. or common Henbane, were
feized with great Third:, Swimmings of the
Head, Dimnefs of Sight, Ravings, and pro¬
found Sleep ; which laft continued two Days
and Nights in one of them. He fays the
\ Delirium occasioned by thefe Seeds, differs
from the common, and in Some Mealiire a-
grees with that produced by the cDutroa7
a Species of the Stramonium , and by the
Bangue of Eaji India , a Sort of Hemp.
He cured all thele Children by Bleeding,
Bliftering in ieveral Places, and purging
afterwards, with a Medicine compofed of
Elelt. Lenitiv. 01. Amygd. d. Flor. Snip b.
and Syrup . Rteon. which operated both by
Vomit and Stool.
The lame Gentleman alio tells us of s
Quack, who cured the Toothach, by con¬
veying the Smoak of burning Henbane
Seeds , by means of a Funnel, into the hollow
Tooth. Bhtlof Tranfabl. Numb. 429. § 1.
Dr. Short in his Hiftory of the Mineral
Waters of Torkjhire , cDerbyJhire and Lin-
eolnjhire has claffed them into the warm,
purging chalybeat, diutetick chalybeat,
purging
and Obfervations.
purging and plain Sulphur Waters,
He found the warm Waters to be im«
pregnated with a Mineral Steam, Vapour,
or Spirit, containing a moil fubtile and im¬
palpable Sulphur, with a calcarious Earth*
and feme Nitre and Sea-Salt. Of thofe he
mentions, that of Buxton feems to be the
Principal, the Heat of which is equal, in
frofty Weather, to common River Water,
with which two fifths of boiling Water has
been immediately mixed.
The purging chalybeat Waters contain a
Mineral Spirit, Sulphur, Vitriol, Nitre and
Sea-Salt, with a calcarious Earth, of which
fome Particles are attracted by the Load -
ft one. Ofi&hefe, Scarborough Spaw is now
in greateft Reputation; the principal Salt
of which is defcribed and painted by our
Author, as confiding of long Cryftais made
up of fix Sides, which all concur at each
Extremity in forming aDiamond Point, and
he calls it Nitre.
The diuretic k chalybeat Waters confift
of much the fame Principles with the for¬
mer Clafs, only the Saits are in Ids Pro¬
portion. Of thefe there are great Numbers
in Torkjhire.
The Sulphur Waters, befides Sulphur,
contain aifo marine Salt and Nitre, or Nitre
B b 3 only
? l»4. Medical Ejfays
^!y and Earth, Of thefe the ftrongeft 1$
Harrigate-well .
T)x.§haw,m hisTreatife on Scarborough
Waters, previoufly lays down a great many
Rules to be pbierved in the Inveftigation
of all Mineral Waters, whereby we may be
directed in our Enquiries, and may be cau¬
tioned againft drawing Concltifions too ha-
ftily, which del'erye to beferioufly confide^
red by all employed in Phyfick.
The Contents of the purging Spa<ni>
which is what is chiefly ufed, are much the
fame in Dr. Shaw's Account , as what we
mentioned from Dr. Short ; only Dr. Shaw
has delcrihed the firff Salt, as confifting on*
}y of four Sides, of which two are broad,
and two are narrow 5 the two broad ones,
which are oppofite to each other, are ex¬
tended into a lharp Edge at one Extremity
of each Cryftal, the narrow Sides not
fhooting out io far; and the Reverie is ol>
ierved at the other Extremity of the Cry*
ftal. He affirms this Salt to be fui generis ,
and different from all the natural or artifi¬
cial Salts vet known.
This Water proyes a gentle cooling Pur*
but as the Salt is in a (mail Quanti-
Operation of the Water is often re¬
quired to beaflifted by fome of th^Salt prc>
pared by the Apothecaries,
‘ ‘ ' T " ' Dx,
jgative
ry - r
and Ob format ions. 39^
Dr. Waltberus , Profeffor at Leipjick ,
after comparing the Mufcles of the human
Body, with the Defcriptions of them pu-
bliilied by feveral Authors, particularly by
Mr. fVinJlow (in his Expojition Anato -
miqne') has made (everal accurate Remarks
on them, which may ferve as a Supplement
to the Anatome teneriorum mufculorum
repetita , which he publiihed formerly ; but
as they will not admit of an Abridgement,
we muft refer to the Oblervations them-
lelves, which are inferted in Nov. AEt. E -
rudit. Menf. Jun. 1733.
Dr. Nichols, Ledurer of Anatomy at Ox-
ford, has, (in his Compend . AnatGm.') con¬
tradicted the common received Dodtrine of
the Motion of the Heart, and of the Circu¬
lation of the Blood, both in Adults and Fx~
tujes.
Ertfletd . XV. “ The Circulation of the
“ Blood depends, (lays he) on fix Motions,
“ 1. Of the right Auricle. 2, Right Ven-
“ tricle. 3. Pulmonary Artery, 4. Left
Auricle. 5. Left Ventricle; and, 6. Of
“ the Aorta. Of thefe the ift, 3d, 5th
“ are fynchronous, or ad: at the lame Time,
“ as the 2d, 4th, 6th likewife do ; but the
“ ift, 3 d, yth , are alynchronous, or ad at a
44 different Time from what the 2d, 4th,
“ 6th do; and therefore
B b 4
The
Medical Ejfays
The % Auricles ^ Care relaxed,
Thex Ventricles^- alternately sare contra*
The % Arteries 3 C «fted.
