Skip to main content

Full text of "The annals and magazine of natural history : zoology, botany, and geology"

See other formats 


pie 
Cabarete ier + 
a 
Squid i: ort 
“e~ Dae amass 


ta he hae 
Tne Dee Re ote s 


i ae 
oh 2 

ai thy pee 
- Pel: 4, 


ue 


MAS © 


THE ANNALS 


AND 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


INCLUDING 


ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GHOLOGY. 


(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND 


CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ ) 


CONDUCTED BY 


WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
SIR ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., M.A., Sc.D., F.B.S., 


AND 


RICHARD T. FRANCIS, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. 
bY 
( f\ nh 
4% \8 
“ Rae 


avi 


PARA ees eee 


VOL, VUIL—NINTH SERIES 


PAP LSS PLLA 


LONDON: 
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. 


SOLD BY BAILLIBRE, PARIS: AND HODGES, FIGGIS, AND C0O., DUBLIN, 


1921. 


“Omnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis 
humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; 
ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renoyatione, potentia majestatis 
elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata ; 
4 veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper 
inimica fuit.”—Linnaus. ° 


* Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour 
voir quelle est le chef-d’euvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- 
tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucnngr, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden, 


1767. 


© jeitednsi Re) eulie)  e oe hersylyani powers 
Obey our summons; from their deepest dells 
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild 
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs 
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme 
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, 
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute 
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock 
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too 
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face 
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush 
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, 
Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, 
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, 
All, all to us unlock their secret stores 
And pay their cheerful tribute. 
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. 


Of 


/ ALBRE & FLAMMAM, 


RL 
ez 


CONTENTS OF VOL. VIII. 


[NINTH SERIES. ] 


NUMBER 43. 
Page 
I. Notes on some Noctuide in the Joicey Collection, with Descrip- 
tions of new Species. By Miss A. E. Prout, F.E.S. (Plates 
PON ris pai) evan Ses aah e188 Maigtitte sinles 7 ena wees 


IT. Odonata collected in New Caledonia by the late Mr. Paul D. 
Montague. By Herpert Campion. (Plates VIII. & IX.) ...... 53 


III. The Old-World Species of Eriocera in the British Museum 
Collection (Diptera, Tipulide). By F. W. Epwanps. (Plate X. 
LL L= le) ho Spee ae ine eae ane er Pee clener aretha =r core 67 


IV. New and little-known Ttpulide, chiefly from Formosa.— 
Parnie, By F. W.Epwarps. (Plate X. figs. 13-19.).......... 99 


V. Two Examples of Abnormal Antenne in the Crustacea Am- 
phipoda. By C#as. Curtton, M.A., D.Sc., M.B., C.M., LL.D., 
C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., Professor of. Biology, Canterbury College, } New 
RRURUM Tact vet ot ntclate ea hope af) oi visas esis sh srait Bai creee Solas She amerepeet sachs oe LLG 


VI. The Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly, Scatophaga stercoraria, L. 
fo 7d yA OA Wy of 8 0 ptoreetaerd 7 118 


VII. The “ Cirripede” Plumulites in the Middle Ordovician Rocks 
of Esthonia. By THomas H. WirHERS, F.G.S. ..... mieretete) a) wisi <ie 123 


VIII. A new Bank-Vole from Esthonia. By Martin A. C. 
EREREON Ge ale 6 coh sce 52 sls (OE OO O8 No ROE abe ot Pop en oh eae e 128 


IX. The Klipspringers of Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern Ni- 
Gora bey Wari A OC, TINTON... 066 cece se ee eee rece nees ». 129 


\X 


iv CONTENTS. 


Page 
X. The Geographical Races of Herpestes brachyurus. By OLp- 
PGEED HOMAS <7. yes. evivio viele ve irs 1a 6 lala ares sisls.alu aps 154 
XT. A new Genus of Opossum from Southern Patagonia. By 
OLDETELD THOMAS. ..2).5).. <6 os PM Oe Sesh saci ntiacic ae es 
XII. A new Bat of the Genus Promops from Peru. By Oxp- 
HIBLD THOMAS «sale e'alew cies estoy is esas «ote Gitte el eee hee 139 
XIII. On Spiny Rats of the Proechimys Group from South- 
eastern Brazil. By OLtpFieLp THomas........ aNatek ion stare jairik .. 140 
Proceedings of the Geological Society......cccssceceeeeceeeeres 143 
NUMBER 44. 
XIV. On Twelve new Species of Curculionide from South Africa. 
By Guy A. K. Manswaut, D.Se., CMG. ....... cece eeeaes veay ee 
XV. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera). — V. Ethiopian 
Species. By CHarztes P. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois, 
WESAG fens ae ot ade saad ae Erne hd aaa Ade ond hd ae aa «- AGE 


XVI. Notes on the Asiling of the South African and Oriental 
Resions; “By GurtTRupn RICARDO \/7: css cscs ss coe oft aes 


XVII. On some Additional Species of Zaius, Guérin, from the 
Malayan Region [Coleoptera]. By G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.8S....... 193 


XVIII. Two new Species of Lycenide from Madagascar. By 
iPeReyvi le hagery, PONS. 12s see cater ds ce wcasehche' a Hiels ated Rucker ae eae 208 


XIX. On Two new Races of Orya. By Lord Rotuscum, 
LIRA SE eldue a, elele ie) s) 5 le SiG @0) 0a 79,808 670 6n6) 656 6 (4788. @ pia te &.80'b 0) 6/6) os 6) elale oldies 209 


XX. A new Neotreme Brachiopod from California. By S. 
SriLLMAN BERRY, Redlands, California. (Plate XL.)........ Pere 


XXI. The “ Huron” of the Argentine. By OLDFIELD Tuomas, 212 


XXII. On Mammals from the Province of San Juan, Western 
Argentina. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ........ slaty «1B, si atele al slaty fe eum ts 214 


XXIII. Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. By OLprietp 
THOMAS) Bictisjsiswine:s «eal eet rle vac co ete eae wins battigent Bers . 221 


Proceedings of the Geological Society ....sseesevcevrueeeres .. 223 


CONTENTS. Vv 
NUMBER 45, 
Page 
XXIV. Exotic Muscaride (Diptera) —III. By J. R. Maxxocg, 
ibanseselEl US Ata st. ietcic «sco cs einls’s 0 ches ae soe prec cnatude'e< 225 
XXV. Some Dragonflies and their Prey.—II. With Remarks 
on the Identity of the Species of Orthetrum involved. By HERBERT 
(UODERIG.LI: Gets 2p cho \ctd DRI ao tice Ie eens Aer r re eric 240 
XXVI. Diagnoses of some Lichens. By Prof. Dr. C. Merescu-| 
IO WEEDS oc eo nidmicie Bit Ab le One AOC ONO Gin NED Re Onn ren trocpoae 246 
XXVII. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 
—No. XLII. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., D.Se., F.R.S., &e. 290 
XXVIII. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera) —VI. Ethio- 
pian Species. By Cuarzes P, ALEXANDER, Ph.D., F.E.S., Urbana, 
MORALES acy Nene Dior s irate esis. 6) ais, 81s s pis wre! chav sin rebel ohiverm <a, Ws, os er aielel ae 309 
XXIX. On the Ceelacanth Fish. By D. M.S. Warson, Univer- 
SiC Ol Cpe ONGonin vce pads Saldcrn cmap ttlehe he's +) pes sai aera s os 320 
XXX, On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. By Metto-Lerrao, 
M.D., Fellow of the Brazilian Society of Sciences..............-. 337 
XXXI. Notes on some Japanese Cephalopods.—A Review of 
Sasaki’s ‘ Albatross’ Report. By 8S. Stinuman Berry, Redlands, 
mT DOR ety etal elitaty seers 6) or ose alo) ect ois Apis ey via wrsivioe swims © 8! ane 351 
XXXII. Further Notes on various South-African Species of 
Melyris, Faby. [Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHAMPION ............45 353 
XXXIII. New Cryptvtis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys from 
Colombia: ) by OEDHIELD, VHOMAS)) 050.0. coe eee eee es 354 
XXXIV. New Pseudochirus and Phascogale from N.W. New 
Creined ebay) OL OH TED) A OBESE as oye. als oleae ans 4 0 myo,i8 4 Fein fio 88 357 
XXXYV. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XCI. By T. D. A. 
Cocmmunin, University: of, Colorados Fie iii. five de vie ow ole oe bos .. 309 
NUMBER 46. 
XXXVI. Records and Descriptions of South African Grasshoppers 
of the Groups Arcyptere and Scylline. By B. P. Uvarov, I'.E.S., 
Assistant Entomologist, Imperial Bureau of Entomology ........ 369 
XXXVII. Brief Descriptions of new Thysanoptera—XUU. By 
TRCRIAED Sp AG NALLS Eo PuSebieg ERs. 6 voc tie oe 0\0,0,9,0,50 0A > 393 


vi CONTENTS. 


Page 
XXXVIII. Note on a Freshwater Sponge from New Zealand. 
yin, ICTREPATRICK 0405005 - 220s one 2 le ies = eee ee 400 
XXXIX. On the Anatomy and Affinities of as aa nosophora. 
By GC. "ROBSON, BoAls 2). 5.0 sieietnse aie Biel eke tee reat teens 401 
XL. Exotic Muscaride (Diptera).—IV. By J. R, Marxocn, 
Urbana; TL, USA... .. voce ek deg lek a eee ee 414 
XLI. Notes on Australasian Rats, with a Selection of Lectotypes 
of Australasian Muride. By OLpFIELD THOMAS .............. 425 
XLII. On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus dredged by the 
‘Challenger’ in 1874 at Kerguelen Island. By W. G. RrpEwoop. 
(Plate XT). 3 eee ae eee et en Peto een uantiele Seteee 433 
XLII. The Jerboa of Muscat. By OLpFreLD THOMAS........ 440 
XLIV. A new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. By OLpFIELD 
THOMAS >; .catevers coke CT een? Gaeta) elo isl ate ht kee 44] 
XLV. A new Cotton-tail (Sylvilagus) from Colombia. By Oxp- 
FIELD AO MAS gutters Gr oytl cieie ore ete ke miei ts cham eieitale tpt tins tae 442 
XLVI. On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. By 
Percy Bows, MEBO2U), F195. i. ec suis als 3 ool ees eee 443 
XLVILI. On new Forms of South-American Birds. By C. Cana 
iB 830) OE oh Rees San Ra oye iar horde DA S6 dingo dal 24 444 


New Book :—The Life of Alfred Newton. By A. F. R. Wotuaston. 447 


NUMBER 47, 


XLVIII. Revision of the African Species of Hedybius, Er., and 
its Allies, with an Account of their accessory ¢-characters { Coleo- 
ptera]. By G. C. Campion, F.Z.S. (Plates XIII. & XIV.) .... 449 


XLIX. On the Discovery of the missing Type Specimen of the 
Ascidian Oculinaria australis, Gray. By R. KIirRKPATRICK ...... 494 


L. On the Anatomy of some new Species of Drawida. By C. R. 
Narayana Rao, M.A., University of Mysore, Bangalore. (Plates 


XIN RCW RIUM) sepa cay cus e age fesaieio cho sale soles m othe lole sheteie aise te einen 496 
LI. Notes on the Species of Notomys, the Australian Jerboa-rats. 

5 yg ray HOTS EL OMA ares eeetaie lava ies sie settee apni eee reed 536 
LII. Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—VII. By 

T, 2. A.(Cockenus, University ofColorado <\, 22. 2m. .a-- «sae 541 


LIIL. New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera) —VII. Australasian 
Species. By Cuartes P. AtexaNprER, Ph.D., Urbana, Illinois, 
UP SE EB orn 2o- PS oie its ei wien deren OE Oak erate eee 546 


LIV. On some new small Mammals from East Africa. By P.S. 
KERSHAW, s6256 ees ee one e's acctars*stalighaPetaleta ta a'siw slelaiels sp tists ‘eietaies 563 


CONTENTS. vil 


Page 
LV. A new Hedgehog from the Island of Djerba, Tunis. By 
SaMNOHET THOMAS. |. coins Jb acne Sb ec nels one = eae as a2 Gp aster 570 


LVI. On some Remains of a Theropodous Dinosaur from the 
Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. By CHarLtes W. ANDREWS, D.Sc., 
F.R.S. (British Museum, Natural History)........0+sceeeeeeeees ib. 


LVI. On the Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz (Dip- 
tera, Nematocera, Ceratopogonide), with some Remarks on the 
Parasites and Hereditary Bacterian Symbiont of this Midge. By 
D. Kern, Se.D., Beit Memorial Research Fellow (Quick ‘Labora- 
tory, University of Cambridpe):. “(Plates XIX. & XM) nese « 576 


LVIII. Some undescribed Rhopalocera from Mesopotamia and 
N.W. Persia; and other Notes. By N. D. RItBY .........++06 590 


NUMBER 48. 


LIX. On some Dipterous Larve infesting the Branchial 
Chambers of Land-crabs. By D. Kricin, Se.D., Beit Memorial 
Research Fellow (from the Quick Laborator y) Wary ersity of Cam- 


peepee era eye scl cose aol ye locos sig eisieraue) kaa glen ora cS's pate hela 601 
LX. On a further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy obtained by 

SEE abudin.~ ByrOepFIELD THOMAS: 24... esiiscscsdewece veces 608 
LXI. The Masked Civets (Paguma) of Western China. By 

ears se te Ur NLT OR MEAG esp hoy te! oa eel oo) sale eta ule e/a no) ehojdie Se aie ater) om "y="2 617 


LXII. On Three new Australian Rats. By Otprretp Tuomas. 618 


LXIII. New Hesperomys and Galea from Bolivia. By OLpFIELD 
THOMAS 


LXIV. Some Emendations to their Recent Paper “On Helicella, 
Férussac.” By G. K. Gupk, I.Z.S., and B. B. Woopwarp, F.L.S. 624 


LXY. Preliminary Account of supposed new Genus and Species. 
By the Rey. Toomas R. R. Steppine, M.A., F.R.S. ............ 626 


LXVI. Two new Species of Slow-Loris. By OtpFteLp THomas. 627 


LXVII. H. Sauter’s Formosan Collections: Culicide. By F. W. 
EDWARDS 


ANG? BeOS RE, BOAO EOD I te ae 629 
LXVIII. The Cichlid Fishes of Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. 
Pe eum BGAN, MEAL, BES: cise ceric os cles se ue ds stae 632 
LXIX. On a new Genus of Coccide from the Indian Region. By 
EOE As, Els ss ving iv cite Seed asatedertssceces, 689 
LXX,. Some new or rare British Crustacea. fe ROBERT 
GUBNES MAD ol ieee: BebNe etn sattinine hi sieie nis sretsinre h civic ve's's)s ws 644 
“ODL CIS LINES dig 2 PASS eg 5k0 CREE aL er 650 


Index SR Mie em Be ee ees #6 eeesceeoreeseeeees eer aeeesreeseereseeeeene . 651 


PLATES IN VOL. VIII. 
Pxoate I, 
II ) 


III. +}New Noctuids. 
i | 


VI. Genitalia of Noctuidee. 


eae Corduliine Dragonflies from New Caledonia. 
X. Wings of Formosan Tipulide. 
XI. Crania californica, sp. n., from California. 
XII. Cephalodiscus densus, Andersson. 
XIU. African species of Illops and Hedybius. 
XIV. African species of Hedybius and Philhedonus. 


XVI. 
XVII. 
M VILL. 
at Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 


= 


Anatomy of new species of Drawida. 


THE ANNALS 


AND 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, 


[NINTH SERLES.] 


Cea aonarcocnsccso0 per litora spargite muscum, 
Naiades, et circum vitreos considite fontes: 
Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: 
Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. 
At yos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; 
Ite, reeurvato variata corallia trunco 
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, ef mihi conchas 
Ferte, Dee pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” 
N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Bol, 1. 


"No. 43)) JUL Yelg2k; 


1.—Notes on some Noctuide in the Joicey Collection, with 
Descriptions of new Species. By Miss A. K. Provr, 
F.E.S. 
[Plates I.-VII.] 


Z Intropuctrory Norte. 


In publishing the following notes, I wish gratefully to 
acknowledge my deep indebtedness to Mr. J. J. Joicey for 
the opportunities of study he has so kindly afforded me by 
entrusting to me the responsible task of working out his fine 
and rapidly-increasing collection of the Noctuide of the 
world. The accompanying paper is the outcome of my 
studies of the Joicey Collection, and the types wiil in all 
cases be found there, unless otherwise specified. 

I wish, further, to acknowledge gratefully my indebtedness 
to Sir George F. Hampson for help and advice given me in 
my studies at the British Museum, and especially so for 
the invaluable service he has rendered to all students of the 
Noctuide by his standard work on the family, which has 
done so much to render the working out of this large and 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, i 


2 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


extremely difficult group less hard for those who come after 
him. If, in this and in papers I may subsequently publish, 
the opportunity of studying larger material or some inde- 
pendent light on the subject should lead me to differ from 
Sir G. Hampson’s conclusions, I shall do so always with 
respectful remembrance of what I owe to his book and to 
his careful working out of the National Collection, without 
the aid of which my own work would scarcely have been 
possible. 

I would also tender my thanks to Lord Rothschild, 
Professor Poulton, and Mr. Bethune-Baker for the loan of 
types, to Mr. W. H. Tams for assistance given me in my work 
at the British Museum, and especially to the Rev. C. R. N. 
Burrows, who in the midst of his busy and strenuous life 
has so kindly found time to work out the genitalia of various 
Noctuide submitted to him from the Hill Museum. The 
illustrations on Plates I-VII. are photographed from 
drawings prepared by Mr. Burrows. 

Finally, I would tender sincerest thanks to my brother, 
Mr. L. B. Prout, who has revised my manuscript, and who, 
throughout my studies, has given me help and advice as 
to the best methods of specialized entomological work, 
placing his own wide knowledge and experience freely at 
my service. 


Nore on CLASSIFICATION. 


In spite of Sir George Hampson’s excellent work, there is 
evidently much still needing elucidation, both with regard 
to the classification and the nomenclature of the Noctuide ; 
but in the following paper I have followed the system of 
nomenclature first published in the Cat. Lep. Phal., except 
in one or two instances. 

In Hampson’s Phytometrine I have used the old familiar 
name of Plusiane for the subfamily and Plusia for the 
genus. For the Noctuine I have temporarily employed 
Guenée’s Ophiderinze—though the name is not a satisfactory 
one, as O¢hreis, Hbn., bas priority over Ophideres, Boisd. 
But Noctuinz is obviously untenable, since, as Aurivillius 
points out in his paper in Schwed. Kilim. Exped. (9) p. 34 
(1910), Hampson’s use of the name Noctua strix for 
Thysania agrippina is founded on a misconception, due to 
Linné having erroneously cited to stri# a figure in Merian’s 
‘“‘ Insects of Surinam,” and having been thereby led to con- 
sider striz as an American species. Linné’s own description 
of striz distinctly mentions that it is “‘ tongueless” and that 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 3 


the wings are “ black, reticulated and clouded” ; and in the 
later fu'ler description in the “‘ Museum Ludorice Ulricz ”’ 
he further says “ nec alas dentalus nec lingicam observo.”’ 
In view of these descriptions and of the fact that Linné’s 
type of strix is still in the Queen Louisa Ulrica Collection 
(which never possessed a specimen of Thysania agrippina) 
it seems quite certain that Linné’s Noctua strix was the 
common §, Asiatic Cossid, which was figured and described 
by Clerck as strix, L. Therefore (as Aurivillius concluded 
his remarks by pointing out), ‘‘ anyone who is of opinion 
that the first species is to be considered typical would have 
in consequence to consider the Cossids as the true Noctuids”’! 
The name Erebine (employed by Barnes and McDunnough in 
their ‘Check-List of the N. American Lepidoptera’) seems 
also, unfortunately, to be untenable, as Latreille appears to 
cite crepuscularis, L., as his type of Erebus, and odora, L., only 
as an additional species ; this necessitates the transfer of 
the name Hrebus to the Catocaline genus Nyctipao (see Cat. 
Lep. Phai. xiii. p. 331), odora becoming (according to 
Hampson) Otosema odora. lt seems necessary, therefore, 
to select some other subfamily name, and, in the meantime, 
I have chosen Ophiderine. 

My other point of difference from Sir George Hampson 
opens up a wider question than one of mere nomenclature. 
It is with regard to the classification of the subfamilies 
Catocalinz and Ophiderine. 

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows has called my attention to 
the wide divergence between the genitala of the genus 
Catocala and immediately allied genera and those of Acantho- 
dica, Erebus (Nyctipao), Speiredonia, Ercheia, and others of 
the later Catocaline genera submitted to him, the latter all 
having very large coremata (entirely wanting in true Cato- 
cala). Mr. Burrows strongly urges that these two groups 
should be separated, and, in view of the very distinct early 
stages of Catocala (mentioned by American authors, who 
have no doubt had opportunities of comparison with the 
early stages of some of the exotic species of Hampson’s 
Catocalinze), as well as the difference of genitalia, it seems very 
probable that the Catocala group of species will ultimately 
be found to form a distinct subfamily, although I have not 
as yet been able to discover any structural point, apart from 
the genitalia, which will form a good key-distinction for the 
subfamily. I shall be grateful for any information which 
may help to throw light on this interesting question. 

’ A further question arises with regard to the separation of 
certain apparently closely-allied species. In Cat. Lep. Phal. 
1* 


4 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


xii. p. 2, Hampson mentions the fact that many of the 
Catocaline genera have close relatives in his Noctuine, 
suggesting a common origin between the two subfamilies ; 
but he does not emphasize the point. In working through 
these two subfamilies, however, I have been so constantly 
struck by the close resemblance between genera in the two 
that I have begun to doubt whether the spinous mid-tibia 
can be a subfamily character at all. 

With a view to elucidating this point, specimens of 
Cocytodes maura, Holl. (Pl. VI. fig. 3), Coeytodes caerulea, 
Gn. (PI. VI. fig. 2) (Catocaline), and Arete papuensis, Warr. 
(Pl. VI. fig. 1) (* Noctuine ”’), have been submitted to the 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows for dissection ; also specimens of 
Achea ablunaris, Gn. (Pl. VI. fig. 4) (Catocalinz), and Mimo- 
phisma delunaris, Gn. (Pl. VIL. fig. 1) “* Noctuine”). With 
regard to the Cocytodes and Arcte species Mr. Burrows 
writes :—“3 & 4 (C. cerulea and A. papuensis, are more 
close than 2 (C. maura) to either.” Of A. ablunaris (com- 
paring it with J/. delunaris) he writes, “ Is a distinct species, 
but I think undoubtedly belongs to the same ‘ genus,’ so far 
as we understand anything by the term genus. It is indeed 
a close‘ brother, with all the features the same, but different 
in form and development.” 

In view of these conclusions, and of the strong resemblance 
between many other species which are divided by Hampson’s 
use of the spinous mid-tibia as a subfamily character, it 
seems not improbable that this character will ultimately 
have to be discarded, and some other classification of these 
large and very heterogeneous groups adopted in its stead, 
especially in view of the following points :— 

(1) In some species only one or two spines seem to be 
present—a form intermediate between true Catocaline and 
** Noctuine.” 

(2) In other species the spines are only visible in the ? 
(though possibly concealed in the ¢). 

(3) In several of the subfamilies the fore and hind tibie 
are sometimes spined, sometimes non-spined ; there seems 
no logical reason why the mid-tibia should be of more sub- 
family value than fore or hind tibia—especially considering 
that, in the Trifids, it is the hind tibia that is taken to 
characterize a subfamily (the Agrotinze), so that there is no 
correspondence between the two groups. It is certainly rare 
for the hind tibia to be spined and the mid-tibia unspined 
(suggesting that the natural order of development is for the 
spines to appear first on the mid-tibia) ; but this is by no 
means a universal rule, for there are genera both in the 


Noctuids in the Joicey Collection. 5 


Agrotinze and the Plusianze which have the hind tibia spined 
and the mid-tibia non-spined. 


* 


J{RASTRIAN EZ. 
l. Lophoruza rubrimacula, sp.u. (PI. 1. fig. 1.) 


3 .—24mm. 

Head and thorax above pinkish white with some brown 
scales intermingled (chiefly on head and tegule); body 
beneath and legs whitish ; dorsum of abdomen with the basal 
and anal segments pinkish white, the medial segments brown, 
mixed with black. 

Fore wing with the costal half, from apex to hind margin 
at nearly one-third, pinkish-white with the costa tinged with 
tawny brown; the rest of the wing pale tawny-brown, some- 
what darker where it meets the pale shade, the termen 
distinctly darkened from apex to behind R’®; a tawny streak 
at base of wing, extending across metathorax ; some brown 
shading in middle of cell; antemedial, medial, and post- 
. medial lines just visible as pale, dark-outlined, outwardly 
oblique streaks oa the costal tawny shade, the two former 
becoming obsolescent behind SC, the latter indistinctly 
continued as a punctiform dark line, excurved round cell, 
then incurved.to inner margin at about two-thirds ; a fine 
white subterminal line, expanding to a conspicuous white 
spot on R’, behind which it is angled outward, with some 
proximal black dots anteriorly ; a rufous proximal patch 
between the radials, and three ochreous spots (one proximal 
and two distal) between SC’ and R'; a row of black marginal 
spots and a fine dark marginal line; fringe pale tawny- 
brown chequered with blackish-brown. 

Hind wing with the base pinkish-white, the rest of the 
wing pale tawny-brown, almost whitish about the subterminal 
area; a slight, dark, waved postmedial line; a small sub- 
terminal rufous spot behind M’ and a large one from M? to 
near abdominal margin, with a small brown one behind it ; 
marginal spots and line and fringe as on fore wing. 

Wings beneath whitish tinged with tawny-brown, with 
slight curved crenulate postmedial and subterminal lines ; 
margins as above, but less sharply marked ; discal spots very 
slight. 

?.—26 mm. Marked asin the @, but with the pinkish 
and tawny shades both a trifle brighter. 

Upper Tonkin: Muong-Khuong, Proy. Laokay, 900- 
1000 m., type and 1 9. 

Nearest to albicostalis, Leech., from Central China, from 


6 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


which it differs in the darker subapical shade on fore wing, 
the rather larger and darker subtornal spot behind M? on 
the hind wing, the rather darker shade on the costa of fore 
wing, and, especially, in the brown streak across metathorax 
and base of fore wing (which is not present in any specimen 
of albicostalis that I have seen). Possibly only a subspecies. 


2. Lithacodia picatina, sp.n. (PI. L.. fig. 2.) 


3 .-—22 mm. 

This species has hitherto been mixed with picata, Btlr., in 
the British Museum and evidently also at Tring, for it is 
figured in Seitz (Macro-Lep. vol. xi. pl. xxvi. a) as picata. 
The two species are quite clearly distinguishable by the 
triangular dark patch on base of costa in picata being 
replaced in picatina by a golden-brown streak along the 
costa; by the antemedial line being only slightly crenulate 
in picatina, not angled at the folds as in picata; by the 
absence in picatina “of the postmedial dark point on costa 
and the black point at upper angle of cell, the black spot at _ 
lower angle of cell being also reduced in size; by the sub- 
terminal line being almost obsolete in picatina : ‘and (perhaps 
the most constant distinction of all) by the shape of the 
white mark on distal margin, from SC’ to R*,. which forms a 
narrow patch in picatina, quite separate from the other white 
markings, but in picata is less sharply marked and is always 
connected by a white bar between R’ and R* with the white 
postmedial and tornalareas. Fringe of fore wing in picatina 
whitish-brown, tipped with grey. In other respects exactly 
agrees with Hampson’ s description of picata, Cat. Lep. Phal. 
xp. 003. 

Khasia Hills, Assam (Mssary), type and 5 other ¢ ¢. 

In British Museum from Sikkim and one specimen from 
Sabathu. 


EurELiIn2. 


3. Eutelia regalis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 3.) 


36 .—27 mm. 

This species belongs to the section of the genus called 
Eleale (Sect. 1, B, c, of Hampson), its nearest ~allies being 
JSulvipicta, Hmpson., and plusioides, W1k. 

Head and thorax above bright red-orange, the tegule a 
little darker; palpus, pectus, and legs ochreous-brown, the 
tarsi ringed with white ; abdomen ochreous-brown, with the 


dorsal crests red-orange. 


Noctuidee in the Jorcey Collection. 7 


Fore wing with the basal third and a large postmedial 
costal patch ochreous, thickly irrorated with red-orange ; 
the rest of the wing white, closely irrorated with grey-violet; 
lines indistinect.; antemedial, medial, and postmedial white 
spots on costa; indistinct, blackish, sinuous antemedial, 
medial, and postmedial lines, all angled outward before 
middle, then somewhat incurved to hind margin ; an indis- 
tinct maculate subterminal line, following the curve of the 
postmedial ; a white streak from costa near apex to termen 
about R', and a curved white streak from M’ near termen 
to tornus, the two being connected by slight white spots; 
fringe grey-brown. 

Hind wing pale ochreous, the distal half grey-violet 
narrowing to apex and tornus; a white dash from M’ to 
termen near tornus, and a white spot on abdominal margin 
just proximally to tornus ; fringe grey-violet with a fine 
pale line at base. 

Underside of fore wing violet-grey, posteriorly pale 
ochreous; slight dark cell-spot and double curved postmedial 
line ; the white terminal line of the upper surface showing 
near apex and on hind-marginal half of wing. Hind wing 
as above, with the addition of a dark cell-spot, with some 
violet suffusion above it, and a slight postmedial line. 

Amboina, type only. 

Can be easily distinguished from both fulvipicta and 
plusioides by the deeper tone of colour, the broader border 
to the hind wing, the absence of the diffused black streak in 
the basal half of cell, etc. 


STICTOPTERINZ. 
4, Stictoptera plumbeotincta, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 4.) 


? .— 386 mm. 

Head and thorax leaden-violet, mixed with some ochreous 
scales; palpus and antennal shaft ochreous shaded with 
leaden-violet ; dorsum of abdomen grey-brown, with the 
basal crests a little redder; body beneath pale ochreous ; 
legs pale ochreous shaded with violet. 

Fore wing pale ochreous, largely suffused with leaden-violet, 
especially on the basal area to medial line and on apical 
area, leaving a subtriangular patch of the ground-colour 
on distal part of hind margin; sub-basal and antemedial 
lines. almost obsolete, the latter purplish-grey, undulating, 
starting close to medial line, then imcurved, strongly ex- 
curved before hind margin; medial line black, with some 


8 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


proximal dark shading in and behind cell, oblique and slightly 
crenulate from two-fifths costa to two-thirds hind margin ; 
reniform leaden-grey, with faint pale outline, narrowing 
towards costa; an indistinct fine crenulate dark line nearly 
parallel with the median line, but approaching it at hind 
margin ; postmedial line a grey dash on costa, then a row 
of indigo spots between the veins, angled out on SC’, 
excurved to fold, and angled out on SM?; an undulating 
pale subterminal line from costa near apex to tornus, with 
three black proximal darts behind costa, SC’, and SC*, the 
last the largest, proximally darkened from M* to tornus ; a 
row of pale-edged black marginal spots between the veins ; 
fringe grey, with pale streaks at the veins. 

Hind wing with basal area hyaline, smoky brown along 
hind margin, with the distal two-fifths and a lunule on DC* 
and DC* dark grey; fringe pale brown, shaded with grey 
between the veins. 

Underside of fore wing smoky-grey, with some peacock- 
green reflections on basal half of hind-marginal area and a 
pale patch between the origin of M* and M’; five or six pale 
spots on apical half of costa, with black spots between them ; 
slight, dark medial, postmedial, and subterminal lines, as 
above. Hind wing as above, with the costal area slightly 
smoky and an oblique black streak from costa to the lunule 
on discocellulars. 

Rossel Is.; Mt. Rossel, 2100 ft., Dec. 1915 (W. F. Hich- 
horn), type and another ¢?. 


SARROTHRIPINZ. 


5. Blenina brevicosta, sp.n. (Pl. I. fig. 5.) 


2 .— 33 mm. 

Head and thorax white, thickly irrorated with green above 
and with a few brown scales ; patagia with some black scales 
near middle. Palpus and legs white, marked with brown 
and black. Abdomen yellow above and beneath, with the 
anus browner; the crests greenish. 

Fore wing white, irrorated with green scales on the basal 
half of wing aud the postmedial area, with violet-brown on 
the medial aren—whiere it forms a sort of band—and on the 
apical half of distal area ; a few brown scales on the costal 
half of subbasal area and some yellow hair at base of hind 
margin. Subbasal line slight, blackish, curved to about 
median nervyure; a black reall Patatn: from costa, 
angled outward to the subcostal and again above median ; 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 9 


a black spot obliquely beyond it, near hind margin; median 
line obliquely sinuous from two-fifths costa to half hind 
margin, angled outward behind M?, a small black ‘spot 
distally to it in cell and an upright blackish streak in place 
of the reniform ; postmedial line obliquely sinuous from half 
costa to close to tornus, indistinct, upright at costa, strongly 
angled outward at R’' and before hind margin and inward 
at R? behind M'; subterminal line strongly dentate, nearly 
parallel with margin to about R’, upon which and on M’ it 
is angled out to nearer the distal margin, which it joins at 
SM’; broad terminal black spots on the veins; fringe 
white, with black streaks between the veins and slight 
brown tips. 

Hind wing yellow, coloured about as in B. donans, W1k., 
but with the dark border extended along costa, ending close 
to M’, shading gradually into the ground-coiour and ex- 
tending across the fringe ; tornal one-third of fringe yellow ; 
veins slightly darkened. 

Underside of fore wing brown; costa from near base 
white with some brown marks on it, the white broadening 
to a patch from about half to three-quarters along costa ; 
fringe white chequered with blackish, as above. Hind wing 
as above, but with a reddish tinge on costal area. 

Sierra Leone, type only. 

This specimen appears to belong to the genus Blenina, but 
the fore wing is a trifle narrowed at the apical part of costa, 
the hind wing unusually narrow and almost without the 
marginal indentation behind M’ which is so characteristic 
of the majority of Blenina species. The origin of M? on the 
hind wing is removed further from M' than in any other 
Blenina species known to me, unless it be b. quadripuncta, 
Hmpsn. (type in Coll. Joicey), the neuration of which is not 
quite normal, 


6. Risoba obliqua, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 6.) 


3 .—40 mm. 

Head green, tegulee banded with brown (next the head), 
green, and white. ‘Thorax white mixed with brown scales, 
the crest green. Pectus and hair on femora and tibix pale 
brown, tinged in parts with greenish ; tarsi brown with pale 
rings at the joints. Abdomen above greenish, variegated, 
the crests dark brown ; beneath dark brown, except basally. 

Fore wing white, irrorated with green, especially on the 
apical costai area, and with thick dark brown -irroration, 
forming a very oblique band outside the antemedial line and 


10 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


on oblique bar from apex and with some paler brown shading 
on the basal and terminal areas; nine dark points on the 
costa, the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th representing the origin of 
the four principal lines. <A short black streak on base 
of median vein, almost joining the antemedial line, which is 
obsolescent between the costal dark spot and M, then black, 
outwardly oblique and waved to hind margin ; median line 
represented by an inwardly oblique bar from costa to SC 
and two oblique spots to M, where it is angled outward and 
becomes lost in the dark clouding ; a pale ochreous patch 
behind base of M?; reniform defined by a slightly oblique 
and elongate black ring; postmedial line double and filled 
in with white at the costa, lost on SC, behind which it is 
resumed about 3 mm. nearer the distal margin, the inner 
line being thick and black, the outer chiefly defined by white 
teeth on the veins, nearly parallel with termen, but angled 
inward in the cell and outward on SM? and to hind margin ; 
subterminal line black, sinuous, slightly edged with whitish 
on the distal side, from R? onwards nearer termen and more 
stronely waved; termen spotted with black between the 
veins and with a fine, sinuous, black terminal line; fringe 
white, chequered with black between the veins. 

Hind wing white, with a diffused dark cell-spot, dark 
suffusion on the costal area, some reddish hair towards the 
abdominal margin and a broad blackish border, occupying 
somewhat, more than one-third of the wing on apical half 
and less than one-third towards termen; a black terminal 
line with a fine white line proximally to it, from below apex 
to fold ; fringe dark, with a fine white line at base. 

Underside of fore wing white, with some dark suffusion 
on costa, a dark cell-spot and the area distally to the post- 
medial line brown, excepting a pale patch behind apex ; 
terminal markings and fringe as above. Hind wing as 
above, but with the costal area paler and the cell-spot more 
strongly defined. 

Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks), 1 3. 

A ¢ from Mindanao, Philippines (J. J. Munsay), may 
probably belong to the same species, but is very likely an 
aberration or local race. It differs in the slightly larger 
size (45 mm.), in the yellower tone of ground-colour on 
both wings and both surfaces, in the oblique antemedial 
band extending to costa, in the absence of dark suffusion 
distally to the postmedial line, in the dark bar from apex 
being much lighter, and in the veins being defined by 
black streaks towards termen. On the underside of the fore 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Cellection. 11 


wing the cell-spot is partly joined to the black terminal 
area. Pending fuller knowledge, I propose to call this form 


R. obliqua philippinensis (Pl. I. fig. 7). 


7. Risoba owyarra, sp.n. (PI. I. figs. 8 ¢, 9 2.) 
= Risoba cebea, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. xi. p. 485 (1912) (part.), 
nec kebea, Bethune-Baker, Noy. Zool. vol. xiii. p. 233 (1906) 
(Mt. Kebea). 

This species differs in the ¢ from kebea, B.-Baker, with 
which it has hitherto been confused, in the longer palpus 
(1d diameter of eye in kebea, twice diameter of eye in 
owgarra) ; in the rather smaller size (36 mm. in owgarra, 
40 mm. in kebea) ; in the broad white subcostal area along 
SC-SC’ nearly to apex (in kebea the antemedial green and 
brown shading extends broadly to middle of wing from costa 
to hind margin) ; in the absence of the white tooth between 
the apical dark patch and the dark mark behind SC’ (which 
in owgarra is merely a diffused purple-grey shade) ; in the 
reduced and more oblique basal white shade, which in 
owgarra starts from the base of SC (with narrow white line 
before it from base of costa) and is crenulate to about two- 
fifths hind margin, while in kebea it starts from costa and is 
almost straight to two-fifths hind margin ; the white band 
proximally to postmedial line is less straight and regular in 
owgarra than in kebea, the postmedial line rather more curved 
and less dentate ; the white marginal lunule behind M2? is 
much smaller mm owgarra than in kebea. Hind wing with 
the dark bordering reduced and almost without the black 
postmedial spots on veins. 

In the 9? there is a similar difference in size (836-38 mm. 
in owgarra, 44 mm. in kebea); the white basal patch is 
reduced and has the edge crenulate, as in the @, the type 
@ of kebea being without any dark shading on the white 
patch, whilst all ? ? of owgarra yet studied have all but a 
narrow line at distal edge shaded with green marked with 
brown; the pale postmedial costal patch extends to a point 
on M?* in owgarra (in kebea it is intercepted by a violet shade 
on R*) ; the ditferencein the apical patch is as in the ¢, but 
the dark mark behind SC is enlarged and very black in 
the ? of kebea; in kebea 3 the postmedial-line is inwardly - 
oblique from R* to hind margin about 24 mm. from ante- 
medial line, in owgarra the two lines are about 5 mm. apart 
on hind margin. 

The description of cebea (in Cat. Lep. Phal. xi.) seems to 
embrace some of the salient points of each species, the ? in 


1 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


Brit. Mus. from Dinawa belonging to kebea, that from 
Owgarra to owgarra. The figure is of kebea. 

I am indebted to Mr. Bethune-Baker for his kindness in 
lending me the ¢ and @ types of kebea for study. 

Brit. New Guinea: Owgarra (A. S. Meek), 1 6, 
oe, 


ACONTIANE. 


8. Hylophilodes pseudorientalis, sp. n. (PI. I. fig. 10.) 


= Hylophilodes orientalis §, Hmpsn. Cat. Lep. Phal. xi. p. 510 (fig) 

(1912) (nec Halias orientalis, Hmpsn. Moths Ind. ii. p. 1382 (1894) 

(Naga Hills). 

Owing to the Jack of sufficient material, Hampson has 
confused two species under the name of orientalis, Hmpsn., 
supposing them to be a dimorphic ¢ and ¢. Having access 
to better material, Warren discovered the existence of a 
second species, but, by a curious oversight, he re-named the 
see orientalis as Hylophilodes parallela | Nov. Zool. XXII, 
222 (1916) (Assam) ], leaving the species with the red fringes 
and oblique postmedial line still without a name. By the 
kindness of Lord Rothschild, I have beeu permitted to study 
and compare the types of orientalis and parallela, which 
‘undoubtedly both belong to the species described by Hamp- 
son in Moths Ind. For the other species I propose the 
name of pseudorientalis. 

Described and figured (in Cat. Lep. Phal. x1.) as Hylophi- 
lodes orientalis 3. 

Underside of both wings whitish, the fore wing tinged 
with green, especially on ‘the costal ‘third, and with slight 
black irroration just behind the costal rufous line, which is 
broader than above. 

? .—Differs only in the absence of the rough yellow hair 
on dorsum of abdomen (which in the ¢ extends almost to 
anus) and in the yellow tuft on abdominal margin of hind 
wing being reduced to a slight fringe along SM’. 

Khasis (Nat. Coll.), type anda ¢ ; Khasia Hills (Nissary), 
16,22 9 ; Cherra Ponji, 19 ; Burmah, 1. 

Pseudorientalis can be at once distinguished from orientalis, 
Hmpsn. (=parallela, Warr.), by the oblique postmedial line, 
the rufous costa and fringes, and the thick yellow hair on 
dorsum of abdomen and abdominal margin of hind wing, as 
well as by the rather larger size (86-38 mm. as against 
30-35 mm.) and the deeper green, less hyaline fore wing 
and rather less hyaline hind wing. 


Noctuida in the Joicey Collection. 13 


9. Carea leucozona, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 11.) 


? .—28 mm. 

Head and palpus red-brown; thorax above red-brown 
with some white scales ; tegulee white at middle. Pectus 
and legs creamy-white, tinged with red-brown; fore legs 
predominently red-brown. Abdomen grey above, whitish 
irrorated with red-brown beneath. 

Fore wing white, thickly irrorated with red-brown except 
for a broad white medial band and fine white antemedial, 
postmedial, and subterminal lines, the last-named tinged 
with violet ; slight black irroration in parts; a slight black 
spot on the white medial band and a black reniform streak 
on distal edge of it. Antemedial line nearly upright, waved, 
close beside and almost parallel with the medial band ; post- 
medial slightly black-edged proximally, starting near medial 
band, excurved from about SC’, angled im on R?, and curved 
inward between M? and SM?; subterminal line near termen, 
following almost the same curves as the postmedial, the 
proximal black shading heavier; black marginal streaks 
between the veins; fringe ochreous shaded with reddish, 
white at tornus and at the tips. 

Hind wing nearly uniform grey, with the fringe as on the 
fore wing, but without the white at tornus; fringe of 
abdominal margin grey; a slight cell-spot shining through 
from beneath. 

Underside of fore wing grey, the costal margin broadly 
reddish; fringe as above. Hind wing with strong dark 
cell-spot ; some reddish irroration on the distal half, 
especially towards costa ; proximal half of wing paler. 

Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks), type ouly. 

Slightly recalls C. vevilla, Swinh., but has rather a shorter 
and broader fore wing and is abundantly distinct in 
markings. 


10. Maceda mansueta rufimacula, subsp. un. (PI. I. fig. 12.) 

? .—33-36 mm, 

Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs not distinguishable from 
M. mansueta, W\k. 

Pore wing predominantly violet-grey, with the basal area 
(especially on costal half) and a fairly large subapical patch 
rufous—the latter crossed by a brown subterminal line. 
A broad diffused antemedial shade, angled outward from 
just behind M to two-fifths hind margin; medial area 
uniform violet-grey, with a minute black dot on the middle 


14 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


of the discocellulars ; a broad diffused postmedial shade, 
less strongly angled inward before and behind M? than in 
the majority of mansueta mansueta aud hardly noticeably 
dentate ; the terminal area darker than medial area, with 
some rufous scales intermingled, especially near the post- 
medial line ; subterminal line almost obsolete, except on 
the subapical patch ; fringe brown, with a slight pale line at 
base. 

Hind wing muck as in mansueta mansueta, but more 
predominantly smoky ; the termen and fringe white between 
and just beyond M! and M?, the fringe tipped with white 
from R! to near tornus. 

Underside of fore wing as in mansueta mansueta ; hind 
wing with the spot on discocellulars larger and darker than 
usual, the dark bordering extended to near base of wing 
on costa and narrowed off to a point at tornus, instead 
of ending about M?. 

Goodenough Island, 2500-4000 ft., April 1913 (4. S. 
Meek), type and four other ? 2. 

This may be a distinct species, all five specimens being 
extremely uniform and unlike any mansueta specimens from 
other localities ; but in the absence of the g and of any 
discoverable structural differences, 1 have regarded it as a ° 
subspecies of the extremely variable mansueta. 


CATOCALINZA. 


11. Agonista endochrysa Prout. (PI. Il. figs. 1 g,2 2.) 


2 .—98 mm. 

Head, thorax, pectus, legs, and abdomen as in @, save 
that the black shades of the g are paler and browner in 
the ¢. . 

Fore wing reddish-brown ; DC? and DC? slightly darkened ; 
a slight yellowish dash outside the discocellulars, with 
proximal dark shading; medial line diffused, dark reddish- 
brown, very upright ; postmedial line greyer, very diffused, 
distally pale-edged, starting at two-thirds costa, angled out 
behind SC’, then nearly straight to hind-margin; sub- 
terminal line represented by a series of yellowish-white, 
distally black-edged points between the veins, those between 
R} and SM? being most distinct; fringe ochreous, largely 
shaded with black-brown. 

Hind wing reddish-brown ; medial line as on fore wing; 
postmedial with more distinct yellow shade beyond it, very 
slightly bent anteriorly, then very straight to near abdominal 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 15 


margin, where it is lost in the yellow area, which is as in 
the ¢; tornal half of distal margin yellow, sparsely irrorated 
with brown; fringes brown from apex to about Rk’, then 
yellow. 

Underside of fore wing red-brown, with the postmedial 
line as above, but with distinct yellow line outside it ; arow 
of yellow spots between the veins close to termen. Hind 
wing with a dark spot ringed by yellow round DC? and 
DC’, the discocellulars themselves pale yellowish ; postmedial 
line and yellow terminal spots as on fore wing; the yellow 
shade of abdominal margin extended to beyond M? except 
at base, with scattered brown vertical dashes. 

North Borneo, one 2. Also ? from Labuan, in imper- 
fect condition, which seems to have the yellow areas on 
hind wing a little reduced. 

The ¢ of this species was described in Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (9) iii. p. 169 (1919), from Sandakan, N. Borneo. 


12. Achea ochrocraspeda, sp. u. 
(Pislie tied, O.; Pl. tig, 15, 9.) 


3 .—76 mm. 

Head, thorax, palpus, antenna, abdomen, and legs brown ; 
the pectus, femora, and tibie (especially the hind tibia) 
clothed with long, woolly, brown hair. 

Fore wing rich glossy brown, slightly shot with violet on 
the medial area, especially on the antemedial and postmedial 
lines, the former of which is dark brown, almost straight, 
from costa at 12 mm. to hind margin at 11 mm. ; faint traces 
of darkening on DC? and DC? and of one or two curved 
medial shades ; postmedial line brown with a white line 
outside it, starting from costa at 21 mm., outwardly oblique 
to R? where it is gently curved inward, then almost straight 
to hind margin at 18mm.; fringe yellowish-white, having 
some brown shading from M! to M?, then dark brown. 

Hind wing rich glossy brown, the basal one-third clothed 
with rough thick hair ; a pale curved line, just distally to 
middle of wing, and traces of a dotted outer line midway 
to termen; a small yellowish-white apical patch; fringe 
yellowish-white to M’. 

Underside of both wings brown with distal area paler ; 
a dark spot on the discocellulars ; a faint medial dark shade ; 
a dentate, slightly curved postmedial line at nearly two- 
thirds ; a broad, slightly purplish, diffused subterminal 
shade with somewhat crenulate outer edge, meeting dark 
shade from apex and tornus on fore wing ; a row of minute 


16 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


dots close to termen; hind wing with a slight, diffused, 
crenulate line nearer termen ; fringe as above, but with the 
pale parts greyer. 

S. Sudan: T'amlio, Bahr-el-Ghazal, one ¢. 

A @ from Cameroons—Bitje, early May and June, wet 
season (G, L. Lates)—appears to be the 9 of this species, 
but differs in the spot on DC? and DC? of fore wing forming 
a narrow ring, in the more distinct medial line on upper 
side of fore wing and underside of both wings, and espe- 
cially in the shape of postmedial line of fore wing above, 
which is oblique as far as R* and distinctly imecurved 
posteriorly. 

Near to A. cymatius, Prout, and A. hypoxantha, Hmpsn., 
but appears to be quite a distinct species. 


18. Acheajoiceyi, sp. nu. (PI. III. fig. 2.) 


9 .—52 mm. 

Head, thorax, and palpus white marked with fuscous; the 
palpus with a dark dash on the outer side of each joint, 
tegulz with some dark scales at base and tips, patagia and 
thorax with three irregular dark bands; abdomen above 
yellow ; abdomen beneath and legs whitish, the tarsi broadly 
banded with fuscous ; antennal shaft brown. 

Fore wing white, with fuscous markings; some yellow 
hair behind fold at base; a dark spot at base ; subbasal line 
represented by two broad dark bars at costa (the inner one 
reaching M), and a large spot behind cel! ; autemedial line 
represented by four large spots and a small one (before 
inner margin) on proximal side and a slightly broken line 
on distal side, nearly erect and angled out at fold ; orbicular 
a small ring; reniform with dark centre and defined by a 
dark line, oblong, erect ; a double dentate medial line from 
costa at middle to hind margin at middle, making a broad 
curve from costa to M’, with sharp teeth, usually on the 
veins, and with a sharp proximal tooth cutting into the 
middle of the reniform ; a double dentate postmedial line, 
following the curves of the medial, but with the lines finer, 
less diffused; some proximal dark shading (broadest behind 
costa) and a fine, dentate, distal line defining the subterminal ; 
some black shading at termen between SC® and R?; some 
terminal spots between the veins; a fine marginal line; 
fringe white chequered with fuscous. 

Hind wing yellow with the discal border fuscous (narrow- 
ing and becoming broken on tornal half and interrupted by 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 17 


yellow at apex) ; margin and fringe as on fore wing; the 
basal hair golden-yellow. 

Underside of both wings whitish irrorated with fuscous, 
the inner margin yellow (narrowly on fore wing, broadly on 
hind wing). Fore wing with diffused discal spot with spots 
above it at costa, a curved postmedial line, some diffused 
dark subterminal shading, and a row of terminal dots. 
Hind wing with discal dot, indistinct medial and postmedial 
lines (the former double) and double subterminal shading ; 
a row of terminal dots. 

Ivory Coast, 1 2. 

This seems to be an Achea species, though the under 
surface more resembles Heliophisma, which differs from Achaea 
chiefly in the more produced apex of fore wing. 


Achea indistincta, Wk. 


Mr. L. B. Prout, in his paper published in Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (9) ii. p. 184 (1919), notes the fact that this 
species (the type of which is in Coll. Joicey) is distinct 
from Achea ablunaris, Gu., to which Hampson sinks it 
(Cat. Lep. Phal. xii. p. 538). It was then overlooked that 
indistincta, Wlk., is really asynonym of Mimophisma delunaris, 
Gn., which Hampson places in the Noctuine. For the close 
relationship between these two species, see the preceding 
note on classification. 


14. Parallelia diffusa, sp.n. (PI. ILI. fig. 3.) 


3 .—38 mm. 

Head, thorax, palpus, antenna, abdomen, and legs nearly 
unicolorous brown, the tarsi paler and a little more ochreous 
in tone. 

Fore wing glossy purple-brown, the basal area a little 
more lead-coloured, the outer medial area metallic greenish- 
brown, the ante- and postmedial lines dark red-brown, 
distally edged with flesh-colour, the oblique apical streak dark 
brown, proximally diffused and shading into violet. Ante- 
medial line nearly erect, from costa at 5 mm. to hind margin at 
6mm.; a slightly incurved, diffused inner edge to the medial 
darkgshade representing the medial line; postmedial line 
oblique outward from costa at 11mm. to R'; here acutely 
angled, thence nearly straight to hind margin at 10mm. ; 
five white spots on costa towards apex, the lst marking 
the origin of the postmedial line, the 5th the origin of the 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 2 


18 . Miss A. E. Prout on some 


subterminal, which is faintly visible as a pale streak on costal 
half of the apical dark patch, then represented by pale dashes 
on the veins; fringe purple-brown, paler between M? and 
tornus. 

Hind wing nearly uniform grey-brown, with a pale 
terminal line, a pale subterminal dash from about M? to 
tornus and the fringe paler from behind SC? to R? and from 
M? to tornus and outer one-fourth of abdominal margin ; 
fringe with a pale central line. 

Underside of both wings grey-brown, the distal third 
tinged with chocolate-brown. Fore wing with five white 
spots on apical part of costa, a dark, distally pale-edged 
postmedial line, almost obsolete behind R?, an indistinct, 
dentate, pale subterminal line and bluish-white shading on 
distal margin and basal half of fringe, especially on apical 
half of wing. Hind wing with faint, pale postmedial and 
subterminal lines and bluish-white shading on termen and 
fringe from behind SC? to tornus. 

?.—40mm. Differs only in the slightly larger size. 

Cameroons: Bitje, Ja River, early May and June, wet 
season (G. L. Bates), dvand 179:; also a 3 dated 1915. 

This species is extremely near to P. conjunctura, W1k., 
from Sierra Leone, but the distal margin of the fore wing is 
distinctly more rounded, the under surface is more sharply 
marked, the general tone of the fore wing is somewhat more 
leaden, and conjunctura has the inner half of the medial area 
of fore wing pale, the outer half bordered by a strongly 
curved, distinct line, instead of the two areas almost shading 
into each other, as in diffusa. The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
who has examined the genitalia of the two species, writes: 
“T consider (these) distinct species. The difference in 
detail is very marked indeed, although in general form the 
sugg gestion is close affinity. The (?furca) is quite different. 
So is the costal arm.” The gress are figured on 
Pl. VIL.: P. conjunctura, fig.2 ; P. diffusa, fig.3. Pl. VIL. 
figs. 4, 5 represent P. humilis and isotima [see Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (9) iii. p. 185 (1919)]. 


15. Attatha barlowi, sp.n. (PI. III. fig. 4.) 


3g .—42 mm. 7 

Head, thorax, and palpus fleshy white; frons black ; 
tegule and mesothorax black; dorsum of abdomen yellow, 
ventral surface pale yellow ; femora and hind tibie cream- 
coloured, fore- and mid-tibiz pink, tarsi grey-brown ringed 
with white. 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 19 


Fore wing-pale flesh-colour ; costal edge black towards 
base; a wedge-shaped black mark behind the cell ; a narrow 
black fascia along hind margin from near base to just 
beyond middle; an outwardly oblique, triangular black 
patch just proximally to middle, its distal edge angled out- 
ward across DC‘ and its extremity produced in a narrow 
streak to fold near termen; carmine streaks on M! and 
M? distally to the dark patch; a black subtornal spot, 
distally edged with cerise-pink ; a triangular black patch 
from costa at apex to near termen behind M}!, with a slight, 
fine line proximally to it ; black spots on termen at M! and 
M? and a black spot on the fringe between them. 

Hind wing reddish-ochreous, paler towards costa, with a 
wedge-shaped black mark from apex to R?, small black spots 
near termen before and behind -M! and at fold, and on termen 
at M! and M?; veins slightly redder. 

Underside of both wings ochreous-yellow ; the fore wing 
with the irregular medial patch faintly visible and with the 
terminal black patch present, but less deep and glossy than 
above, ending at M!, with black spots on fringe behind 
M! and at fold; hind wing with the terminal black mark 
ending behind R!, without black spots behind it. 

Zomba Plateau, October 1919 (H. Bariow). 


16. Safia mollis, Moschl. 


A ¢ of this species in Coll. Joicey, from Caparo, W. Coast 
of Trinidad (F. Birch), proves it to belong to Sect. i. of 
Hampson, not Sect. ii., where it is placed in Cat, Lep. Phal. 
xiii. p. 189. The ¢ does not appear to differ from the ? 
except in the presence of the androconia on the under surface 
and in the much more elongate apex of the fore wing. 


17. Safia hyalina, sp.n. (PI. IIT. fig. 5.) 


3 .—50 mm. 

Head, palpus, thorax, and legs black-brown irrorated with 
white, the thorax with a few golden scales, especially on the 
metathoracic crest, the tarsi white at tips of segments, mid- 
tibial tuft of hair paler brown. Abdomen grey-brown, with 
yellowish-white band on 2nd segment and spot on 3rd (a 
little more extended than in S. mollis, to which species 
hyalina seems nearest). 

Fore wing semihyaline white with an ochreous tinge and 
some brown irroration; a few violet scales on Hagel one- 
third of wing. A black-ringed white spot behind M at base; 
9 dark spots along costa, the 3rd, 5th, and 7th broad, 


QD 


20 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


the 8th moderate, the 9th moderate and interrupted by a 
minute white spot, the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and outer section 
of 9th forming the origin of the five lines, which are brown, 
irregularly waved, and dentate, more or less upright, obso- 
lescent in parts, the medial and subterminal being most 
distinct, the former only a little sinuous, the latter strongly 
waved and dentate, with sharp distal angles behind SC’ and 
R® and proximal ones on R? and M?; faint traces of one or 
two other sinuous lines and of an upright lunular reniform ; 
a row of black spots between the veins close to termen; a 
dark terminal line ; fringe (worn) mixed grey-brown and 
whitish. 

Hind wing with glossy brown hair from base to near 
termen on costal and abdominal areas in fold ; marked 
much as in S. mollis (with.minute white cell-spot, waved 
medial, postmedial, and subterminal lines, black spots be- 
tween the veins near termen, black terminal line, and slight 
clouding between the lines) ; but the subterminal is a little 
blacker and further removed from termen and the black 
marginal spots are more detached in hyalina than in mollis. 

Underside of both wings clothed with silky androconia, 
with indistinct diffused antemedial and medial lines and 
shadowy traces of the postmedial ; costa of fore wing with 
5 or 6 whitish spots on apical half, 3 fairly large. 

S.E. Peru: Santo Domingo, 6000 ft., x1. 1904 (G. Ocken- 
don), 1 3. 

Easily distinguished from S. mollis by the larger size 
(30 mm. in hyalina, 42-46 mm. in mollis), the slightly more 
hyaline texture of wings, and the darker, broader black 
markings on fore wing, especially at costa, near base, and 
on posterior part of medial line; by the more upright reni- 
form and more waved subterminal line, as well as by the 
points already mentioned on the hind wing. 


18. Zale plumbimargo, sp.n. (PI. III. fig. 6). 


? .—60 mm. 

Head, palpus, antenna, pectus, and legs ochreous-brown; 
tegulz ochreous-brown at base, with a dark brown line and 
tipped with blackish. Thorax above, crests and patagia 
blackish peppered with white and with some long brown 
hairs. Abdomen ochreous-brown above and beneath, the 
double crest on Ist basal segment rich chocolate-brown. 

Fore wing pale ochreous, with the costal area, from base 
at inner margin gradually narrowing to apex, rich chocolate- 
brown, shading gradually into the ground-colour; subbasal 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 21 


line almost lost in the dark costal shade ; antemedial line 
obsolescent, .from about one-third along costa, slightly 
oblique to just before M, where it is strongly angled inward, 
then oblique to base at inner margin, bordering the dark 
area ; pale area crossed by five or six oblique, undulating, 
pale brown lines, all strongly angled inwards to behind R’, 
and outwards behind R? and R?; distal area from apex to 
R® slightly irrorated with brown; a double, oblique, red- 
brown subterminal line from R?* to inner margin, with a 
dark leaden-grey shade between it and the brown terminal 
border, upon which there is a row of darker brown dots. 

Hind wing with the same colouring ; basal half pale, with 
a dark cell-dot; four or five diffused grey lines on post- 
medial area, followed by a dark red-brown line and a broad 
leaden-grey shade, all the lines being straight and nearly 
parallel to distal margin ; terminal area as on lower half of 
distal margin of fore wing. 

Fringes of both wings brown with a pale line at base. 

Underside greyish-ochreous, irrorated and strigulated 
with dark brown. Fore wing with two small brown dots at 
middle of discocellulars and a slightly crenulate brown post- 
medial line, slightly excurved round cell and incurved to 
fold, where it becomes obsolete. Hind wing with a single 
cell-spot, a crenulate but less curved postmedial line, and a 
dark subterminal streak at inner margin. Terminal dots 
and fringes as above. 

S.E. Peru: Santo Domingo, 6000 ft., xi. 1904 (G. Ocken- 
don), 1 9. 

A single ? of this species in Coll. Brit. Mus., erroneously 
labelled “Queensland,” is placed by Sir George Hampson 
between Z. plumbeolinea, Hmpsn., and Z. unilineata, Grote. 


Mominz. 


19. Eleodes barnsi,sp.n. (PI. IIT. fig. 7.) 


3 .—36 mm. 

Head and thorax green (the head tinged with ochreous) ; 
palpus predominantly black ; pectus and legs white tinged 
with greenish, the fore tarsus ringed with black ; abdomen 
greyish-white. 

Fore wing white, thickly irrorated with green and in parts 
with blackish, the lines and stigmata white defined on each 
side by blackish (except a part of the postmedial line, proxi- 
mally) ; the subbasal line erect and waved, almost obsolete 
except behind costa and M; antemedial line from costa at 


22 ' Miss A. E. Prout on some 


nearly one-third to near middle of hind margin, nearly 
oblique to fold, angled in on SM? and out to hind margin ; 
orbicular and reniform placed on a black streak, the orbi- 
cular triangular, the reniform broadly lunular ; postmedial 
line oblique and slightly waved from costa at two-thirds to 
R?, then inwardly oblique and waved to hind margin at about 
three-quarters, with the distal dark shading broadened be- 
tween R* and M?; subterminal line a series of white lunules 
between the veins close to termen, between the radials 
replaced by a proximal V-shaped mark filled in with black 
and with an irregular white patch at fold; terminal line 
almost obsolete; fringe white, proximally chequered with 
green and distally with black between the veins. 

Hind wing white with the veins darkened ; a slight 
blackish spot on DC? and diffused subterminal dark shade, 
obsolescent between SC*® and M?. 

Underside of fore wing white tinged costally and distally 
with greenish ; a dark spot on the discocellulars ; some dark 
shading in the cell and between the veins postmedially. 
Hind wing white, behind costa broadly tinged with greenish 
and slightly irrorated with blackish; the distal spot larger 
and stronger than above; a slight postmedial line and diffused 
subterminal shade from costa to R’. 

Tanganyika: Niragongo Volcano, Kivu, Sept. 1919(7. A. 
Barns). * 

Belongs to Sect. 1 of Hampson. 

Mr. Barns states that this species is much brighter green 
in nature, but the colour is very fugitive. 


20. Eleodes prasinodes, sp. n. 


3 .—36 mm. 

Head, thorax, pectus, and legs white mixed with pale 
green, the tarsi black ringed with white (fore tarsus with 
one ring, mid-tarsus with two rings, hind tarsus with three 
rings) ; abdomen white with the crests on basal segments 
and patagia at base and tips golden-green. 

Fore wing white thickly irrorated basally, medially, and 
terminally with pale green scales, mixed here and there 
(especially anteriorly) with pale ochreous, leaving the lines, 
the base of hind margin, a medial patch behind cell, and a 
postmedial patch between the radials pure white. A few 
black scales on base of M ; subbasal line defined on each 
side by black at costa and behind M, bent inward at costa, 
obsolescent on SC and belind SM’, excurved in fold; ante- 
medial line mostly definedgby black, from one-third costa to 


Noctuides in the Joicey Collection. 23 


two-fifths hind margin, slightly oblique to behind M, angled 
out at fold and behind SM’; orbicular an orange round 
spot with three or four black dots on it, ringed by white 
and, distally, by black; reniform a similar black-dotted 
orange spot, proximally ringed by white and black, distally 
lost in the postmedial white patch; cell between the stigmata 
orange spotted with black; a black streak on fold behind 
the white medial patch ; postmedial line proximally defined 
by black at costa and behind M, distally from costa to M? 
though only slightly between R! and R’*; from costa at two- 
thirds, slightly bent outward to R!, excurved to R*, inwardly 
oblique to fold, then bent outward and waved to hind margin ; 
three white spots defined by black on costa between post- 
medial and subterminal lines; subterminal line dentate on 
the veins, bent outward on SC’, defined by black between 
the radials and slightly defined by orange on posterior half 
of wing; fringe white, chequered with orange and black 
between the veins. 

Hind wing pure white. 

Underside of both wings pure white, with slight green 
spot on DC?; fore wing with costa to near apex yellow- 
green, leaving a postmedial white dash defined on each side 
by black; a second black dash on distal side of it ; fringe 
chequered with black. 

? —38-44 mm. 

Marked much as in ¢ or more uniformly green ; some- 
times with the white or the black markings much reduced. 
Hind wing with the discal spot visible above and with a 
more or less developed, curved postmedial line ; sometimes 
also with a subterminal dark shade. Fore wing beneath 
broadly green on costal and terminal areas, with larger 
discal spot and traces of the dark postmedial shading 
behind R°. 

N.W. Rhodesia, 1919 (H. C. Dolman), Type andl ¢, 
also 4 ? ? from Solwerji, 1917-1918 (H. C. Dolman). All 
in Coll. Brit. Mus. 

Belongs to Section 11. of Hampson. 

Superficially a good deal resembling £. barnsi, but can 
easily be distinguished by the generally paler colouring of 
thorax and fore wing, by the white patches behind costa 
and M (these, however, are absent in some 2 ? of prasinodes), 
by the whiter hind wing and under surface (in 3), by the 
shape of the orbicular and colouring of the stigmata, by 
the tooth on subterminal line behind R? and absence of 
V-shaped angle, as well as by the difference in the antenna. 

The layva was figured by Mr, Dolman, with the accom- 


24 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


panying note :—‘ This pretty Noctuid larva was first found 
at Solwerji-at the end of ‘the rains, 1917; imagines 
hatched in early May. Again found during July 1917 and 
drawn then. The larva is somewhat gregarious, two or 
three to plant, and adjacent plants usually with their com- 
plement too. It feeds on the fronds on the common 
bracken— mushilu’ (Chikaonde)—and grows with great 
rapidity. In captivity it pupates in a very slight cocoon 
made amongst the bracken fronds, the pupa being strikingly 
coloured. The larva has a number of fine light hairs, 
sparingly distributed; these do not show in the dorsal 
aspect. Months found :—ili..... yu? 

The following description is taken from the drawing :— 

The larva is nearly cylindrical, the head and thoracic 
plate reddish, the rest. of the thoracic segments yellow with 
a fine black dorsal line; the abdominal segments also with a 
fine black dorsal line, the colouring of the segments other- 
wise half yellow and half greenish, divided transversely by 
fine black lines; spiracular lines black, spiracles surrounded 
by white. 


Prusranz. 


21. Plusia enescens, sp.n. (PI. LV. fig. 1.) 


36 2? .—34 mm, 

Head and thorax grey-brown speckled with white, the 
patagia tipped with white; palpus and antenna brown shaded 
with black; dorsum of abdomen pale cinereous, with the 
basal tufts dark brown ; body beneath darker cinereous, hair 
on pectus and tibize pale brown, the tarsi brown ringed with 
white. ; 

Fore wivg variegated bronze-gold and dark purplish-brown 
irrorated with black ; subbasal line represented by a silvery 
streak from costa; antemedial line silvery-white tinged with 
gold in parts, starting from costa at two-sevenths, distally 
oblique to SC, deeply incurved and obsolescent to M (behind 
which there is a slight pale patch), sharply excurved before 
SM?’ with a pale violet spot in the angle, then inwardly 
oblique to hind margin; a shining white U-shaped stigma 
behind the cell, shaped much as in limdirena, Gn., but with 
the lobe separated from the U in the type (in a secoud 
specimen, otherwise practically identical, the two marks are 
united, as in typical limbirena, and the Icbe is larger) ; an 
oblique, crenulate, bronze-gold postmedial shade from four- 
fifths costa to fold where it broadens proximally into a 


Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 25 


diffused patch extending nearly to antimedial line, then out- 
wardly oblique to hind margin near tornus, where it is edged 
on each side by a white lunule; subterminal line represented 
by an irregular row of black and white spots and a few 
violet specks, nearly parallel with the postmedial shade; a 
conspicuous round white marginal spot at R’, a white mar- 
ginal streak in fold, and black, slightly pale-edged terminal 
spots. 

Hind wing grey-brown with a cupreous gloss, paler at 
base, with a pale postmedial line and a fine pale line at base 
of fringe. 

Underside of fore wing and distal and costal areas of hind 
wing shining grey-brown; a slightly crenulate, dark post- 
medial line running across both wings from about two-thirds 
costa of fore wing to near tornus of hind wing; four white 
dots on costa of fore wing between postmedial line and apex 
(less clearly visible above). Hind wing with basal inner 
area paler, shading gradually to grey-brown; a slight 
brown lunule on DC? and a very slight diffused subterminal 
line. 

N. Rhodesia, 1908 (Gimson). Type and another ¢. 

Also from Escourt, Natal, 1 ? in the British Museum. 

Near P. limbirena, Gn., from which, however, it is easily 
distinguishable by the following characters. The fore wing 
is shorter on the apical half, the distal margin being slightly 
angled at R*, instead of evenly curved, as in limbirena; the 
hind wing is more smoky in tone than in limbirena, especially 
on the basal area; the pale marginal mark at R* is a slight 
pinkish streak extending to M’ in /imdirena, an almost 
round white spot in @nescens ; and the shining bronze-gold 
shades of enescens are quite absent in limbirena, which is also 
generally less black in its darker shades—altogether less 
contrasted than @nescens. 


22. Plusia rubriflabellata, sp.n. (PI. IV. fig. 2.) 


3 .—380-35 mm. 

Head, palpus, and antennal shaft orange-brown, shaded 
with dark brown; collar with a fan of scarlet scales on 
either side of head; tegule, patagia, and thoracic crests 
purple-brown tipped with white, the crests much as in 
chalcytes, Esp., but that on the mesothorax appearing more 
produced ; third jomt of palpus longer and thicker than in 
chalcytes; dorsum of abdomen pale cinereous, the lateral 
tufts ochreous, springing in a spreading fan from the fifth 
and sixth abdominal segments and extending nearly to the 


26 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


anus, which has an ochreous dorsal tuft, at the extreme tip 
blackish, but without any sign of the black tuft beneath, 
which is so noticeable in good specimens of chalcytes ; ventral 
surface of abdomen a mingling of brown and ochreous 
scales, darkened on anal segment but without long hair; 
pectus and legs brown, the tarsi paler. 

Fore wing cupreous purple-brown, shot with gleaming 
bronze-gold, the lines silvery-white, outlined in bronze or 
brown ; subbasal excurved below costa, then undulating, to 
fold ; antemedial excurved to SC, almost obsolete in cell, 
inwardly oblique from M to hind margin ; a white medial 
spot at about three-fifths costa and traces of an oblique 
medial line near middle of hind margin ; postmedial from 
about two-thirds costa to hind margin near tornus, strongly 
undulating, excurved below costa, incurved in cell, angled 
outward on M! and less strongly so on M?, angled inward to 
a deep point (much more strongly so than in chalcytes) 
in fold ; subterminal line formed by bronze shading on its 
proximal side, straight from near apex to about SC® between 
which and R? it takes a deep outward curve, then straight 
to distal margin just behind SM’; black marginal spots 
between the veins, those behind R* and R* connected by 
dark shading; the silvery-white stigma behind middle of 
cell broken into two closely-approximated, almost round 
spots ; fringe grey with a fine pale line at base, darker at 
the veins. 

Hind wing creamy-white at base, shading into the broad 
grey-brown distal border; a brown lunule on DC? and 
DC2; traces of a postmedial line a little darker than the 
border; fringe creamy-white, chequered with brown at the 
veins on outer half. 

Underside of fore wing grey-brown, with a darker post- 
medial line at about three-fifths and four white costal dots 
between this and apex; marginal spots indistinct ; fringe as 
above. Hind wing as above, but with the postmedial line 
marking a sharper division between the pale proximal and 
dark distal areas and with the addition of a diffused dark 
subterminal band, its distal edge sharply angled outward 
on R?. 

Goodenough Is., 2500-4000 ft., March 1913 (4. S. Meek), 
type and 3 other gg. 

Probably nearest to P. chalcytes, Esp., but can be at once 
distinguished by the more purple tone, the straight sub- 
terminal and more deeply angled postmedial, and by the 
larger marginal spots, as well as by the difference in the 
lateral and anal tufts of abdomen and, especially, by the fans 
of scarlet scales on collar. 


Noctuids in the Joicey Collection. 27 


OPHIDERINZ. 
23. Hulodes hilaris (Warr., MS.?), sp.n. (PI. IV. fig. 3.) 


fo .—75 mm. 

Head, tegule, pectus, and legs grey-brown; pectus, 
femora, tibiz, and first four joints of hind tarsus clothed 
with long rough hair. ‘Thorax above and abdomen ochreous- 
grey, the prothorax with bright ochreous band; patagia 
spotted with black and tipped with grey-brown. 

Both wings shaped and marked nearly as in Aulodes drylia, 
Gn., but hélaris averages larger and is more ochreous in 
tone. 

Fore wing somewhat heavily irrorated with black; sub- 
basal and antemedial lines and black orbicular point as in 
drylia; medial bar from costa to reniform blacker ; reniform 
Iunule as in drylla, but with a conspicuous pale lunule 
surrounding the lower end of it; postmedial line starting 
from a black dash on costa at 15 mm., strongly angled out- 
wards to SC*, ineurved to R!, obsolescent to about R? where 
it reappears Just proximally to a red-brown, black-mixed, 
oblique streak from apex, of which it becomes almost a 
continuation obliquely to two-fifths inner margin, where 
there is a black spot on distal side of it. 

Hind wing marked as in drylla, but with the black medial 
line a little nearer to the body, the diffused shades between 
postmedial and subterminal lines red-brown (grey in drylla), 
with a broader white shade distally to the subterminal line. 
Termen red-brown; fringe dark brown from apex to the 
angle of wing, then pale to tornus. 

Underside as in drylla, but with the lines a little more 
‘strongly marked. 

A second ¢ has the red shades more ochreous. 

Dutch New Guinea: Wardammen Mts., 3000-4000 ft., 
November 1914 (A. H. & F. Pratt), type and another ¢. 

No doubt the New Guinea representative of H. drylla, but 
can hardly be regarded as a race, on account of the different 
palpus, the third segment of which in hilaris is slightly 
porrect and half the length of the second, whilst in dryl/a it 
is upright and less than one-third the length of segment 2. 


24. Platyja retrahens, sp.n. (PI. IV. fig. 4.) 


9 —57 mm. 

Head, thorax, palpus, fore wing, and abdominal crests 
reddish-brown; abdomen above, body beneath, and legs 
grey-brown, tarsi with ends of segments white ; hind wing 
and both wings beneath brown tinged in parts with reddish. 


28 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


Fore wing with the lines and stigmata a little darker red- 
brown than the ground-colour ; the oblique antemedial line 
and the subterminal streak from three-fifths costa to termen 
behind R! proximally edged with violet-white; the termen 
narrowly violet, bordered on each side by fuscous (more 
broadly proximally) ; fringe grey-brown with violet lines at 
base and at middle ; orbicular a small round spot; reniform 
obliquely oblong, a little narrower at middle, with a slight 
violet-white line on its distal edge; a subterminal line 
reappearing from the dark terminal suffusion on M?, retracted 
to reniform at about origin of M!, thence obliquely waved to 
two-thirds hind margin; a white dot on violet terminal 
shade at SC® and similar dots proximally to dark suffusion 
on R? to M?; veins darkened and irrorated with violet-white. 

Hind wing with veins, terminal area (except at apex) and 
fringe as on fore wing ; small white dots proximally to dark 
shade on R! to SM?; slight dark lunule on DC? and DC*. 

Underside of both wings with a slight dark discal spot 
and a curved subterminal line, represented by white spots on 
the veins; terminal area (especially on fore wing) irrorated 
with some violet scales; fringes as above. 

Upper Tonkin: Muong-Khuong, Prov. Lackay, 900- 
1000.5 1 79%. 


25. Batracharta nigritogata, sp.n. (PI. IV. fig. 5.) 


3 .—43 mm. 

Head, thorax, patagia, fore part of pectus, and palpus 
black, dotted here and there with ochreous-white; a raised 
ochreous crest on mesothorax ; abdomen ochreous above, 
whitish beneath. Antennal shaft black-brown. Fore and 
mid tibia black, dotted with white; hind tibia with long 
ochreous-white hair; tarsi black with white tips to the 
joints. 

Fore wing broadened on distal half by a lobe on inner 
margin. Ground-colour ochreous. Proximal half of wing 
heavily cloaked with black, dotted with ochreous (especially 
near costa) and containing a pale red-brown, irregularly 
rounded reniform, the black area extending about three- 
fifths along costa, strongly retracted behind cell and reaching 
inner margin close to body; distal half of wing of the 
ground-colour, thickly honeycombed with short, upright, 
red-brown streaks; distal border pale red-brown, irrorated 
with black (especially at termen) aud extending round the 
lobe of the inner margin; fringe ochreous-brown. 

Hind wing ochreous, clothed with short brown hairs ; 


Noctuide in the Joicey Collection. 29 


veins and terminal line dark brown; fringe paler; the 
abdominal half of wing with some pale, down-turned, silky 
hair. 

Underside of both wings pale ochreous. Fore wing 
clouded with grey except for a pale apical patch and slight 
pale subcostal and terminal borders ; costa with alternate 
pale and dark spots; fringe tipped with brown; a large 
diffused black spot on discocellulars; some long pale hair 
in cell. Hind wing with a large, rounded, black-brown spot 
on discocellulars and slight brown irroration distally to it, 
between SC? and M?. 

Bidi, Sarawak, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks). 

Somewhat recalls walkeri, Beth.-Baker, from New Guinea, 
and irrorata, Hmpsn., from Sikkim, but is abundantly 
distinct from both. 


26. Blosyris arpi, sp.un. (Pl. V. fig. 1.) 


? .—100 mm. 

Head, thorax above, and palpus whitish mixed with pale 
chestnut, a chestnut band just behind the tegule ; abdomen 
above pale brown clothed with rough whitish hairs ; body 
beneath ochreous ; legs ochreous, the tarsi browner, with 
pale tip to each joint ; a patch of deep black scales at base 
of mid-tibia on outer side. 

Fore wing above violet-whitish, thickly irrorated with 
chestnut or purplish-brown, especially along basal three- 
fifths of costa, in an oblique patch at apex, on termen behind 
R*, and between postmedial and subterminal lines from 
behind M! to hind margin. Oblique whitish subbasal and 
- antemedial streaks on costa, defined by dark shading, the 
lines otherwise almost obsolete, the antemedial reappearing 
as an inwardly oblique, crenulate, grey streak across fold and 
a grey mark, further from body, before hind margin ; 
orbicular a very small, elliptical, grey-outlined ring ; reni- 
form an elongate circle, outlined in black except on part of 
terminal edge; three or four outwardly oblique, deep chest- 
nut streaks on costa between ante- and postmedial lines, 
reappearing as paler chestnut lines before the hind margin ; 
a small white patch on costa between dark area and origin 
of postmedial line at 29mm., outwardly oblique and indis- 
tinct behind costa, then brown, dentate, distally pale-edged ; 
an ill-defined whitish subterminal line, more clearly visible 
behind K* where it is defined on inner side by the patch 
- before hind margin and on the outer by a diffused ochreous 
shade; a double, dark brown, crenulate terminal line ; 


30 Miss A. E. Prout on some 


fringe ochreous-brown, darker at the veins, especially 
R? and M1. 

Hind wing with semihyaline patch on basal costal area, 
then whitish, thickly irrorated with purplish-brown; a 
small brown patch on costa between postmedial and sub- 
terminal lines and a purplish patch between R* and hind 
margin as on fore wing; purplish streaks across terminal 
area to the crenulations at R? and M!'; aslight purple streak 
also to M?; a broad brown streak, defined on each side by 
white, across DC? and DC3; two or three more or less 
dentate medial lines, with a purplish shade outside them ; 
a postmedial brown line, outwardly defined by white from 
costa at 19mm. to abdominal margin at 18 mm., nearly 
following the strong crenulations of the termen ; double 
black terminal line and fringe as on the fore wing. 

Underside of both wings ochreous-brown, the hind wing 
a little paler; a black spot at middle of discocellulars on 
each wing; broad, diffused, blackish terminal and sub- 
terminal lines on fore wing behind M? and on hind wing ; 
two or three ill-defined medial lines (more distinct on costa 
of fore wing) and a single row of black spots before margin 
of both wings. 

S. Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul (Ségr.) ; type and two other 
? 2, one with the upper surface more ochraceous in tone 
than the type. 

One of these specimens bears the trade name of Lefts arpi, 
but, as I cannot trace the name in print, I now publish the 
species as new. 


27. Serrodes curvilinea, sp. nu. (Pl. V. figs. 2 $, 8 ¢.) 


¢ .—ds0 mm. 

Head, body, legs, and wings brown ; fore wing, tornal 
area of hind wing, and rough hair on dorsum of abdomen 
and base of hind wing shot with violet. 

Fore wing with an outwardly oblique subbasal dash from 
costa; antemedia] line represented by a quadrate brown 
patch on costa at 5mm., with a fine brown line (deeply 
angled outward on M, then inwardly oblique and thickened) 
connecting it with a broad black-brown patch extending 
to SM2, where it is broader than-at M, then a less distinct 
blackish line excurved to hind margin at 7 mm.; outer half 
of median area brown (especially towards costa) with the 
reniform upon it, which is an indistinct pale circle with 
indications of two or three small pale spots round it; post- 
medial line deep brown, macular, placed on a broader pale 


Noctuidee tn the Joicey Collection. 31 


line, from costa at 13mm., slightly sinuous and excurved 
to R3, where it forms a rounded angle, inwardly oblique to 
fold, then slightly excurved to hind margin at 12mm.; an 
indistinct row of dark subterminal spots, indicating a dentate 
line ; slight terminal dots between the veins ; fringe brown, 
with pale line at base. 

Hind wing nearly unicolorous brown, except for the 
purple sheen on base, abdominal margin, and tornal area; 
fringe as on fore wing. 

Underside of both wings pale brown, with indications of 
diffused medial and postmedial lines; fringes a little darker 
than the ground-colour, with a pale line at base. 

?.—58mm. Marked as in the ¢, but with the pale 
reniform circle whiter, more conspicuous, and with more 
violet irroration on termen of hind wing (from about R! to 
tornus) ; a slight, distally pale-edged postmedial line on 
hind wing from about R? to near abdominal margin. 

Underside darker than in ¢, with the lines slightly more 
developed. 

Sarawak: Bidi, 1907-1908 (C. J. Brooks); type and 
1 ae 

Possibly not a true Serrodes, the shape of the wings and 
non-crenulate margins rather recalling Athyrma, from which, 
however, it 1s distinguished by the absence of the crest on 
basal segment of abdomen, the dorsum of abdomen being 
clothed with rough woolly hair, as in true Serrodes. The 
hair of g hind tibia appears shorter than in typical Serrodes 
(the ¢ is not in perfect condition), but in other respects it 
seems to agree with that genus. 


28. Rhesalides keiensis, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 4.) 


2 .—24 mm. 

Head, body, palpus, and legs whitish grey, with some 
tawny scales ; the tarsi shaded with fuscous. 

Fore wing greyish-white, tinged with rufous, with a tawny 
patch on disc and some fuscous subterminal shading; a 
broad somewhat triangular blackish patch, defined by 
ochreous, from behind discocellulars to hind margin, inter- 
rupted on SM’,-with its apex on hind margin; blackish 
subbasal and antemedial spots at costa; orbicular a black 
spot slightly defined by whitish; reniform tawny, slightly 
defined by blackish, erect, almost rectangular; postmedial 
line from a blackish spot at about three-fifths costa, pale, 
outwardly oblique to before M', then strongly incurved to 
hind margin at about three-fifths (defining the tawny and 


32 On some Noctuidee in the Joicey Collection. 


dark patches, with a few proximal dark scales from costa to 
M! expanding to a small diffused patch behind R}) ; sub- 
terminal line indistinct, sinuous, defined by the fuscous 
shade, incurved about SC?, R*, and M2, angled outward on 
K!, behind R’, and on SM?; a row of dark marginal spots 
and a slight dark marginal line; fringe imperfect, apparently 
chequered tawny and brown. 

Hind wing whitish, strongly diffused with fuscous-brown, 
with slight pale postmedial and subterminal lines from about 
middle of wing to abdominal margin; slight marginal spots 
and line as on fore wing; fringe whitish chequered with 
fuscous. 

Underside of both wings whitish thickly irrorated with 
fuscous except at hind margin of fore wing (which is whitish) 
and on outer two-thirds of costa of fore wing (except at 
apex) and inner two-thirds of costa of hind wing, which are 
strongly tinged with deep ochreous; no clearly defined 
markings except the marginal ones, which are as above. 

Kei Is., Dec. 1916—Feb. 1917 (W. J. C. Frost), 1 9. 

Almost certainly a Rhesalides, near to admiraltensis, 
Hmpsn. ; vein 5 of the hind wing is almost from middle of 
discocellulars (being somewhat aberrant for an Ophiderid 
species), but in other respects the structure seems to agree 
perfectly. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuLatE I. 
Fig. 1. Lophoruza rubrimacula, sp. n., 3. 
fig. 2, Lithacodia picatina, sp. n., 3. 
Fig. 3. Euteha regalis, sp. n., do. 
Fig. 4. Stictoptera plumbeotincta, sp. n., 2. 
fig. 5. Blenina brevicosta, sp. n., 2. 
Fg. 6. Risoba obliqua, sp. n., 3. 
Pige f philippinensis, subsp. n., 2. 
Fig. 8. —— owgarra, sp.n., 3. 
fig. 9. —— pia 
Fig. 10. Hylophilodes pseudorientalis, sp. n., 2. 
tg. 11. Carea leucozona, sp. n., 2. 
Fig. 12. Maceda mansueta rufimacula, subsp. n., 2. 
Puate II. 
Fig. 1. Agonista endochrysa, Prout, 3. 


by 
‘ "Se = 
OO KD 


: eee 
. Achea ochrocraspeda, sp. u., 3. 


Puate III. 


Fig. 1. Achea ochrocrasped1, sp. n., 2. 
Fig. 2. Joicey?, sp. n., Q. 


PROUT. Ale ce. Wag. Nat. Elist. S. 9 Vol. Vill. Pie 


re : 7 ihe 


Sg ae 


NEW NOCTUIDA. 


PROUT. Ani. ra Mag. Nat. TTist. ISS 9. Vol. Waa IEA TE 


NEW NOCTUIDAS. 


PROUT. ce Mae Nate HUst. Sn. Vole Vill Pl. Lil. 


NEW NOCTUIDAE. 


PROUT. Avice Maga Nate Last. S.95 Vol. Vitis l= LV. 


NEW NOCTUID As. 


it 


PROUT. 


Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 


NEW NOCTUIDAS, 


See Wola Walls V2 


Ann. §- Mag. Nat. Hist. S.9. Vol. VHT. PI. VI.. 


ss 


GENITALIA of NOCTUIDA-. 


44 


Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VI. Pl. VIL. 


GENITALIA of NOCTUIDA. 


On Odonata from New Caledonia. 33 


Fig. 3. Parallelia diffusa, sp. n., 3. 
Fig. 4, Attatha barlowi, sp. n., 3. 
Fig. 5. Safia hyalina, sp. n., 3. 
Fig. 6. Zale plumbimargo, sp. n., 2. 
Fig. 7, Eleodes barnsi, sp. u., 3. 


PiLate LV. 


. Plusia enescens, sp. n., 3. 
rubriflabellata, sp. n., 3. 

. Hulodes hilaris, sp. n., 3. 

. Platyja retrahens, sp.n., Q. 

. Batracharta ngritogata, sp. n., 3. 


wo 
Saves 
Ou 09 bo 


Pra Vi, 


. Blosyris arpi, sp. n., 2. 
. Serrodes curvilinea, sp. n., 3. 


hy 
Sg aoe 
OD BD 


pee 
. Rhesalides kevensis, sp. n., 9. 


PLateE VI. 


. Arcte papuensis, Warr. 
. Cocytodes cerulea, Gu. 
maura, Holl. 

. Achea ablunaris, Gn. 


PrateE VII, 


. Mimophisma delunaris, Gn. 

. Parallelia conjunctura, Walk. 
diffusa, sp. 1. 

humilis, Holl. 

wsotuma, Prout. 


Re 
SS SSS 
OUR obo 


II.— Odonata collected in New Caledonia by the late 
Mr. Paul D. Montague. By Herperr Campion. 


[Plates VIII. & IX.] 


Descriptions of a few of the Dragonflies occurring in New 
Caledonia and the adjacent Loyalty Islands may be found 
scattered through the writings of Father Montrouzier (1864), 
Brauer (1865), De Selys (1871, 1877, and 1885), and 
McLachlan (1886). In 1915 a special paper on ‘ Libellen 
(Odonata) von Neu-Caledonien und den Loyalty-Inseln ” 
was published by Dr. F. Ris in ‘ Sarasin and Roux, Nova 
Caledonia,’ Zool. 1. The collection upon which that 
paper was based contained 14 species, 5 of which were 
brought forward as new, whilst 6 more species known to 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. vii. 3 


34 Mr. H. Campion on 


occur there were enumerated, although not represented in 
the collection. Argiolestes rouxi, Ris, however, may be 
synonymous with a species previously described by Mon- 
trouzier, while Rhyothemis graphiptera, Ramb., has been 
evidently overlooked (Martin, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xiv. 
p- 221, 1901; Ris, Coll. Selys, Libell. p. 934, 1913). The™ 
occurrence of 7ramea loewii, Brauer, doubtfully recorded by 
De Selys (Mitt. Mus. Dresden, ii. p. 293, 1878), stands in 
need of verification. 