Er tele cl. XXIV. Dur Author has the
'• * • f »• '
following Propositions concerning the Cir¬
culation of the Blood in Fcetufes .
i. The Blood of the afcending Cava
££ is fitter for Nutrition, muicular Motion,
* £ and the lubtile Secretions, than the Blood
16 that is carried to the Heart by the de-
fc ending Cava. For the former confi-
t£ fling partly of Blood lately triturated in
65 the Lungs of the Mother, partly of
*c Blood returning Loin the Vena fort # ,
V gnd -defecated in the Liver, with the
4« Blood brought back from the iliack and
M emulgent Vcifels, may be looked on a§
arterious Blood; the latter on the con-
f* trary being deprived of many of its more
fubtile Parts, bellowed on the Nourifh-
46 meat of the Fibres, or in the Secretions
S£ of the Brain, is altogether venous, and as
?£ it were weak and poor, ( ejfgtus .f
a. The afcending and defending
f£ orta are dilated and contracted at diffe-
1 •/
?c rent Times, or have afynchronous Mo-
?£ tions.-
££ 3. The Blood of the afcending Cav$
f? is pulhed to the Heart, at the Time when
?? the right Auricle is contracted, and the
left
and Observations* J<^
left Auricle is relaxed ; and therefore it
will not pafs into the right Auricle, and
from that into the left ; but muft go im¬
mediately from the Cava into the left
Auricle.
4. The Blood which is fent from the
left Auricle, into the left Ventricle, con-
fifting moftiy of the Blood of the afcen -
ding Cava, is wholly diftributed to the
Heart and Branches of the afcending A*
orta.
“ 5. The Blood which flows from the
descending Cava into the Heart, pafTes
partly through the Lungs into the left
Auricle, to be mixed with the Blood of
the afcending Cava , partly pafles into
the dejcending Aorta , not to be mixed
with the Blood of the afcending Artery ;
That the Blood which is returned to the
Mother may be venous, weak and poor
(ejfgtus.)
“ 6. The Canalis arteriofus being flint
by Refpiration, the defending Artery
acquires a Motion fynchronous to that
of the afcending Artery ; and the Blood
of the afcending Cava is fent to the
Heart, at the Time when the left Au¬
ricle is contracted, and the right Au¬
ricle is relaxed, and therefore is wholly
poured into the right Ventricle, along
wit|
i 9 8 Med ical Effays
44 with the Blood of the defc ending Cava!9
44 7- The Contents of the Abdomen be-
44 ing preffed by Relpiration, the umbili-
64 cal Arteries, umbilical Vein, and the du-
54 bins venofus are loon flhut up.
44 8. The ufual Crying of new-born In-
“ fants, contributes much to the Diftention
44 of the Lungs, and breaking down the
“ Particles of the Blood.
The Doctor next explains a Figure he
lias caufed to be drawn of the two Auricles
of the Heart of a Foetus to fliew the Ca¬
nals, by one of which the Vena cava a*
feendens opens into the right, and by the o~
ther into the left Auricle, at each of which
he paints a Valve.
He illuftrates afterwards his Scheme of
the Circulation of the Blood in a Foetus
by another Figure, in explaining which he
a flumes the fecond and third of the pre¬
ceding Propofitions as demonftrated.
Dr. Nichols's Opinion concerning the
Circulation of the Blood in natis & non -
natis in born and unborn Animals, is lo
different from what has prevailed fince
HarveVs Time, that we cannot but wilh
V/ 7
he had been more explicite, and would add
the Experiments or other Proofs that can
be brought to fupport hisDodfcrine. With a
View to be informed, and to induce per-
' haps
and Obfervatlons . 399
haps the Dodtor to explain himfelf more
fully, we[£hall propole one Queftion which
naturally offers itlelf, upon looking at his
Scheme of the Circulation in a Foetus .
What prelerves the Form of Canals to F,
(the Paffage from the Cava afeendens into
the right Auricle) and to N, (the Part of
the Aorta between the Rile of the left fub-
clavian Artery, and the Infertion of the Ca*
nails arteriofus ) feeing by the Explicati¬
on of the Scheme there are no Liquors pafs
through them?
The Cataract is generally now agreed
to be for moft part the cryftalline Humor
rendred opack, very few Inftances being
brought of any Membrane lodged in the
pofterior Chamber of the aqueous Humor,
and thefe have been lulpedted to be no o-
ther than the Membrane of the Cryftalline
feparated. To confirm more the Dodtrine
of the Cryftalline being the Part affedted ill
the Cataract, Dr. Scheuchz>er Phyfician at
Zurich in SvuijJ'erland , communicates the
Difledtion of two cataradlous Eyes, on one
of which the Operation had been perform¬
ed with Succefs. In the Eye which had
not been couched, the Cryftalline which
adhered to the Circumference of the Uvea
was of the Colour of whitifli Pearl, but Ids
fright. In the other Eye the Cryftalline
was
9
Medical E flays
was lefs, harder, inclined to a yellow Co«
lour, and depreffed below the Uvea. A
Cloud was obferved in the Part of the vi¬
treous Humor through which the Needle
had palTcd. AH. Thyfico-Medic . Acad.
N.Q. Tom. iii. Obferv. 36’.
The Cafes in Midwifery mentioned by
Mr. Giffard , may be reduced to thefe two ;
I . That the Head of the Child is fallen down
among the Bones of the Mother’s Telvis ,
and does not advance with her Throws,
and cannot be puflied back into the Womb,
x. That a wrong Pofture of the Child, the
Flooding or Weaknefs of the Mother, make
it neceffary to bring the Child away by the
Feet.
In the former of thefe two Cafes he made
Ufe of an Extractor, which is fo far diffe¬
rent from that defcribed in Art . XX. of this
Y olume, that the Blades of it confided each
of an oval Ring bended, inftead of an intire
Piece of thin Steel. Dr. Hody , the Editor
of Mr. Giffard's Book, publifhes with it an
Improvement made on the Extractor by
Mr. Freke Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's
Hoipital, which feems to eonfift in one of
the Handles having a Joint in the Middle
of it, and its Extremity being a fharp Hook
or Crotchet, which has a moveable Flap to
cover it3 when it is not employed as a Hook
to
and Ob few at ions . 4®!
to operate with. Mr. Gijfard obferved fome
Times, that the Os Vteri gripped the Child’s
Head io firmly, that it could not be brought
away with the Extractor , till with his Fin¬
gers he had dilated the Ring which the
Womb made. As foon as he could catch
hold of the Head with his Hands, he laid
afide the Inftrument. If after the Head was
born, the Child ftuck at the Shoulders, he
endeavoured to make more Way for them,
by bringing out fir ft one Arm, and then the
other ; or if that could not be done* he put
a crooked Finger into each Arm-pit of the
Child, and fo extra&ed it.