In 1914 large collections of insects were made in New 
Caledonia by the late Mr. Paul D. Montague, and were 
subsequently presented to the British Museum (Natural 
History) by the mother of the collector. These include 
18 species of Dragonflies, of which 5 appear to be un- 
described. The most important are the representatives of 
the subfamily Corduliine, in which group we find not only 
the long-lost Synthemis miranda, Selys, but three new 
species of the same genus as well, besides the unexpected 
occurrence of a new Metaphya. 

Among the Agrionidz, the material of Jsosticta is of the 
greatest interest, as, in addition to yielding another new 
species, it completes our knowledge of the two older but 
imperfectly-known ones. 

Of the 26 species definitely known to inhabit New 
Caledonia, 12 appear to be endemic to that island or the 
Loyalty group. These are :— 


Argiolestes sarasini, Ris. 
ochraceus, Montrouzier. 
uniseries, Ris. 
Trineuragrion percostale, Ris. 
Isosticta spinipes, Selys. 
robustior, Ris. 

— tillyardi, sp. n. 
Synthemis miranda, Selys. 
montaguer, Sp. v. 
flexicauda, sp. 0. 

—— fenella, sp. 0. 
Metaphya elongata, sp. n, 


Of the remaining 14 species, three are both common and 
peculiar to New Caledonia (with the Loyalty Islands) and 
the New Hebrides, namely, Agriocnemis easudans, Selys, 
Hemicordulia fidelis, Mclach., and Rhyothemis phyllis 
apicalis, Kirby. 

The presence of Synthenjini provides a link with’ the 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 35 


fauna of Fiji, which is the only other island in the Pacific 
whence any member of the tribe has been recorded. At 
the same time, Anacieschna jaspidea, Burm., and Diplacodes 
trivialis, Ramb., both of which are well known in Fiji, have 
never been met with in New Caledonia, although they might 
have been expected to occur there. 

In addition to New Caledonia, Hemicordulia oceanica, 
Selys, has been recorded from Tahiti, the Tonga Islands, 
and doubtfully from New Britain. 

Ischnura  heterosticta, Burm., Diplacodes bipunctata, 
Brauer, and D. hematodes, Burm., are essentially Australian 
and Pacifie forms. 

Orthetrum caledonicum, Brauer, Agrionoptera insiynis allo- 
genes, Tillyard, and Rhyothemis graphiptera, Ramb., are 
found elsewhere on the Australian continent or in adjacent 
islands, while 4schna brevistyla, Ramb., is common to New 
Caledonia, Australia, and New Zealand. 

Ischnura aurora, Brauer, ranges from Ceylon to Taiiti, 
and Tramea limbata, Desj., in its various forms, from 
Senegal to Samoa, Finally, Pantala flavescens, Fabr., has a 
world-wide distribution. 


Family Agrionide. 
Subfamily MzesropsGRrionIn 2A. 


Argiolestes sarasini, Ris. 


1g, Mt. Nekando, 29. 111.14; 1 9, Mt. Nekando, 27. v. 14; 
1 ¢, Houailou R., 3-15. xi. 14. 

Length of abdomen :— g, 41 (Mt. Nekando) to 43 mm. 
(Houailou R.) ; ¢, 34 mm. 

Length of hind wing :— ¢,, 345 (Houailou R ) to 35 mm. , 
(Mt. Nekando); ¢?, 31 mm. 

All these specimens are considerably smaller than the 
types, the dimensions of which are:—Abdomen: ¢ 48, 
? 43mm. Hind wing: ¢ 39, ? 40 mm. 


Aryiolestes ochraceus, Montrouzier. 
Sympecma Ochracea, Montrouzier, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xi. p. 247 
(1864). | 
Argiolestes rouxt, Ris, Nova Caledonia, Zool. ii. p. 60, figs. 8 & 4 (1915). 
1 og, Mt. Mou, 20. lil. 14 (727) ; 1 3g, Baie Ngo, 25. iv. 14; 
2 5, Mt. Canala, 13. vi. 14. 
There can be no doubt that our species is the same as 


that described by Ris, and there can be little doubt, either, 
3* 


36 Mr. H. Campion on 


that both of them are identical with the insect which Mon- 
trouzier erroneously referred to the genus Sympyena. 
Montrouzier’s description is in the following terms :— 


“ Sympecma Ochracea (Montrousier), Kanala. Long., 
0™,045-0™,050. Téte noire. Corselet jaune d’ocre avec une 
ligne médiane et deux de chaque cété, noires. Les 5 premiers 
Segments de Vabdomen jaune Wocre. Bout de Vabdomen, 
Pieds, Parastigmas, noirs.”’ 


Brief as it is, the description is not free from imaccuracies, 
for it is really the first six segments of the abdomen, and 
not the first five merely, which are ochraceous, and only two 
of the remaining segments are black, the two terminal ones 
being dull blue. At the same time, the species in question 
is immediately recognisable, not only because of its large 
size and striking scheme of coloration, but also by reason of 
the densely-veined wings and the forcipate anal appendages 
implied in the original generic reference. 

The dimensions of Montague’s specimens are :— 


MiaMow 7. )arinc Abdomen 30°5 mm. Hind wing 26°5 mm. 
(incl. anal append.). 
Baie ON GOT. sr Abdomen >40°0 mm. 9 yy = Una 
(bent in several places). 
Mt. Canala (1).... Abdomen 42-5 mm. amee yy, ai 
Mt. Canala (2).... ss 420 ,, » 9). UO: 


In total length these specimens vary from 45 mm. to 
52 mm., a somewhat greater difference than the range 
indicated by Montrouzier (45-50 mm.). The measurements 
given by Ris for the male sex (abdomen 43 mm., hind wing 
29 mm.) agree fairly well with those of three of the males 
in the present collection, but the specimen bearing the 
earliest date, that from Mt. Mou, is considerably smaller 
than the others. 

In the wings of this species the anal crossing is variable 
in position, and may be either before, at, or after the level of 
the first antenodal. 


Subfamily Prorovevrin#. 


Genus Isosticra, Selys. 


Isosticta is typically a New Caledonian group, and both 
of the two species which have been described from that 
island were apparently met with by Mr. Montague. In 
addition, he was fortunate enough to discover a third species, 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 37 


which is evidently distinct from I. spinipes, Selys (the geno- 
type), and /. robustior, Ris. This I have pleasure in naming 
after my friend Dr. R. J. Tillyard, whose visit to London 
in the summer of 1920 gave me an opportunity of dis- 
cussing with him several matters of interest arising upon 
Mr. Montague’s collection. 

Although six species are now referred to Jsosticta in all, 
I have not seen any of those which occur outside New 
Caledonia. It is not possible from the literature alone to 
make a complete comparison between them in respect of the 
labium, the hind margin of the prothorax, and the tibial 
armature, but, as will be gathered from the following table, 
they do not present any great uniformity in certain vena- 
tional characters of importance? The anal appendages of 
the male, so far as they are known, are likewise wanting in 
that general likeness of form which usually characterises 
the members of a natural genus. Tuillyard’s description of 
I. banksi was accompanied by some remarks on J. simplex 
and J. spinipes (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, xxxvu. 
pp. 432-3, 1913). After assuming that the genotype, “so 
closely allied to J. simplex in other respects, possessed also 
appendages of a similar remarkable form,” he went on to 
say that ‘we may fairly consider the form of the male 
appendages to be a generic character, which may be stated 
as follows: ‘ Both superior and inferior appendages of male 
somewhat forcipate, the inferior pair prolonged beyond the 
superior.’’”? As we have since learned, the inferior appen- 
dages of J. spinipes are neither forcipate nor prolonged 
beyond the superior, and consequently the proposed addition 
to the generic definition cannot be accepted. Indeed, the 
anal appendages of the two Australian species, [. simplex 
and I. banksi, differ in a marked degree from those of the 
genotype and its congeners from New Caledonia. 

As at present constituted, the genus Jsosticta includes 
within its limits four groups of not entirely accordant 
species :— 


(1) Wings with M, separating well in advance of 
the subnodus, and Cu, ending 4-8 (usually 5-6) 
cells beyond the quadrangle; lower anal ap- 
pendages of the male as long as the upper .... robusttor, Ris. 
(2) Wings with M, separating at or just before the 
subnodus, and Cu, ending 1-2 cells beyond 
the quadrangle; lower anal appendages of the 
male conspicuously longer than the upper. 
Upper appendages of ¢ depressed ........ simplex, Martin. 
Upper appendages of ¢ straight .......... banksi, Tillyard. 
(3) Wings with M, separating at or just beyond the 


38 Mr. H. Campion on 


subnodus, and Cu, ending 2-3 (usually 2) cells 
beyond the quadrangle ; lower anal appendages 
of the male as long as the upper. 

Upper appendages of g expanded dorso- 


ventrally: iii..tetan mukoutseiiaa ote een Ree tillyardi, sp. n. 
Upper appendages of ¢ not expanded dorso- 
ventrally een eee eames spinipes, Selys. 


(4) Wings with M; separating far beyond the sub- 
nodus, and Cu, ending 1 cell beyond the 
quadrangle; anal appendages of the male not 
[snow eee AAAS OAR GOL ODT AE filiformis, Ris. 


Isosticta tillyardi, sp. un. 


1 g (holotype), Mt. Canala, 13. vi. 14. 

Length of abdomen 34 mm.; hind wing 21 mm. 

Black, with a low metallic glaze. 

Labium yellowish white; the anterior margin of the 
median lobe produced into a pair of long narrow processes. 
Labrum and clypeus blue-black, highly metallic. Genz 
yellow. Hind margin of prothorax almost straight [ap- 
parently well elevated, but the posterior lobe has been split 
transversely |. Meso-metathorax marked with pale yellow, 
as follows :—A short broad band on the mesinfraepisternum 
and the contiguous scierite as far as the spiracle; a long 
broad band on the metinfraepisternum and the second lateral 
suture ; a fine line bordering the inferior margin of the 
metepimeron: the pectus with marginal streaks. 

Wings hyaline. Venation black. Pterostigma c. 1 mm. 
long, dark reddish brown ; the anterior margin conspicuously 
longer than the posterior margin, and the distal margin 
conspicuously longer and more oblique than the proximal 
margin. Mz, arising a little beyond the subnodus, Rs a 
little more remotely. Cu, ending two cells beyond the 

14.14 


quadrangle. Postnodals 7+,- 


Legs with spines relatively short. Coxe black and pale 
yellow ; femora of fore and mid legs black, of hind legs 
chocolate-brown; tibiz chocolate-brown above, brownish 
yellow below ; tarsi chocolate-brown ; claws reddish brown. 

Abdomen long and slender, somewhat inflated at segments 
1-2 and 8-10; a tinge of chocolate-brown on some of the 
segments dorsally ; 1 and 2 pale yellow at sides ; a pair of 
lateral pale yellow spots at extreme base of 3-7, coming 
more or less into dorsal view ; on 8 and 9 and on part of 7 
the tergites bordered with pale yellow interno-ventrally ; 
10 wholly pale yellow below; in ventral view the anterior 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 39 


segments are mainly yellowish, with black at apex, while 
most of the posterior segments are mainly blackish. 
Anal appendages (fig. 1) longer than segment 10, but 


Fig. 1. 


Isosticta tillyardi, sp. n., 3, holotype. Anal appendages, in left profile 
view. Figs. 1-11, camera-lucida drawings by P. Highley. 


shorter than segment 9; the superior pair, in dorsal view, 
curved and convergent, broad at base, bluntly pointed at 
apex. In profile view, very broad throughout, slightly 
constricted near the middle, the inferior apical angle with 
-a large ovate process: a large triangular tooth, apparently 
medio-basal in position, projecting ventrally: the inferior 
pair little, if at all, longer than the superior ones. In ventral 
view, expanded horizontally in the basal half, narrow in the 
apical half, and ending in an inwardly-directed hook. 


1 ¢ (allotype), Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14. 

Length of abdomen 82 mm. ; hind wing 23:5 mm. 

Black, with a low metallic glaze. Clypeus metallic black ; 
anterior margin of frons with a broad border of bright 
yellow, interrupted in the middle; the second and third 
joints of antenne yellowish. Head otherwise as in ¢. 

Hind margin of prothorax (fig.3) not elevated, deeply trifid; 
the median division quadrangular ; the lateral divisions 
rounded. Meso-metathorax: humeral suture lined with 
yellow; the whole of the metepimeron and most of the 
metepisternum yellow ; inferior surface wholly yellow. 

Wings as in ¢, except that M; arises at (fore wings) or a 
trifle before (hind wings) the subuodus, and Cu, invades the 
third cell beyond the quadrangle. Postnodals ;*+*. 

Legs largely yellowish; external surface of femora mainly 


40 Mr. H. Campion on 


black ; tibize with at least a black median streak externally ; 
tarsi wholly black ; claws reddish. 

Abdomen considerably stouter than in @, slightly inflated 
at segments 8 and 9; sides yellowish, with black rings at 
most of the sutures; the yellowish coming into view dorsally, 
as spots, at the extreme base of 3-6, at least; ventral 
surface mainly yellowish. 


Fig. 2. 


Tsosticta robustior, Ris, ¢. Anal appendages, in left profile view 
(Mt. Canala). Detail from Mt. Koghi specimen, showing longer sub- 
apical spine on superior appendage. 


Isosticta tillyardi, sp. u., 2 , allotype. 
Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view. 


Anal appendages shorter than segment 10, directed a little 
downwards; in dorsal view, subtriangular, bluntly pointed 
at apex, slightly convergent. 

Ovipositor projecting so far beyond the end of the abdo- 
men as to be conspicuously visible in dorsal view ; anterior 
processes glossy black; valves yellowish ; styles black. 

Notwithstanding that the female from Mt. Koghi, which I 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 41 


name J. spinipes, agrees well with the holotype male of 
I. tillyardi in its thoracic pattern and in having Cu, ending 
two cells beyond the quadrangle, I am led to associate the 
Mt. Canala female with the male in question by the under- 
mentioned points of greater resemblance :—The shorter 
abdomen and hind wings, the fewer postnodals, the less 
numerous cells between the origin of M, and the origin of 
M,,. The agreement in the place and month of capture are 
also worthy of note. 


Tsosticta spinipes, Selys. 
1 ¢ (allotype), Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (874) (¢ hitherto 
unknown). 
Length of abdomen 32°5 mm. ; hind wing 245 mm. 
This specimen is almost identical in coloration with the 


Fig. 4. 


_Isosticta spinipes, Selys, Q, allotype. 
Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view. 


female from Mt. Canala which I have attributed to J. tilly- 
ardi, but the metepisternum is entirely black behind the 
metastigma, as in the male of the new species. I do not 
attach any great importance to the length of the meta- 
stigmatic colour-line, as in one of the females of J. robustior 
i the present collection the line terminates at the meta- 
stigma, while in the other it is prolonged far beyond it. 
The two females are readily distinguished from one another 
by structural characters. In what I regard as /. spinipes the 
hind margin of the prothorax (fig. 4) has a shorter and 
broader median projection ; the abdomen is slenderer; the 
ovipositor is shorter, little more than the styles being visible 


in dorsal view ; the postnodals are more numerous Gn : 


42 Mr, H. Campion on 


and Cu, ends exactly two cells beyond the quadrangle, or at 
most barely enters the third cell. 

It-is a far more difficult matter correctly to associate these 
females with their respective males, but the one from 
Mt. Koghi agrees better with the two existing descriptions 


of the male of J. spinipes in its larger size, the more 


numerous postnodals, and the greater number of cells “2 


cna aha. (4 ‘ 4) 
between the origin of M, and the origin of My,. 


Isosticta robustior, Ris. 


13, Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (872); 1g, Mt. Canala, 14. vi. 14. 

The species being founded upon two males Jacking the 
terminal segments of the abdomen, a description of the 
entire insect is now given. 

Length of abdomen 37 (Canala) to 87°5 (Koghi) mm. ; 
hind wing 24 mm. 

Black, with a low metallic glaze. Labium yellowish 
white; the anterior margin of the median lobe produced into 
a pair of long narrow processes. Labrum and clypeus 
highly metallic. Gene yellowish or greenish. 

Hind margin of prothorax entire, elevated, rounded. 
Meso-metathorax marked with yellow or yellowish white as 
follows :—A very fine line at the humeral suture ; a short, 
rather broad band anterior to and ending at the metastigma; 
a rather broad band on the metepimeron, bordering the 
second lateral suture, connected with which anteriorly is a 
fine line following the inferior margin ; a stripe along the 
inferior margin of the metinfraepisternum : the pectus with 
a longitudinal median line, dilated and bifid posteriorly. 

Wings hyaline. Venation black. Pterostigma c. 1°5 mm. 
long, dark brown, pale round the edges; the anterior margin © 
conspicuously longer than the posterior margin, and the 
distal margin conspicuously longer and more oblique than 
the proximal margin. Rs arising at the subnodus, M; well 
in advance of it. Cu, long, extending in all eight wings 
about 54 cells beyond the quadrangle. Postnodals in fore 
wings 14-17 (Canala) or 15 (Koghi); in hind wings 12 
(13 in one wing, Koghi). 

Legs black ; the coxe and femora pale brown inferiorly. 

Abdomen yery long and slender, somewhat inflated at 
segments 1-2 and 8-10; the dorsum entirely destitute of 
any pale markings ; pale brown beneath. 

Anal appendages (fig. 2) longer than segment 10, but 
shorter than segment 9. The superior pair, in dorsal view, 
straight, very broad near the base, somewhat acutely pointed 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 43 


at apex; on the inferior surface a long pointed tooth near 
the base directed downwards, and a similarly-directed spine 
or bristle, variable in length, near the apex. The inferior 
pair little, if at all, longer than the superior ; seen from 
above, convergent, very broad, concave, rounded at tip. In 
profile view, very broad basally, slender and somewhat 
upceurved apically. 


1 2 (allotype), Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14 (¢ hitherto un- 
known). 

Length of abdomen 33 mm. ; hind wing 25 mm. 

Coloured like the ¢, except where otherwise stated. 

Prothorax with a pair of longitudinal reddish bands, in 
line with the antehumeral bands on the meso-metathorax, 
hind margin (fig. 5) deeply trifid; the divisions obtusely 


Tsosticta robustior, Ris, 2, allotype. 
Hind margin of prothorax, in dorsal view. 


pointed, not elevated. Meso-metathorax with a pair of short 
reddish antehumeral bands, continuing the similar bands on 
the prothorax ; the band on the metepisternum prolonged 
. backwards far beyond the metastigma and nearly reaching 
the base of the thorax. 

Wings asin J, except that in the hind wings Cu, extends 
only five cells beyond the quadrangle, or even less. Post- 
nodals in fore wings 15-16; in hind wings 12-13. 

Legs mainly black or blackish ; coxe entirely, and femora 
largely, pale brown ; spines on femora longer than those on 
tibie. 

Abdomen shorter and stouter than in g, and of equal 
thickness throughout its length. 

Anal appendages very short, hardly, if at all, longer than 
segment 10, straight, directed a little downwards ; in dorsal 
view, subtriangular, bluntly pointed at apex. 


4d Mr. H. Campion on 


Ovipositor projecting a little beyond the end of the 
abdomen ; anterior processes translucent, dark reddish 
brown ; valves pale yellowish proximally, mostly blackish 
distally ; styles black, with a pale hair projecting from the 
apex. 

A second female, from Mt. Koghi, 10. iv. 14 (873), has a 
longer abdomen (34°5mm.) than the allotype, and fewer 
postnodal cross-veins (14 in the fore wings and 12 in the 
hind). In only one wing is Cu, of the same length as in the 
males ; in both forewings it is fully six cells long, while in 
the remaining hind wing, which is also abnormal in other 
respects, it reaches the distal boundary of the eighth cell. 

It may be pointed out that J. robustior has interesting 
relationships with several Australian members of the 
Protoneurine. In respect of venation, Ris has already 
pointed out that it might well go into the genus Neosticta, 
but for the more proximal position of the anal crossing in 
our species. The upper anal appendages, including the 
inferior tooth, are not very unlike those of Nososticta solida, 
Selys, although the lower appendages are quite different. 


Subfamily Agrronryz. 
Tschnura heterosticta, Burm. 


1 3, Houailou R., 23. x1. 14. 

This specimen, which lacks four segments of the abdomen, 
has been seen by Dr. Tillyard, and identified by him as an 
andromorphic female. 


Agriocnemis exsudans, Selys. 


3 gd, Mt. Canala, 14. vi.14; 1 ¢, Up. Houailou, 3. xu. 14. 

This species was described from a unique male from 
New Caledonia, and appears to be the Oceanic representative 
of A. argentea, Tillyard, from Queensland. It is also known 
to occur in the New Hebrides, and the anal appendages have 
been figured by Tillyard from males received from that 
archipelago (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, xxxvii. p. 461, 
pl. xlviii. figs. 18, 14, 1913). The superior appendages, 
however, are shown with “a large basal black patch,” 
whereas the two unbroken specimens from Mt. Canala have 
the upper appendages unicolorous reddish brown. In this 
respect our material agrees with the type, and the New 
Hebrides form has evidently taken on a local character. 
De Selys compared his very adult type of A. easudans with 
what he considered to be A. pygmea, Ramb., although he 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 45 


failed to notice the difference in the form of the posterior 
lobe of the prothorax, which is more quadrangular in ewsudans 
than in the other insect. But for this and the wholly 
different anal appendages, it would be difficult to distinguish 
our specimens of ewsudans from material of the so-called 
pygmea from Seychelles with which I have confronted them *. 

The resemblance between the two species, which is at all 
times very close, is accentuated by the present comparison, 
for all four males of exsudans are free from the pruinosity 
on head, thorax, and femora which characterises the type- 
specimen, and one of the two which retain the last three 
segments of the abdomen have them coloured reddish brown, 
as in pygmea. 


Family Libellulide. 
Subfamily Corpuriw2. 
Hemicordulia oceanica, Selys. 


' 1 6, Plaine des Lacs, 18.11. 14 (264). 

This species was originally described from Tahiti, and the 
British Museum possesses a male collected in that island 
during the visit of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ in 1875. The fact, 
however, was not mentioned in Kirby’s paper on tiie 
Neuroptera of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition (Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. pp. 453-6, 1884). 


1 2, Baie Ngo, 25. iv. 14. 

Martin refers to a “ 2 incomplete” in the De Selys 
Collection (Coll. Selys, Cord. p. 12, 1906), but the only 
description of that sex which seems to ‘be available is that 
given by Ris of an individual from New. Britain doubtfully 
referred to H. uceanica (Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 503, 1918). 
As our specimen from New Caledonia is in good condition, 
aud is doubtless to be associated with the male in the same 
collection, a brief account of it is subjoined. 

Length of abdomen 87 mm.; hind wing 345 mm.; 
pterostima 2 mm. 

Labium yellow; labrum yellow to brownish yellow ; 
clypeus greenish yellow; frons hairy, orange anteriorly, 
metallic green above. Vertex orange, partially overlaid with 
metallic green. Occipital triangle orange, very hairy. 
Antenne black. 

* Males of this species from Seychelles do not seem to show any 


essential points of difference from males of 4A. hyacinthus, Tillyard, from 
Queensland, which Dr, Tillyard has been kind enough to send me. 


46 Mr. H. Campion on 


Meso-metathorax very hairy, both above and at sides pale 
green, with a rather low metallic glaze ; pale brown beneath. 
Wings uniformly tinged with brown ; venation, including 
the costa, black ; pterostigma dark reddish brown ; 


membranule cinereous. Antenodals aS Postnodals = Je 


Legs black ; femora of fore legs largely pale brown, of mid- 
legs reddish brown below. 

“Abdomen inflated at segment 2, slightly constricted at 3 ; 
dorsum with a low metallic glaze, chocolate-brown proximally, 
passing into black at 4; 10 apparently greenish brown, both 
dorsally and laterally : some ill-defined pale brown markings 
at sides of segments 1-5 ; sides of 6-8 with a better-defined, 
broad, longitudinal, pale brown stripe, apparently ceasing 
before the apical margin of each segment ; sides of 9 with a 
triangular, basal, pale brown spot. Supra-anal tubercle 
of moderate size, black. Anal appendages about as long as 
segment 9, black, straight, fusiform, convergent. Vulvar 
lamina not projecting conspicuously, about a quarter as loug 
as segment 9 ; deeply bifid, each lobe triangular, 


Hemicordulia fidelis, MacLachlan. 


1 go, Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14. 

Length of abdomen 33°5 mm.; hind wing 32 mm. ; 
pterostigma <2mm. 

Antenodals : a = Postnodals ; _ 

Originally described from Whe Loyalty Islands, and 
subsequently recorded from New Caledonia, Hemicordulia 
fidelis also occurs in the New Hebrides. Tu ‘the British 
Museum Collection there are two males from the island of 
Tanna, in the last-named archipelago, collected in April 1875, 
and presented by W. Wykeham Perry, of H.M.S. ‘ Pearl.’ 
In one of them the hind wing measures 31°5 mm. and in 
the other 33 mm. 


1 2, Noumea, 24.1.14 (No. 106). 

Length of abdomen 87 mm.; hind wing 35 mm.; 
pterostigma 2mm. 

iretedale ae Postnodals (4. 

Particulars of the female sex were first given by Martin, 
from material in his own colleetion (Coll. Selys, Cord. p. 12 
1906), and his description applies better to the specimen 
before us than does the later account furnished by Ris. As 
regards coloration, some of the discrepancies observed may 
be due to the teneral condition of our specimen; and the 


Odonata from New Caledonia. AT 


shrivelled state of the abdomen, likewise due to immaturity, 
precludes the proper examination of the vulvar lamina and 
the supra-anal tubercle. The abdomen is conspicuously 
longer (37 mm.) than that of Ris’s insect (31 mm.), but the 
measurement given by Martin (54mm.) is just mid-way 
between them. In respect of the length of the hind wing, 
however, our specimen agrees exactly with Ris’s (35 mm.), 
whereas Martin’s measurement (31°5 mm.) is considerably 
less. The brown cloud in the fore wings, lying between the 
nodus and the apex, is a very characteristic feature of the 
female of H. fidelis, and is not observable in the same sex of 
H. oceanica, the only other representative of the genus known 
to occur in New Caledouia. 


Genus Synruemis, Selys. 


So far, the only species of Synthemis or any allied genus 
known from New Caledonia has been the large and beautiful 
one named by De Selys Synihemis miranda. 'The discovery 
of the unique specimen, a broken female lacking segments 
6-10 of the abdomen, was due to Father Montrouzier, who 
is chiefly remembered by entomologists for his contibutions 
to our knowledge of the Coleoptera and Rhynchota of New 
Caledonia and Woodlark Island. The original description, 
published in 1871, has been supplemented by M. René Martin, 
who has given us a photograph of the wing-venation and a 
coloured figure of the entire specimen (Coll. Selys, Cord. 
p. 82, pl. ii. fig. 19, 1906). In two respects, however, the 
coloured figure is at variance with De Selys’s description, 
inasmuch as it represents the lateral thoracic stripes as green, 
instead of yellow, and the ground-colour of the abdomen as 
brown, instead of steely black. ‘The only other collector to 
obtain the species has been Mr. Montague, whose researches 
have not only completed our knowedge of it in both its sexes, 
but have also revealed the co-existence of three additional and 
undescribed species of the same genus. The re-discovery 
of Synthemis miranda in New Caledonia is an event of 
considerable interest, and incidentally sets at rest doubts 
which have been entertained in some quarters concerning the 
true habitat of the species. Those doubts were the outcome 
of a tradition to the effect that the type was found by De 
Selys in a milliner’s shop in Paris, where it was adorning a 
lady’s hat. Itis not easy to understand how such a tradition 
could ever have arisen, or gained any measure of credence, 
when it is remembered that De Selys himself expressly 
declared that he received the specimen through Father 
Montrouzier from New Caledonia. 


48 Mr. H. Campion on 


Synthemis miranda was placed by De Selys in a separate 
“eroupe’’ of the genus, by reason of its possessing broad, 
extensively-coloured wings, in which the triangles and fore- 
wing subtriangle are divided into two or three cells. The 
fresh material which has now come to hand shows that the 
venational character is the only one of systematic importance, 
the great width of the wings being proper to the female sex 
in this and allied species. The suffusion with yellowish and 
brown of the basal half of each wing is merely an individual 
character of the type, for in the three new specimens the deep 
coloration never extends outwards beyond the level of the 
arculus. 

The section of the genus of which S. miranda is the typical 
species appears to be peculiar to New Caledonia, and will 
include, in addition to itself, two new species to be described 
herein, namely, S. montaguei and S. flewicauda. It comprises 
species of large size, characterised by their densely 
reticulated wings, by the fore wings having the triangle 
regularly divided into two cells and the subtriangle into 
three cells, and by the males having white tipsto their 
upper anal appendages. 

In respect of the reticulation of their fore-wing triangles, 
the three large species from New Caledonia are the most 
archaic members of the Synthemini. Jn other species of 
that tribe it is not unusual for cross-veins to occur in the 
triangles, and I have received from Dr. Tillyard a female of 
Lusynthemis guttata aurolineata, Till., in which the triangles 
of the fore wings exactly reproduce the conditions obtaining 
in the Oceanic forms. But such individual cases are 
evidently due to the accidental reappearance of an ancestral 
character, whereas their presence is quite constant in the ten 
specimens from New Caledonia which are now known to us. 

The position of the hind-wing triangle in relation to the 
arculus is very variable in the Synthemini. In none of the 
New Caledonian species is the base of the triangle removed 
quite as far as the middle of the supertriangle, while in 
S. flezicauda it is retracted to about a third of the super- 
triangle’s length. 

The antenodal cross-veins in these and other Synthemini 
exhibit two characters which one would expect to find 
associated with the Aischnide, rather than the Libellulide. 
One is the presence in all wings of an incomplete antenodal 
at the extreme base of the subcostal space, proximal to 
the first of the regular antenodals. In the second place, the 
antenodals of the first series do not always coincide with 
those of the second series ; but exact coincidence, accom panied 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 49 


by decided hypertrophy, frequently occurs in the case of the 
first and third of them. Both the basal subcostal cross-vein 
and the hypertrophied antenodals occur in all the four species 
from New Caledonia, not even excepting the small, open- 
veined one, S, fenella. 

Those two characters emphasise the close relationship 
subsisting between the Synthemini and the A!schnide. 
Indeed, S. miranda, S. montaguei, and S. flexicauda may be 
regarded as the most archaic Corduliinz vet discovered, and 
the nearest to the ancestral Aischnid or A‘schnid-like stock. 
In the presence of cross-veins in the median space, they 
remind one more particularly of the Chlorogomphine, and 
the wings in that subfamily exhibit the same kind of sexual 
dimorphism as in Synthemis in respect of the complexity of 
the anal loop, as well as the width of the wings. Furthermore, 
the males of Chlorogomphine possess the peculiar tibial keel 
which is found alone in themselves and the Corduliine. It 
was characteristic of De Selys that his unerring instinct 
immediately led him to compare Synthemis miranda with 
Chiorogomphus magnificus. ‘Tillyard has drawn attention to 
the close similarity which the nymph of Synthemis bears to 
that of Cordulegaster, but 1t would not be surprising to find 
that it will present at least an equally great resemblance to 
Chlorogomphus or Orogomphus, whenever a nymph of one of 
those geuera becomes known. 

Synthemis regina* is the true representative in the 
Australian fauna of S. miranda and its New Caledonian allies. 
For one thing, it is the nearest to them in point of size. 
Then, the anal loop in its hind wings consists of two 
enclosures in the male and three enclosures in the female 
sex, asin S.miranda. Furthermore, the resemblance to that 
species extends to important abdominal characters, such as 
the anal appendages and dorsal spine of the male and the 
ovipositor of the female. The existence of such a clear link 
between the three species before us and the more typical 
members of Synthemis seems to render it inadvisable to 


* Synthemis regina, in both its sexes, was described by De Selys from 
“ Queensland” material in the ‘‘ Musée brit. et collect. MacLachlan.” 
The well-preserved male in the National Collection, ticketed “N.S.W.,” 
and carrying De Selys’s identification-label, I regard as the holotype, and 
have marked it accordingly. I have done this, notwithstanding the dis- 
crepancy in the locality, and the presence in the MacLachlan Collection 
of an incomplete male labelled “ Queensland” (on white paper) and (in 
De Selys’s handwriting) “‘Synthemis regina de Selys f” (on pink paper). 
The allotype is undoubtedly the female in the same private collection, 
carrying white and pink labels inscribed in the same way (except for the 
changed sex symbol) as the paratype male. 


Ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 4 


50 Mr. H. Campion on 


erect any new genus to receive the Oceanic forms. Another 
reason against generic separation may be found in the fact 
that S. fenella, notwithstanding its apparent distinctness, is 
evidently closely related to its larger congeners in the same 
island, for in all four species the hamule is of the same 
characteristic form. Viewed in profile, that organ is more 
or less definitely sickle-shaped, and projects conspicuously 
from the second abdominal segment, a condition of things 
which has no parallel in any other Synthemini I have been 
able to examine. 

It may not be without significance that all the extra- 
Australian species of the Synthemis group which have been 
made known belong to the genus Synthemis, as restricted by 
the latest reviser. These are S. primigenia, Forster, and 
S. wollastoni, Campion, from New Guinea ; 8. macrostigma, 
Selys, from Fiji ; and S. miranda, with the three new species 
to be brought forward herein, from New Caledonia. The 
remaining genera, Husynthemis, Choristhemis, and Synthemio- 
psis, appear to occur only in continental Australia or the 
dependent island of Tasmania. It may be also worthy of 
notice that, while the genus Synthemis itself contains all the 
largest insects included in the group Synthemini, the species 
of greatest dimensions within the genus have an extra- 
Australian distribution. Even 8S. macrostigma, although 
only of moderate size, has its biggest representatives in Fiji 
and its smallest in §.W. Australia. 


Synthemis miranda, Selys. 
3 (allotype), Mt. Mou, 9. iii. 14 (No. 464). 


Length of abdomen 51 mm. ; hind wing 39 mm. 

Head very hairy. Labium metallic black. Labrum metallic 
black, with a pair of large round golden spots near the 
middle. Clypeus whitish. Frons metallic blue-black, with 
a large whitish spot on each side, in the angle formed by the 
clypeus and theeye. Vertex metallic blue-black. Antennze 
metallic black; the tip whitish. Occipital triangle metallic 
blue-black. 

Prothorax black. 

Meso-metathorax chocolate-brown above; below the 
humeral suture metallic black, with green and purple 
reflections; on each side an uninterrupted white stripe, of 
moderate width, enclosing the metastigma ; a broader white 
stripe crossing the metepimeron. 

Wings (Pl. VIII. fig. 12) hyaline, with a trace of yellow 
at the base, especially of the hind wing. Costa black, with 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 51 


a white dorsal spot at base; other veins also black. 
Pterostigma 3 mm. long, dark reddish brown, unbraced. 
Membranule of hind wing nearly as long Ee oe anal triangle, 


smoky. Antenodals of the costal sens iS we Postnodals 
LOR 


13 13" Cross-veins in mean space ° a =? in Se anal space 


Bi. : 6 
a7 ; in supertriangle *: = =f ; and in bridge space i: « Arculus 


straight or nearly so, arising benyene the third and fourth 
antenodals. 


Fig. 6. 


Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype. 
Anal appendages, in dorsal view. 


Discoidal area in fore wings commencing with three cells, 
followed by two rows of cells as far as the level of base of 
bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings beginning with four or 
five large single cells. Anal loop in hind wings double, the 
distal enclosure containing eight cells, and the proximal 
enclosure four cells. 

Legs black; tibial keel and femur of fore legs posteriorly 
whitish. 


Abdomen very slender, a little constricted at segment 3 
4% 


52 Mr. H. Campion on 


and between segments 8 and 9. Black, with yellow markings 
on segments 2-7 as follows:—On 2 a pair of transverse 
lines, rising upwards from the auricles, but not meeting 
at the mid-dorsal carina, and a pair of transverse linear 
spots placed immediately behind them on the dorsum ; on 3-7 
a pair of large round or oval dorsal spots near the middle of 
the segment, supplemented on 3 and 4 by a pair of smaller 
rounded spots at the base. Auricles yellow. A large, erect, 
pointed, black spime on the dorsum of 10. 


Fig. 7. 


Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype. 
Anal appendages, in left profile view. 


Upper anal appendages (figs. 6&7) 4mm. long; in 
dorsal view, broad, almost straight, with an acute internal 
black spine at about mid-length, followed first by an 
emargination, and then by a dilatation ; black as far as the 
emargination, pale yellowish beyond. Lower anal appendage 
about two-thirds as long as the upper, curving upwards 
to the level of the superior appendages, ending in a pair of 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 53 


lateral tubercles, metallic dark reddish brown above, black 
below. 


&, Mt. Mou, 20. iii. 14 (724). 

Differs from the description of the allotype in respect of 
the characters mentioned hereunder :— 

Length of hind wing 38 mm. 

A pair of round golden spots on the anterior surface of 
the frons. (Similar spots are dimly discernible in the allo- 
type, but are not visible at all in any of the female specimens.) 


R181 11.12, 
Antenodals of the costal ek 45 Postnodals 15 13 


Cross-veins in median space }-4; in cubito-anal space 544 ; 
in supertriangle }~; and in bridge space 3°. In the dis- 
coidal area of aie fore wings the undivided cells continue 
almost to the level of the origin of M3. Discoidal area in 
hind wings beginning with 5 or 6 large single cells. Distal 
enclosure of anal loop in hind wings containing 7 cells. 


The superior anal appendages of S. miranda are much like 
those of S. regina, but they may be distinguished from them 
and the appendages of all other Synuthemini by the presence 
of the slender internal spine upon each of them. 


32, Mt. Mou, 10-20. i. 14. 

Head and thorax as in male. 

Wings tinged with brown ; bases suffused with saffron, 
which is especially dense in the subcostal space, as far as the 
third or fourth antenodal in the fore wings and the second 
or third in the hind wings. Costa black, with a white 
dorsal spot at base; other veins also black. Pterostigma 
3°5 long, dark reddish brown, unbraced. Membranule of 
hind wing long, smoky. Arculus arising between the third 
and fourth antenodals. Discoidal area in fore wings com- 
mencing with three cells, followed by two rows of cells about 
as far as the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind 
wings mostly filled with double cells as far as the level of the 
origin of the bridge. Anal loop in hind wing in three 
divisions. 

Legs black ; ; coxa and femur of fore legs largely whitish. 

Abdomen tapering from segment 1 to ‘segment 6, inflated 
from 7 to 10: metallic black, with yellowish markings on 
2-7, as follows :—On 2 a large longitudinal spot on each 
side, sending up from its distal end a rather narrow line 
towards, but not reaching, the mid-dorsal line; on 3-7 a 


54 Mr. H. Campion on 


pair of rounded spots, separated by the mid-dorsal carina, 
placed more or less centrally, supplemented on 3-5 by a pair 
of spots, forming more or less of a basal ring, interrupted 
mid-dorsally. 

Anal appendages subcylindrical, obtusely pointed, slightly 
convergent, and upturned, pale yellow, black at base. 

Ovipositor (fig. 8) black, not reaching beyond the middle 
of segment 9, straight, and not projecting very far below the 
abdomen ; the anterior processes ovate; the median pro- 
cesses linear, shorter than the anterior ones, and more or 
less fused with them. 

One of the females, dated 20th March, is evidently 
immature, and has possibly been kept in spirit. The 
abdomen is much shrunken and greatly compressed laterally, 
and the wings, save for the basal suffusion, are entirely 
hyaline. The other female of the same date is fully adult, 


Synthemis miranda, Selys, 2. Terminal segments of abdomen, 
in left profile view, showing ovipositor. 


like the third specimen. All three females differ from the 
type, in respect that the coloured area in the wings in no 
case extends beyond the level of the arculus, instead of 
reaching to and even beyond the nodus. 

In De Selys’s type the hind wing is 44 mm. long, and it 
will be observed that, as determined by this criterion, two of 
Mr. Montague’s specimens are smaller than the type, while 
the third (the one dated 10th March) is a trifle larger. 

De Selys’s description of the ‘“‘lévre supérieure” as 
“jaundtre, largement bordée et traversée de noir” scarcely 
applies to any of the five specimens before us, whether male 
or female, since all of them have the labrum wholly back, 
save only for two golden spots. 

As far as size and venational characters are concerned, the 
principal points of difference between the three females of 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 55 


Synthemis miranda obtained by Mr. Montague can be stated 
in tabular form, as hereunder ;— 


Q@ No.l QNo.2(724) 9 No.3 (726) 


(10. iii. 14). (20. iii. 14). (20. iii. 14). 
Length of abdomen ...... 51:0+2°5 47 5+-2:0 47-5 4-2-0 
Length of hind wing .... 445 42:0 42-0 
Antenodals (costal series) . . ahual LW Li M 
14.14 ie haar TrSi 
OB CMOO BIS hg vs 6 xe > oe 3 ee wo 11 . 10 
13.13 i. 13 13). 13 
Cross-veins in median space, wit ee Bie 
4.5 4.4 4.4 
Cubito-anal cross-veins .... ae ie 1.7 
8. aed (inca! 
Cross-veins in supertriangle. ges gag et 
ane el B82 Doe 
Bridgervyeiig: ss ek. ass pues a8 BED 
6.6 DG 5.6 
Anal loop in hind wing :— 
Distal enclosure ,,.... 21°23 12:12 16°18 
Middle enclosure ..., 10:10 76 10°8 
Proximal enclosure .. 8:9 54 6:6 


Synthemis montaguer, sp. n. 


1 g, holotype, Mt. Mou, 10. iii. 14 (No. 488). 

Length of abdomen 51 mm. ; hind wing 43 mm. 

Labium pale reddish brown ; labrum pale reddish brown, 
the inferior margin broadly edged with black ; anteclypeus 
pale yellow; postclypeus yellowish brown, at each side a 
large yellowish-white spot, edged with black below. Frons 
yellowish brown in front ; anterior third of summit 
yellowish brown, posterior two-thirds metallic blue-black ; 
hairy. Vertex dark steely blue, very hairy. Antenne black. 
Occipital triangle metallic black. 

[ Prothorax not visible. ] 

Meso-metathorax without spots or stripes, dark metallic 
brown, with chocolate reflections on dorsum and green 
reflections at sides. 

Wings (PI. VIII. fig. 13) hyaline, with a trace of brown 
at the base of the subcostal space. Costa golden anteriorly, 
with a pale dorsal spot at the base; other veins black. 
Pterostigma nearly 4 mm. long, dark reddish brown, weakly 
braced. Membranule of hind wing not quite as long as the 
anal triangle, smoky white. Venation dense. A basal sub- 
costal cross-vein in each wing. Antenodals of the costal 


: 23 . 24 12.11 : : : 
series j;-7;, Postnodals ;;-4;. Cross-veins in median space 


56 Mr. H. Campion on 
ofS in cubito-anal space a; in supertriangle x33 and 
in bridge space i, Arculus in the fore wing very oblique, 
in the hind wing more vertical; in all the wings straight, 
and placed at or near the level of the fourth antenodal of 
the first series. Triangle of the fore wings two-celled, sub- 
triangle three-celled. Triangles of the hind wings with one 
curved cross-vein in each ; the convex side of the cross-vein 


Fig. 9. 


Synthemis montaguei, sp. n., ¢, holotype. 
Anal appendages, in dorsal view. 


directed postero-basally. Discoidal area in the fore wings 
commencing with three cells, followed by double cells to a 
point between the level of the separation of Mj,. and the 
level of the nodus. Discoidal area in the hind -wings with 
at first two rows of cells, giving place to increasingly dense 
rows of cells before the level of the nodus. Anal loop in the 
hind wing consisting of two enclosures, the primary (distal) 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 57 


loop containing eight cells, and the secondary (proximal) 
loop from four to six cells. 

Legs dark reddish brown; coxe and tibial keels pale 
brown. 

Abdomen a little constricted at segment 3 and between 
segments 8 and 9. Dorsum of segment | and basal third of 
segment 2, auricles, and lateral and ventral aspects of all 
the segments dark reddish brown. Dorsum of the distal 
two-thirds of segment 2 and segments 3-10 black, with 
yellow markings on 2-8 as follows :—On 2 a pair of trans- 
verse lines followed immediately by a pair of subquadrate 
spots, both pairs interrupted mid-dorsally; on 3 and 4 a 
pair of basal spots, forming more or less part of a ring, and 
a pair of central spots somewhat rounded and almost 
touching one another mid-dorsally ; on 5, 6, and 7 a pair of 
rounded spots, similar to those on 3 and 4, but placed rather 
more proximally and separated more decidedly by the mid- 
dorsal carina ; on 8 a pair of large elongated spots. 

Upper anal appendages (fig. 9) about 4 mm. long; in 
dorsal view wavy, dilated internally before the middle, then 
emarginate, and dilated again just before the apex, which 
is rather obtuse; fuscous as far as the central dilatation, 
whitish beyond, the apex edged with fuscous: in lateral 
view curving gently downwards and then upwards again, 
stout, rather slender at base. Lower appendage about two- 
thirds as long as the upper appendages, curving gently 
upwards, triangular in dorsal view, very dark reddish brown, 
glossy. 

I have the honour of dedicating this very fine species to 
the memory of its discoverer, who afterwards gave his life 
in the cause of freedom on the battlefields of Macedonia. 
It is immediately recognised from all other Synthemini by 
the absence from the meso-metathorax of any pale spots 
or stripes. 


Synthemis flexicauda, sp. n. 


3 (holotype), Mt. Nekando, 24. v. 14. 

Length of abdomen 45°5 mm. ; hind wing 37 mm. 

Labium creamy, crossed vertically by three dark bands. 
Labrum glossy black. Clypeus creamy, with a pair of black 
spots, elongated transversely, near the frons. [rons hairy, 
glossy black, with a pair of large, reniform, creamy spots 
occupying the greater part of the anterior surface. Vertex 
hairy, glossy black. Base of antenne black [the bristle 
missing]. Occipital triangle hairy, glossy black. 


58 Mr. H. Campion on 


Prothorax chocolate-brown, widely bordered with yellow 
anteriorly. 

Meso-metathorax metallic chocolate-brown, with some 
greenish reflections laterally; mid-dorsal carina yellow ; 
on each side a broad, uninterrupted, creamy stripe, enclosing 
the metastigma ; another broad creamy stripe crossing the 
metepimeron. 


Fig. 10. 


Synthemis flexicauda, sp. n., ¢, holotype. 
Anal appendages, in dorsal view. 


Wings (Pl. VIII. fig. 14) slightly tinged with brown. 
Costa yellow anteriorly, without any pale dorsal spot at 
base; other veins black. Pterostigma 3°5 mm. long, dark 
reddish brown, weakly braced. Membranule of hind wing 
as long as the anal triangle, brownish. Antenodals of the 


: 18.19 11.12 : : ° 
costal series ;;-43. Postnodals j;4;. Cross-veins in median 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 59 


space 5*5 ; in cubito-anal space {~? ; in supertriangle ;*?; and 


in bridge space >. Arculus aliens bowed towards ad of 
wing, arising between third and fourth antenodals. Dis- 
coidal area in fore wings commencing with four cells, 
followed by two rows of cells as far as the level of base of 
bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings first with two large 
cells and then with about four double cells before the multi- - 
plied rows of cells begin. Anal loop in hind wing double, 
the primary (distal) enclosure containing eight to nine cells 
and the secondary (proximal) enclosure four cells. 

Legs dark reddish brown; coxze, femora internally, and 
tibial keels creamy [hind legs missing]. 

Abdomen somewhat fusiform; a little constricted at 
segment 3 and between segments 8 and 9. Auricles and 
segment | dark reddish brown. Segments 2-10 black, with 
creamy or yellow markings as follows:—On 2 a pair of 
rounded spots, almost central in position; on 3-8 a pair 
of basal spots, forming more or less of a ring, except on 8, 
where they are much reduced and wider apart, and a pair of 
somewhat rounded spots near the middle, becoming pro- 
gressively smaller, more transversely linear, more widely 
separated, and more retracted towards the base of the 
segment. 

Upper anal appendages (fig. 10) a little over 5 mm. long ; 
in dorsal view slightly divergent in the basal half, then more 
sharply convergent, and ending by the tips becoming dilated, 
parallel, and almost in contact with one another; fuscous in 
the first three-fifths and whitish beyond: in lateral view 
depressed and dilated ventrally in the middle. Lower 
appendage about half as long as the upper appendages, 
almost straight, pointed, abruptly reduced in thickness, 
dorso-ventrally, towards the apex, glossy black. 


? (allotype), Mt. Nekando, 23. v. 14. 

Length of abdomen 44 mm.; hind wing 38 mm. 

Labium : lateral lobes blackish, with the outer margins 
yellow ; median lobe yellowish. Labrum glossy black, with 
a transversely elongated yellowish spot opposite the clypeus. 
Clypeus yellow, with some black markings in the central 
area of the postclypeus. Frons hairy, glossy black, with 
a pair of large rounded yellow spots. Vertex hairy, glossy 
black. Antenne black, with the articulations pale brown. 
Occipital triangle hairy, glossy black. 

Prothorax chocolate- brown, widely bordered with yellow 
anteriorly. 


60 Mr. H. Campion on 


Meso-metathorax metallic chocolate-brown, with some 
greenish reflections laterally ; the mid-dorsal carina yellow ; 
on each side a broad, uninterrupted, creamy stripe, enclosing 
the metastigma ; another broad creamy stripe crossing the 
metepimeron, 

Wings (Pl. IX. fig. 15) strongly tinged with brown, 
especially at the tips. Costa black anteriorly, with traces 
of pale dorsal spot at base; other veins likewise black. 
Pterostigma 4 mm. long, dark reddish brown, weakly braced. 
Membranule of hind wing long, brownish. Antenodals of 


DHS hat 2.11 i : 
the costal series +45. Postnodals —:. Cross-veins in 


median space 55; in cubito-anal space a ; In supertriangle 
>; and in bridge space ><. Arceulus slightly bowed to- 
wards base of wing, arising between third and fourth 
antenodals. Discoidal area in fore wings commencing with 
three or four cells, followed by two rows of ceils as far as 
the level of base of bridge. Discoidal area in hind wings 
first with one or two large cells, and then with about four 
double cells, before the multiplied rows of cells begin. 
Anal loop in hind wing double; the primary (distal) 
enclosure containing nine cells, and the secondary (proximal) 
enclosure four to six cells. 

Legs black; femora of fore legs creamy below. 

Abdomen a little dilated at segments 5 and 6, black, with 
segments 2-7 with dark yellow markings as follows :—On 
2 a narrow basal edging, connected laterally with a pair of 
oblique lines, broad below, and ending in an acute point 
before reaching the mid-dorsal carina near the middle; 
on 3-7 a pair of basal spots, forming more or less of a ring, 
and a pair of somewhat rounded spots near the middle, 
becoming progressively smaller, more transversely linear, 
and more retracted towards the base of the segment. 

Anal appendages nearly 4 mm. long, sublanceolate, 
yellowish, except at the base, where they are black. 

[Ovipositor eaten away, apparently by mites. | 

An example of the ‘‘ freak ”-venation which is rife in Syn- 
themis and its allies occurs in the rmght hind wing. Not 
only are the sectors of the arculus widely separated at their 
origin, but the triangle is an exaggeration of what occurs 
normally in, e.g., Sympetrum. ‘That is to say, the cross-vein 
which closes the triangle above takes a downward course, 
and attaches itself to the distal cross-vein at about two- 
thirds of the height of the latter, instead of at its summit. 
A corresponding aberration in the fore wing has been 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 68 


figured for Synthemis leachii, Selys, S, cyanitincta, Tillyard, 
and Pentathemis membranulata, Karsch. 

In the distribution of pale spots upon the abdomen, 
S. flewicauda reminds one of S. leachii from South Western 
Australia, but the new species is the only member of the 
Synthemini in which the superior anal appendages of the 
male are parallel and contiguous for any portion of their 
length. 


Synthemis fenella, sp. n. 
1¢ (holotype), Mt. Mou, 20. iii. 14 (725). 


Length of abdomen 29 mm. ; hind wing 25°5 mm. 

Labium metallic black; median lobe bright yellow. 
Labrum metallic black. Anteclypeus greyish white. Post- 
clypeus metallic black, with a large cuneiform bright yellow 
spot on each side. Frons metallic black; a very large, 
somewhat lunulate, bright yellow spot on each side of the 
median furrow. Vertex and occipital triangle metallic 
black. 

Prothorax metallic black; the anterior border broadly 
edged. with bright yellow. 

Meso-metathorax dull black dorsally ; metallic black, with 
bluish or greenish reflections at sides: three broad bright 
yellow stripes on each side; the first, antehumeral in 
position, deeply excavated externally in its posterior third ; 
the second enclosing the metastigma; and the third lying 
upon the metepimeron. 

Wings (PI. IX. fig. 16) entirely hyaline, save for a very 
slight trace of yellowish brown at the base. Costa yellow. 
with a yellow basal spot; other veins black. Pterostigma 
15 mm. long, very broad, dark reddish brown, unbraced. 
Membranule cinereous. A basal subcostal cross-vein pre- 
sent in each wing. Most of the antenodals in the costal 


space exactly coincident with the subcostal SES 
12.12 


9 3 

ica Postnodals 1°. Cross-veins in median space = 73) m 
- 5.6 Vel 

cubito-anal space ,~;; in supertriangle =; and in bridge 


space = Arculus arising before the third antenodal in 
the fore wings, and after the third antenodal in the hind 
wings. All triangles and subtriangles free. Discoidal area 
in fore and hind wings for the most part filled with single 
cells to about the level of the origin of M,,. Anal loop in 
hind wing in two portions, the distal enclosure containing 
8-10 cells, and the proximal enclosure 4—6 cells. 

Legs black ; coxa and femur of fore legs mainly yellow ; 
tibial keels also yellow. 


62 Mr. H. Campion on 


Abdomen a little constricted at segment 3, and somewhat 
dilated at segments 6-10, with another slight constriction 
between 8 and 9. Black, with bright yellow markings on 
2-8, as follows :—On 2 an oblique line rising upwards and 
backwards from the auricle on each side, and ending, with- 
out reaching the mid-dorsal line, by confluence with a large 
wedge-shaped spot lying on its distal side; on 3-8 a pair of 
moderately large rounded spots, lying centrally and close 
together on 3, but becoming progressively more proximal, 
wider apart, and more elongated transversely on succeeding 
segments, supplemented on 3-5 by a pair of smaller rounded 
spots at the base. 

Anal appendages (fig. 11) black. The upper pair as long 


Pig. 11. 


} 
} 
| 


Synthemis fenella, sp.n., g, holotype. 
Anal appendages, in dorsal view. 


as segments 9 and 10 taken together, almost straight for 
about two-thirds of their length, then becoming deeply 
excavated internally, and finally giving rise to an internal 
prominence and bending sharply inwards towards one 
another. The lower appendage about two-thirds as long 
as the upper ones, broad, upcurved, and ending in a 
rounded point. 

In venation and coloration Synthemis fenella bears a close 
general resemblance to S. claviculata, Till., from North 
Queensland. It is immediately distinguished from that 
species by its smaller size, it being, deed, the smallest 
known member of the genus. 


CAMPION. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. Vill. Pl. VITT. 


ro) 


CORDULIINE DRAGONFLIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA, 


CAMPION. Ann. &¢, Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VEFL. Pl. 


CORDULIINE DRAGONFLIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA. 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 


(oP) 
Qo 


Nymph of Synthemis sp. 


New Caledonia, 1914 (exact data not preserved). 

The divergent wing-cases and general form of this nymph 
proclaim it to be a member of the Synthemini, the first of 
its kind to be found in New Caledonia. Most probably it 
belongs to one of the large species of Synthemis which have 
just been considered, although it is not possible to associate 
it with any particular one of them. Unfortunately, a 
preparation of the rudimentary wings, made by my friend 
Mr. James Waterston, reveals nothing beyond the fact that 
the venation is in too undeveloped a condition to afford any 
guide to specific identification. 

While the imagines of the three large species from New 
Caledonia are most nearly allied to Synthemis regina, the 
single Oceanic nymph is like that of Husynthemis guttata in 
having the median lobe of the labium produced anteriorly 
and a conspicuous semicircular plate projecting from the 
frons. In other ways, however, our specimen fails to agree 
with that or any other known nymph of the Synthemini, for 
the body is relatively smooth, instead of being distinctly 
hairy, and the long setz on the lateral lobes of the mask are 
exceptionally few in number. 

The presence of a frontal plate in nymphs of Eusynthemis 
is one of the principal characters employed by Tillyard for 
distinguishing that genus from Synthemis, aud the occurrence 
of such a plate in an undoubted Synthemis nymph would 
show that the character cannot be used for generic separa- 
tion in the manner proposed by that author. Indeed, the 
characters of the genera Synthemis and Kusynthemis tend to 
overlap, not only in the nymphs, but in the imagines as 
well. For example, Eusynthemis nigra is a Synthemis, if 
judged by the shape of the abdomen, while Synthemis spini- 
gera is a Eusynthemis, in respect of the armature of the 
superior anal appendages. ‘Two characters which remain 
valid for Synthemis are the long anal appendages of the male 
and the retention of the ovipositor in the female. 

Description :— 

Length, excluding antenne, 28 mm. 

Not conspicuously hairy. 

Mask yellowish brown; in position of rest, reaching back- 
wards to a point between the bases of the mid and hind 
legs ; terminal hooks fully exposed; median lobe advanced 
to a distinctly protruding point ; distal border of lateral 
lobes with 5 distinct teeth on right side and 6 on left side ; 
primary mentai sete, 7 on right side and 8 on left; seeendary 


G4 Mr. H, Campion on 


setee, 4 on each side; lateral sets, 4 on right and 3 on left. 
Antenne 3 mm. long, carrying a few fine hairs; the two 
basal joints dark reddish brown, swollen, the second larger 
than the first ; joints 38-7 light brown; the third joint 
longer than the fourth and fifth taken together. A con- 
spicuous, dark reddish-brown plate, with a semi-circular 
anterior border, fringed with coarse yellow hairs, projecting 
forward from the frons, between the antenne. Eyes pale 
brown, rather prominent (considerably larger than in 
S. eustalacta). Greatest width of head 7 mm. The occiput 
ornamented with a well-marked bilaterally symmetrical 
pattern, altogether more complex than that figured by 
Tillyard for S. ewstalacta, composed of dark reddish-brown 
markings upon a light brown surface. 

Prothorax short and broad ; each lateral margin carrying 
a tuft of long hairs. Wing-cases 8°5 mm. long, light brown, 
flat, smooth, strongly divergent, reaching backwards to 
about the level of the middle of the fifth abdominal segment. 
Legs moderately robust, dark reddish brown. 

Abdomen 16 mm. long ; unicolorous dark reddish brown ; 
elongate-oval ;_ well-arched above; nearly flat below; 
smooth, except for a few hairs on the lateral. margins of the 
more anterior segments; segments 2-9 with a _ postero- 
lateral spine on each side, curved and rather large on the 
three more proximal segments, straighter and smaller on 
the five more distal segments. The two lateral anal append- 
ages but slightly curved, the other three more decidedly so. 


Metaphya elongata, sp. n, 


1 ¢ (holotype), Baie Ngo, 10. 11. 14 (204). 

In studying this insect I have had before me the unique 
male and female of Metaphya micans, Laidlaw, the type of 
the genus, from Borneo *, and the description and figures of 
M. tillyardi, Ris, 9, from New Guineaf. It agrees with 
the genotype in the following characters :—Absence of 
cross-veins in the median space, the cubital space (apart 
from the anal crossing), the triangles, and the subtriangle of 
the fore wing; small pterostigma; fore wing with discoidal 
area beginning with one row of cells, and with M, and Cu, 
diverging towards the margin of the wing; coincidence with 
the arculus of the proximal side of the hind-wing triangle ; 
elongated anal loop, divided longitudinally and cut off 


* Sarawak Mus. Journ. i. no. 2 (1912), g ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 


1913, p. 65, 9. 
+ Nova Guinea, ix., Zool. p. 497 (1918). 


Odonata from New Caledonia. 65 


straight at the end; and development of the vulvar lamina 
into a large spoon-shaped structure. It differs chiefly in 
having the postanal cell divided, the discoidal area in the 
hind wing beginning with two rows of cells, and the hind 
wings relatively narrower and conspicuously shorter than the 
abdomen. In some of these particulars M. elongata agrees 
with its nearer geographical neighbour, M. ¢illyardi, such as 
the division of the postanal cell in the fore wing and the 
doubling of the discoidal cells in the hind wing. In the 
circumstances, it seems to be advisable to refer “this inter- 
esting species to the genus Metaphya, the range of which is 
thus greatly extended in an easterly direction. 

The following comparison will show that Metaphya 
elongata differs from both its congeners in having the 
abdomen longer than the hind wing :— 


Metaphya micans, 2. ftillyardi, 2. — elongata, Q. 
NBG RNOM, <1. JQdiey «x 20 mm. 27 mm, 33 mm, 


BMG WANES ales crc o2:° 23 mm. 31 mm. 28 mm. 


It also differs from both of them in respect that the 
gonapophyses of segment 8 do not project beyond the apex 
of segment 10. It is possible, however, that this structure 
has become displaced in our specimen. Another difference 
between M. elongata and M. micans, at all events, is to be 
found in the apical plates of the gonapophyses, which are 
separate in the genotype, but fused together in the species 
from New Caledonia. 
? .—Length of abdomen 33 mm. ; hind wing 28 mm. 
Labium smoky brown. Labrum, clypeus, and frons 
metallic blue-black. Antenne black. Median eye-line 
long. Occipital triangle small, metallic blue-black. 
Prothorax pale browa. Meso-metathorax unicolorous 
dark metallic green, except for a large brownish area in the 
angle formed by the anterior margin and the humeral suture. 
Wings (Pl. IX. fig. 17) hyaline, with basal saffron suffu- 
sion, reaching to the triangle in the fore wing and to the 
second antenodal in the hind wing, where it does not extend 
posteriorly much below the anal vein. Venation black. 
Pterostigma 2 mm. long, dark brown. Membranule of hind 
wing smoky white. Antenodals $3 Postnodals 3-3. 
Arculus in both wings nearer the second antenodal than the 
first. Base of hind-wing triangle slightly proximal to the 
arculus ; the anterior cross-vein joining distally, not My, but 
the posterior cross-vein. Anal loop containing 12 or 13 cells, 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 5 


66 On Odonata from New Caledonia. 


Legs black, with pale areas at base. 

Abdomen somewhat crushed and distorted beyond seg- 
ment 4; segments ] and 2 inflated; 3 sharply constricted ; 
4 and 5 enlarged and cylindrical; 6 and 7 apparently 
compressed laterally ; 8,9, and 10 rather broad: metallic 
black, without any pale markings, beyond a moderately 
broad brownish-yellow ring at the junction of segments 2 
and 8. Anal appendages cylindrical, black. Gonapophyses 
of segment 8 metallic black, not quite reaching the end of 
the abdomen, rounded at apex, and convex ventrally ; the 
two apical plates fused together into a single piece, weakly 
carinated mid-ventrally. 


Subfamily Ligerivzrr 2. 


Orthetrum caledonicum, Brauer. 


iL ¢, Plaine des Lacs, 24.11.14 (No. 846); 1 go, 29, 
Mt. Mou, 9. i. 14 (465-467); 1 9, Mt. Mon, 10. 111. 14 (487). 

The single male is olive-brown, like the females, it not 
yet having acquired the pale blue pruinosity proper to the 
adult stage of its sex. 


Diplacodes hematodes, Burm. 


2 6, Mt. Canala, 12 & 14. vi. 14. 

The individual of later date has an extraordinary amount 
of saffron suffusion in the wings, and especially in the hind 
pair, where the coloured area extends beyond the anal loop 
posteriorly, and touches the nodus anteriorly. In the fore 
wings the suffusion ceases at about the level of the triangle. 


Diplacodes bipunctata, Brauer. 


2 3, Noumea, 24.1. 14 (Nos. 104, 105); 1 ¢, Plaine des 
Lacs, 18.11. 14 (No. 265). 

These specimens are remarkable for the amount of saffron 
suffusion at the base of the wings, the colour reaching 
outwards to about the level of the first antenodal in both 
pais of wings. They evidently correspond with the two 
females from the same island mentioned by Ris (Coll. Selys, 
Taibell. p. 472, 1911), and also with. the females from New 
Zealand to which McLachlan applied the varietal name 
nove-zealandie (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxx. p. 271, 1894). The 
species itself was originally described from Tahiti and New 
Caledonia, and it would be interesting to know how far the 
material before us agrees with Brauer’s types. 


On Eriocera in the British Museum. 67 


Pantala flavescens, Fabr. 

1 S$ (203), Baie Ngo, 10.i1.14; 1 g (249), 1 ¢ (248), 
Plaine des Lacs, 17.11.14; 8 ¢ (849, 350, 352), 1 @ (851), 
Plaine des Lacs, 25.ii.14; 1 ¢, Mt. Nekando, 25. v. 14; 
2 2, Canala, 23. vi. 14. 

2 nymphs, Mt. Canala, 12. vi. 14. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
Wing-photographs by F. W. Campion, 
Prate VIII. 


Fig. 12. Synthemis miranda, Selys, 3, allotype. 
Fig. 13. Synthemis montaguez. sp. n., 3, holotype. 
Fig. 14. Synthemis flexicauda, sp. u., 3, holotype. 


PLATE IX, 


Fig. 15. Synthemis flexicauda, sp. n., 9, allotype. 
Fig. 16, Synthemis fenella, sp. u., 3, holotype. 
Fig. 17. Metaphya elongata, sp. n., 2, holotype. 


Ill.—The Old-World Species of Eriocera in the British 
Museum Collection (Diptera, Tipulide), By F. W. 
Epwarps. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
[Plate X. figs. 1-12.] 


Tue genus Hriocera * has long been familiar to students of 
Nematocerous Diptera, many representatives having been met 
with and described by the early workers on the order— 
Wiedemann, Macquart, and Walker ; these were discussed 
and their number added to by Osten-Sacken ; more recently 
a considerable number of species have been described by 
Alexander, Brunetti, Enderlein, and de Meijere, so that 
at the present time the number of known species is very 
considerable. Having regard to this fact, aud also to the 
conspicuous and varied ornamentation of many of the species, 
it is not surprising that attempts have been made to dis- 
member the genus. The first of these (apart from generic 

* With a strict application of the rule of priority, the name Ca/loprera, 
Guérin, should be used for this genus, since it was published witha 
recognizable figure (though without verbal description) eight years 
before Lrivcera. 


Was 
v 


68 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


names proposed independently by earlier authors) was that 
of Osten-Sacken, who proposed the name Arrhenica for a 
species with long autenne in the male sex, and also main- 
tained as distinct Schiner’s genus Penthoptera. For the 
latter proceeding I can see no justification whatever ; the 
minute characters which Osten-Sacken depended upon seem 
to me to be entirely trivial. 

A further attempt at division was that of Enderlein (1912), 
who recognized four groups—Arrhenica and Androclosma with 
long antenne in the male, Physecrania and Eriocera with 
short male antenne ; Arrhenica and Physecrania with five 
posterior cells, the other two with only four. Brunetti and 
Alexander have both maintained that these divisions were 
unnatural and untenable, and after a careful study of the 
material in the British Museum, I am bound to accept their 
view. In particular, the length of the male antennz proves 
to be totally unreliable as an indication of relationship. 
This is admirably shown by the three species, &. verticalis, 
E. fusca, and E. yerburyi. In the first the male antennz 
are almost three times as long as the body, while in the 
second they are like those of the female, not longer than 
the thorax. ‘The two species, however, resemble one another 
rather closely in their general black coloration, the venation 
is very similar, and, most important of all, the male hypopygia 
are barely distinguishable. If further confirmation were 
needed of the close relationship of these two species, it is 
provided by E. yerburyi, which differs from EF. verticals 
chiefly in the male antenne being only about as long as the 
body. On the other hand, Enderlein associated with &. 
verticalis in the genus Androclosma his A. ornatum, which 
likewise has greatly elongated antennze in the male sex. 
This species, however, is so very distinctive in its wing- 
markings, its venation, and its hypopygial structure that it 
obviously has only remote connection with £. verticalis and 
E, fusca. The third species of Enderlein’s, Androclosma 
(E. lunata, Westw.), also occupies a rather isolated position, 
and does not show any very marked relationship either to 
E. ornata or EF. verticalis, apart from the form of the male 
antenne. 

Whatever may be the biological significance of the elonga- 
tion of the male antennz, it is interesting to note that the 
same phenomenon occurs in an equal degree in the Tipuline 
genus Macromastix, and that in both these genera the 
elongation is accompanied by a great enlargement of the basal 
joint and of the frontal tubercle—perhaps for the accom- 
modation of larger muscles necessary for moving the heavier 


Species of Eriocera in the British Museum, 69 


autenne. Another feature seen in most, if not all, species of 
Eriocera and Macromastiz with elongate male antenne is 
the reduction in the length of the abdomen in that sex. 

Turning to the other point on which Enderlein based his 
generic distinctions, the number of posterior cells (presence 
or absence of cell M,), here again it is doubtful if the 
distinction has any phylogenetic value. Among those with 
cell M,, as among those without it, there are a number of 
species-groups which, if the genus were divided, might be 
made into subgenera, but a study of the details of venation 
and male hypopygium suggests that some of those without 
cell M, may be more nearly related to those possessing it 
than to others which do not. Moreover, those possessing 
the cell are certainly not all closely related among them- 
selves. 

Rather than subdivide the genus into a number of natural 
but small and poorly definable groups, I consider it will be 
preferable to enlarge it by including the genus Penthoptera, 
aud also two species from the Seychelles which I referred in 
1912 to Anisomera. One of these species shows a remarkable 
variation in venation which I overlooked at the time of 
description, and they both differ markedly from the typical 
species of Hexatema (Anisomera) in having a well-developed 
ovipositor. Further, it is quite obvious that they are closely 
related to the two species of Hriocera described from the 
same islands. On the other hand, I consider that the two 
species with a short fleshy ovipositor (the African /. pusilla, 
Alex., and the N. American E. longicornis, Walker) would be 
at least equally well placed in Hexatoma. 

The tendency to the development of local forms is strongly 
marked throughout the genus, and there are very few species 
which have a wide distribution. This may be accounted for 
by the breeding-habits of the species, most of which probably 
spend their early stages in the ground at the edges of rapid 
streams, and probably do not migrate much from one valley 
to another. 

In the following table of species, all those at present 
known from the Palzarctic, Oriental, Australasian, and 
Ethiopian regions are included, only American forms being 
omitted. So far as possible, the diagnostic characters 
have been arranged to give what appears to be a natural 
arrangement of the species, but there are a considerable 
number which I have not seen, and whose proper position is 
therefore more or less a matter of conjecture. Nevertheless, 
there are no fewer than sixty species in the National 
Collection from the regions under consideration, and it is 


70 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


probable that these represent most, if not all, of the main 
groups of the genus, although more than a score of them 
are unfortunately represented by females only. 

I wish to express my thanks and indebtedness to my 
friends Dr. C. P. Alexander, Mr. E. Brunetti, and Herr M. P. 
Riedel for the loan or presentation of several types and other 
specimens. 


Key to Old-World Species of Eriocera (sens. lat.). 
(Those marked * have not been seen by the author.) 


1. Rs at least twice as long as R; Ry up- 
turned and ending well before the tip 
of the wing; Cu, widely divergent from 
M;, and forming an angle with the 
lower margin of the discal cell; wings 
elaborately streaked with dark, (Su- 
WALA, ESOLUCO.) o\5 mivtarg nis casei eae eee ornata (End.). 
ts less than twice as long as R, usually 
much less (but compare obscuripennis, 
Edw.); R; not upturned at tip and 
ending close to the tip of the wing; 
Cu, parallel with M;, and almost in a 
straight line with the lower margin of 
the discal cell; wings not conspicuously 
streaked withidarkky.;. 115 {i..<eee" 2 
. Cross-vein r placed about the middle of 
Re+3, which is much longer than R,, 
(Sey choues yeni. sem gees epee luteipennis (dw.). 
Cross-vein * placed much beyond the ; 
middle of R2+3, usually beyond it on 
R 
3. Se ending opposite or before the apex of 
Rs; Axstraight,orconvextowardsAn. 4. 
Se ending at least slightly beyond the 
apex of Rs; Ax longer and more or 
less concave towards An............ 10. 
4, Re+3 almost as long as, or even longer 
than, R.; wing-membrane brownish 
with dense microtrichia (normal) ; Ax 
noticeably convex towards An; small 
reddish species. (Seychelles.) ...... 
R2+3 much shorter than R,; wing-mem- 
brane hyaline, the microtrichia abnor- 
mally sparse; Ax practically straight. 
MEVION eects ss es cs eis ss. e ace een (f 
. Wing-membrane towards tip with dis- 
AANChpNserOTIChis 4. a's « xhske « 25151 Sie obscuripennis, Edw. 
Wing-membrane without macrotrichia.. 6. 
6. Wings with pale streaks in the cells; 
{Our PORDETIGMIEOIIS, 212 sec oe oS a, 0s + 2s 8 Fuscinervis, Edw. 
Wing uniformly brownish; three pos- 
LOTIBRICRUE ss oh. Bebe a Se LR. ibis Serruginea (Edw.). 


bo 


Or 


OU 


“J 


10. 


11. 


12. 


15. 


14, 
16. 


16. 


Ly 


Species of Kriocera in the British Museum. 


. Black species ; wings perfectly hyaline . 


At least partly orange, or wings with 
dark DANds 2.7... vel. dees Coane 


. Wings with dark bands; abdomen and 


sometimes the thorax black......... ; 
Wings without dark bands............ 


. Thorax orange with black stripes, ab- 


damien blaeler = c's. aed feiss Seales 
Thorax entirely, abdomen mainly orange. 
Upper basal cell at its apex quite twice 
as broad as the lower; wings with con- 
spicuous markings; Rs parallel with R, 
near the base. (Borneo.) .......... 
Upper basal cell little if any broader than 
the lower; Rs not parallel with Ry 
FRG MENT NDP DESO, facemie:  laj oper et of the ico3ey Nak 
R, much shorter than Ro+3; tip of R, 
upturned and slightly shorter than r; 
small black species; male antenn 
elongate; anal cerci of female short 
and fleshy. (Tropical Africa.) ...... 
R, at least as long as Re+3; tip of Ry 
straight, or at most slightly upturned, 
as long as or longer than 7; anal cerci 
of female long, and horay:s 3)! eas «Als 
R, little if any longer than Re+3; r at 
or close to base of R.; Cuia near base 
of discal cell ; four posterior cells; uni- 
formly blackish or brown species ; 
wings without markings other than 
EICVSEL STAR «rarcieia; e's nlc cies avy oieenaees ote 
R, longer than Ro+3 (nearly always much 
longer, but compare E£. ctenophorotdes) ; 
r generally well beyond base of R, ; 
Cu,a generally well beyond base of 
Chine DICE ene eNty «en pce e he eos vd 
Rather light brown species; the thorax 
with darker stripes ; wings practically 
Cleat ACA SpTAlIa,)) ots yd lee tas ee os 
Darker brown to black species; wings 
more or less infuscated,............- 
Hiscal cell closed}... Sie -t- Srih bal ocean 
nem COMPOPEM Gs: vere a ether nia. zee tine ats'e 
Whole body deep black, not at all shin- 
AONE LITLE Ns ar sh cos ae aippatetoncnaicte eh aie 
Not wholly black, a if so, then partly 
SHEAIN MY olettr dd veole a: care Cater Sinays abe esta 
Male antenna twice as long as the body; 
unicelorous black. (Amboina. Meeraee 
Male antennz more or less than twice as 
Lani as) HHO! WOU yes selec ss ec wees 6 353 
Head yellowish, at least on the frontal 
tubercle; male antennz more or less 
CUSIP GE: oc aa e wie Si is eo 6b'p 2 ny orm 
Head entirely dark; antenne alike in 
THE DWO'SOKER ys sue e'clw wisn « ag auaye'e , 


crystalloptera, O.-S. 


8. 


humberti, O.-S. 
9. 


meleagris, O.-S. 
xpachyrrhina, O.-S. 


lunata, Westw. 


We 


pusilla, Alex. 


13. 


25. 


14, 

15. 

australiensis, Alex. 

aperta, Alex. 
xaterrima, Brun. 

16. 


xatra, Dol. 


Wee 


71 


72 


18. 


19. 


20. 


24. 


26. 


27. 


28. 


29. 


30. 
ol. 


. Abdomen shining black 


Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


Thorax and abdomen almost wholly 


shining black. (Tropical Africa.) .... 
Thorax scarcely or not shining, both it 
and the abdomen black ......,..... 
Male antenne a little shorter than the 
body; cross-vein 7 at base of R2. 
(Ceylon:) 25s. ete. See. 
Male antenne three times as long as the 
body; cross-vein 7 a little beyond base 
of Ry 25s sos seme ete i eee 
Cua a little beyond base of discal cell, 
(Oriental region.) ... Jes fend seen. 
Cua exactly at base of discal cell. 
(A fii.) joe sic se ceo oT ODO 


Abdomen dull 


. Wings yellowish at the base. (S. ‘Eur ope. ) 


Wings entirely blackish. (Formosa.) . 


. Thorax grey with four strongly shining 


black stripes. (Hungary.)........ 
Thorax blackish brown with three mode- 
rately shining black stripes .......... 
Stigma absent ; legs with strong bluish- 
metallic reflections. (Ceylon.) .....% 
Stigma distinct; legs with faint bluish 
reflections. (Japan.) A 


. Wings with a conspicuous dark blotch at 


base of Rs, and other dark markings on 
a pale Grounds. ace c% sates oss aoe 
Wings with a blackish ground-colour, 
with or without pale markings, or 
lighter with a stigma only .......... 
Costal cell dark; head and thorax 
shining blue-black. (India,)). 98.28 
Costal cell yellowish; head and thorax 
dull greyish. (Japan.). -...:cesii3¢ 
Wings moderately infuscated, without 
pale markings; stigma present, though 
sometimes faint; cross-vein r about its 
own length distant from tip of Ri .... 
Wings darker, often with distinct mark- 
ings; stigma absent; cross-vein 7 more 
than its own length distant from tip of 
R, (usually much MOreyLe Ae a 
Very large species; thorax densely hairy; 
frontal tubercle well developed. (Japan.) 
Medium-sized or small species; thorax 
practically bare ; frontal tubercle feebly 
Geveloped 2 'j).i: tees s pad ae eee 
Four posterior cells; sides of mesonotum 
with velvet-black spots ...........; 
Five posterior cells ; sides of mesonotum 
without velvet-black spots 
Thorax black, (Undia.) vss ci0csss80<7 
Thorax mainly reddish. (Sumatra.) 
Cell 14, more than twice as long as its 
petiole; discal cell not much longer 


nyasicola, Alex. 


19. 
yerburyi, sp. 0. 


20. 

(kana, Mats.). 
verticalis, Wied. (= morio- 
tumidiscapa, Alex. 

22. 
23. 
«cimicoides (Scop.). 
nigrina, Riedel, 
*grisea (Riedel). 
24, 
Susca, Edw. 


nipponensis, Alex. 
26. 


27. 
tripunctipennis, Brun. 


longifurea, Alex. 


28. 


34. 


stricklandi, sp. n. 


29. 
30. 
ol. 


rufiventris, Brun. 
penulata, End. 


33. 


34, 


365. 


36. 


37. 


Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 73 


than broad; whole body orange. (Hima- 
MAGES) le, ANTON 6's 0d as a dae eee 
Cell M, about as long as its petiole; 
discal cell rather elongate; wings nar- 
rower in propor FAON ree spc lepine la oe 


. 7m cross-vein twice its length beyond 


fork of Rs; head black above. (Borneo.) 
7-m cross-vein close to fork of Rs; head 
Heiter «veers os MaMa sie e pieubalea 2 a! 
Thorax uniformly orange. (Borneo.) . 
Thorax brownish yellow, with three light 
reddish-brown stripes. (Sumatra.) , 
Wings without distinct markings ...... 
Wines with distinct white or yellowish 
markings at the tip, or in the middle, 
or in both places (markings faint in 
REDEDSOND) ANAS as wis 80s oc ke 
Abdomen without distinct shining bands. 
Abdomen black, with alternating ‘shining 
anduvelvety DANGAYD. . 56sec. s cee says 
Metatarsi white. (S. Europe.) ...7.... 
Metatarsi not white (unknown in water- 
BOONE Merci TARA ey ate'g a4 c Meme & 
Abdomen entirely black; five posterior 
Cele vere usscleiais.o 2 Mae iiats@ Sol Res wibiels 
Abdomen at least partly orange ...... 


37 a. Headand base ofantenne orange. (Mada- 


38. 


39. 


40. 


4]. 


45. 
44. 


SASEAT eine ois ve aie» siwieis ehafoistnle Eopels che 
Head and antenne dark.............. 
Thorax grey, with three shining black 

stripes ; wings light brown. (Corsica.) 
Thorax black; wings blackish......... 
Thorax dull; abdomen somewhat shining. 

(Ciiicadoniaa)t gacct yer vx a’ 5-4 arate 
Thorax shining; abdomen dull........ 
Wings darkest along costa and on apical 

third; five posterior cells............ 
Wings uniformly dark (rarely yellow at 

EMOMO ASO)? pwlayaietatiehota's 4 s¢.a'e baleoaa quate 
Abdominal segments 1-3 ‘Tor 2-4 ?] 

orange. (Java; Formosa.).......... 
Abdominal segments 2-5 orange, with 

narrow blackish hind borders. (India.) 


. Abdomen with segments 1-4 or 2-5 en- 


tirely yellow or orange; 5-8 or 6-8 
entirely blackish ; five posterior cells 
(except in shir akit) statins als tobiste ante. 4 
Abdomen otherwise coloured ; four pos- 


WOTTON COl1Se sea. 8 sises nc once obs hanes. Re ee 
Thorax mainly or wholly red...... Are 
Wh oraxi bla chow ouvelers Mercineereray bycreusia Sad ove 


Thorax with dark stripes ; femora yellow 
except at tip; six distinct flagellar 
HOMIES I LOMIALS CP. ssa te 4 sl erm alors S)e"s« 

Thorax unstriped; femora black except 
at base ; ten distinct flagellar joints in 
female 's% Oe" Peron ised Funk 7 


aurantia, Brun. 


32. 
rubrescens (Walk.). 


50, 
pyrrhochroma (Walk.). 


. xangustipennis (End,). 
35. 


«chirothecata (Scop.). 
37. 


olds 
40, 


xobscura, Big. 
38. 


schnuset (Kuntze). 
39. 


waterstoni, sp. ni. 
xunicolor, Meij. 


41. 
42, 
xnigripennis, Meij. 


senulimpida, Brun. 
{(=maculiventris, Brun.). 


43. 


48. 
44, 
45, 


xferruginosa, Wulp. 


xnigroapicalis, Brun. 


47, 


48. 


Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


. Flagellum of antenne and base of wing 
yellow. (Borneo.) ......++eesessee 
Flagellum black ; wings entirely blackish. 


: Abdominal sex oments 1-4 orange ; length 


20 mm. (Penang.) AU AO SiO OCOD 
Abdominal segments 2-5 orange ...... 
Five posterior cells; length 8 mm.; 

male antenne as long as_ thorax. 

(Sava...) acres: ajerdhstereve ¥ te bcel bi bnerecamais ties 
Four posterior cells; length 14 mm.; 

male antenne longer than the thorax. 

(Formosa) tie te eee. vaca ie eres 
Thorax extraordinarily humped; front 

half of prescutum yellowish; the re- 

mainder of the thorax dark brown; 
abdomen almost entirely ochreous- 
orange. (Ceylon a atesorct.cu-talsialelenecat 
Thorax not more humped than usual; 
both it and the abdomen quite differ- 
ently coloured y-ypess0).tete Ck elet tele 


49, Cua at base of discal cell. (Sumatra.). 
Cu,a well beyond base of discal cell ... 
50. Head and thorax wholly blackish...... 


51. 


55. 


56. 


57. 


58. 


Head and thorax partly orange or reddish. 
Wings yellowish at the base ; abdominal 
seg ments1-6 with black apical triangles. 

(India. Ny Sina See S.C cho acess 
Wings not yellowish at the base; ab- 
dominal tergites without black apical 
DEVAN POR ED castes Auiaclan ee etnies 


. Abdomen black; third and fourth seg- 


ments mainly yellowish. (India.).... 
Abdomen mainly brownish. (India.) .. 


. Thorax shining. (Sierra Leone.)...... 


TPhoraxidulllh: ones Sree e kote y. leeteucke Oeoloteate 


. Prescutum black. (Formosa.)........ 


Prescutum orange, with three black 
Stripes, (Ceylon. -3 2 ee reece et 
Thorax wholly red. (Singapore.)...... 
Thorax:wholly black. 4: #22. fees.cce™ 
Four posterior cells (the number is not 
stated in the description, but must be 
four, since Osten-Sacken refers to the 
bases of the second and third being 
nearly ina line). (Celebes.) ........ 
ave posterior cells... Ah cinee eee 
Wing-markings at the tip only; four 
WosbeHOMseS lS 6, )ais\ aa wees cote eere es 
Wings with distinct median pale mark- 
FIFE ono. Op AN OCR eIr ORES GO" aioe: 
A single white spot at the extreme tip of 
EMO Hyves teeneyepenwlaie'« hie tee net lete Mtoe 
Three white spots round the wing-tip 
(one large, two small). (Ceylon.).... 


. Costal region broadly orange, except to- 


wards base and apex. (India.)...... 
Costal region all dark ...... cece seeee 


dichroa, Walk. 
46. 


umbripennis, sp. 0. 
7. 


*«vanthopyga, Mei}. 


shirakit, sp. n. 


tuberculifera, Edw. 


49, 
«semalurensis, Meij. 
50. 
51. 
53. 


triangularis, Brun. 


52. 


xcaliginosa, Brun. 
xtestacea, Brun. 
leonensis, Alex. 
54. 
rubriceps, Edw. 


scutellata, Edw. 
plecioides (Walk.). 
56. 


xmorosa, O.-S, 
lygropis, Alex. 


60. 


61. 
62. 


66. 


67. 


74. 


Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 


Abdomen and thorax chestnut-brown, 
5th and 6th segments largely yellow. 
REMUS Po scles che 925. wre evsyehy suckeade) © obey 

mbomien Otherwise. 44.50.6568 ce2 ves » 

Thorax entirely velvet-black 

Thorax not entirely black ............ 

Femora yellow with black tips; abdo- 
minal segments 2-5 nearly all yellow; 
6 yellow at base. (Java.) .......... 

Legs all black; abdominal segments 2-5 
with broad apicalblack bands. (S, India.) 


sae eee eaee 


. Sixth abdominal segment entirely black . 


Sixth abdominal segment yellow at the 
[iP EES Soe Oc 0 See eee ae 
Thorax mahogany- brown; prescutum 
with three blackish stripes. (India.) . 
Thorax ash-grey, preescutum with four 
placlestrnpes.cs. (lindidie) oi jer'y soo sine e'sy 


. Abdomen velvet-black, with broad shin- 


ing blue-black bands ; legs black, stout. 
Abdomen not all black, mainly dull; 
femora mostly yellowish; legs more 
UOTE OMAN ORS Ah ayerAtr at or ere 46 oh me A Soka 
Thorax entirely red; legs very stout .. 


Thorax entirely blackish brown; legs 
MGM GUILE!SO SCOUL F562). 5. serie Sheets ol «fs « 

Basal halves of abdominal segments 2-4 
Shining’; thorax brown. ......086+ «4s 

Abdominal segments 2-4 entirely dull, 
or uniformly and slightly shining . 


. Abdomen entirely brownish ; slightly 


BINARIES eye Hise o! sec eaeek ope) obey ego cti Dhaho 2.2 
Abdomen dull, basal segments yellow .. 


. Thorax and apex of abdomen velvet- 


black; femora with black tips........ 
Thorax and apex of abdomen brownish ; 
femora all yellow 


Ce 


. Wings with a transverse pale central 


fascia or spot; apical fourth all dark... 
Wings with pale central markings, and 
also with pale markings at the tip or in 
the apical fourth 


Ce 


. Abdomen with leaden or bluish-white 


bands ; four posterior cells .......... 
Abdomen without leaden or bluish-white 
bands 


. Wing - markings faint; body wholly 


PERO RIS Hoe) (SLI: ) <0 aeenmetaie 8 Siege apa 
Wing-markings conspicuous 


PT na ehe'-= le) ete! ie 


. Several distinct white spots about the 


middle of the wing, in addition to 
the fascia. (Himalayas.) .......... 
Wings with a whitish central fascia only. 
Base of wing conspicuously yellow, often 
also the costa to a large extent 
Base of wing not yellow....... 


Geerver 


xelongatissima, Brun, 


albipunctata, Wulp. 


63. 
kempt, Brun. 


kempt, var. n. longior. 
«tenuis, Brun. 
xpulchrithorax, Brun, 
66. 
67. 
ctenophorordes, Edw. 
[(=rujfithorax, Brun.). 
[nigrithorax. 
ctenophoroides, var. Nn. 
badia, Brun. 
68, 


greent, Brun, 
69. 


albonotata, Lw. 
[ cttrocastanea. 
albonotata, var, n. 


robinsoni, sp. n, 


73. 


*decorata, Brun. 
od 


74, 


76 


bo I 
<I 


Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


. Cross-vein r vertical, far beyond base of 


Ro. (Sumatra.) c.0ce .csm toieiereeetes #sumatrensis, Macq. 
Cross-vein 7 very oblique, close to or 
even before base of Rossi. eccsseec. 76. 


. Flagellum and legs yellow; head dark 


brown; frontal tubercle simple; central 

fascia reaching hind margin, (Assam.) assamensis, sp. 0. 
Flagellum and legs dark; head velvet- 

black ; frontal tubercle divided ; central 

fascia rarely reaching hind margin,... 77. 


. Male abdomen with segments 3-5 elon- 
gate, shining black at the base, pale 
bluish grey in the middle, velvety- [(=velutina, Walk.). 
black at the tip. (India.) .......... nepalensis, Westw. 


Male abdomen with segments 3-5 much 
shorter, without bluish-grey bands in 


the:muiddle. (Wi. Chinas)" 22) eee" sinensis, Sp. 0. 
78. Dorsum of thorax orange. (Tonkin, 
Assam.) see ae cae Seta e eee «fenestrata, Brun. 
Thorax black or dark grey 2)... 220: 79. 
79. Thorax grey with black stripes, legs 
mainly yellow. (India.)............ Jlavipes, Brun, 
Thorax entirely black, somewhat shining ; [guttata, Mats.). 


legs blackish. (Hong Kong; Japan.) Adlpa, Walk. (=albo- 


80. Abdomen entirely dull black; four pos- 
terior'cells, .(India.)) Pees. tse e anigerrima, Brun. 
Abdomen not entirely dull black ...... 
81. Four posterior cells; apex of abdomen 
shining .\(Philippines:): 2.223660 see 82. 
ive posterioreells'...; site. tenses eine 83. 
82. Hind legs normal ; abdomen dilated, with 
yellowish bands near base .......... *lativentris, Bezzi. 
Hind legs thickened; abdomen not 
dilated, entirely black .............. xcrassipes, Bezzi. 
83. Thorax reddish; legs mainly yellow. 
Saved ed PS WH ee Gt ke eters mesopyrrha, Wied. 
Thorax black or blackish brown........ 84, 
84. Femora and tibiz yellow with black tips. 
(Philippines:) 2.5.03). sees gee oe perennis, O.-S. 
hegs black?) w.0 oie ace roe 85. 
3b. Wings-yellow at base . 2. vo sake ft 86. 
Wings dark at ibase...cast.00 slams teieeter 87. 
86. Second, third, and ninth abdominal seg- 


87. 


88. 


89. 


ments orange, rest black. (Sumatra.). dicolor, Meq. 
Abdominal segments 2-5 orange with 

broad black hind margins, (Java.) .. #*cingulata, Meij. 
Abdomen orange on basal half; central 

fasciareaching hind margin. (Sumatra.) pyrrhomesa, Edw. 
Abdomen with one or two yellow cross- 

bands near base; central fascia not 

reaching hind margin. (Philippines.) . *mansueta, O.-S. ' 


Five posterior cells; abdomen with grey 
bands; wings with white spot atthe | 
tip, central spot divided ............ 89. 

Four posterior'tells .....ir 22. ea ye te 95. 


Basal half of wing entirely yellow. (Hong 
Kong) mremtacrc tit VB Nepuich fiber tabclbe 4 chrysomela, sp. 0. 


90, 


91, 


Species of Eriocera in the British Museum. 77 


Basal half of wing not entirely yellow; 


two white spots in the middle ...... 90, 
Costal border yellow; femora yellow 

WAGE DLAC HK CUPS voce! syoisiovo< oe ere aes ote 91. 
Costal® border dans... cet ae iete ie 92. 


Thorax with short pubescence; grey 

bands of abdomen over black ground- 

colour. - (Himalayas. ss tee. os ne wait plumbicincta, Brun. 
Thorax with long pubescence; grey 

bands of abdomen over yellow yround- 


COLOUT oN CASSAIMN oy < tesa syouers-o ene oh plumbolutea, sp. 0. 
92. Thorax black, except for the yellowish 
SEME CIM ents) sas) oi cicvale geil aaie sé « trimaculata, sp. 0. 
Front of mesonotum red ............ 93. 
93. Femora yellow with black tips. (Hima- [ Brun., nee Meij.). 
TA VASUO Pavatare 16 fo apy elorere ese "aye. womiy a\e'e'e xcincta, Brun, (cingulata, 
LDC RAN OTS Si OES pe enn SEES o4. 
94. Scutellum and _ postnotum blackish. 
GEMMA AV RSA )O cca tes. ce cc.e aoreee 3 gravelyi, Brun. 
Scutellum and postnotum orange. 
(Atssarins) adeeb sa leaeypaits 1556 » 5) 226) 85 yay brunettii, sp. n. 
95. Black species; wing-markings all 


96. 


97. 
98. 


99. 


100. 


101. 


102. 


108. 


104, 


105. 


yellowish; a pale spot near base of 

inner marginal cell, which does not 

spread out into the upper basal .... 96. 
Not with all the above characters .... 97. 
A small yellowish spot at wing-tip; 

membrane partly iridescent. (Sumatra.) «gamma, End. 
Wing-tip dark ; membrane not iridescent. 

EOVIIOSS, ees cte| eran wai ae oe aera theme sautertana, End, 
Apical wing-marking just before the tip. 98, 
Apical wing-marking at the extreme tip. 101. 
Wings with additional white markings 

more basal than the central fascia .. 99. 
Wings with only the central fascia anda 

more orless oval spotnear the tipwhite. 100. 
Thorax black; base of wing yellow. 

(SERIES) aA Fy Weer na ea aCe basilaris, Wied. 
Thorax yellowish brown to dark brown ; 

base of wing dark. (Sumatra.) .... *pannosa, End. 
Wing-base and costal cell yellow; 

halteres yellow. (Borneo.) ........ infiaa (Walk.). 
Wing-base dark; halteres black. (Borneo.) bo7neana, sp. n. 
Several white spots round wing-tip.... 102. 
A single white or yellow spot at wing-tip. 1038. 


Thorax black; wings darker anteriorly. 
CR GNASSOR Urs) rghit iis sie ate wstichinne date hie xrufibasis, Brun. 
Thorax reddish brown; costal cell {(=deluta, Walk.). 
yellowish. ((BOrmeOs)\s.ceunscs nes combinata ( Walk.) 
Thorax with three brightly shining [(=optabilis, Walk.). 
stripes. (Borneo, Java.) .......... dunigera (Walk.) 
Pheraxientirely dully.}).% sic asi ste 104. 
Abdomen black, the tergites shining 
RSE Ue She ier MICE 2 dn sh ovaleuions: ofa'o; 6.9: 8s 105. 
Abdomen partly orange, dull ........ 106, 


Cua at tip of discal cell; thorax red. 
GSUIAETAD) Gr eaidokvts L wateighleela Siibis @ *selene, O.-S. 


78 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old-World 


Cu,a before tip of discal cell; thorax 
dark reddish brown. (Borneo.) ....  leucotela (Walk.). 

106, Abdomen with a median blackish-brown 
longitudinal stripe. (Java; Bengal.) acrostacta, Wied. 


Abdomen without such stripe ........ 107. 
107. Thorax and last two abdominal segments 
black, rest reddish. (Java.)........ *javensis, Dol. 
Thorax reddish brown ............. 108. 


108. Feimoraand tibiz all yellowish. (Bengal.) *diana, Macq. 
Femora aud tibize with black tips. 
(Sunaina) .c. eae see eer ee klosst, Edw. 


The Hypopygtal Structure. 


The hypopygium of Hriocera, which is in general similar 
to that of many Limnophiline, shows a number of interesting 
features. For the most part the terms employed in the 
descriptions are those used by me for the Culicide (see 
‘Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology,’ xiv. 1920, 
pp. 23-40). There are, however, important differences 
between the two families, and in some respects it is difficult 
to homologise the parts, so that a full description of the 
general type of structure in Hriocera will be useful to make 
clear the descriptions and figures. It is necessary to state 
first that in Hriocera there is no torsion of the ninth and 
tenth abdominal segments. 

The ninth tergite is well developed and usually of quite 
simple structure, sometimes produced or emarginate in the 
middle, but never with conspicuous developments. It is 
impossible to detect any line of division between the ninth 
tergite and ninth sternite—in fact, the tergite may perhaps 
be regarded as forming a complete ring, and the sternite as 
absent altogether. That this may be the true state of 
affairs is shown by the traces of a suture in the mid-ventral 
line which can sometimes be detected. ‘This is the normal 
condition in the Limnophiline, but it may be noted that in 
one or two Limnophiline genera (e. g., Phyllolabis) a small 
separate ninth sternal piece is present, which may or may 
not represent the true ninth sternite in an obsolescent 
condition. 

The side-pieces are well developed, tubular, usually simple, 
but occasionally with basal lobes. There are two pairs of 
claspers (outer and inner), which in many cases are incom- 
pletely separated, indicating clearly that the inner pair has 
arisen as a development from the base of the outer (or vice 
versa). The outer clasper is strongly chitinised, more or 
less bare, with a sharp-pointed, often hooked tip, but without 
terminal spine. The inner clasper is fleshy, hairy, and has 


Species of Hviocera in the British Museum. 79 


on its outer surface a groove into which the outer clasper 
fits. ‘The two pairs articulate together at the tip of the side- 
piece, and are movable in a horizontal plane. 

The tenth (anal) segment, as in wost Limnobiide, is a 
spicular tube of tough membrane, usually entirely devoid of 
chitinisation and retracted beneath the ninth tergite. Very 
rarely a pair of small tergites bearing a few bristles are 
present. I have seen no indications of cerci, though in some 
Limuophiline these are represented by terminal papille. 

The edeagus (see text-fig. 2, h) is highly chitinised and 
complicated, and is probably in a much more generalised 
condition than that of the Culicide. In the main, the 
general conception of the genital tube given by Sharp and 
Murr for the Coleoptera (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1912, 
p- 602, fig. 239) will fit that of Kriocera very well. The 
main differences lie, firstly, in the fact that in Kriocera the 
mesosome (median. lobe) is permanently invaginated, and, 
secondly, that there is a strong chitinisation of part of 
the “ first connecting membrane” between the mesosomal 
and tegminal rings of the genital tube. 

On the dorsal side of the szdoeagus, continuous, on the 
one hand, with the second connecting membrane (at the 
base of the tenth segment) and, on the other hand, with 
the tubular penis, is a large chitinous structure, whose 
homologies are somewhat uncertain. It might be possible 
to regard it, or part of it, as the tenth sternite, and its 
appendages as anal cerci, but from the fact that it never 
bears any bristles, also because it is in contact or fused 
laterally with the basal plates, I think it must certamly be 
regarded as part of the tegminal ring of the genital tube. 
This is also indicated by its readiness to take up stain, 
quite unlike the chitinisations of the body-wall, but agree- 
ing in this respect with the rest of the genital tube. It 
bears a pair of processes (parameres), which in their free 
portion are very variously constructed ; at the base these 
processes spread out, and are fused laterally with processes 
from the base of the side-pieces and medially with one 
another. The median fused portion forms a strong bar 
connecting the bases of the side-pieces, and extends almost 
vertically downwards to the base of the penis ; in the dorsal 
portion of this median structure there are distinct traces of 
fusion, but none at all in the ventral portion. The pair 
of processes are undoubtedly homologous with the gona- 
pophyses of de Meijere and others, which I have elsewhere 
identified with the parameres ; this identification is possibly 
incorrect, siuce in the Culicids the parameres are articulated 


80 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


definitely with the basal plates, and are ventral rather than 
dorsal to the mesosome. However, if we regard both organs 
as belonging to the tegminal ring of the genital tube (which 
seems most probable) there can be no great obligation to 
using the same name in each case. A name is required for 
the unpaired median portion. It cannot be called the 
tegmen, since this term has been used by Sharp and Muir 
for ‘the lateral lobes [ parameres | and basal piece together,” 
while in the present case the basal plates are distinct 
structures. I propose the term dorsal plate, in default of a 
better; it seems to be the analogue of the ventral plate 
described by Sharp and Muir in the Scarabzeide, which is 
also fused with the parameres, and morphologically on the 
dorsal side of the tube. 

The basal plates are well developed, and obviously homo- 
logous with those of the Culicide. ‘They are usually in-the 
form of two distinct latero-ventral plates, but are sometimes 
connected in the mid-ventral line by a narrow bridge of 
chitin ; in one species (H. semilimpida) this bridge is quite 
broad. From this condition it is easy to imagine a transition 
to a state in which the basal plate forms an unpaired ventral 
piece. In the species mentioned the connecting bridge is 
external, the mid-ventral portion of the second connecting 
membrane not being invaginated. 

Distal to the dorsal and basal plates, and connected with 
them by a short straight membrane, is a complete ring of 
chitin, generally tubular in form, but varying greatly in 
length in the different species. Although it is possibly the 
homologue of the mesosome of the Culicide, it is certainly 
not the same as the median lobe of Sharp and Muir, since 
the membrane connecting it with the dorsal and basal plates 
is very short and not at all invaginated; it may best be 
regarded rather as a distal tubular portion of the tegminal 
ring, such as has been noted by Sharp and Muir im certain 
Coleoptera. It is the organ called the penis by de Meijere 
and others, and, though this term is not free from objection, 
I propose to retain it provisionally ; Snodgrass’s term “ penis- 
guard” would be equally appropriate. 

At the tip of the penis is a small circular opening, from 
which the genital tube is continued backwards as a thin- 
walled tube (lying within the penis) as far as the base of the 
penis, or a little farther; it then enlarges again into a 
chitinous body, which is provided with a conspicuous 
apodeme extending towards the interior of the body. At the 
base of this apodeme is a hole in the sac, which probably 
marks the point at which the membranous portion of the 


Species of Eriocera in the British Museum. 81 


genital tube (stenazygos) enters the chitinised sac. The 
apodeme seems to be analogous to, though it may not 
correspond morphologically with, the median strut of Sharp 
and Muir. It is most developed in those species with a short 
penis. It seems probable that this chitinised sac corresponds 
rather with the median lobe than with the internal sac of 
the Coleoptera. In that case, the slender tube connecting 
the sac with the tip of the penis must be regarded as the 
permanently invaginated distal portion of the first connecting 
membrane, and the penis itself as a special chitinisation of 
the proximal portion of this same ‘“ membrane.” 


Descriptions of new Species and Varieties. 


1. Eriocera yerburyi, sp. n., o. 


Head ochreous, the proboscis, scape of antennze, and basal 
joint of palpi of the same colour ; rest of palpi, and flagellum 
of antenne except base of first joint, blackish. Frontal 
tubercle very large, simple. First scapal joint considerably 
swollen, about twice as long as broad. Flagellum four- 
jointed, a little more than twice as long as the thorax ; 
numerous bristly hairs on the underside. Fourth joint of 
palpi about as long as the two preceding together ; first 
joint a little shorter than the fourth. Thorax dull blackish, 
with a slight grey dusting; prescutum with two grey stripes 
and a median grey line faintly indicated. Pubescence 
yellowish, short and sparse. -dédomen uniformly b'ackish 
brown, shining, about twice as long as the thorax. 
Hypopygium: ninth tergite with a broad V-shaped terminal 
emargination. Side-pieces simple, nearly cylindrical, but 
somewhat curved, about 2°5 times as long as broad. Outer 
clasper without long hairs, finely pubescent at the base and 
on the inner side a little betore the tip, which is rather 
suddenly narrowed but gently curved. Inner clasper broad, 
hairy, with deep groove for reception of outer clasper, 
separated from the latter down to the extreme base ; tip 
somewhat produced inwards. Parameres bilobed ; dorsal lobe 
conical, sharply pointed; ventral lobe broad, somewhat 
narrowed towards the rounded tip. Dorsal plate slightly 
emarginate apically. Penis much shorter than the mesosome, 
broad at the base, terminating in two long points. Legs 
rather long and slender, dark brown, extreme tips of all 
joimts black. Claws with small basal tooth; empodium 
nearly as long as the claws. /Vings light brown, veins and 
stigma darker. Sc ending distinctly beyond apex of Rs. 


> 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 6 


82 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


Tip of R, alittle longer thanrv.  R,,, and R, about equal 
in length and nearly ina straight line ; 7-m less than its own 
length from base of Ry,;. Cu,a reaching M;,, at one-fifth of 
discal cell, which is not quite twice as long as broad. Cup 
straight, shorter than Cu,a and forming an angle of 120° 
with it. Distance from tip of Ax to tip of An about equal 
to that between Cu, and Cu, and nearly three times that 
between Cu, and An. AHalteres yellowish with black tips. 

Length of body 8 mm. ; wing 10x 2°6 mm. 

Cryton : Haragam, 1. vi. 1892, 1 5 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). 


2. Eriocera stricklandi, sp. n., ? . 


Head dull blackish grey ; sides of frontal tubercle 
ochreous ; pubescence blackish, short but rather dense, 
Frontal tubercle simple, rather large and_ projecting. 
Antenne entirely black, fully as long as the head and thorax 
together; first scapal joint about four times as long as broad. 
Fiagellum with the three basal joints distinct, third a little 
longer than the second, but shorter than the first ; five joints, 
apparently, in the terminal portion. Palpi black ; second 
_jomt much longer than the first or third and nearly equal 
to the fourth. Thorax greyish ochreous, with a moderately 
lung and rather dense ochreous pubescence. Prascutum 
with three broad slightly shining blackish-brown stripes, 
the side-stripes continued across the scutum. Lower half 
of pleurs, also the cox, whitish grey. Addomen dull 
ochreous-orange, the first four tergites and the apex of 
the fifth dark brown. Ovipositor long and almost straight, 
the cerci much stouter than is usual in the genus. Legs 
ochreous, tarsi rather darker ; all tibize with black tips ; front 
aud middle femora rather broadly black at the tips ; hind 
femora black, except on the basal fifth. Claws simple, 
twice as long as the broad empodia. Wings ochreous- 
tinged, costal cell yellower, stigma distinct, but rather 
ill-defined, blackish; veins mostly ochreous, Se ending 
midway between base of R, and r; tip of R, slightly 
upturned, a little longer than 7 ; R, quite four times as long 
as Ry,3 3 7m more than twice its length from base of R44; 5 
cell M, present, shorter than its petiole; discal cell not 
much longer than broad; Cua at about one-third of discal 
cell ; Cu, curved, at right angles with Cuya at base. Halteres 
ochreous. 

Length of body 30 mm.; wing 21x6 mm. 

Japan: (no exact data), 1909 (7. 4. G. Strickland), 


Species of Kriocera in the British Museum. 83 


3. Eriocera waterstont, sp. 0., 2. 


Head blackish grey, dull, nearly bare; frontal tubercle 
small but distinct, simple. Scape of antennz black, the first 
joint a little over twice as long as broad; flagellum missin. 
Palpi black ; second joint swollen but elongate, much 
longer than the first or third, and a little longer even than 
the fourth. Yhorax dull blackish grey ; a whitish line on 
the extreme margin of the mesonotum ; above this, just in 
front of the wing-base, a short velvet-black stripe. Upper 
half of the pleurze deep black, shining except in places ; 
lower half heavily dusted with whitish grey. Abdomen 
black, somewhat shining ; ovipositor slender, reddish. Legs: 
front coxe blackish, the others ochreous, all grey-dusted ; 
trochanters ochreous ; remainder of legs missing. Wings 
uniformly blackish. Venation like that of 4. chirothecata 
(as figured by Kuntze, 1913), except that Cua is hardly 
beyond the middle of the discal cell, and the distance 
between the tips of Ax and An is over twice that between 
An and Cuy. Halteres black. 

Length of body 13 mm.; wing 12x 3°2 mm. 

Maceponia: Rendino Gorge, vi. 1918 (Capt. J. 
Waterston). 

The venation is very similar to that of EH. schnusez, 
Kuntze; probably, as in that species, the tarsi are dark, but 
confirmation of this point is required. 


4. Eriocera umbripennis, sp.u., 2. (PI. X. fig. 2.) 


Head black, with some rather long black bristly hair ; 
frontal tubercle rather small, triple, a single conically pro- 
duced upper division, two more rounded tubercles just above 
base of antenne. Antenne black, slightly longer than the 
thorax ; first scapal joint about three times as long as broad ; 
flagellum with the first four joints distinct, gradually dimin- 
ishing in length; terminal portion scarcely equalling the 
preceding three joints together. Palpi with the four joints 
about equal in length, each roughly four times as long as 
broad. Thorax purplish black; preescutum with five deeper 
black stripes, the three middle ones narrow ; pubescence 
black, rather spare and short. Addomen with the four basal 
segments dull orange, the rest velvet-black ; valves of the 
ovipositor elongate, slender, reddish. Legs: coxe, tro- 
chanters, and middle femora black (rest missing). Wings 
uniformly black. Sc; ending opposite 7; Scy opposite Lase 


of R,; r more than three times its length from tip of Ry, ; 
6% 


84 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


r—m nearly twice its length from base of Ry,5; cell 4, pre- 
sent, alittle longer than its petiole; Cu,a just beyond middle 
of discal cell; Cu, short, curved ; distance Ax—An on wing- 
margin not much longer than An—Cug, and distinetly shorter 
than Cu,—Cu,. Halteres black. 

Length of body 21 mm.; wing 15x 4°2 mm. 

Penance: no further data (H. N. Ridley), 1 2. 


5.. Hriocera shirakii, sp. u., 3. 


Head velvet-black, pubescence black, rather long ; frontal 
tubercle moderate, simple. Antenne black, rather less than 
twice as long as the thorax; first scapal joint small, very 
little longer than broad; flagellar joints regularly dimin- 
ishing in length, the fourth rather more than half as long 
as the first. Palpi black; first and second joints about 
equal in length, third considerably shorter, fourth half as 
long again as the second. Thorax velvet-black ; pubes- 
cence black, long and dense; preescutum with four rather 
narrow, slightly shining stripes. Abdomen with segments 
1, 6, 7, and 8 entirely velvet-black, 2-5 and 9 entirely 
orange. Hypopygium: ninth tergite emarginate. Side- 
pieces simple, somewhat narrowed towards the tips, nearly 
three times as long as broad. Outer clasper with a few long 
hairs towards the base, abruptly narrowed a little before the 
tip, which is bent inwards and hook-like. Inner clasper 
moderate, separated from the outer almost to the base. 
Parameres bilobed, dorsal lobe curved, pointed; ventral lobe - 
larger than the dorsal, long-conical, the sharply pomted 
apex projecting inwards. Dorsal plate entire. Penis as 
long as the mesosome, straight, pointed, bare. Legs 
black, somewhat shining, moderately stout. Claws with 
strong basal tooth, twice as long as the empodium. Wings 
uniformly blackish, anal and axillary cells somewhat lighter. 
Se ending opposite base of R, ; 7 over twice its length from 
tip of R, ; Ky over twice as long as R,,3 ; 7-m nearly twice its 
length from base of Ry,5; cell 4, absent ; Cua just before 
middle of discal cell; Cu, curved, not much shorter than 
Cu,a.. Distance Ax-An on wing-margin just over twice 
An—Cu,. Halteres black. 

Length of body 13 mm.; wing 12 x3°8 mm. 

Formosa: Koshun, 25. iv.-25. v. 1918 (J. Sonan, K. Mi- 
yake, and M. Yoshino), 1 3, presented to the British Museum 
by Dr. T. Shiraki. 


It is possible that this may be the male of E. rubriceps, 
Edw. 


Species of Kriocera in the British Museum. 85 


6. Eriocera flavicosta, sp.n., 2. (Pl. X. fig. 4.) 


Head black, with black bristly hair; frontal tubercle 
small, divided into two by a transverse furrow. Antenne 
with the first three flagellar joints light brown, rest black. 
First scapal joint above three times as long as broad ; 
flagellum 8-jointed, the joints gradually decreasing in length. 
Palpi black, rather stout, first joint a little longer than the 
others, which are all about equal in length. Thorax dull black, 
without distinct markings; pubescence dark, moderately short 
and spare. Abdomen with segments 1, 5, 6,7, and sides of 4 
black ; 2, 3, 8, middle of 4, and ovipositor orange. Legs 
ochreous-brown ; coxz, trochanters, tips of femora and tibiz, 
and terminal tarsal segments black. Clawssimple; empodium 
very short and broad. Wings brown, darker on the apical 
third ; the costal and inner marginal cells yellow; a dis- 
tinct white spot at the tip, including the tips of R3z and Ry, 5. 
Se ending opposite base of R,; 7 scarcely twice its length 
from tip of R,; R, a little over twice as long as Ro,5; 
r—m below the base of R,; Cu,a near apex of discal cell; Cu, 
short, slightly curved; distance Ax—-An on wing-margin 
about three times An—Cu,. AHalteres black. 

Length of body 26 mm.; wing 18X5 mm. 

Inpi1a: Nilgiri Hills, 8000 ft., 21. vii.1888 (Sir G. F. 
Hampson), 1 ?. 


7. Eriocera kempi, Brun., var. n. longior. 
(ROX fie 2a) 

Differs from E. kempi, Brun. (as represented by a paratype 
in the British Museum), as follows :—7—m longer, not shorter 
than r; upper of the two veins closing the discal cell half 
as long as the lower (in L. kempi paratype the upper is 
obliterated) ; Cu a well before, not at the tip of the discai 
cell; no minute clear spot in cell Cu,; two-thirds of abdo- 
minal segments 4 and 5 orange, these segments also being 
longer in proportion to their breadth; a large orange spot 
at the base of the sixth tergite ; outer claspers of hypopygium 
with a deeper preapical notch. 

Length of body 23 mm.; wing 215 mm. 

Inp1a: Mt. Hamilton, 2 ¢. 


8. Eriocera ctenophoroides, Edw., var. n. nigrithorax, 2. 


Differs from KE. ctenophoroides, Edw., as follows :—First 
joint of flagellum distinctly longer and more slender, scarcely 
any thicker than the second joint (in KH. clenophoroides it 
is distinctly thicker); thorax and last abdominal segment 


86 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


velvet-black; middle segments of abdomen extremely broad, 
quite twice as broad as the base and considerably broader 
than in the type female of EL. ctenophoroides ; legs stout, but 
considerably less so than in the type, the femora and tibive 
being also distinctly longer. 

Cryton: Pallamadulla, 17. vi. 1892, 1? (Lt.-Col. Yerbury). 

I referred to this specimen in describing &. ctenophoroides 
in 1911. he difference from the type is not confined, 
as I then thought, to the black thorax, and the specimen 
evidently represents a distinct variety if not species. 


9. Eriocera albonotata, var. n. citrocastanea. 


(Pl. X. fig. 6; text-fig. 2f.) 


Differs from the typical form as follows :—Thorax and 
dark parts of the abdomen dark chestnut-brown, not black ; 
fifth abdominal segment of male longer and entirely dark ; 
femora without black tips; hypopygium rather light brown ; 
side-pieces longer (quite 1°5 times as long as their breadth 
at the base); penis longer (about 4 times instead of 2°5 
times as long as its breadth at the base) ; preapical notch of 
outer clasper much less distinct. 

Length of body, ¢, 23 mm.; wing, ¢, 17x48 mm. 

Length of body, 2, 25 mm.; wing, ?, 195 mm. 

Ceyton: Passara, 6.vi.1897 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury),1 ¢; 
Pundaluoya, v. 1889 (E. E. Green), 1 ¢. 


10. Eriocera robinsoni, sp.n., 2. (PI. X. fig. 3.) 


Head dull blackish grey, with numerous black bristles ; 
antennie and palpi dark brown. Frontal tubercle moderate, 
simple. First scapal jot more than three times as long 
as broad. Flagellum six-jointed, first two joints together 
longer than the remaining four. Palpi rather short and 
stout, first joint a little longer and more slender than the 
remaining three, which are subequal. Thorax dull dark 
brown, unmarked. Abdomen velvety-black, rather damaged, 
but appareutly with shining bands at the bases of the ter- 
gites. Legs uniformly blackish; claws simple; empodia 
short and thick. MW .ngs rather strongly infuscated; a large 
but inconspicuous pale area in the middle extending across 
the inner marginal and basal cells, but not quite reaching 
R, or Cu. Se ending just beyond base of R.; r about three — 
times its length from tip of R,; R, more than three times 
as long as R.,,; four posterior cells; Cu,a near apex of 


Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 87 


discal cell; Cu, as long as Cuya, slightly curved ; distance 
Ax-An on margin about twice Au—Cuz. Halleres black. 
Length of body 14 mm.; wing 11x3°3 mm. 
Sram: Bukit Besar (H. C. Rodinson and N. Annandale), 
1a 


11. Hriocera assamensis, sp. n., 2. 


Head dark greyish brown, with rather long and dense 
black hair, Frontal tubercle moderate, simple. First scapal 
joint dark greyish brown, four times as long as broad; second 
scapal and first three flagellar joints yellow, tip of flagellum 
dark. Flagellum with nine joints, the last six all rather 
short. Palpi black, moderately long; first and fourth joints 
each a little longer than the second or third, second a little 
thicker than the others. Thorax velvet-black, pleurz with 
a slight brown tinge. Abdomen velvet-black, without shining 
areas ; second, fourth, and fifth tergites with broad whitish- 
grey basal bands. Ovipositor reddish, but the segment 
bearing it black. Legs yellow; coxe, ‘trochanters, tips of 
femora and tibiz, and the greater part of the tarsi blackish. 
Claws simple; empodia short and broad. Wings blackish ; 
base bright yellow; a broad white fascia in the middle, 
extending from R, to the hind margin. Sc, extending well 
beyond the base of R,.; Sc, far before the tip of Sc;; r very 
oblique, four or five times its length from tip of Rj, its 
middle joint above the base of R,; Ry quite four times as 
long as R,,3; r-m below base of R,; four posterior cells ; 
Cu,a near the tip of the rather short discal cell ; Cu, curved, 
shorter than Cu,a; distance Ax—An on the margin not quite 
twice An-Cu,. Halteres black. 

Length of body 17 mm.; wing 14x42 mm. 

Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from EH. Heyne), 1 3, 
taken together with typical specimens of H. nepalensis. 


12. Eriocera sinensis, sp.n., @. (Text-fig. 2d.) 

Head velvet-black, with black hair. Frontal tubercle 
divided by a transverse furrow, the lower portion somewhat 
more prominent than the upper. Scape of antenne black, 
the first joint about four times as long as broad; flagellum 
missing. Palpi black; first and fourth joints slightly 
longer than the second and third, second distinctly thicker 
than the others. Thorax velvet-black. ‘Abdomen con- 
siderably shorter than the wings; velvet-black, the second, 
fourth, and fifth tergites with broad leaden basal bands, 


88 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


somewhat more shining basally than apically; a narrow 
shining leaden band at the base of the third tergite. - Hypo- 
pygium: side-pieces simple, about twice as long as their 
greatest breadth. Outer claspers with small but deep pre- 
apical notch. Middle third of ninth tergite prominent, 
with median emargination. Parameres rather broad, some- 
what pointed, dorsal lobe represented only by a small back- 
wardly projecting tooth. Penis, if straight, would be almost 
as long as the side-piece, but is bent downwards and back- 
wards about the middle. Legs black. Claws with basal 
tooth; empodia about half as long as the claws. Wings 
black, bright yellow at the base; anal and axillary cells 
lighter; a white median fascia of almost even width 
extending from R, almost to the hind margin. Sc, ending 
immediately before base of R,; Sc, scarcely beyond 
base of R,,,; venation otherwise almost the same as in 
EF. assamensis. Halteres black. 

Length of body 12 mm.; wing 12x3°8 mm. 

W. Cuina: Golden Buddha Mt., N. of Changking, Sze- 
Chuen Province, 5000 ft., 15. viii. 1907 (W. A. Maw), 1 ¢. 

Evidently closely allied to /. nepalensis, but certainly 
distinct. The hypopygium of £. nepalensis differs from that of 
E. sinensis as follows :—the ninth tergite is not prominent in 
its niddle third ; the preapical notch on the outer clasper 
is less marked; the side-piece is somewhat shorter and 
stouter ; and the penis is shorter and more pointed. 


13. Eriocera chrysomela, sp. 1. 
(Pl. X. fig. 7; text-fig. 2a.) 

Head velvet-black, with a pale grey central longitudinal 
line, and with black hair. Frontal tubercle divided into 
three parts, the upper portion rounded, only very sliglitly 
prominent, the lower portion produced into two conspicuous 
tubercles. Antenne black; first scapal jot about three 
times as long as broad; first flagellar joint half as long 
again as the second, which is half as long again as the 
third ; terminal portion about as long as the first joint, 
without definite jointing in the male, but with six rather 
indistinct joints in the female. Palpi black, moderately 
long; fourth joint almost as long as the second and third 
together ; first not quite as long as the fourth ; second some- 
what thicker than the others. Thorax uniform velvet- 
black or very dark brown; pubescence sparse and not very 
long. Abdomen velvet-black ; basal halves of tergites 2-5 
shining blackish ; beyond the shining area is a rather 
narrow transverse leaden-grey band on each of the segments 


Species of Eriocera in the British Museum. 89 


2-5; hypopygium, ovipositor, and the segment bearing the 
ovipositor orange. Hypopygium: ninth tergite with the 
central portion strongly produced, but emarginate in 
the middle. Side-piece less than twice as long as its basal 
diameter, much narrower apically; at the base on the 
ventral side with a rounded prominence bearing a row of 
about 15-20 short spines. Outer clasper bare, with a deep 
excavation on the outer side near the base, preapical notch 
small. Inner clasper rather narrow, incompletely separated 
from the outer. Parameres rather long, straight, with 
rounded tips, no basal tooth. Penis (if straightened) would 
be a little longer than the side-pieces, but is bent downwards 
and backwards about its middle; both halves are strongly 
curved; the outer (ventral) half bears numerous short bristly 
hairs, which are most dense at the tip; on the outer side 
of the bend is a deep groove, tip not much thinner than base. 
Legs long, slender, black ; claws of the male with basal tooth, 
not much longer than the narrow empodium ; of the female 
simple, empodium short and broad. Wangs blackish at the 
extreme base, beyond which rather more than half of the 
wing is yellow; anal and axillary cells lighter. At the outer 
edge of the yellow area is a clear whitish spot extending 
across the basal cells but not reaching Rs or Cu. The apical 
part of the wing, from the tip of Sc to the tip of Ax, is 
blackish brown, except for the tip, which is rather broadly 
pure white. Sc ending opposite r, which is about three 
times its length from the tip of R,, and not quite its own 
length from the base of R,; R, more than three times as 
long as R,,3; 7-m below base of R,; cell M, present, more 
than twice as long as its stalk; Cuja close to apex of discal 
cell ; Cu, slightly curved. Halteres black. 

Length of body, 6,13 mm.; wing, ¢, 12x 3°7 mm. 

Length of body, ?, 21 mm.; wing, 9,155 mm. 

Hone Kone (J. C. Bowring, 1861),1 3,1 2. 


14. Eriocera plumbolutea, sp.n., Sg. (Text-fig. 2c.) 


Head velvet-black, with long and dense black hair. 
Frontal tubercle triple, the pair of tubercles above the 
antennee rather small, but slightly larger than the unpair@d 
and more rounded dorsal tubercle. Antenne with the scape 
blackish, first jot about three times as long as broad ; first 
three flagellar joints yellow (remainder missing). Palpi 
black (damaged). Thorax entirely velvet-black, except for 
the prothoracie lobes, which are reddish and rather more 
prominent than usual. Sides of mesonotum with long and 


90 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


dense black hair; prescutum also with long black hair 
along the furrows. Abdomen: segments 1 and 6-8 entirely 
velvet-black, 2-5 with yellow ground-colour, dusted over 
with grey, more shining basally, apical fifth of each velvet- 
black. //ypopygium orange-yellow. Ninth tergite with its 
middle portion strongly produced, emarginate in the middle, 
rather densely hairy. Side-pieces about twice as long as 
their breadth at the base; an irregular row of about 20 short 
blunt spines at the base beneath, not situated on a definite 
prominence. Outer clasper bare, slightly thickest in the 
middle, without distinct excavation on outer side near base; 
preapical notch slight. Inner clasper broad, incompletely 
separated from the outer. Parameres with a trace of a 
basal tooth ; long, nearly straight, with rounded tips. Penis 
with a thick, nearly straight basal portion which is nearly as 
long as the side-piece, then bent downwards and backwards 
for about half the length of the basal portion, then forwards 
again as a slender bare filament which is nearly as long as 
the basal portion. Legs: coxe and trochanters black ; femora 
yellow with black tips; tibie brownish with black tips ; 
tarsi blackish ; claws with small basal tooth ; empodia short. 
Wings with dark brown ground-colour ; yellow at the base 
and in the whole of the costal and subcostal cells; a large 
nearly square white spot near the tips of the basal cells, 
extending from Rs to Cu; a small white spot in the mner 
marginal cell just above the fork of Rs; a very small white 
spot on the extreme tip, just including tips of R3 and Ry,,;. 
Sc ending opposite 7; Sc. much before tip of Sc;; r rather 
long, vertical, twice its length before tip of R, ; Ry nearly 
four times as long as R,,3; cell M, present, more than 
twice as long as its stalk ; Cu,a almost at tip of discal cell ; 
Cu, nearly as long as Cua, slightly curved. Haléeres black, 
tip greyish. 
Length of body 14 mm.; wing 12°5x 4 mm. 
Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from #. Heyne), 1 3. 


15. Eriocera brunettii, sp.u., @. (Text-fig. 2b.) 


Head very dark ash-grey, pubescence moderate. Frontal 
t@bercle triple, the unpaired dorsal portion very slight 
indeed. Antennz black; first scapal joint about three 
times as long as broad ; flagellum with five joints, each a 
little shorter than the preceding. Palpi black ; first and 
fourth joints each about as long as the second and third 
together ; second a little thicker than the others. Thorax 
dull orange dorsally, nearly bare ; preescutum and scutum 


Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 91 


more reddish-tinged, scutellum and postnotum more 
yellowish-tinged. Pleure dark grey, passing to orange 
above. Abdomen entirely black, mostly shining ; fifth and 
sixth segments only with narrow velvet-black apical borders 
(possibly the shining appearance of the basal segments may 
not be natural). Hypopygium resembling that of E. plumbo- 
lutea, but the short spines on the bases of the side-pieces are 
borne on an ear-shaped process; the outer clasper is thickest 
near’ the base, where it is finely pubescent ; the inner clasper 
is narrower; and the penis, though at least as long, is 
rather differently convoluted. Legs black; claws with 
small basal tooth ; empodia short. /Vings resembling those 
of E. plumbolutea, but base and costal region dark ; the large 
central white spot less square and not quite reaching Cu: 
apical white mark long, narrow, and crescent-shaped, 
extending from before the tip of R, to the tip of M,; Cuja 
not much beyond middle of discal cell. Halteres black, base 
of stem pale. 

Length of body 11 mm.; wing 10 x 3°2 mm. 

Assam: Tura, Garo Hills, 1400 ft., 17.x.1917 (Mrs. S. 
Kemp), 1 3. 

The specimen was sent by Brunetti as his gravelyi, from 
which it differs in the orange scutellum and postnotum, the 
absence (natural?) of velvet-black bands on most of the 
abdominal segments, the shape of the apical wing-spot, and 
the position of Cu,a. A female of EF. gravelyi in the British 
Museum from Sikkim (J. G. Pilcher) agrees exactly with 
one sent by Brunetti from the Darjiling district. It seems 
most probable therefore that Brunetti has confused two 
distinct species under the name gravely?. 


16. Eriocera trimaculata, sp.u., 9. (Pl. X. fig. 8.) 


Head velvet-black, pubescence black, rather long and dense. 
Frontal tubercle triple, each division very small and rounded. 
Scape of antennas black, flagellum yellowish, except towards 
the tip. First scapal joint nearly four times as long as 
broad. Flagellum with seven joints, the first about as long ~ 
as the next two together, the last three equal in length. 
Palpi black, fi:st jot scarcely as long as the second, which 
is much thickened. fourth as long as the second and third 
together. Thorax entirely velvet-black, except for the 
scutellum, which is reddish orange ; pubescence rather long, 
black. Abdomen velvet-black, without shining bands, but 
with large pearly-white lateral basal spots on tergites 4-6. 
Legs short and stout, with long black pubescence ; dark 
brown in colour, the coxie and the tips of the other joints 


99 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


black ; claws simple ; empodia short. Wings blackish, anal 
and axillary cells lighter; a large central white spot 
extending from Rs to Cu; a second rather large white spot 
extending from R, to R,,3; a third at the wing-tip, reaching 
from the tip of R, to just beyond the tip of Ry,;. Se 
ending just before 7 ; Sc, opposite fork of Rs ; 7 somewhat 
oblique, three times its length before tip of Ry; R, quite 
four times as long as Ry,,; r—m slightly beyond base of Rg, 
also slightly beyond middle of upper margin of discal zell ; 
cell M, present, with extremely short stalk ; Cuja near apex 
of lower margin of discal cell; basal section of M, very 
oblique ; Cu, somewhat curved, as long as Cua. 

Length of body 20 mm.; wing 14°5 x4°5 mm. 

Assam: Khasi Hills (purchased from £. Heyne),1 9. 


17. Eriocera borneana, sp.u., 9? (Pl. X. fig. 12.) 


Head blackish grey, with moderately long black pubescence. 
Frontal tubercle triple, but only very slightly prominent. 
Antenne and palpi black (tips of both missing in type). 
Thorax almost uniformly red ; pleure only a little darker ; 
pubescence normal, pale. Abdomen missing in the type. 
Legs rather short, dark brown, tarsi darker ; claws simple ; 
empodium short and narrow. Wings dark brown ; a white 
fascia in the middle, extending from R, to Cu (at which it 
ends abruptly) and just touching the fork of Rs; another 
white spot immediately before the apex, not touching the 
front margin, but reaching the hind margin between Ry; 
and M,,». Sc, ending opposite base of R2; Sc, near tip of 
Se,; 7 vertical, about three times its length from tip of R,; 
R, nearly four times as long as R,,3; 7-m below base of hk, ; 
basal section of M,,. (i. e., inner margin of discal cell) nearly 
vertical ; a trace of vein M, present (more marked in tlie 
wing figured than in the other) ; Cuya at about two-thirds 
of discal cell; Cu, slightly curved, longer than Cuya. 
Halteres black. 

Size of wing 9x 3 mm. 

Borneo: Kuching, Sarawak, 27. iv. 1900 (J. Hewitt), 
1 ? (?). A-second specimen, almost certainly belonging to 
the same species, is in the Cambridge Museum from Borneo 
(Kuching ?), 20 x.1901 (R. Shelford). In this specimen the 
first three abdominal segments and the ovipositor are yellow, 
the remainder of the abdomendark. The wing differs from 
the type in having no trace of a pale subapical spot, and no 
trace of vem M,. The size of the subapical wing-spot is 
probably variable, since in Walker’s male type of E. infixa 


Species of Eviocera in the British Museum. 93 


it is a mere dot, while in three females of the same species 
it is much larger (in all three it touches the front but not 
the hind margin of the wing). 


REMARKS ON VARIOUS SPECIES. 


1. E. ornata (End.), described from Sumatra, is repre- 
sented in the British Museum by two males—one from Port 
Dixon, Malay Peninsula, 19. ii. 1908 (G. Meade-Waldo), and 
one from Kuching, Sarawak, 21.i1.1902 (J. Hewitt). It 
evidently occupies an isolated position in the genus, but 
there is no subgeneric name available for it, since Enderlein 
designated A. verticale as the type-species of Androclosma. 
Apart from the peculiarities of venation, the parameres of 
the zdceagus (text-fig. 2i) have a unique structure; the free 
portion is simple, elongate, blunt-ended, and more than half 
as long as the side-piece. The outer clasper and the penis 
are constructed somewhat as in the verticalis group, and may 
perhaps indicate a connection therewith. The length of Rs 
is variable, being over three times as long as R in the 
Kuching specimen, rather shorter in the one from Port 
Dixon, and only twice as long as R in Enderlein’s figure. 


Male genital claspers of species of Ertocera, x 40. 


a, E. brunetti, sp. n.; b, £. verticalis, Wied.; ¢, E. rubrescens (Walk.) ; 
d, LE. luterpennis (Edw.). 


2. The Seychelles Species.—The four species described from 
the Seychelles are evidently quite closely allied, as is shown 
by the structure of the hypopygium of three of them 
(E. obscuripennis, E. fuscinervis, and E. luteipennis) (text- 
figs. 1d, 2n,20). In all these the outer clasper is regularly 
narrowed towards the tip, which is, however, bent inwards 
almost at right angles to the shaft ; the parameres are bifid, 
the outer lobe being straight and pointed, the inner with a 
rounded tip ; the penis is small and not distinctly separated 


94 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


from the mesosome. Apart from this the species resemble 
one another in build, coloration, yellow scape of the antenne, 
small size of frontal tubercle, short, more or less convex 
axillary vein, rather short Sc, short R,, and position of r—m 
cross-vein. The apparently fundamental difference in the 
number of posterior cells (3 or 4) is bridged in an interesting 
way. A re-examination of the three specimens of A. lutei- 
pennis in the British Museum shows that one of them has 
three posterior cells (as figured by me in 1912) ; one has very 
distinctly four posterior cells and a closed discal cell ; while 
the third has a short disconnected piece of vein M; present. 
I therefore consider the removal of E. luteipennis and 
E. ferruginea from Hexatoma to be entirely justified. The 
Seychelles group is a very distinct one when Old-World forms 
alone are considered, but the South-American Penthoptera 
sancte-marthe, Alex., shows certain resemblances. 

3. The crystalloptera Group.—The four Ceylon species 
with crystalline wings described by Osten-Sacken form 
another distinct group, with a number of characters in 
common, as indicated in the key. Three of these are repre- 
sented in the British Museum, but only one of them 
(E. crystalloptera) in the male sex. The hypopygium of 
this species, like that of Hewatoma, has bilobed parameres 
(text-fig. 2k), the upper lobe being bent about the middle, 
and a small arrowhead-like penis, but the outer clasper has 
the subapical notch well-marked. 

4. E. lunata, Westw.—This is another isolated species with 
a striking venational peculiarity in the extremely broad 
upper basal cell (a point which is not sufficiently brought 
out by Westwood’s figure) and with a very distinctive type 
of wing-marking. The white tip to the veins R, and Rg, also 7, 
may indicate a connection with H. ornata ; if that is so, the 
straight tip of Cu, could be regarded as linking E. ornata 
with the verticalis group. Additional characters common to 
E. ornata and E. lunata, and found only in these two species, 
are the unusual breadth of the upper basal cell and the 
parallelism of the basal part of Rs with R, ; neither of these 
points is at all indicated in E. verticalis. The hypopygium 
of Westwood’s type (the only example known) is unfortu- 
nately now damaged, but Westwood figures a very peculiar 
structure of the claspers, and the parameres (unless broken 
off) are not elongate as in HE. ornata. 

5. E. pusilla, Alex.—In the very short, strongly upturned 
tip of Ry, as well as in the structure of the hypopygium and 
ovipositor, this species shows a greater resemblance to Hewa- 
toma than to Eriecera, aud should in my opinion be placed 
there. It is particularly interesting as connecting Hevatoma 


Species of Hriocera in the British Museum. 95 


with the verticalis group of Hriocera, and as a further 
instance showing the inadvisability of using the character of 
the number of branches of the media for generic classification 
in the Tipulide. 

6. The verticalis Group.—This, as I interpret it, includes 
the thirteen species under section 12 in the key. Apart 
from the general similarity in coloration and venation already 
noted in the key, there are certain hypopygial characters 
common to many, if not all, of the species. The organ has 
been examined in six (fusca, nigrina, nyasicola, tumidiscapa, 
yerburyi, and verticalis), all of which show the following 
common features: outer clasper (text-fig. 1b) rather gently 
narrowed towards the curved-down tip, no preapical notch ; 
inner clasper broad ; side-pieces simple at the base, some- 
what curved ; parameres bilobed, lobes about equal in length, 
upper lobe pointed, lower lobe very broad, with rounded tip, 
placed nearly in a vertical plane; penis very short, arrow- 
head-shaped (text-fig. 2j). Ifit should be desired to accord 
this group subgeneric rank, the names Androclosma and 
Globericera are available, The South-American species of 
true Hriocera (including the type of the genus, HE, nigra, 
Macq.) approach this group in several respects—for example, 
in the comparatively short vein R, and the straight, strongly 
down-bent Cuz. However, the hypopygium of a few species 
which I have examined does not seem to show any very 
close affinity between the two groups. 

7. The rubrescens Group.—Included under this heading 
are the seven speeies from stricklandi to angustipennis in the 
key, under the number 27, and also longijurca, Alex., and 
tripunctipennis, Brun. Although there are among these some 
with five posterior cells and some with four, it is fairly certain 
that they are all somewhat closely related, except perhaps 
I. stricklandi, which differs from the others in its much 
larger frontal tubercle. Of the remaining species, four 
are represented in the British Museum by males, and the 
hypopygia of these have been examined. J. rufiventris, 
Li. penulata (text-fig. 2m), and EH. pyrrhochroma are very 
similar and have rather small bilobed parameres, the upper 
lobes smaller than the lower, both lobes projecting inwards ; 
the penis is small and rounded; the outer clasper is rather 
abruptly narrowed a little before the tip, but not so much so 
asin many other species. /. rubrescens (text-figs. le, 21) 
is somewhat different: the outer clasper with the tip more 
hook-like ; parameres broad, rounded, not bilobed ; penis 
very short, but pointed. LE. stricklandi (known so far only 
from the female) would seem to be closely related to the 
N.-American /, spinosa, differing chiefly in the colour of 


96 Mr. F. W. Edwards on the Old- World 


the abdomen and the larger size. Since E. spinosa is the 
type of the subgenus Arrhenica, O.-S., this name will be 
available for the group. 

The preceding groups, though diverse in many respects, 


Fig. 2 


Details of sedceagus of Old-World species of Eriocera. All x40. 
Except in h (£. schnuset, Kuntze) only the penis and one paramere 
are shown. 

a, E. chrysomela, sp. n.; b, FE. brunettit, sp. n.; ¢, E. plumbolutea, 
sp.n.; a, LZ. senensis, sp. n.; e, E. lygropis, Alex. ; f, E. kempi, Brun., 
var. n. longior: g, E. lunigera, Walk.; i, E. ornata (End.) ; j, £. 
verticalis, Wied.; k, E. erystalloptera, O.-S.; 1, £&. rubrescens, 
Walk.; m, £. penulata, End.; n, £. obscuripennis, Edw.; 0, £. 
luteipennis (Kdw.). 

In fig. h the whole edcagus of FE. schnusei, Kuntze, is shown in dorsal 
view: p=penis; pa = paramere; bp = basal plate; dp = dorsal 
plate. 


have one character in common, the shortness of the penis, 
which is produced into two little points at the tip. In the 
remaining species the structural details are somewhat less 
varied, especially the venation, which shows few tangible 
modifications ; the hypopygial structure is also fairly 
uniform, there being nearly always a pronounced preapical 


le 


Species of Eviocera tn the British Museum, 97 


notch on the outer clasper, due to the abrupt narrowing of 
the shaft a little before the tip; the side-pieces are shorter 
than in the other groups, and the penis is nearly always long 
and pointed, often curved or hook-like, its tip scarcely ever 
produced into two points. The tip of R, is always consider- 
ably longer than 7; Cu,a generally nearer the apex than the 
base of the discal cell; R2 always much longer than R,,;; 
Cu, generally quite short and more or less curved. Here, 
again, there are species with four or with five posterior cells, 
but the species in each of these categories are not all closely 
related. On the whole, the classification by wing-markings 
and by the presence or absence of leaden-coloured bands on 
the abdomen seems to give the best expression of the natural 
affinities of the species. The following groups may be 
recognised :— 

8. The chirothecata Group, including the three South- 
European species with five posterior cells and perhaps also 
unicolor, Meij., aud obscura, Big. In this group the only 
species known to me in the male sex is EH. schnusei (text- 
fig. 2h). This has a short penis and parameres of similar 
structure to those of the verticalis group ; in these respects, 
as well as in its coloration, it seems to connect the verticalis 
group with the dichroa group. Ou the other hand, the elon- 
gate second palpal joint of /. schnuset and L. waterstoni 
suggests a connection with the rubrescens group, through 
E. stricklandi. 1 am not acquainted with the type-species of 
Penthoptera (chirvthecata, Scop.) or Physecrania (obscura, 
Big.), but from the published figures both would seem to 
belong to the same group as schnusei; if so, these generic 
names will be synonymous. This group may perhaps be 
regarded as representing the ancestral type of the genus, 
and as having given rise on the one hand to the verticalis 
group and on the other to the dichroa group. 

9. The dichroa Group may be regarded as including all the 
species with blackish unmarked wings, and an entirely dull, 
partly orange abdomen. In a number of species, but not 
all, the first antennal joint is short. In the venation, R; is 
perfectly straight, its terminal section much longer than r. 
The outer clasper has a well-marked preapical notch ; the 
parameres are bilobed, both lobes pointing inwards, but the 
ventral lobe straighter and longer than the dorsal; the penis 
rather long and pointed, but straight. (This applies to 
scutellata and shiraki; but a male of semilimpida examined 
appeared to have no penis; it may have beeu broken off.) 
EE. maculiventris, Brun., is given as a synonym of £. semi- 
limpida, Brun., on the authority of Brunetti (in letter), 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 7 


98 On Briocera in the British Museum. 


though the descriptions do not quite agree, especially as 
regards the thorax. 

Closely allied to the dichroa group, and certainly not 
separable from it subgenerically, are: (a) the dicolur group, 
with similar claspers, side-pieces, and parameres to those of 
the dichroa group, but with the penis somewhat longer and 
more curved; (6) the morosa group, with hypopygium 
similar to that of the bicolor group, but with quite different 
coloration ; (¢) the albonotata group, with three apical wing- 
spots, deep preapical notch on outer clasper, parameres 
almost simple, the dorsal lobe represented by a small back- 
wardly-projecting tooth, penis straight ; (d) the albipunctata 
group, with one apical wing-spot, side-pieces swollen at the 
base beneath, parameres broader than in the albonotata group 
(text-fig. 2f), penis more or less curved; (e) the infiwa 
group (E. infiza, EH. borneana, and probably some other 
species with dull abdomen and ornate wings), with hypo- 
pygium resembling that of the albonotata group, but 
preapical notch of outer clasper less well-marked. 

I do not know E. javensis (Dol.), but if, as seems likely, it 
is nearly related to EZ. infixa, the name Oligomera could be 
applied to the whole of this group, if it could be satisfactorily 
distinguished from the chirothecata group, which hardly 
seems possible. 

10. 4. lunigera (Walk.) has several peculiarities in its 
hypopygium (text-fig. 2g). The side-pieces have a small 
rounded basal lobe studded with small blunt black spines; 
the outer clasper almost regularly narrowed to the tip, 
which is searcely bent; the penis is very short and broad, 
but somewhat curved ; the parameres with strong backwardly 
projecting basal tooth. Walker’s type of optadilis has now 
nothing left but the head and thorax; these, however, agree 
exactly with EH. lunigera, so that the two names most 
probably apply to the same species. 

11. Zhe plumbicincta Group, including the seven species 
under heading 88 inthe key. All these are evidently closely 
allied, and, apart from the similarity of wing-markings 
(which is obscured but not obliterated in E. chr ysomela by 
the development of yellow colour on the basal half) and in 
the abdominal banding, they agree in the presence and 
somewhat unusual length of cell M;. The hypopygium is 
remarkable for the great length of the penis (see descriptions 
of the new species, and text-figs. 2a, 2b, 2c); the outer 
claspers (text-fig. la) have the preapical nobel unusually 
small, the tip scarcely bent ; the side-pieces of all the species 


EDWARDS. 


13 


15 


16 


17 


Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VIII. Pl. 


WINGS OF FORMOSAN TIPULID5. 


a) 


OD 


10 


11 


14 


18 


19 


+ 9 4 
~ 


; 
\ 
4 
rv 
‘a 


A 
ak 


aN a ae 


On new and little-known Tipulide. 99 


examined have more or less distinct basal lobes beset with 
spines, somewhat as in L. lunigera. 

12. The nepalensis Group, including the eight species from 
decorata to hilpa in the key, is evidently nearly allied to the 
plumbicincta group, in spite of possessing only four poster ior 
cells, The type of abdominal marking is very similar, the 
grey bands in the midde of tergites 2-5, which are so con- 
spicuous in this group, being distinctly traceable in some of 
the members of the plumbicincta group. The relationship is 
also indicated in the hypopygium, the penis being rather 
long and hooked (text-fig. 2d), though not nearly so long as 
in the plumbicincta group. ‘The side-pieces, however, have no 
trace of spiny basal lobes. L. sauteriana and LE. leucotela 
have a hypopygium similar to that of H. nepalensis. The 
name Pterocosmus would be available for this group, the ty pe- 
species being P. velutinus (= EH. nepalensis), Both West- 
wood’s and Walker’s types are in fairly good condition in the 
Oxford and British Museums respectively. 

The nepalensis group seems to be connected with the 
dichroa group through the morosa group. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fies. 1-12. 
Wings of Old-World species of Eriocera. 


Fig. 1. Eriocera fusca, Edw. xX 3. 

Fig. 2. E.umbripennis, sp.n. X 2°65. 

Fig. 3. £. robinson, sp.n. xX 2°5. 

Fig. 4. E. flavicosta, sp.n. xX 2°5. 

Fig. 5. E. kempt, Brun., var. n. longior. X 2°5. 

Fig. 6. E. albonotata, Lw., var. n. . crtrocastanea, 36 2'5. 
Fig. 7. £. chrysomela,sp.n. xX 3 

fig. 8. E. trimaculata,sp.n. X a: 

Fig. 9. E. combinata, Walk. xX 3. 


Fig. 10. E. leucotela, Walk. x 8. 
Fig. 11. E. infiva, Walk. x 3. 
Fig. 12. E. borneana, sp.n. X 3. 


IV.—New and little-known Vipulide, chiefly from Formosa.— 
Part II. By F. W. Epwarps. 
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
[Plate X. figs. 13-19.] 
Tus paper is a continuation of one published by the writer 
under the above title in 1916 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 
XVlil. pp. 245-269, pl. xii.), and deals chiefly with a further 
consignment of crane-flies received from Dr. T. Shiraki, 
7 


e 


100 Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


chief Entomologist of the Agricultural Experimental 
Station, Taiboku, Formosa, early in 1920, who has again 
generously presented all the types to the British Museum. 

As in the previous paper, a few additional crane-flies 
from the Oriental and Eastern Palearctic regions have 
been dealt with ; in this case, these all belong to the genus 
Ctenacroscelis. 

The bibliography concerning Formosan Tipulide has been 
given in full by Alexander in a recent paper (Ann. Ent. Soe. 
Amer. xili. pp. 249-270, Sept. 1920), and need not be 
quoted again here, but since, with those mentioned below, 
over 100 species have now been recorded from the island, it 
may be of use at this juncture to enumerate them. 


List of the Crane-flies hitherto recorded from Formesa. 


Ptychopteride. Teucholabis nigerrima, Edw. (= 
Ptychoptera distincta, Brun. unicolor, Ried.). f 
—_ cf, japonica, Alex. Paratropeza_ (Gymnastes) ornati- 

pennis (Meij.). 
Tipulide. | —— ( ) shirakii, Alex. 
LIMNOBIIN2. } ( ) hyalipennis, Alex. 
| Atarba pallidicornis, Edw. 


LIMNOBIINI. : 3 
= : Suseicornis, Edw. 

Dicranomyra fulloway?, Alex. | Antocha javanensis, Alex. 

| punctulata, Meij. | : . 
puncticosta, Brun. ERtoprerini. 
convergens, Mei). Gonomyia (Gonomyta) metatarsata, 
alticola, Edw. Meij. 

—— pleurilineata, Ried. —— ( ) pruinosa, Alex. 
mygrithoraa, Brun. | —— (Lipophleps) gracilis, Skuse. 
tenella, Meij. ( ) nebulosa, Meij. 

Thrypticomyia saltans (Dol.). Gnophomyia (Gnophomyia) orien- 

Geranomyia septemnotata, Edw. talis, Meij. 

[ pulchripennis, Brun. | —— ( ) stmilis, Edw. 
argentifera, Meij. | ——( ) strenua, Brun. 
atrostriata, sp. 0. | == | ) nigra, Brun. 

[ montana, Meij.| —— (Dasymallomyia) signata, 

Limnobia nigriceps (Wulp) (= rect- Brun. 

angularis (Ried.). Styringomyia formosana, Edw. 


ceylonica, Edw. 
lava, Brun. 
Jlavitarsis, Alex. 


wvanthopteroides, Ried, 
nitobet, Edw. 
atridorsum, Alex. 


umbrata, Mei}. | Ormosia (Rhypholophus) formo- 
Libnotes regalis, Edw. Sanus, Sp. D. 
- transversalis, Meij. _ Molophilus costalis, Edw. 


niyripes, Sp. D. 


limpida, Edw. 
Taseocera fragilicornis, Ried. 


ANTOCHINI. Erioptera (Empeda) nigroapicalis, 
Helius nigriceps (Edw.). Alex. 
? unicolor, Brun. | —— ( ) minuscula, Alex. 
barbatus, sp. Nn. _ —— (Lrioptera) insignis, Edw. 
Teucholabis fenestrata, O.-S. —— ( ) alboguttata, Edw. 


tnornata, Ried. —— (——) flava, Brun. 


new and little-known Tipulide. 101 


f 


Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) trente- DoLIcHOPEZINI. 


pohli (Wied.). | Dolichopeza ? orientalis, Brun. 
—— ( ) albogeniculata (Brun.). | Nesopeza gracilis, Meij. 
(Mongoma) pennipes, O.-S, Oropeza sauteri, Ried. 


Conosia irrorata (Wied.). 


TIPULINI. 
LIMNOPHILINI. | Brithura conifrons, Edw. 
Limnophila (Limnophila) incon- | Longurto rubriceps, Edw. 
cussa, Alex. Ctenacroscelts clavipes, sp. Nn. 


— ( ) nigronitida, sp. n. similis, sp. 0. 
—— (Dicranophragma) formosa, | { sikkimensis, End. ] 
Alex. s Tipula holoserica, Mats. (= rufo- 
(Ephelia) fascipennis, Brun. media, Edw. = nigrorubra, 
Epiphragma kemp’, Brun. Ried.). 


coguilletti, End. 


EXATOMINI. | nova, Walk. (=nohirai, Mats. 

H | , Walk hirat, Mat 

Eriocera verticalis, Wied. =fumifasciata, Brun.). 
nigrina, Ried. — formosicola, Alex. 


yamata, Alex. 


sautertana, Kind, TELE 
| —— shiraki, Edw. 


rubriceps, Edw. 


shiraki, Edw. | —— tridentata, Alex. 
[ testacea, Brun. | Ss pluriguttata, Alex. 


bicornuta, Alex. 
subapterogyne, Alex. 
| Jlavicosia, sp. Nn. 

—— quadrifulva, sp. n. 
| ——- d¢serra, sp. n. 
terebrata, sp. n. 
arisanensis, Sp. N. 
Nephrotoma virgata (Coq.). 
eitrina (Edw.). 


—— lygropis, Alex. 


PEDICUNI. 


Rhaphidolabis brunettii, Edw. 
Tricyphona formosana, Alex. 


TIPULINZ. 


CTENOPHORINI. 
Pselliophora ctenophorina, Ried. — | [_—— serricornis, Brun. ] 
delta, Walk. 


hoppo, Mats. (=semirufa, | 
Edw.). Jjavensis (Dol.). 
scalator, Alex. [ bombayensis, Mcq. | 
taprobanes, Walk, | parva (Kdw.). 
laneipes, sp. 0. Sormosensis, Edw. 
Dictenidia formosana, Alex. hee palloris, Coq. | 


The ten species mentioned in square brackets have been 
recorded by Riedel; their occurrence in Formosa requires 
confirmation, since in each case it is possible or probable 
that the species concerned was really the one immediately 
preceding in the above list. 


LiMnosBiinz&. 


LIMNOBIINI. 


Geranomyia atrostriata, sp. n. 


Head, including antennz and proboscis, blackish. Front 
very narrow, almost linear. Flagellar joints approximately 
equal, oval, last joint narrow and pointed. Verticils not 


102 Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


longer than the joints. Proboscis about as long as head 
and thorax together. Zhoraz blackish grey, slightly shining 
in certain lights; two dull black lines on the posterior half 
of the prescutum, interrupted at the suture, and continued 
across the scutum. Shoulders, wing-attachment, and most 
of sternopleura tinged with ochreous. Abdomen blackish 
above, ochreous below; hypopygium brownish ochreous, 
fleshy claspers elongate-oval, quite twice as long as the side- 
pieces ; upper claspers small, deeply bifid, both branches 
curved, the outer one sharp-pointed, the inner with rounded 
tip. Legs dark brown; coxze and trochanters ochreous. 
Wings slightly brownish-tinged ; stigma dark brown; very 
small brown clouds at base of Rs and at tip of Se. Sc, close 
to tip of Se, ; the usual accessory cross-vein present con- 
necting Sc and R; Ks nearly straight, longer than basal 
section of Re,3; discal cell elongate, more than twice as 
long as broad, and somewhat longer than the veins beyond 
it ; Cu,a just before base of discal cell. Costal fringe very 
short, shorter than the fringe of the hind margin. Halteres 
with ochreous stem and dark brown kuob. 

Length of body (excluding proboscis) 6 mm.; wing 
7 mm.; proboscis 2°2 mm. 

Formosa: Ringaurin, Nanto, 18.xu.1916 (7. Shiraki), 
oe 

This species seems most nearly allied to G. montana, Mei)., 
differing in the short costal fringe and the two black lines 
on the thorax. 


Libnotes limpida, Edw. 
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. p. 855 (1916). 


Formosa: Arisan, 25. iv. 1917 (T. Shiraki). Two females, 
agreeing closely with the type from the Malay States. 


Libnotes transversalis, Mei}. 
Tijd. v. Ent. lix. p. 198 (1916). 
Formosa: Arisan, 25.iv. 1917 (T. Shiraki), 12. 
The specimen agrees closely with de Meijere’s description. 
Although superficially very similar to L. limpida, it is really 
quite distinct. 


ANTOCHINI. 
Helius [Rhamphidia| nigriceps (Kdw.). 
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvii. p. 358 (1916). 
Formosa: Arisan, 24.iv. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 18,12. 


new and little-known Tipulide. 103 


Somewhat larger and darker than the original Siamese 
specimens, but identical in structure. 


Helius barbatus, sp.n. (Text-fig.) 


Closely allied to H. nigriceps, Edw., differing only in the 
structure of the antenne and hypopygium. ‘The antennze 
are about as long as the head and proboscis together, the 
first three or four flagellar joints swollen, markedly broader 
than long, the next few joints gradually narrower but no 
longer, all with rather short dense hair ; the last six joints 
long and very slender (especially the last) and each provided 
with a few long hairs, more than twice as long as the joint 


Helius barbatus, sp. n. 
Male hypopygium from above. x 40, 


bearing them. Hypopygium: ninth tergite produced into 
two conspicuous hairy points. The eversible anal segment 
with four narrow chitinous strips. Tips of side-pieces with 
long dense yellowish hair, the hairs microscopically serrate. 
Both pairs of claspers very broad, the outer one with the 
usual black bifid tip, and also with a double membranous 
lobe on the inner side. 
Formosa: Arisan, 24,iv.1917 (7. Shiraki), 13. 


ERIOPTERINI. 
Ormosia (Rhypholophus) formosanus, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen uniformly dark brownish, the 
abdomen somewhat darker ; pubescence inconspicuous, pale. 
Palpi black. Antenne dark brown, flagellar joints all 
shortly oval. Ovipositor reddish ; genital valves long, 


104 Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


almost reaching tips of the gently curved anal valves. 
Legs dark brown, with a slight purplish sheen ; front and 
middle femora with a narrow ring of yellowish pubescence 
before the tip, and another much narrower still at the 
extreme tips. (Hind legs missing.) Wings with the vena- 
tion of /. varius, Mg. Cord somewhat darkened, but no 
clear spot in cell FR, beyond the stigma. /alteres pale 
yellow, apical half of knob pure white. 

Length of body 3:2 mm.; wing 4°8 mm. 

Formosa : Noko, 11. v.1919 (7. Shiraki),19. 

Apparently closely allied to R. pulcher, Brun., from 
which it differs in the unicolorous thorax. 


Molophilus nigripes, sp. n. 

Head dull dark grey. Palpi black. Antenne longer than 
thorax, blackish ; flagellar jomts all rather elongate-oval, 
gradually and slightly diminishing in length, with one or 
two longish stiff hairs near base, and clothed in addition, 
except at base and tip, with long soft pubescence, about 
as long as the jomt which bears it. Thorax dull black, 
with short black pubescence; a whitish line at margin 
of mesonotum. Abdomen black, slightly shining, with 
moderately long yellowish pubescence. Hypopygium : 
ventral lobe of side-piece long and narrow. Claspers long, 
rather slender, nearly straight; upper pair sharp-pointed, 
lower pair with rounded tips. Aidceagus not visible ex- 
ternally. Leys blackish, the trochanters yellow. Wings 
slightly greyish; costa and radial vein yellowish; hair 
rather light brown, paler towards costa. Ax ending slightly 
beyond fork of Cu. Halteres yellow. 

Length of body 3:2 mm, ; wing 4°8 mm. 

Formosa: Noko, 1l.v. 1919 (7. Shiraki), 12. 

The only other described Oriental species with similar 
autennee is M. assamensis, Brun., which has yellow legs. 


LIMNOPHILINI. 
Epiphragma kempi, Brun. 
Ree. Ind. Mus. viii. p. 155 (1913). 
Formosa: Arisan, 25.iv.1919 (7. Shiraki), 12. 


Limnophila nigronitida, sp. n. 


Head black, slightly dusted with grey. Palpi and antennee 
black; antenne shorter than the thorax ; flagellar joints 


new and little-known Tipulide. 105 


roundish, somewhat more convex below, apical joints not 
much smaller than the basal ones; verticils about as long 
as the joints. Thorax and abdomen uniformly shining black, 
only the pleurz slightly grey-dusted and the ovipositor 
reddish. Legs black, the femora and tibiz brownish except 
at tips. Wings slightly greyish, unmarked except for the 
darker grey stigma. Sc ending distinctly in costa; Sc, near 
tip of Se, ; 7 about its own length from tip of R,, and at 
about mid-length of R,; R,,; very short; Rs rather long 
and nearly straight ; the three veins closing the upper basal 
cell rather thick and about equal in length ; cell J/, absent ; 
cross-vein m very oblique, longer than basal section of M3. 
Cu,a before middle of discal cell. Halteres light yellow. 

Length of body about 5 mm. : wing 6 mm. 

Formosa : Funkiko, 23.11.1917 (T. Shiraki), 19. 

Among described Oriental species this can only be com- 
pared with LZ. guartarius, Brun., which has a similar venation, 
but is quite different in colour. 


TIPULINE. 
CreNOPHORINILI. 


Pselliophora laneipes, sp. n. (PI. X. fig. 14.) 


Head orange, with black hair on the vertex, brownish to 
golden hair on the face and rostrum. Palpi with the three 
basal segments brownish, black-haired ; terminal segment 
yellowish, black at the base and tip. Antennz with the 
basal segment orange, with a dark brown stripe on the outer 
side; remainder black, except for the tips of the flagellar 
jouts, which are light brownish. Thorax bright orange ; 
preescutum with three distinct black stripes, the middle one 
entire, the lateral ones continued across the scutum. 
Scutellum with rather long and dense brownish-orange hair. 
Abdomen orange ; a narrow black median stripe on tergites 
2-4, interrupted with orange on the posterior margins of 
the segments, and continuous with the narrow black lateral 
posterior borders of these segments; venter similar. 
Hypopygium black. Ninth tergite with two rounded lobes, 
each provided with a long dense tuft of dark brown hair 
(much longer than in P. scalator, Alex.). Ninth sternite 
much as in P. scalator (deeply bilobed, each lobe with a 
strong smooth spine on its inner side). Eighth sternite 
produced into a cup-shaped process similar to that of 
P. scalator, but shorter. Outer claspers pointed, not square- 


106 Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


ended as in P. scalator. Legs with the cox and trochanters 
bright orange, the femora orange with the tips rather 
narrowly black; tibize and tarsi almost black. Front and 
middle femora with short black pubescence, hence appearing 
dark ; hind femora with almost entirely orange pubescence, 
which on the inner side of basal half is very long and dense 
(as in males of the very differently coloured P. divisa, Brun., 
and P. speciosa, Edw.). Hind tibize with a rather narrow 
yellowish ring near the base. Wings resembling those of 
P. scalator (see Pl. X. figs. 13 & 14) in their black and 
yellow pattern, but all the apical cells of the wimg are con- 
spicuously yellow basally in their centres. Rs conspicuously 
spurred near base ; cell M, rather broadly sessile ; cells Cu, 
and Cu, of equal breadth at the margin; m-—cu distinct. 
Halteres orange ; knob with a black spot at the base above. 

Length of body 17mm. ; wing 15X5 mm. 

Formosa: Taito, 25. 1.-27. in. 1919 (S. Inamura, 
J. Sonan, M. Yoshino), 13. Related to P. scalator, Alex., 
differing chiefly in the hypopygium and hind femora. 


DoLtcHOPEZINI. 


Dolichopeza sp., ef. orientalis, Brun. 
Fauna Brit. Ind., Nematocera, p. 354 (1915). 


Formosa: Ringaurin, Nanto, 18. xil.1916 (7. Shiraki), 
1g. Very similar to D. orientalis, Brun., but probably 
distinct, the white on the legs being less extensive. The 
specimen, however, is too damaged for purposes of 
description. 


Tt ProUL NI 


Tipula flavicosta, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 15.) 


Head ash-grey, with a narrow black median line ; sides of 
rostrum and palpi black. Nasus short,simple. Antennas 
long as the thorax, with the first three joints pale ochreous, 
the rest black. First flagellar jomt nearly twice as long as 
the second, slightly longer even than the first scapal, nearly 
cylindrical ; remaining flagellar joints (except the small 
terminal one) all about equal in length, very slightly 
enlarged at the base; verticils shorter than the joints. 
Thorax almost bare, ash-grey ; preescutum with three slightly 
darker stripes, the middle one divided by a dark line; 
scutellum and postnotum dark grey. Abdomen somewhat 
shining, dark brownish, the last few segments almost black, 


new and little-known Tipulide. 107 


no distinct markings. Ninth tergite large, with a rather 
small median V-shaped notch. Eighth sternite large, square- 
ended, nearly covering the ninth. Outer claspers ochreous, 
broadly expanded at base, almost triangular. Inner claspers 
ochreous in the middle, with strongly blackened pointed 
tips ; at the base with a strong straight sharp spine, and 
between this and the main portion a small flat horizontal 
lobe with a rounded edge. Legs black, only the coxe grey 
and the extreme base of the femora yellowish. Wings 
(see Pl. X. fig. 15) with the base and the costal and subcostal 
cells and the veins bordering them yellow, otherwise greyish 
with some clear markings and dark-bordered veins. Tip of 
R, entirely atrophied beyond the cross-vein ; m—cu very 
distinct. Halteres yellow. 

Length of body 9mm.; wing 11 mm. 

Formosa: Noko, 1]. v. 1919 (7. Shiraki), 12. 

Nearly related to the Japanese YT. trupheoneura, Alex. 
(which is known only from the female), but differs in the 
pale first jomt of the antennz, simple nasus, darker 
legs, ete. 


Tipula quadrifulva, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 19.) 


Head: front bright ochreous on the upper part, whitish 
yellow just above the antennez ; vertex brownish ochreous, 
darker in the middle, with a blackish median line which 
does not extend on to the front. Rostrum ochreous with 
rather narrow blackish lateral stripes. Palpi brownish. 
Antenne with the scape ochreous, flagellum blackish. First 
scapal joint elongate, twice as long as the first flagellar. 
Verticils longer than the jomts. Flagellar joints (except 
the first) sliglitly swollen at the base; third and fourth 
equal] in length, slightly longer than the first or second ; 
last jot minute. Thorax: prescutum with four distinct 
dark olive-brown stripes, which have their outer borders 
slightly, their inner borders considerably, darkened ; inter- 
spaces between the stripes pale greyish ochreous, with rather 
long fine yellowish hair. Scutum whitish grey on the front 
margin, the usual two large dark marks olive-brown, 
darkened on their anterior and inner edges. Scutellum and 
postnotum long-haired, greyish ochreous, with a conspicuous 
blackish-brown median line. Pleurz uniformly ochreous. 
Abdomen with segments 1-4 ochreous-orange ; 5-8 blackish, 
with the hind margins narrowly pale; tergites 5-8 together 
scarcely longer than tergite 4. Sternite 8 with its posterior 
corners produced into two short lobes, which are made more 


108 Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


conspicuous by being clothed with long yellowish hair, the 
middle part of the sternite convex. Ninth tergite with a 
rather small median projection, which is bifid and covered 
apically with small black spines. Legs blackish, femora 
ochreous towards the base. Wings with a conspicuous 
pattern (see Pl. X. fig. 19). Halteres ochreous-brown, knob 
mostly pale yellowish. 

Length of body 14 mm.; wing 18 mm. 

Formosa: Musha, 10. v.1917 (7. Shiraki), 13. 

Evidently nearly allied to 7. marmoratipennis, Brun., 
1’. serricornis, Alex., and other species of the same large aud 
rather difficult group. The wing-markings are extremely 
similar to those of the two species named, but the hypo- 
pygium differs. 


Tipula biserra, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 18.) 


Head ochreous, a roughly diamoud-shaped dark mark on 
the vertex, continued forwards almost to base of antenne; 
sides of rostrum somewhat darkened. Palpi blackish, the 
tips of the joints light brown. Antenne ochreous, flagellar 
joints slightly enlarged and distinctly blackened at the base ; 
verticils a little longer than the joints. First flagellar joint 
a little shorter than the first scapal; second and third 
flagellar joints distinctly shorter than the first and fourth ; 
last joint minute. Zhorax dull greyish brown, the pre- 
scutum with three dark brown stripes, which have slightly 
darker edges, the median stripe divided by an indistinct pale 
line. Scutellum and postnotum with a dark brown median 
line, not very conspicuous. Pubescence short and incon- 
spicuous. Abdomen elongate, ochreous-brown, with con- 
tinuous median and lateral dark brown longitudinal stripes. 
Ninth tergite long, almost equal to the long anal valves of 
the ovipositor; these latter almost straight, with two keels 
on the outer face, both of which are conspicuously serrate, 
the inner face hairy. Genital valves very short, not reach- 
ing base of anal valves. Legs dark brown ; femora somewhat 
lighter, with black apical rings. Wings as in Pl. X. fig. 18 ; 
note particularly the uniformly brown apex, and the shape of 
the pale markings in the lower basal cell. Halteres blackish ; 
base of stem ochreous, tip of knob yellowish. 

Length of body 23 mm.; wing 20 mm. 

Formosa: Arisan, 24. iv. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 19. 

Though this species is also obviously related to 7. serri- 
cauda, Alex., and 7. serridens, Alex., the resemblance is not 


new and little-known Tipulide. 109 


so close as in the case of 7. quadrifulva, since the wing- 
markings show obvious differences. The two rows of teeth 
on each anal valve of the ovipositor have not been described 
in any other species, but may have been overlooked. 


Tipula terebrata, sp. n. (Pl. X. fig. 16.) 


Head brownish ochreous, sides of rostrum rather darker, 
the long nasus almost blackish. A black stripe extending 
from between antenne almost to nape. Scape of antennz 
ochreous, flagellum black. First flagellar joint shorter than 
first scapal, but nearly as stout; second and third flagellar 
joints slightly shorter than the first and fourth; remaining 
joints scarcely perceptibly enlarged at the base; verticils 
about as long as the jomts. Thorax rather dark greyish 
buff, with short and inconspicuous pubescence. Preescutum 
with four olive-green stripes, which have conspicuously 
darker margins ; the inner margins of the two middle stripes 
fused in front and almost black. Scutellum and postnotum 
with a sharply defined blackish median line. <Addomen 
ochreous-brown with a broad median and narrow lateral 
black longitudinal stripes ; extreme side-margins of tergites 
whitish. Ninth tergite very long, longer even than the anal 
valves ; these latter thick at the base, not flattened, almost 
straight, without any trace of serration on the outer keels ; 
genital valves well-developed, but still not quite reaching 
the base of the anal valves. Legs moderately stout, blackish, 
femora brown except for the rather broad black apical rings. 
Wings as in Pl. X. fig. 16; note the conspicuous pale area 
round Rs. Ha/lteres ochreous, base of knob blackish. 

Length of body 22 mm.; wing 21 mm. 

Formosa: Musha, 10. v.1917 (7. Shiraki), 192. 

Though similar in general appearance to the two above 
described, this species is really very dist:nct from either. 
It seems to be related to the Japanese 7. terebrina, Alex., 
which is described as having a similar ovipositor. 


Tipula arisanensis, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 17.) 


Head ochreous with a median longitudinal black line. 
Palpi blackish. Antenne with the scape ochreous ; first 
flagellar joint much shorter than first scapal, ochreous, 
darkened in the middle; second, third, and fourth flagellar 
joints each shorter than the first or fifth, brownish ochreous, 
blackened at the base; remaining joints blackish brown, 


ho Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


slightly swollen at the base ; all flagellar joints except the 
first and last with two moderately long hairs above, none 
below. Thorax brownish ochreous; the prescutum with 
three darker brown stripes, without dark borders, the middle 
stripe divided posteriorly by a pale line. Scutal lobes each 
with two separate dark brown spots. Scutellum and post- 
notum with a dark brown median stripe, most conspicuous 
when viewed from in front. Abdomen brown with rather 
obscure darker brown median and lateral longitudinal 
stripes ; apical corners of tergites pale. Ninth'tergite very 
long, longer than the anal] valves, these of the normal form, 
flattened, pointed, only slightly enlarged at the base, without 
distinct outer keels. Genital valves well-developed, just 
reaching base of anal valves. Wings as in PI. X. fig. 17; note 
the rather long fusion of Cu, and M;. AHalteres ochreous, 
base of knob blackish. 

Length of body 13 mm.; wing 14mm. 

Formosa: Arisan, 24. v. 1917 (7. Shiraki), 22. 

I have not been able to trace a previous description of 
this species. The wing-markings are very similar to those 
of T. quasimarmoratipennis, Brun., which evidently belongs 
to the same group. 


Tipula demarcata, Brun. 
Rec. Ind. Mus. vi. p. 259 (1911). 


Formosa: Suisha, Nanto, 22. xu. 1916 (7. Shiraki), 12, 
129 

The female agrees closely with a female in the British 
Museum from ‘l'rincomali, Ceylon (Lt.-Col. Yerbury), and 
also with Brunetti’s rather imperfect description ; the species 
is one of a group which is rather numerous in the Oriental 
region, distinguished by the unicolorous wings and very 
narrow axillary cell. J. demarcata is distinguished from 
the other species known to me by the grey thoracic pleure, 
contrasting noticeably with the brown dorsum. Other 
nearly allied species are 7’. sulaica, Walk., T. vilis, Walk., 
T. walkeri, Brun. (fulvipennis, Walk.), T. gedehicola, Alex., 
T. kurinchiensis, Kdw., etc. Some of these show good 
specific distinctions in the antenne. 

It may be noted here that Brunetti’s Pachyrhina demarcata 
is also a Tipula, and requires renaming. I suggest Vipula 
sessilis, nom. nov., basing the name on a male and female 
in the British Museum from the Nilgiri Hills, 6700 ft., 
8. xii. 1887 (Sir G. F. Hampson). 


new and little-known 'Tipulide. iB | 


Nephrotoma delta (Walker). 


Tipula delta, Walker, Ins. Saund. i. p. 445 (1856). 
Pachyrhina dorsopunctata, Brunetti, Rec. Ind. Mus, vi. p. 265 (1911). 


Formosa : Chyoshu, 21. xi. 1916 (7. Shiraki), 19. 
Agrees well with Walker’s type and with Brunetti’s 
description. 


CrenackoscELis, Enderlein, 


The species dealt with below all belong to the brobdig- 
nagius group, the members of which are distinguished by 
their great size, brownish wings without conspicuous mark- 
ings, vein Cu more or less dark-bordered, especially about 
the fork, and a narrow dark stripe on the ochreous pleurze 
extending from the neck to below the wing-base; the 
prescutum has three almost confluent blackish-grey stripes, 
the middle one more or less distinctly divided by a dark 
line ; the antenne, except for the apical part of the flagellum, 
are light ochreous, and have the verticillate hairs very short, 
sometimes barely perceptible. 

The umbrinus group shows a very similar coloration, but 
the insects are much smaller, the first joint of the antennz 
is dark, and the prescutum generally has four dark stripes, 
the middle pair separated by a narrow pale line. 

The prepotens group (prepotens, Wied., monochrous, 
Wied., rev, Alex., etc.) differs from the brobdignagius group 
in the absence of the dark pleural stripe. There is a female 
specimen of C. prepotens (Wied.) in the British Museum 
from Java, which is amply distinct from all the species of 
the brobdignagius group: the prescutum has four distinct 
dark stripes ; the wings, apart from the yellowish stigma, 
are uniformly greyish, without a trace of darkening on vein 
Cu. Doubtless a number of species have been confused 
under the name prepotens, and its range is not likely to be 
so extensive as has been supposed. The specimen recorded 
by Walker from Nepal is not this species, but apparently 
C’. dives (Brun.) or a very closely allied species; another 
example in the British Museum labelled prepotens is in 
reality C. jfulvolateralis (Brun.) (? = sikkimensis, End.). 
Both these species belong to the brobdignagius group. 


Ctenacroscelis clavipes, sp. n. 


Head rather deep ochreous above, dark grey behind the 
eyes ; pale ochreous beneath ; sides of rostrum dark brown; 


112 Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


the usual blackish dot over the base of each antenna. 
Antenne with the first few joints ochreous; flagellum 
mostly dark ; first flagellar joint slender, as long as the first 
secapal, second and third shorter, almost cylindrical; the 
following joints somewhat couvex beneath. Thorax coloured 
much as in the other species of the group. Middle prescutal 
stripe reaching front margin; pronotum with a dark spot 
above; scutellum yellowish with two dark spots, nearly 
contiguous, close to base; postnotum mostly dark brownish, 
more or less grey-dusted, a narrow median grey line 
enlarging at the tip into a grey spot. Abdomen dark 
brownish dorsally, with a rather broad ochreous median 
stripe, which is not distinctly traceable beyond the apex of 
the second tergite; rather narrow pale ochreous lateral 
stripes ; venter pale, especially towards the base. Hypo- 
pygium: ninth tergite bilobed, the median excavation 
broadly V-shaped, each lobe on its outer face with a tuft of 
long golden hairs. Eighth sternite with the usual semi- 
circular excavation, with yellow hairs which are not very 
conspicuous. Outer clasper a little over twice as long as 
broad, almost square-ended, without conspicuous yellow 
hairs projecting inwards from its base. Inner claspers 
clubbed on the apical half. Ovipositor reddish; anal valves 
long, slender, straight, hairy beneath. Legs brownish 
ochreous, tarsi darker apically ; femora and tibie rather 
broadly black at the tips; tips of hind tibiew considerably 
swollen, especially in the male, in which sex the tip of the 
tibia for a distance of over a millimetre is more than twice 
the average diameter of the joint. Fifth tarsal joints of 
male modified in the usual way. Wings brownish-tinged, 
base, costal cell, stigma, and a suffusion in the base of the 
basal cells darker brown ; a slight suffusion round the fork 
of Cu and at the extreme tip of Ax; a faintly indicated pale 
area above the discal cell, just before the stigma. Cross- 
vein 7 before base of R, ; Rs equal to R.,3; stem of cell My 
very short, about one-eighth to one-sixth as long as the cell ; 
M, and M, parallel ; Cuya very oblique, fused for a short 
distance with M;. AHailteres blackish, base of stem ochreous. 

Length of body, g, 26-30 mm.; ¢,35 mm. Wing 
34—42 mm. 

Formosa: Koshun, 25. iv.—25. v. 1918 (J. Sonan, 
K. Miyake, and M. Yoshino), 1 3 (type). Taito, 25.u.— 
27.11.1917 (S. Inamura, J. Sonan, and M. Yoshino), 1 6. 
Kusukusu, 19. v. 1918 (K. Miyake), 192. Norra Caina 
(Fortune), 1 ¢. This last specimen is certainly conspecific 


—__ 


new and little-known Tipulide. 113 


with those from Formosa, but differs in having the pale 
median stripe of the abdomen narrower and more distinct, 
extending as far as the sixth tergite. 


Ctenacroscelis similis, sp. nu. 


Differs from C. clavipes as follows:—Flagellar joints 
almost cylindrical, scarcely convex beneath. Postnotum 
with a broad greyish median stripe, occupying about one- 
third of the width, sides dark brown. Anal valves of ovi- 
positor not hairy beneath. Femora with the black tips 
less clearly marked ; tibiz scarcely darkened and not at all 
swollen apically. Pale area above the discal cell reduced to 
a small dot before the stigma; costal cell and stigma not 
quite so dark. 

Formosa: Arisan, 24.iv.1917 (7. Shiraki), 1 2 (type); 
a second female without precise locality, captured 6. i111. 1908 
(A. EL. Wileman). 


Cienacroscelis fulvolateralis (Brun.) 
(? =sikkimensis, End.). 


This species is nearly related to the above-described 
C. similis, but the pronotum is scarcely darkened; the 
middle prescutal stripe does not quite reach the front 
margin (except for the dark line in its centre); the post- 
notum is mainly dark greyish, paler on its apical margin, 
dark brown only on its extreme lateral edges; the stigma is 
pale brown, somewhat lighter than the costal cell, and there 
is a suggestion of a pale band along the middle of the wing 
from the base of the axillary cell to just before the stigma. 
The antennz have distinct short verticillate hairs, and the 
flagellar joints convex beneath, as in C. clavipes, but the hind 
tibiee are not swollen at the tip in either sex. The male 
hypopygium has the ninth tergite more deeply bilobed than 
in C. clavipes, the lobes without conspicuous golden hair- 
tufts, the inner claspers conspicuously clubbed at the tips. 
British Museum material is from Upper § Burmah, Sikkim 
and Nepal. 


> 


Ctenacroscelis majesticus (Brun.). 