In the Cafes where there is a Neceflity of
bringing the Child away by the Feet, he di¬
lates th eOsTinca by ipreading his Fingers,
puihes back what Parts are in his Way, or
Hides his Hand along them to i'earch for a
Leg : After he has brought this out, and
tied a Ligature upon it, he fearches for the
other, but is not anxious about finding it,
if it is bended upwards on the Child’s Bel¬
ly, or the PalTage is wide enough by the
Woman’s having formerly born Children ;
for the Leg he has brought out is fufficient
for bringing down the Buttocks, till he can
put his crooked Finger, or the Handle of
one Blade of the Extractor armed with Cot¬
ton into the Groin, or a Fillet put round
402, Medical Ejfays
the Thigh ; with any of which, and the Li¬
gature on the other Leg, he extracts the But-
tocks. When laying hold of the Child’s Bo¬
dy, he turns it, if there is Occafion for it, as
he lays there commonly is in fiich a Cafe ;
becaufe the Child has funk down in the
Womb without turning, fo that its Face is
forward. When the Shoulders are brought
out, he brings down the Arms to make more
Room, and then clapping one Hand flat up¬
on the Breaft of the Child to fupport it, he
lays the other on the Shoulders, and pulls.
If the Or internumhzs contradled round the
Neck, he dilates it; If the Head flicks not-
withflanding this, he advances the lower
Hand, till he can put a Finger or two into
the Child’s Mouth ; and then preffing on
the lower Jaw, he draws with both Hands^
and feldom miiles to bring the Child away.
Our Author took always Care to put
back the umbilical Rope when it falls out
before Birth, and to difengage it from the
Child’s Neck or Body, or to cut it when it
is twilled round any of thefe Parts, to pre¬
vent the ‘Placenta being pulled away, or
the Circulation being flopped in it.
He always feparated the Placenta with
his Fingers, and did not pull it away by
the Navel-firing, and took care to free the
Womb afterwards of clotted Blood and
Mem*
» and Obfervatidns 0
Membranes, which, when left, occaficn
Pains and Flooding. He is of Opinion no
Time ihould be delayed in doing this after
Delivery, became the Womb contracts ve¬
ry fait.
Clyfters to provoke too languid Throws*
an Opiate to put away falic Pains, and to
bring on the true Ones, and a cordial
Draught after Delivery when the Wroman
was low, were all the Medicines he uied.
Mr. Chapman in his Ejjay on the Im¬
provement of Midwifery, p. 7, affirms,
that he never did obferve the lateral Point¬
ing of the Womb, fo much infilled on by
\ Eeventer , but has obferved it turned for¬
wards or backwards.
p. 10. He condemns greatly the Ufe of
the Crotchet ©r Hook in the Delivery of
Women, unlefs when there is an intirc Cer¬
tainty of the Child being dead ; which on¬
ly can be determined by a Concurrence of
all the Symptoms mentioned by Authors,
and not by one or two of them.
p. ix. He condemns the Make of the
Extractors he hasfeen others employ, but
does not deicribc his own, nor his Manner
of flipping a Fillet over the Child’s Head.
p. 67. The uiofl: effectual Remedy in
Flooding is, according to him, to cover
the Patient’s Body with Clothes dipped in
Oxycratef
404 Medical Ejfays
Oxycrate , repeating them as they grow
warm, and giving cool acid Liquors to
drink.
p. 117. After a hard Labour, and where
there has been a Neceflity of ufing fome
Violence, “ the Woman (fays Mr. Chap -
6£ man) is to be treated as one bruifed by
a Fail. Here, as a Thing of the great-
eft Service, I would recommend wrap*
ping of the Body round with a Sheep’s
<c Skin haftily flead off, and applied as
54 warm as poffible: I have for many Years
“ paft had a happy Experience of this, and
“ wifh I had come fooner to the Know-
ledge of it than I did, as having always
made Ufe of it with Succels.” This Me*
’ thod is recommended by Guillemeau .
Dr. Schulze , Profeflbr of Medicine at
Hally contraditfts the common Opinion
concerning the umbilical VefTels, in two
Diflertations he publilhed, to be defended
by his Scholars. He endeavours to prove
in the Firjiy That the Navel is not formed
by the Ligature which the Midwives make,
or by Animals gnawing the Navel-ftring of
their Young with their Teeth, but by Na¬
ture ; and that the umbilical Veftels fepa-
rate fpontaneoufly, or with very little
Force, from the interior Surface of the
Skin, in the lame Manner as we fee the
Ibriveled
f
and Obfervatltins. 4cf
fhriveled Navel-firing fall off from the ex-!
rerior Surface. After which the umbilical
Veffels within a Child’s and other young
Creature’s Body contract and fhrivel, their
Extremity by which they adhered to the
Navel becoming black and pointed, as if
they had been burnt, and at laft dTappear
altogether, without leaving any Veftige
that can be obferved in the Adult ; fon
fays he, what are commonly defcribed and
painted, as thefe Yeflels changed into Li¬
gaments, are no other than the Sheaths in
which they were formerly contained.
It is eafy to fee what Conclufion he draws
from this Dodtrine in his Second Diflerta*
lion, viz. That it is unneceffary to make
any Ligature upon the Navel-firing after
Birth ; but as he judges the Ligature to be
innocent, he does not infill upon its being
omitted.
In Confirmation of Dr. Schulzes Do*
dtrine, Dr. Eller , Phyfician at Berlin , re¬
lates feveral Inftances of the Navel-firings
©f Children being left untied after they
were cut, without being attended with any
Htemorrhagy, or other bad Confequencef
Commerc. Korimberg. 1733, Hebd . 48, § x*
Dr. Trew of Norimherg having carefully
examined the State of the umbilical Veffels
of Subjects of different Ages, oblerves thal
G a ' m
40 6 Medical EJfays
the fhriveling is not peculiar to thefe Parts*
feveral other Parts being changed in the
fame Way ; he could difcover no Mechanilm
by which a Hsemorrhagy fhould be pre¬
vented without a Ligature, when the um¬
bilical Veflels are cut ; and concludes, that
feeing there are Examples of Haemorrhagies
from neglecting to tie the Navel-ftring, it
would be very unfafe to forbear the Ule of
the Ligature. Ibid. Hebd. 49. § 1. S) Hebd .