This is also nearly related to C. similis and C. fulvolateralis, 
the hind tibize not being enlarged or even darkened at the 
tips in either sex. From both these species it differs in the 
conspicuous ochreous patch just in front of the suture in 
the middle, the slightly but distinctly separated thoracic 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 8 


114 Mr. F. W. Edwards on 


stripes, and the almost uniformly coloured yellowish-brown 
wings, with hardly a trace of a stigma. The hypopygium 
has small golden hair-tufts on the lobes of the ninth tergite ; 
the inner claspers are not clubbed at the tip as in C. fulvo- 
lateralis. 'Vhe greyish-brown head; the sharply defined 
dark thoracic markings ; the darkened tips of the femora; 
and the position of 7, which joins R,,, well before the fork, 
will suffice to distinguish C. majesticus from C. fulvipes, sp. n. 

There are three males and one female in the British 
Museum from Sikkim: Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley, 1920 
(H. Stevens). The body-length of the males, exclusive of 
the head, varies from 20-30 mm. 


Ctenacroscelis brobdiynagius (Westw.). 


Westwood’s type male has the wings almost wholly 
yellowish brown, including the stigma; a small dark reddish- 
brown dot on each side of R,,3 close to its base ; the hind 
tibize are broadly black and somewhat swollen at the tip, but 
less so than in C. clavipes; the postnotum has a broad 
greyish-ochreous mediau stripe occupying quite half its 
width ; the pale median stripe of the abdomen is broad and 
is scarcely traceable beyond the first segment. 

Two males and a female from mountains 50 miles north- 
west of Chengtu, China (W. N. Fergusson), differ in having 
the wings more greyish brown; no dark dots at base of 
R,,3; the stigma and an area above and below it whitish, 
also the base of the axillary cell and a streak along each side 
of An whitish ; the pale stripe on the postnotum is narrower ; 
and the abdomen with a narrower and fairly distinct median 
pale stripe extending almost its whole length. I at first took 
these for a distinct species, which indeed they may be, but 
another male from Taipaishan, Shensi, 7. vili.05 (Lord 
Rothschild), is about as intermediate as possible. The hypo- 
pygium is similar to that of C. clavipes, but lacks the golden 
hair-tufts on the lobes of the ninth tergite, these being 
represented merely by a few short yellow hairs. The wing- 
length varies (independently of sex) from 40-49 mm. 


Ctenacroscelis fulvipes, sp. n. 


Head, including antennz, wholly ochreous, sides of 
rostrum darker ; palpi blackish (at least at base) ; antennz 
constructed as in brobdignagius aud clavipes. Thorax 
ochreous, the brown pleural stripe of the brobdignagius group 
narrow, but distinct ; preescutum with three broad greenish- 
brown stripes which are not dark-margined, the middle 


new and little-known 'Tipulidas. 115 


one just divided, the lateral stripes crossing the scutum. 
Scutellum and postnotum wholly greyish ochreous. <Adbdo- 
men brown, with an indistinct ochreous median longitudinal 
stripe, interrupted on the hind margins of the segments, and 
continuous lateral pale stripes. Ovipositor shining ochreous, 
anal valves slender, bare, but shorter and stouter than in 
C. brobdignagius, not greatly exceeding the genital. valves 
m length. Legs almost wholly fulvous, only the ctenidia, 
spurs, and extreme tips of the tibiz and tarsal joints black. 
Wings yellowish brown, costal cell and stigma concolorous ; 
a slight smoky appearance on the lower part of the cord; 
tips of cells A, and R, indistinctly pale, also bases of cells 
M, and 2nd M,; indistinct pale areas also in centres of 
cells An and Ax. Cross-vein r just touching base of R,; 
cell M, just sessile on one wing, with a just perceptible stalk 
on the other; M, and M,j slightly convergent. Halteres 
with blackish knob and ochreous stem. 

Length of body 82 mm. ; wing 37 x 8 mm. 

Caina: mountains 50 miles north-west of Chengtu 
(W. N. Fergusson), 1 2. In several respects, notably the 
absence of black tips to the femora, the colour of the post- 
notum, and the sessile cell M,, this is quite a distinct species 
of the brobdignagius group. 


Ctenacroscelis mikado (Westw.). 


This differs from the other members of the brobdignagius 
group in the colour of the postnotum, which is dark brown 
in the middle, ochreous at the sides. The abdomen shows 
no trace of a pale median stripe; the ninth tergite of the 
male has a short dense black pubescence round its apical 
margin. The British Museum possesses a male and female 
from Yokohama (H. Prior) and a female from Miyanoshita, 
Japan (Yerbury), which have been identified by comparison 
with Westwood’s type. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fries. 13-19. 
Wings of Formosan Tipulide. 


Fig. 138. Pselliophora scalator, Alex. xX 3. 
Fig. 14. P. laneipes, sp.n. X 3. 

Fig. 15. Tipula flavicosta, sp.n. X 2. 
Fig. 16. 7. terebrata, sp.n. xX 2. 

Fig. 17. T. arisanensis, sp.n. X 2. 

Fig. 18. T: biserra,sp.n. xX 2. 

Fig. 19.. T. quadrifulva, sp.n. X 2. 


116 Prof. C. Chilton on Abnormal Antenne 


V.—Two Examples of Abnormal Antenne in the Crustacea 
Amphipoda. By Cuas. Cuitron, M.A., D.Sc., M.B., 
C.M., LL.D., C.M.Z.S., F.L.8., Professor of Biology, 
Canterbury College, New Zealand. 


In 1918 I published a note on an abnormal uropod in the 
amphipod Orchestia marmorata, Haswell *. Since then, in 


i | rig. { 


Orchestia chiliensis, M.-Edwards. Antenne, showing the two additional 
joints in the peduncle of the second antenna. 


examining the Amphipoda of various collections, I have met 
with two examples of abnormal antennz. These have been 


* Journ, Zool. Research, vol. iii. p. 97. 


in the Crustacea Amphipoda. 117 


briefly mentioned in the reports on the collections concerned ; 
but a separate and somewhat fuller account seems desirable. 
Both examples occur in species belonging to the family 
Talitride, Stebbing (=Orchestide, auctorum) — namely, 
Orchestia chiliensis, Milne-Edwards, and Hyale brevipes, 
Chevreux, and in both cases it is the second or lower 
antenna that is abnormal. 

In Orchestia chiliensis the normal second antenna 1s 


So ht OR a 
aN | Ta 4 =e 
Set Ne Say eee 
ees 
Fi g. es 
Hyale brevipes, Chevreux. 


Fig. 2.—Second antenna, with abnormal appendage arising from fourth 
joint of peduncle. 
Fig. 2a.—The appendage more highly magnified. 


generally considered to contain five joints in the peduncle, 
the first and second being small and more or less fused with 
the head, the third distinct but short, and the fourth and 
fifth more elongated and generally subequal, the fifth being 
followed by the multiarticulate flagellum. The abnormal 
antenne were met with in a specimen of this species from 


118 Major E. E. Austen on the 


Juan Fernandez, collected by the Swedish South Pacific 
Expedition. The antenne are represented in fig. 1, from 
which it will be seen that in the second there are two addi- 
tional joints in the peduncle, these being subequal in length 
and a little longer than the normal fifth joint. Both the 
right and left second antennz have these two additional 
joints, the two antennz being quite symmetrical. Through 
the semitransparent integument of the last two joints of the 
peduncle, the muscles and other soft parts can be indistinctly 
seen to be much contracted, and throughout the whole of the 
last joint and the distal portion of the preceding joint they 


appear to be segmented; apparently this appearance is 


produced by the soft parts of the flagellum and terminal 
peduncular joints being retracted preparatory to the next 
moult, but there is nothing to indicate with certainty whether 
the antenna after the moult will have the abnormal number 
of joints or whether it will revert to the normal form. 

The second exampie occurs in a specimen of the small 
amphipod SHyale brevipes, Chevreux, from Chilka Lake, 
India, and is also in the second antenna. In the upper 
distal end of the fourth—that is, the penultimate—joint of 
the peduncle there projects upwards a small appendage 
nearly as long as the joint from which it arises. This 
appears to be separated from the joint by a distinct articu- 
lation ; it broadens near the base, but narrows again towards 
the rounded apex, which bears about six setules, as shown in 
fig. 2a. It bears some slight resemblance to a single-jointed 
secondary flagellum, but it arises on the second or lower 
antenna and from tle penultimate joint of the peduncle, 
while the normal secondary appendage always arises from 
the last peduncular joint of the upper antenna. It is possible, 
of course, that this abnormal appendage has been the result 
of some injury. In this case the abnormality occurred on 
the one antenna of the pair only. 


VI.—The Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly, Scatophaga sterco- 
raria, L. By Major E. i. Austen, D.S.O. 
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 

In a preface to a valuable paper on the Yellow Dung-Fly 
recently published by Mr. G. S. Cotterell *, Prof. Maxwell 


* “The Life-History and Habits of the Yellow Dung-Fly (Scatophaga 
stercorarta) ; a possible Blow-Fly Check.” By G.S. Cotterell. With 
a Preface by Prof. Maxwell Lefroy, F.Z.S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 
1920, pt. iv. pp. 629-647, figs. 1-14 (December, 1920). 


Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly. Hd, 


Lefroy remarks that observations made by him “show that 
while the fly preys on a large variety of Diptera, it specially 
attacks Calliphora and Musca.” He states further that 
S. stercoraria is ‘‘a constant and general feeder on the 
common species of Blow-fly in England throughout the 
season,” and he considers it to be ‘the most important 
direct enemy of the adult fly, a check which appears to be 
very effective in this country.” Prof. Lefroy proceeds to 
explain that the author of the paper “ investigated the best 
means of transporting this species to countries where 
Blow-fly is a serious pest to sheep, in the hope that it might 
be possible to utilise it as a check on Blow-fly.” “This 
has not been possible as yet,” writes Prof. Lefroy, “ but the 
species seems to have much value in this connection, and 
..... it is to be hoped it will eventually be made use of.” 

Anyone who knows anything of the importance and pre- 
valence of the Sheep Blow-fly pest in Australia is well aware 
of the urgent necessity of discovering an effective remedy. 
If S. stercoraria, a hardy and fairly prolific predaceous 
Dipteron, does indeed feed by preference upon Blow-jlies, aud 
if it can be relied upon, without any kind of adventitious aid 
and under natural conditions, always to attack and destroy 
Calliphora erythrocephala (the Common Blow-fly) at sight, 
Prof. Lefroy by suggesting its introduction has not only 
gone a long way towards solving the problem at issue, but 
has established a just claim to the gratitude of every sheep 
farmer in the Commonwealth. While it is obvious that, 
before any predaceous insect can be regarded as even a 
“ possible ” check upon an insect pest, 1t must be shown that 
the normal relations between the two are not unlike those 
between the domestic cat and the common mouse, it would 
seem to be a legitimate deduction from the remarks of 
Prof. Lefroy quoted above that, in England, the Yellow 
Dung-fly behaves towards the Common Blow-fly in the 
manner just indicated. 

Let us, however, briefly examine the available evidence 
as to the feeding-habits of S. stercoraria, and in particular 
let us see how far the experience of other observers is in 
agreement with that of Prof. Lefroy, whose statements have 
already been reproduced. Prof. Lefroy’s origmal obser- 
vations on the subject, at any rate, seem to have been made 
under artificial rather than under natural conditions, since 
he writes :—“‘The Yellow Dung-fly first showed itself in 
our work at the Zoological Society in 1915 in connection 
with methods of trapping flies: it came in numbers, per- 
sistently eating the adult Blow-flies, and seriously interfered 


120 Major E. E. Austen on the 


with experiments out of doors.” This statement, it must 
be admitted, leaves something to be desired, since it is not 
clear whether the Blow-flies, when attacked, were or were 
not at liberty. In the subsequent paper, however, all doubt 
is set at rest by Mr. Cotterell himself, who writes (loc. cit. 
p. 646) :—“ At the Zoological Gardens in 1915 Professor 
Lefroy’s experiments with fly-traps were interfered with by 
the abundance of the adult S. stercoraria that fed on the 
trapped flies, chiefly Blow-flies of the genus Calliphora.” 
Comment is scarcely needed, though it is perhaps per- 
missible to point out, merely by way of illustration, that 
should a hungry leopard happen to find itself shut up in a 
cage with a litter of young badgers, and should that happen 
which under the postulated conditions would be most likely 
to occur, it would be unwise to draw from the tragedy any- 
thing lke a dogmatic conclusion as to the favourite diet of 
Felis pardus. 

Now as to what happens in nature, concerning which Prof. 
Lefroy’s statements have been given above. Mr. Cotterell 
(loc. cit.) writes: —“ The food of the adults is very varied, 
but confined to other Diptera. The small Borborid fly 

_(Borborus equinus) appears to-be the chief article of diet in 
the field, chiefly as it breeds abundantly in horse excrement 
and as it passes the winter as an adult. Larger flies, how- 
ever, are preyed upon, such as Calliphora, Lucilia, M. domes- 
tica, ete.” It will be observed there is a curious discrepancy 
between the statements of Prof. Lefroy and of Mr. Cotterell, 
which as regards the most important detail are even mutually 
exclusive, since, while the former claims that S. stercoraria 
‘* specially attacks Calliphora and Musca,” the latter asserts 
that Borborus equinus, Fin. (a small, narrow-bodied, bronze- 
black fly, measuring some 4°5 mm. in length, and perhaps 
not one-twelfth of the bulk of an average specimen of 
Calliphora erythrocephala) “ appears to be the chief article 
OLdiet. 

The evidence bearing upon the prey of the Yellow Dung-fly 
published prior to Mr. Cotterell’s paper, albeit extremely 
scanty, does not support Prof. Lefroy’s contention. Thus, 
according to Kirby & Spence*, “ Scatophaga stercoraria and 
scybalaria ....feed upon small flies,....” Again, at a 
much later date, Prof. Poulton + gave records of the prey of 
seven specimens of Scafophaga stercoraria “as the result 
of the observations of five observers in several very different 

* ‘Introduction to Entomology,’ 5th ed. vol. i. p. 275 (1828).— 


Quoted by Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 394. 
{ Trans. Ent. Soe, Lond. 1906, pp. 891-392. 


Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly. 121 


British localities.’ The victims, all of which were Diptera, 
were as follows :—Dilophus febrilis, L. (Fam. Bibionide) ; 
Macronychia viatica, Mg.=M. griseola, Fin. (Tachinide) ; 
Stomoxys calcitrans, L. (Muscide) ; Sciara carbonaria, Mg. 
(Sciaridz) ; Fannia canicularis, L. (Anthomyide) ; a small 
“daddy-longlegs,’”’ probably Erioptera sp. (Limnobiide) ; 
and Syrphus punctulatus, Verr.(Syrphide). Prof. Poulton * 
also recorded three instances of other common British 
Scatophagids, belonging to as many species (Scatophaga 
suilla, F.; S. lutaria, F.; and S. merdaria, F.), being taken 
with prey in their grasp, the names of the victims being 
respectively Dicranomyia lutea, Mg. (Limnobiide), Mydea 
urbana, Mg. (Anthomyide), and Tazxonus glabratus, F ln. (a 
Hymenopterus insect, belonging to the Family Tenthre- 
dinide, or Saw-flies). It will be observed that in no single 
one of these ten cases, whether the captor was S. stercoraria 
or one of its congeners, was the victim a Calliphora ; and it 
may be added that in almost every instance the insect 
preyed upon belonged to a species markedly smaller and less 
robust than the Dung-fly. Doubtless the latter, when in 
need of a meal, will seize any fly that it is able to over- 
power, and it is true that Blow-flies much under the normal 
size are not uncommon. Neyerthless, the average Blow-fly 
or Bluebottle, whose well-known buzz is familiar to everyone 
as the insect cannons up and down the window-pane, so 
greatly exceeds the average S. stercoraria in bulk that its 
very size, apart from the jerky, impulsive movements char- 
acteristic of the species, must serve as a safeguard. 

Without in any way pretending to have devoted special at- 
tention to the habits of the Yellow Dung-fly, the writer can at 
least claim to have observed the species for upwards of thirty 
years, and to have first made its acquaintance long before 
he became aware of its scientific appellation. In the course 
of this lengthy acquaintanceship, maintained and periodically 
renewed in several English counties, chiefly in the Midlands 
and South Midlands, Dipterous victims have frequently 
been seen in the clutches of S. stercoraria, while the female 
has often been found enjoying a meal of this kind when the 
sexes were in coitti. In the majority of cases noticed the 
victim was a small Anthomyid or Bibionid fly, and in no 
single instance was it a Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg., or 
C. vomitoria, L. Nowa fly such as Dilophus febrilis or a 
small Bibio does not occupy much space, especially when 
sucked partially dry, and such an insect in the grasp of a 
well-developed S. stercoraria might easily escape observation ; 

* Loe. cit. p. 391. 


133 On the Prey of the Yellow Dung-Fly. 


but a normal-sized Calliphora erythrocephala, after being 
pounced upon by a Yellow Dung-fly, could hardly pass 
unnoticed, since such a victim would be much broader and 
bulkier than its captor. If, therefore, as Prof. Lefroy main- 
tains, S. stercoraria 1s really ‘“a constant and general feeder 
on the common species of Blow-fly in England throughout 
the season,”’ the present writer feels his previous ignorance 
of the fact to be well-nigh inexplicable ; otherwise he can 
only regard his failure to notice even one solitary case in 
point as due either to singular ill-fortune, or to an invariable 
purblindness or lack of observation far more reprehensible 
than anything read of in our youth in the edifying tale of 
‘““Hyes and No LEyes.”’ Another reason for doubting 
whether 8S. stercoraria preys normally and by predilection 
upon C. erythrocephala is that, as a general rule, the two 
species do not occur together to any extent. Of course, 
Blow-flies and Yellow Dung-flies may, and doubtless fre- 
quently do, encounter each other in certain places, such as 
in country gardens or on the flower-heads of Angelica, 
Heracleum, and other umbelliferous plants in ditches and 
hedgerows ; and no one would wish to deny that under such 
conditions an occasional Blow-fly may succumb to the 
rapacity of its yellow-coated neighbour. Generally speaking, 
however, Calliphora erythrocephala does not wander far from 
human habitations, and is therefore not likely to come very 
much into contact with S. stercvraria, which, as everyone is 
aware, is most in evidence on cattle-droppings in pasture- 
fields, practically throughout the year. Even C. vomitoria, 
bie the other British representative of the genus Calliphora, 
does not on the whole haunt the same spots as the Dung-fly. 

Turning to the evidence of other observers, Prof. E. B. 
Poulton, F.R.S., has kindly given permission for the repro- 
duction of the followmg extract from a letter recently 
received from him. ‘Since 1906,” writes Prof. Poulton, 
“further material, somewhat larger in amount, has accumu- 
lated in the Hope Department of the University Museum, 
Oxford, chiefly as the result of the investigations of Mr. A. 
H. Hamm. The prey, as in the earlier series, consisted of 
small flies from various groups, Prof. Lefroy’s conclusions 
being partially supported by only a single example—Scato- 
phaga ordinata* with a very small specimen of Callhiphora 
vomitoria as its prey (Paignton, April 10, 1914). 

“There can be no doubt that the species Scatophaga, 
in the wild state, rarely attack any but small flies, and 

* A species in which the male is smaller and less hairy than in 
S. stercoraria, L.—H, 1. A. 


On the “ Cirripede” Plumulites. 123 


that they would be useless for the purpose suggested by 
Prof. Lefroy. Mr. Hamm entirely agrees with this 
conclusion.” 

The opinion of Mr. J. E. Collin, F.E.S., a well-known 
student of and authority upon British Diptera, is precisely 
the same as that of Prof. Poulton; like the present writer, 
Mr. Collin has never met with even a solitary case of 
Scatophaga preying upon Calliphora. 

Finally, Lt.-Col. J. W..Yerbury, whose experience as a 
collector of our native Diptera is absolutely unique, and who 
speaks with authority derived from thirty years’ observation 
of predaceous flies in the field, while admitting that such a 
thing may occasionally happen, has never observed an 
instance of the Blow-fly being attacked by any species of 
Scatophaga, and therefore considers Prof. Lefroy’s assertion 
to be at variance with facts. 

It would appear, then, that if it be possible to discover a 
natural means of control for the Sheep Blow-fly pest in 
Australia, we must look elsewhere than to the Yellow 
Dung-fly to find it. In any case, quite apart from the 
negative evidence adduced above, which seems to the writer 
to be reasonably conclusive, it is difficult to understand what 
advantage could possibly accrue from the introduction into 
Australia of a British insect, which, though abundant in 
these islands, is scarcely more so than its supposed victim. 


VII.— The “‘Cirripede” Plumulites in the Middle Ordovician 
Rocks of Esthonia. By Tuomas H. Wirurrs, F.G.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Turovucu the researches of F. Schmidt (1881-82), and the 
later work of E. Koken (1897), J..H. Bonnema (1909), R.S. 
Bassler (1911), and H. Bekker (1919), the Kuckers Stage 
(C? of Schmidt) of the Middle Ordovician rocks of Esthoma 
and its fauna, particularly the Gastropoda, Trilobita, Ostra- 
coda, and Polyzoa, are fairly well known. ‘The Kuckers 
Stage is represented in the neighbourhood of Kuckers, 
10km. N.W. of Jewe Station, Esthonia, by a white or 
greyish-yellow limestone or marl, with intercalated layers 
of soft bituminous shale generally of a rusty-brown or 
amber colour. Phacops (Chasmops) odini is the charac- 
teristic fossil, but numerous otiier Trilobites occur, and 


124 Mr. T. H. Withers on 


there is an abundant fauna of Brachiopods, Gastropods, 
Orthoceratites, Ostracods, Crinoids, Cystids, and Polyzoa. 

So far the genus Plumulites has not been recorded from 
the Kuckers Shale or from Esthonia, although it has a wide 
geographical distribution and comprises several species 
ranging through the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian 
rocks. It is but rarely that the plates are found in their 
natural position, and in consequence most species are known 
by detached plates only. In many cases the species have 
been described either under Turrilepas or Plumulites (see 
Withers, 1915, p. 122) in the belief that those two genera 
are synonymous, as indeed they are regarded even in recent 
text-books. 

Mr. Bekker has collected and has recently submitted to 
me thirteen pieces of the bituminous Kuckers Shale on which 
are exhibited a number of plates which undoubtedly belong 
to the genus Plumulites, s. str., but cannot be referred with 
our present knowledge to any of the known species. 


Genus Piumutires, Barrande. 


The shell of this genus was probably blade-shaped and 
composed of four vertical columns of plates, although in 
most cases where the shell is at all complete the four 
columns are flattened and spread out ; the plates themselves 
are extremely thin. The two admedian columns of plates 
are heart-shaped, and, although flattened out in the fossils, 
were in life probably bent at an angle along the median fold 
observable in all these plates; and, although they appear 
merely to abut along the margin of their inner lobe, they 
probably overlapped to some extent, but they do not alter- 
nate with, or intersect, each other; the outer lobe of each 
plate intersects the outer plates on either side. The outer 
kite-shaped plates, as do the admedian plates, overlap each 
other from behind forward; they are slightly curved distal- 
wards and have a strong narrow median fold, and usually a 
much narrower submarginal fold on either side; these two 
latter folds probably mark the position of the plates above 
and below. Plates in which the apical part is broadly 
rounded and the growth-lines form a series of rings at the 
apex (“cancellated’’ plates of Barrande) have been found 
associated with the other plates, and these cancellated plates 
were probably modified plates forming the basal or proximal 
extremity of the shell. 


the “ Cirripede” Plumulites. 125 


Plumulites esthonicus, sp. n. 


Diagnosis. A Plumulites with small plates, the admedian 
plates under 4mm. in height, and the outer plates about 
6mm., the growth-lines very closely disposed, 6 to 7 toa 
millimetre in the outer plates, the admedian plates have the 
proximal margin deeply excavated in the middle, and the 
plate is divided into two lobes by a wide and obscure apico- 
proximal fold, the inner lobe being extremely protuberant 
from the apex; outer plates with the outer proximal angle 
broadly rounded, and with the median fold nearer to the 
outer margin. 


Plumulites esthonicus, sp. n. 


Figs. 1 & 2.—Outer or “ kite-shaped” plates. x 6 diam. 
Figs. 8 & 4.—Admedian or “ heart-shaped” plates. x 6 diam. 


(Figures drawn by Miss G. M. Woodward.) 


Horizon and locality. Middle Ordovician, Kuckers Stage 
(C? of Schmidt): Jaerve, nr. Kuckers, 10 km. N.W. of 
Jewe Station, Esthonia. 

Collection. The holotype and one of the figured paratypes 
(fig. 3) remain in the collection of Mr. H. Bekker, but they 
will ultimately be presented with other specimens to the 
Geological Museum of the University of Tartu (Dorpat) ; 
the two remaining figured paratypes (figs. 2, 4) and two 


126 Mr. T. H. Withers on 


other specimens have been presented to the Geological 
Department of the British Museum, registered In. 20588- 
In. 20591. 

Holotype. The outer plate (fig. 1). 

Material. Thirteen pieces of shale with several admedian 
and outer plates. 

Description. The plates are all much flattened and imper- 
fect, and are preserved as mere films standing out white on 
the rusty-brown shale ; they are of two kinds, the admedian 
heart-shaped plates and the outer kite-shaped plates. None 
of the so-called ‘‘ cancellated”’ plates have been noticed. 

Admedian plates roughly heart-shaped, broad, short, sub- 
triangular, with the apex directed inwards, and a rather 
wide ill-defined fold extending from the apex to the 
excavated portion of the proximal margin, the largest plate 
having a height of 3:3mm. Proximal margin sinuous, the 
middle portion deeply excavated; inner (fixed) margin 
rounded and markedly protuberant from the apex, much 
more so than is the outer margin. The growth-lines are 
very closely disposed, in some measure no doubt due to 
crushing, and they are directed upwards on the margins, but 
to a greater extent on the inner margin. 

Outer plates kite-shaped, somewhat curved distally with 
pointed apex, and a narrow submedian fold extending the 
whole length of the plate and situated slightly nearer to the 
outer margin, and there is a similar but narrower fold near 
and parallel to the inner margin. The proximal margin is 
slightly sinuous, being slightly excavated in the middle, the 
outer proximal angle is broadly and regularly rounded, and the 
inner proximal angle narrowly rounded ; inner margin very 
slightly concave, the proximal half almost straight ; outer 
margin slightly convex. Growth-lines closely disposed, 
6-7 to a millimetre, equidistant, crossing the median apico- 
proximal fold at right angles, slightly concave on the inner 
half of the plate and a little upturned at the inner margin, 
and on the outer half they are broadly curved upwards, and 
towards the outer margin are more crowded together. 

Remarks, and comparison with other species. The detached 
plates of Plumulites are readily distinguished from the 
probably homologous admedian and outer plates of Turri- 
lepas. In Turrilepas the plates are much thicker, the 
admedian plates have more laterally produced lobes and are 
“ consequently more saddle-shaped, and the outer plates are 
not acutely tapering at the apex, nor have they the median 


the “ Cirripede” Plumulites. 127 


longitudinal fold so characteristic of the outer plates of 
Plumulites. 

Plumulites esthonicus appears to agree most closely with 
P. rastritum, Moberg (1914, p. 493, figs. 7, 8), from the 
Ordovician (Rastrites skiffer) of Sweden, and P. peachi, 
Nicholson & Etheridge (1880, p. 301, pl. xx. figs. 8-10; 
also Reed, 1908, p. 519, pl., figs. 1-5), from the Upper 
Ordovician (Ardmillan Series) of Scotland. From P. ras- 
fritum it differs in the admedian plates by the more 
rounded and protuberant inner lobe, and in the outer 
plates by the longitudinal fold being nearer to the outer 
margin instead of to the inner margin. From P. peachi 
the admedian plates differ in having the inner lobe more 
protuberant, the margin being more fully rounded to the 
apex, and in the outer plates the growth-lines of the outer 
lobe are more regularly curved and consequently the outer 
proximal angle is more regularly rounded ; the growth-lines 
are more closely disposed, and none of the known plates 
attain to more than one-third the size of the largest-known 
plates of P. peachi. 


WORKS QUOTED. 


Basster, R.S. 1911. “The Early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic 
Provinces.” Bull. 77, U.S. Nat. Mus. pp. xxiii, 882, 13 pls. 
Brexker, H. 1919. “New Bryozoa from the Kuckers Stage in 
Esthonia.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) iv. pp. 827-335. 
Bonnema, J. H. 1909, ‘ Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ostrakoden der 
Kuckerschen Schicht (C*).” Mitth. Miner.-Geol. Inst. Reichs.- 
Univ. Groningen, ii. pt. i. pp. 84, 8 pls. 

Koken, E. 1897. “Die Gastropoden des baltischen Untersilurs.” 
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (v.) vii. no. 2, pp. 97-214. 

Mopere, J. C. 1915. “Nya bidrag till kinnedomen om Sveriges 
silurcirripeder.” Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forhandl. xxxvi. 
Hft. vi. pp. 485-495, text-figs. 1-12. 

Nicnoison & Erurriper. 1880. Monogr. Silur. Foss, Girvan, 
p. 801, pl. xx. figs. 8-10. 

Reep, F, R. C. - 1908. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xlvi. pt. iii, no. 21, 
p. 519, pl., figs. 1-5. 

Scumipr, F. 1881. ‘ Revision der ost-baltischen silurischen Trilo- 
biten...”’ Abth. 1. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7) 
xxx. no, 1, pp. 2387, 16 pls. 

Scumipt, F, 1882. “On the Silurian (and Cambrian) Strata of the 
Baltic Provinces of Russia as compared with those of Scandinavia 
and the British Isles.” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxxviii. 
pp. 514-536, 

WirHers, T. H. 1915. “Some Paleozoic Fossils referred to the 
Cirripedia.” Geol. Mag. pp. 112-123, text-figs. 1-7 (p. 114). 


128 On a new Bank-Vole from Esthonia. 


VIII.—A new Bank-Vole from Esthonia. 
By Martin A. C. HINTON. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE small mammals of Ksthonia are no doubt similar, in a 
general way, to those inhabiting one or other of the neigh- 
bouring countries bordering upon the Baltic. But hitherto 
we have had little or no matarial from this portion of the 
Baltic coast, and therefore have lacked the means of deter- 
mining precisely what forms invade, or, it may be, are 
peculiar to, Hsthonian territory. This gap in our knowledge 
will, however, in all probability, be filled in the near future ; 
for Mr. E. Reinwaldt, of the University of Dorpat, has now 
begun the systematic collection and study of the mammals of 
his native land, and results of considerable interest may be 
expected to flow from his work in due course. 

Among some specimens presented to the British Museum 
by Mr. Reinwaldt are three examples of the local form of the 
widely distributed Hvotomys glareolus. Judging from these 
specimens the Hsthonian bank-vole is immediately distin- 
guishable from all other western Huropean subspecies of 
4. glareolus by its exceptionally dark coloration. Placed 
among the skins of other forms, such as Z. g. suecicus and 
E. g. glareolus, and viewed casually, the backs of these 
Ksthonian specimens appear to be quite dusky; but closer 
inspection shows that they have the characteristic rufous 
mantle normally developed, though darkened or subdued. In 
other respects these specimens agree best, and indeed closely, 
with H, g. suecicus, although the skulls have their own slight 
peculiarities. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Reinwaldt for so 
kindly permitting me to describe this well-marked geogra- 
phical race. 


Evotomys glareolus reinwaldti, subsp. n. 


Most like EH. g. suecicus in general character, but colour 
much darker. 

Upper parts clothed with a fine mixture of dark reddish- 
brown and dusky hair-tips, the general effect produced, where 
brightest (as between ears and on nape), being no brighter 
than the “ chestnut” of Ridgway; darkest on rump, where 
the elimination of rufous hair-tips leaves the colour dark 
slaty-grey. Rufous tinge traceable far back towards rump 


On the Klipspringers of Rhodesia, Angola, dc. 129 


and far down flanks. Underparts silvery grey, much 
darkened by the slaty bases of the hairs. Hars dusky. ‘Tail 
dusky above ; its lower surface, together with the hands and 
feet, dirty white. 

Skull very similar to that of H. g. swectcus in size and 
general appearance; zygomatic arches slightly less expanded; 
bull slightly smaller and less inflated. Teeth normal; m3 
without a third re-entrant fold on inner side in any of the 
three specimens examined ; in E. g. swecicus, Miller (‘ Cata- 
logue,’ p. 31) found this fold to be present in about one-third 
of the individuals. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 20. 11.6.4. Original 
No. 306. Collected by Mr. E. Reinwaldt, 11th August, 
1920, at Hapsal, Esthonia. ‘* In Obst- und Gemiisegarten.” 


Hab. Esthonia. 


Measurements of the type, taken in the flesh by the collector (and of 
two other specimens ¢ and @ in parentheses):—Head and body 98 
(91, 100) mm. ; tail (without hairs), 49 (44:5, 46); hind foot (without 
claws), 17 (18, 17°5); ear 14 (13, 14). 

Skull-measurements of type (and of $ and @ .in parentheses) :— 
Condylo-basal length 23 (23°2, 23:2) mm.; zygomatic breadth 12°6 
(12°5, 12°6) ; interorbital constriction 3°7 (3:9, 3:7) ; occiput, breadth x 
depth 10°6 x 5°9 (106 x 6, 10°6 x 61); nasals 6°3 x 2°6 (6:2 x 2°6, 
6-6 x 2°7); dental length 12-9 (18, 13:2); cheek-teeth (alveolar length) 
5:1 (53, 52). 


IX.— The Klipspringers of Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern 
Nigeria. By Martin A. ©. Hinton. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Owine largely to its peculiar station and habits, the Klip- 
springer, among African antelopes, shows quite a special 
tendency to develop geographical and, in part, perhaps, merely 
colonial races. The range of Oreotragus extends over the 
whole of Africa south of the Sahara, from Northern Nigeria 
and Somaliland to the Cape. Within this wide area, how- 
ever, its distribution is markedly discontinuous, the animal 
being restricted to the mountainous districts. Thus it is 
absent from the great Congo forest region; while, in the 
more open country of East Africa, the lowlands intervening 
between one “ Inselberg’’ and another form, in all cases 
where their breadth exceeds a few miles, decided barriers to 
inter-colonial communication. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 9 


130 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on the Klipspringers of 


Hight distinct forms have been recognized hitherto; and 
to these I have now to add three, described below. As 
regards the status of these forms, several of them have been 
accorded full specific rank by their describers. In the 
‘Catalogue of Ungulates’ (vol. ii. p. 125) Lydekker and 
Blaine treat them all as subspecies of O. oreotragus, originally 
described from Cape Colony. Since these forms are strictly 
vicarious, and since the material available is far from being 
sufficient to enable one to form a sound judgment upon the 
question of their inter-relationships, this seems to be the 
proper course. 

One of the most interesting subspecies is O. 0. aceratos, 
described (as a species) from the Lindi Hinterland, in the 
southern part of “ German East Africa” (now Tanganyika 
‘Territory ), by Noack * and later by Neumann +t. While in 
all other subspecies hitherto described (with the exception of 
VU. 0. aureus, Heller) the general colour of the dorsal surface 
is dull and uniform, in aceratos it is bright, and there is, 
according to the published descriptions, a marked contrast 
between the fore and hind parts. The fore-parts are 
unusually brightly coloured, reddish or ochraceous; the 
hind-parts grey or “roe-coloured.” ‘The material now before 
me, appertaining to aceratos and to the allied forms described 
below from Rhodesia and Angola, bears out the original 
descriptions, in so far as the brilliant coloration of the fore- 
parts is concerned. But, as regards the loins and rump, 
while some of the specimens have these regions grey and 
contrasted, in others the bright tints, in a diminishing degree 
of intensity, may be traced backwards almost or quite to the 
rump. ‘The material (in part undated) does not allow one to 
decide whether this variation is seasonal, sexual, or merely 
individual ; but I am inclined to think that when the coat is 
first assumed in aceratos and similar subspecies, it is bright- 
coloured throughout, and that later on the particoloured 
appearance of the back is produced by bleaching of the 
ochraceous rings of the hairs clothing the rump and loins. 

Until recently the only specimens representing aceratos in 
the Museum were some from the neighbourhood of Zomba, 
Nyasaland, and from Southern Angoniland, which had been 
identified with Noack’s animal by Neumann. Some speci- 
mens from the Chinsali District of North-eastern Rhodesia 
have also been referred by Lydekker and Blaine to aceratos. 


* Zool. Anz. xxii. p. 11 (1899). 
t S.-B. Ges, natf. I’r, Berlin, 1902, p. 169. 


Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern Nigeria. 1a 


Major C. H. B. Grant has now kindly presented three topo- 
typical examples, two males and a female, collected by him 
in the Lindi District in July 1919. On comparing these 
with the specimens from the Chinsali District, the latter are 
immediately seen to differ by their richer and deeper colora- 
tion. The Rhodesian animal may therefore be described as 


Oreotragus oreotragus centralis, subsp. n. 


Like O. 0. aceratos, but general colour of upper parts 
deeper and richer. 

Upper surface of head, neck, and back bright, deep 
ochraceous in general colour, the tint differing from that seen 
in the corresponding parts of aceratos to the extent of thie 
difference between the ‘ochraceous buff” and the “raw 
sienna” of Ridgway; the colour is most intense upon the 
nape and over the shoulders. Rump, in some specimens, 
grey, like the outer parts of the thighs, in others more or less 
invaded by the ochraceous tint of the fore parts. No white 
preorbital patches upon the face (these being conspicuous in 
aceratos). Upper surface of muzzle dusky; top of head 
between and in front of ears irregularly blackened. ars as 
in aceratos, but the white patch on each proectote smaller. 
Under surface white, save for the broad ochraceous collar. 
Dorsal surfaces of limbs grey, somewhat darker than in 
aceratos ; the dusky hoof-patches slightly more extensive. 

Skull not peculiar; females hornless. 

Type. An adult male. B.M. no. 7. 11.15. 6. Collected 
in the South Chinsali District and presented to the British 
Museum by Mr. R. L. Harger. 

Hab. North-east Rhodesia. 

Unfortunately none of the four specimens from the type- 
locality is dated. ‘The examples in the collection from 
Zomba and the Mlanje Mountains are intermediate between 
aceratos and centralis; in general colour they approach the 
former, but in the characters of the face and ears they more 
nearly resemble centralis. Possibly these two subspecies 
intergrade in the country to the south of Lake Nyasa. 

On the west coast, in Angola, another subspecies, appa- 
rently allied to aceratos, has been discovered. ‘This may Le 
described as 

¥ 
Oreotragus oreotragus tyleri, subsp. n. 


A light-coloured representative of O. 0. aceratos; without 


dark hoof-patches. 
g* 


132 Mr. M. A. C. Hinton on the Klipspringers of 


General colour of upper parts as in aceratos, but noticeably 
lighter. No white patches on face, the preorbital region 
and top of the muzzle being light buff. No black evident 
upon the forehead. Hars much lighter, pale ochraceous at 
the base; outer half of the proectote white; dark ground 
of the remainder of the ectote almost hidden by the buff 
“lining ” hairs, only its margin appearing dusky ; entote 
cream. Dorsal surfaces of fore limbs pale buff, becoming 
ereyish over the cannon-bone; of hind limbs light grey. 
No dark patches above the hoofs, the regions normally 
occupied by these patches lighter and clearer than elsewhere. 

Skull normal ; female without horns. 

Type. An adult male. B.M. no. 20. 12. 8. 2. Collected 
at Ksquimina, south of Benguela, on the coast of Angola, 
and presented to the Museum by Mr. F. Tyler Thompson. 

Flab. Coastal district of Angola. 

The subspecies is very clearly distinguished from the 
related forms by its pale colour, the characters of the face 
and ears, and by the absence of dark patches above the hoofs. 
I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. F. Tyler 
Thompson, who is well known to all sportsmen and others 
tamiliar with Angola. 

In 1911, Lydekker called attention to the presence of 
Klipspringers in Northern Nigeria; and on the basis of a 
skull received from Dr. Porteous and stated to have come 
from the Duchi ’n-Wai Range, in the province of Zaria, he 
described a new subspecies, “ O. saltator porteusi” (P. Z. 8. 
1911, 2, p. 960). In the ‘Catalogue of Ungulates’ the 
name is corrected, and appears as O. oreotragus porteousi. 
‘The external characters of this form are unknown. 

In 1913, Mr. Hyatt presented the skin and skull of a male 
collected by him at Leri ’n-Duchi, N.E. Zaria Province; and 
in the following year the Museum received from the same 
donor the skin of a female collected at a point 50 miles E. of 
Zaria. ‘The male is in somewhat faded pelage, but making 
due allowance for this, there is such close agreement between 
the two skins that there can be no doubt that both belong to 
one and the same subspecies. On comparing the skull of 
the male with the type and only specimen of porteoust, such 
marked differences are seen that I do not think it possible to 
identify Mr. Hyatt’s specimens with the form described by 
Lydekker. The latter must, in my opinion, have come either 
from some other part of the Duchi ’n-Wai Range, or, what is 
more probable (having regard to the fact that “ Yola,” 
instead of “ Zaria,” was named in the original description), 


Rhodesia, Angola, and Northern Nigeria. 133 


from one of the hills of the Bautchi Highlands further to the 
east. I therefore venture to describe Mr. Hyatt’s Klip- 
springer as a distinct subspecies :— 


Oreotragus oreotragus hyatti, subsp. n. 


Resembling O. 0. centralis in general outward appearance ; 
skull normal. 

General colour of upper parts deep ochraceous, about as 
in Q. o. centralis. Eye-rings and preorbital portion of face 
(with the exception of a narrow, median, darker area on top 
of muzzle) pale, yellowish-white or grey. Kars without 
white spot on proectote; the dusky ground of the ectote 
concealed in great measure by ochraceous “lining” hairs. 
‘T'op of head not blackened. Limbs grey dorsally; no dark 
patches above hoofs of fore limbs; inconspicuous dark hoof- 
patches on hind limbs. 

Skull and horns quite normal; differing from that of 
O. 0. porteousi conspicuously in the much shorter and broader 
nasals, larger teeth, and narrower (normal) frontals. 


Measurements of type-skull, with those of the type of porteoust in 
parentheses :—Extreme length 140 (189); cranial breadth 51 (51); 
width across orbits 74 (81°5); nasals, length x least width 33:5 x 16 
(46 x 13:5); p?-m? 53 (47°5) mm. 


Type. An adult male. B.M. no. 13. 3. 8.2. Collected 
at Leri ’n-Duchi, N.E. Zaria Province, N. Nigeria, and 
presented to the British Museum by Mr. M. P. Hyatt. 

Hab. Zaria Province, North Nigeria. 

While presenting a close general resemblance to centralis, 
O. o. hyatt? is sufficiently and clearly distinguished from the 
Rhodesian subspecies by the characters of the face and ears. 
It is much to be hoped that further, preperly dated, material 
will be procured from Nigeria, for it seems not improbable 
that porteousi and ‘hyatti represent two perfectly distinct 
species. In preparing this paper, I have worked through all 
the skulls of Oreotragus in the collection; but, apart from the 
presence of horns in the females of the Kast African 
O. 0. schillingst, I have found no cranial characters by 
which the various subspecies can be distinguished, except in 
these two Nigerian forms. Of them, hyattd agrees perfectly 
in skull-form with the normal subspecies of O. oreotragus, 
while porteous? differs from all. 


134 Mr. O. Thomas on the 


X.—The Geographical Races of Herpestes brachyurus, 
Gray. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


HEeRPESTES BRACHYURUS Was originally described on a speci- 
men coming from Malacca, and examples from Sumatra and 
Borneo have since been referred to the same species. A study 
of the material now available shows that while they seem 
to be all rightly referred to 77. brachyurus—being alike in 
all their more essential characters,—yet that they may be 
separated into four geographical races, one each from the 
Malay Peninsula and Sumatra and two from Borneo. 

Nearly allied to H. brachyurus is the H. semitorquatus of 
Borneo, with a longer tail, redder coloration, a light but 
variable mark on the side of the neck, and lighter dentition, 
the anterior upper molar especially being without the marked 
thickening of the anterior side of the inner lobe nearly 
always found in H/. brachyurus. 

The subspecies which I should recognise may be distin- 
guished as follows :— 


A. Hairs of anterior part of chest and lower neck of 
irregular direction, grizzled greyish and buffy. 

a. Upper surface coarsely and prominently ticked 

with buffy whitish. Belly brown with some 


light tickings, | (Malaccas)= .0....chve ee cele H.b, brachyurus. 
b. Upper surface blackish, with scarcely any 
tickings. Belly black. (Sumatra.)........ HT, b. sumatrius. 


B. Hairs of anterior chest and lower neck definitely 
directed forwards, blackish, in continuity with 
the prominently black belly. 
e. Colour dull blackish olivaceous, without rufous 
suffusion. Skull of normal shape. (Northern 
Borneo ; Sarawak (lowlands).)........... . Hb. rajah. 
d. Colour more or less suffused with rufous, 
especially on head and throat. ‘Skull 
shortened, with unusual zygomatic spread. 
(Mountainous region of E. Sarawak.) ...... H, b. dyacorum, 


Details of new forms :— 


Hlerpestes brachyurus sumatr tus. 


Apparently less robust than true brachyurus, but the 
only specimen available is a female. General colour above 
blackish brown, with comparatively few of the light buffy- 
whitish tickings found in brachyurus. Belly blackish, but 
anteriorly this colour changes abruptly to grizzled buffy 
greyish on the neck, throat, and chin; the hairs of the lower 


Geographical Races of Herpestes brachyurus. 135 


neck irregular in direction, as in brachyurus. Legs, feet, 
and tail blackish brown. 

Skull of normal shape, with comparatively long muzzle. 
In the type the breadth across the outer corners of pm* does 
not exceed the length of the premolar-molar series. ‘Teeth 
comparatively light and delicate, the usual thickening of the 
inner lobe of m! at a minimum. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Hind foot (s.u.) (wet) 79 mm. Skull, gnathion to back 
of bulla 82; zygomatic breadth 48°5; front of canine to back 
of m? 33; breadth between outer corners of carnassial 27°5 ; 
length of carnassial on outer edge 7'8, 

Hab. Sumatra. Type from Deli. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 90.1. 20.2. Collected 
3rd November, 1888, by Mr. Iverson. Received in exchange 
from the Christiania Museum. 


Herpestes brachyurus rajah. 

General colour dark blackish olivaceous, profusely ticked 
with the minute subterminal buffy rings on the hairs. Belly 
black, without lighter tickings, this colour running forward 
anteriorly along the lower side of the neck nearly to the level 
of the ears, the hairs in this anterior region being all 
definitely directed forwards. Head dull brown, interramia 
lighter, but neither with any suffusion of rufous or ochraceous. 
Tail coarsely grizzled black and pale buffy. 

Skull of normal shape; teeth of medium stoutness, de- 
cidedly heavier than in sumatrius. 

Dimensions of type :— 

Hind foot (dry) 80 mm. Skull: condylo-basal length 
84:5; zygomatic breadth 46°5; maxillary tooth-row 33; 
breadth between outer corners of carnassials 28°5 ; length of 
carnassial on outer edge 84, 

Hab. Sarawak. Type from Balinean, in lowlands. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 5. 3. 1. 8. Original 
number 16. Collected March 1903, and presented by 
Herbert C. Robinson, Esq. Other specimens received in 
1876 from Mr. H. Low, and in 1878 trom Governor H. 1T, 
Ussher. 

Herpestes brachyurus dyacorum. 


General coloration as in rajah, but the whole more or less 
suffused with rufous or ochraceous, the pale rings on the 
dorsal hairs of the latter colour, Belly black, though with a 
certain number of light ticked hairs, the dark colour running 
forward on to the lower neck as in rajah, and the hairs being 


136 Mr. O. Thomas on 


similarly directed forwards. Head dark rufous-brown, inter- 
ramia and throat dull drabby or rufous; a tendency for an 
ill-defined lateral line on the neck to be of this latter colour. 
Tail broadly grizzled with black and dull buffy. 

Skull strongly built, usually with peculiarly shortened 
muzzle and widely expanded zygomata. Teeth stout and 
heavy, often very much so, the thickening of the inner lobe 
of m* at a maximum. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Hind foot (dry) 81 mm. Skull: condylo-basal length 88; 
zygomatic breadth 55; maxillary tooth-row 33; breadth 
between outer corners of carnassials 30; length of carnassial 
on outer edge 8°3. 

Hab, Mountainous region of Eastern Sarawak, notably the 
Raram district. Type from Mt. Dualit. 

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 99. 12. 9. 26. Collected 17th 
December, 1896, and presented by Dr. Charles Hose. Four 
specimens examined, 

The Bornean material in the Museum seems to indicate 
clearly that two races of HH. brachyurus occur there, the one 
olivaceous blackish without warmer suffusion, and the other 
more or less rufous or ochraceous. And, so far as exactly 
labelled specimens are concerned, the former is a lowland 
and the latter a mountain race. But far more specimens 
with exact localities are needed before the respective ranges 
of the two forms can be made out. 


XIL—A new Genus of Opossum from Southern Patagonia. 
By OLpFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


AMONG some small mammals collected by Mr. T. H. Hall at 
Cape Tres Puntas, on the east coast of Southern Patagonia, 
in south latitude 47°, there occurs, most unexpectedly, a 
small opossum, this locality being far to the south of any 
hitherto recorded for the family, the previously known 
southern limit having been the Island of Chiloe, 42°-43° 8. 
The collection was sent by Mr. Hall to the Perth Museum, 
Western Australia, whence it has been transferred by ex- 
change to the British Museum. 

The opossum is a small animal, externally very like the 
Chilian opossum, Marmosa elegans, but close examination 
reveals so many differences from that as from other members 


a new Genus of Opossum, 137 


of the family, that a distinct genus should apparently be 
formed for its reception. 
From its far southern habitat this might be called 


NOTODELPHYS, gen. nov. 


Allied to Jfarmosa, but of a more predaceous type, the 
modifications of the skull being all those associated with 
greater biting-power. 

External characters about as in Marmosa (subgenus 
Thylamys). Feet proportionally more bulky. Ears and tail 
comparatively short, the latter incrassated. 

Skull with shortened muzzle and widely spread zygomatic 
arches. The shortening of the muzzle, as compared with 
Marmosa, is closely parallel to that in Dasyurus as compared 
with Phascogale, occurring in the premolar region, and being 
obviously for the increase of the biting-power. Nasals 
expanded in their posterior third, the hinder extension not 
of great length. Interorbital region short, its edges quite 
without ridges, though there is just an indication of post- 
orbital knobs. Brain-case smooth, the lambdoid ridges very 
small. Palate imperfect opposite the first three molariform 
teeth. Bulle of medium size. Lower jaw strongly bowed 
below, the front edge of the coronoid nearly vertical. 

Upper incisors as in Marmosa, the first pair not longer 
than the others. Canines remarkably long, slender, little 
curved. Premolariform teeth evenly increasing backwards, 
but all small in proportion to the size of the skull, and set 
closely together, their combined length barely exceeding that 
of two of the larger molars, while in Marmosa and other 
opossums the length of the three anterior premolars approxi- 
mately equals that of three of the molariform teeth. Molars 
proportionally large and heavy, their breadth about half that 
of the palatal space between them. 

Lower incisors small, closely set, the two median ones 
touching each other, and the outer ones pressed for their 
whole length against the canines behind them. Canines. 
long, nearly vertical, much less proclivous than in Mdarmosa. 
Molariform teeth large, their anterior outer cingulum unusu- 
ally strongly developed. 


Genoty pe :— 
Notodelphys hallt, sp. n. 


General appearance not unlike that of Marmosa elegans. 
Fur not very long, but fine and close. General colour very 
much as in grey examples of JZ. elegans, with a dark grey 


138 On a new Genus of Opossum. 


dorsal area and lighter sides. Dark shoulder and hip patches 
present. Under surface uniformly white to the bases of the 
hairs. Cheeks and a patch over eyes whitish. Ears short, 
rounded, flesh-coloured, a whitish patch at their bases poste- 
riorly. Feet markedly more robust than in J/armosa, pro- 
bably more fossorial ; claw of pollex, as with the other digits, 
extending far beyond the soft terminal pad ; in Afarmosa it 
is markedly shorter than the others, and does not extend 
beyond the pad. Forearms and hands, ankles and feet pure 
white. Tail much shorter than head and body, strongly 
incrassated, furry like the body for three-fourths of an inch 
at base, then thickly clothed with short fine hairs; dark 
greyish brown above, whitish below and at the end. 

Skull and teeth as above described. 

Dimensions of the type, the external ones merely approxi- 
mate -—— 

Head and body 144 mm.; tail 93; hind foot (wet) 16 ; 
ear (wet) 18. 

Skull: greatest length 31:2; condylo-basal length 31; 
zygomatic breadth 20; nasals, length 13°3, middle breadth 
2°7, greatest breadth 4; intertemporal breadth 5°7; breadth 
of brain-case 13 ; palatal length 17 ; breadth outside m? 114; 
diameter of bulla 3:4; maxillary tooth-row 13; height of 
canine 4°2; three premolariform teeth 4°5; three anterior 
molariform teeth 6°2 ; oblique breadth of m? 3:3. 

Hab. Cape Tres Puntas, 8.E. Patagonia, 47° S. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21. 6. 7. 19. Original 
number 208. Collected by Mr. T. H. Hall. Received in 
exchange from the Perth Museum, Western Australia. One 
specimen. 

This interesting little opossum, the most southern marsupial 
in the world, appears, from the structure of its skull, to be of 
a more carnivorous and predaceous nature than any of the 
other smal] members of the family. Ordinary Marmosas feed 
mainly on insects and fruit, and as insects are rare and fruit 
almost non-existent in its far-southern habitat, this opossum 
has had to acquire peculiar habits, and no doubt lives largely 
on mice and smail birds. 

As already indicated, the animal has the shortened muzzle 
that gives increased biting-power, a modification connected 
with this purpose throughout the Mammalia, and particularly 
parallel to that of Dasyurus as compared with Phascogale, 
even though the premolars have not in this case been reduced 
in number. 

Besides its shortened premolar region, Notodelphys may be 
distinguished frem other allied opossums by its long slender 


On a new Bat from Peru. 13g 


canines, its heavy molars, its short smooth-edged interorbital 
space, and widely expanded zygomata, 

Mr. Hall is to be congratulated on the very interesting 
discovery he has made, and I have much pleasure in connect- 
ing his name with the species. , 


XIL—A new Bat of the Genus Promops from Peru. 
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tue British Museum owes to Mr. J. F. Davison, the donor 
and collector of several interesting European voles described 
by Mr. Gerrit Miller, two bats of the genus Promops re- 
cently captured by him at Chosica, Penn. They belong to 
the genus Promops, of which I gave a short classification in 
1915 *, but are not assignable to any species there recognized. 
The new form may be called— 


Promops davisont, sp. n. 
7 ’ 


Size intermediate between P. occultus and P. fosteri, both 
of Paraguay. Colour dark chocolate-brown, with lighter 
bases to the hairs, very much as in JP, fosteri. Wings as 
long as in P. occu/tus. 

Skull smaller than that of P. occultus, of about the same 
proportions ; larger than that of P. fosterd, the brain-case 
not so unusually swollen as in that species. 

Forearm of type 51°5 mm.; third metacarpal 55 mm. 

Skull: greatest length 19-2 ; condyle to front of canine 
17°6; maxillary tooth-row 7°43; m! and m? on outer edge 3°8. 

Hab. Department of Lima, Peru. Type from Chosica, 
2700'. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 21.5, 21.1. Original number 
207. Collected 3rd March, 1921, and presented by J. F. 
Davison, Esq. Two specimens. . 

The species of Promops being mainly determinable by the 
dimensions of their skulls and teeth, this new species may be 
readily distinguished by the measurements above given. No 
member of the genus as now restricted has been previously 
recorded from Peru. 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 61. 


140 Mr. O. Thomas on 


XIII.—On Spiny Rats of the Proechimys Group from 
South-eastern Brazil. By OLprieLp THomas. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THe spiny rats referable to Proechimys that occur in South- 

eastern Brazil, Bahia, Rio Janeiro, &c., have for long been 
in an excessive state of confusion, mainly owing to the fact 
that the species to which the earlier names—setosus, myosurus, 
albispinus, and others—were applicable had never been 
properly identified. 

Now, however, I have been through the material in the 
British Museum, and, in addition, have had the advantage, 
by the kindness of Dr. R. Anthony, of examining the typical 
skulls of Echimys setosus, Desm., and LE. albispnus, I. Geoff, 
while Dr. Winge has given me information about Loncheres 
elegans, Lund. ” Furthermore, Dr. Bedot and M. Revilliod, of 
Geneva, have been so good as to lend me two additional 
examples representing the original /. albispinus of Bahia. 

The species that occur in the area referred to prove to be 
no less than five in number, and they belong to two very 
distinct groups, which may be considered as of subgeneric 
importance—namely, Proechimys, s.s., and Trinomys, subg. n. 

The primary distinction between these lies in the number 
of laming present in the cheek-teeth—four in Proechimys, 
three in Trinomys,—while, in addition, the skull of Trinomys 
is less elongate, with shorter muzzle, less-developed supra- 
orbital and parietal ridges, and orthodont or slightly proodont 
incisors, as compared with the opisthodont incisors of Pro- 
echimys. In all characters, however, the species grade too 
muchinto one another to consider the groups as genera, espe- 
cially as the most important point, the number of the tooth 
laminee, has a curious exception—Proechimys vacillator, which, 
as explained in the original description, has a variable number 
of its cheek-teeth trilaminate, while it is in all other respects 
typically Proechimys, with long skull, strong ridges, and 
opisthodont incisors; and in any case p* is always quadri- 
laminate. P. albispinus, as being the most extreme, may be 
considered the genotype of Zrinomys. 

The five species of the area, with the addition of a new 
subspecies to P. albispinus, may be sorted as follows :— 


A. With 4 lamine to cheek-teeth.— Pro- 
echimys, 8. 8. 
a. Skull with strong ridges and post- 
orbital angles. Palatal notch to 
middle of m°. (Minas Geraes.).. 1. roberti, Thos. 


a 


Spiny Rats from South-eastern Brazil. 141 


6. Brain-case little ridged, and without 
strong postorbital angles. Palatal 
notch to middle of mm’. 
a’. Larger; skull about 54 mm. 
Supraorbital edges scarcely 
beaded. Pterygoids spatulate. 
(Sao Sebastiao Island, Sao Paulo.) 2. thering:, Thos. 
b?, Smaller; skull about 51 mm. 
Supraorbital edges beaded. 
Pterygoids linear, (S.W. Rio 
ARMOUR )L eta batr otek eh set steh «0's 3. dimidiatus, Giinth. 
B. With 3 lamine to cheek-teeth.— 
Subgenus Trimomys. 
ce. Palatal notch to middle of m/’. 
Tail with white terminal pencil. 
(Bahia and Minas Geraes.) ...... 4. setosus, Desm. 
d. Palatal notch to front of m’. Tail 
dark above to end. (Bahia Pro- 
ALCON reer tees st caccicd a etn ter agooninn, 9rd 5. albispinus, I. Geoff. 
ce*, Sidesreddish. Skull moreslender. 
Incisors orthodont, 86°. (Madre 
de Dios Island, Bahia Bay.) .. 5a, albispinus albispinus, 
d?, Sides brown. Skull broader and 
shorter. Incisors more proodont 
93 96°. (Lamarao, Bahia.) .. 50. a. sertonius, subsp. n. 


Details about P. roberti and iheringt will be found in the 
original descriptions of those species. 

P. dimidiatus was described by Giinther * as an immature 
specimen without locality, presented by Lord Derby (B.M. 
no. 51. 7, 21. 24). We know that its donor did obtain a 
number of specimens from Rio Janeiro, and the skull agrees 
so closely with those of two examples from Itatiaya, near to 
the Rio—Minas frontier, collected and presented by Prof. J. P. 
Hill, that I have no hesitation in referring the latter to 
Giinther’s species. 

“ Echimys setosus, Desm.,” was the first described of the 
group, but was ignored by the other early writers, who con- 
tributed synonyms to it as follows:—myosuros, Licht., 1820 ; 
leptosoma, Bts., 1827 ; cinnamomeus, Licht., 1830 ; elegans, 
Lund, 1841; and fuliginosus, Wagn., 1842. The charac- 
teristic white end to the tail is mentioned in connection with 
most of these, and there does not seem to be any doubt as to 
their reference. The typical skull, now in the Paris Museum 
(No. A. 7787), though very imperfect, shows clearly the tri- 
laminate teeth characteristic of Trinomys, and has its palatal 
notch only penetrating to the middle of m?. Specimens 
corresponding to this animal have been obtained at Lagoa 
Santa, Minas, by Lund and others, and at ‘ Bahia,’ whence 


* P, ZS. 1876, p. 747. 


142 On Spiny Rats from South-eastern Brazil. 


myosuros was described. The names leptosoma and cinna- 
momeus were mere renamings of myosuros. If, however, 
Lagoa Santa specimens should ultimately prove different 
from those of Bahia—and perhaps they are browner and less 
rufous, though the indifferent material does not suffice to 
prove it,—tliey should bear the name of elegans, Lund, with 
synonym fuliginosus, leaving setosus for the Bahian animal. 

The type of EH. albispinus, I. Geoff., came from Deos 
Island (= Madre de Dios), Bay of Bahia. Its skull is in the 
Paris Museum (No. A. 7669) and is practically perfect. 
The two specimens (3827/2, 327/3) from Geneva, which were 
among those referred to by Pictet * as being true albispinus, 
also show clearly the characters of the species. 

Finally, the Museum contains a fine series of an allied form 
obtained by M. Robert at Lamarao, also in Bahia, but in the 
highlands of the ‘ sert&o”’ further to the north. It is on this 
series that I have been able to observe the various cha- 
racters of the subgenus Trinomys. The form may be briefly 
described as follows :— 


Proechimys albispinus sertonius, subsp. n. 


Size about as in albispinus. General colour above lined 
brown; the fore back with buffy hairs which show through 
on the surface; the hinder back blackish brown, this colour 
arising from the dark ends of the spines. Sides not more 
buffy or rufous than back—in fact, less so; while the type of 
albispinus was stated to have strongly buffy sides, such as 
are found in old specimens of sefosus, as has also the normal 
coloured Pictet specimen received from Geneva, the other 
being an albino. Sides of body, rump, and thighs with 
numerous prominent white-ended spines. Under surface, 
hands, and feet white. Tail dark brown, nearly black, for its 
whole length above; whitish below; not pencilled. 

Skull short and squat, with broad muzzle; the breadth 
between the two lacrymal bones decidedly greater than in 
true albispinus. Supraorbital ridges well marked, but not 
extending on to parietals. Palatal foramina short, fusiform. 
Palatal notch very narrow, acute-angled, reaching forwards 
to the level of the front edge of m?. Hamular processes of 
ptervgoids narrow, but not absolutely linear. Bulles rather 
small. 

Incisors more proodont than in other members of the 
group, the index of the type 93°, and in some specimens 
attaining 96°; that of the type of albispinus 86° and of the 
two Geneva specimens 86°-87°. 


* Anim. Nouy. Geney. p. 2 (1841). 


Geological Society. 143 


Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 190 mm.; tail 170; hind foot 36; ear 23. 

Skull: greatest length 46°4; condylo-incisive length 41:4; 
zygomatic breadth 25; nasals 16:5; interorbital breadth 
10:5; palatilar length 17 ; palatal foramina 3°8 x 2; upper 
tooth-series (crowns) 7°6. 

Hab. Lamario, Bahia, about 70 miles north of Bahia City. 
Alt. 300 m. 


Type. Adult male, B.M. 


no. 8. 9. 5. 86. Original 


number 1508. Collected 16th June, 1903, by Alphonse 
Robert. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Fourteen speci- 
mens. 


‘“ Tnhabits the catinga forest.”’—A. R. 

This subspecies differs from true albispinus by its less 
rufous sides, its shorter broader-faced skull, and its more 
proodont incisors, The hind foot of albéspinus was described 
by Geoffroy as being 45 mm. in length, but Dr. Anthony 
informs me that this was an error, and that the hind foot of 
the type only measures 38 mm. (c. u.), 35 mm. (s. u.), while 
the two Geneva specimens also only have the hind foot 
36-37 mm. (s.u.). In this respect, therefore, there is no 
difference between albispinus and sertonius. 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES, 


GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
March 9th, 1921.—Mr. R. D. Oldham, F.R.S., 
President, in the Chair. 


The following communication was read :— 


‘The Bala Country: its Structure and Rock-Succession. By 
Miss Gertrude Lilian Elles, M.B.E., D.Sc., F.G.S. 


The lithological and faunal sequence is as follows :— 


Graptolitic 


Shelly faunas. faunas, 


crispus. 


VALENTIAN. 


ASHGILLIAN. 


Cwm yr Athen Shales. 


stones, 300 feet, with local 
Hirnant Limestone. 
{ Moel-y-Ddinas Mudstones, 
| about 250 feet. 
} Moel-Fryn Sandstones, at 
least 1000 feet. 
L Rhiwlas Limestones 


Hirnant Grits and Mnd- 
L 


and 
Mudstones, 


Zone of Monograptus 
Zone of Monograptus 
sedgwicki, 


Orthis-hirnantensis, 
fauna, 


Phacops-mucronatus 


fauna. 


Phillipsinella-para- 
bola fauna, 


CARADOCIAN. 


LLANDEILIAN 


144 Geological Society. 


( Gelli-Grin Calecareous Ash, 
100 feet, with Gelli-Grin 
Moel-Fryn, Bryn-Pig, & 
Caerhafotty Limestones. 

Pont-y-Ceunant Ash, maxi- 
mum 25 feet. 

Allt-ddw Mudstones, with 
thin limestones, 1300 feet. 

Fronderew Ash, 12 feet. 

Glyn-Gower Sandstones, 
with thin limestones, 

1100 feet. 


: ; Nant-hir Shales and Derfel 


( (a) Chasmops and 
Orthis (Nico- 
lella) actoniz 
sub-fauna. 


a) Lo 


(b) Asaphus-powist 
and Heterorthis ‘| 
alternata sub- | Zone of Dicrano- 
fauna. ( graptus clingani. 


J 


Calymene-planimarginata fauna 


Dicranograptus 


Limestone. Shales. 


Zone of Climacograp- 
tus peltifer or Ne- 
magraptus gracilis. 

The so-called ‘ Bala Limestone’ is merely one of a series of lime- 
stone lenticles occurring within the Calcareous Ash at different 
horizons. The base of the Ashgillian appears to be calcareous 
everywhere west of a definite north-and-south line. There has 
been some confusion between the Rhiwlas Limestone and the lime- 
stones in the Caleareous Ash; but at Bryn Pig, where both are seen 
together in vertical section, the lithological and faunal differences 
are manifest. 

The detailed mapping of the beds, as now classified, has brought 
out the structure of the country more completely than was hitherto 
possible, and a modification of views previously held with regard 
to the Bala Fault seems to be necessary. It appears to be 
one of a series of compressional faults affecting the whole of the 
country south-east of Bala Lake. 

The initiating structural factor was probably compression of 
the rocks as a whole against the Harlech Dome, controlled by 
the resistance offered by the Ordovician volcanic mass to the 
compressional force, which affects the detail of the structure of 
the whole country lying east and south-east of it. The country 
was first folded, and then affected by thrust-movements. ‘There 
are six main structural lines of displacement :—(1) The Llyn- 
Tegid line; (2) the Bala-Lake line; (3) the Llangower line; 
(4) the Cefn-ddwy Graig line; (5) the Moel-Fryn line; and 
(6) the Fridd-defaid line. 

Combined with these major displacements, there has been 
much differential minor thrusting (tears), which is most con- 
spicuous above the Llangower thrust. The effect of this thrusting 
diminishes steadily from west to east, and in the Hirnant Valley 
the beds are being compressed without any faulting. 

Comparison is made between the succession here seen and that of 
other areas in Wales, Shropshire, the Lake District, and the South 
of Scotland, and the faunal features are noted and tabulated. An 
interesting feature comes to light: namely, the approximation 
of the Derfel-Limestone fauna to that of the Stinchar Limestone, 
rather than to that of any Welsh beds hitherto described. 


THE ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


(NINTH SERLES.] 


No. 44> AUGUSE F921. 


XIV.—On Twelve new Species of Curculionide from South 
Africa. By Guy A. K. Marsnatt, D.Sc., C.M.G. 


Tue types of the new species described below are either 
contained in or will be presented to the British Museum. 


Subfamily OvrorruyncuinzZ. 


Eremnus maculosus, sp. n. 


3d. Integument black, thinly clothed with grey scaling 
above, which on the elytra forms numerous irregular denser 
spots; the lower surface more closely and evenly covered 
with similar scaling. 

Head with close confluent punctation, forming longi- 
tudinal striole on the forehead and concentric rings on the 
vertex ; the forehead somewhat flattened, broad, its width 
being about twice as great as the length of an eye, and with 
a deep median fovea. Rostrum very broad, hardly longer 
than its basal width, slightly narrowed for a short distance 
from the base and thence almost parallel-sided ; the dorsal 
area broad and also nearly parallel-sided, almost flat, but 
slightly higher at the sides, with coarse confluent puncta- 
tion and a median furrow, which is shallow at the base and 
deeper in front ; the apical area shallowly impressed and 
with a low median carina, the epistome dull and coriaceous, 


Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 10 


146 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on 


its carina forming an obtuse angle. Antenne with the scape 
reaching the apical constriction of the prothorax, rather 
slender, abruptly clavate, somewhat coarsely punctate, and 
closely set with short recumbent sete; the two basal joints 
of the funicle equal, 3-6 slightly and progressively diminish- 
ing in length, 7 as long as 5, and all much longer than 
broad. Prothorax much broader than long, rather strongly 
rounded at the sides, broadest in front of the middle, with 
a broad apical constriction which is continued across the 
dorsum ; the base distinctly marginate and a little broader 
than the apex, which is shallowly sinuate in the middle ; 
the disk coarsely and confluently punctate, the shiny in- 
tervals bearing sparse fine punctures, and on each side a 
short low ridge lying between two shallow impressions ; the 
scales very sparse, but more dense in the lateral impressions, 
in a very short longitudinal impression in the middle of 
the base, and in a small median spot near the apex. 
Scutellum invisible. Elytra ovate, jointly sinuate at the 
base, the apex (which is just visible directly from above) 
rather broadly rounded ; the punctures in the striz large 
and subquadrate; the intervals not broader than the striz, 
subcostate, and each with a row of low granules which are 
much more prominent on the declivity on intervals 1, 3,5, 7 ; 
the scales small and subquadrate, the recumbent sete on the 
granules being hardly distinguishable from them. Legs 
uniformly and fairly densely clothed with pale scaling; the 
femora unarmed ; the hind tibiez flattened internally near 
the apex and there set with a number of erect brownish sete, 
the corbel truncate almost transversely to the axis of the 
tibia, its inner edge bearing a broad vertical truncate lamina. 
Sternum with the intercoxal process of the mesosternum 
tuberculate. Venter with the last visible ventrite (¢) shal- 
lowly impressed across its whole width in the apical half, 
the basal area having a broad low rounded elevation on 
each side. 

Length 8-9 mm., breadth 3-6-4 mm. 

Carre Province: 2 ¢ 6. 

Closely related to E. atratus, Sparrm., but this species has 
the prothorax much smoother and very finely punctate, with 
faint scattered punctures and the lateral impressions almost 
obsolete; the rostrum is suleate only on the anterior half, 
and lacks the apical longitudinal carina; the forehead is 
much more finely punctate and not longitudinally striolate ; 
the eyes are larger, the length being equal to nearly two- 
thirds the width of the forehead; the intervals on the elytra 
are almost bare and quite smooth on the disk, and interval 


new Curculionids from South Africa. 147 


9 is strongly costate near the apex; the femora are rather 
thinly clothed with short recumbent setz except for a band 
of scales near the apex, and ou the lower surface they have 
a minute tooth and a row of small granules; the hind tibize 
(¢) are much more strongly flattened and for fully half the 
length from the apex, the lower edge being coarsely denti- 
culate, the corbel obliquely truncate, and the lamina placed 
a little above the apical edge and lancet-shaped. 


Eremnus cerealis, sp. n. 


?. Integument piceous, hidden by dense scaling ; scales 
small and shiny, closely juxtaposed, but not overlapping. 
Scales on rostrum greyish white ; head light brown above, 
greyish white beneath. Prothorax light brown above, with 
an inwardly ill-defined sinuous dark brown stripe on each 
side; beyond this an indefinite light brown patch in front 
of the middle, the rest of the lateral and lower surface being 
whitish. Elytra pale brown on the disk, with small alter- 
nating dark brown and whitish spots in the striz; the 
lateral area beyond stria 7 entirely whitish. Lower surface 
whitish. 

Head with shallow confluent punctation on the vertex and 
finely striolate on the forehead (this sculpturing quite 
hidden by the scaling), the frontal fovea linked up with the 
rostral furrow ; the eyes nearly flat and rather coarsely 
facetted, further apart than usual, the distance between 
them being nearly double the length of one eye. Rostrum 
slightly longer than its basal width, narrowed from the base 
to the middle, and subparallel-sided from there to the apex ; 
the dorsal area without sharply-defined lateral edges, very 
rapidly narrowed from the base to the antenne, then widen- 
ing again slightly, with a deep median furrow from the base 
to between the antenne ; the apical area with a very broad 
and deep semicircular impression, which contains no median 
carina, but bears strong separated punctures, each containing 
a minute scale, the interspaces being bare; the epistome with 
its posterior margin broadly truncate and forming a sharply 
raised ridge. Antenne unusually short and stout; the 
scape gradually clavate, shortly exceeding the eye, with 
rather coarse punctures containing small scales and with 
short recumbent pale sete; the funicle with joints 1 and 2 
clavate and equal in length and breadth, 3-7 transverse and 
subequal. Prothorax much broader than long, strongly 
rounded at the sides, broadest at the middle, with a shallow 


apical constriction which is continued across the disk; the 
10% 


148 Dr. G, A. K. Marshall on 


apex scarcely narrower than the base and its dorsal margin 
shallowly sinuate in the middle ; the whole surface finely 
coriaceous, the sculpture being entirely hidden by the 
scaling; the sete very sparse, short and recumbent on the 
disk, much longer and erect at the sides, and a fringe of 
short recumbent setze along the basal margin. Seutellum 
small but distinct, bare. Elytra broadly oblong-ovate, 
obtusely rounded behind and subtruncate at the base ; the 
dorsal outline gently convex, deepest far behind the middle, 
the posterior declivity distinctly incurved towards the actual 
apex ; the strize contain shallow punctures which are almost 
hidden by the scaling ; the intervals almost flat towards the 
base and convex behind, much broader than the striz and 
quite even, each with a single row of setee which on intervals 
1-7 are short and recumbent, and on the lateral ones longer 
and erect. Legs with separated pale scales and long erect 
setze, even on the femora, which are not toothed; all the 
tibize broadly produced externally at the apex. Sternum and 
venter set with long obliquely raised sete. 

Length 5-6°25 mm., breadth 2°8-3°6 mm. 

Care Province: Malmesbury, 2 ? ?; Rondebosch 
(L. Peringuey), 2 2 @. 

Most nearly allied to E. canaliculatus, Boh., in its general 
form and sulcate rostrum, but the deep impression at the 
apex of the rostrum, the transverse distal joints of the 
funicle, the dilated tibiw, and the erect sete on the sides of 
the body and on the femora distinguish it from this and 
all other species of the genus known to me. 

Dr. L. Peringuey, Director of the South African Museum, 
to whom I am indebted for the specimens, informs me that 
this species has done considerable damage to wheat and oats 
in the Cape Province during recent years. 


Eremnus terrenus, sp. 0. 


3 ¢. Integunent black, the scaling either uniform 
brownish grey, or brown above irregularly and indefinitely 
variegated with grey. 5 

Head with rather coarse confluent punctation, the ridges 
between the punctures for the most part visible through the 
scaling; the forehead flattened and with a central fovea; 
the short recumbent sete with difficulty distinguishable 
from the scales. Rostrum much longer than broad, slightly 
narrowed from the base to the middle and thence strongly 
dilated to the apex ; the dorsal area with fairly well-marked 
lateral edges, broadest in front and rapidly narrowing to the 


new Curculionides from South Africa. 149 


base, almost flat, and with an indistinct median carina; the 
apical area neither impressed nor carinate, but closely and 
finely punctate, the epistome very ill-defined. Antenne with 
the scape gradually clavate, scarcely reaching the hind 
margin of the eye, rather coarsely punctate, and clothed 
with short recumbent pale sete; the funicle with joint 1 as 
long as 2+8, joimts 38-7 longer than broad and subequal. 
Prothorax nearly twice as broad as long, gently rounded at 
the sides, broadest about the middle, with a very shallow 
apical constriction; the apical margin only slightly nar- 
rower than the base and gently sinuate dorsally, postocular 
lobes well developed ; the dorsum rugosely punctate, with 
low granules showing through the rather thin scaling and a 
much abbreviated indistinct median carina, and a very in- 
distinct impression on each side behind the middle bounded 
externally by a faint costa; the sete recumbent and only a 
little longer and narrower than the scales. Scutel/uwm incon- 
spicuous. lytra broadly oblong-ovate in the ?, much 
narrower and more ovate in the ¢, broadly rounded behind 
and gently sinuate at the base; the strize with shallow punc- 
tures almost hidden by the scaling and each containing a 
minute scale; the intervals costate and each with a row 
of granules, which are much more prominent behind, each 
granule bearing a very short recumbent scale-like seta; the 
junction of intervals 7 and 9 at the base forming a small 
humeral callus. Legs fairly densely clothed with pale scales 
and short recumbent setz, except on the lower edge of the 
tibize where the sete are longer and suberect ; anterior pairs 
of femora with a small tooth. Venter rugosely punctate but 
not granulate, the setz all recumbent and scale-like, 

Length 5:4—8 mm., breadth 2:4—4 mm. 

Care Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns), 83 3 3, 
ee. 

Allied to E. laticeps, Boh., but in that species the antennee 
are much longer and more slender; the dorsal area of the 
rostrum is parallel-sided for most of its length and _ tri- 
angularly impressed ; the prothorax bears three pale stripes, 
with conspicuous rounded granules and very deep ‘lateral 
impressions ; the elytra have the suture elevated on the 
declivity in the ?, and the intervals are not costate, the 
granules on them being more or less duplicated ; and the 
venter is granulate and bears short curved sete. 

The genus Hremnus, as at present constituted, comprises a 
number of species of somewhat diversified structure and will 
doubtless be subdivided when subjected to an adequate 
revision. ‘The species are restricted to South Africa, though 


150 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on 


Faust has described a few insects under this name from 
Madagascar. Of these I have seen FZ. rusticanus, E. longi- 
cornis, E. cristicollis, and E. humilis, all of which differ from 
the Continental forms in the following particulars: the 
mentum hears two sete on the disk; the metepisternal 
suture is complete; and the epistome is developed into a 
large even plate occupying the whole apex of the rostrum, . 
not delimitated laterally, reaching the front margin of the 
scrobes and produced between them into an angular pro- 
jection, which is separated from the rest of the rostrum 
by an incision. On the other hand, in true Eremnus the 
mentum is devoid of sete on the disk: the metepisternal 
suture is incomplete; and the epistome is small, of normal 
form, and distant from the scrobes. For the Madagascar 
species the name Neseremnus, gen. nov., is proposed, with 
EF. rusticanus, Fst., as the genotype. 

The genotype of Hremnus has not hitherto been fixed, for 
Schénherr divided the genus into two sections and cited 
FE. exaratus, Boh., as the type of the first and £. setulosus, 
Boh., as that of the second. EE. exaratus is therefore now 
definitely selected as the genotype. 


Subfamily Ruyrrrrarminz. 


Gronops postdentatus, sp. 0. 


3 2. Integument black, covered with dense rough earth- 
brown scaling, the head, pronotum, and the posterior half 
of the dorsum of the elytra sometimes black. 

Head with a very high broad ridge above each eye, being 
a continuation of the rostral ridge, and ending abruptly and 
perpendicularly at the posterior margin of the eye; the 
vertex flattened and the forehead between the ridges 
deeply depressed below the level of the rostrum; the whole 
covered with overlapping concave scales, and with a few 
short, thick, dark, reeumbent setz on the ridges. Rostrum 
with the dorsal outline evenly curved ; the dorsal area 
elevated, paralled-sided, and with its lateral margins slightly 
and obtusely raised, the sides of the rostrum sloping and not 
vertical; the clothing as on the head. Prothoraz a little 
longer than broad, almost parallel-sided from the base to 
beyond the middle, and then obtusely angulated ; the apex 
rather narrower than the base, which is rounded; the 
dorsum with three broad, deep, longitudinal furrows, 
separated by two strong cost which are very broad in their 
posterior two-thirds and much narrower in front, each 


new Curculionids from South Africa. 151 


furrow being interrupted in the middle by a low transverse 
ridge ; the clothing like that on the head. Scutellum small, 
densely covered with pale overlapping scales. Llytra 
oblong, the shoulders obtusely prominent and with a similar 
rounded projection below and behind them, the apices 
separately pointed ; interval 1 not elevated, rather narrow, 
but wider at the top of the declivity, and there bearing a 
common bifid tubercle projecting horizontally backwards ; 
the first two strize geminate, the punctures quadrate and 
sometimes transversely confluent; interval 3 forming a 
narrow undulating carina, with a broad, inwardly hooked 
callus at the base, and two elevations at the middle, that at 
the top of the declivity being the larger and forming a 
sharp backwardly-pointed tubercle; on the declivity this 
interval is not carinate, but at its apical junction with 
interval 9 there is a prominent conical tubercle ; between 
the basal callus on interval 3 and the humeral prominence 
is a broad basal excavation ; strie 3 and 4 geminate and 
rather irregular; interval 5 with an elevation just behind 
the basal excavation, another about the middle, one or two 
granules behind the middle, and with a large conical tubercle 
(the largest of all) on the declivity ; interval 7 forming a low 
undulating or denticulate carina ; the lateral intervals plane; 
some of the dorsal elevations form two oblique tuberculate 
ridges, one running from the posthumeral elevation to 
behind the middle on interval 3, and the other (less distinct) 
nearer the base; the scales concave and densely over- 
lapping ; the setz stout, short, and recumbent, being much 
more numerous on the elevated areas. 

Length 36-5 mm., breadth 1:°6-2°4 mm. 

Care Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns—type) ; 
Kimberley, ix. 1905 (G. A. K. M.). Oxancre Free Strate: 
Bothaville (Dr. Brauns). 

Described from forty-three specimens. 


Gronops braunsi, sp. n. 


& 2. Integument black, densely covered throughout with 
unicolorous overlapping earth-brown scaling. 

Very similar to, though smaller than, the preceding 
species, and differing in the following particulars :— 

Head with the scales on the vertex flat and not concave ; 
the supraocular ridges not vertically truncate behind, but 
sloping. Rostrum markedly broader in proportion to its 
length.. Prothorazx broadest in front of the middle, and its 
sides there strongly rounded, but not angularly dilated ; the 


152 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on 


six impressions similar bnt shallower ; the recumbent setz 
about twice as long. iytra more regularly oblong, the 
shoulders well marked but without any humeral prominence, 
no projection on interval 9 behind the shoulder, and the 
apices jointly rounded ; the alternate intervals slightly and 
more or less evenly costate, without tubercles behind, except 
for a low prominence at the apex of interval 5; the scales 
mech larger and flat, the sete nearly twice as long, being 
much more numerous on the raised intervals than on the 
others. 

Length 3°2-4°4 mm., breadth 1°4-2 mm. 

Care Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns). 

Described from 113 specimens. 


Gronops oneili, sp. n. 


3 ?. Integument black, with dense sandy or earth-brown 
scaling, with a broad darker transverse band behind the 
middle ; the posterior pairs of femora and tibie each with 
two dark brown patches; the apical area of the rostrum 
with small convex greenish- white scales. 

Head with the scales flat and contiguous, not overlapeeee 
the supraocular ridges comparatively low, sloping behind, 
and hardly reaching the hind margin of the eye. Rostrum 
parallel-sided from the base to the antennz, the apical area 
being slightly wider; the dorsal outline distinctly angulated 
at the insertion of the antenne ; the posterior angle of the 
lower edge of the scrobe produced backwards into a blunt 
projection ; the dorsum rounded at the sides, with a narrow 
shallow median furrow and two indistinct strize on either 
side, each containing a row of recumbent setz, and there is 
-an additional dorsal row on each side ; when abraded the 
surface is very rugosely punctate. Prothorax with the sides 
strongly rounded in front, broadest much before the middle, 
and gradually narrowed from there to the base, the sides 
being almost straight in the basal half; the dorsum with a 
broad median furrow and two deep impressions on each side 
of it; the raised areas with very deep scattered punctures, 
each containing a short seta, the setee being much finer than 
those on the rostrum or elytra; the scales small, not im- 
pressed, and hardly overlapping. Scutellum small, but 
prominent. iytra differing from those of the two pre- 
ceding species in being relatively broader, slightly rounded 
at the sides, and gently convex longitudinally ; the shoulders 
with a rounded humeral prominence, but none on interval 
9, the apices jointly rounded; the punctures in the striz 


new Curculionids from South Africa, 153 


small but deep, quite regular, and not geminate; the suture 
and the alternate intervals more raised, interval 3 more 
strongly costate than the others behind the middle and with 
a callus at its base, and interval 5 ending in a small sharp 
tubercle on the declivity ; the scales flat and only slightly 
overlapping, the raised intervals alone having a row of 
large, scale-like, recumbent sete. Sternum entirely lacking 
the prosternal impression. 

Length 2°6-3°2 mm., breadth 1:4—1°6 mm. 

Care Province: Uitenhage, ix. 1899 (Father J. A. 
O’ Neil) ; Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns). 

Described from three specimens. 

Readily distinguished from the other two species by its 
small size and more convex form, the characteristic scaling 
at the apex of the rostrum, the form of the serobe, and by 
the absence of the prosternal furrow. In his key to the 
Rhytirrhinides Wacordaire erroneously separates Gronops 
from Hypocolobus and Bborborocetes on the ground that 
joint 7 of the funicle is annexed to the club in the latter, 
but not in the former, although in his description of Gronops 
he correctly states that this joint is contiguous to the club. 
For this character should be substituted one drawn from the 
epistome, which is sharply defined and bounded behind by a 
high carina in Hypocolobus and Borborocetes (sometimes 
modified into a short horn in the former genus), whereas in 
Gronops aud its allies there is no trace of a carina and the 
epistome is quite undefined. ‘The three species described 


above are the only true Gronops known to me from South 
Africa, 


Genus Norocronopes, nov. 


Schonherr (Gen. Cure, vi. 2, p. 135) divided Gronops into 
two sections: the- first, which includes the genotype, 
G. lunatus, F., is characterised by its oblong elytra and 
angulate shoulders, while in the second the elytra are ovate 
and without any humeral callus. In the second group he 
placed three South-African species — proletarius, Boh., 
punctirostris, Boh., and sqgualidus, Boh. I am acquainted 
with the first and third of these (the type of the second is 
lost, but the description suggests that it was perhaps only 
an abraded specimen of proletarius), and it is clear that they 
cannot satisfactorily be retained in Gronops ; for, apart from 
the difference in the form of the elytra and the absence of 
the shoulders, they differ in having joint 7 of the funicle 
quite distinct from the club, and the metasternum between 


154 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on 


the mid and hind coxze is shorter than the mid-coxa, whereas 
in Gronops it is much longer. 
Genotype, Gronops proletarius, Boh. 


Notogronops estriatus, sp. n. 


d. Integument black, with dense scaling; the whole 
upper surface du]l smoky black ; the lower surface grey, 
with a large oblong blackish-brown patch occupying the 
middle of the metasternum and of the first two ventrites. 

Head convex, with a very shallow transverse impression 
before the base of the rostrum; the scales flat, not over- 
lapping, with sparse, short, stout, recumbent setz. Rostrum 
almost straight, a little shorter than the median length of 
the pronotum (8:9), very slightly narrowed from the base 
to the antennz and then abruptly widened; the dorsum 
transversely convex, without sulci or carine, the basal half 
clothed like the head, the interantennal area without scales, 
but with dense curled sete; the genz with dark scaling and 
long, stiff, black setee. Antenne red-brown ; joint 2 of the 
funicle nearly as long as the next two together. Prothorax 
a little longer than the basal width (9: 8), slightly widening 
from base to apex, the sides almost straight, the postocular 
lobes very prominent ; the dorsum convex in both directions, 
highest near the base and sloping strongly in front, with a 
deep median furrow from the base nearly to the apex, but 
no lateral impressions; the strong reticulate punctures 
normally hidden by the dense scaling, aud with sparse, stout, 
recumbent sete. Llytra narrowly ovate, broadest at about 
one-fourth from the base, the basal margin deeply sinuate, 
the apices jointly rounded, without any strie or rows of 
punctures even when the scaling is removed, but the first 
and alternate intervals represented by rows of stout recum- 
bent setz, which are dark and larger on the disk and pale 
and smaller at the sides ; intervals 3 and 5 shortly costate 
at the base. Legs densely clothed with pale scaling, the 
femora with a dark patch in the middle and another near 
the apex, the tibie with one at the base and one at the 
middle; the femora with dense pale sete beneath. 

Length 4 mm., breadth 1°6 mm. 

Care Province: Algoa Bay, 26. vii. 1896 (Dr. H. Brauns). 

Described from a single specimen. 

Easily distinguished from the other described species of 
the genus by its unusual colouring and by the absence of the 
lateral impressions on the prothorax and of the punctures on 
the elytra. 


new Curculionide from South Africa, 155 


Subfamily Crzoviva. 
Genus Microtarinus, Hochh. 


This genus has not previously been recorded from the 
Ethiopian region, though a South-African species was 
described long ago by Gyllenhal under the name of Larinus 
pilosus. ‘The three species known to me are all natives of 
the dry south-western districts of South Africa, and they 
may be discriminated by the following characters :— 


Rostrum narrower at the apex than at the base; 
the dorsal outline of the elytra not higher at 
the middle than at the base. 
Elytra evidently broader than the prothorax, which 
is slightly broader than long (11:12); the 
longest sete on the elytra much longer than 
the scape, the alternate intervals bearing 
longer setee than the others................ pilosus, Gyl. 
Elytra not or but slightly broader than the pro- 
thorax, which is longer than broad (6:5); 
the longest sete on the elytra shorter than 
the scape, those in the alternate rows not 
loneer'thaw tho Others i/o. kee Sees oes cas angustulus, sp. 0. 
Rostrum not narrower at the apex than at the 
base; the dorsal outline of the elytra higher at 
the middle than at the base........... neon ote brevirostris, sp. 0. 