5©. 5 1.
Dr. Alexander Stewart , Phyfician to
the Queen of England , formerly ( a ) com¬
municated an Obiervation of a Serjeant of
the Horie-miards, whefe Gall-Bladder was
wounded without any other Bowel being
much hurt, and whole Symptoms, in the
feven Days he lived after being wounded,
were, a great Diftenfion of his Belly, with¬
out Rubins or Flatus upwards or down¬
wards, or Borborygmi\ noPaflageby Stool,
and very little Urine, notwithftanding
Purgatives and Clyfters were given him,
and that he took what was thought a fitffi-
cient Quantity of Drink and liquid Food ;
neither had he any found Sleep, but only
fhort Slumbers, though he took Opiates.
There was no Sign of Fever, his Pulie con¬
tinuing
(a) Phijofoph. Tranfaft. Nuwib. 414. § a.
and Obfervations . 407
tinuing in a natural State till the Day before
he died, when it intermitted. The Wound
in the Teguments never fuppurated well.
After his Death the Guts were found
greatly diftended, the Gall-Bladder was al-
xnoft quite empty, and a great Quantity of
Bile was lodged in the Cavity of the Abdo«
men .
The DoCtor accounted for all thefe Ap*
pearances, from the DefeCt of Bile within
the Inteflines, to Simulate them to a due
Contraction, whereby they might refill the
elaftick Air, or might pufh the Food or
Drink into the LaCteals, or might expel
their Contents.- — The depriving him of
a due Recruit of Chyle, occafioned his
want of Sleep, diminiihed the Secretion of
Urine, and prevented a Suppuration in the
Wound. - -The Veffels being emptied by
the Excretions that were not compenfated
by new Chyle, while the more acrid Par¬
ticles of the Blood were carried off in the
Secretion of Bile, without any of them re¬
turning to the Blood again; and therefore
the Veffels being neither flretched nor irri¬
tated, there could be no Fever..*— —Since
there was a conllant Wafte of this Man’s
Liquors without any Supply from the
Food, the Do&or concludes him to have
died famifhed.
C € %
This
408 Medical EJfays
This Account of the Symptoms, * how¬
ever ingenious, did not fully iatisfy lome
People, whole Difficulties our Author now
endeavours to remove.
To thole Gentlemen who remark, that
the Gall (elpecially in fuch large Quantity
as in the Hiftory) when applied to the ex¬
terior Surface of the Guts, might have ir¬
ritated feme particular Parts of them to a
fpalmodic Conftribtioii, which would have
occafioned the Diftenfton of the interme¬
diate Parts, and the other Symptoms, as
well as the Caufes afiigned above : Th®
Debtor replies. That Nerves only exert
their Action at their Extremities, where
they are divefted of their involving Mem¬
branes; and therefore, in the Cafe before
us, the Bile could not have given Pain, nor
excited a Contraction in the mufcular Fibres
of the Guts. The Irritation of the ex¬
terior Membrane of the Guts, would have
no Effect on the mufcular Coat, becaufe the
former has its Nerves from a Source diffe¬
rent from thole of the latter. 3. The Gail
being equally diffuled over the Surface of
the Guts, muff have made an equal Con¬
traction of their Fibres every where, which
was not the Cale.
In explaining how a frefh Recruit of
Chyk ffaould be a Caufe of Sleep, Dr.
Stewart
and Obfervations. 409
■£
Stewart is obliged to examine how and by
what Sleep is produced.
44 l believe (fays he) it will hardly be
44 denied, that the Caufe of Sleep in gene-
44 ral is a Want of a fufficient Quantity of
44 animal Spirits [for the Exiftence of which
he appeals to the Arguments and Experi¬
ments mentioned 387 of VoL II.] 46 for
44 the Ufe and Exercife of the animal Fun-
4 4 billons ; therefore whatever prevents their ?
“ Recruit, hinders or impedes their Secre-
44 tion, abibrbs or fetters them when pro-
44 duced; and whatever exhaufts and eva-
44 porates them, by occafioning a Paucity
44 of Spirits, will, in a healthy Perfon, pro-
44 duce a Liftleihefs, Lazineis, a Tenden-
44 cy to deep, or Sleep itfelf, in Proper-
44 tion to that Paucity of the remaining
44 Spirits.” To illuftrate this Dodtrine,
he confiders the remoter Caufes of Sleep,
which he reduces to four. 1. Exercile.
2. A too plentiful Meal. 3. Drunkennefs.
4. Narcoticks. And then proceeds to lhew
ho w thele produce Inch Eff edits.
Exercife waftes all the Fluids, and par¬
ticularly the animal Spirits.— The great
Quantity of Chyle after a full IVIeal makes
all the Fluids of a thicker Confiflence, and
abforbs the animal Spirits. — — Fermented
Liquors and ardent Spirits being obferved
C c 3 t<a
4*© Medical E flays
to diminifb remarkably the ferous Secreti¬
ons, may therefore be reafonably conclu¬
ded to fetter the fine ft Fluid, which is the
animal Spirits, and to hinder it to be lepa-
rated from the other Liquors. - Sopori¬
fic ks adfc much in the fame Manner.
According to our Author, In Sleep a fuf-
fident Quantity of Spirits ftill remains for
actuating the Organs of the vital and natu¬
ral Fundfions, to which they are determi¬
ned by more powerful Caufes, fuch is the
impetuous Blood in the Heart, gravitating
Air in the Lungs, digefting Food in the
Stomach, &c. than there are to determine
them to the Organs of the animal Fuinfti-
ons. Hence Awaking is owing to a Quan¬
tity of Spirits fo much greater than what is
required for the vital and natural Funtfti-
ons, that they muft excite the animal like-
Wife.
The laft Propofition which the Dodtor
undertakes to prove is, “ That Pus , be-
ing a grofs Secretion, is the Product of
** the Chyle, and pot of the Blood or Se~
rum ; for (lays he) I think it would not
be difficult to prove that all the grofs Se-
cretions are from the Chyle,” Thilofl
Xranfl Numb , 4x7. § x,
Mr. Evan T)avis communicates to the
Moyal Society the Hiftories of xeveral Chil¬
dren
and Ob few at ions] 4 it
dren inoculated with the Small Pox at Ha-
ajcrford-W eji in CP embroke-Jh i re, while
the Mealies were epidemick there in Fe¬
bruary and March , after the Small Pox
had been very mortal through the Winter.
Every one of them who were infedfed thus
with the variolous Matter, only became
feverilli in the feventh or eighth Day after
the Inoculation, and the Mealies appeared
foon after. On the twelfth Day they were
again attacked with a Fever, and on the
fourteenth the Small Pox of a mild kind
were feen. Ibid. Numb. 4x9. § 9.
Dr. Lobb in his rational Method of cu¬
ring Fevers, after having examined the Na¬
ture of the Fluids and Solids of the human
Body, Things necelTary to Health, (fuch
as, the Air, Aliments, Secretions, and E-
vacuations,) the Caules of Dileafes, and
particularly of Fevers, concludes,/. 194,
That whatever may be the productive Cau-
fes of Fevers, the State of the Fluids in
People under them, mull be one or other of
thele following;
1. That the animal Fluids are too thick ,
that is, they are vifcous or glutinous, which
ieems to be the Cafe in all inflammatory Fe¬
vers. Or,
x. That they have Particles too bulky for
C c 4 an
£1% Medical Ejfays
an cafy Circulationand Excretion, till they
are comminuted. Or,
3. That the animal Fluids arc tGO thin ,
and the natural Union of their component
Particles is more or ids diffolved, and the
Globules of the Blood and Lymph more or
Ids broken. Which appears to be the Cafe
in putrid, malignant and many peftilential
Fevers, and in all Fevers attended with col¬
liquative Evacuations. Or,
4. That the Fluids have acrimonious and
corroding Particles mixed with them, which
is the Caie in all Fevers attended with Ul-
^ * * * ■<
derations from an internal Caufe.
While the Fluids are thus affeCled, the
Solids are rigid or too dry ; or they are too
It is impoffible for us to mention, in the
narrow Bounds we are confined to, all our
Author’s curative Indications taken from
the foregoing Dodfrine ; we lhall therefore
do no more than remark, that he allows of
Blood-letting only to Patients who have a
(anguine Plethora, for the Knowledge of
which he refers to his Treadle of the Small¬
pox, where, as we mentioned in Vol. I.
jfi. 348. he confines it to fb many Circunv
fiances, that it will feldom be met with;
and in thole Patients to w7hom letting of
Biood is proper, ‘f the Quantity of Blood
■ - : *; : : • - r (f§ys
and Observations . 413
^ (fays he, p. xo8.) that may prudent-
44 ly be taken away at once, I think gene-
46 rally {peaking, (hould not exceed fix or
44 eight Ounces; becaufe we cannot know*
44 to an Ounce or two the exceeding Quan-
44 tity, and becaufe, if it ihould afterwards
44 appear that too little has been taken a-
44 way, the Remedy is eafy, by repeating
4* Phlebotomy; but if too much has been
44 drawn off, it is tipt eafy to redrefs the
44 Inconveniencies that may attend it.”
Afterwards in confidering the Effects of
Blooding, Dr. Lobb deduces from Mr.
Hales s Experiments, that taking away fix
O unces and two Drachms of Blood from a
Man weighing 160 lib. may diminifli the
vital Strength, or the Force of the Addon
of the Heart and Arteries about one tenth
Part. The Lofs of twelve Ounces and a
half of Blood will diminifli his vital Strength
*_j 1
above one fixth Part, which, lays he, is a
great Diminution. Eighteen Ounces and
fix Drachms will diminifli it above one
fourth, which, he adds, is a vaft Diminu¬
tion, and to be avoided, unlefs fome ex¬
treme Nepeffity fliould require the taking
of it. Thirty feven Ounces and a half
of Blood taken away, diminifli the vital
Strength of Tuch a Man near one half,
3, Diminution which furely ought to be
dreaded.
4*4
Medical Ejfays
dreaded. Fifty Ounces may diminilh it
near fix levenths; the Confequences of
which may, lays our Author, be eafily ap¬
prehended. From the whole we think it
may be concluded, that the Dodtor is not
very fond of taking Blood, elpecially in a
large Quantity.
jAS aAS SrjV, iftS
v&stW t&isZF WjftztF
XXXII. ^ Lift o/ Medical Books fuh li¬
fted fince the Beginning of the Tear
1733-
Lbum Bavaria fatrica , feu catalo-
n gus celebriorum aliquot Medicorum ,
y^/\r //2 Bavaria fcrifitis medicinam
exornarunt , ^ <5^0 145:0, quo Boica fcho -
fundata quidem , primum anno 1472,
gublicata fuit , hodiernam ufque lucem.
Studio Franc. Jof. Grienwaldt, M. D. §w5
Monachii 1733.
The Treafury of Drugs unlocked; by
3^0. Jacob Berlu , of London Merchant in
Drugs. The fecond Edition, 12^0, Lon¬
don 1733.
A Treatife on the Force and Energy of
crude Mercury, by Thomas Harris ,
geon, 8 vo, London 1734.
A critical Differtation on the Manner of
the
and Obfervations . 415*
the Preparation of Mercurial Medicines, by
T \ K. M. D. 8 vo London 1734.
Hamjiead- Wells ; or Directions forth®
drinking thofe Waters; with an Appendix
relating to the Original of Springs in gene¬
ral ; with fome Experiments on the Hamp-
ftead Waters , and Hiftories of the Cures*
by John Soame , M. D. 8 vo, London iy^ 4.