Microlarinus brevirostris, sp. n. 


Colour black, thinly clothed with short recumbent grey 
hairs, which form a denser (and therefore paler) lateral 
stripe on the prothorax and elytra, a similar short stripe at 
the apex of interval 3, a short oblique line behind the 
middle between striz 5 and 8, and a spot at the base of 
interval 2. 

_ Head with very coarse, longitudinally confluent punctures, 
the forehead not flattened, slightly convex, and not trans- 
versely impressed. Rostrum stout, a little shorter than its 
basal width, parallel-sided, and sculptured like the forehead. 
Prothorax broader than Tong (9:10), broadest at the base, 
and very gradually narrowed at the apex, the sides almost 
straight ; the upper surface with very coarse punctures and 
set with moderately long, erect, white sete. Hlytra sub- 
elliptical, distinctly broader than the prothorax, but the 
shoulders very sloping and the sides very slightly rounded ; 
the dorsal outline more or less convex, lower at the base 
than in the middle, owing to a shallow depression round the 
scutellum ; the intervals flat, finely rugose, the first slightly 
higher than the others and bearing, with the alternate 


156 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on 


intervals, a row of long erect white sete, which are not 
longer than the scape, the sete on the remaining intervals 
being not more than half the length. 

Length 34-4 mm., breadth 14-13 mm. 

Care Province: Uitenhage (Father J. A. O'Neil). 

Described from ten specimens. 


Microlarinus angusiulus, sp. 0. 


Colour piceous, with comparatively thin recumbent grey 
hairs and more or less ochreous-brown powdering ; the pro- 
thorax with a broad lateral stripe of very dense whitish 
hairs, which is abruptly and broadly produced inwards on 
the anterior half, so that the dark discal area, on which the 
hairs are darker and much shorter, is nearly half as wide in 
front as it is at the base; the elytra with rather thin grey 
hairs, a whitish spot at the shoulder and at the base of 
interval.3, and some small ill-defined pale spots laterally 
on the posterior half formed of denser groups of hairs. 

Head with longitudinally confluent punctation and rather 
densely setose, the forehead transversely flattened and with 
a shallow median fovea. Rostrum as long as its basal width, 
sharply narrowed from the base to the middle, and thence 
parallel-sided, much more finely punctate than the forehead 
and with a median furrow in the basal half only. Prothoraxr 
subcylindrical, a little longer than broad, feebly rounded 
at the sides, broadest at the middle, the apex ouly slightly 
narrower than the base, with coarse reticulate punctures 
and short suberect pale sete. lytra cylindrical, not much 
broader than the prothorax, the shoulders oblique, the dorsal 
outline almost continuous with that of the prothorax and 
quite flat for more than two-thirds the length; the very 
shallow strize with closely-set quadrate punctures, the 
intervals as broad as or narrower than the striz, flat, and 
each bearing a row of rather short, obliquely raised setze 
of approximately equal lengths ; a low elevation at the base 
on each side of the suture. 

Length 3:2—4 mm., breadth 1-1:2 mm. 

Care Province: Willowmore (Dr. H. Brauns—type). 
DaMaRALAND: Svakop River (J. Wahlberg—Stockholm 
Mus.). 

Described from two specimens. 

Much narrower and more cylindrical than any of the 
other deseribed species. 


new Curculionide from South Africa. 157 


Subfamily Hrreruariva, 
Hyposomus longipilis, sp. n. 


Integument piceous, clothed with dense grey scaling 
above and below; the pronotum with the disk brownish, 
except for acomplete, narrow, pale median stripe ; the elytra 
with a large darker discal patch of the same shape as the 
elytra themselves, outlmed with dark brown and extending 
as far as stria 4 and terminating in a point at the top of the 
declivity. 

Head with close confluent punctation which is entirely 
concealed by the closely-packed concave scales, which are 
much smaller than those on the rostrum, and set with short 
erect spatulate scales. Rostrum about as long as the pro- 
notum, slightly narrowed from the base to the middle and 
thence parallel-sided, with the dorsal outline only slightly 
curved but sloping rather abruptly near the apex; the 
dorsal punctation close and confluent; but hidden by the 
scales, which are not overlapping or concave; a lateral row of 
punctures on each side, which are partly visible through the 
scaling, each bearing a short erect seta, and two similar 
but more widely-spaced rows of setee on the dorsum ; the 
sides of the réstrum below the scrobe partly clothed with 
scales. Antenne testaceous, with very fine testaceous sete ; 
joint 1 of the funicle about as long as the next two together. 
Prothorax broader than long, moderately rounded at the 
sides, shallowly constricted near the apex, the constriction 
faintly continued across the disk ; the dorsal apical margin 
truncate and much narrower than the base, which is broadly 
rounded ; the dorsum with fine reticulate punctation 
throughout, the concave scales covering and fitting into the 
punctures. lytra comparatively rather broadly ovate, 
very slightly rounded at the sides, acuminate behind, with 
the apices jomtly rounded ; the basal margin deeply and 
jointly sinuate and not elevated, the external angles 
rounded and not very prominent; the striz shallow, with 
the punctures covered by, but perceptible through, the scaling, 
each containing a very minute seta; the intervals much 
broader than the strie, slightly convex, covered with flat 
scallop-like overlapping scales, the alternate ones with a row 
of sete which on the basal two-thirds are short, curved, and 
nearly recumbent, but on the apical third long, straight, 
and erect. Legs stout, densely clothed with overlapping 


158 Dr. G. A. K. Marshall on 


concave scales and short erect setz ; the anterior tibize with 
an obtuse angulation at the middle of the inner edge; the 
fourth tarsal joint twice as longas the third. Sternum witha 
broad shallow longitudinal impression in front of the fore 
coxee. Venter with the suture between ventrites 3 and 4 
(Ist and 2nd visible) broadly fused in the middle. 

Length 4-45 mm., breadth 1-8-2 mm. 

Care Province: Table Mountain (W. Bevins). 

Described from four specimens. 


Hypsomus bevinsi, sp. n. 


Extremely like a very small H. lonyipilis, but differing as 
follows :—The prosternum not impressed in front of the 
coxre ; the suture between ventrites 3 and 4 (the lst and 
2nd visible) distinct throughout and deeply sinuate in the 
middle ; the apical constriction of the prothorax is not con- 
tinued across the disk; the seteze at the apex of the elytra are 
much shorter and fewer, and there is a broad brown lateral 
stripe on the prothorax and on the inflexed margin of the 
elytra. 

Length 25-3 mm., breadth 1-1-:25 mm. 

Care Province: Table Mountain (W. Bevins) ; Camps 
Bay, vill. 1905 (G. A. K. JZ.) 

Described from twelve specimens. 


Hypsomus albosuturalis, sp. n. 


Integument red-brown, the pronotum darker ; the head 
and rostrum with grey scaling turning to whitish round the 
eyes; the prothorax brown on the disk, with a median 
whitish stripe and two lateral ones on each side; the elytra 
with a broad white sutural stripe ceasing at a little distance 
before the apex, brown between strie 1 and 4, dark grey 
between strizc 4 and 8, and whitish between 8 and the 
lateral margin; the lower surface densely clothed with 
whitish scaling. 

Head with fine confluent punctation, which is entirely 
hidden by flat, contiguous, aud not overlapping scales. 
Rostrum comparatively long and slender, as long as the head 
and pronotum together, much narrower than the forehead 
at the base, subcylindrical throughout, and moderately 
curved ; a deep lateral punctate stria extending from the 
base to the autenne, and two deep dorsal impunctate strice 


new Cuireulionidee from South Africa. 159 


from the antennew to the apex; the scales flat and con- 
tiguous, and confined to the dorsum between the lateral 
strie and not extending beyond the antenne; the lateral 
strize each containing a row of short erect sete, but no 
dorsal ones. Antenne testaceous, with fine testaceous sete ; 
the funicle with joint 1 as long as the next three together. 
Prothorax a little broader than long, rounded at the sides, 
broadest at the middle, shallowly constricted at the apex, 
which is not much narrower than the base, the latter being 
truncate in the middle, with the lateral angles entirely 
rounded off; the dorsum throughout with close reticulate 
punctures, which are quite distinct on the dark areas but 
hidden by the white scaling. lytra narrow, subelliptical, 
acuminate behind, with the apices jointly rounded, the basal 
margin broadly sinuate and not elevated, and the lateral 
angles obtusely prominent; the very shallow striz with 
rather strong, clearly visible punctures, each containing a 
very minute seta; the intervals flat, broader than the striz, 
without any apparent sete on the disk, but intervals 5, 7, 
and 9 each with a sparse row of minute bent sete; the apex, 
however, bears rather dense, short, erect setze ; the scales flat 
and only slightly overlapping, not well-defined on the 
darker parts. Legs with dense, slightly concave, pale scales 
and short erect setz ; the front tibie not angulate internally ; 
the tarsi broader than usual, the 4th joint only half as long 
again as the 3rd. Sternum not impressed in front of the fore 
coxe. Venter with the suture between ventrites 3 and 4 
(nominally 1 and 2) distinct throughout and gently sinuate 
in the middle. 

Length 2-3°5 mm., breadth 0°75-1:25 mm. 

Care Province: Table Mountain (W. Bevins), 

Described from eight specimens. 

Only three other species of Hypsomus have been previously 
described, and the salient characters are given in the 
following table :— 


1 (2). Elytra subtruncate at the base, the basal 

angles not produced forwards, a distinct 

humeral angle present; base of rostrum 

raised above level of forehead ; a distinct 

small scutellum....... PRAISES ery teers parvus, Mshl-* 
2 (1). Elytra deeply sinuate at the base, the 

basal angles strongly produced forwards, 


* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. 935, pl. lxvi. fig. 11 (1907). 


160 


3 (6). 
4 (5) 
5 (4) 
6 (3) 
TAO): 
Sin); 
9 (8). 
LO SCZ); 


On new Curculionidee from South Africa. 


no trace of a humeral angle; rostrum 
continuous with the forehead; scutellum 
invisible. 

Klytra with the alternate intervals higher 
at the base and the margin itself elevated, 
the apices separately mucronate; the 
scaling of the elytra fused so as to form 
an apparently caleareous indumentum in 
which the individual scales are not dis- 
tinguishable ; the setz minute. 


. Prothorax subcylindrical, about as long 


as broad; interval 9 on the elytra not 
carinate at the base; rostrum with dense 
confluent punctation at the sides, which 
is entirely hidden by scaling -.......... 


. Prothorax transverse, with sides rounded, 


and much narrower at the apex than at 
the base ; interval 9 on the elytra strongly 
carinate near the base; rostrum bare at 
the sides and there impunctate, except 
for two shallow punctate strie ........ 


. Elytra with neither the base nor the alter- 


nate intervals elevated, the apices jointly 
rounded; the scales on the elytra distinct 
and everlapping, the sets well-developed 
and erect on the apical half. 

Rostrum much deeper than wide, as broad 
at the base as the forehead, without dorsal 
furrows in front of the antennz, and 
with the sides below the scrobes partly 
squamose; 4th tarsal joint at least twice 
as long as 8rd; elytra without a white 
sutural stripe. 

Prosternum with a broad longitudinal im- 
pression in front of the coxw#; the suture 
between ventrites 3 and 4 (lst and 2nd 
visible) entirely obliterated in the middle ; 
length (without rostrum) 4-4°5 mm.; 
elytra with very long erect setz on the 
apical third. £2... .0ewsiews cele snes eee 

Prosternum not impressed ; the suture be- 
tween ventrites 3 and 4 distinct through- 
out and strongly sinuate in the middle; 
length 2°5-3 mm.; elytra with fewer and 
much shorter sete on the declivity only. . 

Rostrum subcylindrical, much narrower 
at the base than the forehead, with two 
dorsal furrows from the antennsw to the 
apex, and with the sides below the 
scrobes entirely bare; 4th tarsal joint 
half as long again as 3rd; elytra with a 
white :sutural Stripe .... 2. Fe. cfc eee aoe 


lembunculus, Boh, 


scapha, Boh. 


longipilis, sp. n. 


bevinsi, sp. D. 


albosuturalis, sp. nN. 


On new or little-known Tipulidee. 161 


XV.— New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).—V. Ethiopian 
Species. By Cuartes P. Avexanper, Ph.D., Urbana, 
Illinois, U.S.A. 


THE present paper is a continuation of the preceding parts 
under this title. The holotypes are preserved in the writer’s 
collection, except where noted to the contrary. 


Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia) nigeriensis, sp. 0. 

General coloration brown, the mesonotum reddish brown ; 
pleura testaceous; legs with the metatarsi entirely white ; 
wings pale brownish subhyaline; stigma elongate, dark 
brown; Sc, ending opposite the origin of Rs. 

Male.—Length 6 mm.; wing 7-7°2 mm. 

Female.—Length 6 mm. ; wing 6°38 mm. 

Rostrum pale brown ; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark 
brown. Head dark brown, grey pruinose. 

Mesonotum reddish brown. Pleura testaceous, Halteres 
very elongate, dark brown. Legs with the cox and 
trochanters testaceous; femora dark brown, paler basally ; 
tibiee dark brown ; tarsi pure white, the terminal segments 
scarcely darkened. Wings pale brownish subhyaline ; 
stigma elongate, dark brown ; veins dark brown. Venation: 
Sc, ending opposite the origin of Rs, Sc, a short distanee 
from the tip, Sc, about equal to the basal deflection of Cu, ; 
penultimate section of R, from one and one-half to twice r ; 
basal deflection of ,,; strongly arcuated ; in some speci- 
mens the inner end of cell ls¢ M, is strongly arcuated, less 
so in other specimens ; basal deflection of Cu, beyond mid- 
length of cell lst Mp. 

Abdomen dark brown. 

Hab. Nigeria. 

Holotype, 3, Effon Forest, November 10, 1920 (4. WV. J. 
Pomeroy). 

Allotopotype, 2. 

Paratopotypes, 2 8’s. 

Holotype in the collection of the British Museum 
(Natural History ). 

Dicranomyia nigeriensis is related to D. seychellensis 
(Edwards), from which it differs in the uniformly white tarsi, 
the elongate halteres, and the details of the wing-venation. 
The known species of the subgenus Thryplicomyia occur 
in the Ethiopian Region (2), Palzarctic Region, Japan (1), 
Oriental Region (2), and the Australian Region (4). 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. Ee 


162 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


Dicranomyia venustula, sp. n. 


General coloration light yellow; antennz yellow, the first 
scapal segment dark brown; legs yellow, the tips of the 
femora and tibiz narrowly infuscated ; wings light yellow, 
spotted with brown ; Sc short, Rs square at origin. 

Male.— Length 4-4-5 mm. ; wing 4°6-5 mm. 

Female.—Length 5°5 mm. ; wing 6 mm, 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne light yellow, 
the first scapal segment dark brown; in the male, the 
flagellar segments are short-petiolate basally and are pro- 
vided with long verticils. Head dark brown, indistinctly 
pruinose. 

Mesonotum and pleura pale whitish yellow, unmarked. 
Halteres yellow. Legs yellow, the tips of the femora 
narrowly dark brown, of the tibiz still more narrowly dark 
brown ; terminal tarsal segments infuscated. Wings witha 
faint yellowish tinge, sparsely variegated with brown spots, 
arranged as follows: At tip of Se and origin of Rs; at 
stigma; seams along the cord and outer end of cell Ist M, ; 
spots at the ends of veins R,,3, My,5, M;, Cu, Cu,, and the 
anal veins, the two latter the largest ; veins yellow, brown 
in the infuscated areas. Venation: Se short, Sc; ending 
immediately beyond the origin of Rs, Sc, at tip ; Rs square 
at origin or with the angle of curvature proximad of the 
actual origin, sometimes spurred ; inner ends of cells #3 and 
lst M, lying far proximad of cell R,; cell lst M, closed, 
shorter than vein J/,,, beyond it but longer than M;; basal 
deflection of Cu, at or immediately before the fork of M; 
Cu, shorter than the basal deflection of Cu. 

Abdomen yellow, the apices of tergites narrowly infus- . 
cated, broadest medially. Male hypopygium with the pleural 
appendage elongate and _ slender, cylindrical, directed 
proximad and decussate with its mate across the genital 
chamber. Ovipositor with the sternal valves blackened at 
base. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Hlat, 1920 (J. A. Reis). 

Allotopotype, 9. 

Paratopotypes, 3 3’s. 

D. venustula is most closely related to the larger D. woos- 
nami, Alexander (Hast Africa). 


new or little-known Tipulide. 163 


Dicranomyia pauciguttata, sp. 0. 


Related to D. guitula, Alexander (Portuguese East Africa) 
general coloration yellowish brown ; thoracic pleura with 
a broad dark brown longitudinal stripe ; wings grey with a 
sparse brown dotting along the veins; Sc short; cell lst M, 
irregular in shape, lying far out in the wing-membrane. 

Male.—Length 4°8 mm. ; wing 5°5 mm. 

Female——Length 5 mm. ; wing 6 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenna short, dark 
brown; basal flagellar segments subglobular, gradually 
passing into oval. Head greyish pruinose. 

Mesonotum yellowish brown, covered with a yellow pollen ; 
four indistinct longitudinal brown stripes, the intermediate 
pair indicated only in front. Pleura testaceous with a broad 
and conspicuous but ill-delimited fuscous longitudinal stripe 
extending from the cervical sclerites to the base of the 
abdomen. Talteres yellow, the knobs pale brown. Legs 
with the coxe brown; trochanters brownish testaceous ; 
femora yellowish brown, the extreme tips indistinctly paler ; 
remainder of the legs brown, on the tarsi passing into darker 
brown. Wings grey with a sparse brown pattern that is 
confined to the veins, the principal spots as follows: at tip 
of Se and origin of Rs; fork of Rs; tip of A,; along 
cord ; at tips of longitudinal veins; one before mid-length 
of M and another less distinct spot before the end of M; 
a series of about three small spots along Cu ; an indistinct 
series in cell C; two spots along vein 2nd A; wing-axil 
darkened; veins pale, darker in the infuscated areas. 
Venation: Se short, Sc, extending a short distance beyond 
the origin of Rs; Rs about equal to the deflection of Ry,5 
and approximately in alignment with it, both gently 
arcuated ; cell lst M, very irregular, situated far out in the 
membrane ; inner end greatly arcuated, about as long as the 
basal deflection of Cu,; m short, from one-third to one- 
quarter the length of the outer deflection of M3; basal 
deflection of Cu, at or some distance before the fork of M. 

Abdomen brown. Male hypopygium with the ventral 
pleural appendage relatively small but fleshy ; dorsal pleural 
appendage a powerful chitinized black hook, the tip acute. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Batanga, June 12, 1920 (J. A. Revs), 

Allotopotype, 2, August 12, 1920. 


11* 


164 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


Dicranomyia mendica, sp. n. 


Antenne dark brown; head grey pruinose, the vertex 
with a median dark line ; mesonotum yellowish brown, 
preescutum with three brown stripes ; femora dark brown, 
the tips conspicuously yellow ; wings greyish subhyaline, 
stigma brown; Se long, cell lst M, closed ; abdominal seg- 
ments dark brown, the caudal margins of the segments 
broadly pale. 

Male.—Length 5°5 mm. ; wing 66 mm. 

Female.—Length 6 mm. ; wing 7 mm. 

Rostrum slightly produced, brown ; palpi dark brown. 
Antenne dark brown, the elongate terminal segment paler 
brown; flagellar segments elongate-oval. Head light grey, 
the vertex with a dark, elongate, median stripe. 

Pronotum yellowish testaceous, dark brown medially. 
Mesonotal preescutum with three conspicuous dark brown 
stripes, the median stripe longest and broadest; lateral 
stripes indistinctly delimited at their anterior ends; pale 
interspaces narrow ; lateral margins of preescutum sparsely 
pruinose ; scutum testaceous, the lobes dark brown ; scu- 
tellum and postnotum sparsely pruinose. Pleura testaceous ; 
a brownish area on mesepisternum. Halteres yellow, the 
knobs dark brown. Legs with the cox and trochanters 
concolorous with the pleura; femora testaceous basally, 
passing into dark brown before the tips ; apices conspicuous 
pale yellow ; remainder of the legs dark brown. Wings 
greyish subhyaline, the costal and subcostal cells slightly 
more saturated ; stigma oval, brown; veins dark brown. 
Venation: Sc long, Sc, extending to about opposite four- 
fifths Rs; Sc, at tip of Sc, ; Rs long, gently arcuated ; r at 
tip of R,; basal deflection of R,,; about equal to or a little 
longer than the deflection of M,,,.; cell lst M, about as 
long as the outer section of Cu,; basal deflection of Cu, at, 
or immediately before, the fork of M7, longer than Cup. 

Abdominal segments dark brown, the posterior margins of 
the segments broadly pale. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Bidu, July 24, 1920 (J. A. Reis). 

Allotopotype, ?. 

Paratopotype, 2. 


Dicranomyia submendica, sp. un. 


General coloration brownish yellow, the thoracic pleura 


new or little-known Tipulidee. 165 


with a conspicuous dark brown longitudinal stripe ; wings 
uniformly pale brown, stigma small, subcircular; Se long, 
cell lst M, closed ; abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites 
obscure yellow, the caudal margins of the segments dark 
brown ; pleural appendage of male hypopygium subequally 
bifid. 

Male.—Length about 5 mm. ; wing 5°3 mm. 

Female.—Length 5°7 mm.; wing 5°5 mm, 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennz dark brown, 
the oval flagellar segments densely white pubescent. Head 
grey. 

Mesonotal preescutum obscure brownish yellow with three 
ill-defined darker brown stripes, the lateral stripes paler 
anteriorly, behind crossing the suture and suffusing the 
scutal lobes. Pleura testaceous yellow with a conspicuous 
dark brown dorsal longitudinal stripe. Halteres dark brown, 
the base of the stem conspicuously light yellow. Legs with 
the coxze and trochanters testaceous yellow ; remainder of 
the legs dark brown, the femoral bases slightly paler. Wings 
with auniformly pale brown tinge ; stigma small, subcircular 
in outline, dark brown ; veins dark brown. Venation: Se 
long, Sc; ending immediately before mid-length of Rs, Scz at 
tip of Sc,; Rs long, feebly angulated at origin ; cell Ist M, 
closed ; basal deflection of Cu, at or beyond the fork of M. 

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the ninth tergite obscure 
yellow ; sternites obscure yellow, the caudal margins dark 
brown. Male hypopygium with the single fleshy pleural 
appendage profoundly bifid into two subequal, digitiform, 
hairy lobes. Ovipositor with the bases of the powerful 
sternal valves blackened. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3 , Lolodorf, November 16, 1920 (J. A. Reis). 

Allotopotype, ¢ . 

Dicranomyia submendica is undoubtedly related to 
D. fuscopleura, but is readily distinguished by the larger size 
and structure of the male hypopygium. 


Trentepohlia (Mongoma) dummeri, sp. n. 


Similar to 7. fragillima ; white femoral tips narrow; 
white tibial tips occupying a little less than one-third the 
length of the segment; wings grey, the tips darkened ; 
abdominal sternites obscure yellow. 

Male.—Length 10-11 mm. ; wing 9-10°2 mm. 

Female,—Length about 10 mm. ; wing 9°2 mm. 


166 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


Rostrum yellow, brown in some specimens; palpi dark 
brown. Antennze with the first scapal segment yeliow, the 
remainder dark brown. Front and anterior part of vertex 
obscure yellow; remainder of head dark brown. 

Mesonotnm brown, the pleura obscure yellowish testaceous. 
Halteres dark brown. Legs with the coxze and trochanters 
vellowish testaceous ; femora dark brown, the tips rather 
narrowly (1-l mm.) white; tibia dark brown, the bascs 
narrowly (1'4mm.) white, the tips rather broadly (5-5°2 mm.) 
white; the broad brown tibial band is about twice the pale 
tip; tarsi white; fore femora with two delicate bristles a 
short distance beyond the base. Wings grey ; stigma dark 
brown; cell Se and wing-tip darkened ; indistinct seams 
along cord and vein Cu; veins dark brown. Venation: ron 
R,,3 before the fork, a distance less than m. 

Abdominal tergites dark brown ; sternites obscure yellow. 

Hab. Uganda. 

Holotype, &, Mabira Forest, Kyagwe Country, altitude 
4000 feet, August 12, 1920 (R. A. Dummer). 

Allotopotype, 2, August 10, 1920. 

Paratopotypes, 2 37s, August 9, 1920. 

« Along a stream in forest.” 

There can be no doubt but that many African species of 
Trentepohlia answer the brief characterization of 7. fragillima 
(Westwood). Mr. Edwards informs me that the type of the 
latter is not now in the Hope Collections in the Oxford 
Museum and may no longer be in existence. The present 
species differs from T. fragillima in the conspicuously larger 
size and the coloration of the abdominal and thoracic 
sternites. The degree of whitening of the tibial tips in 
T. fragillina is not known. I take pleasure in naming this 
fly after the collector, Mr. R. A. Dummer. 


Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) nigricolor, sp. n. 


General coloration shiny black ; halteres yellow ; posterior 
coxe testaceous yellow ; a single strong bristle on posterior 
tibie before tips; wings whitish subhyaline, cross-banded 
with brown, the centre of cell R, pale ; abdomen black, the 
genital segment obscure reddish. 

Male.—Lengti 6°3 mm. ; wing 5°6 mm. 

Female.—Length about 6°5 mm.; wing 5°7 mm. 

Rostrum, maxillary and labial palpidark brown. Antennz 
dark brown throughout; flagellar segments cylindrical. 
Head dark grey; eyes of male large, the vertex between 
them very narrow. 


new or little-known Tipulide. 167 


Thorax shiny black, the humeral region not brightened. 
Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxe brownish 
testaceous, the fore coxe darkest, the posterior cox testa- 
ceous yellow ; trochanters obscure yellowish brown; 
remainder of the legs brown, the tarsi very slightly paler ; 
a long curved bristle before tip of hind tibia in both sexes ; 
in the males, at least, a similar bristle may occur on the tibize 
of other legs. Wings whitish subhyaline; cells C and Se 
more yellowish ; conspicuous dark brown bands on the wing ; 
a basal area occupying the bases of cells R to lst A; a band 
at the cord, broadened out in the base of cell Ist R,, the 
centre of this area varying from pale to almost solid, the 
mark extended along the cord and vein Cw as broad 
conspicuous seams ; distal band occupying the wing-tip, but 
centre of cell R, distinctly pale ; veins brown, more 
yellowish in the pale costal areas. Venation: Rs in align- 
ment with the deflection of Ry; ; R.,3 strongly arcuated, 
tip of R, and r very pale, subatrophied ; cell R; spoon- 
shaped, greatly dilated on its proximal half, the outer half 
narrow and with parallel sides; basal deflection of Cu, 
immediately before the fork of M; fusion of Cu, and 1st A 
slight. 

Abdomen black, the genital segment in both sexes obscure 
reddish. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Efulan, June 5, 1920 (J. A. Reis). 

Allotopotype, 2. 

Paratopotypes, 1 3,1 9. 


Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) nox, sp. n. 


General coloration black ; knob of halteres brown ; legs 
brownish yellow, the tips of the femora conspicuously 
brownish black ; posterior tibiz with three or four bristles 
before tips ; wings pale greyish subhyaline ; veins conspicu- 
ously seamed with brown; centre of the large cell Ist A, 
pale ; wing-tip darkened, this including all of cell R,; Rs 
about one-half longer than the first section of Ry, 3. 

Female.—Length 7 mm. ; wing 6°9-7 mm. 

Mouth-parts yellow ; palpi dark brown. Antenne dark 
brown. Head dark brown. 

Mesonotum shiny brownish black, the extreme anterior 
margin of prescutum on either side of median area obscure 
yellow. Pleura shiny dark brown. Halteres dark brown, 
the base of the stem pale. Legs with the cox and tro- 
chanters obscure yellow ; femora brownish yellow, the tips 


168 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


rather narrowly but conspicuously dark brownish black ; 
tibiz pale brownish yellow, the extreme base indistinctly 
darkened ; tarsi concolorous ; posterior tibize with three or 
four rather powerful black bristles just before the tip. 
Wings pale greyish subhyaline; wing-veins and apex 
suffused with brown; cells C, Sc, and most of 2nd R, more 
greyish yellow; the brown seams are most conspicuous along 
Rs, the cord, Cu and its branches, and all the veins beyond 
the cord with the exception of the distal section of Ro,3 ; 
the darkened wing-tip includes all of cell R,, the ends of 
Qnd R, and 2nd M,, the distal three-fifths of R;, and the 
distal half of R;; stigma oval, darker brown; veins dark 
brown. Venation: Rs long, gently arcuated at origin, 
about one-half longer than the first section of F,,,; first 
section of R,,, a little longer than the second section ; 
petiole of cell R; short, about equal to the basal deflection 
of Ry,5; fusion of C, and ls¢ A punctiform. 

Abdominal tergites black; sternites conspicuously bi- 
colorous, the basal three-fifths of the intermediate segments 
y llow, the caudal margins conspicuously blackened ; a black 
subterminal ring; ovipositor bright chestnut horn-colour. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, ?, Lolodorf, January 15, 1919 (J. A. Reis). 

At first sight, Trentepohlia now bears a considerable 
resemblance to 7’. nigricolor, sp. n., but is readily told by 
the coloration of the legs, wings, and abdomen, and the 
venational details, especially the very long sector and the 
short petiole of cell R;. 


Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) hyalina, sp. n. 


General coloration yellowish; posterior tibiz with three 
powerful bristles before tip ; wings hyaline or nearly so. 

Female.—Length 6°6 mm. ; wing 5:2 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi yellow. Antenne with the scapal 
segments yellow ; flagellum broken. Head pale yellow. 

Pronotum with long erect sete. Mesonotum rather 
bright yellowish ; humeral region and prescutal interspaces 
with erect sete. Pleura yellow; mesopleura setiferous. 
Legs pale yellowish testaceous throughout ; legs all detached, 
but what from analogous species would appear to be the 
posterior legs are armed as follows: femora at base with a 
series of about fifteen spinous bristles that are subequally 
spaced ; tibize before tips with three very long and powerful 
black bristles that are about equidistant from one another 


new or little-known Tipulidee, 169 


and from the tibial apex. Wings nearly hyaline ; costal 
and subcostal cells indistinctly yellowish ; stigma lacking ; 
veins brown, those in costal area more yellowish. Venation : 
Rs long, straight, in alignment with R,,;; 7 connecting with 
R,,3 about one-half its length before the fork; petiole of 
cell R; about equal to basal deflection of Cu,, the latter a 
short distance before the fork of M; fusion of Cu, and 
lst A punctiform. 

Abdomen brown, the basal tergites more yellowish. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 2? , Batanga, July 14, 1920 (J. A. Reis). 


Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) pomeroyi, sp. n. 


General coloration brown, the pleura and lateral margins 
of the mesonotum yellow ; tibiw and tarsi obscure whitish ; 
wings whitish subhyaline, marked with brown; the large 
cell Ist R, largely pale; cell R, largely dark-coloured ; 
abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites obscure yellow, 
the caudal margins of the segments broadly dark brown. 

Male.—Length about 5°5 mm.; wing 4°6 mm. 

Female.—Length about 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. 

Rostrum obscure yellow; palpi dark brown. Antenne 
brownish black. Anterior part of vertex dark brown, the 
remainder pale brownish yellow. 

Mesonotum brown medially, the lateral margins 
brightening into yellow, the scutellum and postnotum 
darker brown. Pleura testaceous yellow, the mesosternum 
a little darker. Halteres dark brown, the base of the stem 
yellow. Legs with the coxe rather bright yellow; tro- 
chanters testaceous ; femora brown, the tips very narrowly 
and indistinctly paler ; tibize and tarsi obscure whitish; in 
the types only the fore and middle legs are attached, and in 
these the tibiz are unarmed. Wings whitish subhyaline, 
in the female the costal and subcostal cells more yellowish, 
in the male more brownish; conspicuous brown seams at 
the origin of Rs, tip of R,, and 7, continued as paler brown 
seams along Rs, R,,;, the cord, and Cu; the wing-tip in cells 
R,, R3, and R; is pale brown, the centre of cell R, sometimes 
paler; veins dark brown ; in the female, veins C, Sc, R, and 
the distal section of R,,3 yellow; cell lst R, is large and 
with the centre conspicuously pale. Venation: Rs longer 
than the first section of R,,3, cell 1st R, consequently 
elongate-triangular ; cell R; narrow, its petiole about twice 


170 Dr. CG. P. Alexander on 


(%) to thrice (¢) the basal deflection of M,,.; basal 
deflection of Cu, before the fork of WM; cell 2nd A narrow. 

Abdominal tergites dark brown ; sternites obscure yellow, 
the caudal margins broadly dark brown. 

Hab. Nigeria. 

Holotype, 3, Effon Forest, November 10, 1920 (4. W. J. 
Pomeroy). 

Allotopotype, 2. 

“Jn holes in big trees.”’ Species of crane-flies taken in 
these same situations include Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia) 
nigeriensis, Rhamphidia flavitarsis, and Megistocera filipes. 

Holotype in the collection of the British Museum (Natural 
History). 

Trentepohlia pomeroyi is a very distinct species that finds 
its only close described relative in 7. exornata, Bergroth, 
from which it is readily told by the diagnostic characters 
listed above. The fly is dedicated to the collector, my 
friend, Lieut. Arthur W. Jobbins Pomeroy, of the British 
Expeditionary Force. 


Dolichopeza (Trichodolichopeza) albogeniculata, sp. un. 


General coloration dark brown; palpi yellow ; legs dark 
brown, the knees narrowly whitish; tarsi. fading into 
yellowish ; wings dark grey, stigma dark brown; wing-tip 
and veins seamed with brown; conspicuous obliterative 
areas before and beyond the stigma. 

Female.—Length 10°4 mm.; wing 10°8 mm. 

Frontal prolongation of the head brown ; palpi yellow ; 
the basal segment brown. Antenne dark brown, the scapal 
segments yellow. Head brown. 

Mesonotum dark brown, the humeral regions of the 
prescutum obscure yellow. Pleura badly crushed in the 
unique type, variegated with brown and obscure yellow. 
Halteres dark brown, the base of the stem yellow. Legs 
with the cox brown ; femora dark brown, the tips narrowly 
but conspicuously whitish; tibiz dark brown, the bases 
narrowly whitish, this area about equal in extent to the pale 
femoral tips; tarsi pale brownish yellow, becoming paler 
and more conspicuous toward the end of the organ; terminal 
tarsal segment brown. Wings dark grey, variegated with 
brown and whitish subhyaline ; stigma dark brown ; wing-tip 
in cells R, to Cu, narrowly seamed with dark brown ; cord 
and longitudinal veins narrowly seamed with brown ; 
whitish subhyaline obliterative areas before and beyond the 


new or little-known Tipulidee. 1k 


stigma ; conspicuous macrotrichiz in cells R, to 2nd M,, 
most numerous in cell R; where they include about the 
outer half of the cell. Venation: Rs very short, almost 
transverse, about equal to 7-m; distal section of R, 
obliterated ; petiole of cell M, subequal to or a little longer 
than the petiole of cell 2nd M,; fusion of Cu, and M about 
four-fifths of the basal deflection of Cuy. 

Abdomen dark brown, the tergites with a conspicuous 
pale yellow lateral area beyond mid-length of the sclerite. 

Hab. Uganda. 

Holotype, 2, Mabira Forest, Kyagwe Country, altitude 
4000 feet, August 12, 1920 (R. A. Dummer). 

‘Bobbing up and down on a tree-trunk between the 
buttresses,” 


XENOTIPULA, gen. nov. 


Frontal prolongation of the head short and stout ; no 
nasus. Antennz very short in both sexes, composed of 15 
segments, the first flagellar segment conspicuously enlarged, 
suboval, narrow at the base, provided with a few scattered 
bristles ; remaining flagellar segments small, irregularly 
cylindrical, the terminal three segments closely approximated. 
Palpi of moderate length, the terminal segment a little 
shorter than the third. Legs of the male much longer than 
those of the female; tibiz with two conspicuous curved 
spurs. Wings with Sc, atrophied ; tip of R, atrophied or 
nearly so; but two branches of media reaching the wing- 
margin. Wings of the female smaller than those of the 
male. Male hypopygium of simple structure, the pleural 
appendages spinose posteriorly at the base. Ovipositor with 
the valves short and fleshy. 

Genotype.— Xenotipula munroi, sp. n. (Southern Ethiopian 
Region). 

Xenotipula is a very peculiar genus of Tipuline crane-flies. 
Together with Jdiotipula, Alexander (Natal), and Pseudolepto- 
tarsus, Alexander (Australia), the genus is readily told from 
all other members of the subfamily Tipulinz by the presence 
of only two branches of media. Xenotipula is told from 
Idiotipula by the tibial spurs, the very short antennze in both 
sexes, the lack of vein Sc,, and the fleshy ovipositor. The 
curious discrepancy in the size of the two sexes is discussed 
in the collector’s field-notes following the specific description. 


172 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


Xenotipula munroi, sp. un. 


Male with the wings and legs much larger and longer than 
those of the female; general coloration brownish testaceous, 
the mesonotum unmarked with darker; wings yellowish 
grey ; Sc, ending opposite mid-length of Rs; cell lst M, 
narrowed outwardly ; cell 2nd A moderate in width. 

Male.—Length about 6-6°5 mm. ; wing 8°5-9 mm. Fore 
leg, femur 4°6 mm. ; tibia 5°5 mm.; hind leg, femur 6 mm.; 
tibia 5°4 mm.; tarsus about 18 mm. 

Female.—Length 6 mm.; wing 5-6°3 mm. Hind leg, 
femur 3 mm.; tibia 3 mm. ; tarsus about 5°5 mm. 

Male.—F routal prolongation of the head very short and 
stout, yellowish brown ; nasus lacking ; palpi light brown. 
Antennal scape light yellow; first flagellar segment testa- 
ceous; remainder of the flagellum dark brown. Head 
brown, broadly yellowish adjoining the inner margins of 
the eyes ; vertex between the eyes very broad. 

Mesonotum pale brownish testaceous without darker 
markings. Pleura pale testaceous yellow. Halteres light 
brown, the knobs a little darker. Legs with the coxe pale 
testaceous yellow; trochanters pale yellow, each with a 
conspicuous brown spot on the posterior face ; remainder of 
the legs testaceous brown ; fore tibiz a little longer than 
the fore femora ; hind tibiz shorter than the hind femora ; 
tarsi very long and slender, the metatarsi alone much longer 
than the combined femur and tibia; claws small, simple. 
Wings with a strong yellowish-grey tinge; stigma darker, 
brown; veins brown. Venation: Sc, ending about opposite 
mid-length of Rs, Sc, lacking ; &s long, gently arcuated at 
origin; /,,; about two-thirds of Rs; tip of R, sub- 
atrophied; outer section of MR, atrophied or barely 
persistent; only two branches of media reach the wing- 
margin ; cell lst 1, long-pentagonal, narrowed outwardly, 
m being less than one-third the outer deflection of M, ; 
m-—cu distinct ; cell Cu, deep, Cu, being about one-half 
longer than the basal deflection of Cu, ; vein 2nd A almost 
straight, cell 2nd A of moderate width. Macrotrichiz on 
the penultimate section of /,, on ft2,3, R3, and Ry,5. 

Abdominal tergites pale brown, the caudal margins 
darker; sternites more yellowish testaceous. Hypopygium 
of simple structure. Ninth tergite short, the posterior 
margin notched, the surface and margin of the tergite with 
conspicuous bristles. Ninth sterno-pleurite elongate, the 


new or little-known Tipulide. 173 


pleural appendages at the end, these latter flattened, the 
posterior margin at the base with a few stout black spines. 

Female.—About equal in size of body to the male, but the 
wings smaller and the legs very small and slender. ‘The 
abdomen is greatly distended with large eggs, which con- 
dition, together with the delicate nature of the wings, 
probably renders this sex flightless, at least until oviposition 
is accomplished. All of the females available for study are 
teneral, the wings being pale and badly folded, the venation 
less distinct than in the male but agreeing in all essentials. 
The teneral nature of the females would lead us to believe 
that copulation takes place while the female is still teneral, 
a condition found in many other Tipulidz. Ovipositor with 
the valves very small and fleshy, the sternal valves extending 
beyond the tergal ones. 

Hab. Natal. 

Holotype, 3 , Ambleside, near Port Shepstone, August 23, 
1920 (H. K. Munro). 

Allotopotype, 2. 

Paratopotypes, 15 g’s, 5 2’s. 

This very interesting species is dedicated to its collector, 
my friend, Mr. H. K. Munro. The collector’s full notes on 
this species are of unusual interest. 

“ Found on Ambleside near Port Shepstone on steep hill- 
side, some distance from river. Conditions very dry—rain 
had not yet begun, Hillside covered with original bush and 
trees, undergrowth not very dense. Ground covered thickly 
with dead leaves. Large numbers of this fly were observed, 
most of them flying very close to the ground, in fact 
touching the dead leaves, so that it was not possible to catch 
them by beating without getting so many leaves that the 
flies, which were very fragile, were ruined. <A few were 
flying up among the bushes. I soon observed that all those 
flying were males, except only a very few females flying ‘ in 
cop. After watching them for some time I noticed the 
flying males congregated in indiscriminate mé/ées in certain 
spots. When these were examined, I saw that on the ground 
at each spot was a female with a very greatly distended 
abdomen. One male was in copula and the rest were flying 
around. 

“The legs of the males are longer than those of the 
females. Like many of the Tipulide, individual insects 
were hard to follow owing to their very light and cob-webby 
appearance.”—H, K. Munro. 


174 On new or little-known Tipulide. 


Tipula camerounensis, sp. 0. 


General coloration of mesonotum light brown; pleura 
whitish yellow ; mesonotum densely covered with short setz ; 
wings pale grey; stigma dark brown; male hypopygium 
with the sclerites fused into a ring, the median lobe of the 
ninth tergite narrow, the tip split by a y-shaped notch into 
two flattened lobes. 

Male.—Length 16°5 mm.; wing 17 mm. ; antenna about 
5 mm. 

Frontal prolongation of the head ferruginous ; palpi dark 
brown. Antennee of moderate length, scape testaceous, 
flagellum dark brown. Head ferruginous brown. 

Mesonotum hght brown without darker markings, the 
surface densely covered with short sete. Pleura pale 
whitish yellow, unmarked. MHalteres dark brown. Legs 
with the coxze and trochanters testaceous ; remainder of legs 
brown ; claws of male apparently simple. Wings with a 
uniformly pale grey tinge; cell Se brownish yellow; an 
inconspicuous brown seam along 7—m and the basal deflection 
of R,,;; stigma narrow, dark brown; veins dark brown. 
Venation : Rs short, about as long as the petiole of cell J, ; 
cell R, shorter than R;, the proximal end acute. 

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the sternites more 
yellowish; hypopygium brownish yellow. Male hypopygium 
as in this group of species, the sclerites fused into a ring ; 
ninth tergite with the median lobe produced into a narrow 
depressed blade, the apex split into two flattened lobes. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Elat, 1920 (J. A. Reis). 


Tipula orya#, sp. a. 


General coloration liver-brown, the pleura yellowish 
striped longitudinally with dark brown ; mesosternum dark 
brown ; wings pale grey, the costal and subcostal cells dark 
brown ; abdomen with a brownish-black subterminal ring ; 
male hypopygium with the sclerites of the ninth segment 
fused into a ring ; median lobe of the ninth tergite narrow, 
the caudal margin with a U-shaped notch. 

Male.—Length 21 mm.; wing 19 mm. ; antenna about 
10 mm. 

Frontal prolongation of the head dull rufous, darker 
laterally ; palpi dark brown. Antenne very long and 
slender, if bent backward extending almost to mid-length 


On South-African and Oriental Asiline. gis 


of the abdomen ; first scapal segment fulvous ; second seg- 
ment fulvous; remainder of the organ dark brown. Head 
fulvous. 

Mesonotal preescutum and scutum liver-brown, margined 
sublaterally with black, the extreme lateral margins pale ; 
scutellum greenish testaceous medially ; postnotum with the 
median sclerite dull fulvous, margined with dark brown. 
Pleura yellowish, marked longitudinally with dark brown, 
this colour extending across the dorsal margin of the lateral 
sclerite of the postnotum. Mesosternum dark brown, 
yellowish medially. Halteres dark brown, the extreme base 
paler. Legs with the coxee dark brown on the outer face, 
the apices yellow; trochanters yellow ; remainder of legs 
brown ; femoral tips broadly brownish black ; claws of male 
toothed. Wings with a pale grey tinge, the costal cell 
brown, the subcostal cell and stigma dark brown; a faint 
brown seam along 7-m and the deflection of R,,5. 
Venation: Rs shorter than R,,3; petiole of cell M4, shorter 
than m. 

Abdomen brownish testaceous, the caudal margins of the 
segments narrowly infuscated ; segments 6 to 8 dark 
brownish black ; hypopygium reddish yellow, with greenish 
tints. Male hypopygium with the sclerites fused into a ring. 
Ninth tergite with the elongate median lobe narrow, 
depressed, the caudal margin with a U-shaped notch, the 
adjacent lobes slightly divergent, unarmed. 

flab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Elat, 1920 (J. A. Reis). 


XVI.—Notes on the Asilinz of the South African 
and Oriental Regions. By Gerrrupe Ricarpo. 


Promachus beesoni, 3 3, sp. n. 


Type (male) and four other males, type (female) and one 
other female, all from Mohnyin River, Katha, Burmah 
(C. F. C. Beeson), caught between May 15th and 25th in 
1918. In the Forest Research Zool. Coll. some of the speci- 
mens have the appearance of ouly just having emerged from 
the pupe. 

A large blackish species with long yellow hairs on the 
legs, which are chiefly black. Moustache, beard, and hairs 
of palpi yellow. Genitalia large, black-haired; ovipositor 


176 Miss G. Ricardo on 


short. Abdomen with yellowish hairs on sides of basal 
segments. 

Length, ¢ 32, 9 26 mm.—these latter are immature. 

Male.—Face black covered with glistening yellow tomen- 
tum, tubercle large with a moustache of yellow bristly hairs 
and yellow bristles ; these extend as yellow hairs to the base 
of autenne. Beard yellow. Palpi with long yellow hairs, 
Antenne blackish, the first two joints with yellow hairs on 
lower sides and some black ones above. /orehead with black 
and yellow bristly hairs on sides and with two or more weak 
yellow hairs on the ocelligerous tubercle. Hind part of head 
with black bristles, some yellow ones in the centre, continued 
round to the oral opening. Thorax black with some greyish 
tomentum and the usual stripes. Scutellum covered with 
weak yellow hairs or bristles and with long black bristles on 
the posterior part, but not bordering the edge, which is 
armed chiefly with the weak yellow or white bristles, though 
some of the specimens have some black bristles. Abdomen 
with the usual dark spots, appearing blackish with grey 
tomentose segmentations; the first four -segments with 
yellowish hairs, thickest at the sides, in some of the speci- 
mens they are white, the remaining segments with short 
yellow recumbent pubescence and white hairs at the sides; 
underside with long pale yellowish or white hairs. Genitalia 
black, the upper forceps club-shaped with a segment-like 
base about half as wide as the last segment, furnished with 
a thick fringe of black hairs below, the lower forceps small, 
all with long black hairs. Legs blackish, the yellow hairs 
longest on the underside of the fore and middle femora and 
tibize ; the fore femora with no bristles below ; the tibize with 
appressed reddish pubescence on their inner sides; tarsi with 
black bristles, some yellow ones on the hind tibiz; short 
yellow pubescence is apparent on the tibiz and the first 
tarsal joints. Wings large, greyish, with a deeper grey 
tinge in the middle of the first submarginal cell, the small 
transverse vein below the middle of the discal cell. 

Female identical. Moustache with black and yellow 
bristles. Palpi with black bristles, the hairs above yellow 
and then black at base of antennze, the basal joints of which 
are clothed with chiefly black hairs. Scuéellum with black 
bristles on dorsum and at edge. Abdomen with more grey 
than yellow hairs. Ovipositor short, but the abdomen is 
crumpled, so that it is difficult to ascertain if the last two 
segments are usually compressed, before the ovipositor 
proper. ‘lhe yellow hairs on the legs do not appear to be 
so thick, all bristles are black. 


South African and Oriental Asiline. 17% 


Promachus pallidus, 3 2, sp. u. 


Type (male) and two others, type (female) and three 
others, all from the same locality and by the same collector 
as Promachus beesoni ; none of them are very perfect, but 
appear immature—however, they are very distinct from the 
last-named species. 

A light-coloured species with yellowish legs, the abdomen 
yellowish with brown spots. 

Length, g¢ 23-24, 2 22-23 mm. 

Male.— Face yellowish brown covered with yellowish and 
white glistening tomentum. Moustache of yellow bristles, 
sometimes a few black ones intermixed. Palpi yellowish 
and yellow-haired, some black hairs on the inner sides. 
Antenne yellowish, the last two joints brownish, the first 
joint with black and yellow hairs, the hairs between them 
and the moustache are short and pale yellow. Hind part 
of head with chiefly black bristles in the centre and whitish 
hairs beyond. Thorax yellowish brown with two distinct 
darker median stripes; the whole dorsum clothed with short 
black bristles, with the usual long black bristles on the 
posterior part. Scutellum with weak white hairs and 
strong black bristles on dorsum and at edge, though white 
ones appear on the edge only in some specimens. Abdomen 
same colour as thorax: and scutellum ; the usual large spots 
are brownish and the segmentations yellowish; the pubes- 
cence of weak white hairs thickest on the basal segments 
and at their sides. Genitalia rather small, same colour as 
abdomen; the upper forceps stout, rather truncate at tips, 
the under pair stout, short, all with long black bristly hairs 
above and below. Legs pale chamois-leather colour; the 
knees black; femora and tibize with weak long white 
hairs, thickest on the first two pairs, the fore femora 
unarmed, all bristles black; pubescence on legs white. 
Wings clear, with one grey streak on the first submarginal 
cell, the small transverse vein at the middle of dorsal cell. 

Fimale identical. Palpi darker, with chiefly black hairs. 
Scutellum with two rows of chiefly black bristles and short 
white hairs. Legs with not so many long hairs. Ovipositor 
short. 


Puitopicus, Loew. 
Linn. Ent. iii. Dp 391 (1848). 
Distinguished from Alcimus by the shorter submarginal 
cell. Teew also divides it from this last genus by the ue 
Ann. & Mag. NV. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 1 


178 Miss G. Ricardo on 


flatter ocelligerous tubercle, and the middle and side stripes 
of thorax are pubescent. ‘The species are usually darker- 
coloured, and not so large as a rule, and the thorax is not 
so distinctly striped; but the division of these two genera 
appears based on rather unsatisfactory characters. Alcimus 
ponticus is now removed to this genus, ‘ 

The genus is confined to the Oriental and South African 
Regions, with the exception of Phi/odicus spectabilis, Loew, 
from Turkestan, Philodicus bimaculatus, Becker, from Persia, 
and Philodicus canescens, W\k., from Australia, and the above 
Alcimus pouticus, from Persia, 


Table of Species of Philodicus from South African Region. 


1. Large species resembling an A/ezmus species. 
Legs reddish with pale short pubescence .. dubius, 3 Q, sp. n. 
Smaller species not resembling an Aleimus 


SPECIES A. . Mit tehae’ acs oie Ee lanes Se SOR ae 2. 
2. Slender species. Femora and tibiz almost 
entirely srutoUs*t as. jeerce ope Ad inet gracilis, v. d. Wulp. 


Small species. Femora blackish with black 

bristles below on all. Tibie pale at 

CXETEME DASE ONLY TM eict nce ten cee temerarius, § 9, Wik. 
Robust species. Femora blaek with black 

bristles below. Tibiz dull red on outer 


SIGS Seep mer eles tates ease .. walkert, 9, sp. nD. 


3. Femora not entirely nieces Ree ee : 
4. Fore femora armed below with some bristles: 5. 

Fore femora with no bristles below........ 6. 
5. Fore femora with short white bristles below. 


Small slender species. ristles on legs 
black and white. Femora and _ tibix 
reddish helow acey ah Perera cee Sraterculus, 2, Wik. 


long its hairs alae Tibi mensch ; 

Bristles on legs chiefly black............ turinus, ¢ 2, WIk. 
Fore femora in male with one black bristle 

near the base and soft white hairs below; 

female with two black and three yellow 

bristles. Femora and tibiw reddish. Hind 

legs entirely black. Bristles on legs chiefly 

faltcle te a Mota dines. cteeeaty tains nigrescens, 3 9, sp. Nn. 

6. Fore femora below with shite. bristly hairs 

near base and soft white hairs, Femora 

and tibiz reddish below . Ab Chics eA eeen Sraternus, 3 2, Wied. 
Fore femora below with only long Penie 

hairs, femora and tibiz reddish on out- 

sides. Shading of wing confined to apex, wmbripennis, gd 9, sp.n. 


Philodicus pavesti, Bezzi, from Somaliland, described as 
black with white tomentum, white bristles, and moustache 
and tibiz testaceous, is unknown to me, as is Philodicus 
dlandus, Wied., from unknown locality. 


South African and Oriental Asiline. 179 


Philodicus dubius, 3 2, sp. n. 


Type (male) and another, type (female), all from 
M’Fongosi, Zululand (W. EH. Jones), March 1911, in Cape 
Museum Coll. 

A large species, in general appearance resembling an 
Alcimus species with a long body and short wings; the 
bristles on the legs are chiefly white. 

Length, ¢ type 32, ? type 32 mm. 

Male.—Face reddish with yellow tomentum. Moustache 
composed of yellow bristles and some finer white hairs, one 
black bristle near oral opening. Pa/pi with white hairs. 
Beard white. Forehead same colour as face with some yellow 
bristly hairs ; soft white hairs below the antenne, which are 
reddish with black hairs, the third black and bare. Hind 
part of head with reddish-yellow bristles. Thurax with the 
usual stripes, with black pubescence and longer fine white 
hairs posteriorly between the stout black bristles. Scutelluin 
with two black bristles and short white hairs. déddomen 
long and slender with the usual dark spots and pale segmen- 
tations; pubescence largely white, biack on the middle of 
the dark spots; sides with yellow bristles. Genéfaiia reddish 
with thick, short, yellow pubescence. Legs reddish, femora 
blackish below, and hind tibiz largely black; pubescence on 
legs thick short and pale- coloured ; bristles chiefly white, 
black on the tarsi. Wings shorter than body, the shading 
in apex faint; veins brown. 

Female identical; the bristles on scutellum are red. Fore 
femora have yellow bristles below, instead of fine hairs as in 
the male, and the yellow bristles “predominate on the legs. 
Ovipositor short, reddish. 


Philodicus gracilis, v. d. Wulp. 

Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1899, p. 92, pl. iii. fig. 5 (1899). 

One female from Arabia (Percival and Dodson), 1900, 36. 

This specimen auswers in all particulars to the description, 
with the small exception of the palpi, which are black, not 
rufous, and some of the bristles on the tarsi are white. 


Philodicus temerarius, 3 9° , Walker. 


pe Ins. Saund. i. p. 121 (1851) ; et List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 3, p. 596 
(1855) [Trupanea|}; Loew, Dipt. Std-Afrik. i. p. 127 (1860) 
| Promachus}. 

(Philodicus obscuripes, Loew, Dipt. Stid-Afrik. i. p. 189 (1866). ] 


Type (female) from Senegal (W. W. Saunders), other 
12% 


180 Miss G. Ricardo on 


specimens from Ashanti, Duala in Cameroons, Sierra Leone, 
Liberia, and S. Nigeria, in I. E. E. Coll. from Kumasi, 
Ashanti; Nyasaland, Ibadan in S. Nigeria, and Gold Coast. 

A small black species; the tibize paler at the extreme base 
only, the bristles on legs black. In the female the fore 
femora have two or three short black bristles below and soft 
white hairs. In the male there are usually two long black 
bristly hairs and yellow hairs. 

Length, g 15, 2 15-20 mm. 

A series of males and females from Pretoria (Miss J. 
Brincker) differ slightly, the males having no black bristly 
hairs on fore feniora below, in the female there are some 
black and white bristles; the tibiz and tarsi on their outer 
sides have white bristles, and the tarsi some on the inside, 
the hind femora with them above and below. Moustache 
is white, but there are black bristles above towards the base 
of the antenne ; they are slightly larger, measuring in the 
males 175-21 mm., in the females 18 min. 


Philodicus walkeri, 2 , Ricardo. 
[Asilus turinus, 29, Walker, List Dipt. ii. p. 407 (1849), in parte. } 


Type (female) from Sierra Leone (presented by Rev. F. D. 
Morgan), other females from Bugama, Nigeria (Dr. Annott), 
and Sierra Leone (Walker Coll.). 

This specimen placed with Philodicus turinus male type 
as the female type evidently is not the same species, though 
very nearly allied, the /egs being more largely black with 
all black bristles; the tibiz are dull rufous on their outer 
sides, black at the apices; the femora are wholly dark- 
coloured, all armed with black bristles; the pubescence on 
legs greyish, the oral opening with three or more black 
bristles. 

The absence of the long yellow bristles on the fore tibiz 
and fore tarsi distinguishes it at once from Philodicus turinus. 
Walker’s description of this latter is more than usually in- 
accurate, no mention being made of these bristles in the 
male type, and the assertion that the wings in the female 
are longer than the body is incorrect. 

Length 23-27 mm. 


Philodicus fraterculus, 2 , Walker. 


List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 8, p. 597 [ Trupanea] (1855). 


One female (type) from Port Natal. 
One male from Junction Blaauw Krantz and Tugela 


South African and Oriental Asiline. 181 


River, Natal, Oct. 1896 (G. A. K. Marshall), is probably the 
male of this species. 

A small species, measuring 18 mm. 

Female.— Antenne blackish with black hairs. Moustache 
yellow. Forehead with black and yellow bristles on each 
side. Hind part of head with white hairs below the stout 
black bristles. Thorax yellowish brown with two narrow 
median stripes and the usual side-stripes. Scutellum with 
two black bristles. -Addomen blackish covered with whitish 
tomentum, the usual spots are present; pubescence on 
dorsum rather abundant, white, very short. Ovipositor black, 
long; bristles at sides white, only present apparently on the 
first two segments, but the type is in poor condition. Leys 
blackish, femora reddish below and on onter sides, tibize the 
same, ne reddish; pubescence on legs thick, white, the 
bristles are black and white, those on the fore femora or 
underside white, many white ones on tibice and _ tarsi. 
Wings shorter than abdomen, the usual shading at apex. 
The male mentioned above is probably this species, the 
genitalia stout reddish with yellow short pubescence; abdo- 
men is more reddish. 

Loew’s species, Philodicus tenuipes, might possibly be 
identical with this species, but he speaks of the colour of 
the insect as yellowish with white tomentum; his specimen 
came from Kaffraria. 


Philodicus turinus, 3, Walker. 


List Dipt. ii. p. 407 [ Aszlws] (1849); et vii., Suppl. 3, p. 597 [Asilus] 
(1855); Loew, Dipt. Siid-Afrik. 1. p. 127 (1860) [Pr omachus }. 


Type (male) from Sierra Leone (presented by Rev. D. F. 
Morgan). 

Males and females from Yaba, Gold Coast; Lagos; 
N. and 8S. Nigeria; and British E. Africa; in I. E. E. Coll. 
from N. Territories, Gold Coast; and Nyasaland (J. T. 
Simpson and others). 

The type is in bad condition and the fore femora are more 
reddish than black below, whereas in the other specimens 
the fore femora are chiefly black; in other respects these 
specimens agree with the type. The species is distinguished 
by the yellow or reddish long bristles on the fore tibiee and 
tarsi ; the fore femora are ar rmed with some bristles on the 
under surface. 

Length, ¢ 21-26, 2 23-27 mm. 

Male.—Face blackish, covered with greyish tomentum, 
yellower at the sides. Moustache composed of long yellow 


182 Miss G. Ricardo on 


bristles, with occasionally a black one intermixed, and at 
sides of oral opening there are one or two stout black 
bristles in some of the specimens; in the type they are all 
yellow. Palpi blackish with yellow hairs. Beard white. 
A few yellow hairs are continued from the moustache to 
the base of antenne, which last are dark with black hairs 
on the first two jotnts. Forehead with black bristles at sides. 
Thorax \lackish covered with grey tomentum, the median 
stripe divided and the side-stripes appearing as four black 
spots ; pubescence on dorsum black, with strong black 
bristles posteriorly. Scutellum with two black bristles. 
Abdomen with the usual dark spots and greyish segmen- 
tations ; pubescence black and yellowish, bristles at sides of 
seements yellow; underside uniformly light in colour. 
Genitalia black with grey pubescence, reddish on the under- 
side. Legs black, the tibize reddish, only black at the 
extreme apex ; 1n some specimens the inner sides are black- 
ish and the hind pair are almost always largely black, the 
bristles on fore femora below are red or yellow in the type, 
often black in the other specimens ; pubescence of legs 
greyish and yellow, the yellow bristles on fore tibie are 
long, usually three or four in number, and are continued on 
the tarsi often on each side, on the tibies they are on the 
outer edge, bristles elsewhere chiefly black, with the 
exception of those on the hind femora. Wings with grey 
shading on the apex, very distinct. 

Female identical. Ovipositor black, shining, with the 
usual terminal spines. In some specimens the yellow bristles 
on fore femora are reduced to one. 


Philodicus nigrescens, 8 3, sp. n. 


Type (male) and others, type (female) and others, all from 
Lualaba River, Congo, 2500-4000 feet (Neave Coll.). 

A blackish fair-sized species. Legs blackish, the femora 
and tibize of the anterior legs reddish, fore tibize and tarsi 
with some long yellow bristles. Fore femora on male with 
soft white hairs and one black bristle near the base ; female 
with two black ones and three yellow ones. 

Length, ¢ 20-24, 2 20-23 mm. 

Male.—Face brown with yellowish-grey tomentum, chiefly 
at sides. Moustache composed of long yellow bristles and 
two long black ones on each side. Palpi with white hairs. 
Antenne broken off, the first two joints black with black 
bristly hairs, a few yellow hairs on face below. Forehead 
with black bristles at sides. Thoraw brownish with grey 


South African and Oriental Asiline. 183 


tomentum, yellower at the sides, the brown median stripe 
is divided into two narrow ones, side-stripes composed of 
blackish spots as usual, three in number; pubescence on 
dorsum black, a few white hairs near the black bristles 
at posterior border. Scutellum the same as thorax with two 
black bristles. Abdomen dusky-looking, with the usual 
brown spots, the grey segmentations narrow, bristles at sides 
yellow. Legs blackish, the hind legs entirely so; femora 
and tibiz elsewhere reddish below and on outer sides ; tarsi 
blackish ; pubescence on legs whitish and thick, bristles 
almost entirely black, with the exception of the two or more 
long yellow bristles on the fore tibize and those on the fore 
tarsi. Wings tinged yellow, the shading on apex prolonged 
on posterior border to fourth posterior cell. 

Female identical, only one long yellow bristle on fore 
tibiee. 


Philodicus fraternus, Wied. 

Zool. Mag. i. p. 8 [Aszlus] (1819) ete.; Bigot in Thoms. Archiv. Ent. 
ii. p. 855 [ Philodicus] (1858); Schiner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
Xvi. p. 689 (1866), et xvii. p. 890 [ Alezmus] (1867). 

In spite of Schiner stating that the above is an Alcimus 
species—he having seen the type,—it appears from what 
Wiedemann says in his description that it undoubtedly 
belongs to this genus, as he remarks that the small trans- 
verse vein very near the base of the fork of the third vein 
is not so near as in Alcimus hospes, which latter is also, I 
believe, a species of this genus. 

It appears to be a common species on the West Coast of 
Africa, judging from the series of specimens in the Brit. 
Mus. and I. EK. E. Colls. ranging from Sierra Leone to 
Nigeria; Gambia; Yapi, Soro River, N. Territories, Gold 
Coast; and Cotonen in Dahomey 70 miles west of Lagos. 
One female from Chinde, Mozambique, in South African 
Museum Coll. (K. H. Barnard). 

A blackish species with black legs; the femora red on the 
under sides and outer sides, and the tibiz the same; tarsi 
reddish with black apices. Wiedemann makes no mention 
of the colour of the bristles on the legs; they are usually all 
black on the bind legs, with some white bristles on the others 
intermixed with the black ones. The fore tibize and tarsi 
have long yellow or reddish bristles as in Philodicus turinus, 
in the female they are often more largely white in colour ; 
the fore femora on the underside usually with one or more 
white bristly hairs near the base and fine white hairs. 


184 Miss G. Ricardo on 


Length, g 19-20, 9 19-24 mm. 
Wiedemann only described the male; the female is 
identical—ovipositor long, black. 


Philodicus umbripennis, sp. un. 


Type (male), type (female), from S.W. Nyasa (R. Webb), 
96, 261; another male from Nyasaland, Nov. 1892 (H. H. 
Johnston), 94, 12; another female from Nyasaland (Dr. H. 
G. Eldred). 

A reddish-black species, distinguished by the shading on 
apex of wings not being continued in streaks, but only 
present at apex, becoming paler on its posterior border. 
Legs blackish ; femora and tibiz partly red. 

Length, ¢ 20, 2? 20-22 mm. 

Male.—Face covered with yellow tomentum. Moustache 
composed of yellow bristles, with five or six black ones on 
each side near oral opening. Palpi with long white hairs. 
Antenne reddish, the third joint brown, the first two joints 
with black hairs. Forehead with yellow hairs, also present 
below antenne, a few weak black bristles also present at 
sides of forehead. Hind part of head with some white 
bristles above the black ones. Thorax covered with pale 
tomentum, the median brown stripe divided in the middle; 
dorsum of thorax and scutellum covered with short black 
pubescence, the two bristles on the latter black. Abdomen 
with the usual spots, reddish brown in colour with broad 
grey segmentations ; pubescence black, rather thick, and 
yellow on the pale parts ; bristles at sides white. Genitalia 
reddish with black pubescence above and yellow below. 
Legs blackish, the outer sides of all femora and tibiz red ; 
tarsi reddish; pubescence on legs whitish, long underneath 
the fore femora and fore tibie ; bristles chiefly black, some 
longer white ones on the fore legs. Wings clear; veins 
yellowish. 

Female identical. Genitalia long, reddish brown. Hind 
femora with some white bristles, the fore femora with some 
weak, yellow, bristly hairs. 


Table for Species of Philodicus from the Oriental Region. 


1. Legs black and red ..)......200000000% 2. 
Legs wholly black .......+-.+eseeues 8. 
2. Very large species, tibiz partly rufous, 
ovipositor with large side-spines_ .... grandissimus, 5 9, sp. n. 


._ Fore femora armed with bristles below. 
Fore femora with no such bristles below, 6, 


Cs 


South African and Oriental Asiline. 185 


4. Robust species. Anterior and middle 
femora and tibize red below and on 
outside, posterior tibize red on the out- 


Bide ae otek Foam cits abletetern eats javanus, Wied. 
Slender, ‘small species) s-js%. aa) sees a = 5. 
5. Femora and tibize reddish below ...... meridionalis, $ Q, sp. 0. 
Legs darker than in meridionalis, the red 
colour being very dull rufous ........ Suscipes, § 9, sp. . 


6. Transverse vein very near base of first 
submarginal cell, so that the second 
submarginal cell is nearly as long as 
the first one. Fore femora and tibiz 
partly red below, bristles on legs black 


AIIGH SVN Maka S ciaks eet ere aose oe: oT af hospes, Wied. 
Second submarginal cell the same length 
aa 1s usual methis ponus)*/ 0s ee... (fs 


= 


. Large robust species. Fore and middle 
tibie almost wholly obscurely red, 
bristlosiall blacks oi: 458 ates es» eval thoracicus, § 9, sp. n. 
8. Fore femora armed with bristles below. 9. 
Fore femora with no such bristles below. 10. 
9. Large species, the bristles on fore femora 
below, stout, black. Moustache yellow. wniventris, ¢, Wk. 
Smaller species, the bristles on fore femora 
below in male weak, white, in female 
stouter and black or white. Moustache 


DGHIGOMS canis, sepsis ov ade iste aster cee als Semoralis, $ Q, sp. n. 
10. Secutellum with no bristles............ 1k 
Scutellum with four or more bristles .. 12. 
Scutellum with the usual two bristles .. 13. 


11. Medium-sized black species with quite 

clear wings. Scutellum with thick 

WIILOMTAIES Ss 2-ciayriare Notts hia wie ela e od pallidipennis, 3, sp. n. 
12. Larger robust species. Moustache black 

and white. Scutellum with black hairs 

and a fringe of black bristles on the 

HORMOT ane Mamata! eon iciats ore sue cate ea chinensis, Schiner. 

Slighter species. Moustache white .... dongipes, Schiner. 

13. Smaller species. Moustache black and 

white. Scutellum with black hairs 

and two black bristles on border...... ceylonicus, Schiner. 


Promachus ceylonicus, Macq. (see Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (9) v. p. 213 (1920)), I have not been able to 
identify as a species of Philodicus. 

Asilus albispina, Thomson, from the description, probably 
belongs to this genus, as the author says it is near Asilus 
agnitus, Wied., which is now said to be a synonym of 
Philodicus javanus. Thomson’s type came from Manila. 

Promachus leucotrichodes, Bigot, and Promachus tristis, 
Bigot, both from India, sound from the description as if 
they might belong to this genus, rather than to Promachus, 
but I have not been able to identify them from the 
descriptions. The former is described as having an ashy- 


186 Miss G. Ricardo on 


grey narrow and elongate abdomen, with two black spots on 
each segment. Legs black with black bristles, and the 
latter only differs in having white bristles on the legs ; ovi- 
positor in both with two spines at end. 


Philodicus grandissimus, 3 2, sp. 0. 


Types male and female from Disa, Bombay Presidency 
(Major G. C. Nurse). 

One female from Tippanur, Kurinool District (T. V. R. 
Coll.);1n LBE:-Coll: 

A very large species for this genus, but it appears in 
other respects a true Philodicus.. The ovipositor has not 
a regular circlet of spines, the side-ones being much larger, 
Legs blackish, only the tibize dull rufous on the outer side. 

Length, ¢ 32, ? 36 mm. 

Male.—Face covered with greyish-white tomentum. 
Palpi black with white hairs. Moustache composed of pale 
yellowish, rather weak bristles with weak white hairs beyond, 
reaching the base of the antennz, which are incomplete, the 
first joint black covered with grey tomentum, the second 
reddish, both with black hairs and bristles. Forehead same 
colour as face with white hairs, some rather bristly. Hind 
part of head with all bristles and hairs white. Beard white. 
Thorax with two well-marked brown stripes, narrow, on a 
blackish-coloured dorsum covered with grey and brown 
tomentum, side-stripes small ; pubescence short, black, some 
white hairs on posterior part. Scutellum with two black 
bristles and white hairs. Abdomen the usual colouring, 
appearing blackish brown with grey segmentations; pubes- 
cence wholly white, bristles at sides white. Genitalia and 
the preceding segment black, shining, with white pubescence 
aud hairs. Legs blackish, but covered with dense white 
pubescence ; the femora below at extreme apices somewhat 
rufous like the tibiz; fore femora below with weak white 
bristly hairs, all bristles black, except some on the coxe. 
Wings tinged somewhat yellow, grey at apex ; veins yellowish 
red. 

Female identical. Ovipositor lack, shining ; the spines at 
sides very stout, one predominates in length, those at apex 
very short. 


Philodicus javanus, Wied. 


Zool. Mag. i. pp. 3, 4, 5 [ Aszlus| (1819), ete. 
Philodicus ? agnitus, Wied. Zool. Mag. i. pp. 8, 85 | A silus } (1819). 
Philodicus perplexus, Wied. Ausszw eifl, Ins. i. p. 496 [_Aszlus} (1828). 


South African and Oriental Asilinee. 187 


Philodicus rubritarsatus, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. (2) p. 215 [ Trupanea| 
(1888). 

Philodicus 3 gobares, Wk. List Dipt. ii. p. 420 [ As¢/us] (1838) ; et vii., 
Suppl. 5, p. G04 [ Trupanea] (1855). 

Philodicus telifer, Wik. Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 115 [ Trupanea] (1851); 
et List Dipt. vil., Suppl. 3, p. 606 [ Trupanea] (1855). 

Philodicus sayittifer, Wik. Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. vie [ Trupanea | 
(1851); et List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 3, p. "606 [ Ly upaned| ( (1855). 

Philodicus innotabilis, Wik. List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 3, p. 604 [Tr re 
(1855). 

Philodicus confinis, Wik. List Dipt. vii., Suppl. 3, p. 606 [ Trupanea | 
(1855). 

Philodicus melanurus, Dol. Natur. Tyd. Nederland Ind. n. ser. vii, (x.) 
p. 408, pl. vi. fig. 2 [Asz/us} (1856). 

Philodicus inserens, Wik. Proc, Linn. Soc. London, i. p. 116 [ Trupanea | 
(1857 


The type of gobares is a female from Silhet. 

The type of ¢elifer is a female from East India. 

The type of sagittifer is a female with another male and 
female from East India (Walker Coll.). 

The type of innotabilis is a female with two males and one 
female from Java and Sumatra. 

The type of confinis is a male from Java, 

The types of inserens are male and female from Sarawak ; 
these are rather small, only measuring 18 mm., whereas the 
usual length is 20-22 mm., though v. d. Wulp mentions 
some he had from Java as only 14 mm. long. 

The species described by Macquart as Trupanea fuscus, 
Dipt. Exot. i. p. 220, from Bengal, is very probably another 
synonym of this species, but the description is too meagre 
_ to identify the type without seeing it. Schiner records it 
from Batavia in Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 178. 

Besides the Walker types there are specimens in the Brit. 
Mus. Coll. from Java, Johore, Khasi Hills, Assam, and 
Kungra Valley, N. India. In the lmms Coll. are specimens 
from Kumaon, N. India. 

This species is said by v. d. Wulp to be common in the 
Jast Ludies, and evidently has a wide range ; it has already 
been recorded from Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, aud appears 
to reach India and Assam. 

A robust species ; the moustache not black, as stated by 
Wiedemann, but yellow with a few black bristles near the 
oral opening, as stated by v. d. Wulp. 

Legs black; the anterior legs with the femora and tibice 
reddish below and on the outside; the posterior tibie red on 
the upperside; tle bristles chiefly black, a few white ones 
occasionally, usually one long one on the fore tibize on out- 
side ; fore femora below naan three or more black bristles 


188 Miss G. Ricardo on 


and yellowish-white hairs; in the female the bristles are 
often yellow. Wings tinged yellow; apex and posterior 
border greyish. Ovipositor short, black. Abdomen with 
white bristles at sides. 

Length 20-22 mm. 

A small blackish species; the second submarginal cell 
nearly as long as the first, but distinctly shorter. ALoustache 
white, some black bristles near oral opening. Abdomen with 
the usual dark spots and grey segmentations. Legs blackish, 
thickly covered with white pubescence; fore femora below at 
apices and fore tibiz below at base reddish; fore femora 
unarmed, with long white hairs below, fore tibiz with 
golden-yellow appressed pubescence below; hind femora at 
base with some yellow bristles, also the cox; on the fore 
tarsi appear a few white bristles in some specimens, and on 
the fore tibize, otherwise the bristles are black. 

Length 19 mm., as given by Wiedemann. 


Philodicus meridionalis, 8 2, sp. n. 


This and the following species are both very nearly allied 
to Philodicus hospes, but differ by the second submarginal 
cell being shorter, the transverse vein being about the usual 
distance from the base in this genus. All the three species 
are small, with abdomen blackish with grey segmentations. 
This species has black legs, the femora and tibiz reddish 
below; the bristles on the legs black and white; the fore 
femora with two black at the most below in the male with 
soft white hairs; the female has black and yellow bristles. © 
Moustache yellow. 

Length, ¢ 12-15, 2 18 mm. 

Types male and female and others all from Ceylon 
(Yerbury Coll.). 

In I. E. E. Coll. are males and females from Pattikonda, 
Kurinooi District (J. V. R. Coll.); from Marugmala (C. N. 
Coll.); from Coimbatore (A. G. R. Coll., G. N. Coll.) ; 
Becravalli Bellary District (C. N. Coll.) and Palur Farm, 
S. Arcot District (P. 8. Coll.), in South India. 


Philodicus fuscipes, 8 2, Sp. 0. 


Types (male and female) and others from Biserat, Bidor, 
Putani Cape, Siam (Robinson and Annandale). 

Length, ¢ 16, ? 16-18 mm. 

A species very nearly allied to the above species from 
Ceylon, P. meridionalis. 


South African and Oriental Asiline. 189 


Moustache yellow with two or more black bristles near 
the oral opening. 

Legs darker than in Philodicus meridionalis, sp. n., the 
femora and tibize being very dull rufous below and on the 
outside. In the male the bristles are chiefly black ; in the 
female black and white, the hind femora with white ones ; 
there are long yellow bristles on the outer side of fore tibiz 
m both sexes. Fore femora on underside in the male with 
yellow and black bristles, in the female with three white 
bristles. 


Philodicus hospes, Wied. 
Zool. Mag. i. pp. 3, 32, 47 [Asilus} (1819); Dipt. Exot. p. 207, 44 
{ Astlus| (1821); et Ausszweifl. Ins. i. p. 495 [ Asidus] (1828) ; 
Schiner, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xvi. p. 689 (1866) ; Roder, Ent. 
Nachricht. xix. p. 285 (1898). 


This species has been placed in the genus Alcimus, and so 
appears in Kertesz’s Cat., doubtless owing to the remark by 
Wiedemann that the transverse vein is very near the base 
of the first submarginal cell, which is true ; but it is hardly 
as close as in species of Alcimus, and the species has all 
the appearance and characters of the genus Philodicus, to 
which it certainly belongs, though Schiner states that one 
female he saw in the Winthem Coll. belongs to the genus 
Alcimus. The specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. from 
Ceylon answer to Wiedemann’s description, his specimens 
came from Tranquebar, and Réder records it from Ceylon. 
The genus Alcimus is, therefore, practically confined to the 
African Region. 

In the Brit. Mus. Coll. are males and females from 
Trincomalee and Mahaganay, Ceylon (Yerbury Coll.). 


Philodicus thoracicus, 3 2, 8p. u. 


Types (male and female im cop.) from Trincomalee, Ceylon, 
and other males and females (Yerbury Coll.). 

A medium-sized species distinguished by the broad 
median stripe not divided in the middle. Legs blackish ; 
tibize rufous, the hind pair darker. Moustache white. 

Length, g 27, 2? 28 mm. 

Male.—Face covered with greyish-white tomentum, silvery 
at the sides. Palpi with white hairs. Moustache composed 
of yellowish-white bristles with two or more black ones near 
the oral opening; the hairs above are white, reaching the 
base of antenne, ranged on the sides chiefly. Antenne 


190 Miss G. Ricardo on 


blackish, the second joint reddish, the first two joints with 
black bristles, the ari-ta long. Hind part of head with black 
bristles, and a few weak white hairs below; white bristles 
appear beyond the vertex. Beard white. Thorax brownish 
with yellowish tomentum, the side-stripes small; pubescence 
on dorsum black, the hairs posteriorly chiefly black. Scu- 
tellum with two black bristles. Abdomen with the usual 
spots and grey segmentations appearing brownish ; pubes- 
cence black on the brown spots and whitish on the seg- 
mentations; bristles at sides black with yellow ones below. 
Genitalia short, reddish brown, with black hairs and some 
whitish ones at apex; below appear long black hairs on the 
small red-brown segment preceding the genitalia. Legs 
blackish; the fore and middle tibiz almost wholly rufous- 
coloured, the extreme apex of femora below reddish ; fore 
femora practically unarmed, with soft white hairs; pubes- 
cence on legs dense, white, all bristles black. Wings clear 
with grey apex and posterior border; veins reddish yellow. 

Female identical, the fore femora armed below with short 
black bristles; bristles at sides of abdomen apparently all 
yellow. Ovipositor black. 


Philodicus univentris, , Walker. 


Ins. Saund., Dipt. i. p. 114 [Trupanea] (1851); et List Dipt. vii, 
Suppl. 3, p. 602 [ Trupanea] (1855). 


Type (male) from India (Walker Coll.). 

A large robust species in very bad preservation. Legs 
black with greyish-yellow tomentum; fore femora armed 
with stout black bristles; all bristles on legs are black, 
those on the abdomen chiefly white. Moustache yellow. 

Length 21 mm. 


Philodicus femoralis, 3, sp. u. 


Type (male) from Okkyl, Schwegu, Burmah (C. F. C. 
Beeson). we 

Type (female) and another from Magaung, Myitkyina 
District, Upper Burmah (Capt. Whitmore, I.M.8.). Males 
aud females from Dehra Dun and N. Toungoo, Burmah. 

Length, ¢ 17-18, 9 19-23 mm. 

A species distinguished from Philodicus ceylonicus by 
the white moustache with only two or three black bristles 
near the oral opening and by the presence of some white 


South African and Oriental Asiline. 191 


bristles on the legs ; the fore femora have three or four very 
weak white ones below intermixed with long white hairs, 
and the hind femora have a few short white ores below; 
also sometimes some are preseut in the middle tibiz. 
Seutellum with two-black bristles. 

Female identical; fore femora with the bristles below much 
stouter and black or white, and this applies to the other 
femora, 


Philodicus pallidipennis, 8, sp. u. 


Type (male) and another from Manora, Karachi (/. W. 
Townsend). 

A small blackish species distinguished by the absence of 

. the grey shading in apex of wing. Legs entirely black ; 
bristles chiefly white. Scutellum with no black bristles. 

Length 19 mm. 

- Face with grey-white tomentum. Palpi with long white 

hairs. Moustache composed of yellowish-white long hairs, 
not very bristly; the sides of face as far as antennz with 
similar hairs also present in the centre. Antenne blackish, 
the first two joints with whitish bristles, the third joint 
short and oval, the arista qnite as long as the antenne 
themselves. Forehead with similar hairs to those on the 
face. Hind part of head with white bristles. Thorax 
brownish with grey tomentum, the black median stripe 
divided ; pubescence on dorsum white. Scuéellwm with thick 
long white hairs on dorsum and ranged along the whole 
posterior border, where no black bristles are present. Abdo- 
men short, olive-brown, the usual spots not very distinct ; 
pubescence short, white, thick, sides with some long yellow- 
ish hairs on basal segments and long yellow bristles above. 
Genitalia short, rather stout, black, with black pubescence 
and some yellow hairs’ at apex; three reddish cylindrical 
pieces proceed from below and curl over top of genitalia. 
Wings clear; the type has one grey streak in the first sub- 
marginal cell, the other male has a wholly clear wing. 

This species may possibly require a genus to itself; the 
scutellum with hairs only and the wing clear differentiate it 
from others of the genus. Females may assist to assign 
it a proper place. 


Philodicus chinensis, Schiner. 

Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 179 (1868); v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Ent. xli. 
p. 184 (1898). 

[ Trupanea sepuratus, Wik. List Dipt. vii., Supply 3, p. 611 (1855). ] 


192 On South African and Oriental Asiline. 


Schiner described the species from Hongkong. 

Type (female) of separatus was described by the author 
as from an unknown locality. 

Males and females from Trincomalee, Ceylon (Yerbury). 
Male from Batu Pahat, near Johore (H. N. Ridley). Male 
from Dinding, Siam. Female from Toungoo, Burmah, in 
Forest Research Zool. Coll. Male from China (J. J. Walker). 

The species has been recorded from Singapore. 

A medium-sized robust species with black legs. Scutellum 
covered with black hairs and with a fringe of black bristles 
on the border, four in number at least, not common in this 
genus. Fore femora unarmed. Moustache black and white. 

Schiner gives the length as 12°13 mm.; these are from 
16-18 mm. 


Philodicus longipes, Schiner. 


Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 179 (1868); Ost.-Sack. B. Ent. Zeit. xxvi. 
p. 112 (1882). 


One male from Albay, S.E. Luzon (Whitehead Expe- 
dition) ; one male from Los Banos, male and female from 
Cape Engano, N. Luzon (J. Whitehead); two females from 
Isabella, N. Luzon : all localities in Philippine Islands. 

This species appears to be distinguished from Philodicus 
chinensis, Schiner, by its slighter narrower build. Mous- 
tache usually white. Schiner says the scutellum has two 
black bristles, and gives the length as 10 mm.; but these 
species are larger. 

Bezzi (in ‘Studies in Philippine Diptera, i. p. 14, 1918) 
says it is an endemic species, and suggests Hrawx integer, 
Macq., from Manila, is the same. 


Philodicus ceylonicus, Schiner. 
Novara Reise, Dipt. p. 179 (1868). 


Males and females from Trincomalee, Colombo, Kanthalia, 
and Kandy, in Ceylon (Yerbury). 

Distinguished from Philodicus chinensis by having only 
two black bristles on the scutellum, and is usually smaller 
in size. Schiner gives 1] mm.; these range from 11-15 mm, 

It seems very closely allied to the above species from the 
Philippines. 


[Te be continued. ] 


On Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 193 


XVII.—On some Additional Species of Laius, Guérin, from 
the Malayan Region [Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHampion, 
F.ZS. 


Asovur a fortnight after my paper on the genus Laius 
appeared in this Magazine, (9) vii. pp. 322-343, April 1921, 
a very interesting series of Malayan forms was received at 
the British Museum from Mr. C. F. Baker, of Los Baifios, 
Luzon, Philippines. This set includes 14 species, 12 of 
which were new to the collection and 9 of them undescribed. 
It is advisable to name these insects at once and to incor- 
porate them with the rest in the Museum. Seven belong 
to the Intybia-group, placed by me near the end of the 
genus ; and one has the second tarsal joint of the ¢ produced 
into a long claw above, as in the same sex of Aftalus, this 
being the first species of Laius seen by me with the tarsi 
thus formed. The Philippine ZL. baeri, Fairm. (1898), 
and L. semidepressus, Pic * (1917), aud various forms 
from Java, Celebes, Perak, &c., named by Pic, have not yet 
been found in the collections examined. For facility of 
reference Mr. Baker’s numbers are quoted in the present 
paper. In addition to the species of Laius he has also sent 
a new Hapalochrus closely related to H. orientalis, described 
in the same number of the ‘ Avnals,’ p. 346*, The Ma- 


* Hapalochrus megalops, sp. u.-— 3. Elongate, narrow, convex, shining, 
cinereo-pubescent, with scattered, longer, semierect hairs intermixed ; 
bluish-green, the antenn (the testaceous basal joints excepted), eyes, 
and legs black or piceous; the head and prothorax sparsely, the elytra 
densely, very finely punctured. Head a little broader than the pro- 
thorax, the eyes extremely large, separated by less than their own width 
as seen from above; antennz long, flabellate. Prothorax transverse, 
rounded at the sides. Elytra long, slightly widening posteriorly. 
Anterior tibiz hollowed near the apex within ; anterior tarsal joint 2 
extending over the base of 3above; intermediate tibie widened, rounded 
externally, not sinuate within. 

Length 33 mm, > 

Hab. Sineaporr (Baker: No. 16161). 

One male. Very like the S. Indian H. orientalis, Champ. [J. e. 
p- 346, no. 69 (c)], differing from it, in the ¢-sex, by the very much 
larger and more contiguous eyes, the pale basal joints of the antenn:e, 
tie widened, subarcuate intermediate tibiz, and the finer puncturing of 
the elytra. The 9 only of H. orientalis was described: the ¢, a speci- 
men of which taken by Dr. Campbell at Yercaud, S. India, has just been 
presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. A. Butler, has, as antici- 
pated, strongly flabellate antenne; the anterior and intermediate tibize 
siender, and both hollowed near the apex within; the eyes moderately 
large and widely separated ; and the body brilliant cyaneous above. 


Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 13 


194 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


layan material in the “ Fry Collection,” hitherto overlooked 
by me, has also furnished several more new species of the 
first-named genus. 


@ 


7 8 


Antennal joints 14, ¢, of: 1. LZ. alboarcuatus; 2. L. pictus; 3. L. 
dentatithorar; 4. L. subdentatus; 5. L. waterstradti; 6. L. 
quadristrigatus; 7. L. falcifer; 8. L. tetrastictus, from behind. 


Revised Key to the Malayan Species of Laius with spotted 
Elytra (Nos. 24-29, 1. ¢. p. 324). 


e'. Elytra albo- or testaceo-maculate. 
aa, Anterior tarsi of g¢ simple. 
h?, Upper surface shining ; tarsi longer ...... Species 24, 25. 


Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 195 


2, Upper surface wholly or in part ieee 
tarsi short. [Subgen. [nrysra, Pasc.|.. Species 26-29 (a-7), 
bb. Anterior tarsi of g with joint 2 prolonged or 
raised over the base of 3. [Subgen. D1- 
CRANOLAIUS, 0. | 
*, Upper surface shining; tarsi ees ne me Species 29 (7). 
3 Upper surface opaque ; tarsi short........ Species 29 (k-m). 


2 (a), Laius submarinus, sp. un. 


?. Smaller, less elongate, and more shining than the ? of 
the Malayan insect identified by me as L. (Paussus) flavi- 
cornis, F., autea p. 325, the antennal joints 1 and 2 dif- 
ferently shaped : bluish- green, the elytra cyaneous, the 
anterior margin of the head, the labrum, palpi, and the 
antennal joints 1-3, rufo-testaceous, the rest of the antenne 
and the legs black ; ciuereo-pubescent, the head and pro- 
thorax densely, very finely, the elytra excessively minutely, 
punctate ; head small, canaliculate ; antennal joint 1 
shorter, more curved, and more dilated outwards, and 2 
relatively shorter, broader, and more rounded on its inner 
aspect, than in L. flavicornis (¢); prothorax transverse, 
less rounded at the sides ; elytra comparatively short, parallel. 

Length 34 mm. 