An Enquiry into the Contents, Virtues
and Ufes of the Scarborough Spaw Wa¬
ters, by Teter Shaw M. D, 8w, London
*73 4- - . ’
An Enquiry into the Nature and Princi¬
ples of the Spaw Waters , by Charles Ter -
ry, M. D. London 1734.
Toxicologia pathologico-medica , y/W de
Venenis , Lib. III. Autore Chriftiano Go-
do fr. Stentzelio, M. D. 4^, Vitemberg .
2733.
Chemical LeCtures publickly read at
London , in the Years 1731 and 1732, and
fince at Scarborough in 1733, for the Im¬
provement of Arts, Trades, and natural
Philofophy, by Teter Shaw Phyfician at
Scarborough , 8^0, London 1734.
Trait ede Chemie , contenant la maniere
de preparer les remedes qui font le plus
en ufage dans la pratique de la Medicine .
5P^r M. Maluin TdoEleur Regent de la Fa¬
ct* It ee de Medecine de Tar is, 121110* Paris
*734- °P'
4*6 Medical EJfays
s' '•
Ofleographia ; or, the Anatomy of the
Bones, by William Chefelden Surgeon to
her Majefty, &c. Fol. London 1733.
The Anatomy of the human Bones,
with an Account of mufcular Motion, and
the Circulation of the Blood ; alfo of Di-
geftion and Nutrition, with a Defcription
of the four Senfes iliuftrated with Variety
of Copper-plates. To which is added, a
fhort and eafy Method of difcovering the
Virtues of Plants, in curing the Dileales of
the human Body ; by George Thomfon ,
M. A. 8 vo, London 1734.
Spiramina, 01* Relpiration reviewed; be¬
ing chiefly the Argument of that great Phi-
lofbpher by Fire, Jo. Rapt, van Belmont ;
dilcovering certain Ufes of the Lungs not
commonly obferved, andafTerting that they
have not that alternate Motion that is ge¬
nerally afcribed to them; but that in a
found Man they are porous, pervious to
the Air, and eonftantly at reft, by M. J.
8 vo, London , 1733.
Compendium Anatomicum, e a omnia com-
pleffiens qtue ad cognitam humani corporis
(Economiam fpe El ant, &c. conflruEHim d
F. Nichols e Coll. Oxon. M. D. 'P rad.
Anat. Oxon , &c. 4 to, Londini 1733.
Phyfical E flays on the Parts of the hu¬
man
and Observations, 4 ty
man Body, and animal O economy, 8 vo9
London 1734.
Anatomie chirurgicale de Palfyn, re¬
vue, corrigee £9 augment ee , accompagnee
de Notes dans le premier Volume, & re -
fondue dans le fecond , par M. B. Boudon,
Docfeur en Medicine. Ony a joint les Ob¬
servations anatomiques & chirurgicales
de Air. Ruyfch traduites du Latin & celles
de M. Briffeau, en z Vol. 8 vo, Paris 1734.
The Navy Surgeon; or a practical Sy-
ftem of Surgery, by John Atkins Surgeon,
izmo, London 1734.
Two hundred and twenty five Cafes in
Midwifery, which for the nioft Part were
attended with a great deal of Danger and
Difficulty. Written by the late Mr. Wil¬
liam Giffard , Surgeon and Man-Midwife
published by Edward Hody , M. D. 8 vo,
London 1733.
The Art of Nurfing, the iecond Edition.,
%vo, London 1733.
An Effay concerning Blood-letting, by
R. Butler , M. D. 8 vo, London 1734.
Suite des maladies chroniques ou ton
tratte celles qui arrivent d tOeil , des
remedes les plus convenables pour les guerir
fans operation manuelle par CP . V. Dubois
ancien Vrevot Garde des Maitres Chi -
rurgiens de Paris , Tom . V. izmo, Paris
1733. Non-
4i 8 Medical EJfays
Nouve lies clajfes des maladies dans an
crdre Jemblable d celui des Bot unifies, corn¬
er enant les gendres, & les efpeces de toutes
les maladies , avec leurs Jignes & leurs in¬
dications ; par Sauvage de la Croix, 'Do¬
it eur en Medicine , 12 mo, a Avignon 1733 .
A complete Treatife of the Stone and
Gravel, by N. Robin fon, M. D. the third
Edition, 8 vo London 1734.
Meditationes theoretico-praElictf de fu¬
rore hcemorrhoidum internarum metho¬
dic e confer d Jufto Arnoldo Gu-
lich, M. D. Editio altera , 8 vo, Lugd.
Bat. 1733.
An Elfay on the Gout, by T. Bennet%
M. D. 8 vo, London 1734.
Rational Methods of curing Fevers, de->
duced from the Structure and Geconomy
of human Bodies, and the different States
of the Solids and Fluids, under the diffe¬
rent ClafTes of F evers ; by Theophilus Lobb ,
M. D. 8 vo, London 1734.
The generous Phyfician, or Medicine
made ealy ; by Dr. Colbatch , 8 vo, London
173 3.
Frederici HofFmanni confultationum &
refp on forum medicinalium centuria primay
complete ens morbos capitis & peLtoris , Tom .
I. 4/0, Hal x Magdeburg. 1734.
Michaelis Alberti, Acad. Frid. Trof
Med «
and Obfervations , 41$*
Med, &c. ulterior continuation ant Tomus
3 tins , jurifprudenti# medic a , 4^0, Schnec-
berg. 1733-
Caroli Mufitani Jatrias Rrof. opera
omnia. Edit . zda9 2. VoL Fol. Lugdun*
1733.
• The Phiiofophical T ranfadtions (from the
Year 1720, to the Year 1732) abridged
and dilpoied under general Heads, by Mr.
Reid and John Gray , F. R. S. 2 Vol . 4^0,
London 1733.
The Phiiofophical Tranfadtions (from the
Year 1719, to the Year 1733) abridged and
difpofed under general Heads, by Mr. John
Eames and Mr. John Martyn , F. R. S.
2 Vol, 4 tOn London 1734.
Aft a Thyfico-medica Academic C#fare#
Leopoldine -Carolina; nature curio forum ,
exhibentia ephe?nerides Jive obfervationes ,
hiftorias, & experiment a d celeberrimis
Germania; & ext er arum regionum viris
habita & communicata , fingulari fludio
collegia. Volumen tertiurrin 4 to , Norim-
berg. 1733.
Phiiofophical Tranfadtions for the Year
1733, 4 tOn London.
Commercium literarium Norimbergen fe
anni 1733. Semejlr. 2. 4^0, Norimberg.
Divert at tones medic# , quas ex auEtori -
ampliffinft Senatus Academici E din-
bur-
4f $ £ i fays
burgenfis, & nobilijfima in eadem Acade¬
mia Fac ult at is medic te Decreto , pro gra-
du Dobloratus fummi/que in Medicina ho -
fioribus privilegiis rite ac legitime con »
fequendis , examini fubjecerunt .
Joannes Lindefay Scotus, De calore.
Jacobus Grieve Scoto-Britanhus* ©<?
fnorbis humorum oculi .
Carolus Ay toun-Douglas Scoto-Brit.
Exercitationum in Medicina ufu. ■
Joannes Arnot Scotus, De abortu.
Henricus Tonge Anglus, De noxis ex
cibi & potionis abufu oriundis .
XXXIII. Books propofed , other Medi¬
cal News.
DR. Boerhaave , ProfefTor of Medicine
at Leyden , concludes the Account
of his Experiments on Mercury , with a
Promife, conditional indeed, but which
probably the importunate Requefts of the
Learned will obtain, of publilhing his Ex¬
periments and Remarks concerning the
Extraction of Mercury out of Metals, the
ACtion of Mercury on Metals, and concer¬
ning Metals.
The new Edition of the Edinburgh Dip
penja «
and Observations. 411
fenfatory is now delivered to the Printers,
and will fpeedily be pubiilhed.
Dodor Chrift. Jac. Trew of Norimberg
has difperfed Propofals for publishing a full,
faithful and diftind Delineation and Expli¬
cation of all the Parts of the human Body.
He does not propofe to publilh this whole
Work at once, but divided into Sedions.
The OJleology fcems to be ready for the
Prefs ; for the Propofals inform us, That
the Bones of a young Man are delineated
in twelve Tables in Folio ; the thirteenth
Plate reprefents the Bones of the Female
which differ from the Male. The Con-
jundions of the Bones are to be explained
in a Plate larger than the others. The Ex¬
plication of thefe Plates in High Dutch,
will be twelve Sheet ; and he promifes this
fhall be tranflated into Latin or French ,
and printed, if any defire it.
Dr. Tho?nas Simfon , ProfefTor of Medi¬
cine in the University of St. Andrews de-
figns to pubiiih foon a fecond Edition of his
Syjlem of the Womb . The theorical Part
of which he is to enlarge confiderably, and
is to add a pradicai Part, wherein he is to
treat of the Difeafes of the Womb, and their
Cure.
Dr .Lobb tells us in his rational Methods
of curing Fevers, That he has a Treatife
D d on
Medical Ejfays
* \
on the particular Species of Fevers near
ready for the Prefs, which he defigns to
pubiiih foon, that he may complete his Ac¬
count of Fevers.
Dr. Michelotti Phyfieian at Venice has
promifed foon a Treatife on the Small-pox.
Dr. Grubert Phyfieian at Brufjels is faid
to be about to pubiiih a Medical Dictiona¬
ry, in which there are to be feveral Bit-
coveries.
The Subjed: propofed by the Chirurgi-
cal Academy at Baris, for gaining the Prize
of 1734, is, To determine in each kind of
chirurgieal 'Difeafe, the Cafes where it is
ft to drefs frequently , and thofe where it
is fit to drefs fcldom*
ANaloGy, the furefl Method of difcovering the Prin-
, ciples of Mineral Waters, Page 77.
AnaftcmofB between the uterine and placentary Vef-
* fels denied, 269.
Anatomical Preparations, the Method of making and preferving
them, 107.
Angina, the Hihory of an uncommon one, 342.
Animal Heat, an Eflay on it, 133.
Ankle, an Ulcer of it, at which the Menjlrua were regularly
evacuated, 381.
Antimony Crude , cures Pal lies, Pains and Numnefs, 389. Its
Sulphur , Di fpures concerning the Effects of it, 390. Its But¬
ter efteem’d an univerlal Medicine, 391.
Afcttes Hydrops, the Water of one evacuated ar the Navel, 378*
AjihmUy the Hiftory of one with uncommon Symptoms, 34^.
B
V *
B'Arry (Dr. Edward) his Account of a malignant Lues Vene¬
rea communicated by Suction, 125.
Bath, a warm one, the Ufe of it in a bilious Colick, 378.
Berkeley (Dean) his Opinion concerning Vifion refuted, 231.
Blood, a new Opinion concerning its Circulation, 3^7.
Boeli (Dr.) recommends the Root of Valerian in weakSighr, 39 1.
Botrfyaave (Dr.) his Experiments on Mercury, 385.
D d % Books
I N <D E X.
Books medical publiftied in 2732, 384. fince the Beginning of
1733, 414. propofed to be foon publilhed, 420.
Burials, an Extrad of them from the Regilter in Edinburgh , 31.
gutter (Mr. Alex.) his Defcription of a new Forceps for extract¬
ing Children* 322F
C Alder (Mr. James) his Obfer nation of the Menjlrua eva¬
cuated at an Ulcer of the Ankle, 381.
Catarad, what it is, $99.
Chaiybeat Waters, Remarks on them, 47, 3513.
Chapman (Mr.) his Improvements in Midwifery, 493.
Circulation of the Blood, a new Dodrine concerning it, 3$ 7.
Colick bilious, the Ufe of the warm Bath in it, 358.