é. Antenne (figs. 9, 9a) with joint 1 long, curved, com- 
pressed, broadly truncato-dilatate in its outer half externally ; 
2 enormously dilated, transverse, subquadrate as seen from 
its upper aspect, emarginate and deeply concave on its basal 
aspect, the strongly reflexed inner and outer margins pro- 
duced into two converging blunt processes at the base above. 
Anterior femora hollowed at the apex beneath; anterior 
tibiz curved, greatly swollen at about the middle, convex 
externally, sinuato-excavate at the base within; anterior 
tarsi simple. 

Hab. Puitiepines, Mindanao (Semper: f 2), Dapitan, 
Mindanao (Baker: No. 16160: ¢ ). 

One ¢ and two ? ? seen; others are presumably con- 
tained in Mr. Baker’s collection. Certainly distinct from 
L. flavicornis, several ¢ and ? specimens of which are 
before me. 

“‘ Lives in cracks and holes of sandstone that reach pretty 
far out into the sea, quite covered during the flood-tide 
but dry during the ebb.”’ (Semper.) 


13” 


196 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


6 (a). Laius alboarcuatus, sp. 1. 


3. Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, the head 
shining, the prothorax and elytra opaque, finely pubescent ; 
nigro-piceous or black, the head, antenme, prothor ax, and 


ge 


10 102 


13 


Antennal joints 1-4, g, of: 9, 9a. L. submarinus, from different aspects ; 
10,104. L. alboplogiatus, from above and Gebinde Le semperr; 
12. L. flavonotatus, from behind; 18. L. erythrocephalus, 


legs (the infuscate tibize excepted) testaceous or rufo-testa- 
ceous, the elytra each with a narrow, arcuate, transverse, 
whitish fascia (extending to the outer margin, but not 
reaching the suture) before the apex; the head rather 
sparsely, minutely, the rest of the upper surface densely, 
rugulosely, punctate. Head triangular, about as wide as the 


Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 197 


prothorax, canaliculate, the eyes prominent and rather large ; 
antenne (fig. 1) long, joint 1 strongly curved, moderately 
dilated outwards, 2 enormously developed, elongate, oblique, 
somewhat scaphiform, concave, reflexed and angularly pro- 
duced at the inner basal angle, 3-10 filiform. Prothorax 
transverse, subcordate, the arcuate basal depression deep. 
Elytra moderately long, convex. Legs short ; anterior tarsi 
simple. 

?. Antenne wholly or in part testaceous, rather stout, 
tapering outwards, joint 2 thickened, elongate, sub- 
cylindrical. 

Length 21-22 mm. (¢ ?.) 

Hab. Puirierines, Mt. Makiling, Luzon [type ¢ ], Los 
Bahos [ 2 | (Baker: No. 1149). 

One ¢, two 2? 2. Not unlike the Indian L. nodifrons 
and L. testaceiceps ; but with the elytra black and albo- 
unifasciate near the apex, and the puncturing much finer 
and denser, the tarsi short as in Intydia. 


23 (a). Laius rectefasciatus, sp. n. 


?. Elongate, widened posteriorly, the head and pro- 
thorax shining, the elytra opaque, finely pubescent ; piceous, 
the head and prothorax, the suture and the basal, apical, 
and lateral margins of the elytra, the four basal joints of 
the antennze in part, and the bases of the femora to a 
greater or less extent, testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra 
each with two straight, transverse, whitish fasciz extending 
to the outer margin; the head and prothorax closely, the 
elytra densely, rugulosely, punctate. Head triangular, about 
as wide as the prothorax, canaliculate, the eyes prominent ; 
autenne rather stout, tapering outwards, joint 2 elongate, 
much thickened, subeylindrical. Prothorax about as long 
as broad, subcordate, unarmed at the sides, the arcuate 
basal depression deep. Elytra moderately elongate, rather 
convex. Legs short. 

Length 24-3 mm. 

Hab. Puiirrrnes, Tligan, Mindanao (Baker: No. 4282). 

Two ? @. The elytral markings in this insect are rather 
like those of the Indian L. jucundus, Bourg., except that the 
whitish fascize are quite straight and not connected along 
the suture. The surface-sculpture is dense and very fine, as 
in the species of the Jntydia-group. 


198 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


23 (b). Laius variipes, sp. n. 


?. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, 
the head and prothorax somewhat shining, the elytra opaque, 
finely pubescent ; the head, prothorax, the antennal joints 
1-6, femora, and tarsi testaceous or flavous, the rest of the 
antennze, the palpi, and tibize piceous or black ; the elytra 
piceous, with the base, outer limb, and apical margin, and 
the sutural region broadly and indeterminately, testaceous, 
and each with two large, transverse, whitish fascize on the 
outer part of the disc, the subapical one curving forwards 
externally ; densely, minutely, the elytra rugulosely punctate. 
Head grooved in the middle between the eyes; antenne 
long, stout, tapering towards the apex, joimt 2 very stout, 
elongate, subcylindrical, 7-10 also elongate. Prothorax 
convex, elongato-cordate, rather narrow, deeply, transversely 
depressed before the base. Elytra long, widest towards the 
apex. Legs comparatively short, rather stout, the posterior 
tibize feebly curved. 

Length 2# mm. 

Hab. Assam, Patkai Mts. (Doherty). 

One specimen. Very like the Philippine ZL. rectefasciatus, 
the antennz and legs differently coloured, the prothorax 
narrower, elongate, and more narrowed behind, the whitish 
elytral fascize broader, the antenne ( ? ) longer. 


24. Laius pictus. 


Laius pictus, Ex, Entomographien, p. 63 (¢) (1840)'. 

Var. Laius duplex, Champ. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vii. p. 889 (3) 

(April 1921) 2. 

g. Antennal joint 1 curved, triangularly dilated out- 
wards, 2 very broad, ear-shaped, rounded as seen from 
above, deeply excavate, the inner margin recurved and fur- 
nished with two slender appendages and a small tooth 
(fig. 2); head deeply foveate in the middle between the 
eyes ; anterior tarsi simple. 

Hab. Java!*?; Puivrppines, Los Banos (P. I. Baker: 8 : 
No. 1654) ; Paxawan, Puerto Princesa (Baker: 2? : Nos. 
4283, 16753) ; Bornuo, Pengaron (Doherty: 3); Formosa. 

Two 6 ¢ and 3 ¢ @ of this species have been sent by 
Mr. Baker. The elytral markings are variable in colour 
and shape: the outwardly-dilated ante-median patch is 
red and bordered with white within in the type of L. pictus 


Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 199 


and in the three examples from Palawan, uniformly 
reddish in those from Los Bafios, and whitish in the types 
of L. duplex ; the subapical spot is rounded in ZL. pictus and 
transverse in L, duplex, intermediate forms occurring. 


26 (a). Laius hexastigma, sp. n. 


?. Moderately elongate, much widened posteriorly, 
opaque, finely pubescent, densely, minutely, rugulosely 
punctate ; piceous or black, the basal half of the antenne, 
the front of the head, the tarsi, and the anterior and inter- 
mediate femora and tibiz in part, testaceous, the elytra each 
with three whitish spots—one, transverse, before the middle, 
the other two, rounded, near the apex, transversely placed, 
the outer one smaller than the inner. Head triangular, not 
wider than the prothorax, obsoletely canaliculate, the eyes 
not very prominent; antenne long, tapering outwards, 
joint 2 elongate, much thickened, subcylindrical. Pro- 
thorax as broad as long, rounded and unarmed at the sides. 
Elytra rather convex, moderately long. Wings present. 
Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple. 

Length 2-24 mm. 

Hab. Borneo, Sandakan (Baker: No. 16159). 

Three 2? 2. The elytra in that insect are each albo- 
trimaculate, as in L. (Intybia) guttatus, Pasc., type ? , from 
Sarawak (Wallace), except that the apical spots are smaller, 
the present species having a much smaller head, an unarmed 
prothorax, longer, less inflated elytra, and fully developed 
wings. The 4-spotted ZL. borneensis, Pic (1910), also has 
the front of the head testaceous. 


29 (a). Laius guadriguttatus. 


Laius quadriguttatus, Kr. Entomographien, p. 64 (¢) (1840); Pic, 
L’Echange, xxvi. p. 83 (1910). 


g. Antenne rufo-testacer, articulis ultimis 3 vel 4 nigricantibus, 
tertio subovato, interne cavo. [ Hrichson. | 


Hab. StncarorE (Baker: 2: No. 16157), Bintang 
Island [type]. 

A 2 sent by Mr. Baker agrees very nearly with the 
description. It has the antennz stout, rufo-testaceous, 
except joimts 7-10 and the base of 1, 2 being much thick- 
ened, elongate, and subcylindrical ; the head black (said by 


200 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


Pic to be testaceous in front); the elytral spots flavous 
(white in the type), the anterior one transverse and reaching 
the outer margin, the subapical one rounded. 


29 (6). Laius dentatithora. 


Laius dentatithorax, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p.5(d¢) (Aug. 
1917). 


g. Antennal jomt 1 broadly, triangularly dilated out- 
wards, 2 broad, oval as seen from above, coucave, angulate 
and armed with a long, curved, slender, spiniform appendage 
at the inner apical angle (fig. 3), 3-10 gradually tapering ; 
head foveate and canaliculate anteriorly, the epistoma 
tumid and angulate on each side in front; prothorax uni- 
dentate at the sides; anterior tarsi simple. 

?. Antenne stout, tapering outwards, joint 2 long, 
thickened, subcylindrical; epistoma simple; prothorax as 
in 6. 

Hab. Pururprines, Los Bafios (P. J. Baker: 2 8: No. 
266). 

One fg and 2 2 2 sent by Mr. Baker. The ¢ cephalic 
structure was not mentioned in Pic’s “description abrégée.” 
L. (Intybia) guttatus, Pase., also has a lateral prothoracie 
tooth, but it is much smaller. 


29 (c). Laius alboplagiatus, sp. n. 


gd. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, slightly widened 
posteriorly, subopaque, finely pubescent ; black, the anterior 
portion of the head and the antennz (jomts 6-10 excepted) 
testaceous, the elytra each with two rather large transverse 
whitish spots—one below the base, the other near the apex, 
neither reaching the suture, the anterior one extending to 
the outer margin,—the tarsal joints 1-4 flavous ; densely, 
finely, the elytra rugulosely, punctate. Head subparallel at 
tlhe sides before the eyes and then obliquely narrowed to the 
aiterior margin, canaliculate; antenne (figs. 10, 10a) 
n.oderately long, joint 1 curved, stout, subtriangularly dilated 
at the apex externally, 2 very stout, long, narrow and 
hollowed at the base, produced into a sharp tooth at the 
inner basal angle, 3-10 gradually tapering. Prothorax 
longer than broad, transversely depressed before the base, 
the sides with a short median tooth. Elytra long. Legs 
rather short; anterior tarsi simple. 


Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 201 


Length 2} mm. 

Hab. 8.E. Borneo (German Mission, ex coll. Fry). 

One male. Very like the Philippine L. dentatithorax and 
L, subdentatus; the head (2g) testaceous in front, sub- 
angulate at the sides before the eyes, and then obliquely 
narrowed to the apex ; the second antennal joint differently 
shaped; the prothoracie tooth smaller than in L. dentati- 
thorax. 

The somewhat similarly-maculate L. quadriguttatus, Er., 
has the sides of the prothorax unarmed. 


29(d). Laius semperi, sp. n. 

Elongate, narrow, widened posteriorly, rather convex, 
subopaque, finely pubescent; black, the antenne (except 
the four or five outer joints and the basal one in part) testa- 
ceous, the elytra each with two large, transverse, somewhat 
rounded, whitish spots on the dise (one below the base, the 
other towards the apex), the legs (the tarsi in part excepted) 
piceous ; the entire surface densely, finely, rugulosely punc- 
tate. Head rather convex anteriorly, obsoletely caualiculate ; 
antenne long, joint 1 curved, thickened towards the apex, 
2 elongate, subcylindrical, stout, 3-10 gradually tapering, 
each longer than broad. Prothorax convex, longer than 
broad, transversely depressed before the base, the sides with 
a prominent median tooth. Elytra long, widest near the 
apex. Legs rather short. 

6. Antenne (fig. 11) with joint 1 as in 9, 2 oblique, 
moderately elongate, concave, scaphiform, toothed at the 
inner basal angle, 3-10 longer and more slender than in ? ; 
anterior tarsi simple. 

Length 3 mm. 

Hab. Puixirrines, Luzon (Semper, ex coll. Fry). 

One pair, the g immature. This is one of three closely 
allied Philippine forms with the sides of the prothorax more 
or less distinctly unidentate ; it is separable from the two 
others by the narrower, oblique, scaphiform, second antennal 
joint in the g (not unlike that of the same sex of the Bor- 
nean L. tetrastictus), and the smaller elytral spots. 


29 (e). Laius subdentatus, sp. n. 


3. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, 
finely pubescent, opaque; black, the antennal joints 1-4 
testaceous, the elytra each with two large, transverse, 
yellowish-white or flayescent spots—-one ante-median, the 


202 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


other subapical, neither quite reaching the suture or outer 
margin ; the entire surface densely, minutely, rugulosely 
punctate. Head triangular, finely canaliculate, the epistoma 
simple, the eyes prominent ; antennz (fig. 4) long, joint 1 
triangularly dilated outwards, 2 enormously thickened, 
elongate-oval as seen from above, hollowed at the base and 
apex, bidentate within, 3-10 elongate. Prothorax elongate, 
feebly unidentate at the sides. Elytra moderately long. 
Legs short ; anterior tarsi simple. 

9. Antenne short, tapering outwards, joint 2 elongate, 
thickened, cylindrical. 

Length 24-3 mm. (¢ 2.) 

Hab. Puirierines, Butuan, Davao, and Kolambugan, in 
Mindanao (Baker: ¢ 9: Nos. 6699, 16155, 16156), Bohol, 
Luzon (Semper: 3 2). 

Four ¢ @, five 9 ¢. This species works out as near 
L. diversenotatus, from Banguey, in Pic’s table (1910) of 
the opaque forms with two white spots on each elytron. 
There are numerous similarly-coloured Malayan insects, 
most of which are probably peculiar to a particular island. 


29 (f). Laius subcarinatus, sp. n. 


9. Extremely like L. subdentatus, differing as follows : 
head with a fine median carina, the eyes less prominent ; 
antenne a little more slender, joints 1-3 only in part testa- 
ceous ; prothorax less narrowed posteriorly, the lateral tooth 
just traceable ; elytra more convex, and more widened 
posteriorly, the spots yellowish or white, the post-basal one 
strongly transverse, the subapical one large, rounded. 

Length 22-3,', mm. 

Hab. Patawan I. (Baker: type); Tunasserim, Tavoy 
(Doherty). : 

Three 2? 2, one sent under the same number as a ? 
L. subdentatus. This is one of three forms from Palawan 
found by Mr. Baker. It cannot be referred to either of the 
two species from that island named by Pic in 1910. The 
allied L. inarmatus, Pic (1917), and L. carinaticeps, Pic 
(1910), both from Java and both described from g 2, are 
said to have the head carinate, but the carina in the latter 
is lateral. The Tenasserim examples (two ? 2) have the 
spots smaller and wholly white. The Sumatran L. luteo- 
notatus, Pic (1921), must be an allied form. 


29 (g). Laius tetrops, sp. n. 


9. Very like L. subdentatus; the antenne (the tip of joint 


Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 203 


10 excepted) and legs (the bases of the femora excepted) 
testaceous, the elytra each with two very large, transversely 
subquadrate, yellowish spots; the head and prothorax some- 
what shining, the former foveate in the middle and with the 
eyes less prominent, the prothorax less elongate, obsoletely 
unidentate laterally; the antenne shorter, rapidly tapering 
outwards. 

Length 24 mm. 

Hab. Pauawan I. (Baker: No. 16154). 

One 2. The testaceous antenne, tibie, and tarsi, and 
the very large transversely-subquadrate elytral spots, dis- 
tinguish this insect from its numerous allies, 


29 (hk). Laius waterstradti. 
? Laius waterstradti, Pic, L’Echange, xxv. p. 83 (3) (1910). 


¢. Elongate, widened posteriorly, opaque, black, the 
antenne (the apical two joints excepted), head (the base 
excepted), and anterior legs in part, testaceous, the elytra 
each with two very large, yellowish-white spots—one near 
the suture, just below the base, subtriangular, the other 
on the disc before the apex, transverse. Head triangular, 
rather long, suleate down the middle in front, the sides ot 
the epistoma thus appearing tumid, the eyes prominent ; 
antenne (fig. 5) long, joint 1 broadly, quadrangularly 
dilated (as seen in profile), 2 enormously dilated, ear- 
shaped, concave within, and angularly produced, reflexed, 
and furnished with a slender, curved appendage at the 
inner basal angle, 3-10 rather slender. Prothorax about 
as long as broad, unarmed at the sides. Elytra rather 
elongate. Legs short; anterior tarsi simple. 

Length 3 mm. . 

Hab. Patawan I., Puerto Princesa (Baker: No. 4284). 

One male, possibly referable to L. waterstradti, Pic, the 
only tangible characters for which, as given in a compara- 
tive table of the spotted Malayan species, are the testaceous 
head and the enormously large, concave second (=third of 
Pic) antennal joint of the male. L. palawanus, Pic (/. c.), 
type ¢, is said to have the head distinctly raised in front 
above the antennz and the elytra rather elongate. 


29 (2). Laius quadristrigatus, sp. n. 

3. Elongate, widened posteriorly, opaque, finely pubes- 
cent, densely, minutely, rugulosely punctate; nigro-piceous, 
the head, joints 1 and 2 of the antenne, prothorax, and 
anterior femora testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra 


204 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


each with three large yellowish or yellowish-white spots— 
one on the disc below the base, transverse, the others 
elongate, subapical. Head triangular, barely as wide as the 
prothorax, flattened above anteriorly, the eyes moderately 
prominent; antenne (fig. 6) long, joint 1 triangularly 
dilated, sharply dentate externally, 2 enormously developed, 
broad-oval as seen from above, concave, reflexed and 
angularly extended backward at the base above and 
there furnished with a long slender appendage. Prothorax 
a little broader than long, narrowed posteriorly, the sides 
rounded and strongly unidentate, the disc arcuately im- 
pressed before the base. Elytra moderately long, rather 
convex. Legs short; anterior tarsi simple. 

9. Antenne stout, tapering outwards, jomt 2 much 
thickened, elongate, subcylindrical ; prothorax with the 
sides subangulate at about the middle, the tooth wanting. 

Length 2,°,-3 mm. (d ?.) 

Hab. Pururerines, Baguio, Benguet (Baker: No. 6070). 

One pair. A remarkably distinct form of the Intybia- 
section of the genus, and easily recognizable by the rufo- 
testaceous head and prothorax, and the two long yellowish 
streaks at the apex of each elytron, the prothorax dentate 
laterally in ¢. 

29 (7). Laius faleifer, sp. n. 

@. Elongate, shining, clothed with fine scattered pubes- 
cence, intermixed on the elytra with long, erect, black, 
bristly hairs ; black, the anterior portion of the head, joints 
1-4 of the antennez (the base of 1 excepted), prothorax, 
anterior legs, and intermediate tibiz testaceous, the elytra 
nigro-violaceous, each with two large, transverse, whitish 
spots—one before the middle and the other subapical, 
neither reaching the suture or outer margin ; the head and 
prothorax almost smooth, the elytra densely, finely, rugu- 
losely punctate. Head a little narrower than the prothorax, 
transversely depressed in the middle between the eyes, the 
latter not very prominent; antenne (fig. 7) moderately 
long, joint 1 curved, broadly dilated outwards, 2 enormously 
developed, somewhat ear-shaped, concave, foveate near the 
apex within, the reflexed inner margin very sharply, tri- 
angularly dilated at about the middle, and furnished with 
a long slender appendage near the base, 3-10 gradually 
tapering. Prothorax convex, uneven, about as long as 
broad, a little narrowed behind, the transverse basal de- 
pression deep. Elytra long, gradually widening to the 
apex. Legs long; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 


Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 205 


2 with a long, claw-like prolongation extending over 3 above, 
black at the tip. 

@. Antennal joint 2 very broad, simple, oblongo-quad- 
rate ; head and legs black. 

Length 33-4 mm. (¢ ?.) 

Hab. Puitirrrnes, Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker: No. 
3035). 

One pair. An elongate form, with a smooth, subquadrate, 
testaceous, shining prothorax and long, nigro-violaceous 
elytra, the latter each with two transverse white spots and 
the surface very finely punctured. It bears some re- 
semblance to L. birmanicus, Champ., which has very different 
elytral markings and a longer prothorax. The long claw- 
like extension to the second joint of the anterior tarsi in 
the g is a character foreign to all the species of Laius I 
have hitherto examined, but a 6 of L. tetrastictus sent by 
Mr. Baker and two others from Perak also possess a very 
similar structure. JL. falcifer must be nearly related to 
L. adonis, Pic (1921), from Sumatra. 


29 (k) (29). Laius tetrastictus. 


Laius tetrastictus, Champ. Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vil. p. 342 (9) 
(April 1921). 

g. Antennal joint 1 moderately thickened outwards 
(as in 2), 2 elongate, oblique, widened, concave, scaphi- 
form, curved and pointed at the outer apical angle, and 
with the reflexed inner margin extending backward at the 
base and there furnished with a long, slender, curved ap- 
pendage (fig. 8) ; anterior tarsal joint 2 extending over the 
base of 3 above. 

Hab. N. ann W. Borneo, Sandakan (Baker: ¢ 9: 
No. 16158), Quop [type ? and g |; S.E. Borneo (German 
Mission, ex coll. Fry: 3 2). 

A pair from Sandakan, the elytra marked as the Quop 
types (d 2); three g d and four ? ? from the 8.E. portion 
of the island. 


29 (1). Laius flavonotatus, sp. nu. 


g. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, 
finely pubescent, the head and prothorax moderately shining, 
the elytra subopaque ; vigro-piceous, the anterior portion of 
the head, mouth-parts, the antennal joints 1, 2, and 10, the 
anterior legs (except the tarsal joints 2-5), the intermediate 
legs (except the apices of the tarsi), and the bases of the 
posterior tibiz and tarsi, testaceous; the elytra each with 


206 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


three flavous spots—one, subtriangular, near the suture at 
the base, one, strongly transverse, at the middle (reaching 
the outer margin, but not extending to the suture), and one 
rounded, near the suture before the apex; densely, finely, 
the sides of the prothorax and the elytra rugulosely, punctate, 
the latter with intermixed slightly coarser punctures. Head 
triangular, compressed at the sides anteriorly, the central 
portion very narrow in front, hollowed in the middle between 
the eyes, the latter prominent ; antenne (fig. 12) moderately 
Jong, joint 1 curved, broad, angularly dilated near the base 
externally, 2 extremely large, oblong, irregularly excavate, 
and furnished at the base with a long, movable, rather broad, 
twisted appendage, 3-9 short. Prothorax convex, about as 
long as broad, narrowed posteriorly, and with the sides 
rounded anteriorly. Elytra moderately long, rounded at 
the sides beyond the middle. Legs rather short, not very 
slender; anterior tarsal joint 2 with a black claw-like 
extension reaching to the apex of 3 above. 

Length 2% mm. 

Hab. Perak (Doherty). 

One male. Near L. tetrastictus,aud with similar anterior 
tarsi in ¢, the elytra each with three yellowish spots, the 
head much narrower in front and flavo-testaceous anteriorly, 
the antenne (¢) very different, the legs partly testa- 
ceous, &e. 


29 (m). Laius erythrocephalus, sp. n. 


36. Elongate, narrow, rather convex, widened posteriorly, 
finely pubescent, subopaque ; nigro-piceous, the head, an- 
tenn (the slightly infuscate outer joints excepted), and legs 
(the intermediate and posterior femora excepted) testaceous, 
the elytra with a rather narrow transverse fascia below the 
base (interrupted at the suture, but reaching the outer 
margin) and a transverse spot on the disc of each towards 
the apex, yellowish-white ; the entire surface densely, finely, 
rugulosely punctate. Head triangular, flattened between 
the eyes and convex in front, obsoletely canaliculate; an- 
tenne (fig. 13) long, joint 1 curved, moderately dilated, 
angulate near the base externally, 2 extremely large, broad, 
sublunate, deeply excavate within, and furnished with a long 
narrow appendage near the base above, 3-10 slender, elon- 
gate. Prothorax about as long as broad, narrowed and 
slightly sinuate at the sides towards the base. Elytra mode- 
rately long. Legs rather short, not very slender; anterior 
tarsal joint 2 raised above 3 and black at the tip. 


Species of Laius from the Malayan Region. 207 


Length 24 mm. 

Hab, Perak (Doherty). 

One male, slightly immature. Near L. quadriguttatus, 
Er., and L. diversenotatus, Pic, the head, and the legs and 
autenne in great part, testaceous, the antennal joints 3-10 
long and slender, the postbasal transverse whitish fascia on 
the elytra rather narrow and nearly reaching the suture, the 
legs a little longer. The present insect cannot be referred 
to either of the two forms named L. dohertyi by Pic in 1910 
[‘ L’Echange,’ xxvi. p. 62 (Aug.), type from Sumbava; /. c. 
p. 84 (Nov.), type from Perak]; the characters, however, 
given in his table of the 4-spotted species agree with the 
Perak insect before me, except as regards ‘the shape of 
the elytral spots. 


Additions to the numbered list of species of Laius. 


*¥alboarcuatus, 6 (a). *rectefasciatus, 23 (a). 
*alboplagiatus, 29 (c). *semperi, 29 (d). 

dentatithorax, 29 (4). *subcarinatus, 29 (f). 
*erythrocephalus, 29 (m). *subdentatus, 29 (e). 
*faleifer, 29 (7). *submarinus, 2 (a). 
*flavonotatus, 29 (2). [tetrastictus, 29 (x) (29). | 
*hexastigma, 26 (a). *tetrops, 29 (9). 

pictus, 24. *varlipes, 28 (0). 

quadriguttatus, 29 (a). waterstradti, 29 (2). 


*quadristrigatus, 29 (7). 


Additional examples of the following species have also 
been detected in the Fry Collection :— 


L. flavicornis, F. (No. 2). One §, Andaman Is. 

L. malleifer, Champ. (No. 20). A pair from Yemen, Arabia 
(Millingen). Types from Punjab, and recently found 
(20. ii. 1921) by Dr. M. Cameron at Mossy Falls, 
Mussoorie. 

L. birmanicus, Champ. (No. 23). Three ¢ g and three ? 2 
taken at Carin Cheba, Karen Mts., Burma (ZL. Fea), are 
less elongate than the types, and the males have the 
second antennal joint a little narrower and less angulate. 
These specimens seem to come near L, sikkimensis, Pic 
(1914). 

L. carinifrons, Pic (No. 30). Two 3 ¢ found at Perak by 
Doherty. 


208 On new Species of Lycenide from Madagascar. 


XVIIL.— Two new Species of Lycenide from Madagascar. 
By Percy I. Laruy, F.1.S8. 


Lycenesthes mabillet, sp. n. 


¢. Upperside: Both wings uniform lilac-blue with very 
fine dark margins, fringes whitish. 

Underside: Both wings pale brownish grey as in ZL. smithii, 
Mab., but with the white markings more diffused ; hind wing 
with minute crimson spot between veins 2 and 3, this spot 
edged with black and blue sealing ; a similar but still smaller 

spot at anal angle. 

Marsantsetia, N.K. Madagascar, 1 g. 

The only species in the genus with which this can be 
confused is L. smithit, Mab., from which it may easily be 
distinguished by the wings above wanting the cupreous tint, 
and by the absence of the subbasal conspicuous blue-black 


spot of the hind wings below. 


Azanus rubropuncta, sp. n. 


3. Upperside: Both wings dark lilac-blue with slight 
cupreous tint ; narrow marginal dark border. 

Underside: Fore wing pale grey; a whitish-edged dark 
grey spot at end of cell; two whitish bars beyond cell; sub- 
marginal area traversed by irregular whitish lines enclosing 
grey spots slightly darker than ground-colour. Hind wing 
pale grey clouded with whitish on discal area; a subbasal 
black spot, beyond this a row of four black spots ; a black 
spot on costa beyond middle and another on inner margin ; 
between these last two spots a series of dark grey markings 
crosses the wings beyond cell ; a submarginal irregular dark 
grey line; three marginal dark grey spots between veins 4 
and 73; a conspicuous marginal blue-centred black spot 
between veins 2 and 3, this spot inwardly edged with 
crimson ; a small blue-centred black spot at anal angle. 

Marsantsetia, N.E. Madagascar. A series of males. 

May be easily separated *from any other species in the 
genus by the crimson-edged black spot of underside of hind 
wing. The types of these two new species are in the collec- 
tion of Madame Gaston Fournier. 


Lord’ Rothschild on Two new Races of Oryx. 209 


XIX.—On Two new Races of Oryx. 
By Lord RotuHscuHi.p, F.R.S. 


Oryx gazella blaine, subsp. n. 


Differs from O. g. gazella in its paler and greyer ground- 
colour. There is also in the ground-colour an entire absence 
of the buffish or creamy suffusion present in O. g. beisa. 

The black band running up from the throat to below and 
between the ears and base of horns is shorter, narrower, and 
more square-cut than in either O. g. gazella or O. g. beisa. 

Black band from and below eye joined to face-blaze as in 
O. g. gazella. 

Black of throat more restricted than in O.g. gazella. Ears 
much whiter than in either O. g. gazella or O. g. beisa. 

Black stripe along centre of back as in O. g. beisa, but 
reaches further up hind neck and is continued as in O. g. ga- 
zella over the rump, expanding to root of tail, to which it is 
joined. Tail wholly black, with very large tuft as in O. g. ga- 
zella. Dark flank-band not joined to dark portion of thigh 
as in O. g. gazella nor so wide as in the latter. Dark colour 
on thigh much more restricted than in O. g. gazella, the 
whole front of lower part of thigh being white. 

Black on rump less extended than in O. g. gazella. 

Hab. Angola. 

Type (g¢, mounted), British Museum, Natural History, 
coll. Gilbert Blaine (presented Rowland Ward Trustees). 
(A mounted entire 9, Tring Museum, coll. Gilbert Blaine), 


Oryx gazella subcallotis, subsp. n. 


Differs from O. g. annectens, Holl., in being intermediate 
between that form and O. g. callotzs in colour and markings 
and in having ear-tufts or tassels, the latter, however, being 
smaller than in O. g. callotis. 

Hab. Country between the ranges of O. g. callotis and 
0. g. annectens. 

‘Type (mounted head), British Museum, Natural History 
(presented Rowland Ward Trustees). A second head from 
same source in the Tring Museum. 


The discovery of these two new forms proves that Oryx 
gazella (Linn,) and Oryx besa (Riipp.) are only local forms 
Ann. d& Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. I+ 


210 Mr. S. Stillman Berry on a new - 


of one species, so that the known forms of “‘ gemsbok ” must 
stand as follows :— 


Oryx gazella gazella (Linn.). S. Africa. 

blainei, Rothseh, Angola. 

beisa (Riipp.). Abyssinia. 

gallarum (Neum.). 8. Gallaland. 
annectens, Holl. Brit. E. Africa, 

—— ——- subcallotis, Rothsch. 8S. Brit. E. Africa. 
callotis, Thom. Tanganyika Prov. 


In addition to these, I consider the Arabian Ory# only an 
extreme form of the same species, and it should stand as :— 


Orya gazella leucoryx (Pall.). Arabia. 


XX.—A new Neotreme Brachiopod from California. 
By S. Srituman Berry, Redlands, California. 


[Plate XL] 


AMONG other unusual zoological material discovered by 
Mr. W. H. Golisch, of the South-west Museum, Los Angeles, 
in his investigation of corals and sponges hauled in by 
fishermen from deep water off the coast of Southern Cali- 
fornia, is asingle specimen of a brachiopod, which seems to 
be not only new to science, but representative of a genus and 
family hitherto unreported from the west coast of North 
America. 

For his kindness in immediately placing this interesting 
specimen at my disposal, I beg to tender Mr. Golisch appro- 
priate acknowledgment, while I am further indebted to 
Messrs. Y. Hirase and J. T. Kuroda, of Kyoto, Japan, for 
the loan for comparative purposes of two young specimens 
of Crania (Craniscus) japonica, A. Adams, from the Hirase 
Collection. 


Cranta californica, sp. n. (Pl. XI.) 


Description.—Shell strongly depressed, oblong in outline. 
Colour of exterior whitish ; interior brownish white. Upper 
valve with apex low, situated approximately in the median 
line about one-third of the distance from the posterior margin ; 
posterior outline rather straiglt; upper surface badly eroded, 


Neotreme Brachiopod from California. 211 


but, so far as can be seen, without evident radial striation ; 
interior microscopically granulose, the margin flaring thinly 
beyond the heavy submarginal encircling ridge; pedestals 
of anterior adductor muscles strongly raised, far apart, and in 
no way coalescent, but connected by a low ridge, with a small, 
nipple-like prominence lying between and in front of them at 
nearly the centre of the valve ; posterior adductor scars large, 
swollen, rounded-oval in outline, placed well inside the 
posterior angles of the shell; space between the four adductor 
scars roughly diamond-shaped, deep at the centre, and bounded 
by four almost coalescent curved ridges, the two anterior 
much more strongly inbowed than the two posterior ; a pair 
of small rounded muscle-scars or pedestals are sheltered in 
the angle between the two anterior ridges and those con- 
necting the anterior adductor pedestals with the median 
prominence previously described ; anterior spaces conspicu- ~ 
ously marked by seven or eight pallial (sinus?) impressions 
on each side. 

Lower valve flattish, shallow, attached to the substratum 
by its entire lower surface, with the exception of a narrow, 
sharply ascending, marginal area; interior with a strong 
submarginal thickening, which shows numerous, obscure, 
fine, radial wrinkles down its inner slope. 

Measurements. — Longitude 13°5 mm., diameter 16:2, 
height 44. 

Type.—Cat. no. 4530, Berry Collection. 

Type-locality.— From rock at base of a siliceous sponge 
taken in 100 fathoms off Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, 
California (W. H. Golisch), from fishermen, summer 1918 ; 
one specimen. 

Remarks.—This fine Crania does not seem to be very 
closely allied to any of the previously described species of 
the group, unless it be the lately published C. phelippinensis 
of Dall *, although I have had specimens of only three of the 
older species—C. anomala (Miller), C. kermes (Humphrey 
and Da Costa) t, and C. (Craniscus) japonica, A. Adams— 
available for direct comparison. ‘he thickened and elevated 
edge of the lower valve, the posterior apex, and the number 
and conspicuousness of the pallial impressions are perhaps 
the most prominent of the peculiar features. 

This is the first Crania to be reported either from Cali- 
fornia or elsewhere along the western shore of North Aimerica, 
the nearest records of this genus being those of C. hawaiiensis, 


* Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. lvii. p. 272. 
+ =C. turbinata (Deshayes), teste Davidson, Monog. Rec. Brach. p. 188. 


14* 


219 Mr. O. Thomas on 


Dall, from near Bird Island, in the mid-Pacific, and C. pata- 
gonica, Dall, from the coast of Chile and the Straits of 
Magellan, It was at first suspected that in view of the 
several species of brachiopods reported as common to the 
west coast of North America and Japan, C. californica and 
C. japonica might prove to be somewhat near akin, whereas 
in fact they seem to belong to different subgenera, or even 
genera. Mr. Hirase’s specimens of the latter species were 
taken at Hirado, Province of Hizen, Japan. 

The nomenclature pertaining to the rather complex topo- 
graphy of the interior of the valves in this group of brachiopods 
does not appear to be in very satisfactory condition in the 
literature, nor to be any too well correlated with that for the 
remainder of the animal’s anatomy. Being in no position at 
the moment to initiate a serious attempt at a remedy, I have 
in this paper simply taken matters as I found them, and 
endeavoured to make the best of it. 

Unfortunately some details, such as the central nipple-like 
prominence, are not brought out very plainly in the figures. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 


Fig. 1. Crania californica, sp.n. Exterior of dorsal valve, X 2. 
Fig. 2. Ditto. Interior of dorsal valve, with the dried animal m situ, 


aoe 
Fig. 3. Ditto. Interior of dorsal valve, after removal of the animal, x 38. 


The figures are from photographs by Berton W. Crandall. 


XXI1.— The * Huron” of the Argentine. 
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


WHILE working out the San Juan huron, Gr/sonella, re- 
ferred to in a succeeding paper, I have come to tlie conclusion 
that my reference of the common huron of the Argentine to 
the Brazilian Grisonella furax cannot be sustained. When 
making it, material of the Argentine form was much less 
abundant than now, while, especially, I then supposed that a 
specimen in the Museum, no, 44. 3. 7. 6, labelled “ Brazil, 
purchased of Clausen,” was of too donbtful authenticity to 
be taken as of any value. But I now know that this speci- 
men was one of a series collected in Minas Geraes (probably 


BERRY. Ann. Go Mag: Nat. Fists: 9, Vol; VIII, Pl XI. 


Fia. 1. 


Crania californica, sp. n., from California. 


* 
. 
ai 


4 
7 
‘ 
i 
fi 
: 
4 
aS 
' 
= 
m : 
. = 
7 i 
see 
= 
. 
om 
‘ 
1 
“ 
+ 
a * 
P y 
~ 
“ i 
w ~ 
am 2 - 
= “ : : 


a a Gn hie | wae ia Pah Tey iq ie iy af = 


On the “ Huron” of the Argentine. 213 
at Lagoa Santa) by Dr. M. Claussen, and may be treated 


as a genuine wild-killed example of G. furaz. Being a fully 
adult male, ‘it is of especial value for comparison with the 
Argentine examples available. This skull is 77 mm, in 
median length, a size which is exactly the same as that given 
by Winge for a Lagoa Santa skull in Copenhagen. 

In comparison with this, it is evident that the materially 
larger animal from the Argentine should be distinguished. 
It may be called 


Grisonella huronax, sp. n. 


Size largest of genus. Colours as usual, the facial band 
in the type well marked, creamy-buff; light tipping of the 
dorsal hairs well developed. But there is great variation in 
both facial band and dorsal tipping, some examples being 
quite dark and with a nearly obsolete frontal band. 

Skull stout and heavy, with well-developed crests and 
ridges. Teeth stout, molar comparatively large. 

Dimensions of the type, male, and of an adult female from 
the same locality:—Head and body 600 mm., 510; tail 
_ (imperfect), 135; hind foot 70, 61. 

Skull: median length 83, 73: 5; condylo-basal length 84, 
745 zygomatic breadth, 48, 42; interorbital breadth 20, Li-5; 
mastoid breadth 43° 5, 37° 5; maxillary tooth-row 24: 8, 21 ; 
length of p* 9:2, 7:4; transverse diameter of m! 11,6. 

Hab. Central and Eastern Argentina. Type from Mar del 
Plata, 8.H. Buenos Ayres. Other specimens from various 
localities northwards to San Cristobal, Province of Santa Fé. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 2. 17. 6. Original 
number 3. Collected 4th June, 1911, and presented by 
W. A. Smithers, Esq. 

The larger Chilian huron, which in 1912 I described as 
Grison furax melinus, 1 should now consider as a distinct 
species, and its name should be Grisonella melina. In the 
comparison with the material then existing, too much stress 
was laid on the pallor of the facial line, which additional 
specimens show to be more strongly buff than in @. hurona. L, 
even if paler than in true G. furaz, G. melina is a rather 
smaller animal than G. Ahuronaz, and is confined to the 
western side of the Andes. 


214 Mr. O. Thomas on 


XXIU.—On Mammals from the Province of San Juan, 
Western Argentina. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE Museum has now received from Sr. E. Budin three 
small collections of Mammals from places in the Province of 
San Juan, and these may well be combined to form one 
general list. 

The three localities are as follows :— 

Cafiada Honda, about 50 km. 8. of San Juan City. 
Altitude about 500 m. 

Pedernal, about 60 km. S.W. of San Juan, and 30 W. of 
Caflada Honda. Altitude about 1200 m. 

Sierra Tontal, a north and south range of mountains some 
60 km. W.of San Juan. Collection made at Los Sombreros, 
an estancia at about 2700 m. altitude, and 35 km. N.W. of 
Pedernal. 

All three collections contained specimens of interest, but 
the Sierra Tontal proved much the richest locality, examples 
being obtained there of several mountain forms, such as 
Lagidium aud Abrocoma, neither of which had been previously 
recorded trom the province. 

The present series forms the first contribution that the 
Museum has ever received from San Juan, and is therefore 
of proportionate value. Sr. Budin is much to be commended 
for the excellent collection he has made, and, as usual, for 
the admirable manner in which the skins are prepared. 

A new huron and a second species of the recently 
described genus Octomys are the most notable discoveries 
made, 

On the other hand, the almost complete absence of Muridee 
is most remarkable, the family being only represented by 
Phyllotis, Graomys, and Hesperomys, and the two latter 
being very rare. Sr. Budin draws especial attention to the 
entire absence of Akodon, a genus whose members are 
generally the very commonest of the mammals in almost 
every other locality in South America, from Colombia to 
Cape Horn, their abundance in many places amounting to a 


plague. 
1. Felis salinarum, Thos. 


9. 1255. Cafiada Honda. 


Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 215 


2. Pseudalopea culpeus, Mol. 
6. 1243, 1244. Cafiada Honda. 


3. Grisonella ratellina, sp. n. 


6.1269. Pedernal, 1200 m. 

Size markedly smaller than in G. huronax. Colour dark, 
iren-grey on fore-back, the light tipping of the hairs white, 
and only becoming slightly buffy on the rump and tail. 
Light facial band not strongly developed, whitish and less 
buffy than in other forms. Chin, interramia, and sides of 
throat with many white hairs intermixed with the black, but 
this may be an effect of senility, the only specimen being 
quite old. 

Skull much smaller than in G. huronax, and also smaller 
than in the Chilian G. melina. Flattened above, the forehead 
decidedly lower than in the allied species. Ridges not 
greatly developed, in spite of the age of the type. Back of 
skull not broad, the mastoid breadth comparatively little. 

Teeth much smaller than in G. huronaz. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 429 mm.; tail 169; hind foot 60; ear 22. 

Skull: median length 77; condylo-basal length 77:5; 
zygomatic breadth 43; interorbital breadth 16:8; inter- 
temporal breadth 17°3; mastoid breadth 37°7; height of 
crown above palate between m! 18; maxillary tooth-row 
22:5 ; length of p* 8; transverse diameter of m' 6:4, 

Hub. As above. 

Type. Old male, B.M. no, 21. 6.19. 1. Original number 
1269. Collected 9th January, 1921. 

This huron is readily distinguished from the Argentine 
form, G. huronax, by its much smaller size and its more 
flatteried skull, In this latter respect it resembles the 
Bolivian huron G. luteola, and may be nearly allied to it, 
but as luteola is only known from a female, and ratellina by 
a male, skull comparison is difficult. ‘lhe colours of the two 
are, however, widely different, duteola being very strongly 
buffy, and alone equalled in that respect by the Brazilian 
G. furan. 


4. Conepatus proteus, Thos. 


6. 1264; 9. 1272, 1331. Pedernal, 1000-1200 m. 
This little skunk was discovered in 1901 by P. O. Simons 


216 Mr. O. Thomas on 


at Cruz del Eje, Cordova, and has since been obtained by 
W. Smithers at Dolores in the same province. 


5. Hesperomys murillus cordovensis, Thos. 


g. 1253, 1256. Caiiada Honda. 


6. Graomys sp. 


gd. 1254. Cafiada Honda. 
9. 1268, 1333, 13834. Pedernal. 


All more or less immature. 


7. Phyllotis darwini subsp. 


3. 1271, 1321, 1826; 9. 1267. Pedernal. 

3. 1285, 1297, 1304, 13819; 9. 1290, 1292, 1295, 1298, 
1310. Sierra Tontal. 

Not or doubtfully distinguishable from P. d. vaccarum of 
Mendoza. 


8. Abrocoma schistacea, sp. n. 


¢. 1325,1329; 9. 1822,1324. Pedernal. 

gd. 1278, 1279, 1280, 1306, 1314; 9. 1275, 1281, 1296, 
1299, 1311. Sierra Tontal. 

Several separate skulls. 

Near A. budini, but with still larger bullee. 

Size about as in budini. General colour above pale slaty 
grey, with less of the drabby tone found in budini, in this 
respect more matching famatina. Under surface similar but 
paler, a well-marked whitish glandular patch on the chest, 
as usual. Tail fairly long, decidedly longer than in ecnerea. 

Skull very like that of budind, but with even larger bulla, 
these being the largest found in the genus. Nasals long, 
not so attenuated behind as in budini. Mastoid islands on 
top of skull of medium size. Slenderness of muzzle, small 
incisors, and imperforate palate as in the other Argentine 
species. Molars unusually variable in size, 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 190 mm.; tail 111; hind foot 28; 
ear 26°09. 

Skull: greatest length 49; condylo-incisive length 46:7 ; 
zygomatic breadth 24 ; nasals 18°5 x 5°5; interorbital breadth 


Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 217 


62; greatest horizontal diameter of bulla 1774; bi-meatal 
breadth 25°2; upper tooth-series 11:2. 

Hab. as above. ‘Type from Los Sombreros, Sierra Tontal. 
Alt. 2700 m. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.6. 21.11. Original 
number 1296. Collected 29th January, 1921. 


Readily distinguishable from other species by its large 
bulle. 


[The following Abrocoma, obtained by Sr. Budin just 
across the border in the neighbouring province of Mendoza, 
may be conveniently described here :— 


Abrocoma vaccarum, sp. n. 


Colour as in A. schistacea and fumatina. Size about as in 
famatina, but the ears decidedly larger and the tail shorter. 

Skull slightly longer than that of famatina, shorter than 
in the other species. Muzzle slender, the nasals not peculiarly 
attenuated. Mastoid islands rather small, Bulle smaller 
than in any of the other species. Molars fairly large. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 191 mm. ; tail 94 ; hind foot 28; ear 25. 

Skull: greatest length 47; condylo-basal length 44:3; 
zygomatic breadth 24:2; nasals 18°5x 5:4; interorbital 
breadth 6°85; greatest horizontal diameter of bulla 15; 
bi-meatal breadth 23°7 ; upper tooth-series 9°7. 

Hab. North-western Mendoza; type from Punta de Vacas. 
Altitude 3000 m. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 24. 20. Original 
number 1364. Collected 12th March, 1921. Two specimens. 

Distinguishable by the short tail and small bulla. All 
these Argentine species of Abrocuma are nearly allied and 
very similar to each other, but the characters used, slight as 
they are, seem to be locally constant, while the respective 
mountain habitats are well separated and often completely 
isolated. | 


9. Octomys joannius, sp. n. 


3. 1270; 2. 1273, 1332. Pedernal, 1200 m. 

Like O. mtmaw in all respects, cranial and external, except 
that the frontal region of the skull is quite materially broader, 
and flat or even slightly convex above instead of being concave, 
in the interorbital space. In correlation with this the pre- 


218 Mr. O. Thomas on 


maxillary processes are broader terminally, while the brain- 
case itself is somewhat more inflated. 

In colour the resemblance is very close indeed, the only 
perceptible difference being that in mimaa the flanks are more 
decidedly lighter than the back and the hips are whitish on 
their outer aspect, while in joannius both sides and _ hips 
partake of the general drabby tone. But the difference 
is so slight that no attention would have been paid to it had 
the skulls been identical, 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 167 mm. ; tail 171 ; hind foot 35; ear 22°3. 

Skull: greatest length 45; condylo-incisive length 41°6 ; 
zygomatic breadth 23; breadth of frontal premaxillary pro- 
cesses posteriorly 2°6 (in mimae 2:1); interorbital breadth 
10°7 ; least breadth across brain-case 19 ; bimeatal breadth 
22°2; diagonal length of bulle 15:2; upper tooth-series 
(crowns) 8:5. 

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 19. 12. Original 
number 1273. Collected 11th January, 1921. 

It is of much interest to find a second locality for the 
remarkable genus Octomys, which was discovered by 
Sr. Budin at Tinagasta, Catamarea, in January 1920. 

In spite of the considerable distance between the two 
habitats, the new form is remarkably like the older one, but 
the broader frontals suffice to distinguish the two. 

“Very rare and very difficult to trap; unknown to the 
natives.””—E. B. 


10. Ctenomys coludo johannis, Thos. 


6. 1233; 1239; 1240, 1241, 1251; 9. 1228) 12295 ar 
1242. Cafiada Honda. 

Based on this series; No. 1233 the type. 

I am now less sure than I was that this should be con- 
sidered as a subspecies of coludo, but tor the moment leave it 
under the name by which it was described, 


11. Ctenomys tulduco, sp. n. 


Geos, loo0e 9 1327, 1335. Pedernal. 

8. 1277, 1283, 1286, 1315, 1317; 2. 1282, 1287, 1289, 
1291, 1308, 1318. Sierra Tontal. 

Allied to coludo, but smaller and with shorter tail. 

Size rather less than in coludo. General colour above 
drabby grey, not far from that of johannis, the tone not 


Mammals from San Juan, Western Argentina. 219 


nearly so warm as that of coludo. But below the colour is 
also strongly drabby, the hairs broadly washed with dull 
buffy, about as in coludo, quite unlike the unusually light 
under surtace of johannis. An inconspicuous dull nasal patch. 
Tail shorter than in coludo, the longest in the series 74 mm.; 
a line along its upper side black or blackish, varying in 
definition, but always more marked than in the allied 
species. 

Skull not unlike that of johannis, but smaller and with 
rather smaller bulls, though these are still far larger than in 
mendocinus. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 190 mm. ; tail 69 ; hind foot 32°6. 

Skull: greatest length 45 ; condylo-incisive length 44°5 ; 
zygomatic breadth 27; nasals 16°5 x 7°4 ; interorbital breadth 
9; least breadth across brain-case 17; bimeatal breadth 28°7 ; 
bulla 16x 8°6 ; upper tooth-series (crowns) 8°7; oblique 
diameter of p* 3°3. 

Hab. as above. Type from Los Sombreros, Sierra 
Tontal. Alt. 2700 m. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.6. 21.18. Original 
number 1277. Collected 19th January, 1921. 

This Ctenomys reflects in the darker colour of its under 
surface the more fertile character of its surroundings, as 
compared with the light-bellied yohannis, found on the more 
arid and lower ground further east. 

Sr. Budin says that instead of tuco-tuco the natives of 
San Juan have a special name for Ctenomys, “ Tulduco,” 
which may well be used as a specific term. 


12. Lagidium tontalis, sp. n. 


3. 1274, 1809; 2. 1294, 1303, 13816. Sierra Tontal, 
2700 m. And several separate skulls. 

Decidedly smaller than ZL. famatine, the geographically 
nearest of described species. 

Size about as in L. vuleant of Jujuy. General colour 
(apart from the usual rusty or buffy patches due to hair- 
fading) pale grey, near “ pale neutral grey,’’ more mouse- 
grey on the sides. Shoulders and rump rather paler, A 
well-defined blackish dorsal line from withers to rump. 
Under surface broadly washed with yellow (near ‘chamois”’). 
Inconspicuous white axillary patches present. ‘Tail grizzled 
as usual, the end darker but not black. 

Skull small, with slender muzzle. Nasals narrow, little 


220 On Mammals from Western Argentina. 


inflated anteriorly, not visible from below outside the 
premaxille ; behind the posterior border of the nasals is but 
little indented in the centre, and the premaxille surpass them 
by but a short distance. Interorbital space narrow, its 
anterior portion more definitely concave than usual. Mastoid 
islands on top of skull variable, generally rather small. 
Bulle of medium size, smaller than in famatine, larger than 
in vulcani. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 395 mm.; tail 340; hind foot 100; 
ear 83. 

Skull: greatest length 91; condylo-incisive length 82 ; 
zygomatic breadth 46 ; nasals 33 x 10°5; interorbital breadth 
_ (not at notches) 19; diastema 26 ; length of bulla 17 ; upper 
tooth-series (crowns) 19:4; breadth of p* 4:7. 

Flab. as above. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21. 6. 21.39. Original 
number 1303. Collected 2nd February, 1921. 

The series obtained is remarkably uniform in colour and 
skull-characters. 

Readily distinguishable from famatine by its smaller size 
and more slender muzzle. 


[The following Lagidtum was obtained by Sr. Budin at 
Punta de Vacas, on the ‘l'ransandean route in Mendoza, and 
may be here described :— 


Lagidium viatorum, sp. n. 


Size about as in tontalis ; interorbital region broader. 

General colour rather more uniform neutral grey, not 
lightened on shoulders and rump. Ends of hairs of lower 
surface distinctly ochraceous or cinnamon-buff, instead of the 
yellow of LZ. tontalis. White axillary patches present. 

Skull of about the same length as in tontalis, but more 
bulky throughout. Nasals more inflated in their anterior 
halves, reaching backwards nearly as far as the premaxille. 
Interorbital region decidedly broader than in tontalis, its 
anterior part less decidedly concave. Bulle about as in 
tontalis. Incisors of, both adult specimens pale yellow in 
front. Molars comparatively large. 

Dimensions of the type:— 

Head and body 400 mm.; tail 335; hind foot 105; 
ear 80. 

Skull: greatest length 91; condylo-incisive length 82 ; 
zygomatic breadth 48 ;: nasals 34°5 x 11 ; interorbital breadth 


On Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. 221 


(notches excluded) 22; diastema 26:5 ; length of bulla 16:3 ; 
upper tooth-series (crowns) 20°3 ; breadth of p* 5°2. 

Hiab. Punta de Vacas, N.W. Mendoza. Alt. 2300 m. 

Type. Adult male. B.M, No. 21. 6. 24. 21. Original 
number 1336. 

Three specimens, of which one is immature. 

This vizcacha is no doubt nearly allied to Z. tontalis, but 
is distinguished by the details above described, especially by 
its distinctly broader frontals. ] 


13. Galea leucoblephara, Burm. 


6. 1265. Pedernal. 
3. 1320. Sierra Tontal. 


14. Caviella australis joannia, Thos. 


db. 1230, 1231, 1235, 1247; 9. 1236, 1245, 1246, 1248. 
Cafiada Honda. 

gS. 1266. Pedernal. 

¢. 1307, 1312, 1813; 9. 1293, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1305. 
Sierra Tontal. 

Based on the Cafiada Honda series. No. 1246 the type. 


15. Dasypus vallerosus pannosus, Thos. 


3. 1263; 2. 1232, 1249, 1257. Cafiada Honda. 


XXIUL—Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. 
By OLDFIELD ‘l'HOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Conepatus suffocans pampanus, subsp. n. 


Most like C. s. gibsoni, as I now believe the Ajé skunk 
should be called, but the stripes conspicuously narrower, so as 
greatly to reduce the general amount of white on the animal. 
Stripes running down on to the sides of the base of the tail, 
as in gibsoni, while in suffocans this is very rarely the case. 
Fur of about the same texture as in gibsoni, not so soft as in 
humboldti. Tail bushy, broadly tasselled white-black-white, 
as in gibsoni, while suffocans rarely has the long white hairs 
at the end. 

Skull as usual. 


222 On Two new Argentine Forms of Skunk. 


Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— 

Head and body (c.) 420 mm. ; tail 280. 

Skull: median length 71; condylo-basal length 67 ; zygo- 
matic breadth 44; ml, length 8, breadth 8:1 (both at right 
angles to axis of skull). 

Hab. Western Buenos Ayres Province. Type from Boni- 
facio. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 17. 9.15.1. Collected 
July 1917, and presented by Cecil Porteous, Esq. Four 
specimens. 

Mainly distinguishable by the reduction in the breadth and 
conspicuousness of the white dorsal stripes, these being 
nearly 2 inches broad in gibsoni, but only about half an inch 
in pampanus, There are now six specimens of gibson/ in the 
Museum and four of the present form. 


Conepatus suffocans mendosus, subsp. n. 


Size rather less than in other forms of suffocans. 

Fur softer than in true suffocans, though not so soft as in 
humboldti. White stripes much reduced, one of the specimens 
having them almost absent, while in the other they are quite 
narrow and reach barely halfway down the back. Tail con- 
spicuously short-haired, the hairs from half an inch to an inch 
shorter than in suffocans, those at the end barely attaining 
35 mm. ; the white at the bases of the hairs much reduced, 
so that scarcely any white can be seen in a general view of 
the tail, even on the underside. Owing to the comparative 
shortness of the hairs, the tail itself appears shorter than in 
suffocans, but the measurements show that the tail-body is of 
the usual length. 

Skull of the usual proportions. 

Dimensions of the type:— 

Head and body 355 mm.; tail 205; hind foot 55; 
ear 22. : 

Skull: median length 69 ; condylo-basal length 65 ; zygo- 
matic breadth 42; m1, length 7°3, breadth 8-1 (at right angles 
to axis of skull). 

Hab. Mendoza. Type from Tupungato, 1000 m. Another 
specimen from the Alvear Colony, San Rafael (W. MM. 
Bayne). 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.5.3. | Original 
number 1396. Collected 31st March, 1921, by E. Budin. 
Presented by Oldfield Thomas. 

The much smaller C. proteus occars between this and the 
true C. suffocans suffocans, the subspecies to which it appears 
most nearly allied. 


Geological Society. 223 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 


GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


May 4th, 1921.—Mr. R. D. Oldham, F.RS., 
President, in the Chair. 


The following communications were read :— 


1. ‘An Ottokaria-like Plant from South Africa.’ By Hugh 
Hamshaw Thomas, M.B.K., M.A., F.G.S. 


The object of this note is to record the discovery in the Vereen- 
iging Sandstones of the Transvaal of a fossi] plant which bears 
considerable resemblance to the rare genus Ottokaria. Only two 
specimens of this type have hitherto been described—one from the 
Lower Gondwana of India, the other from beds of similar age in 
Brazil, and little or nothing is known about its nature or affinities. 
The present specimen agrees with the known examples in general 
size, and in having a more or less circular lamina (or head) seated 
upon a stalk; but it also possesses an additional feature in a thin 
flattened structure projecting beyond the head. This feature has 
been called the ‘ wing,’ but its original nature is very problematical. 
It may have been formed from a platyspermie seed projecting 
from the head, the latter being a kind of cupule; or it may have 
been formed from a thin envelope originally enclosing the head. 

Ottokaria was probably a reproductive structure, and its associa- 
tion with Glossopteris suggests a possible connexion with this 
plant, the reproductive structures of which are practically un- 
known. It is not considered necessary at present to make a new 
genus for this specimen, and the name of Ofttokaria lesliei is 
assigned to it, after its discoverer Mr. T. N. Leslie, F.G.S. 


2.‘On Nummulospermum, gen. nov., the probable Mega- 
sporangium of Glossopteris.’ By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc. 


The Author, after referring to the evidence hitherto adduced with 
regard to the nature of the spore-bearing organs of Glossopteris, 
describes some seeds associated with the fronds of Glossopteris at 
certain localities in Queensland. He refers the seeds to a new 
genus, and describes them under the name Nwmmulospermum 
bowenense. ‘The seeds vary in length from 9 to 11 mm. and from 
8 to 11 mm. in breadth ; they are oval or circular, probably platy- 
spermic, and possess a wide sarcotesta and narrow sclerotesta. The 
nucellus has a prominent beak projecting into a narrow micropyle. 
The vascular system is also partly described. Nwmmulospermum, 
though closely associated with Glossopteris fronds, has not been 
found in actual connexion with them. Similar, and in some eases 
identical, seeds have been found in close association with Glosso- 
pteris at other localities. 

Remarks are added on the scale-leaves of Glossopteris, and on 


224 Geological Society. 


the affinities of Glossopteris, which the Author is disposed to in- 
elude in the Cycadofilicales. He is of opinion that the anatomical 
features of the seeds, so far as they can be made out from the 
impressions, favour their inclusion in the Trigonocarpales. 


3. ‘The Evolution of Certain Liassic Gastropods, with special 
reference to their Use in Stratigraphy.’ By Miss Agnes Irene 
McDonald, B.Se., and Arthur Elijah Trueman, D.Se., F.G.S. 


The gastropods dealt with in this paper are turriculate forms, 
which have generally been called 

(a) Cerithiwm, which includes those Liassic species that are ornamented 
with axial and spiral threads, forming a network, often with tubercles ; now 
referred to the family Procerithide, Cossmann. 

(b) Chemnitzia, which includes species ornamented by strong axial ribs; 
now referred to the family Loxonematide, Koken. 


An endeavour has been made to study these gastropods in the 
light of modern paleontological research, and suggestions for their 
classification, based on ontogenetic and other evidence, are made. 
The position and characters of the ornamentation have proved of 
value in classification, when taken in conjunction with the other 
characters of the shell. 

Many of the biological principles that have been studied in 
such groups as the Ammonites are clearly illustrated by these 
gastropods. In numerous series, acceleration and retardation of 
development is indicated. Examples of homceomorphy of several 
types have been noted; the recognition of such homcomorphs, 
which often occur at different horizons, is essential in the identifi- 
cation of species in these groups, if they are to be of value in 
correlation. 

The Procerithide of the Lower Lias are chiefly species of Pro- 
cerithium, in which the flattish whorls have reticulate ornament 
based on three spirals; this central stock is also common in the 
Inferior Oolite, where it is represented by similar species with four 
spirals (Cerithium muricatum). This series probably gave rise to 
many recent Cerithide which have more than four spirals. 
Besides the species with three spirals, there are in the Lias many 
forms which the Authors regardas more specialized, and are charac- 
teristic of particular horizons. Other genera of Procerithide are 
recognized, of which Cerithinella and Paracerithium have dis- 
tinctive ornament. ‘The pupoid forms which have been grouped in 
the genus Hvelissa are regarded by the Authors as catagenetic 
descendants of diverse species of Procerithium. 

The Loxonematide of the British Lias are of two types—one 
with axial ornament only (Zygopleura), the other with axials 
and feeble spirals (Aatosira). Each of these genera during the 
Lias evinces a tendency to increase the number and curye of the 
axials. In development, axials always appear before spirals 
among the Loxonematide, while spirals are developed first among 
the Procerithide. 


THE ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


(NINTH SERIES. ] 


No. 45. SEPTEMBER 1921. 


XXIV.—Evotie Muscaride (Diptera).—II1.* 
By J. R. Matiocu, Urbana, IIl., U.S.A. 


AFRICAN SPECIES, 


Subfamily Paonia. 
Genus 'TRUPHEOPYGUS, Nov. 

Generic characters.—Similar to Helina, R.-D. Differs 
from that genus in having the frons about one-third of the 
head-width ; the abdomen subcylindrical, slightly tapered 
apically, the genitalia entirely concealed when the abdomen 
is viewed from the side or above; the fifth sternite deeply 
cleft in centre ; hind tibia with one or more postero-dorsal 
bristles at middle; prescutellar acrostichals absent ; scutellum 
flattened above ; preapical scutellars absent. 

Genotype, the following species. 


Trupheopygus testaceus, sp. n. 


Male.—Pale testaceous yellow. Frons brown; antennse 
fuscous. Thoracic dorsum with four pale brown vittz ante- 
riorly, and a patch of grey pruinescence between the dorso- 
centrals posteriorly which extends to dise of scutellum. 
Abdomen with an indistinct pair of brown spots on second 


* For Part I., see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vii., Feb. 1921, pp. 161- 
173; Part IL, wrd., May 1921, pp. 420-431. 
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 15 


226 Mr. J. R. Malloch on ELeotie Musearide. 


tergite, and an even less distinct pair on third. Tarsi 
fuscous. Cross-veins narrowly brown. 

Each orbit with four or five long bristles ; ocellar bristles 
very long; arista long-haired. Presutural - acrostichals 
absent ; postsutural dorso-centrals 3; both intra-alars long ; 
prealar absent; sternopleurals 1:1:15; hypopleura bare. 
First and second tergites each with a long bristle on side, 
third and fourth with long bristles on posterior margins, 
and the fourth with a median series; basal portion of 
hypopygium with some bristles ; fifth sternite with two 
bristles on each side at base of incision. Fore tibia with 
one antero-dorsal and one posterior bristle; mid-tibia 
with one antero-dorsal and two postero-dorsal bristles; 
hind femur with some short, widely placed bristles on 
antero-ventral surface, and one long one before apex; hind 
tibia with one or two antero-yentral, two antero-dorsal, and 
one strong postero-dorsal median bristle. Costal thorn 
long; veins 3 and 4 parallel apically. Lower calyptra not 
very large. 

Length 6 mm. 

Type, Embu, Kenya Colony, 20. il. 1914 (G. St. Orde 
Browne). 


Genus Sprnarta, 8. & D. 


This genus is distinguished from its nearest allies by the 
possession of the following characters :—Hypopleura with a 
vertical series of fine hairs below the metathoracic spiracle ; 
both intra-alar bristles strong, the anterior one in line with 
or almost in line with the anterior dorso-central bristle ; 
eyes distinctly hairy, generally conspicuously so. 

All these characters apply also to another genus, Huspi- 
laria, gen. nov., which may be differentiated from Spilaria as 
follows :— 


Hypopygium of male small, not prominent, generally 

almost concealed, the fifth sternite not deeply 

cleft, basal sternite generally with some hairs ; 

prescutellar acrostichals present ; scutellum 

in both sexes with the hairs continued down 

over sides and sometimes invading the ventral 

surface; parafacials bare in both sexes ..... . Spilaria, 8. & D. 
Hypopygium of male large, prominently exposed, 

the fifth sternite deeply cleft, basal sternite 

bare; prescutellar acrostichals absent; scu- 

tellum in both sexes with the hairs continued 

down over sides and sometimes invading ventral 

surface; parafacials in female with some 

setulose hairs in a series which is continued 

below apex of second segment .............. Huspilaria,gen.noy. 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotic Muscaride. 228 


Key to Species of Spilaria. 


1. Third antennal segment about four times as long 


MSESECOM CN. oy viel tol sipi atone sicecs,sole cud eel eepuertale 2. 
Third antennal segment not over 2°5 as long as 
ROEORGM re iia stared a tee Tate orae sees 3. 


tb 


. Palpi yellow; both cross-veins of wings con- 
spicuously infuscated, the outer one nearly : 
straight ; tibiee entirely pale.............. punctifer, Malloch, 
Palpi black ; cross-veins of wings very indis- 
tinctly infuscated, the outer one distinctly 
bent in middle; tibia infuscated at bases .. africana, sp. n. 
3. Outer cross-vein of wing distinctly, but not con- 
spicuously, bent in middle, evenly infuscated 
throughout; margin of upper calyptra pale ; 
scutellum not pale below at apex; palpi 
ISe meg tee Pacloronbtehsiees ters etal ek Sar ecals mollis, Stein, 
Outer cross-vein of wing almost S-shaped, with 
a punctiform black mark at each extremity ; 
margin of upper calyptra fuscous ; scutellum 
yellowish below at apex; palpi black...... trinubilifera, sp. n, 


Spilaria mollis (Stein). 


Spilogaster mollis, Stein, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. li. p. 55 (1906). 
Mydea hirticeps, Stein, Ann, Mus. Nat. Hung. xi. p. 486 (1913). 


I have before me specimens of this species from Estcourt 
(8), Ulundi (1), and Durban (1), Natal, and Pretoria (1). 


Spilaria punctifer, Malloch. 


I have seen two specimens of this species, in addition to 
the type. One from Chirinda, Southern Rhodesia, and the 
other from Angola, Benguella. 


Spilaria africana, sp. uv. 


Female.—Similar in colour to punctifer, Malloch. Differs 
in having the cross-veins of the wings very inconspicuously 
darkened, the palpi black, and the bases of the tibiz slightly 
infuscated. 

The fore tibia has only one posterior median bristle, and 
the outer cross-vein is distinctly, but not conspicuously, 
bent im middle. Otherwise as punctifer. 

Length 7°5 mm. 

Type, Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 23. viii. 1913 (S. A. 
Neave). 

One specimen in poor condition, 


15* 


228 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotie Muscarid:e. 


Spilaria trinubilifera, sp. n. 


Female.—Darker than punctifer, with a slight bluish-grey 
tinge. The head is entirely black, the tibia are blackened 
at bases, the extreme tips of femora are blackened, and the 
infuscation on outer cross-vein is in the form of two spots, 
one at each extremity of the vein. 

The third antennal segment is about 2°5 times as long 
as second, and the outer cross-vein is very conspicuously 
curved, almost S-shaped. 

Length 7-7-5 mm. 

Type, Kijabe, Kenya Colony, in bamboo forest 7000- 
8000 feet (W. J. Radford). Paratype, Mau Forest, Kenya 
Colony, 8000 feet (4. A. Bodeker). 


Genus [EusPiLaria, Dov. 


In addition to the characters listed on a preceding page 
for the differentiation of this genus, it may be pertinent to 
state that the abdomen of the male is more slender than 
that of any species of Spilaria known to me, and the para- 
facials wider. 

Genotype, the following species. 


e 
Euspilaria fuscorufa, sp. 1. 


Male and female.—Black, shining, with dense dark grey 
pruinescence. Head eutirely black. Thorax broadly rufous 
on sides of dorsum and on at least the upper half of pleura 
and the margins of scutellum, the disc of mesonotum 
fuscous, quadrivittate. Abdomen without distinct markings. 
Legs in female rufous ; tips of femora and all tarsi black ; 
the tibiz slightly infuscated ; in male the femora are more 
extensively blackened, the fore pair almost entirely so, 
and the tibiz are much darker. Wings clear, both cross- 
veins conspicuously blackened, the outer one with two 
separated spots, one at each extremity. Calyptree and halteres 
yellowish. 

Male.—¥yes densely haired; narrowest part of frons a 
little wider than distance across posterior ocelli; orbits 
bristled to middle ; parafacial at base of antennee wider than 
third antennal segment, narrowed below; face concave in 
profile; arista long plumose. Thorax without strong pre- 
sutural acrostichals, with three pairs of postsutural dorso- 
centrals, and the sternopleurals 2:2; prealar bristle very 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotiec Muscaride. 229 


short ; hypopleura with the usual hairs below spiracle. 
Abdomen narrow, subcylindrical; upper hypopygial forceps 
rather long, acute at apex; basal sternite bare; fifth 
sternite with a deep V-shaped incision. Fore tibia with a 
long fine median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus longer than 
tibia; mid-femur with a series of long bristles on postero- 
ventral surface; mid-tibia with four long posterior bristles ; 
hind femur with long bristles on apical half of antero- 
ventral surface, the series duplicated in part; postero- 
ventral surface bare ; hind tibia with some long bristles on 
apical half of antero-ventral and antero-dorsal surfaces, 
some of them invadiug the anterior surface. Outer cross- 
vein almost S-shaped ; veins 3 and 4 divergent at apices. 

Female.—Frons less than one-third of the head-width at 
vertex, widened anteriorly; a series of setule descending 
on parafacial below apex of second antennal segment. 
Legs with stouter and shorter bristles than in male, the 
hind tibia with one antero-ventral and two antero-dorsal 
bristles. 

Length 7-8 mm. 

Type, male, and allotype, north of Mt. Kenia, 18. ii. 
1911, 8300 feet. Paratype, male, west of Mt. Kenia, 19-20. 
ii. 1911, 6500-7250 feet (7. J. Ander_on). 

The African species J/ydea nemoralis, Stein, probably 
belongs to the genus Spilaria, and may be separated from 
the species listed in this paper by its having four pairs of 
postsutural dorso-ventral bristles, and the cross-veins not 
noticeably infuscated. Stein has placed his species as a 
synonym of mulcata, Giglio-Tos, a Mexican species, but I 
am inclined to doubt this. I have not seen nemoralis, Stein. 


Genus Ipriopyeus, nov. 


Generic characters.—Similar to Helina, R.-D. Differs in 
having the superior and inferior hypopygial forceps of male 
long and slender, and the fifth sternite very deeply cleft in 
middle of posterior margin, giving it the appearance of 
having two long latero-posterior processes, the general 
habitus of the hypopygium similar to that of some species 
of Cenosia and Pygophora. The fourth visible tergite of 
female is not chitinised and transverse at apex, but depressed 
and somewhat membranous, sometimes notched in centre of 
posterior margin. ‘The anterior intra-alar bristle is absent 
or distinctly caudad of the anterior postsutural dorso- 
central. Hypopleura either bare or with some minute hairs 


230 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hzotic Muscaridee 


in centre ; scutellum always bare on sides and ventrally; 
hind tibia in female with two or three short postero-dorsal 
bristles. 

Genotype, Spilogaster hirtipes, Macquart. 


Key to Species. 


BS NEYO Sig oer epede a meet eto aya = Galo ates ateyetetat fate nvolotars 2. 
Homa laste ia apinsie ts ke tre trie otemint weteraean oe 5. 
2. Hind tibia remarkably dilated as in some 
species of bees; fore tibia with remarkably 
long strong hairs ventrally ; mesosternum 
with a long stout process which is directed 
downward and armed at apex witha dense 
clump of blackbackwardly directed bristles. hirtipes, Macquart. 
Hind tibia normal, not noticeably dilated ; 
mesosternum butlittle produceddownward. 3. 
3. Hypopleura bare ; fore and hind tibiz rather 
densely long-haired ventrally ; anterior 
intra-alar bristle absent; eyes separated 
by at least one-third of the head-width ; 
each orbit with five equally long, strong 
bristles which are equally spaced........ villipes, sp. 0. 
Hypopleura with a few very short hairs in 
middle below spiracle; fore and hind tibie 
with very short hairs; anterior intra-alar 
present ; eyes separated by about one-fifth 
of the head-width ; each orbit with a wide 


space at centre without bristles ........ 4. 
4, Hind trochanters with very fine hairs ...... hirtiventris, sp. 0. 
Hind trochanters with dense, short, stout, 
rectangularly bent bristles.............. trochanteratus, sp. 0. 


5. Legs largely reddish yellow; fourth tergite 
but little depressed at apex in centre; fore 
tibia with one posterior and two antero- 
dorsal jbristles|4)2)-).ai. cite ste te > cleo viele . hirtipes, Macquart. 
Legs entirely black ; fourth abdominal tergite 
very noticeably depressed in centre at apex. 6. 
6. Anterior intra-alar bristle absent; fore tibia 
with one posterior and two antero-dorsal 
bristles: cio: air ee wees eee satan stoves villipes, sp. D., oF 
Anterior intra-alar bristle present; fore tibia —[tr’maculata, Stein. 
with two antero-dorsal bristles, the 
posterior bristle absent .......... veeeee Aartiventris, sp. n. 


Idiopygus hirtipes (Macquart). 
Spilogaster hirtipes, Macquart, Dipt. exot., Suppl. 1, p. 202 (1846). 
I give a description of this remarkable species, as the 
original is very short and deals only with the male. The 


legs are stated by Macquart to be entirely black, but they 
are not so in the specimens before me. 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 231 


Male and female.—Black, subopaque, densely grey pruin- 
escent. Head entirely black. Thorax with four brown 
vittee anteriorly and a central one posteriorly, the latter 
extending over disc of scutellum. Abdomen with a pair of 
fuscous spots on each tergite from 1 to 4 inclusive, those on 
2 and 3 much larger than the others ; apices of processes of 
fifth sternite yellowish, glossy. Legs black, basal two-thirds 
of mid and hind femora and the extreme knee-joints in male 
reddish yellow ; the mid and hind femora, except at apices 
above, base of fore tibia, and nearly all of mid and hind 
pairs reddish yellow in female. Wings clear, three con- 
spicuous black spots on disc, one on inner cross-vein, and 
one on each extremity of outer cross-vein. Calyptre and 
halteres yellowish. 

Male.—Narrowest part of frons about twice as wide as 
distance across posterior ocelli; three bristles on anterior 
third of each orbit; arista plumose. Thorax with three 
pairs of postsutural dorso-central bristles; anterior intra- 
alar present ; sternopleurals 1: 2. Abdomen subcylindrical, 
fourth tergite with strong bristles at apex and middle; fifth 
very short, bare in centre; sixth very long, bulbous, with 
many setule; superior and inferior forceps very long, the 
superior pair slender, the inferior pair dilated apically ; 
third and fourth sternites very short and broad, processes 
of fifth very long, tapered to a point, directed slightly down- 
ward at apex. Bristles at apex of processes of mesosternum 
flexed at apices. Fore femur with strong bristles on entire 
surface postero-ventrally ; fore tibia with remarkably long 
dense bristly hairs on entire length of postero-ventral and 
ventral surfaces; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; 
basal segment of mid-tarsus dilated at apex and armed with 
a tuft of dense brown hairs at tip, the posterior surface 
with some long setulose hairs; hind femur with an entire 
series of long bristles on antero-ventral surface; a group of 
short erect bristles at base on posterior surface, two erect 
bristles which are closely placed at middle, and a comb-like 
series of about thirteen short bristles at apex on postero- 
ventral surface; hind tibia very conspicuously dilated at. or 
slightly beyond middle, the dilated portion compressed, 
furnished with rather dense hairs on anterior surface, and 
with a few short bristles, the apex slightly produced and 
with two long bristles under tip ; anterior surface of basal 
segment of hind tarsus with some long setulose hairs, 
Outer cross-vein slightly curved. 

Female.—Frons over one-third of the head-width ; each 


232 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Evotie Muscaride. 


orbit with four bristles, the upper two directed backward. 
Fourth tergite without bristles at apex, the tip but little 
depressed in centre. Hind tibia with one antero-ventral, 
two antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles. 

Length 6°5-7°5 mm. 

Six males, Ngare Narok, Masai Reserve, Kenya Colony, 
81. xiii. 1913, about 6000 feet (Capt. A. O. Luckman) ; 
one female, west of Mt. Kenia, 19, 20. ii. 1911, 6500— 
7250 feet (T. J. Anderson); one female, North Nyasa, 
30. viii. 1909 (Dr. J. B. Davey). 


Idiopygus villipes, sp. 0. 

Male.—Black, marked as hirtipes. The legs entirely 
blackish. 

Differs from hirtipes in having the eyes separated by over 
one-third of the head-width and the orbits, as stated in the 
key. The intra-alar bristle is absent. Fore femur with 
long fine hairs at base of postero-ventral and on ventral 
surface, and some long bristles on apical half of postero- 
ventral surface ; fore tibia with the ventral hairs much 
longer than the tibial diameter, no posterior median bristle 
present; mid-legs missing; hind femur thickened, with 
long fine hairs ventrally and some long bristles on apical 
half of antero-ventral surface; hind tibia not dilated, 
slightly produced at apex ventrally, with numerous fine 
hairs as on fore tibia, and two antero-dorsal and two 
postero-dorsal bristles. 

Length 7°5 mm. 

Type, Lagari, Kenya Colony, 1. ii.-21. v. 1900 (C. 8S. 
Betton). 

A female which is either that of this species or trimaculata, 
Stein, has the thoracic characters of this species. The 
mesosternum is carried downward more pronouncedly than 
in the male of villipes, a character which would indicate a 
greater protuberance in the male of the species to which it 
belongs, which leads me to believe that it is ¢rimaculata. 
The specimen was taken on Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 27. xi. 
1912 (S. A. Neave). 


Idiopygus hirtiventris, sp. n. 


Male and female.—Black, marked as in the two preceding 
species, but the median vitta on mesonotum is not continued 
on to dise of scutellum. Legs entirely black. 

Male.—Frons as in hirtipes, but with a long bristle on 
each orbit in line with anterior ocellus. Anterior intra- 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fzotie Muscaride. 233 


alar strong. Abdomen cylindrical, fourth visible tergite 
depressed in centre at apex, fifth almost concealed, sixth 
almost as long as fourth, setulose ; sternites with long, 
rather dense hairs, the processes of fifth rounded at apices, 
densely long-haired on their entire length. Fore femur 
with long bristles on entire length of postero-ventral 
surface ; fore tibia without conspicuous hairs, antero-dorsal 
surface with two short bristles, the posterior bristle absent ; 
mesosternum slightly produced downwardly and armed at 
apices with a dense brush or tuft of stiff black bristles 
which are curved caudad ; mid-legs missing; hind femur 
stout, with long hairs ventrally and some stout bristles on 
apical half of antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral 
surface with one or two bristles beyond middle ; hind tibia 
slender, produced into a blunt process at tip ventrally, 
antero-dorsal surface with two bristles, postero-dorsal surface 
bare. 

Female.—Difters from the male in having the hind tibia 
simple at apex, and the postero-dorsal surface with three 
short bristles. The fourth tergite is more conspicuously 
depressed at apex than in the other species, presenting the 
appearance of haying a Y-shaped slit in centre of posterior 
margin. 

Length 5-6 mm. 

Type, male, allotype, and one female paratype, Mt. 
Mlanje, Nyasaland, 14. xi. 1918, 6500 feet (S. A. Neave). 


Idiopygus trochanteratus, sp. 0. 


Male.—Similar to the preceding species. Differs in 
having the spots on dorsum of abdomen very small, only the 
pairs on tergites 2 and 3 and the one in centre of sixth 
distinct. 

The abdomen has fewer and shorter hairs on the sternites 
than in /irtiventris, and the hind trochanters are armed 
with a dense tuft of short stout bristles, the apices of which 
are flexed backwardly, whereas in the preceding species 
there are only fine hairs present. The mid-femur has fine 
bristles on basal half of the ventral and antero-ventral 
surfaces, which merease very much in length from base 
apicad. In other respects as hirtwentris. 

Length 6°5 mm. 

Type, Ulundi, Natal, ix. 1896, 5000-6500 feet (G. 4. K. 
Marshall). 

In addition to the species listed herein, Mydea mirabils, 
Stein, evidently belongs to this genus. 


234 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 


Subfamily Cawosiuwz. 


Genus BreEvVIcosTA, nov. 


Generic characters.—Closely resembles Ca@nosia, Meigen. 
Differs in having the arista moderately long-haired, ocellar 
bristles not longer than the postvertical pair; fore tibia 
unarmed at middle, mid-tibia unarmed at middle on 
anterior surface, hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and two 
postero-dorsal bristles, and the costal vein not extending 
beyond apex of third vein and with short black setulz to 
beyond apex of second vein. 

Genotype, the following species. 


Brevicosta africana, sp. 0. 


Female.—Head black, densely whitish pruinescent, the 
interfroutalia, when seen from in front, less densely 
pruinescent than orbits and frontal triangle; antennz 
yellowish, second segment largely brown; palpi yellowish, 
infuscated apically. Thorax black, densely grey pruinescent, 
not distinctly vittate, but darker along the lines of dorso- 
centrals. Abdomen black, densely grey pruinescent, with 
three black spots on each tergite, the median spots forming 
an almost complete vitta ; apices of tergites 2 to 4 narrowly, 
of 5 broadly yellowish. Legs entirely yellowish. Wings 
clear. Calyptrz brownish yellow. MHalteres yellow. 

Frons at vertex less than one-fourth of the head-width, 
widened anteriorly ; frontal triangle narrow, extending to 
anterior margin of frons; arista with its longest hairs about 
as long as width of third antennal segment, the latter 
extending about two-thirds of the way to mouth-margin. 
Acrostichals in two sories; dorso-centrals 1:3; lower 
stigmatal bristle minute or absent. Mid-tibia with one 
posterior bristie; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two 
antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles, the apical one 
of the two antero-dorsal bristles very long. Veins 3 and 4 
divergent apically. Lower calyptra little larger than upper. 

Length 3 mm. 

Type, Zungeru, Northern Nigeria, xi. 1910 (Dr. J. W. 
Scott-Macfic).  — 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 235 


ASIATIC SPECIES. 
Subfamily Pxaonrr 7. 


Phaonia atronitens, sp. n. 


Male.—Black, shining. Frons, orbits, face, and cheeks 
with white pruinescence. Thorax indistinctly vittate, the 
dorsum with faint greyish pruinescence. Abdomen slightly 
greyish pruinescent, with a black dorso-central vitta which 
is slightly dilated at apex of each tergite. Legs black. 
Wings clear, veins fuscous, paler basally. Calyptrze white. 
Halteres fuseous. 

Eyes densely long-haired; narrowest part of frons a little 
wider than distance across posterior ocelli ; orbits with long 
fine bristles almost to anterior ocellus ; interfrontalia 
distinct on its entire length; third antennal segment at 
least three times as long as second, its apex extending 
almost to mouth; arista with its longest hairs nearly as 
long as width of third antennal segment ; parafacial not as 
wide at base of antenne as width of third antennal segment, 
narrowed below ; cheek as high as width of third antennal 
segment ; palpi slender; proboscis stout and short. Thorax 
with three or four pairs of very fine, long presutural acro- 
stichal bristles ; prealar absent ; postsutural dorso-centrals 3. 
Abdomen narrowly ovate ; hypopygium small, concealed ; 
fifth sternite with a broad rounded posterior emargination; 
each sternite, including fifth, with a long fine bristle at each 
side apically. Fore tibia unarmed at middle ; fore tarsus 
slender, muck longer than tibia; mid-tibia with two or three 
postero-dorsal bristles; hind femur with a series of fine 
bristles on antero-ventral surface, and some shorter bristles 
on basal half of postero-ventral; hind tibia with two antero- 
dorsal and three or four antero-ventral bristles, the calcar 
short. Costal thorn small; veins 3 and 4 divergent 
apically. 

Female.—Differs from the male in having the eyes very 
short-haired, and the frons over one-third of the head-width. 

Length 5-6 mm. 

Type, male, allotype, and four male paratypes, Gulmarg, 
Kashmir, 1913, 8500 feet (F. W. Thomson). 


Pogonomyia fumipennis, sp. n. 


Male.—Black, shining. Head with whitish pruinescence 


236 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. 


on parafacials and face. Thorax not vittate, with slight 
brownish pruinescence. Abdomen with brownish-grey 
pruinescence on sides of each tergite. Legs black. Wings 
infuseated, most noticeably so at bases. Calyptre white. 
Halteres black. 

Eyes separated by a little less than width across posterior 
ocelli; orbits setulose almost to anterior ocellus ; parafacial 
as wide as third antennal segment; mouth-margin pro- 
duced; cheek rather densely setulose below, the upwardly 
curved bristles moderately numerous; longest hairs on 
arista distinctly longer than its basal diameter. Thorax 
with three pairs of postsutural dorso-central bristles ; pre- 
alar very long. Abdomen elongate, narrow, almost parallel- 
sided, and slightly depressed; hypopygium small. Fore 
tibia with one posterior and two or three postero-ventral 
bristles ; fore tarsus slender, much longer than tibia ; mid- 
femur on both antero-ventral and postero-ventral surfaces 
with long fine bristles almost to apex ; mid-tibia with three 
or four postero-dorsal and postero-ventral bristles; hind 
femur slender, with a series of long bristles on entire 
antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral surface bare 
except near base; hind tibia slightly produced at apex 
ventrally, with a short curved bristle near tip of produced 
part, the anterior and antero-ventral surfaces with rather 
dense setulose hairs, some of which are stronger than others, 
the postero-dorsal surface with three or four long bristles. 
Wings larger than in most species of the genus. 

Length 5-6 mm. 

Type and three paratypes, Gulmarg, Kashmir, 1913, 
8500 feet (/. W. Thomson). 

This species has the same habitus as P. tetra, Meigen. 


Subfamily Awrzouyrwz. 
Pegomyia atroapicata, sp. n. 


Male.—Black, slightly shining, densely grey pruinescent. 
Head, including antenne and palpi black, orbits, face, and 
cheeks with silvery pruinescence. Thorax indistinctly 
vittate, the lateral margins whitish pruinescent. Abdomen 
with a black dorso-ventral vitta, and, when seen from the 
side, lateral blackish checkerings. Legs yellow, fore femora, 
apices of mid and hind femora, and alli tarsi black, bases 
of mid-tibie slightly infuscated. Wings clear. Calyptre 
white. Halteres yellow. 

Eyes almost contiguous below anterior ocellus ; inter- 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hvotic Muscaride. 237 


frontalia obliterated on upper half; orbits setulose on lower 
half ; arista pubescent; cheeks very narrow, with strong 
marginal bristles. Thorax with three pairs of short 
presutural acrostichals ; prealar very long. Abdomen 
subcylindrical ; hypopygium small ; processes of fifth sternite 
of moderate length, almost bare on basal half, with a few 
strong bristles apically. Fore tibia with one antero-dorsal 
and two posterior bristles; mid-femur with one bristle at 
base on ventral surface ; mid-tibia with one antero-dorsal 
and four irregularly arranged posterior bristles; hind femur 
with an antero-ventral series of sparse bristles and two or 
three bristles on basal half of postero-ventral surface ; hind 
tibia with two postero-dorsal, one antero-ventral, and three 
antero-dorsal bristles, and an extra bristle on posterior 
surface basad of middle. Veins 3 and 4 subparallel apically. 
Calyptre subequal. 

Female.—Frons about one-third of the head-width, lower 
supra-orbital bristle directed forward; cruciate bristles 
absent. 

Length 7 mm. 

Type, male, allotype, and one male and one female para- 
type, Gulmarg, Kashmir, 1913, 8500 feet (Ff. W. Thomson). 

This species differs from its allies in the colour of the 
legs and in having an extra bristle on the posterior surface 
of the hind tibia. 


AUSTRALASIAN SPECIES. 
Subfamily Pwaonrm-x. 
Myiospila flavicans, sp. 0. 


Female.—Testaceous yellow, slightly shining. Head 
fuscous, orbits, face, and cheeks with white pruinescence ; 
palpi fuscous; antennz yellow, second segment darker. 
Thoracic dorsum with four reddish vitte, the intervening 
spaces yellowish pruinescent. Dorsum of abdomen with 
very faint traces of a pair of spots on tergites 2 and 3. 
Tarsi barely darker than tibize. Wings clear, veins yellow, 
darker apically. Calyptre and halteres yellow. 

Eyes with microscopic hairs ; frons at vertex about one- 
fifth of the head-width, nearly twice as wide anteriorly ; 
interfrontalia with a pair of weak cruciate bristles ; anterior 
orbital bristle much stronger than the others; arista long 
plumose. Thorax without differentiated presutural acro- 
stichal bristles ; postsutural dorso-centrals 4; prealar bristle 


238 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fvotic Muscaride. 


very short; sternopleurals 1:2; hypopleura bare. Basal 
abdominal sternite bare; seventh sternite with a pair of 
short stout bristles at apex. Fore tibia unarmed at middle ; 
mid-tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with a 
few bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface ; hind 
tibia with one antero-dorsal and two weak antero-ventral 
bristles. Third wing-vein with some rather strong setulie 
at base; fourth vein but slightly curved forward at apex. 