Colours, how conlidered as the Objeds of Sight, 217.
Coneffi Bark, its Effeds in Diarrhoea*, 32.
Cortex VeruvianuS'j Hiftories of its curing Mortifications, 37,
45*
D
DAvis (Mr.) his Obfervations of the Inoculation of die
Small Pox, 41 o.
Diarrhoea?, the ConeJJl Bark a good Cure for them, 32.
Digaftric Mufcles their Situation and Ufes, 263.
Difcoveries and Improvements in Phyfick publilhed in 173 2, 382.
fince the Beginning of 1733, 386.
Difeafes moft frequent lalf Year in Edinburgh , 2 6.
Balances of Objeds known by the Angle of the Rays of Light,
<*87.
Dropfy, the Water of one evacuated at the Navel, 378.
Dud falivary, when wounded, cured by a Perforation into the
Mouth, 277.
E
EDinburghy Difeafes moft frequent laft Year in it, 16. Bu¬
rials there, 31.
Eller (Dr.) his Obfervations of the Navd-ftrings needing no Li-
gatue, 407.
INDEX.
Mxtrador, a new one for Children in the Birth, 322.
Eyes, an Elfay on their Motions, 160.
F
F Evers, a rational Method of curing them, 4H.
Fijlula lachrimalis , an Efiay on it, 280.
Forceps, a new one for extrading Children, 322.
GAngrenes dopt by the Cort. Peruv. 35', 43.
Genital Organs preternaturally form'd, 278.
Gijfard (Mr.) his Improvements in Midwifery, 400.
Gooiden (Mr. Samuel) his Hillory of a Gangrene dopt by the
Peruvian Bark, 35.
H
HEat animal, an Efiay on it, 153.
Henbane , the Effeds of its Seeds, 3552.
Hydrocephalon , Hiftories of it, 334, 335:.
Hydrops Afcites , the Water of one evacuated at the Navel, 37
1
Amiefon (M r. James') his Obfervation of a large Srcatom in
the Thorax and Abdomen , 35^4.
Improvements in Phyfick publilhed in 1732, 382. fince the
Beginning of 1733, 3^6.
K
KErmes Mineral , a famous Medicine in Trance , 350,
iC#/7» (Dr.) his Improvements in Anatomy, 382.
kachri-
D d 3
INDEX.
41$
L
LAchrimal Canals, an Efifay on their Difeafes, j8c.
Lobb (Dr.) his Method of curing Fevers, 41 1.
Lues Venerea , a malignant one communicated by Su&ion,
A new and cdeduai Method of treating it, 330.
*% r Arum (Dr, George) his Ellay on animal Hear, 133.
Medical Books pubJilhed in 1731, 384, Improvements
and Difcoveries in 1732,, 382. fit ice the Beginning of 1733s,
386. Hews,. 420.
Menfirua regularly evacuated at an Ulcer of the Ankle, 381.
Mercury, its different Operation in different Conftitutions, 32$,
Experiments concerning it, 38 6. given in various Forms*
p88;
Midwifery, Improvements in it, 400.
Mineral Waters, Difficulties in enquiring into their Principles,
61. Analogy the 1 u reft Method of difeovering them, 75. the
Hiflory of feveral, 391.
Monro { Alexander) his Remarks on Steel Waters, 47. Fifty on
the Method of preparing and preferving the Farts of Animals
for anatomical Ufes, 107. Supplements to Art 9. Vol. 1.
and Art. 9 & 13. Vol . It. 203. EBay on the Difeafes of the
lachrimal Canals, 280. his Obfervation of a Procidentia uteri,
303. of an uncommon Angina, 342. of an Afthma with un¬
common Symptoms, 34$.
Mcntrofe Water, an Enquiry into its mineral Principles, 60 . its
medical Qualities, 96.
Mortifications cured by the Peruvian Bark, 33, 43.
Motions of the Eyes, an EfTay on them, 160. why uniform*
183.
Mowat (Mr. James) his Defcription of the genital Organs pre*
tcrnaturally formed, 278. Obfervation of a Hydrocephalum^
334-
Mufcles digaftric, their Situation and Ufes, 2 63. Of the Eyes*
their Defcription and Ufes, 164. the Want of them how fup«
plied, 178. Qjfervations m thofe of the human Body, 395.
INDEX,
NAiis, whence they rife, 3 S3.
News medical, 420. ,
Nichols (Dr.) irs Opinion of the Circulation of the Blood,
iNofe, a Tumor of it unfuccelsfully extirpated, 301.
Bjeds of Sight, their Diftance known by the Angles of the
Rays of Light, 1S7. Opinions concerning their being
feen Engle with two Eyes refuted, 1512. The real Caule of
this Phenomenon, 235. All the Points of them feen in Ifraighc
Lines perpendicular toth t Retina, zo8. Why feen ere£i, 213.
Organs of Generation preternafurally formed, 178.
Os Uteri, its Sides grown together, 317.
P
PAifiey (Mr. John) his Hillary of a Mortification cured hf
the Peruvian Bark, 45. Of a Hydrocephalon , 33 y.
Peruvian Bark, Hiftorics of its curing Mortifications, 35, 43.
Pejfary, a new one deferibed, 313,
Placenta , its Veffels do not anaftomofe with the Uterine, s-6>.
Porter (Dr. Robert) his Effay of the Service of a warm Bath in
a bilious Colick, 5^8.
Porterfield (Dr. William ) his Effay on the Motions of the Eyes,
160.
pozzi (Dr.) his Improvements in Anatomy, 383.
Preparations, the Method of making anatomical ones, 108.
Preferving, the Method of it in anatomical Preparations, 127.
Pringle (Dr. Francis ) his Obfervation of the Water of a Dropfy
evacuuated at the Navel, 378.
Procidentia Uteri , an Account of one, 305.
R
Egifter Meteorological, 1. Of Burials in Edinburgh, 3X.
Salivary
f
Tab.'
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Pag.
ri- \ r 262^
i ff. I j 280 f
Jx HI. }> Fronting 300
I IV. f
1 312 {
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