Length 8 mm. 

Type, South Queensland, 1911 (Dr. T. L. Bancroft). 
One specimen. 

This is the only species of this genus known to me which 
is pale in colour. It is apparently a typical species of 
Ayiospila, possessing the wing-characters of the genotype 
and the cruciate interfrontal bristles as well as the ventral 
bristles near apex of abdomen, which this genus has in 
common with A/ydea in the female sex. 


Genus [pIOHELINA, NOV. 


Generic characters.—Belongs to the subfamily Phaoniine, 
and is closely related to Helina, Robineau-Desvoidy. Differs 
from all allied genera known to me in having the marginal 
cell of uniform width almost to its apex, whereas in other 
genera it is gradually narrowed from apex of first vein to 
its apex, the apical half of the cell being narrowly wedge- 
shaped. The scutellum has some fine hairs below at apex— 
a character almost invariably found in Anthomyiine, but 
rarely in Phaoniine. In other respects as f/elina. Prealar 
absent. 

Genotype, the following species. 


Idiochelina nubeculosa, sp. un. 


Female.—Testaceous yellow, shining. Third antennal 
segment and the abdomen largely fuscous. Wings yel- 
lowish, cross-veins conspicuously infuscated, apices of wings 
with a faint fuscous cloud. 

Frons about two-fifths of the head-width; orbits not 
differentiated, each with about five unequal-sized bristles ; 
face almost vertical ; parafacial not as wide as third antennal 
segment, at middle half as wide as height of cheek; arista 
with sparse long hairs; antennze extending to three-fourths 
the length of face; palpi normal. Thorax without any 
strong presutural acrostichal bristles; postsutural dorso- 
centrals 3; sternopleurals 1:2. Fore tibia without a 
median posterior bristle; mid-tibia with one posterior 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. 239 


median bristle; hind femur with one preapical antero- 
ventral bristle; hind tibia with one antero-ventral and one 
antero-dorsal bristle, the postero-dorsal surface sometimes 
with a weak setula. Outer cross-vein straight. Lower 
calyptra not much larger than upper. 

Length 5-6°5 mm. 

Type, Wanganui, New Zealand, 20. iii. 1920. Paratype, 
topotypical. 


Subfamily Ca@yoszwz. 
Pygophora minuta, sp. n. 


Male.—Black, densely pale grey pruinescent. Inter- 
frontalia pale yellowish testaceous ; antennze yellowish, 
third segment brown except at base; palpi yellow. Thorax 
not vittate. Abdomen black, basal tergite except in middle, 
apices of tergites 2 and 3, sides of all tergites, hypopygium, 
and entire venter yellowish testaceous. Legs entirely yellow. 
Calyptre and halteres yellowish. Wings clear, veins pule. 

Frons at vertex about one-fifth of the head-width, widened 
anteriorly ; each orbit with the normal four bristles, the 
upper one very weak, the next two not so closely placed as 
in the genotype; third antennal segment extending almost 
to mouth-margin, about three times as long as second; 
arista plumose at base, bare apically. Thoracic chztotaxy 
normal. Abdomen compressed apically ; third, fourth, and 
fifth tergites each with a number of flattened bristles 
resembling minute feathers on sides, those on fourth much 
larger than on third and fifth; processes of fifth sternite 
bare, longer than wide and but little dilated at apices ; the 
processes at base of excavation very short, barely stalked. 
Antero-dorsal bristles on fore tibia very short and weak ; 
all tibial bristles as in genotype, but much weaker. Last 
section of fourth wing-vein nearly twice as long as 
penultimate. 

Length 3°5 mm. 

Type, Kuranda, North Queensland, 21. vi.-24. viii. 1913, 
1100 feet (R. HE. Turner). 

This species is the smallest of the genus known to me. 
It has no protuberance at apex of hind tibia on ventral 
surface, but is a true Pygophora, and may be separated 
from its allies by the peculiar flat bristles on sides of thie 
abdomen. 


240 Mr. H. Campion on some 


XXV.—Some Dragonflies and their Prey.—t\ll. With Re- 
marks on the Identity of the Species of Orthetrum involved. 
By HEersert CAMPION. 


In an earlier volume of the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 8, 
vol. xiii. pp. 495-504 ; 1914) a number of cases were reeorded 
illustrating the exact nature of the food consumed by adult 
dragonflies. More recently a series of observations on the 
same subjeet has been made in Nyasaland by Dr. W. A. 
Lamborn, while studying the bionomics of Glossina on 
behalf of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. ‘These 
observations were made at two points on the western shore 
of Lake Nyasa, and an account of them was published in the 
‘Bulletin of Entomological Research,’ vol. vi. p. 252 (1915). 
The more northern locality—the Lingadzi River—was visited 
in February 1915, and Monkey Bay, some 60 or 70 miles to 
the south, in April and May of the same year. At each 
locality the dragonflies most frequently seen to take prey 
belonged to a single species of Orthetrum, and, as is usual 
with the African members of that genus, the determinations 
have proved to be a matter of some difficulty. The two 
species in question resemble one another very closely, and I 
can see nothing to separate them either in the form of the 
abdomen and the female genitalia, or in the coloration of the 
pterostigma, membranule, and the base of the hind wing. 
They may be distinguished, however, by certain differences 
in the male genitalia, and, taking these as the criterion, I call 
the series from the Lingadzi River Orthetrum brachiale, 
P. de B., while to the series from Monkey Bay I apply the 
name O. chrysostigma, Burm. 

The shape of the hamule in the male is sufficiently constant 
for immediate recognition throughout each of the two collec- 
tions. The Monkey Bay series has the form figured by 
Dr. F. Ris for chrysostigma (Coll. Selys, Libell. fase. x. 
p. 206; 1909). That form seems to be the common one for 
the species, but I have seen specimens from West Africa which 
show that the hamule is subject to a certain amount of varia- 
tion in this as in other species of the genus. It may be said, 
in passing, that the species here ealled chrysostigma, and 
figured by Ris under that name, is somewhat different in the 
form of the hamule from the type-material from Teneriffe. 
The difference will be appreciated when comparison is made 
with Calvert’s figure of the genitalia of Burmeister’s paratype 
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxv. pl. i. fig. 11; 1898), in which 
the anterior branch of the hamule is represented as being 
“without any hook at tip, straight, blunt” (loc. cit. p. 86). 


Dragonflies and their Prey, 241 


The only male of this species from the type-locality which 
I have had an opportunity of examining is the one from 
Teneriffe preserved in the British Museum (Natural History), 
and referred to by M‘Lachlan in Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. 
xvi. p. 177 (1882). The hamules of this specimen do not 
correspond very exactly either with the hamule figured by 
Calvert or with that figured by Ris, but recalls the hamule 
seen in one or two specimens belonging to a series in the 
National Collection from Prang, Northern Territories, Gold 
Coast, in which the hamules are particularly variable in form. 
This series has been examined by Ris, and referred to 
Orthetrum chrysostigma (Coll. Selys, Libell. fase. xvi. (2) 
p- 1081; 1916-1919), although the white juxtahumeral band 
which especially characterizes that species is not very well 
defined in any of the individuals composing it. 

_ In the series from the Lingadzi the hamule agrees very 
well with what is found in two Gold Coast specimens deter- 
mined for meas brachiale by Dr. Ris, who pointed out that 
in those specimens the hamule is larger than in the male 
from Nossi-bé figured in his monograph (loc. cit. p. 199) and 
in others seen by him from the Congo, etc. In these Nyasa- 
land and Gold Coast males of brachiale the hamule, viewed 
in profile, is more like that of eArysostigma, but differs from 
it in having the hook terminating the internal branch shorter 
and slenderer, and also in having the external branch larger, 
rounder, and more prominent. 

In addition to the nine males captured with prey, Dr. Lam- 
born sent home forty-two others taken in the same locality. 
Of these fifty-one specimens, forty-nine prove to have a more 
or less common type of hamule (of which fig. 2 may be taken 
as an example), one has the form figured by Ris for brachiale 
(fig. 1), and the remaining example may be referred to 
chrysostigma (fig. 3). It may be observed that the kind of 
hamule represented in fig. 1 is barely distinguishable from 
that of O. stemmale wright?, from Seychelles. Moreover, the 
antenodals of that particular specimen of O. brachiale happen 
to be dark, like those of the other insect mentioned. Never- 
theless, the two species can always be distinguished from 
each other by the difference in the coloration of the head and 
the costa. 

When not obscured by pruinosity or by post-mortem 
changes, the coloration of the thorax is normally quite 
different in the two species, although the pattern itself 
remains much the same in both. In chrysostigma the dorsum 
is yellowish brown as far as the dark brown antehumeral 
streak, and the lower part of the mesepisternum is pale 
brown ; a broad ivory-white stripe lies just below the humeral 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol, viii. 16 


242 Mr. H. Campion on some 


suture, and is bordered on each side by a streak of dark 
brown; otherwise, the sides of the thorax are yellowish 
brown. 

In characteristic examples of brachiale, on the other hand, 
the ground-colour is greenish throughout, with dark markings 
as in chrysostigma, added to which there are two dark stripes 
crossing the metathorax; but in Nyasaland, at least, the 
dorsum tends to become very pale, and the mesepimeral 
stripe tends to take on a whitish hue. Just as the Lingadzi 
specimens of brachia/e vary in the direction of chrysostigma, 


Bigea. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. 


Genitalia of three males of Orthetrum from the Lingadzi River, 


Nyasaland. 
Fie. 1.— 0. brachiale, P. de B., 23. ii. 15. 
Fig. 2.—O. brachiale, P. de B., 4. iii. 15. 
Fig. 5.—O. chrysostigma, Burm., 8. ii. 15. 


P. Highley, cam. lue. et del. 


so do the Monkey Bay examples of chrysostigma vary in the 
direction of brachiale, and in many cases the thoracic colour- 
scheme affords little guidance to the identification of the 
species. 

The black markings on the abdomen are distributed in 
different ways in the two species, but, as they are seldom 
visible in dried specimens, they are not of much value as aids 
to identification. When semi-adult individuals are met with, 


Dragonflies and their Prey. 243 


however—individuals, that is, which are free alike from 
pruinosity and discoloration—it is seen that chrysostigma 
lacks the mid-dorsal black line and certain other black 
markings which characterize the abdomen of brachiale. The 
condition of the Nyasaland specimens now under considera- 
tion does not permit of any useful comparison of abdominal 
markings being made, either between themselves or with 
suitably preserved material of chrysostiyma and brachiale 
from other localities. 

The older males of brachiale from the Lingadzi have the 
distal two-thirds of their wings tinged with brown. In the 
female sex the colour is more intense and _ suffuses the entire 
wing. In the males of chrysostigma from Monkey Bay the 
wings remain clear, and very little colour makes its appear- 
ance in the wings even of the females. 

The eyes of the Lingadzi brachiale are decidedly green in 
both sexes, whereas the eyes of the chrysostigma from Monkey 
Bay are consistently brown. I have no notes as to the eye- 
colours in the living insects. 

The entire collection of captors and prey, set out in the 
subjoined tables (pp. 243-245), has been presented to the 
British Museum (Natural History) by the Imperial Bureau 
of Entomology. 


From the Lingadzt River District, Nyasaland (Dr. W. A. Lamborn). 


ec! : Species of Odonata, | Species of Prey. Date. 

42a. Orthetrum brachiale, P. de B., $.| Glossina morsitans, Westw. 8.11. 15. 

42 6, O. brachiale, 3. G. morsitans. KO; ir. lo; 

42 ¢. O. brachiale, 3. An undetermined Asilid fly. 10. ii, 15. 

42 d. O. brachiale, 3. A Tachinid fly (Setuia fasciata,| 11, ii. 15. 
Meig.). Identitied by Dr. J. 
Villeneuve. 

42 e. O. brachiale, 3 . A Tachinid fly (Tachina sp.—in | 12. ii. 15. 
poor condition), 

42 f. O. brachiale, 3. A Tachinid fly (Sarcophaga sp., Q| 12. ii. 15. 
—indeterminable). 

429. O. icteromelas, Ris, 9. | The Tabanid Hy Tabanus fuscipes,| 14. ii. 15, 
Rie. | 

42h O. icteromelas, 2. Glossina morsitans. 

42 7, O. chrysostigma, Burm., 2. A Tachinid fly (Setula faseiata, 
Meig.). Identified by Dr. J. 
Villeneuve. 

42 7. O. braehiale, 3. An undetermined Asilid fly. 

42k, O. brachiale, 3. A Syrphid fly (Lathyrophthalmus 
sp., near metallescens, Loew). 

42 1. O. brachiale, 3. A Syrphid fly (Melanostoma ? flort- 

" peta, Speis.). 


~ 16% 


| 
| 


‘Aoad wo Sutpsay punoy 
‘ford aye} 07 W9eeG ) 


nee 

—,,/08]981 B TaNV} pvy yt 7eq} Avs T poy}z0s 

yt ueyA\ ‘w#dnd esjos} LOJ SULSSIp sua | sB 
Suim oy} Wo peaqaro; Ava Ysniq OF 4[9F SBAd SIT, 5, 

"TF A —,(orngdvo eroyoq Aord sy1 [[R 078 

qt ‘aouRysIp B 0} portjor 11 sv “nq ‘4qzed oatyEU 
B PUNO SULIAOY oIITM o8}Jo8} B EHV} 0} WAG, 


| 
‘Load aye} 0) W9EG4 
| 
l 
Uden eae DOD 


]T atojaq ay@ 4L ory ‘oszos} B OHV} 0} 90G,, 


“SYAVULA YY 


'G 


gil Goes ats 


‘GT AL "PG 
‘GL “AL'FG 


‘GL ‘AL "BG 


‘QT “AT SG 
GT AL SG 


“6G 
“SG 


afl bege 
TNL 


SH ee 


SG 


"aqyR(T 


‘MA0L) SNUE OY} 07 SuLsuo] 
-oq Ajuervdde ynq ‘woy1puoa 
aood ur peataoar ‘snq prdoog VW 
‘SpaBApeL “AA “WE TIN Aq 
poyuepy ‘aoory ‘o22p1adsaa 
sdopn.yp AY plurngsemen ety 


"SUDJIS.LOUL 4) 


| 
| 
| 


*“SUDPUSMOUL *F) 


"SUDIIS.LOUL "1 
‘SUDPSLOUL NULSSO] 4) 

*(mor}BO 

-yuept oy01dum09 coy posvuup 
| yonur 004) ‘ds wasn yy ‘AY plosn fy WV 
"SUDPISLOUL "4 


“SUDPNS.LOUL DUBSO) £) 


‘korg jo sowedg 


a! 


‘nubrsoshiyo ‘CO 


‘nubrysoshayo 
‘pubysoshwyo 


9) 
‘O 


‘nuhrzeoshiy? “CO 


‘nubysoshiyo “CO 
‘pubiysosh.yo ‘CQ 


‘nubysosh.yo *O 
‘nubrysosh.yo "CQ 


3) 


‘eyRuopyd jo seroedg 


‘(ULOQUOT “A, ‘ot unjyoswk 7 Susy hog Rayuopy 242 wow 
(usoquoy ‘YM ““q) punpvsvayy “Inusrgy hog haywopy 7y2 woug 


*& ‘pwhiysoshaya Wn.geyjlO 


718 
P18 


219 


@718 


M18 


‘ou 
8 10JD9T[ON 


(, 88998} [97BI 07 TeEG,, 


‘TK AL — 50] Aut Yo eaoarp ] yor 
uo 4.SNBd I ATPeUY puw ‘AT;NJssooonsun UIese 
‘SULA OY} TO a8}08} B andes 0} 4dU109;8 Puodas 
Boprm uoy} 4J “AT[NJssooonsuN agjos} B Loqe 


Jep[noys Aur ysurese ysniq 0} prvoy pur 42,7, 


‘TV MoU Burasoypoy 
atom AUG 4eyy GIVAVUN sv JT ynq ‘punoge 
98308} G1oYM 4ULIsIP soli z eovid ve Woy 
SUMIN}EL SLA T “O8}08} B Eq 07 JNO pauINy 


SIq} puv ‘eur Jo epis euo 03 ord 841 poziog,, 


10 15 
bb 


Yen 
| Bl oe Ol oe fl oo Bl | 
= SS 


19:15 


‘Oy "A 
‘OTA 


‘GTA 


oD 6 


EPUB ASD HAN Hee LIAL 
Aq poyyuepy ‘moory ‘sngdnugn 
vouyquoprahiyy, ky puyAquiog oy, 
“SUDIUS LOUL Y) 
"SUDPISAOUL "4 
"SUDPISLOUL * 4) 
“SUDPUW LOUL 4) 
"SUDIISMOUL ie), 
“SUDPSALOUW "4 
"SUDPASLOUL *) 


"SUDIIS.LOUL 
“SUDPISLOUL * 
"SUDISAOUL * 
“SUDZISLOUE * 
"sUDpS.LOUL * 


BESS 


S 


"SUDPSAOUL *4) 
"SUDPWALOUL “4D 
"SUDzIS.OUL DUASSOD) 


| 


| 


'P ‘nuhysoshiya wnsjay)40 
“Sd foypnag, ‘va.uyihva s11009Y,000.4) 


"PP ‘mubrysoshuaya 
‘nubisoshya 
‘nubrsoshyo 
‘nubysoshyo 
‘nubysoshayo 
‘nubrysoshayo 


“OOH GOOF 


‘d ‘vucbrysoshyo 


‘3 ‘vuhysoshayo 
Pp ‘nubysoshayo 
‘PP wubrysoshayo 
'P Hubysoshayo 


"Sd ‘mumbrysoshiyo 
*P nubysoshayo 


‘O 
‘0 


soos 


. 


SS69:6 


‘O 
‘Oo 


"DP Dubysoshiys O 


246 Prof. Dr. ©. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


XXVI.—Diagnoses of some Lichens. 
By Prot. Dr. C. MERESCHKOVSKY. 


Durin@ the last ten years I have described, in various publi- 
cations, quite a number of new lichens. As, with a few 
exceptions, I did not conform with the international con- 
vention requiring a Latin diagnosis, I have considered it 
desirable to add here to my previous descriptions in Russian 
or French short Latin diagnoses for the greater number of 
new forms. 

All my collections and notes having been left in Russia, I 
regret that in some cases the diagnoses are not so complete as 
they might be. 


Usnea florida, var. divaricata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. i., Oest. Bot. Zeitschr, 1921. 


Thallus mediocris, circiter 7-8 centim. longus, erectus, ramis divari- 
catis, fibrillis numerosis ut in Usnea barbata typica munitis. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) * in herb, meo Kazani. 


Rossia Media, Esthlandia. 


Usnea hirta, forma minutissima, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. Flecht. Reval, Kazan, 1909, p. 10; 
id. Lich. Rossie exsice. no. 53. 


Thallus minutus, 2-3 centim. haud superans, pulvinulas haud 
formans, parce sorediatus vel nudus, semper sterilis. 


Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Rossia Media, Fennia, Tauria. Etiam in Gallia! et 
Helvetia! 


Usnea plicata, forma vagans, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. Flecht. Reval, Kazan, 1909. 


Thallus elongatus, subscabrosus, liberus, substrato haud affixus. 


Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. 

The absence of any trace of damage shows that they are 
not simply fragments torn off from normal specimens. 

Esthland ; Reval, living on trunks of Pinus. 


* “(numeros.)” means at least twenty good, identified specimens ; 
“ (numerosissim.)’’ about one hundred specimens. 


of some Lichens. 247 


Ramalina calicaris, var. taurica, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, “ Notes sur quelques Ramalina de Russie,” Bull. Soe. 
bot. d. Genéve, t. xi. 1919, p. 162, fig. 1, ¢.c. 


Thallo parvulo, altitudine circiter 3 centim., laciniis angustis, circiter 
1-1'5 millim. latis, haud canaliculatis. Apotheciis ramulis 
appendiculariis, latitudine 1°5-3 millim., cupuliformibus. Sporis 
rectis vel interdum subasymmetricis. 

Conf. cum _Ramalina elegans (Bag|.-Car.), Stizenb. 
Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria, Ad ramulos Celtidis australis. 


Forma macrocarpa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 153, fig. 1, 8. 
Apotheciis majoribus, latitudine circiter 5 millim., marginibus 


tenuioribus, haud inyolutis, receptaculo subtus reticulatis, ramulo 
appendiculario destitutis. 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. Ad ramulos Celtidis australis. 


Forma tenella, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, /. c. p. 153, fig. 1, a. 
Laciniis angustioribus, vulgo 0°5 millim. (0-3-0-7 millim.) latis, ad 


apicem attenuatis acuminatisque; apotheciis minoribus, latitu- 
dine 0°5-0°8 millim. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. Ad ramulos Celtidis australis. 


Ramalina pollinaria, forma elegantella, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenliste aus d. Umgegend Revals, 
Kazan, 19138, p. 59. 


Thallus pulvinulas parvas formans, lete cinereo-glaucescens, coria- 
ceus, laciniis brevibus, erectis, passim latioribus, apicibus sub- 
erosis. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Ksthlandia, Reval. 


Var. humilis, forma conglobata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, 7. c. Hedwigia, 1919, p. 190. 


Thallus minor quam in var. humili, densior, pulvinulos subglobosas 
formans. 


248 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. 
Esthlandia, Reval. 


Ramalina populina, forma laxiuscula, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913 ; 
id. Contrib, fl. lich. Crimée, Ann, d. Se. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum 
fig.). 


Thallus ut in typo, sed laciniis magis laxiusculo dispositis. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Esthlandia, Tauria. : 


Evernia thamnodes, forma furfurascens, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193. 


Thallus obscurior, cyanescente-viridis, dense isidiis elongatis sore- 
diosisque omnino obtectus. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Kazan (Rossia Media). 


Forma parva, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. gouv. Vladimir, Arbeit. (Trudy) d. 
Naturforschges. Univ. Kasan, 1911; etiam in Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193. 


Thallus parvus, altitudine circiter 1-2 centim. 
Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
A form analogous with the forma minutissima, Mer., of 


Usnea hirta, with which it is often associated. 
Rossia Media. 


Forma subnuda, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib, fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 193, 
Thallus letior, stramineus, levis, esorediosus vel vix sorediosus, 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Comparanda cum forma esorediosa, Hue. 


Rossia Media (Kazan) et Sibiria. 
Cetraria crispa, forma albinea, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. i., Oest. Botan. Zeitschr. 1921, 


Thallus erectus vel suberectus, ceespitosus, haud vel parce crispus, 
albidus, subtus interdum passim albus, basin versus fulvescens. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Sibiria. 


of some Lichens. 249 


Forma vagans, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. 


Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Cetraria tenuissima, forma stepposa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Botanique, 
1921. 


Thallus liberus, opacus, laciniis paullulum minus attenuatis. 


Spee. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Rossia meridio-orientalis, Tauria. 


Forma vagans, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag zur Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 19153. 
Thallo libero, nitido, spheroideo-rotundato, ramulis circa ut in typo. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Esthlandia, Reval. 


Parmelia camtschadalis, forma ampliata, Mer. 


Mereschkoysky, Addit. Lichenogr. Ross. ii., in Annuaire du Conseryat. 
et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1921. 


Laciniis latioribus, lanceolatis ; apotheciis minoribus, circiter 
1:5 millim. latis, ad superficiem thalli disseminatis. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. bot. Geneve, (2) in herb. 
Brit. Mus. 
Camtschatka. 


Forma subnuda, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J, ¢. 


Thallus laciniis abbreviatis, subtus glabris, rhizinis destitutis vel 
rarissime brevissimis, ad margines hine inde parce rhizinis ornatis. 


Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. 
Camtschatka. 


Parmelia conspurcata, forma subdispersa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Sched. ad Lich. tic. exs. (no. 82), in Annuaire du 
Conservat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 200. 


Thallus paullulum letior, castaneus, e lobis subdispersis, rosulas 
haud vel raro formantibus, compositus. CaCl,0,+. 


250 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in 
Mereschkovsky, Lich. ticin. exs. no. 82. 
Geneva (Helvetia). 


Forma velutina, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. Vladimir Arbeiten (Trudy) d. Naturf.- 
Ges. Univ. Kazan, 1911. 


Pars centralis thalli ob iridio denso velutina. 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Rossia Media. 


Parmelia physodes, forma compacta, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. Kenntn. Flecht. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1909. 
Thallus compactus, laciniis mutuo pressione longitudinaliter sub- 

carinatis, centro irregulariter eontortu-plicatis. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. Spec.a Long 


missum haud optimum. 
Ksthlandia, Fennia. 


Forma elegans, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 97, 

tab. ii. figs. 3, 4. 

Thallus rosulas 1-5-5 centim. latas formans, tenuiter elegantiorque 
dissectus, incisiones foraminas rotundas formans. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Ad saxa arenacea in Fontainebleau (Gallia). 


Forma pinnata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Addit. Lich. Rossize, i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr. 1921, 


Thallo superne albido, nitidiusculo, lobis planiusculis, angustioribus, 
discretis, pinnatiforme dissectis a forma typica valde differt. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Sibiria. 
Forma vittatoides, Mer, 


Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. Flechtenl. Umgegend. Revals, Kazan, 1913; 
id. Contrib. fl. lichén. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 197, tab. ii. 

fig. 2. 
Thallus effusus, rosulas nondum formans, laciniis valde discretis, 
laxe ad substratum affixis, subimbricato-superpositis, angustis, 


of some Lichens. 251 


0-7-1 millim., raro ultra latis, sublinearibus, palmatim subdicho- 
tomice divisis, hine inde nigro-marginatis; thallus haud soredi- 
osus, colore ut in typo. 


Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb, meo Kazani. 
Confer. cum forma stenophylla, Harm. Lich. d. Fr. p. 507. 
Esthlandia ; Austria. 


Parmelia proliva, var. tenuisecta, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921. 
Thallus liberus vel laxe rhizinis brevibus rarisque ad granulos 


terre stepparum adfixus, minutus, circiter 4 centim. latus, 


nigrescens, nitidus, valde irregulariterque dissectus, laciniis 
discretis, angustis, irregularibus, marginibus quasi erosis; subtus 
pallidus, subcaniculatus. Sterilis. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
‘Tauria. 


Parmelia saxatilis, forma plumbea, Mer. 


Mereschkoysky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. 
Thallo cinereo-obseuro vel cinereo-plumbeo, isidiis ut in forma 
Mzoni. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Wsthlandia, Reval. 


Parmelia sorediata, forma tenuatula, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. 


Thallo minore, lobis angustissimis a typo differt. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Esthlandia, Reval. 


Parmelia suleata, forma nitida, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgeb. v. Reval, Kazan, 
1909 (sub var. /evis) ; vide etiam Hedwigia, 1919, p. 199. 


Thallus cinereus ut in typo, haud albidus, nitidus, levis vel passim 
rugulosus, esorediatus, laciniis discretis, elongatis, adnatis, 
Jinearibus, 2+3 millim. latis, apicibus haud fuscescentibus. 


Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. 
Rossia Media ; Ksthlandia. 


252 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Forma tuberosa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgeb. v. Reval, Kazan, 
1909; id. Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 199, 
tab. ii. fig. 1. 


Thallus rosulas parvas, 2-3 centim. (usque ad 4:5 centim.) latas 
formans, compactus, laciniis brevibus, late-rotundatis, circiter 
4 millim. latis, concretis, subimbricatis, centro irregulariter 
tuberosus. 7 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Rossia Media ; Esthlandia *. 


Parmelia taurica, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Rossiz exsiccatos, Kazan, 1918; 
id. Contrib. fi. lichén. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum 


fig.). 

Thallus liberus, circiter 2°5-3-5 (1°5-5) centim. latus, plus minus 
compressus, parce irregulariterque ramosus, fuscus, opacus, : 
utrinque similis, interdum ad apicem solum ambi lateris sub- 
inzlibus; superficie ineequaliter subplicato-rugosus, neque soredio- 
sus, nec isidiosus; laciniis circiter 0-5 millim. latis, subteretis 
vel tereti-compressis, apicibus sepe breviter bifurcatis, rhizimis 
omnino destitutus. Semper sterilis. 


Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 7. 
Tauria et in steppas Kirgisorum. 


Forma congesta, Mer. 


Mereschkoysky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, in Ann. d. se. nat. 
Botanique, 1921 (cum fig.). 
Thallus minor, circiter 15-2 centim. (0°7—2°6 centim.), congestus, 
verrucoso- vel granuloso-perrugatus, ambitu lobis discretis desti- 
tutus vel parce sparsim abbreyiatis. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. 


Parmelia vagans, forma elegans, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Schedul. ad Lich. Rossie exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913 
(no. 58). 


Thallo minore, subtus nigro, laciniis angustioribus, marginibus 
magis revolutis, sepe conniventibus a forma typica differt. 


* The forma farinosa, Mer., which I have described in ‘ Hedwigia,’ 
1919, p. 198, is nothing else but the var. pruimosa, Harm. (‘ Lichens de 
France,’ p. 567). 


of some Lichens. 253 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs, no. 58 


Rossia Media; Astrachan; T'auria ; Caucasus. 


Var. sébirica, Mer. 


Meresehkoysky, Additam. ad Lichenogr. Rossie, i., Oesterr. Bot. 
Zeitschr. 1921. 


Thallus minor, magis applanatus, rosulas cireciter 1°5-2 centim. 


latas formans, laciniis brevibus, planiusculis, subtus pallidus. 
Sterilis, 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Sibiria: Irkutsk (Vercholensk). 


Squamaria crozalsiana, Mer. 


Thallus crassiusculus, effusus, pallido- albescens, centro irregulariter 
gyroso-areolatus, areolis convexis, confertis, ambitu laciniis 


parum evolutis. Apotheciararissima ; spore simplices, incolores. 
Ad saxa calcarea murorum. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. 


Beziers (Hérault), Gallia. 


Squamaria muralis, var. brunneola, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad. Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913. 


Thallo lobis applanatis sicut in forma typica et colore thalli 
brunneolo ut in Squamaria garovaghi, 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 14, (3) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. 
Tauria, Helvetia (Lugano) ! 


Comparanda cum forma ripartum, Flot. Koerber Syst. 
p. 115. 


Forma tenutsecta, Mer. 


Mereschkoysky, Contrib. fl. lichén, d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921 (cum fig.). 


Laciniis angustioribus, circiter 0:2-0°3 millim. latis, tenuiter 
dissectis, 
Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazan. 
Tauria. 
Var. maroccana, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. lich. Vladimir Travaux (Trudy) d. 1]. soe. d, 
Natural. d. ?Univ. d. Kazan, vol. xlii. 1911, 


Apotheciis conyexis, pallidis. 


254 Prof. Dr. C. Mererchkovsky’s Diagnoses ~ 


Spee. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. 

Gubernia Astrachan. Etiam in Marocco oceurrit! (vide 
exempl. in herb. meo). Forsan melius ut forma con- 
siderenda. 

Var. orientalis, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Rossi, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 
1921. 


Thallus stramineus, nitidus, lobis carinato-convexis, 


Spec. org. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Asia Media, in jugo Mugodshary in provincia Ural. 


Squamaria pruinosa, var. chersonensis, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921. 


Thallus parce vel vix pruinosus, centro versus obscurior, sublividus, 
apothecia fusco-nigra, nuda vel leviter pruinosa. 


Spee. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. 


Var. griseola, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogr. Rossiz, ii., in Annuaire du Con- 
servatoire et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1921. 


Thallus dense pruinosus, griseolus (haud albus ut in typo), apothecia 
pruinosa. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. 

Forma conferta, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, 7. c. 


Thallus griseolus, apothecia numerosissima, conferta, elevata, mutuo 
9 2) ? > 
pressione irregulares flexuosaque. 


Spec. orig. ibidem. 


Vauria. 


Squamaria rubina, forma monophylla, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogr. Rossiz, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 
1921. 


Thallus monophyllus rosulas parvas subapplanatas formans. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herv. meo Kazani. 
Ural in gubern. Perm. 


of some Lichens. 


i) 
Or 
fool | 


Squamaria teichotea, forma obscura, Mer. 
Apotheciis obscurioribus, nigricantibus vel nigris. 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Italia, Capri, ad saxa calcarea. 


Lecanora albella, var. peralbella, forma superfusa, Mer. 


Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenliste Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. 


Apothecia parva, distantes, haud angulosa, disco plano, dense 
pruinoso. 


Spec. orig, (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Ksthlandia: Reval. 


Lecanora albescens, forma confertiuseula, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. 


Lecanora albescens, forma verrucosa, Mer. Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umg. 
Revals, Kazan, 19138 (errore). 


Thallus parum evolutus, haud effusus, insulas interdum plus minusve 
orbiculares formans. Apothecia ut in typo, sed agglomerata 
confertaque, mutuo pressione plus minusve preesertim centrum 


versus valde elevata, pulvinulos formans, nondum in thallo 
immersa. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabulz Generum Lichenum (1913), Leeanora, i. no. 32. 
Esthlandia: Reval. 


Forma granulosa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, /. c. etiam in hujus Tabule Generum Lichenum, Ze- 
canora, 1. no, 38. 


Thallus albus, e granulis minutis subdispersis vel dispersis com- 
positus, apotheciis minoribus. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani et in Tab. Gen. Lich. 
Ksthlandia: Reval. 


Var. dispersa, forma aggregata, Mer. 


Mereschkovysky, 2, c, etiam in hujus Tabule Generum Lichenum, Le- 
canora, i. no. 36 (e Pyren.-Orient.). 


Thallo albo, hine inde visibili, apotheciis partim aggregatis. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani et in Tab. Gen. Lich. 
Hsthlandia: Reval. Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia). 


256 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Var. muralis, forma obscura, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. e. _ 
Apotheciis obscuris, nigricantibus. Ad muros calcareo et cementum 
earum. 


Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. 


Geneva (Helvetia). 


Lecanora atra, var. wrceolata, Mer. (Mass. in herb.). 
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913 
(uo. 60). 
Apothecia thallo immersa, habitu valde apothecia Aspiciliarum 
commemorant. Ad saxa dioritica. 
Spee, orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 60. 
Tauria. 


Lecanora campestris, forma sulimmersa, Mer, 
Mereschkovsky, /. c., etiam in hujus Tabulee Generum Lichenum (1913), 
Lecanora, ii. no. 41 (ex Agde, Hérault (Gallia)). 
Apotheciis nigrescentibus, in thallo cinereo subimmersis. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Tab. Gen. 


Lich. no. 41. 
Agde (Gallia). 


Var. docellina, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Tabule Generum Lichenum (1913), Zecanora, ii. 
no. 88 (ex Gallia, Docelle, Vosges). 
Thallus parum eyolutus, dispersus, granulatus. Ad saxa arenacea. 
Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) im Tab. Gen. 
Lich. no. 38. 


Gallia. 


Lecanora carpinea, forma carneopallida, Mer. 


Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. 


Apotheciis disco cervino-carneo yel lwte brunneolo, semper letiore 
quam in forma nuda, Elenk., plus minus (sed semper leyiter) 
pruinoso, rarius nudo., 


Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani, 
Esthlandia:; Reval. 


of some Lichens. 257 


Forma distantella, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Enum. lich. in prov, baltica hucusque cognitorum, 
Kazan, 1913. 


Apothecia minores, orbicularia, semper valde distantes, margine 
bene evoluto, disco plano, pruinoso. Comparanda cum forma 
leptyrodem, Nyl. 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 


Esthlandia;: Reval. 


Forma obscura, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. 


Apotheciis obscuris, nigrescentibus, nudis vel subnudis. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Ksthlandia: Reval. 


Var. latericola, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl, lichénol. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, 
p. 202. 
Thallus parum evolutus, evanescens, cinereo-albescens, H,O—. 
Apothecia parva vel submedia, disco convexo, livido-griseo, 
pruinoso, margine thallino integro, In lateribus. 


Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Kazi. 

Var. fusconigra, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. 

Thallus cinereus. Apothecia parva, 0°3—-0°7 millim. lata (1-2 millim, 
haud superantes), numerosa, conferta, angulosa, primum ap- 
planata, demum elevata et mutuo pressione nonnihil flexuosa, 
disco primum plano vel concavo, demum convexo, livido-fusco, 
fusco vel fusco-nigro, interdum nigrescente, leviter pruinoso vel 


subnudo. Apothecia disco CaCl,O, + flavescente, margine thallino 
tenui, albido-cinereo, rarius subevanescente. 


Spee. ortg. in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam 
Lecanore carpinee). 
Geneva. 
Var. minuta, forma eapallida, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, J. c. 
Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee (vide Tabulam 
Lecanore carpinee). 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 17 


2538 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Lecanora chlarona, forma albinea, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. 


Thallus determinatus vel subeffusus, crassiusculus vel sat crassus, 
granuloso-verrucosus, haud pulverulentus, lacteo-albus, colore 
griseo vel glaucescente (ut plus minus in typo videtur) omnino 
destitutus; apothecia media, circiter 1 (usque ad 1-3) millim. 
lata, parum elevata vel subapplanata, subconferta vel contigua, 
interdum mutuo pressione subangulosa, disco planiuseulo vel 
convexiusculo, brunneo vel rufo-fuseo (ut in forma applanata, 
Mer.), nudo, margine thallode mediocre, parum vel vix discum 
superante, distincte minuteque granulato-crenulato. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan, Genevee (vide 
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Forma applanata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. c. 


Thallus indeterminatus, sat tenuis, crassitudine ut in forma typica, 
ambitu in hypothallo albo evanescens, granulosus, albidus (simul 
ut in forma albinea), in herbario tempore sordide lutescens ; 
apothecia mediocria, vulgo 0°8-1-3 (usque ad 1°5) millim. lata, 
orbicularia, numerosissima, conferta, sed haud compressa, nec 
angulosa, plana et arcte adnata, quasi adpressa, una altera haud 
superantes, disco plano (statu juvenili concaviusculo), rufo-fusco 
vel lete brunneolo (couleur de cuir), nudo; margine mediocri 
vel subtenui (ut in forma typica), disco parum superante, albo 
(thallo concolore), tenuiter, distincte regulariterque granulato- 
crenulato (valde distinctior quam in Lich. ticin. exs. no. 14 et 15). 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide 
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. 


Forma griseola, Mer. 
Mereschkeysky, /. ¢. 


Thallus bene evolutus, haud albus; apotheciis dense griseo-pruinosis, 
disco rugoso. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Austria Inferior. 


Forma pallescens, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. 


Thallus subevanescens, albus; apotheciis pallide testaceis, sepe 
subdifformibus, margine tenul, albo, minute granulato-crenulato, 


~ 


of some Lichens. 259 


Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas 
Lecanore chlarone). 
Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Var. coronata, forma lvida, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Nachrag z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 
1913. 
Apotheciis disco livido. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Esthlandia: Reval. 


Var. incurvodentata, Mer, 


Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, in Annuaire d. 
Conservat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 152. 


Thallus et margo apotheciorum obscuriores (quam in typo), glauco- 
cinerei. Apothecia latitudine ut in typo sed minus regularia, 
margine tenuiore, inciso-crenulato, crenulis incurvo-dentatis, 
simul ut in Lecanora allophana. Epithecium granulosum ut in 
typo, superne strato amorpho haud instructum. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in 
Mereschkovsky, Lich, ticin. exs. no. 16. 
Geneva (Helvetia). 


Forma convexa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. c. p. 216. 
Thallus cinereus ; apothecia brunneola, convexiuscula vel convexa, 


interdum subbotryosa, margine tenui vel subevanescente, thallo 
concolore. 


Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulas 
Lecanore chlarone). 
Geneva (Helvetia). 


Forma obscura, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 


Thallo et margine apotheciorum griseo-plumbeis, disco obscure 
fusco-nigro, apotheciis 0°8-1°6 millim. 


Spec. ortg. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneva (vide 
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Geneva (Helvetia). 


17* 


260 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Forma subpruinosa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. e. 
Thallus sordide albescens vel griseolo-albineus ; apothecia brunnea, 


margine tenui; integro, vel vix crenulato et tum crenulis 
incuryo-dentatis. 


Spec. orig. in herb. Brit. Mus. 


Var. lividula, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 
Thallus cinereus, tenuis; apothecia mediocria, 0°5-1 millim. lata, 
sparsa vel subconferta, applanata, disco livido vel livido-cervino, 


convexo, interdum ruguloso, nudo vel subnudo, margine tenui, 
integro vel vix crenulato. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide 
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Var. minor, forma minutissima, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 


Thallus sordide albo-cinerascens; apothecia minora, 0:08—0-5 millim., 
vulgo invisibilia oculo nudo. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide 
Tabulas Lecanore chlarone), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Lecanora coarctata, forma depauperata, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Tabulee Generum Lichenum, Lecanora, iii. no, 59 (ex 
Austria ). 


Thallus griseus, parum evolutus, 6 granulis minutis rare sparsis, 
interdum subcrenulatis compositus ; superficie levi, haud farinosa 
nec sorediosa. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Tab. Gen. Lich. 
no. 09. 


Ksthlandia: Reval. Austria Inferior (Ménichkirchen). 


Lecanora coilocarpa, forma xylita, subforma pruinata, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. 
Apotheciis pruinosis (in forma wylita apothecia semper nuda sunt). 


Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee. 
Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


of some Lichens. 261 


Var. fuscorufa, Mer., forma convexiuscul, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. 

Thallus cinereus, minute granulosus; apothecia sparsa, minora 
quam in typo, circiter ut in forma virella hujus varietatis, disco 
convexiusculo vel convexo, testaceo-rufescente vel fusco-rufo vel 
fusco, nudo, margine tenui vel tenuissimo vel demum subevan- 
escente, integro vel szepius plus minus minute crenulato, Unacum 
varietate fuscorufa. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Genevee (vide 
Tabulam Lecanore coilocarpe), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus., (3) in 
herb. Parisii (Muséum), (4) in herb. Univ. Upsale, (5) in 
herb. Harv. Univ. Cambridge (U.S.A.). 

Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Forma subpruinosa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 
Apothecia paullum majora, discreta, regulariter orbicularia, disco 
fusco, leviter subpruinoso, convexiusculo. Ditfert a Lecanora 


atrynea, in Norrl. et Nyl. Herb. Lich. Fenn. no, 132, apotheciis 
haud planis vel concavis, ut in atrynea, sed convexiusculis, 


_ Spec. orig. in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam 
Lecanore coilocarpe). 


Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Lecanora crenulatissima, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont 
Bogdo) ; Troudy (Travaux) d. 1. Soc. des Natur. d. PUniv. d. Kazan, 
Année 1911. 

Thallus albineus, mediocris, subgranulatus; apothecia mediocria, 
orbicularia, disco nigro, nudo, margine albido, granulato-crenu- 
latissimo, crenulis minutis, numerosis, moniliformibus, valde 
regulariter dispositis. Ad saxa arenacea. 


Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Gubernia Astrachan ; T'auria. 


Forma pezizoidea, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad lichenogy. Rossie, i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr. 
1921. 
Margine thallode apotheciorum ut in forma typica at apotheciis 
majoribus, usque ad 3-4 millim, latis, cupuliformibus, disco atro, 
nudo. Ad saxa arenacea. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Rossia, gubern. Astrachan. 


262 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Lecanora dispersa, forma obscura, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Flecht. Umgd. y. Reval, Kazan, 
1909. 
Apotheciis obscurioribus. 
Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 


Esthlandia: Reval. 


Lecanora elenkinii, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos (no. 31), Kazan, 
1913; id. Contrib, fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921. 


Thallus tenuis, parum evolutus, lutescente-albidus ; apothecia media 
vel submedia vel mediocria, elevata, margine concolore, tumido, 
discum valde superante, involuto, disco plano vel concaviusculo. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Rossiz exs. no. 81, (3) in ejusdem 'Tabule Generum 
Lichenum (1913), Lecanora, i. no. 29 (e Tauria). 

‘Tauria. 

Forma albinea, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921. 


Thallo et margine apotheciorum albo; thallo pulverulento. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabule Generum Lichenum (1913), Lecanora, 1. no. 30 
(e Tauria: Sinferopolis). 

Tauria. Austria meridionalis! 


Lecanora gangaleoides, forma ornata, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Tabulee Generum Lichenum, Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, 
ii. no, 52 (ex Gallia, Docelles (Vosges)). 


Apotheciis foliolis thallinis ornatis. Est forma potentialis (vide 
Hedwigia, 1919, p. 206). 


Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. 


Forma plumbea, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. c. no. 53 (e Gallia, Docelles (Vosges)). 


Thallo plumbeo. 
Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani ; vide etiam in Tab. Gen. 


Lich. no. 53. 
Gallia: Docelles (Vosges). 


of some Lichens. 263 


Lecanora hageni, forma brunneola, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. 


Apotheciis obscurioribus, fusco-brunneolis. Ad saxa granitica. 
Comparanda cum Lecanora brunneola, Mer., in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1918, Lecanora, i. no. 37 (ex 
Austria, Ménichkirchen), 


Spee. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneves. 
Lugano. 


Forma microcarpa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, Annuaire du 
Conservatoire et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 165, 


Apothecia minuta, sat uniformia, distantes, vulgo 0°3 millim, (0-2- 
0-4 millim.) lata, margine szpius subcrenulato vel crenulato. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in 
herb. Parisii (Muséum), (3) in herb. Brit. Mus. 

Is certainly not a young state of the type. 

Lugano; Geneva (Helvetia). 


Forma perplexoides, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. 


Thallus parum evolutus, albidus, subgranulatus, hypothallo albo; 
apothecia media, 0-6-1 millim. (0°4—1-2 millim.) lata, concreta, 
mutuo pressione elevata, orbicularia vel subflexuosa, margine 
tenui integro, interdum leviter crenulato discum parum superante, 
albido; disco plano vel interdum subconvexo, pallide livido- 
brunneolo, nudo. Habitu nonnullum Lecanoram perplexam, 
Mer., commemorans. Ad saxa granitica. 


Spee. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in 
herb. Brit. Mus. 
Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Lecanora perplexa, Mer. 


Syn. Lecanora crenulata, multor. auctorum, preecipue rossicorum. 
Lecanora galactina, Harm. Lich. Lothar. no. 564. 
Lecanora galactina, forma ligniaria, Nyl. in Norrl. et Ny). H. L. F, 
no. 139 (wide Harmand, Lich, d. Fr. p. 1006). 
Lecanora albella, var. hageni, in Mudd, Exsicc. no. 115. 
Lecanora galactina, Ach. in Hepp. Flecht. Eur. no. 180. 
Exsicc. Mereschkovsky, Licht. Ross. exsice. no. 9 (sub Lecanora crenu- 
lata (Dicks.), Wain. ; ejusdem Tabule Gen. Lich, Kazan, 1918, 
Lecanora, i. no. 21 (sub nomine vero). 


Ad saxa calcarea, presertim supra muros. 
Thallus parum eyolutus, e granulis paucis applanatis yel plus 


264. Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


minusye convexis in vicino apotheciorum dispositis compositus, 
vulgo obsoletus vel invisibilis, albicans vel griseo-albicans, opacus. 
Reactione KOH—, CaCl,0,—, KOH(CaCl1,0,)—, H,O—. Apo- 
thecia vulgo media vel majuscula, latitudine valde variabili, 0-3— 
3°7 millim. lata, vulgo 1-2 millim. lata, numerosissima, conferta, 
mutuo pressione irregulares, flexuosa, valde elevata, basin versus 
constricta, haud arcte adfixa et tum facile cadescentes, margine 
thallo concolore, mediocri, integro vel leviter irregulariterque 
crenulato, disco sordide brunneolo, pruinoso. Paraphyses tenues, 
filiformes, haud articulate, arcte coherentes. Spor 8nz, sim- 
plices, ellipsoidee vel ovoideo-ellipsoidex, longitudine 0-0110— 
0:0138 millim., crassitudine 0°0048-0-0072 millim. (usque ad 
0:0164 millim, longit. et 00096 millim. crassit. ). 


Spee. orrg. (1) in herb, meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 9, (3) in ejusdem Tab. Gen. Lich. no, 21. 

Rossia Media; Esthonia; Fennia; Tauria. Etiam in 
Anglia, Gallia, Germania et Austria occurrit. 


Forma delicata, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 
1913. 


Apotheciis minoribus, magis applanatis regulariterque rotundatis, 
haud fiexuosis, basin versus minus constrictis. Ad muros cal- 
careos et cementum earum. 


Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 20 
(e Reval). 

Esthlandia: Reval. Gallia: Docelles (Vosges). 


Var. grisea, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 
1913 (sub Lecanora crenulata, var.). 


Colore griseo thalli et marginis apotheciorum constanter a typo 
differt. Ad saxa calcarea. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 10, (3) in ejusdem ‘Tabulee Gen. Lich. 
Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 22 (e Reval). 

Esthlandia: Reval. 


Var. wasmuthi, Mer. 


Mereschkoysky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont 
Bogdo), Kazan, 1911 (sub Lecanora wasmuthi, Mer.). 


Colore thalli et apotheciorum sordide lutescente-brunneolo con- 
stanter a forma typica differt. Thallus KOH et CaCl,0,+. 


of some Lichens. 265 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
abule Generum Lich. Kazan, 1913, Lecanora, i. no. 23 (ex 
gub. Astrachan). 
Gubern. Astrachan. Tauria. Saxicola, 


Leecanora subfusca, forma griseola, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Addit. lichenogr. Ross. i., Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr. 
1921 


Thallo griseolo (in typo thallus constanter albescens), sec. specim. 
meo. 


Spec. orig. in Malme, Lich. Suec. no. 69 (sub Lecanora 
subfusea). 
Kazani. Suecia. 


Forma coilocarpoides, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Matér. p. une Monogr. d. genre Lecanora. 


Thallus tenuis, albineus ; apothecia dispersa, orbicularia, vulgo 0-8— 
1-2 millim. lata (usque ad 1°5 millim.), disco fusco-nigro, made- 
facto rufo-fusco, subconvexo, nudo, margine thallino mediocri, 
haud inflexo, crenulato. 


Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide Tabulam 
Lecanore subfusce), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Prope Genevee. 


Forma microcarpa, Mer., subforma umbrinula, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 


Apotheciis confertis, 0-5-1 millim. latis, convexiusculis vel conyexis, 
umbrino-fuscis vel fusco-nigricantibus, nudis, nitidiusculis, mar- 
gine tenui vel tenuissimo, griseo-cinerascente, tenuiter crenulato. 
Thallus et margo apotheciorum KOH + flavescens. 


Spec. orig. in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Lugano, supra Fagum. 


Var. brachyspora, Mer. 


Thallus tenuissimus; apothecia 0-6-1 millim. lata, margine crassi- 
usculo, integro vel vix crenulato, disco rufo, plano, nudo; epi- 
thecium granulatum spore late ellipsoidex, subspherice, longi- 
tudine 10-12 m., crassitudine 9-10 m. Est Lecanora subfusca, 
var. Pinastri anzi, Lich. minus rari Ital. super., no. 186, descripta 
a Hue (Caus. s. le Lecan. subfusca, Bull. Soc. bot. d. Fr. 1908, 
p- 81) sine nomine, Verisimiliter species peculiaris est. 


266 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Var. minor (Oliv.), Mer., forma decussata, Mer. 


Thallus, apothecia et spore ut in varietate (vide specim. a me 
determin. in herb. Conservat. bot. Geneve et in herb. Brit. Mus.), 
at thallo lineis nigris distinctissimis decussato. Supra corticem 
fagi. 


Spec. ortg. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve (vide 
Tabulam Lecanore subfusce), (2) in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Grand Saldve, prope Geneve. 


Lecanora umbrina, forma subbotryosa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 203; id. Matér. p. une Monogr. d. 
genre Lecanora. 


Apotheciis convexis, subbotryosis. Supra corticem cerasi. 


Spec. orig. in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. 
Lugano (Helvetia). 


Aspicilia asterias, Mer. 


Thallus determinatus, placas rotundas vel subrotundas formans, 
ambitu pseudoeftiguratas, sordide albidus vel lacteo-candidus, 
levigatus, opacus, rimoso-areolatus; areolis quadrangularis vel 
multangulis, marginem thallinum versus in radiis regulariter 
dispositis, rimis dichotomice subdivisis, lobos radiantes emulan- 
tibus. Apothecia immersa, nigra, nuda plus minusve pruinosa. 
In rupe calcarea. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. Gallia meridionalis prope Nice. 


A spicilia cerebroides, Mer. 

Thallus liberus, glebulas irregulariter rotundatas, 15-28 millim. 
longas et 9-20 millim. latas formans, superficie gyrosa ex areolis 
tumidis elongatisque hypertrophyce crescentibus, circumyolutiones 
cerebrales in memoriam revocantibus contextus. Intus in sectione 
thallus albus, haud marmoreus ut in Aspicilia esculenta. Apo- 
thecia non visa. Vide figura in Elenkin, Wanderflechten, in 
Bullet. Jard. Botan. d. St. Pétersb. t. i. tab. i. linea iv. fig. 6, 8, 
linea v. fig. 6, 7. 

Spec. orig. (1) in Mereschkovsky, Tabula Generum Li- 
chenum, Kazan, 1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 18 
(e Tian Schan); (2) in herb. meo Kazani (sub Aspicilta 
alpicola). 


of some Lichens. 267 


Aspicilia desertorum, forma ferruginea, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, no. 17, Kazan, 
1913.” 


Thallus et apothecia sicut in forma typica, at colore ferrugineo 
thalli ab heec differt. Saxicola, Potius lusus est. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no, 17, (3) in ejusdem ‘Tabule Gen. Lich. 
Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 2 (e Monte Bogdo). 


Gubernia Astrachan. 


Forma sublevata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Excurs, lichénol, d.1]. steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo), 
Kazan, 1911 (cum fig.). 


Apotheciis planioribus, marginibus tenuioribus minusque elevatis, 
disco dense pruinoso. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabule Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Aspiecla, i. (Spherothallia) 
no. 3 (e Mons Bogdo). 

The apothecia, quite Lecanorine in the type, present a more 
Aspicilian aspect in this form. 

Gubernia Astrachan. Ad saxa argillaceo-schistosa. 


Var. aspera, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, 7. c. (cum fig.). 


Thallus asperus, spinulis vel protuberantiis spinulosis brevibus 
irregularibusque plus minus instructus. Saxicola et terricola. 


Spec. orig. ibidem (Tabulee Gen, Lich. no. 6) (Mons Bogdo). 
Gubernia Astrachan. ‘'auria. Asia Media. 


Forma hispidoides, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. c. (cum fig.). 


Thallus haud liberus, subfruticulosus, ramulis elongatis, erectis 
subramosis, superficie irregulariter rugoso, aliquantulum Aspi- 
ciliam hispidam, Mer., in memoriam reyocans. ‘Terricola et 
saxicola. 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media. 


268 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Var. incisa, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, 7. c. (cum fig.), 
Apotheciis minoribus, immersis, crateriformibus, margine thallino 


acuto, inciso, sepe fere totum discum obtecto. Forsan potius 
species peculiaris sit. Saxicola. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabulee Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1918, Aspicilia, 1. (Spheerothallia) 
no. 4. 

Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media, 


Var. nigrescens, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. c. (cum fig.). 

Thallus crustaceus, effusus, crassus, e tuberculis mastoideis, 
2-3 millim. (vel plus) longis, circiter 1-2 millim. latis, confertis, 
contextus; nigrescens vel oliyaceo-nigrescens, cyphellis albidis 
ornatus. Sterilis. In rupibus arenaceis. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Gubernia Astrachan. 


Var. semivagans, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. c. (cum fig.). 
Thallus pro parte crustaceus, pro parte glebulos minutos formans 


statu libero viventes. Areolz thalli sat similis species sed super- 
ficie paullo nitidiusculo et cyphellis magis immersis. 


Spee. ortg. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabule Gen. Lich., Aspicilia, 1. no. 5. 


Aspicilia dubia, Mer., var. microphyllina, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Ross. i., in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 
1921. 
Tuberculis thalli minutis. 


Spec. orig. in Mereschkovsky, Tabula Gen. Lich. Kazan, 
1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) no. 16 (e ‘Tian-Schan). 

The type of the species is represented in my ‘ 'Tabule 
Generum Lichenorum’ by no. 15. The var. mterophyllina 
(no. 16) has the tubercule one-half or one-third the size of 
those in the type. 


Aspicilia esculenta, forma retusa, Mer. 


Thallo minore, vulgo 10 millim. (8-15 millim.) lato, sordide griseo- 
albescente, squamulis minoribus, minus prominulis, retusis, 


of some Lichens. 269 


passim subverrucosus. Apotheciis crateriformibus, minutis vel 
minutissimis punctiformisque, vulgo 0°3-0°5 millim. (0-1-1 
rillim.) latis, in verrucis pus minusve conicis profunde immersis, 
margine inciso-crenulato, disco nigro, leviter pruinoso. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve, (2) in 
Museo Botan. Univ. Geneve, (3) in herb. Brit. Mus. 
Provincia Unal. 


Aspicilia fruticulosa, forma minor, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, Schedule ad Lich. Roas. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1919, p. 14. 


Thallo minore, circiter 1 centim. lato (0°8-1°6 millim.), ramulis 
paullulum tenuioribus, sed dense contextis ut in typo, granulis 
ad superficiem thalli circiter 16-20 in uno centimetro (in typo 
10-14 in 1 centim.). 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabulz Gen. Lich. Kazan, 1913, Aspicilia, i. (Spherothallia) , 
no. 10, (3) in herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. 

In desertis Kirgisorum. ‘Tauria. Asia Media (Akmo- 
linsk). 


Forma taurica, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 


Thallo minore, circiter 1-1} centim. lato, laxiusculo, ramis ramu- 
lisque discretis a forma typica bene differt. Semper sterilis. 


Spec. orig. ibidem (‘T'abulee Gen. Lich. no. 9). Etiam in 
Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. exsice. no. 21. 
Gubernia Astrachan. Tauria. 


Var. tenuatula, Mer. 


Mereschkovysky, Contvib. conn, lich. gouv. Vladimir, Troudy (Travaux), 
d.1. soc. d. Natur. de ’Univ. d. Kazan, 1911; id. Schedule ad Lich, 
R. exs. Kazan, 1913, p. 14; id. Contrib. fl. lich. Crimée, Ann. d. se. 
nat. Botanique, 1921 (cum. fig.). . 


Thallus magnitudine ut in forma typica speciei, sed ramulis valde 
tenuioribus, confertis, granulis ad superficiem thalli circiter 
18-22 in uno centimetro (in typo 10-14 in 1 centim.), 


Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. cryptog. 
Horti Petropolit. (sub alio nomine). 
‘Lian-Schan. 


270 Prof. Dr. ©. Meresechkovsky’s Datgnoses 


Aspicilia hispida, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913 
(no, 34). 


Thallus liberus, fruticulosus, latitudine circiter 2 centim., ramis 
tenuis, cylindricis, glabris, laxe ramosis, apicibus sensim 
attenuatis tenuisque in spinis terminatis. Semper sterilis. 
Supra terram statu libero. 


Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Meresclikovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 34. 
Rossia meridio-orientalis. 


Forma cespitosa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. d. 1. steppes Kirghises (Mont Bogdo), 
Kazan, 1911 (cum fig.). 


Thallus ceespitosus, radiculoidis ad terram adfixus. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Gubernia Astrachan (Rossia). 


Forma parvula, Mer. 
Pp ) 


Mereschkovsky, Schedules ad Lich. Ross. exsiccatos, Kazan, 1903 
(no. 85); id. Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann, d. sc. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921 (cum fig.). 


Thallo liberus, minor, irregulariter parciusque ramosus, interdum 
centro placas formans. Supra terram, statu libero. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) iu Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 35. 
Tauria. 


Aspicilia lacunosa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Excurs. lichénol. dans les steppes Kirghises (Mont 
Bogdo), Troudy (Travaux), d. 1. soc. d. Natur. d. l'Uniy. d. Kazan, 


Thallus liberus, sordide griseus, glebulas irregulares parvas circiter 
5 millim. in diametro, subcomplanatas vel rotundato-subangu- 
latas formans, opacus levis, glaber, hine inde depressionibus 
lacunosis vel foveolis plus minusve profundis munitus, neque 
lobatus, nec areolatus, nee gyrosus ut in Aspicilia cerebroides, 
Mer. Sterilis. Supra terram statu libero. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Asia Media: provincia Semipalatensk, distr. Zaisan. 


of some Lichens. 271 


Aspicilia mirabilis, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d, 1. Crimée, Ann, d. ac. nat. 
Botanique, 1921. 


Thallus determinatus, crassiusculus, cesio-cinereus, punctis obscuris 
adspersus, levigatus, subnitidus, rimoso-areolatus, ambitu sub- 
effiguratus, areolis quadrangulis in radiis margine versus dicho- 
tomie subdivisis et plus minusve in lineis concentricis regulariter 
dispositis. Fulcribus valde ab Aspicilia asterias, Mer., differt. 
Ad saxa calcarea (cire. 1000 m. altit.). 


Spec. orig. (unicum) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. 


Candelaria medians, forma sordida, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921. 


Thallus indeterminatus, valde expansus, crassiusculus, diffracto- 
areolatus, subverrucoso-inequalis, griseo-luteus, sordidus, lobis 
obsoletis. Reactio thalli KOH—. In rupibus calcareis. 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani, 
Tauria. 


Candelariella vitellina, var. pulvinata, forma macrior, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z, Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1918. 


Granulis thalli valde majoribus quam in var. pulvinata typica. Ad 
saxa erratica. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
E-thlandia: Reval. 


Theloschistes brevior, var. caspicus, Mer. 


Thallus brevis, 1-14 centim. altus, pallide carneo rufescens vel 
rufescens (terra concolor?), superne glaber, opacus, subtus 
pallidior, albicans, haud nervosus, dichotomice laciniatus, laciniis 
convolutis, angustis, linearibus, convexis, circiter 1 millim. latis 


vel paulo majus, canaliculatis, apicibus subtruncatis, Sterilis. 
Supra terram argillosam. 


Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. 
Baku, Caucasus. 


ho 
~l 
bo 


Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Var. halophilus, Mer. 


Thallus major et crassior quam in var. caspico, Mer., circiter 3-5 
centim. altus vel plus, pallidus, livido-lutescens vel livido- 
albescens, cartilagineus, subtus concolor, nervoso-reticulatus, 
arbusculos ramosos formans, laciniis subdichotomice divisis et 
subdivisis, compressis, planis vel leviter canaliculatis, circiter - 
2-3 millim, latis, sublinearibus vel apicem versus paullum dila- 
tatis, plus minusve furfuraceo-rugosis presertim apicem versus. 
Semper sterilis. 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Gubernia Astrachan. Asia Media (Djungaria). 


Xanthoria parietina, var. adpressa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross, exsiccatos, Kazan, 1913; vide 
etiam Hedwigia, 1919, p. 209. 


Thallus rosulas usque ad 1 decim. formans, tenuior ut in typo, arcte 
ad substratum adpressus, lobis vulgo paullulum angustioribus. 
Ad corticem arborum. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exs. no. 40. 

Rossia Media. LEsthlandia. Tauria. Gallia. Austria. 
Helvetia. 


Var. aureola, forma isidiotyla, Mer. 


Thallus aureo-aurantiacus, centro minute papillato-isidiosus ; apo- 
thecia magna, margine isidiis brevibus ornato. Ad trabes. 
Spec. orig. in herb, Conservat. botan. Geneve (a Léveillé 

in Tauria lectum). 

‘Tauria. 

It is possibly the same as the var. is¢dioidea (Belts.), Zahlbr., 
which, however, cannot be ascertained without a comparison 
with the original specimen of the latter. 


The following is a list of all known European forms of 
Xanthoria parietina :— 
1. Xanthoria parietina (L.), Th. Fr., type. 


2. , forma aurata (Mass.), ’ Lich. ital. exe, no. 33. 

3. — ” forma chlorina (Chev. ), Oliv. Mereschk. Lich. tic. 
exs. no. 83, 

4, —— , forma cinerascens (Leight.), Sandst. Crombie Brit. 
Lich, i. p. 298. 

5. —— — ., forma dispersa, Oliv. Bull. Soc. bot. d. Fr. 1894, p. 94. 

6, —— —, forma ¢mbricata (Mass.), Zahbr, Crypt. exs. no. 1979. 


of some Lichens. 273 


7. Xanthoria parietina, forma nodulosa (Floerk.), Hillm. Ann. 
Mycol. 1920, p. 15. 

, forma pycnocarpa (Miill. Arg.), Mer. in herb. Boissier 

Geneve. 
9, —— , var. adpressa, Mer. Lich. Ross. exs. no. 42. 

10, —— ——,, var. angusta, B. d. Lesd., Mereschkovsky, Lich. Ross. 
exs. no. 41. 

, var. aureola (Ach.), Th. Fr., Mereschkovsky, Lich. 

Ross. exs. no, 40, 


————— 


11, — 


12, —— , forma congranulata (Cromb.), Brit. Lich. p. 298. 
13. —— —— , forma isidiotyla, Mer., vide supra. 

14, —— —— , forma tumrda (Wedd. ), Hillm. Boistel, ii. p. 70. 
16. —— , var. coralloides (Flot.), Hillm. U. c. p. 19. 


16, —— ——, var. ectanea, Molbr. et auct. (haud Ach.). 

17, —— —— , forma ectaneotdes (Nyl.), Oliv. Zahlbruckner 
Patag. p. 50. 

, var. elegantissima, Zahlbr. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. 
Wien, 1915, p. 39. 

19, —— , var. microphylla, Zahlbr. Fl. Dalm., vii. 1919. 

20. —— ——, var. prolifera (Humb.). 

21, —— , var. retirugosa, Stuy, apud Zahilbr. Fl. Dalm. ii. 1903, 
p- 333. 

, var. rutilans (Ach.), Synops. p. 210. 

, var. splendidula, Zahlbr. Trausbaik. Lich, 1909. 


18. —— 


22, —— 
23, —— 


Xanthoria substellaris, forma lychneoides, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Hedwigia, 1919, 
p. 210, 


Thallus lobis brevibus, adscendentibus vel subadscendentibus, con- 
fertis ad oras arcte sorediatis ; apothecia plana, disco thalli in- 
tensius colorato, aurantiaco vel fulvescente-aurantiaco, margine 
seepe sorediato. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani; spec. a me determin. in 
herb. Conservat. botan. Geneve. 
Kazan, Helvetia. 


Gasparrinia aurantia, var. brevilobata, forma illobata, Mer. 


Thallo, apotheciis et sporis ut in var. brevilobata, Nyl., sed lobis 
periphericis omnino constanterque destituto. 


Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in 
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum 


Lichenum.’ 
Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. 
Pyren.-Orient, prope Port Vendres, Collioure (Gallia), ad 


gaxa micaceo-schistoso. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 18 


274 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Var. papillata, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. sc. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921. 


Thallus papillis elongatis cylindricis vel subcylindricis obtectus. 


Spec. ortg. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Tauria. 


Gasparrinia callopisma, forma dispersa, Mer. 
Thallo e fragmentis loborum dispersis discretisque, rosulas haud 
formantibus composito. 


I have seen several rocks, about 3—$ metr. in height, 
entirely covered with this form in an apparently healthy state, 
without any trace of the type-species, which, however, 
occurred in the vicinity. 

Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in 
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum 
Lichenum.’ 

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 

Beaulieu, prope Nice (Gallia), 300 m. altit. Ad saxa 
calcarea jurassica. 


Forma purpurea, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, 7. c. 
Thallo colore purpuraceo-aurantiaco a forma typica differt. 


Spee. orig. ibidem. 
Tauria. Italia (Capri). 


Gasparrinia cirrochroa, forma roseola, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 
Thallo colore plus minusve roseolo et lobis paullulum latioribus et 
magis applanatis a forma typica differt. 


Spec orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. Conservat. 
botan. Geneve (specim. a me determin.), (3) in herb. Brit. 
Mus. 

Tauria, Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


Forma subleprosa, Mer. 
Mereschkovysky, J. ¢. 
Thallo pro maxime parte in crusta leprosa dissoluto. 
Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. 
Tauria. Lugano (Helvetia italica). 


of some Lichens. 275 


Gasparrinia decipiens, forma fulva, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl, lichénol. d. envir. d. Kazan, Hedwigia, 
1919, p. 212. 


Colore thalli aurantiaco vel rubigineo-aurantiaco distincte a typo 
differt. Ad trabes et ligna artefacta. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. 


Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Forma gracilior, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, 7. ¢. 
Thallo lobis gracilioribus a forma typica bene differt. In lateribus. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. 


Rossia (Kazan). 


Gasparrinia flava, Mer. 


Thallus citrino-flavus (colore ut in Gasparrinia decipiente vel sub- 
simile), KOH +, esorediosus, rosulas regulares formans, lobis bene 
evolutis, radiantibus, adpressis, planiusculis, concretis ; apothecia 
concoloria, bimarginata. Comparanda cum Gasparrinia aurantia, 
forma sulphurata (Harm.), Mer. (Harmand, Lich. d. Fr. p. 810). 


Spec. orig. in herb, meo Kazani. 
Tauria, prope Sinferopolin, ad saxa calcarea nummulitica. 


Gasparrinia granulosa, var. perminuta, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross, exsiccatos, Kazan, 1918. 
Thallus minutus, fulvo-aurantiacus, granulosus (ut in forma typica), 
rosulas minutas 2-4 millim. latas formans, szepe confluentes et 
tum thallus diffusus; lobis tenuissimis, oculo nudo invisibilibus. 
Semper sterilis. Ad saxa calcarea. 


Spee. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. ticin. no. 63. 
Tauria. 


Gasparrinia jailensis, Mer. 


Thallus aurantiacus, parte centralidiffracto-areolato, areolis subefhgu- 
ratis vel effiguratis, lobis periphericis parum evolutis. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Having left all my collections and notes in Russia, I am 
unable to give a more detailed diagnosis of this species here. 


1a 


276 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Gasparrinia murorum, forma albula, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. a. d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 
1918. 


Thallo albulo vel hinc inde levissime flavescente. Adsaxa calcarea. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Esthlandia: Reval. Germania. 


Forma pulvinulum, Mer. 


Thallus orbicularis, crassus, centro valde elevatus, pulvinulas 
formans, sporis angustis sunt in var. lenuispora, Mer. 


Over twenty good specimens of this form will be found in 
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘Tabula Generum 
Lichenum.’ 

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 

Scoemmering: Adlitzgraben (Austria), in rupibus calcareis. 

Growing at a short distance from var. tenuispora, into 
which it gradually passes. 


Var. tenuispora, Mer.* 


Thallus erassitudine configuratione, colore, ete., ut in typo speciei 
sed sporis angustis, subcylindricis, crassitudine circiter 0-004— 
0-005 millim. (in typo 0°006-0:007 millim.). 


Over twenty good specimens of this variety will be found in 
my collections in Kazan, prepared for my ‘ Tabulee Generum 
Lichenum.’ 

Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 

Soemmering : Adlitzgraben (Austria), in rupibus calcareis. 


Var. subfulva, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, ‘Contrib. fl. lich. d. 1. Crimée, Ann. d. se. nat. Bo- 
tanique, 1921. 
Thallus fulvo-aurantiacus, centro vulgo pallidiore et sepe partim 


cinerascente; apothecia intensior colorate, sepe convexa, im- 
marginata. Differentia minima, sed constantissima esse videtur. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Tabule Gen. Lich., Gasparrinia, i. no. 77 (exist. only in 
Mus. bot. Acad. of Sc. of Petrograd and in the herb. Horti 
Petropolitani). 

Esthlandia: Reval. Tauria. 

The observation of a great number of specimens of the type 
(Reval) and of the variety (Crimea) in natural conditions, 
sometimes growing side by side, has shown the latter to be 


of some Lichens. 27% 


a very constant form, constituting rather a variety than a 
form. 


Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh.), Zahlbr., var. holocarpa, 
forma fulva, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p, 214. 
Apotheciis fulvis a forma typica varietatis holocarpze differt. Ad 


ligna, 


Spee. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Kazan. 

. Cladonia alpestris, forma tenella, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, 7. ec. p. 215. 

Podetiis minoribus tenuioribusque, haud colore thalli a forma typica 
differt. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Kazan. 
Cladonia cornuta, forma fuscata, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Addit. ad Lichenogr. Ross, i., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 
1921. 


Podetiis fuscescentibus vel fusco-rufescentibus. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Sibiria : Tomsk. 


Cladonia jimbriata, forma crustulosa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. aus d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 
1913, p. 40. 
Thallus foliis erectis, densissime confertis, crustam compactam 
diffractam formans. Podetia abbreviata, seyphifera, Ad truncos 
arborum frondosarum basin versus. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Esthlandia: Reval. 


Var. arboricola, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. 

Podetiis paucis, minutis vel minutissimis, cylindricis, scyphiferis, 
scyphis angustis, minntis, parum eyolutis, margine seyphorum 
integro. Ad truncos arborum (quercus) usque ad 3 metr. altitu- - 
dine et ultra, haud et basin etiam supra ramos transiens. Compa- 
rauda cum forma denuzpes (Del.), Malbr. 


Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) ibidem. 
Esthlandia: Reval. 


278 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Cladonia floerkeana, var. carcata, forma deflexa, Mer. 


‘« Podetiis albido-cinerascentibus, densissime granuloso-isidiosis vel 
minute granuloso-squamulosis.—Etiam Olivier, Herb. Lich. de 
VOrne (1880), no. 254, teste Arnold, Flora, 1884, p. 81, hue 
pertinet.” Wainio, Monogr. Clad. i. p. 83.—Est Norrl. et Ny- 
land, Herb. Lich. Fenn. no, 444 (t. Wainio). 


oS ae 
Fennia. 


Cladonia furcata, var. pinnata, forma tenuior, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, Nachtr. z. Flechtenl. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 1913. 


Podetiis minoribus et tenuioribus. 


Spec, orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Ksthlandia: Reval. 


Cladonia rangiferina, forma cerulea, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén.envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p.217. 


Thallus czespites subspheericas formans, Colore podetiorum ccerules- 
cente et omnibus partibus tenuioribus et minoribus a forma typica 
bene differt; apicibus ramorum ut in typo unilateraliter vergenti- 
bus. Supra terram. 


Spee. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Rossia Media (Kazan). 
Forma denudata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsly, . ¢. p. 218. 
Ramis ramulis parcis praecipueque parte inferiori denudatis a 
forma typica differt ; colore podetiorum ut in typo. 
Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Belgia. 
Forma intricata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. p. 217. 
Ramulis superioribus tenuioribus, densioribus et subintricatis a 


forma typica distincte differt. Colore podetiorum ut in typo, 
normalis. 


Spec. orig. (uumeros.) ibidem. 
Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Forma subarbuscula, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. p. 218. 


Ramulis lateralibus modo subverticillato ad ramos primarios dispo- 
sitis a forma typica differt. Colore podetiorum normalis, 


of some Lichens. 279 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. 
Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Var. albinea, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, 7. c. p. 218; etiam Addit. Lich. Ross. i., Oesterr, Bot. 
Zeitschr, 1921. 


Colore podetiorum albineo vel albo et crassitudine majore eonstanter 
a typo valde differt. Forma polaris esse videtur. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 


Gubern. Archangelsk (Rossia). Sibiria (Tomsk). 


Physcia farrea, forma delabrata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lich. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 222. 


Thallo pallidiore, laxiusculo, laciniis longioribus, minus fornicatis, 
passim subpalmate divisis. Ad basin truncorum arborum frondo- 
sarum (Betule albe). 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Rossia Media (Kazan). 


* 


Forma i cea Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, 7. c. p. 228 


Thallus minor, obscurior, feet om seepe rosulas 13-3 centim. 
latis formans, laciniis brevioribus, magis congestibus, margine 
passim parce furfurascentibus. Ad truncos arborum frondo- 
sarum. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem, 


Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Physcia labrata, Mer., var. capitulata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. e. p. 224. 


Thallus indeterminatus, valde extensus, rosulas haud formans (aut 
forsan statu juvenili), virescente griseus, madefactus lete viridis 
(11,0+), e laciniis brevibus subincurvatis, apice terram versus 
spectantibus, apicibus recurvis. Laciniw apice capitulato-sore- 
dioste, sorediis viridis, capitulas majuscules elevatas, sphrico- 
inflatas, circiter 1-2 millim. latas formantibus. Sterilis. Ad 
truncos arborum frondosarum, precipue betulee. 


Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. 


Rossia Media (Kazan). 


280 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Var. detrita, forma albescens, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. ¢. p. 224. 


Thallo sordide albescente vel griseo-albescente. Ad sepimenta. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. 
Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Forma nigrescens, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. 


Thallo obscuro cinereo-nigrescente vel nigrescente ; apothecia parva, 
disco nigro, nudo, margine integro. Ad sepimenta. 


Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. 
Rossia Media (Kazan). 


In order to make the distinction between the two allied 
species—Physcia labrata, Mer., and Physcia virella (Ach.), 
Mer.—more clear, I give here two figures showing the peri- 
pheral lobes, and below a longitudinal section along a lobe. 
The darkened parts represent the sorals, being superficial 
in Ph. virella and terminal or lateral in PA. labrata. 


Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 


Fig. 1.—Physcia virella (Ach.), Mer. 
Fig. 2.—Physcia labrata, Mer. 


Physcia obscura, forma dispersa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichénol. d. envir, d. Kazan, Hedwigia, 
1919, p. 226. 


Thallo cinereo, sicut in forma typica, sepe valde extenso, laciniis 
brevibus, sparsis, rosulas haud formans, sorediis destituto; apo- 
thecia mediocria vel sat parva, disco fusco-nigricante, nudo, 


of some Lichens. 281 


margine integro. Ad corticem levigatam precipue tiliz (etiam 
populi juven.). 


Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


ween Media (Kazan). 


Physcia pulverulenta, forma granulosa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 227. 


Thallus epruinosus, griseus vel subglaucescente- vel olivascente- 
griseus, lobis latis conecretisque ut in typo, superne granulis 
elevatis nudis plus minusve numerosis obtectus; apothecia vulgo 
passim parce foliolis thallinis munito. 


Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Rossia Media (Kazan). Esthlandia. 


Subforma fruticulosa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, /. c. p. 228. 


Thallus erectus vel subdecumbens, fruticulosus, e ramulis elongatis, 
teretiusculis, pro parte e granulis evolutis, laxe subramosis, con- 
sistens; lobis adpressis quasi destitutus. In rimis corticis 
arborum frondosarum, locis umbrosis. 


Spec. orig. ibidem. 
Rossia Media (Kazan). 

Forma rugosa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, J. ¢. p. 229. 


Thallus colore et forma laciniarum ut in typo vel interdum sub- 
fuscescens vel cervino- yel cinereo-olivaceo-rufescens vel cinereo- 
subfuscescens, leviter pruinosus vel nudus; apothecia margine 
crasso, irregulariter rugoso- vel granuloso-crenulato. 


Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) (1) ibidem, (2) in herb, Con- 
servat. botan. Geneve (specim. a me determin.). 
Rossia Media (Kazan). Helvetia. 


Forma venustoides, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Nachtrag z. Flechtenliste a, d. Umgeg. Revals, Kazan, 
1913. 


Thallus nudus, brunneo-rufescens vel rufescens vel cinereo-brunneus, 
laciniis latis concretisque ut in typo; apothecia margine integro 
ut in typo, sed foliolis thallinis passim parce ornato. 


Spec. orig. (numerosissim.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Rossia Media (Kazan). LEsthlandia. 


282 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


Var. angustata, forma nuda, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Schedule ad Lich. ticin. exsiccatos, in Annuaire du 
Conseryat. et Jard. bot. d. Genéve, vol. xxi. 1919, p. 192. 


Thallo fusco, nudo vel hine inde leviter pruinoso. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani (numeros.), (2) in herb, 
Conservat. botan. Geneve, (3) in Mereschkovsky, Lich. ticin. 


exs. no. 70. 
Rossia. Helvetia. 


Var. argyphea, forma centrofusca, Mer. 


Mereschhoysky, Schedule ad Lich. Ross. exs. Kazan, 1913 (no. 50) ; 
Hedwigia, 1919, p. 280, 
Thallus albo-suffusus, centrum versus sordide griseo-fuscescens, 
epruinosus, laciniis interdum leviter angustioribus ; apothecia ut 
in yar. argyphea. 


Spec. orig. (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in Mereschkovsky, 
Lich. Ross. exsice. no. 50. 


Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Forma granulata, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl, lichénol. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, 
p. 231. 
Thallus albo-pruinosus, granuloso-diffractus, laciniis periphericis vix 
ullis vel brevissimis, : 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) (1) in herb. meo Kazani, (2) in herb. 
Conservat. botan. Geneve. 
Rossia. Helvetia. 


Var. imbricata, forma microphyllina, Mer. 
Mereschkoysky, J. ¢. 
Laciniis brevioribus angustioribusque, minus quam 1 millim, latis, 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 


Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Var. rufescens, Mer, 


Mereschkovsky, /. c. 
Thallus brunneus, fuscus vel rufo-fuscus ; apothecia disco plus 
minusve pruinoso, marginibus thallinis destitutis in quid a yar. 
venusta differt. onsen est melius forma considerenda. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
vente Media (Kazan). 


of some Lichens. 283 


Physcia stellaris, forma albo-granulesa, Mer. 


Mereschkovsky, Contrib. connaiss, lich. gouv. Vladimir, Troudy (Tra- 


vaux), d. 1. soc. d. Natur, d. Univ. d. Kazan, 1911; id. Contrib. fl, 
lich. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 232. 


Thallus albus, granuloso-inzequalis preecipue centrum yersus. 


Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 
Rossia Media. Esthlandia: Reval. 


Physeva tribacia, var. labrosa, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, Contrib. fl. lichén. envir. Kazan, Hedwigia, 1919, p. 234. 


Thallo griseo-virescente, laciniis magis erectis, irregulariter sub- 
confertis, labroso-sorediatis a typo valde differt. 
Physciam labratam pertinet, Ad corticem arborum. 


Spec. orig. (uumeros.) in herb. meo Kazani. 


Rossia Medias Esthlandia: Reval. 


Forsan ad 


Physcia virella, var. setosoides, Mer. 
Mereschkovsky, 7. ¢. p. 236. 


Thallus cinereo-virescens, rosulas seepe confluentes formans, sore- 
diosus, sorediis viridis ; lacinie ciliis marginalibus plus minus 
numerosis, bene visibilibus modo Physcic setosw munite. Sterilis. 
Ad corticam tilie. 

Spee. orig. (numeros.) ibidem. 
Rossia Media (Kazan). 


Rhizocarpon geographicum, var, microareolata, Mer. 
Thallus intense flavescens, areolis minutissimis, circiter 0-4—0°5 


millim. latis (vel minor), confertis, planis; apotheciis minutis 
inter areolis immixis. 


Spec. orig. in herb. meo Kazani. 
Austria Inferior (Ménichkirchen) *, 


Verrucaria calciseda, forma roseola, Mer. 
“ Thallo rosedlo.” 
Spec. orig. (numeros.) in herb, meo Kazani. 


Austria Inferior (Wiener Wald). 


Numerous new forms of Graphis seripta, with Latin dia- 
gnoses, have becn or are to be described by the author in his 


* Without my notes, left in Russia, I am not quite sure of the locality ; 
it is either Austria or Gallia meridionalis, 


284 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


paper, “ Matériaux pour une Monographie du Genre Graphis,” 


in ‘Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin botanique de 
Geneve,’ vol. xxi. 1921. Another set of new species, 
varieties, and forms of different kinds of lichens, also accom- 
panied with Latin diagnoses, can be found in my paper 
“ Schedule ad Lichenes ticinenses exsiccatos” in the same 
‘Annuaire du Conservatoire botan. &c.,’ vol. xxi. 1919, 
pp. 145-216. 

In my previous paper in this Magazine, “On some new 
Forms of Lichens’’ (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vi. 
p- 482, Nov. 1920), the two following should be added to 
the list of forms belonging to Physcia pulverulenta (pp. 484— 
485) :—forma nigricans, Mill. Arg. (Classif. p. 35; Flagey, 
Lich. d. 1. Franche-Comté, i. p. 182), and forma nuda, Harm. 
(Lich. d. Fr. p. 634). 


CORRECTION. 


While my paper “On some new Forms of Lichens,” 
recently published in this Magazine (vol. vi. 1920, p. 482), 
was in the press, I sent to the editors two supplementary 
forms to be added to those belonging to the species Physcia 
pulverulenta (/.c. p. 484), of which one—forma nigricans, 
Miill. Arg.—has been erroneously. put as a form of the var. 
angustata, to which it does not belong, being a form of the 
species itself, while the other—forma nuda, Herm.—has 
been omitted altogether. 

After correcting these errors and adding another form 
which I previously omitted (forma deminuta, Cromb.), the 
list of forms belonging to Physcia pulverulenta will now read 
as follows :— 


1. Physcta pulverulenta (Schreb.), Ny. 
2. , forma delicata, Mer. 
3. —— ——, forma deminuta, Cromb. Brit. Lich. 1. p. 306. 
4, —— , forma granulosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 227). 
5. —— — , Subforma fruticulosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 228). 
6. —— ——,, forma nigricans, Mull. Arg. (Classif. p. 35). 
7. —— ——, forma nuda, Harm. Lich. d. Fr. p. 634. 
8, —— ——, forma polita, Flot. . 
9, —— , forma rugosa, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 229). 
10. —— ——, forma subvenusta (Nyl.). 
11. —— , forma turgida (Schaer.), Harm. 
12, —— , forma turgidula, Mer. 
13. —— , forma venustordes, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 229). 
14, —— —-, var. angustata (Hoffm.), Ach. 
15. —— —— , forma convexra, Mer. 
16. —— —— ——,, forma elegantella, Mer. 
17, —— —— ——, forma nuda, Mer. (Hedw, 1919, p. 230). 
18, —— —, var. aquiloides, Mer. 


of some Lichens. 285 


19. Physcia pulverulenta, var. argyphea, Ach. 

20. , forma centrofusca, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 230). 
21, —— —— , forma granulata, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231). 
22, —— ——., var. imbricata, B. de Lesd. 


23, —— —— , forma microphyllina, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231), 
24, ——, var. lepidota, Mer., 
25. , var. rufescens, Mer. (Hedw. 1919, p. 231). 


26. —— ——, var. subpapillosa, Cromb. Brit. Lich. i. 
27, —— , var, venusta (Ach.), 


On page 484 of the above-mentioned paper the name 
Physcia pulverulenta placed before forma elegantella, Mer., 
must be deleted, this form belonging to the var. angustata, 
and not to the species itself. 

On page 485, line 9 from the bottom, for “ minoribus ”’ read 
“ tenuloribus.” 


APPENDIX. 


‘ Lichenes Rossie exsiccati.’ Edited by Prof. Dr. C. 
MERESCHKOVSKY. Kazan, 1913. Fasciculi I.-III. 


This exsiceata work, of which Harmand wrote to me “ je le 
trouve idéal sous tous les rapports,” is very little known. 
It cannot be purchased now ; but, when the Jewish domina- 
tion in Russia is over and order established, those who want 
to acquire it are requested to apply to Dr. John Briquet, 
Director of the Botanical Garden in Geneva (Switzerland), 
to whom I have transferred my rights in this work, 

The three fascicules that have already appeared contain the 
following species * :— 


Fasciculus I, 


1. Ramalina fraxinea, var. calicariformis. 

2. populina. 

3. polymorpha. 

4, Parmelia proliva. 

5. tubulosa. 

6. —— ryssolea. 

ic taurica, sp. n. 

8. Lecanora tristis, sp. 0. 

9. perplexa, sp. n.t. 
10, -—— , var. grisea, nov. 
i crenulata t. 


* T am introducing some necessary corrections into this list, viz.:— 
No. 9. Lecanora perplexa, sp. n., instead of L. crenulata. 

No. 11. Lecanora crenulata, instead of L. cestoalba, 

No. 386, Lecanora earpinea, which is the right name of Z. angulosa, 
No. 59. Parmelia caperata, which is the right name of P. cylisphora, 
+ This name must be put in place of the old one. 


286 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 


12. Squamaria muralis, forma albomarginata. 
13. —— , var. diffracta. 

, var. brunneola, nov. 

15. Aspicilia cinerea, forma dendritica, nov. 


16. desertorum., 

17, —— , forma ferrugined, nov. 
18. esculenta. 

19. —— affinis. 


20. —— fruticulosa. 

, forma taurica, nov. 
22. Caloplaca brachyspora, sp. 1. 

( Pyrenodesmia) chalibea. 
24. Xanthoria lobulata. 

25. Lepraria flava. 


Fasciculus II. 


26. Ramalina fravinea. 
27. Parmelia isidityla. 
28, Evernia thamnodes. 
29, Lecanora umbrina, var. ce@sio-pruinosa. 
subcarnea. 
—— elenkinii, sp. n. 
32. —— dispersa. 
glaucella, var. nigrescens. 
34, Aspicilia hispida, sp. un. 
, forma parvula, nov. 
86. Lecanora carpinea (syn. angulosa). 
37. Candelaria concolor, var. granulosa. 
88. Candelariella cerinella, var. unilocularis. 
39. Stereocaulon paschale. 
40. X. partetina, var. aureola. 
, var. angusta, 
, var. adpressa, Nov. 
43. Caloplaca cerina. 
, var. holocarpa. 
45, Gasparrinia decipiens. 
murorum. 
, var, scopularis. 
48. Physcia pulverulenta. 


49. , var. argyphea. 
50. —— —— , forma centrofusca, nov. 


Fasciculus III. 


51. Umbilicaria pustulata. 

52. Usnea florida, forma humilis. 

, var. hirta, forma minutissima, nov. 
54. Parmelia centrifuga. 


dd. conspersa. 
56. vagans. 
57. —— , var. desertorum. 


, forma elegans, noy. 
caperata (Hoffm.), Nyl. 

60. Lecanora atra, var. wrceolata, nov. 

61, A. cinerea. 

62. Xanthoria polycarpa. 

63. Gasparrinia granulosa, var. perminuta, noy. 


is = 


of some Lichens. 287 


64. Cladonia sylvatica, 


65 alpestris. 
66 rangiferind. 
67 verticillata. 
68 turgida. 


69. Buellia epipolia. 

70. Physcia tribacia. 

virella. 

, forma georgiensis. 

73. Graphis seripta, var. pulverulenta. 
74. Arthopyrenia rhyponta. 

75. Lepraria cinereo-sulphurea. 


My collections in Kazan contain material for ten more 
fascicules. It is hoped that some lichenologist will undertake 
the continuation of this work after my death. 


© Tabule Generum Lichenum? 
Edited by Prof. Dr. C. MerescuKOvsky. 


This work is still less known than the previous one. Only 
five tabule have been issued, but material exists, gathered 
during my travels through the whole of Europe, for about 
thirty-five tabule. 

The tabule that have already appeared—they can also be 
obtained later on through Dr. J. Briquet, Geneva—include 
the following genera :— 


Lecanora, I., II., and III. 
Aspicila, I. (Spherothallia). 
Gasparrinia, I. 


These have been acquired by (1) the Academy of Science 
of Petrograd, (2) Hortus botanicus petropolitanus, (3) Univer- 
sity of Kazan. 

I give here the eontents of these five tabula, and add the 
localities (which they do not contain) as far as I can remember, 
all my notes having been left in Russia :— 


Aspiciiia I, (Spherothallia), 


. Aspicilia desertorum (Kremplh.), Mer. Bogdo in gubernia 
Astrachan (Rossia). 

, forma ferruginea, Mer. Ibidem. 

, forma sublevata, Mer. Ibidem. 

, var. tncisa, Mer. Pr. p. ibidem, pr. p. Provincia Syr. 
Darja, prope locum Kyzil-Khul (Rossia). 

semivagans, Mer. Tauria: Ai Petri (Rossia), 

, var. aspera, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan 
(Rossia). 

esculenta (Eversm.), Mer. Ibidem. 


SN Do mwPDp fH 


288 Prof. Dr. C. Mereschkovsky’s Diagnoses 
8. Aspicilia fruticulosa (Eversm.), Mer. . Ibidem. 
9, —— , forma taurica, Mer. Tauria prope Sinferopolin 

(Rossia). : 

10, -—— , forma minor, Mer. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin ; 
C. Akmolinsk in Asia Media (Rossia). 

lol afimis (Kversm.), Mer. Bogde in gubernia Astrachan 
(Rossia). 

12, —— , var. wntermedia, Mer. Akmolinsk in Asia Media 
(Rossia). 

13. hispida, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia). 

14. —— , forma parvula, Mer. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin 
(Rossia). 

15. —— dubia, Mer. Tian-Schan, Asia Media (Rossia). 

16, —— , var. microphyllina, Mer. Ibidem. 

17, —— , var. fruticuloso-foliacea (Elenk.), Mer. Ibidem. 

18. cerebroides, Mer.*. Turkestan, prope Kaschgaria (Rossia). 

19, ——jussufii (Link), Mer. Algeria. 

LEcANORA (sp. Saxicole), I. 

20. Lecanora perplexa, Mer., forma delicata, Mer. Reval (Rossia) ?, 
vel Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 

21. —— , Mer. Reval ( Rossia). 

22, —— , var. grisea, Mer. Ibidem. 

23. —— wasmuthi, Mer. Bogdo in gubernia Astrachan (Rossia), 

24, —— tristis, Mer. Kazan (Rossia). 

25. —— , forma obscurata, Mer. Ibidem. 

26. albescens, var. dispersa (Nyl.), Mer. Collioure, Pyren.- 
Orient. (Gallia). 

27. ——crenulata (Dicks.), Wain. Tauria, prope Sinferopolin 
(Rossia). 

28. —— , forma dispersa, Flot. Soemmering: Adlitzgraben 
(Austria). 

29. elenkinti, Mer. Tauria: Monasterium St. Georgii (Rossia). 

30, —— , forma albinea, Mer. ‘Tauria, prope Sinfaropolin 
(Rossia). 

31. —— albescens (Koffm.), Th. Fr. Reval (Rossia). 

32, —— , forma confertiuscula, Mer. Ibidem. 

33. —— , forma granulosa, Mer. Ibidem. 

34, —— ——, var. deminuta (Stenh.), Th. Fr. Ibidem. 

35, —— , var, monsaurt (Mass.), Mer. Tauria: Chersones 
(Rossia). 

36, —— , var. dispersa, forma aggregata, Mer. Collioure, 
Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia). 

37. —— brunneola, Mer. Monichkirchen (Austria). 

LEcANORA (sp. Saxicolez), II. 

38. Lecanora campestris, var. docellina, Mer. Docelles, Vosges 
(Gallia). 

39. —— (Schaer.). Concarneau (Gallia). 

40, —— ——, forma atrata, Nyl. Agde, Hérault (Gallia). 


* The former name, Aspicilia alpicola, Elenk., must be replaced by 
this new one. 


of some Lichens. 289 


41. Lecanora campestris, forma subimmersa, Mer. Ibidem. 

42, , var. effiyurata, Mer. Pyren., Amélies les Bains 
(Gallia). 

45 cenisea, var. atrynea (Ach.), Nyl. Fonte Amiata, Sienna 
(Italia). 

44, —— , Ach. Wechselgebiet, Ménichkirchen (Austria). 

45, —— , var. melacarpa, Nyl. Monte Amiata, Sienna (Italia). 

46, —— atra, var. grumosa (Pers.), Ach. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 

47, —— , var. urceolata, Mer, Tauria: Castel (Kossia), 

48, —— — (Huds.), Ach. Tauria (Rossia), pr. p. 

49, —— gangalevides, Ny\. Ibidem. 

60, —— atra, var. calcarea, Jatta. Capri (Italia), pr. p. Tauria. 

51. —— gangaleoides, forma albonigra (Stur.), Mer. Tauria, Castel 
(Rossia). 

52, —— , forma ornata, Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 

53. —— , forma plumbea, Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 

LECANORA (sp. Saxicolee), III. 
54. Lecanora polytropa, var. alpigena, Schaer. Wechselgebiet, 


Monichkirchen (Austria). 


55. —— (Ehbrh.), Th. Fr. 

56. —— ——, forma dluseria, Ach. Reval?, vel Monichkirchen 
(Austria). 

57. —— ——, var. intricata (Schrad.), Nyl. | Wechselgebiet 
(Austria). 

68. —— , forma robusta, Mer. Wechselgebiet, Ménich- 
kirchen (Austria). 

59. —— coarctata, forma depauperata, Mer. Wechselgebiet, Mé- 
nichkirchen (Austria). 

60. —— (Sm.), Ach. Reval (Rossia). 

61. —— , var. elachista, Ach. Ibidem. 

62. latzelit, Zahlbr. Dalmatia. 

63. coarctata, var. elaschista, forma cotaria, Ach. Reval 
(Rossia) ?. 

64 sordida (Pers.), Th. Fr. Wechselgebiet, Monichkirchen, 
(Austria). 

65. —— , forma leptoplaca, Ny]. Reval (Rossia). 

66. —— , forma complanata, Leight. Wechselgebiet, Ménich- 
kirechen (Austria). 

67, —— , var. sudphurata, Ach. Tauria, Castel (Rossia). 

68. —— , forma subradiosa (Nyl.), Mer. Pyrén., Amélie- 
les-Bains (Gallia). 

69, —— , var. swartzit(Ach.), Mer. Docelles, Vosges (Gallia). 

70, —— , forma pseudosubcarnea (Harm.), Mer. Ibidem. 

ra subcarnea (Sm.), Ach. Tauria (Rossia). 


72. 
73. 


74. 


79, 


76. 


GasPARRINIa I, 


Gasparrinia murorum (Hoffm.), Tornab. Reval (Rossia). 

, var. tenwspora, Mer. Soemmering: Adlitzgraben 
(Austria). 

—— — , var. scopularis (Nyl.). Reval (Rossia). 

—— —, var. tenuispora, forma pulvinulum, Mer. Soemme- 

ring: Adlitzgraben (Austria). 

corticicola (Nyl.), Mer. Planta Saxicola, Reval (Rossia). 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 19 


290 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


77. Gasparrinia murorum, var. subfulva, Mer. Tauria, prope Sin- 
feropolin (Rossia). 


78. cortidfigpla (Nyl.), Mer. Planta lignicola. Astrachan 
(Rossia). 

79. —— murorwn, var. miniata (Hoffm.), Th. Fr. Gallia. 

80, —— , var. baumgartneri (Zablbr.), Mer. Austria. 

81. —— aurantia, var. thallincola (Wedd.), Mer. Concarneau 
(Gallia). 

82. tegularis (Ehrh.), Mer.*. Agde, Hérault (Gallia). 

83 aurantia, var. brevilohata, forma wllobata, Mer. Collioure, 
Pyren.-Orient. (Gallia). 

84, tenuata (Nyl.), Mer. Beaulieu, Alp. Marit. (Gallia). 

85. —— pusilla (Mass.), Tornab. Tauria, prope Jalta (Rossia). 

86 aurantia (Pers.), Syd. Tauria, Castel (Rossia). 

87. —— , forma centrifuga (Mass.), Mer. Capri (Italia). 

88, —— , forma mesoleuca (Mass.), Mer.t. Beaulieu, Alp. 
Marit. (Gallia). 

89, —— , var. brevilobata (Nyl.), Mer. Collioure, Pyren.- 


Orient. (Gallia). 


XXVIT.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An- 
drews.—No. XLIII. By Prof. M‘Invosu, M.D., LL.D., 
IDiSe:, Pal. S., we: 


Recent Additions to the British Marine Polycheta. 


Since the publication of the earlier parts of the ‘ Mono- 
graph of the British Marine Polychzets’ was commenced 
(nearly fifty years ago) many additions have been made, and 
some of these have already been described in the ‘ Annals 
and Magazine of Natural History.’* Others will be indicated 
in the following notes. 

Of the Euphrosynide, a post-larval form was procured 
by Mr. Chadwick in the surface tow-net off Port Erin in 
December 1905. 

Anteriorly, in the microscopic preparation, the head con- 
sists of a somewhat shield-shaped lobe, broad and slightly 
dimpled in front, narrower behind, and with a more deeply 
stained clavate band along each side, at the anterior end of 
which is a minute dark eye. This shield-shaped region is 
minutely streaked and dotted, apparently from the minute 


* The former name of no. 82, Gasparrinia lobulata (Sommf.), had 
to be changed for this new one. 

+ In addition to this form, there exists undoubtedly a forma centro- 
leuca (Mass.), Mer., which I have observed in Italy, distinct from the 
forma mesoleuca by the absence of concentric zones of yellow and white 
coloration on the thallus, 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 291 


cells and granules taking in the stain. On each side of this 
area is a tentacle, the base of which is enlarged and the tip 
filiform and tapering. 

The entire body has a more or less circular outline, and 
the four pairs of feet radiate outward characteristically, the 
auterior pair being wide apart and directed almost straight 
outward, or with a slight obliquity forward, whilst the last 
pair is somewhat smaller and more nearly in atransverse line. 
Each foot consists of a setigerous process tapered toward the 
tip, so that it resembles a long cone with a tuft of translucent, 
slightly curved, simple bristles issuing from it in a fan-like 
manner. Each bristle has a translucent straight shaft, the 
curved region at the tip being finely spinous on its convex 
edge. Amongst these is a shorter, stouter form also curved 
at the tip, but smooth. Shorter and more slender bristles 
apparently represent the dorsal series, and, in all, these form 
a group at the tentacle, their tips, which are finely serrated, 
curving inward at the side of the head. A similar tuft 
occurs on the dorsum of each foot, though in the smallest 
(youngest) they are not visible on the two posterior feet. 
The curvature of these bristles may be partly due to preser- 
vation. The alimentary canal seems to go straight backward 
to the vent, the last portion, occupying a little less than a 
third of the length of the body, beimg more deeply stained. 
A median fissure separates two minute and somewhat ovoid 
lobes between the bases of the posterior feet. 

So far as can be observed, this would seem to be the pelagic 
young of Euphrosyne, probably of E. foliosa, the common 
species of the more southern waters. The general outline, 
the cephalic lobes, so largely developed in the young, the 
ovoid anal processes, and the nature of the feet and bristles 
all point to this conclusion. Such young examples seem to 
be rare, and I am indebted to Mr. Chadwick’s courtesy for 
the slide containing the examples. 

Hab. A single example of Chrysopetalum debile of the 
family Palmyride was dredged on a bottom of sand and 
shells in Clew Bay (Southern). 

The occurrence of a representative of a genus character- 
istic of the warmer seas on the west coast of Ireland 
indicates the richness of this remarkable region, and the 
possibility of further interesting discoveries yet in store for 
the marine zoologist. Inthe description of Palmyra aurifera, 
Savigny, in the ‘ Challenger ” Annelids, Chrysopetalum debile 
is alluded to * in connection with the presence of scales. 


* Rep. Annelida, p. 55. 
US hoe 


292 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


Of the Polynoide, Lepidasthenia argus was found in the 
tube of Amphitrite edwardsi at Plymouth (Hodgson). The 
cephalic region is reddish with a median longitudinal groove. 
The median tentacle is long, stout, enlarged near the filiform 
tip; lateral tentacles more slender and the swelling indistinct, 
Tentacular cirri similar to the lateral tentacles. All the fore- 
going are smooth with a dark band at the distal part of the 
enlargement, which has a belt of opaque white. The palpi 
are long and tapered—exceeding the tentacular cirri in length. 
Eyes four, anterior pair wider apart and slightly larger than 
the posterior. The proboscis in extrusion is a firm cylin- 
drical organ fully a centimetre in length, with a transverse 
slit at the tip, guarded by about a dozen papille on each 
margin, most of them with pigmented patches. Two slightly 
curved horny jaws occur above and below, and when locked 
they are alternate. The basal region of the organ in 
extrusion is marked dorsally by two brown bands. 

The body is elongate (84 inches), and with upwards of two 
hundred segments, tapered a little anteriorly, and more dis- 
tinctly posteriorly, where it terminates in an anus with two 
short cirri. In life the colour is a brown of varying degrees 
of intensity with a tendency to a purplish hue. ‘The 
intervals between the segments have a transverse bar of dark 
brown, and the cirrus-bearing feet have a diffused patch of 
the same pigment, scarcely perceptible on those carrying 
elytra. The ventral surface is nearly colourless, except fora 
wnedian longitudinal line of red. 

The scales are subcircular or, in a few, reniform ; surface 
and margin smooth. Each has a dark brown patch immedi- 
ately behind the scar and spreading inward toward the 
posterior border, near which is a curved streak of opaque 
white. Arborescent nerve-twigs are spread over the entire 
elytron. One example, 84 inches long, had 67 elytra and 
199 segments. 

In the first foot the dorsal division is represented by a 
papilla, to which the spine goes. The ventral division carries 
thirty or more bristles, which have slender shafts and elon- 
gated spinous tips with, in some, traces of a cleft. The 
spinous border is directed ventrally. The ventral cirrus 
is long. In the typical foot the dorsal division may carry 
feur or five long, slender, and smooth bristles. In the 
ventral division are three groups of bristles, an upper with 
long slender shafts and elongate spinous tips, a median of 
numerous stout bristles with shorter tips, and a ventral series 
with still shorter tips, All the bristles with the exception 
of the first two feet are bifid. The segmental papille are 


Galty Marine Laboratory, St, Andrews. 293 


very prominent in the posterior part of the body, and 
the segmental organs indicated. The dorsal cirri resemble 
the tentacular cirri, and extend nearly to the tips of the 
bristles. 

It is an interesting fact in the history of this genus that 
one species from the Autarctic seas resides in a tube formed 
by the branches of a coral, the tough nature of the reticulated 
walls of the tube thus making an «ficient protection for the 
elongated annelid. The twigs of the coral seem to adapt 
themselves to the tunnel of the worm. 

Pregeria remota, Southern, one of the Pisionide, was 
dredged on tlie west coast of Ireland (Southern). Southern 
agrees with Ehlers that Pregeria most nearly approaches the 
Aphroditidz, resembling the Sigalionide ‘in the reduction 
of the head and its appendages, the forward position of the 
bueeal segment, the shape of the compound sete, and the 
presence of jaws.” ‘‘J am of opinion that the elongate 
ventral anterior cirri of the Pisionide are homologous to tlie 
palps of the Sigalioninz, that the slender dorsal and globular 
median cirri, together with the swollen bases which contain 
the prominent spines, constitute the parapodia and cirri 
of the buccal segment, the whole being homologous to the 
segment bearing tentacular cirri in Pholoé and the first 
setigerous segment in Sthenelais. The first setigerous 
segment in the Pisionide would then be homologous to the 
first setigerous segment in Pholoé and to the second in 
Sthenelais. In ail three cases the ventral cirrus of this seg- 
ment is elongate and functions as a tentacular cirrus, a 
remarkable resemblance, which is best explained by the 
theory of close relationship.” 

Whilst these views are full of interest, it has to be added 
that no known Sigalionid, or other allied form, shows any- 
thing approaching the condition in the cephalic region of 
Pregeria with its remarkable spines, though the proboscis, 
its circlet of papille, and its jaws have a near resemblance to 
those in the Polynoide and allied forms. The length of the 
feet and the proportionally great size of the bristles, which 
stretch far inward into the tissues of the body, are more in 
consonance with a pelagic habit than are the bristles and feet 
of the Sigalionide. Further, the bristles themselves have a 
closer approach to those of the Syllids than to any other 
group, even to the serrations on the enlarged distal region of 
the curved shafts. The simple condition of the dorsal bristle 
is akin to that observed in Syllis spengicola and S. gracilis, 
whilst even a more complex arrangement is seen in Ancistro- 
syllis greenlandica. On the other hand, the presence of teeth 


294 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


diverges from anything at present known in the Syllids—even 
from the condition in the parasitic Sydlis on the eel. 

Were the facial tubercle present in P. minuta, then the 
other characters of P. tuberculata might reasonably be con- 
strued as those of a variety of the common form, viz., the 
‘““absence of papillz on the tentacular cirri” (since some 
occur at their base), the more numerous papillz on the feet 
and the ventral surface, and the shorter papille on the scales. 
The occurrence of white pigments in the palps and scales is 
a feature of the variety. No facial tubercle has been made 
out in the common form, therefore Southern’s species stands, 

The post-larval examples of Pelagobia longicirrata, Greef, 
procured in the Irish Sea*, present two stages—different 
from those figured by Reibisch, but agreeing in general 
structure. The younger has three bristled segments, the 
large head (for at its posterior border it is equal to the 
diameter of the body) is broadly shield-shaped, the narrower 
border being anterior. Two eyes—antero-posteriorly elon- 
gated—occur toward the posterior border and are widely 
separated. A tentacle projects on each side of the anterior 
margin. The second pair arise behind each eye, are subulate 
in shape, and slant forward. A pale area in the centre of 
the snout indicates the mouth, which is at the anterior 
extremity, and asmall ovoid area occurs in the lateral region 
and probably indicates the nuchal organ, which is conspicu- 
ous in Greef’s form. The head thus differs from Greef’s in 
the antero-posteriorly elongated eyes and in the brevity 
of the tentacles, but it has to be remembered that his form 
is much more advanced. 

The body is nearly cylindrical, though the two terminal 
segments are considerably narrower, and has three bristled 
segments, the first feet being the shortest, a brief interval 
separating them from the head. Hach forms a simple blunt 
cone standing at right angles to the body and furnished with 
a series of delicate translucent bristles with articulated 
terminal pieces like those of Phyllodocids. The second feet 
are considerably larger, also stand nearly at right angles to 
the body, and their bristles are longer and stronger. The 
third pair slope distinctly backward. Each foot except 
the last has a small subulate dorsal cirrus, which projects 
only a little beyond the tip of the setigerous lobe, and is 
in contrast with the two long cirri of Greef’s type. 

Behind the third foot is a narrow segment with a slight 


* For these examples I am indebted to Mr. Chadwick of the Port 
Erin Marine Laboratory. 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 295 


lateral projection, from which a single bristle projects. Then 
follows the still narrower anal segment, which has two sub- 
ulate anal cirri. If Reibisch’s figures are to be trusted this 
species would appear to differ, since he shows only two 
conical processes terminating the body, but perhaps the cirri 
had been lost. In the original description of Greef the anal 
cirri are almost bulbous at the base with a terminal, slender, 
subulate process. . 

The proboscis occupies the first bristled segment, is nearly 
circular in outline, with a median fissure from which trans- 
verse strize pass. A narrow process of the gut joins this to 
an enlargement between the second and third feet, after 
which the intestine diminishes to the terminal vent. 

The second example has advanced a little, since the fourth 
foot now projects with its tuft of bristles, the anal segment 
remaining as before. The anal cirri spring close together 
on the ventral surface, and extend backward as short sub- 
ulate processes, their total length being about the transverse 
diameter of theanal segment. They present no bulbous base 
as in Greef’s species, and differ from the stumpy conical 
condition shown throughout all the stages of Reibisch’s 
examples. 

Greef’s * specimens were procured in the Bay of Arrecife, 
Canary Islands, from January to May. The body had fifteen 
segments and was 38 mm. in length. The head and first seg- 
ment had a reddish tint, the rounded reddish-brown eyes, 
situated a little behind the bases of the dorsal tentacles, had 
lenses, whilst the mouth opened at the tip of the snout. On 
each side of the posterior part of the head is a ciliated, 
lobate, nuchal organ. The first segment bears a pair of 
rather long cirri and a setigerous process ; the second has 
shorter cirri, but the third, again, has somewhat longer cirri, 
and they get broader posteriorly. The bristles borne by the 
setigerous process have straight shafts, a bifid spur with a 
longer and a shorter sharp process, and a serrated terminal 
process with the spikes directed distally. He describes a 
dorsal vessel, as in Pontodora, in ripe examples, which has 
either ova or sperms. The alimentary canal has a muscular 
pharynx with a glandular (?) central region. He was 
uncertain as to the position of the species, but thought it 
might be near the Syllids. 

Vignier f (1886) found the same form in the Bay of 
Algiers from December onward throughout the year. He 


* Zeitsch. f. w. Zool. Bd. xxxii. p. 247, Taf. xiv. figs. 25, 24, & 26. 
+ Archiv Zool. Expér, 2 sér. t. iv. p. 377, pl. xxi, figs. 1-13. 


296 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


points out that the mouth is not terminal, but on the inferior 
surface of the head, behind the ventral pair of tentacles, a 
ciliated furrow passing in front of the inferior tentacles and 
terminating superiorly in front of the dorsal tentacles. The 
groove separating the prostomium is al-o ciliated. He shows 
that the antero-posteriorly elongated eyes rest on the cephalic 
ganglia, which are bar-like from transverse extension. The 
nuchal organs form two lateral ciliated processes on each 
side between the first foot and a point opposite the eye. 
The proboscis has a series of parallel longitudinal glands 
with enlarged or bulbous ends posteriorly in the centre of 
the organ, and when the latter is extruded these bulbous 
ends are distal, the tip of the organ having a smooth border. 
He describes and figures the pygidium as a short cone with 
a minute process in the centre and a circle of cilia a little in 
front. The foot has a spine and a group of bristles, the tips 
of the shafts being bevelled, aud a serrated terminal blade 
articulated with it. The generative elements fill the ceelom, 
and even pass forward into-the sides of the proboscis in ex- 
trusion. He considers that the form belongs to the Phyllo- 
docide. The figures of this author are excellent, and wm 
contrast with those of Reibisch, who, however, bad only 
preserved materials. 

In general outline Pelagobia resembles the larval stages 
of Spherodorum, but differs in certain details, such as the 
median cephalic and caudal processes and the papilla on the 
body, whilst the bristles seem to be proportionally longer. 

Reibisch (1895) gave an account of the development of 
what he considered to be the same species (P. longicirrata) 
as Greef’s, though slight differences are apparent. He 
figures the eggs and the young without tentacles, but with 
two eyes, two feet, and two anal cirri, and various stages up 
to the longest with twenty-four segments, and considers 
that it approaches the young of Eteone. Its distribution is 
almost cosmopolitan. 

Pelagobia is extensively distributed abroad, chiefly in the 
warmer seas of both hemispheres, yet it occurs in the waters 
of Greenland and ranges through the intermediate area to 
the South Pacific, and appears at various seasons. 

Eulalia pusilla, Cirsted, a minute species, has probably 
been overlooked in the collections of British observers until 
Southern’s careful investigations showed that it is not un- 
common on the west coast of Ireland, whilst De St. Joseph 
dredged it frequently at Dinard. The dorsal cirrus is elon- 
gate-ovoid, and the two anal cirriare similar. The setigerous 
process bears a fascicle of slightly curved, short bristles with 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 297 


enlarged ends of the shafts and tapered terminal pieces with 
serrations. A female bore ova of considerable size in July. 

Mystides limbata, De St. Joseph, was obtained by Southern 
off the west coast of Ireland and at Plymouth by Allen. 
It is a small form, the head bearing four minute tentacles in 
front aud two large reddish eyes posteriorly. The buccal 
segment has two slender tentacular cirri, and the following 
segment has another pair, the ventral presenting a slight 
enlargement. The proboscis has a ring of about ten papille, 
and its inner surface is coated with large conical papille. 
The anal segment has a pair of fusiform cirri, The foot has 
oval dorsal and ventral cirri and a bifid setigerous lobe. 
The short stout bristles are curved, and the distal end of 
the shaft has a strong tooth and a series of spines on each 
side. The terminal blade is coarsely serrated and obliquely 
striated. Mature specimens have swimming-bristles. 

Southern distinguishes it by the fan-shaped array of spines 
at the end of the shaft of the bristles (a feature, however, 
found in other forms), and by the winged expansion of the 
ventral teutacular cirrus on the second segment. Allen ob- 
serves that a female with dark green eggs occurred in May, 
and that a small median tentacle exists as in Hulalia, “ but 
in the majority of specimens it is difficult if not impossible 
to make it out.” 

De St. Joseph points out that certain Phyllodocids, such as 
Eulalia problema, Mgrn., have capillary bristles as in Syllids, 
and that Hulalia gracilis, Verrill, showed signs of scissiparous 
development. The presence of large eyes and capillary 
bristles in M. limbata is another example, and he thinks it 
probable that at maturity these will be fully developed as 
swimming-bristles. Gravier, however, found females with 
much-developed eggs in which these bristles were dis- 
appearing. 

Mystides bidentata, Langerhans, also occurred on the west 
coast of Ireland (Southern). he head is elongate, and the 
tentacular cirri long. The body has about 190 segments, 
aud measures from 5-25 mm., the colour being greenish 
yellow, and a dark brown spot exists at the base of each 
foot ventrally. The anal segment has two slender cirri 
enlarged at the base, and a long papilla between them. 
The feet have ovate cirri, and the setigerous lobe is bifid. 
The ventral bristles are thicker than the median, 
aud the terminal pieces shorter; dorsal bristles inter- 
mediate. The dilated and bevelled tip of the shaft bears 
two unequal claws, and is spinous. The bristles are longer 
and more slender than in M. liméata, and the ventral cirri 


298 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


of the second segment are large. Mature forms have 
swimming-bristles. In contrast with M. limbata the colora- 
tion of this species differs, and the dorsal and ventral cirri 
appear to be proportionally larger. 

Mystides borealis, Théel, from the west coast of Ireland 
(Southern), is another of the minute examples (55 mm. 
long) of the genus, which can best be studied in the living 
condition, and it is possible that revision may alter certain 
of the views at present held. Southern’s careful descrip- 
tions, however, will aid materially in their elucidation. 
The broadly oval cirri of this form are conspicuous. The 
bristles are slender and of moderate length (Southern). 

Mystides elongata, Southern, is a remarkably elongate 
Trish form, with long setigerous processes, long segments, 
and peculiar bristles. The head is twice as long as broad, 
and has two eyes devoid of lenses in the postero-lateral 
angles. The body is minute (6 mm.) and has 80 seg- 
ments. The colour is yellowish or dark green. The first 
segment has a single pair of long tapering cirri, the second 
has two pairs, but there are no traces of spines or bristles. 
The third segment has a setigerous lobe and a ventral cirrus. 
The sctizerons lobe generally is bluntly pointed, and has a 
spine and four bristles, whilst the dorsal cirri are small 
and fusiform; ventral cirri longer. Three of the bristles in 
each foot are compressed, the shaft being thick, curved, 
bevelled (but not swollen at the tip), and bifid. Mature 
females have bluish-gieen eggs (Southern). 

In Oxydromus propinguus, Marion and Bobretzky, from 
the west coast of Ireland (Southern), one of the Hesionide, 
the head is somewhat cordate in outline, broad posteriorly 
where the dimple is, nearly straight at the narrower anterior 
end, and having four eyes in a trapezoid about the middle, 
the anterior pair being bean-shaped, larger, wider apart, and 
furnished with lenses. The median tentacle is short and 
slightly fusiform, the lateral more than twice as long, a 
little tapered toward the tip, and separated from the rest 
of the head by a ciliated depression. The palpi have two 
articulations, a basal and a longer distal. Four tentacular 
cirri occur on each side, the largest and longest being the 
posterior dorsal, and in each a nerve is distinct. The pro- 
boscis, which has a minutely papillose surface, is of a bright 
orange hue, and extends to the fifth setigerous segment. 
Anteriorly it has a series of serrated papille. It is followed 
by the intestine, which is constricted at each dissepiment. 
The body varies in length from 6-10 mm., is typical in out- 
line, and terminates posteriorly in two long articulated anal 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 299 


cirri and a median process. The general aspect is pale, 
with symmetrical brownish bars and two median touches in 
each segment. De St. Joseph describes the proboscis as 
unarmed, and furnished with numerous papille at the tip. 
The feet are well developed. and, at the reproductive season, 
the ova pass into them. Dorsally is the long articulated 
cirrus, and ventrally the shorter ventral cirrus. At the 
base of the former is the dorsal setigerous process bearing a 
series of long simple bristles, slightly curved, with a ser- 
rated (spinous) edge, the process being further stiffened by 
two spimes, one of which, curved in the young form, projects 
amongst the bristles. ‘The ventral series has articulated 
terminal pieces, more or less bifid, and longer or shorter 
according to position, the longer dorsal and the shorter 
ventral. The foregoing description is chiefly that of 
Marion and Bobrctzky. Southern states that it swims 
gracefully through the water, stops, aud even swims back- 
ward when its progress is arrested. 

Castalia fusca, Johnston.—l'wo varieties of this species 
were found by Southern on the west coast of Ireland. The 
first was dredged in Clew Bay in 24 fathoms, on a bottom 
of sand and shells, and differed from the ordinary form in 
having red eyes, the absence of spines on the terminal 
portions of the bristles which are shorter and thicker, the 
terminal pieces tend to be bifid at the tip, and the bevelled 
end of the shaft is bifid. In the second variety from 
Ballynakill Harbour, the bristles are similar, but longer, 
the tips of the shafts pointed, not bifid, the terminal pieces 
are longer, with fine spikes, and the bifid nature of the tip is 
more distinct, the coarse spikes on the terminal pieces being 
absent. Further, in a number of segments in the middle 
of the body the dorsal division has a large curved spine 
(Southern). 

In Microphthalmus sczelkowit, Meczuikow, the head is 
rounded in front, indented posteriorly, with a single pair of 
black kidney-shaped eyes posteriorly and four slender 
tapering tentacles anteriorly. A median tentacle occurs 
at the posterior indentation. The three pairs of tentacular 
cirri are somewhat enlarged at the base. The body-seg- 
ments are about forty, and the length 6 mm. The dorsum 
has ill-defined bands of brown pigment. The dorsal cirrus of 
the third segment is the longest, and all are about twice as 
long as the ventral. The dorsal division of the foot carries 
a single slender spine and a single small bristle with a 
lyrate tip ; ventral division with a single large spine and 
a group of Hesionid bristles. 


300 © Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


This is one of the interesting additions made by Southern 
on the south-western shores of Ireland. The structure 
generally is that of a Hesionid, but its special featur:s 
consist in the peculiar lyre-shaped dorsal bristle and the 
hood-like extension of the pygidium. Mecznikow’s original 
description is diagnostic, and he mentions that he found a 
female with eggs in segments 13 to 24. 

In the family of the Sytiipa, Caullery and Mesnil * pro- 
pose to institute a new genus, viz., Parexogone, for the 
Pedophylax hebes of Webster and Benedict, which Southern 
has procured on the west coast of Ireland, the head being 
formed into a sort of cone with fused palps. The anterior 
region of the alimentary canal is muscular, with proboscis, 
crop, and gizzard. The cuticle is thick. ‘he animals fre- 
quent compact sand, and the habit for Syllids is thus peculiar. 
Moreover, au important paper on the group, with excellent 
illustrations, has recently been published by Prof. Haswell f, 
in which both systematic and structural features, as well as 
developmental investigations, are detailed. Amongst other 
interesting structural points he found that in some the 
nephridia of each pair unite completely at sexual maturity. 
In Ezxogone fustifera the extruded egg becomes aitached by 
one end to the area on which the ducts of the pedal gland 
open—internal to the ventral cirrus. He points out that in 
Exogone fustifera the formation of the celom differs from 
that of the Polycheta generally, since the stomodzum ends 
behind a mass of tissue (syncytium) in which the large yolk- 
granules are embedded. The changes in this take place 
before the young annelids become free. 

In Parexogone hebes, var. hibernica, Southern, the head 
‘is separated from the palpi and buccal segment by faint 
grooves, and the length exceeds the width. Three tentacles 
—a long subulate median and two small laterals, which are 
about one-fifth as long as the median. Three pairs of eyes 
outside the lateral tentacles, and they vary in size ; exterior 
to them are conspicuous, ciliated, nuchal organs. Palpi 
large and fused dorsally, a shallow groove between them 
ventrally. Brain elongated and bilobed. Buccal segment 
as large as the head, bearing a pair of small bulbous ten- 
tacles with stiff cilia at the tip. The body is about 7 mm. 
long, with thirty-one bristled segments, somewhat fusiform, 
creamy white in colour, without other pigment. The pro- 
boscis extends from the second to the fifth bristled segment, 


* Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xlii. p. 127, 5 figs. (1918). 
+ Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xxxiv. p. 217, pls. xvii., xviii. 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 301 


is covered with dark pigment except a narrow strip in the 
fourth segment. Anterior part of proventriculus long and 
narrow, with twenty rows of glands, the succeeding portion 
being muscular and non-glandular, with two small ciliated 
sacs. ‘The proboscis has ten soft papille anteriorly and a 
conical tooth. Colour grey or flesh-colour, eyes dark red or 
black. The foot has an unequally bilobed setigerous 
process, the dorsal portions with the spine being the smaller 
and having a rounded papilla near the tip. Dorsal cirrus 
small and bulbous with stiff cilia distally. Bristles in a fan- 
shaped series: shafts curved, swollen and bevelled at the 
tip ; terminal pieces coarsely spinous proximally, and some 
distance below the tip is a broad tooth. A single spine is 
present, its tip being enlarged and smooth. A simple dorsal 
bristle appears in the seventh foot, and is joined in the 
posterior seven segments by a similar ventral bristle, this 
type being curved and pointed with a spur at the base, as in 
various Syllids. A female in May had two ova in each 
segment from the tenth to the twenty-second (Southern). 

Grubea linbata, Claparede, comes from low water and 
the laminarian region at Plymouth (Allen). The head has a 
similar arrangement of the tentacles to that in G. clavata, 
the two lateral being anterior, the median posterior, and 
they are somewhat fusiform, the base being enlarged, whilst 
the distal region is tapered. Four large brownish eyes 
occur posteriorly, the anterior being wider apart, and all 
have lenses. The proboscis occupies segments 2-5, and has 
no denticulations on the anterior rim, but the lateral walls 
are crenulate. The pigmented layer is marked by a pale 
ring as in G. fenuccirrata, and the organ presents a glandular 
appearance. ‘The proventriculus is in segments 6-8, and 
has twenty rows of glands; its anterior part seems as if 
clothed with a horny coat, which may be a continuation of 
the proboscidian tissue. The stomach is in segment 9 and 
has a pair of glandular pouches. The chloragogenous 
intestine follows. 

The head of Grubea pusilla, Dujardin, from the west 
coast of Ireland and Plymouth, has long soldered palps ; 
four lateral tentacles towards the anterior part of the head, 
the longer median in front of the posterior border, all 
having the fusiform enlargement at the base, whilst they 
are tapered distally. The four eyes are furnished with 
lenses, and the anterior are wider apart. There are four 
tentacular cirri. The proboscis is smooth with tooth near 
anterior end. The body is about 2-5 mm. in length, and 
has from twenty-eight to thirty-four segments. Posteriorly 


302 Prof, M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


Langerhans describes an unpaired median appendix between 
the anal cirri. Feet with the fusiform dorsal cirri trun- 
cated, with bacilli in the interior. Ventral cirri filiform, 
short, the ventral bristle is bidentate, and with spines along 
its margin distally. 

Reproduction—Ripe females were found by Dujardin, 
Marenzeller, and Langerhans, the latter stating that in one 
with thirty segments two eggs occurred in each segment 
from the eleventh to the twenty-second. De St. Joseph 
(1886) mentions that the males have swimming-bristles and 
sperms ; whereas the females are devoid -of swimming- 
bristles, and carry two eggs ventrally on segments 10-26. 
But he has also met with one devoid of swimming-bristles 
carrying embryos on the dorsum from the tenth to the 
fifteenth segment (six segments). Usually they are fixed 
by their anal segment to the ventral surface of the parent, 
near the ventral cirrus, and so placed that their dorsal sur- 
faces are in keeping with that of the mother. They have 
four eyes in a line, three tentacles, four tentacular cirri on 
the buccal segment, rudiments of proboscis and proventri- 
culus, whilst a mass of orange yolk occupies the position of 
the intestine. There are four setigerous segments and the 
anal has two small cirri. The dorsal cirri have the trun- 
cated form of the adult, but contain no bacillary bodies ; 
and they are absent from the second setigerous segment, 
thus differing from the adult. ‘The minute ventral cirri 
are present on four segments. The palpi, longer than the 
head, are less attenuate in front than in the adult. He 
further notes, as a distinction between this species and 
G. clavata, that the embryos are developed in eggs on the 
dorsum of the parent, whence they escape when sufficiently 
advanced ; whereas in G. pusilla they are developed on the 
ventral surface of the mother, to which they remain adherent 
after leaving the egg. He adds a caution, however, that 
possibly variations occur in both. 

Prof. Haswell has found a hermaphrodite condition of the 
species in Australia (Port Jackson), for one or two male 
segments are followed by a number of female ones, thus re- 
sembling such Serpulids as Filograna. In G. quadrioculata 
he found the ova attached dorsally between the cirrus and 
the foot. Mr. Southern met with a mature male in March, 
whilst specimens with embryos attached occurred in May. 

Spherosyllis erinaceus, Claparede, comes also from tlie 
west coast of Ireland. It was introduced by Claparéde 
(from Normandy) as having a body about 2 mm. long. 
Palpi broad, almst club-shaped when viewed from the 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, Si. Andrews. 303 


dorsum ; six eyes—four median forming a square and the 
other two external. Anal cirri slender. There are twelve 
segments. The body is from 1°40 to 2 mm. in length, and 
has about twenty-two bristled segments. 

De St. Joseph found a single ripe female, 1-40 mm. long, 
at Dinard at the depth of 26 métres. There were twenty- 
two setigerous segments. The median tentacle arises in a 
line with the posterior eyes—a single pair of tentacles occur 
on the achetous segment fused with the head. The eyes 
agreed with the type, and so with the dorsal and anal cirri. 
No dorsal cirri on the setigerous segments. The ventral 
bristles have long tips with a simple extremity—long and 
pectinate. At the seventh segment is a simple dorsal bristle. 
Seventeen rows of glands (points gris) occur on the pro- 
venticulus ; stomach with lateral pouches. From the ninth 
to the eighteenth segment four eggs in each, but no swim- 
ming-bristles. He doubts if the form of Langerhans is the 
same, since it differs in the palps which are higher, and in 
the position of the tooth in the pharynx which is in the 
middle. Moreover, the bristles differ in structure, though 
it must be said that neither is drawn with sufficient detail. 
The number of eggs in each segment also differs. There is 
perhaps room for doubt as to the separation of some of these 
minute forms, even though they are apparently mature. 

Mr. Southern found another species, viz., Spherosyllis 
bulbosa, on the rich western coast of Ireland. In this the 
head is oblong, with rounded corners, and bearing four large 
eyes with lenses. The fused palpi are long and broad with 
a faint dorsal furrow, but a conspicuous ventral groove. 
Between the head and peristomium are the nuchal organs, 
The proboscis has a bluntly rounded tooth in front and a 
series of soft papilla. There are fourteen rows of glands in 
the proventriculus. The body is 5-6 mm. long, and has 
forty-eight setigerous segments, widest in the anterior third 
and tapering toward each end. No papille occur on the 
body, only on the feet and anal segment, which has two 
cylindrical papille with shghtly enlarged bases. The spines 
are stout with a bulbous tip, and the compound bristles are 
few aud have short terminal pieces. 

Spherosyllis ovigera, Langerhans, is another minute form 
from the west coast of Ireland (Southern) and from 
Plymouth (Allen). In this form the head has four large 
eyes, the posterior pair nearer each other, the anterior a 
little in front. The three tentacles are in a transverse line, 
the median often in front of the anterior eyes. The palpi 
are broad and flattened. The body is about 1:5 mm. in 


304 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


length, and the mature form has from twenty-four to twenty- 
eight segments, the surface being beset with papille and 
encrusted with sand and mud, a feature which enabled 
Dr. Allen to separate it from S. hystrix found along with it. 
The dorsal cirri are short, with enlarged bases, so as almost 
to be pear-shaped, and there are two thick anal cirri. The 
pharynx has a tooth anteriorly and the proventriculus has 
ten rows of glands. The dorsal bristles are simple, slightly 
curved at the tip. The terminal process of the ventral 
bristles is somewhat long with a curved end and spikes ; 
moreover, the end of the shaft is dilated, with a process in 
front. 

Langerhans found two males with swimming-bristles and 
sperms. A female carried eggs on segments 12-15, whilst 
another had on its ventral cirri either ova or embryos. The 
f-male had no swimming-bristles. He thought that it 
approached S. pirifera and S. hystrix, but the great, size 
of the palpi and the shape of the median tentacle are 
characteristic. 

This species is entered in the list from Plymouth, but 
some uncertainty exists, though it may yet be found on the 
southern coasts. As mentioned on page 159 of vol. u. 
Part I. of the Monograph, Dr. Allen’s preparation showed 
that the structure of the foot, the presence of a single 
slightly curved and pointed bristle, and the structure of the 
compound bristles all agree with S. Aystriv. The example 
from Plymouth did not show the spine on the enlarged 
terminal region of the shaft as figured by Langerhans. 

In connection with the Syllids the recent interesting 
remarks of MM. Caullery and Mesnil* on viviparity and 
parthenogenesis may be mentioned. They found a form, 
Lhlersia nepiotocat, sp. n., amongst Lithothamnion at La 
Hague, with young at different stages of development and 
to the number of a dozen in the coelom—and without traces 
of any male or of hermaphroditism. They are inclined to 
suppose that in certain forms of these and other Syllids a 
life-cycle occurs, in which, after normal reproduction, par- 
thenogenesis takes place, as in Aphides and Cecidomya in 
some generations. A considerable number (over a dozen) 
have been added to the British Fauna lately, and more will 
probably yet be found by a further minute search of shore 
and sea. 


* Compt. Rend. t. 163, p. 756 (1916). 
t vnzios, young, and réxos, viviparous. 


Gratty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 305 


Pierantoni* has also extended the list of species of Piono- 
syllis bearing ova or larve. His P. gestans has a series of 
fourteen or fifteen well-developed larvee along the ventral 
surface; P. elegans bears eleven or twelve laterally ; 
P. papillosa carries a large ovum on each side for twenty- 
one segments ; whilst P. minuta has fewer ovigerous seg- 
ments. The dull purplish ova of Spherosyllis hystrix again 
are borne below the dorsal cirri. 

In the genus Pionosyllis is P. serrata, which Southern 
procured on the west coast of Irelaud. It has six eyes, 
tle anterior mere specks at the bases of the lateral tentacles, 
the middle large, with the lenses directed forward, the 
posterior nearer each other and the lenses directed backward, 
The body is minute, 2°5 to 3mm. long with twenty-seven 
setigerous segments. be anal segment has two slender 
subulate cirri. The dorsal cirri of the first setigerous segment 
are the longest of all the appendages. Foot with a bluntly 
pointed setigerous lobe bearing a small dorsal papilla at the 
tip. The bristles have the ends of the shafts enlarged and 
bevelled, with conspicuous spines, lower bristles simply 
hooked. Of the sixteen bristles in each foot, five to seven 
are bifid. 

In Syllis (Typosyllis) variegata, Grube, which Southern 
distinguishes from P. prolifera by its colour-pattern, the tips 
of bristles are less boldly bifid and the edge more serrate ; 
whilst the spines in the posterior feet are very thick and 
bluntly pointed, especially in young specimens. 

Streptosyllis webstert, Southern, from the same region, 
has the feet prominent, five characterising the anterior 
region, the spine in the first segment being thin as in the 
posterior segments. In segments 2-5 the spines are large 
and thick. A single simple bristle is present in the dorsal 
region throughout. At the sixteenth foot the setigerous lobe 
is smaller, but the ventral cirrus is longer than jn the anterior 
region. Bristles in segments 1-5 shorter and thicker than 
in the others. Behind these the bristles are thinner, have 
serrate terminal pieces, and the end of the shaft is serrated 
on one edge and has four sharp processes, whilst the spine is 
slender with a bulbous tip. Capillary bristles begin at the 
11th segment and extend almost to the tip of the tail in the 
mature males (the only forms found). 

Southern states that this species is most closely allied to 
S. varians, De St. Joseph. It resembles it in having five 


* Arch, Zool, Napoli, vol. i. pp. 251-252, taf. 10 & 11 (1911). 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 20 


306 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the 


setigerous segments in the anterior region and in haying 
simple tips to the compound bristles. It differs in the 
presence of a slender spine in the first setigerous segment, in 
the shape of the terminal pieces of the anterior bristles, 
in the occurrence of simple dorsal bristles in all the seg- 
ments, in having three anal cirri, and in other details. 
These differences, however, require further investigation. 

Streptosyllis bidentata, Southern, is characterised by the 
broad head, four large eyes with lenses, the median tentacle 
arising between the anterior pair, the palps fused at the 
base, invisible from above, and with slender papille on their 
tips. The body is minute—about 2°55 mm. Proboscis short 
and broad, proventriculus with forty-five rows of glands. 
The feet of the six anterior segments differ from those 
behind. The foot has dorsally a simple bristle, winged and 
curved distally. The compound bristles are short, thick, 
and the ends of the shafts have three or four blunt teeth, 
whilst the terminal pieces are bifid and coarsely serrated. 
The structure of the simple, serrated, winged bristle recalls 
that of Staurocephalus. It differs from S. varians in the 
length of the proboscis and proventriculus, in the moniliform 
condition of some of the dorsal cirri, in the larger palps, in 
the minute structure of the bristles, and in the greater 
number of the anterior segments with thick spines. It 
differs from S. wedsteri in having six segments in the 
anterior region and in the structure of the bristles 
(Southern). 

In Opisthodonta pterocheta, Southern, the palps are free 
distally, but united at the base. The buccal segment has 
two pairs of tentacular cirri, all cylindrical and smooth. 
The body is more than 6mm. long and has forty-nine 
segments, the pharynx stretches through sixteen segments 
and has a sharp lateral tooth about its middle, the proventri- 
culus has forty-five rows of glands. The bristles have 
enlarged spinous ends to the shafts and simple curved 
tips. Swimming-bristles occur on the 31st foot. In the 
middle region the foot is biramous, dorsally having capillary 
bristles, ventrally a single upper winged bristle, four or five 
compound, and a single bristle without wings below. 

Southern found, on the west coast of Ireland, a mature 
female of Eflersia ferruginea, Langerhans, in March, with 
a long tuft of swimming-bristles on the twenty-eighth seg- 
ment and no sign of a bud, so that it is probable it repro- 
duces directly and may pertain to Pionosyilis lamelligera, 
De St. Joseph. It differs from Syllis cornuta, Rathke, in 


Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 307 


having smooth dorsal cirri and in the structure of the 
bristles, which, however, diverge very little from those of 
E. cornuta, Rathke. The figures of Langerhans, representing 
the bristles of the second and twenty-third segments, are the 
only ones available. 7 

Of Eusyllis lamelligera, Marion and Bobretzky, Allen 
observes that it is a well-defined species, distinguished by 
the enlarged and leaf-like shape of the first ventral cirri. 
He dredged a female with nearly ripe eggs in July on 
Mewstone Ledge, Plymouth. Marionand Bobretzky procured 
a ripe male in January without swimming-bristles. They 
consider that, though it approaches E. blomstrandi in the 
non-moniliform dorsal cirri, in the fusion of the palpi at the 
base, and in the presence of six distinct eyes on the head, it 
is different. The first dorsal cirrus is long and the first 
ventral cirrus is foliaceous. The bristles, moreover, differ. 
No example has been seen by the writer, but Dr. Allen 
intends to publish an account of this and other forms he has 
recently procured. 

Eusyllis monilicornis, Malmgren, was dredged by Allen at 
Plymouth, and it is apparently more common in the south 
on both sides of the channel. It has six eyes, two being 
small, and the palps are long, but fused at the base. ‘There 
are from fifty-two to sixty-seven segments of the body, 
which is from 10 to 15mm. Jong. The dorsal cirri of the 
second and fifth segmeuts are longer than the following, 
which are unequal amongst themselves. The feet have two 
kinds of bristles, viz., those with long and those with short 
tips. The colour is pale orange with a patch of dark brown 
or black on the hind part of the head. 

Autolytus macrophthalmus, Marenzeller, occurs both at 
Plymouth and on the west coast of Ireland. The head 
is distinguished by the large size of the eyes which cover a 
considerable portion of the surface, and there are occasionally 
a few additional specks. The length of the body varies from 
8-20mm. The violet or reddish proboscis is barrel-shaped 
and has forty-four rows of violet points. ‘The colour is light 
orange and the tips of the tentacles are orange. 

De St. Joseph met with an example of 20mm. in length 
in which the sexual elements covered the dorsal vessel and 
fell into the ecelom ; and another of seventy-two segments 
in which the head of a female bud with four eyes appeared 
at the fourteenth segment, yet it had no ova, no swimming~ 
bristles, and no modification of the intestine. A third 


example, a nurse-stock of thirteen segments, had a female 
20* 


308 Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. 


stolon of fifty-eight segments with the head well developed, 
the body filled with eggs from the third segment to within 
twenty of the tail. Its swimming-bristles were developing. 
From the fourteenth segment of other examples a male bud 
depended, with or without natatory bristles and altered or 
unaltered intestine, according to the development of the 
spermatozoa. In the sexual buds there were many red 
points on the ventral surface, and the segmental organs 
were developing. The French author is inclined to think 
with Langerhans that the A. macrophthalmaand A. luzurians 
of Marenzeller refer to the same form. 

Southern also considers A. lu«urians, Marenzeller, synony- 
mous with this species, the only difference being that 
A. /uxurians has small reddish-brown eyes, whereas in this 
the eyes are large and red. 

Autolytus brachycephala, Marenzeller, is another species 
from the west coast of Ireland (Southern). The head has 
four large eyes, oceasionally with additional specks. The 
tentacular cirri and cirri of the second segment are longer 
than the following. The reddish-violet pharynx has thirty 
marginal papille. Each segment has a double row of 
pigment-grains. The dorsal cirri are alternately long and 
short. 

Autolytus punctatus, De St. Joseph, comes both from 
Plymouth and the west coast of Ireland. The head is of 
moderate size, the anterior eyes large, the lenses projecting 
in front, the smaller posterior pair having the lenses directed 
posteriorly. The body is colourless, except for a faint tinge 
of orange. Each segment, except the buccal, bears a double 
transverse row of small ereyish glands. ‘The proboscis has 
twelve obtuse denticulations anteriorly, alternating with 
another twelve pointed processes. ‘The feet are typical. 

Autolytus edwardsi, De St. Joseph, likewise was procured 
both at Plymouth and the west coast of Ireland. Four eyes 
occur behind the slender tentacles. The length of the bud 
is about 14mm., and it has a longitudinal streak of orange 
on each side of the dorsum in the nurse-stock ; the 
appendages of the head and the first three segments have 
orange tips. The dorsal cirrus of the second segment is 
long, that of the third much shorter, whilst the following 
are nearly equal. The proboscis has twenty-four small 
deuticulations and the reddish proventriculus is elongate, 
occupying segments 7-9. 

De St. Joseph observes that he occasionally met with 
an Autolytus which he could not distinguish from this 


On new or little-known 'Tipulide. 309 


species except by the absence of the two reddish-orange 
bands on the anterior segments. It also bore stolons, and 
he considered it a variety of this species. 

Allen found the breeding-season from March to June at 
Plymouth. 

Autolytus lugens, De St. Joseph, from Plymouth (Allen), 
has a comparatively small head, surmounted by a massive 
median tentacle, the lateral tentacles being much smaller. 
Four eyes. The body is small, but typical; the proboscis 
has only six denticulations. The proventriculus has twenty- 
six to thirty rows of grey points and occupies segments 8-11. 

This is one of several of the Syllids which requires 
re-investigation, since 1t may be connected with other known 
forms. De St. Joseph met with specimens having male 
buds. Allen observed early stolons in January and February 
at Plymouth, and a well-developed one in July. 

Six specimens of Procerastea halleziana, Malaquin, were 
procured amidst Ascidians from a raft moored in Caw- 
sand Bay, Plymouth, in September (Allen). A brief, but 
excellent, summary of the stolonisation of this form is 
given by Mr. F. Potts* along with other types of repro- 
duction in the Syllids. In Procerastea halleziana, as shown 
by Malaquin, the twelve to fifteen new segments are inter- 
calated in the middle of the stock, and not at the posterior 
end as usual in the Syllids. Thus there may be in front 
twenty to twenty-two original segments, fourteen to sixteen 
of recent formation, and then eighteen to twenty more of 
the original stock, the middle showing the more advanced 
development of the foot. The head of the stolon is formed 
on the fourteenth segment. The parts soon assume the 
condition of the adult. Dr. Allen has a further com- 
munication on this subject lately, an abstract of which 
appeared in the notice-slip of the Royal Society (1921). 


XXVIUL—New or little-known Tipulidee (Diptera).—VI. 
Ethiopian Species. By Cuarues P. ALtexanper, Ph.D., 
F.E.S., Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. 


Tue material considered in the present instalment was 
received for study from the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburg, 
through the kindness of the Director, Dr. W. J. Holland, and 


* Spengel’s ‘ Ergebnisse und Fortschritte Zoologie,’ Bd. iii. p. 30. 


310 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


the Curator, Mr. Hugo Kahl, and from the Staatsmuseum 
in Vienna, through the kindness of the Custodian of the 
Diptera, Dr. Hans Zerny. The latter collection was one of 
the very greatest importance, The location of the types 
of the new species described herein is designated after each 
description. 


Dicranomyia mascarensis, sp. 0. 


General coloration brown ; wings greyish hyaline, stigma 
oval, pale brown; pale brown seams at origin of Rs and 
along the cord; Se; ending immediately before the origin 
of Rs; cell lst M, closed ; basal deflection of Cu, imme- 
diately before the fork of M. 

Male.—Length about 4°2 mm.; wing 5:2 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown. 
Ilead dark brown, discoloured in the type. 

Mesonotum dark brown, any possible pruinosity dis- 
coloured in the type. Pleura and sternum dark brown. 
Halteres rather elongate, brown, the basal portion of the 
stem obscure yellow, the apices of the knobs a little paler. 
Legs with the coxe dark ; trochanters obscure yellow ; 
remainder of legs testaceous-brown. Wings greyish sub- 
hyaline ; stigma oval, pale brown; a brown cloud at the 
origin of Rs; very indistinct brown seams along the cord 
and outer end of cell lst M,; veins dark brown. Venation: 
Sc, ending immediately before the origin of Rs, Seg 
apparently close to the tip of Sc,; As gently arcuated ; 
r faint, at the tip of R, ; inner end of cell R; far proximad 
of cell R;; cell lst My, closed, about as long as vein M,,, 
beyond it; basal deflection of Cu, a short distance before 
the fork of M. 

Abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites paler. Male 
hypopygium with the pleurites very short and stout, the 
proximal face near the apex with three cylindrical fleshy 
lobes that are tipped with long bristles, one of these lobes 
slender, arcuate, the others shorter and stouter ; proximal 
side of pleurite extended caudad into a fleshy arm that is 
setigerous on proximal face. Ventral pleural appendage 
much larger than pleurite, pale, subcircular in outline, the 
proximal margin extending proximad into a fleshy lobe with 
two spines on the caudal margin near mid-length of the lobe. 
Dorsal hook conspicuous, almost straight, the distal third 
gently curved, the tip suddenly narrowed to an acute point. 


new or little-known Tipulide. 311 


Hab. Mascarene Islands. 
Holotype, 3, Reunion (Sikora). 
Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 


Gonomyia (Leiponeura) mascarena, sp. n. 


General coloration brown, the pleura plumbeous, striped 
longitudinally with pale yellow ; posterior femora yellow 
with two brown subterminal rings ; wings clouded with 
pale brown and whitish subhyaline ; small irown spots and 
seams along the cord ; Sc, ending opposite the origin of Rs; 
cell 1st M, closed ; abdomen dark brown, the caudal margin 
of the segments conspicuously white. 

Female.—Length about 5mm.; wing 4°8 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennz brown, the 
second scapal segment obscure yellow apically. Head pale 
whitish, the vertex darker medially. 

Pronotum white. Mesonotal prescutum light brown with 
three confluent darker brown stripes ; seutum brown, the 
proximal margin of each lobe obscure yellow ; scutellum 
obscure yellowish, darker basally ; postnotum obscure 
yellow, darker postericrly. Pleura plumbeous; a conspicuous 
pale yellow longitudinal stripe extending from behind the 
fore cox to the base of the abdomen; dorsal-pleural 
membrane light brown. Halteres whitish, the knobs slightly 
darkened. iisee with the coxz and meachameere yellowish ; 
only one eave leg remains, femora obscnre yellow with a 
broad brown subterminal ring with a narrow and less 
distinct brown ring before this at about three-fourths the 
length of the segment, the yellow ring enclosed, narrow ; 
tibie and metatarsi yellow, the tips narrowly infuscated ; 
remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings with a faint 
brownish tinge, variegated with whitish subhyaline and 
brown; stigma oval, grey; small brown spots beneath 
arculus ; at tip of Sc; and origin of Rs; along cord and 
outer end of cell Ist Mand at tip of Rebs : cage margin 
of wing indistinctly whitish subhyaline, this including cells 
Oe ee and R,; vague su bbyaline areas at the wing-tip, in 
cell lst My, and at the end of vein lst A; veins dark*brown. 
Venation: Sc; ending opposite origin of Rs, Sc close to tip 
of Sc,; Rs long, angulated and spurred at origin, only a 
little shorter than ee basal deflection of Ry; a little 
longer than r—m; cell lst M, closed; m longer than the 


312 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


deflection of M,; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of 
M a distance about equal to m. 

Abdominal segments dark brown, the caudal margins 
conspicuously ringed with white; genital segment and 
ovipositor horn-coloured. 

Hab. Mascarene Islands. 

Holotype, 2 , Reunion (Sikora). 

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 


Trentepohlia (Mongoma) metatarsatra, Alexander. 


1920. Trentepohlia metatarsatra, Alex. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, 
vol. vi. pp. 41, 42. 


The unique type of 7. metatarsatra was in poor condition 
when described. A male is at hand, which is here charac- 
terised as allotypic. The specimen differs from the descrip- 
tion of the unique type in the following regards :— 

Head obscure yellow, slightly greyish pruinose adjoining 
the inner margin of the eyes. The white tibial bases are 
broad and pass insensibly into the brown tibial ring. Wings 
with r close to the fork of R,,3. Abdomen uniformly pale 
brownish yellow, including the hypopygium. 

Male.—Length 8-8°2 mm. ; wing 8°4 mm. 

Allotype and two additional males from Bukoba—Usum- 
bura, between Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika, 1910 
(Grauer). 

Allotype in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 


Lecteria tanganica, sp. n. 


General coloration reddish fulvous, the prescutal stripes 
inconspicuous ; head bluish plumbeous ; legs obscure yellow, 
the tips of the femora, tibiz, and metatarsi narrowly infus- 
cated ; wings yellow, the origin of Rs, the cord, and the 
tip of R, rather narrowly seamed with brown; abdomen 
brownish fulvous, including the hypopygium. 

Male.— Length 21-22 mm. ; wing 18-19mm.; abdomen 
alone 16°5-17°5 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne with the scapal 
segments obscure brownish yellow ; flagellum light brownish 
yellow. Head bluish plumbeous, paler behind. 

Pronotum dark brown medially. Mesonotum deep reddish 
fulvous, the lateral preescutal stripes indicated, brown ; 


new or little-known Tipulide. 313 


the median przescutal stripe is indicated only as a narrow 
line near the anterior margin of the sclerite ; remainder 
of the mesonotum obscure fulvous, slightly pruinose, the 
scutal lobes darkened. Pleura brown, sparsely pruinose. 
Halteres light brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with 
the coxze and trochanters light brown; femora yellow, 
the tips abruptly and conspicuously black; tibize and 
metatarsi yellowish brown, the tips passing into dark brown ; 
remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings with a strong 
yellowish tinge, cells C and Sc more saturated yellow; con- 
spicuous brown clouds at the origin of Rs, fork of R,,3; 
paler clouds and seams at fork of /s, along the cord, and at 
the tip of R,; wing-tip faintly darkened ; wing-veins faintly 
seamed with darker; veins brown. Venation: Rs about 
one-third longer than the deflection of R,,;; cell lsé M, 
subrectangular in outline; petiole of cell M/, about as long 
as the cell; Cu, shorter than or subequal to the deflection 
of Cu. 

Abdomen brownish fulvous, including the hypopygium ; 
sternites obscure yellow. 

Hab. Ex-German East Africa. 

Holotype, 3, north-west of Lake Tanganyika, 1910 
(Grauer). 

Paratopotypes,5 3 ¢. 

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 


Lecteria vasta, sp. n. 


Size very large; length of female about 40 mm. ; meso- 
notal preescutum yellowish anteriorly, the praescutal stripes 
indicated behind; wings brownish yellow with conspicuous 
darker brown clouds and washes; fusion of M; and Cu, 
extensive ; abdominal tergites fulvous-yellow, trilineate with 
brown. 

Female.—Length 40 mm.; wing 28mm.; abdomen alone 
33mm. Fore leg: femur 16 mm.; tibia 19 mm.; tarsus 
15°38 mm. Hind leg: femur 20°5 mm.; tibia 20°53 mm.; 
tarsus 10°5 mm. 

Rostrum short, dark brown, Antenne with the basal 
segment dark brown, sparsely dusted with greyish-yellow 
pollen; basal segments of flagellum brownish, fading into 
yellow, the terminal segments dark brown ; flagellum with 
conspicuous verticils. Vertex obscure brownish yellow with 
a conspicuous, capillary, dark brown median line, darkest on 


314 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


the anterior part of vertex behind the antennal bases, sub- 
tended by a pale mark adjoining the inner margin of eyes ; 
gene dark brown. 

Pronotum prominent, brown, the scutellum sparsely 
pruinose. Mesonotal prascutum buffy yellow, clearer 
anteriorly, and here bisected by acapillary dark brown line ; 
three brown stripes, the median one broadly divided and 
indicated only posteriorly, the anterior half replaced by 
yellow ; lateral stripes broad ; pseudosutural fovew con- 
spicuous, bicolorous ; scutum brown, the centres of the 
lobes darker brown; an indistinct, capillary, brown median 
line on the scutellum aud postnotum. Pleura brownish 
testaceous, the dorsal margin of the pleurites narrowly 
darkened; area surrounding base of halteres pruinose. 
Halteres brown, the knobs dark brown, base of the stem 
yellow. Legs with the coxze and trochanters relatively 
small, reddish brown; femora obscure yellow, becoming 
clearer yellow before the conspicuous dark brown tips ; 
tibiz obscure yellow, the tips narrowly and indistinctly 
darkened; tarsi obscure yellow; legs hairy; metatarsi 
unarmed at base ; hind tarsi short. Wings brownish yellow, 
the costal and subcostal cells light yellowish brown; con- 
spicuous and extensive brown clouds and washes on the 
wing-disk ; washes in the bases of cells and M and on the 
basal half of cell R,; large and conspicuous dark brown 
clouds at the origin of Rs, at Sc,, and at r; paler but exten- 
sive clouds along the cord, at the end of vein R,, along the 
longitudinal veins, and as a conspicuous blotch beyond mid- 
length of vein lst A in cell lst A. Venation: Fusion of 
Cu, and M, extensive, longer than the outer deflection 
of M, alone. The right wing of the type has an irregular 
cross-nervure extending across the base of cell M; from vein 
M; to Cu. 

Abdominal tergites bright fulvous-yellow, the tergites 
narrowly trilineate with dark brown; lateral stripes also 
including dorsal margins of sternites; steruites obscure 
yellow with an interrupted, paler brown, median stripe. 

Hab, Cameroun. 

Holotype, 2, Lolodorf, February 27, 1914 (A. I. Good). 
Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 5264. 

Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. 

Lecteria vasta is the largest member of the tribe Hrio- 
pterini as yet made known. In the other species of the 
africana group in which both sexes are known (africana, 
Alexander, atricauda, Alexander, pluriguttata, Alexander) the 


~ -o 


new or little-known Tipulide. 315 


two sexes are approximately equal in size. By analogy, the 
dimensions of the male of L. vasta should be approximately 
those given for the type-female. 


Conosia malagasya, sp. Nn. 


General coloration fulvous-buff, the abdomen more yel- 
lowish ; wings light yellow, the longitudinal veins with 
series of conspicuous brownish-yellow spots; 7 and the 
basal deflection of Cu, short and straight. 

Male.—Length 17 mm. ; wing 13°5 mm. 

Rostrum fulyous ; palpi dark brown. Antenne with the © 
basal segment brown; second segment and the fusion- 
segment of the flagellum dark brown; remainder of the 
autennze brownish yellow. Vertex dull grey with a capil- 
lary, dark brown, median line; gene and occiput fulvous- 
buff. 

General coloration of thorax fulvous-buff, the preescutal 
interspaces with brown setigerous punctures. Pleura 
brownish yellow. Halteres brownish yellow. Legs brown- 
ish yellow throughout. Wings light yellow, the costal 
cross-veins seamed with darker yellow ; conspicuous brown- 
ish-yellow washes at the origin of Rs, along the cord, and 
vein R,; series of brownish-yellow dots along the longi- 
tudinal veins; a brown cloud near mid-length of costa and 
at the tip of vein 27d A; veins yellow, the areas traversed 
by the brownish-yellow spots slightly darker. Venation: a 
series of cross-veins and spurs in the costal cell; Sc, far 
from the tip of Sc,; 7 short, subtransverse; 7-m immediately 
proximad of m; vein 2nd A slightly angulated at tip ; 
basal deflection of Cu, short and straight. 

Abdomen obscure yellow. 

Hab. Madagascar. 

Holotype, 3, collected by Sikora. 

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 

Compared with the smaller C. irrorata (Wiedemann), the 
present insect is notable by its large size and yellowish 
coloration, especially of the wings. The spots along the 
longitudinal veins are relatively larger and fewer in number. 


Psrupotimnopui.a, Alexander. 


CALOLIMNOPHILA, subgen. noy. 


Similar to Pseudolimnophila, Alexander, s. s., differing in 


316 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


the possession of a supernumerary cross-vein in cell R. 
The case is entirely analogous to the subgenus Dicrano- 
phragma, Osten-Sacken, in the genus Limnophila, Macquart. 

Type of the subgenus.— Pseudolimnophila ( Calolimnophila) 
rex, Alexander (Uganda). 


Pseudolimnophila (Calolimnophila) princeps, sp. n. 


General coloration yellowish brown ; first flagellar sez- 
-meut pale ; mesonotum with a capillary, dark brown, median 
_line; wings brown, spotted and clouded with darker, the 
costal margin alternately yellow and brown; abdominal 
sternites bicolorous. 

Male.— Length about 9 mm.; wing 10°5 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne with the first 
segment pale, sparsely silvery-pruiuose ; second segment 
brown; first flagellar segment conspicuously light yellow; 
remaining flagellar segments dark brown with a conspicuous 
white pubescence. Head brown with a greyish-yellow 
pollen ; vertex very strongly narrowed behind. 

Pronotum brownish yellow, dark brown medially. Mesc- 
notal prescutum yellowish brown with a capillary brown 
median line; lateral margins of preescutum broadly paler 
brown, enclosing a circular yellow spot immediately behind 
the pseudosutural fovesa ; extreme anterior margin of pre- 
scutum narrowly darkened ; scutum light yellowish brown, 
the median area and each lobe indistinctly lined with brown ; 
a brownish-black spot on the lateral margin of the pre- 
scutum above the wing-root; scutellum and postnotum 
light yellowish brown with an indistinct brown median line. 
Pleura yellowish testaceous, the dorsal pleurites largely 
suffused with brown. Halteres short, dark brown, the base 
of the stem paler. -Legs with the coxe pale, testaceous, the 
extreme bases darkened; remainder of legs pale brownish 
yellow. Wings with a strong brownish tinge, spotted and 
clouded with still darker brown, these areas distributed as 
follows: At origin of Rs, tip of Sc, above the fork of Rp, 3, 
tip of R,, at the supernumerary cross-vein in cell A, tip of 
R,, along the cord and outer end of cell 1st M,; more diffuse 
clouds at ends of the longitudinal veins ; a series of about 
five small spots behind vein Cu; the anterior region of the 
wing in the radial cells is variegated with yellow, these spots 
lying between the brown spots, the most conspicuous beyond 
Sc, and R,; veins dark brown. Venation: A supernu- 
merary cross-vein in cell R, at about two-thirds the length 


new or little-known Tipulide. 317 


of vein R,; petiole of cell MW, about twice m; basal deflec- 
tion of Cu, beyond the fork of M. 

Abdomen dark brown, the caudal margin of the tergites 
very indistinctly paler ; sternites dark brown, a little more 
than the caudal half of each segment pale brownish tes- 
taceous. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Lolodorf, January 28, 1919 (J. A. Reis). 
Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 6305. 

Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. 


Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) fulvipennis, sp. n. 


General coloration dark brown; mesonotal prescutum 
with conspicuous erect sete; halteres light yellow; legs 
dark brown, the femoral bases couspicuously yellow ; wings 
strongly fulvous; abdominal tergites light brown, narrowly 
trilineate with darker brown, sternites obscure yellow. 

Female.—Length 10°5 mm.; wing 10°4 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne with the 
scapal segments dark brown; basal flagellar segments 
yellow basally, becoming darker apically ; remaining flagellar 
segments light brown, darker towards the end of the organ. 
Head grey, the vertex darker medially. 

Pronotum dark grey, pruinose. Mesonotal prascutum 
dark brownish grey, the median area brown ; entire surface 
of prescutum with conspicuous erect sete; remainder of 
mesonotum dark brown; scutellum with conspicuous erect 
sete ; postnotum naked. Pleura dark brown, sparsely 
pruinose. Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxze 
dark brown, sparsely pruinose ; trochanters light yellow ; 
remainder of legs dark brown, the femoral bases broadly 
and conspicuously yellow. Wings with a strong fulvous 
tinge, more saturated, and becoming almost brown in the 
cells distad of the cord; stigma elongate-oval, brown ; 
veins brown. Venation: Sc, ending immediately before 
the fork of Rs, Sc, at tip of Sc,; Rs elongate, strongly 
arcuated at origin; R,,5 a little less than one-half Rs, 
rather strongly arcuated; r near tip of 2; petiole of cell 
M, a little longer than the basal deflection of Cu, the latter 
at between two-thirds and three-fourths the length of ceil 
lst M,. 

Abdominal tergites light brown, narrowly trilineate with 
darker brown ; sternites obscure yellow. Genital segment 
obscure yellow dorsally, dark brown ventrally; valves of 
the ovipositor horn-coloured. 


318 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


Hab. Madagascar, 
Holotype, 2 , collected by Sikora. 
‘'ype in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 


Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila) recens, sp. n. 


xeneral coloration light brown, postnotum and thoracic 
pleura sparsely pruinose; wings nearly hyaline, stigma 
scarcely apparent; 7 at tip of R, and near mid-leneth 
of Ry. 

Male.—Length about 5 mm.; wing 7°2 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi ight brown. Antenne short, brown, 
the basal scapal segment darker; first flagellar segment 
brightened at extreme base. Head light brown, more 
greyish adjoining the inner margin of eyes; head not 
strongly narrowed behind. 

Mesonotal preescutum with three light brown, confluent 
stripes ; humeral region and lateral margins broadly paler; 
pseudosutural foveze small, oval, pale reddish ; scutum and 
postnotum hght grey pruinose ; scutellum obscure yellow. 
Pleura light yellowish brown, sparsely grey  pruinose. 
Halteres pale, the knobs slightly infuscated. Legs with the 
coxe and trochanters pale whitish yellow; femora light 
brown ; tibiz brown, the tips rather broadly dark brown ; 
tarsi brown. Wings nearly hyaline; stigma scarcely 
apparent; veins pale brown. Venation: Sc, ending oppo- 
site the fork of Rs, Sc, longer than Sc, and near its tip; 
Rs angulated and more or less spurred at origin; Ry, 
approximately one-half of Rs, not conspicuously arcuated, 
about twice the basal deflection of Cu,; 7 at extreme tip of 
R, (which is subatrophied beyond it) and just before mid-_ 
length of R,; petiole of cell M, a little shorter than R,,.; 
m shorter than the deflection of Ms; inner end of cell 
lst M, rather conspicuously arcuated ; basal deflection of 
Cu, near two-fifths the length of cell lst My. 

Abdomen light brown; a brownish-black subterminal 
ring ; hypopygium obscure yellow. Male hypopygium with 
the pleural appendage broad-based, pale, the apex a short, 
recurved, black hook. 

Hab. Madagascar. 

Holotype, 3, collected by Sikora. 

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 


Limnophila sikorai, sp. n. 


Mesonotum testaceous-yellow, thoracic pleura infuscated ; 
halteres yellow ; wings with a greyish-yellow tinge, spotted 


new or little-known 'Tipulidee. 319 


with light brown, this pattern including a series of spots at 
the ends of the longitudinal veins around the wing-margin ; 
Rs long, in alignment with R,,,; r far from tip of R,; cell 
M, about as long as its petiole; basal deflection of Cu, at 
from one-fourth to one-fifth the length of cell lst M). 

Female.—Length 6°38 mm.; wing 7*] mm. 

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne short, brown, the 
flagellar segments with a dense white pubescence. Head 
brown, sparsely grey pruinose. 

Pronotum brownish testaceous. Mesonotum light testa- 
ceous-yellow, unmarked. Pleura infuscated, contrasting 
with the pale mesonotum. Halteres yellow. Legs yel- 
lowish. Wings with a greyish-yellow tinge ; stigma brown ; 
wing-membrane spotted with lght brown, distributed as 
follows: Conspicuous brown clouds around the wing-margin 
at the ends of the longitudinal veins ; seams along the cord 
and outer end of cell lst M,, origin of Rs, fork of M,,,.; 
pale washes in the bases of cells R to 2nd A and in the anal 
cells opposite the origin of Rs; cells C and Se light yellow ; 
veins brown, those in the costal region paler. Venation : 
Sc, ending shortly before the fork of Rs, Sc, at its tip ; Rs 
long, gently arcuated at origin, in alignment with R,,; ; 
R,,3 shorter than the basal deflection of Cu,; r very faint, 
removed from the tip of A, to a distance a little longer than 
the basal deflection of Cu, and on R, about its own length 
heyond the fork of Rs; inner ends of cells R;, R;, and 1st 
M, about in alignment; cell lst M, elongate-rectangular, 
slightly widened distally ; petiole of cell M, approximately 
as long as cell; basal deflection of Cu, at about one-fourth 
to one-fifth the length of cell lst My. 

Abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites a little paler. 
Ovipositor with the valves very long and straight, horn- 
coloured. 

Hab. Madagascar. 

Holotype, 2, Fort Dauphin (Szkora). 

Type in the collection of the Vienna Museum. 

This interesting crane-fly is dedicated to the collector, who 
has discovered many interesting species of tliese flies in 
Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. The fly should 
probably be referred to the genus Pilaria, Sintenis, rather 
than to Limnophila, and the discovery of a male specimen 
would presumably confirm this reference. 


Eriocera evanescens, sp. ni. 


General coloration brownish black; antenne short in 
both sexes; wings with a strong brown tinge, most intense 


320 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on 


along the costal region; Sc long, cell lst My, relatively 
small, tending to be open by the atrophy of m; cell M, 
lacking. 

Male.—Length 12 mm. ; wing 11 mm. 

Female.—Leugth 20 mm.; wing 15 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antenne short in 
both sexes, black. Head brownish black, paler adjoining 
the inner margin of the eyes. 

Thorax brownish black, sparsely dusted with brown. 
Halteres and legs brownish black. Wings with a strong 
brown tinge, the costal region more saturated, this intense 
coloration including the costal and subcostal cells and the 
radial region to the wing-apex; veins dark brown. Vena- 
tion: Sc very long, Se, ending approximately opposite 7, 
Sc, some distance from the tip of Sc,, the latter alone being 
ubout equal to the deflection of Ry,;; Rs elongate, arcuated 
at origin; cell Ist M, open or closed, m tending to be 
evanescent ; veins beyond cell lst M, very long and parallel; 
cell M, lacking; basal deflection of Cu, beyond the fork 
of M; Cu, and the basal deflection of Cu, subequal. 

Abdomen black with a brown pollen. Abdomen of 
female relatively elongate; valves of ovipositor elongate, 
acicular, black, the apices of tergal valves horn-coloured. 

Hab. Cameroun. 

Holotype, 3, Metet, 200 miles inland, east of Batanga, 
June 20, 1918 (A. I. Good). 

Allotopotype, 2? , in copula with type. 

Carnegie Museum, Accession No. 6317. 

Type in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. 


XXIX.—On the Celacanth Fish. 
By D. M.S. Watson, University College, London. 


For some years I have been interested in Ccelacanth fish, 
because, although commonly included with tle Osteolepids, 
they differ from those forms in many respects, and have in 
s me ways marked resemblances to the Teleosts. I therefore 
investigated the structure of Macropoma in specimens partly 
of my own, partly lent me by Mr. G. E. Dibley, F.G.S. 
Whilst I was actually writing this paper I received from 
Dr. E. A. Stensio a copy of his great work on the ‘ Triassic 
Fishes from Spitzbergen’ (Vienna, Adolf Holzhausen, 1921), 


the Celacanth Fish. oak 


which is, in my opinion, one of the most important contribu- 
tions ever made to fish morphology. I find, to my great 
pleasure, that Dr. Stensio has been able to describe in the 
new genus Wimania nearly all the structures which occur 
in Macropoma, and that his interpretation is in nearly all 
points in complete agreement with that which I had 
reached. 

In some respects, however, my material is more complete 
than his, and I therefore give an account of the head of 
Macrepoma as an introduction to a discussion of the relation- 
ships of the group to which it belongs. 


Fig. 1. 


Op. Pr. 


Macropoma mantelli, Ag. Lateral view of the skull, with the dermal 
bones and pterygoidal apparatus of the left side removed. x 1. 
Ec.Pr., ectopterygoid ; Ex.Oc., exoccipital; Or.Pr., foramen probably 
for the opthalmicus profundus nerve; P.V., “preyomer” and 
its tooth-plate; Pan., palatine tooth-plate; Par.Sp., para- 
sphenoid; Pr.Or., prootic; Pr., pterygoid; Qu., quadrate; 
If], foramen for third or sixth cranial nerye; IV., foramen for 

fourth cranial nerve (?). 


Basioceipital.—The basioccipital is a small very thin bone, 
with nearly flat dorsal and ventral surfaces, which are square. 
It only ossified in full-grown individuals. Its anterior and 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 21 


322 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on 


posterior surfaces are free, the sides being clasped by back- 
ward projections of the prootics. 

“ Basisphencid.’”—The “ basisphenoid ” is a massive ossifi- 
cation which has invaded the side-walls of the anterior part 
of the brain-case and extends up to the skull-roof. 

It is a massive bone whose posterior surface is convex, and 
resembles a condyle in surface-structure ; the rounded surface 
faces downwards and backwards towards the basioccipital, 
but is separated from that bone by a gap of more than 1 em. 
The lower part of the bone in adults is massive and is 
covered by the hinder end of the parasphenoid. ‘The upper 
surface, immediately above the condyle, is concave and has 
a smooth surface, which terminates at a strong rounded ridge, 
in front of which the bone is so deeply excavated as to consist 
essentially of two lateral walls. The hinder end of this exca- 
vation runs back behind the ridge, and is, without doubt, the 


Fig. 2. 


SLED 
Wee 

we 

Zs 


Macropoma mantelli. The right side of the neural cranium and parietal 
in sagittal section. X 1. 


Reference-letters as before, with :—B.Oc., basioccipital ; 
8.Oc., supraoccipital. 


pituitary fossa. The cavity becomes very narrow as it is 
traced torward, its floor contracting until the nearly straight 
side-walls meet in an acute angle. The side-wall of this 
cavity is pierced by four large foramina, three of which pass 
obliquely forward and outward, the fourth going dorsally. 
A pair of very minute foramina pierce the floor of the pitui- 
tary fossa. 

in most individuals the lower part of the basisphenoid is 
unossified, so that it is not in contact with the parasphenoid 
in the middie line. 

Fhe outer surface of this spheneidal element is mainly 


the Celacanth Fish. B2a 


formed by two strong rounded ridges, which subside into-the 
flat outer surface anteriorly. 

The ventral ridge overhangs a deep smooth groove, 
running along the side of the bone immediately above thie 
upper edge of the parasphenoid. ‘This ridge is overlapped 
posteriorly by the anterior end of the prootic. 

Between the upper and lower ridges is another deep 
rounded groove, which passes backward and is very nearly 
converted into a foramen by a bowing outward of the anterior 
edge of the prootie ; the aperture so formed is regarded by 
Stensio as the place of exit of the facial nerve, a view which 
is undoubtedly correct. 

The upper ridge dorsally turns forward and outward 
until it terminates in a rounded process, regarded by Stensio 
-us a basipterygoid process, an interpretation which I once held, 
but found it necessary to abandon. This process lies close 
under, but is not in contact with, the skull-roof. From its 
inner anterior face a thin lamina—Stensio’s alisphenoid 
—runs almost directly forward, terminating in a truncated 
extremity, which les immediately below the hinder end of 
the frontal, but which is not fused with that bone, as it is 
in Wimania. This lamina is pirtially separated from the 
“ basipterygoid”’ by a deep, very narrow slit. 

The sphenoid is completed by a pair of very thin long 
walls, which arise from a feebly ossified common base lying 
over the parasphenoid and rise toward the roof of the skull. 
The external surface of each of these plates is pierced by tliee 
foramina. 

Otic Region.—The lateral walls of the hinder part of the 
brain-case are largely formed by the great bones called 
prootico-opisthotic by Stensio. I prefer to call these bones 
prootic, because there is very little reason for believing that 
they include a real opisthotie. 

Each consists of a body whose flat inner surface articulates 
with the lower ridge of the sphenoid in front and with the 
side of the basioccipital behind, . 

From the outer surface of the body posteriorly a strong 
ridge gradually rises as it is traced forward, until it turns 
dorsally and then backward, sweeping round so as to form 
a deep backwardly directed pocket, bounded mesially by the 
body of the bone. The hinder end of this ridge comes into 
contact and in adults fuses with a special descending flange 
from that dermal bone, called by Stensio the supratemporo- 
extrascapular, ‘This descending flange of the supratemporal 
is continued forward by a deep slender ridge. 

2% 


324 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on 


Separated from the process of the prootic above described 
by a V-shaped notch is another upstanding process, which 
rises from the outer surface of the body of the bone, so as to 
leave a notch which continues the middle groove on the 
sphenoid and gives exit to the facialis. 

This process touches, and in adults fuses with, a slender 
descending process from the parietal, the bar so formed being 
sepaiated from the hinder border of the upper part of the 
splienoid by a slit. 

Three other bones occur in the neural cranium of old 
individuals. The mutual relations of these elements is clear, 
but their exact position in the skull cannot be determined. 

One of these bones is bilaterally symmetrical, and can only 
be asupraoccipital. Itis known to me only from the’visceral 
surface in one very large skuil. 

It is a small hexagonal bone, lightly ossified, but of con- 
siderable thickness. ‘The dorsal surface has a considerable 
extension, the smooth endocranial surface being very small. 
Tt was undoubtedly separated from all other bones by a great 
deal of residual cartilage. 

The posterior of the two remaining pairs of bones is the 
first of the series to ossify. 

It consists of an almost square, vertically placed sheet of 
bone with a flat admesial surface. The upper margin of this 
sheet is turned outward, so that it lies horizontally. The 
posterior lateral corner of this region projects as a definite 
process of comparatively small antero-posterior width. 

The vertical part of this bone is pierced near its hinder 
margin by two small foramina, the anterior and larger of 
which lies at the upper end of a deep well-detined groove. 

The third element is attached to the lower two-thirds of 
the anterior margin of the vertical part of that just described. 

It also is a mere sheet of bone standing vertically, but is 
placed nearly transversely in the skull. The inner border 
is smoothly rounded and cut out into a wide shallow bay 
round the brain-cavity. 

From the middle point of the upper edge of the inner 
surface of this bone a special very thin bony spicule arises 
and runs directly forward parallel to the middle line. 

Palato-quadrate.— Two ossifications occur in the palato- 
quadrate cartilage—a quadrate and the bone called hyoman- 
dibular by most authors, which has been correctly determined 
by Stensio as a metapterygoid. 

The quadrate is a deep slender bone, a large part of whose 
inner surface is covered by the pterygoid, the two bones 


the Celacanth Fish. 325 


uniting by deeply striate sutural surfaces. The quadrate 
stands out nearly transversely, but the inner condyle—an 
almost hemispherical head—lies a little in front of the cylin- 
droid outer condyle, whose lateral surface is slightly concave. 
The metapterygoid is a relatively large sheet of bone lying 
on the outer surface of the pterygoid. Its hinder margin is 
turned outward and ends dorsally in a process which touches 
the lower surface of the parietal. The upper border is divided 
into two coneavities by a low elevation in the middle of its — 
leneth. This general concavity surrounds the process of 
the sphenoid called basipterygoid by Stensio. In three cases 


Fig. 3. 


Macropoma mantelli. Left pterygo-quadrate apparatus seen from 
without. x 1. 


Reference-letters as before, with Pat.TuH., the tooth-bearing plate 
attached to the palatine, represented displaced. The epiptery- 
goid is also slightly twisted backward. 


where I have removed the metapterygoid in exposing the 
brain-case, I have satisfied myself that there is no contact 
between the two elements, which are always separated by a 
layer of chalk and do not bear any articular facets. 

The anterior end of the metapterygoid is produced into a 
long process of nearly cylindrical section, whose lower and 
part of whose admesian surfaces are supported by a long 
splint of bone projecting from the upper margin of the 
pterygoid. 


326 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on 


Pterygoid.—The structure of the pterygoid has long been 
well known. It is a triangular bone, very deep posteriorly, 
where it extends down to the quadrate and up to the meta- 
pterygoid. Between these two bones its outer surface bears 
a deep groove, bounded anteriorly by a strong rounded ridge. 
In front of this ridge the upper border is nearly straight, lies 
parallel to the upper edge of the parasphenoid, and must 
have been very powerfully attached to that bone by a tough 
membrane during life, beeause specimens are not uncommon 
in which the whole skull, except the sphenoid, parasphenoid, 
and pterygoids, has been lost. In a specimen of this sort 
in my collection both metapterygoids were removed before 
burial without any displacement of the pterygoids. 

Anteriorly the lower edge of the pterygoid turns outward, 
so that the oral surface of the bone becomes inclined at only 
a small angle to the horizontal. 

The lateral margin of the pterygoid anteriorly is grooved 
for the reception of the ectopteryyoid. 

Palatine.-—Vhe palatine is a small quadricylindrical bone 
whose hinder end is underlain by the pterygoid. The inner 
part of the bone stands vertically and lies against the wall of 
the anterior end of the parasphenoid. 

The anterior end of the bone is pointed and lies in a groove 
on the lateral and under surface of the bone called by Stensio 
a pre-ethmoid,. 

The palatine has no teeth attached to it, and might, if 
viewed in the light of teleost morphology, be regarded as an 
autopalatine—that is, an ossification in the palato-quadrate 
cartilage. ‘he texture of the bone and the details of its 
suture with the pterygoid differ, however, from those of the 
metapterygoid, and there is really no sound reason for re- 
garding it as other than a strict homologue of the Tetrapod 
palatine. 

Loosely attached to the oral surface of the palatine is 
a thin bony plate, consisting mainly of the fused bases of a 
multitude of minute teeth; this element bears a single large 
tusk, which lies in an area, also including a shallow coneavity 
for the development of its alternative tooth, surrounded by a ~ 
circle of denticles somewhat larger than those which cover 
most of the bone. ‘This element might be considered a 
dermo-palatine if the palatine be called auto-palatine ; but, 
although probably homologous to that element in Teleosts, I 
preter to regard it merely as a product of the fusion of teeth. 

Vomer (?).— The element which for the moment I regard as 
a prevomer is that which is described by Stensio as a pre- 


the Celacanth Fish. Bf 


ethmoid. It is a thin shell of bone consisting of an oral 
plate which continues that of the palatine, and is perforated 
antero-laterally by a small foramen; and a lateral vertical 
plate which anteriorly passes gradually into the oral part, 
but posteriorly is sharply marked off by a ridge, the lateral 


—— 


rn : 3 PE SOC Fre = 

P SheTORY Ucar tes 29 
tH oA ‘ 
Rete iat ye =f 

em . vy 

——anerem  ie > > i j es 
AA 


EE 
——— = 
S === 
S Z 


Macropoma mantelli, The palate. x 1. 


Reference-letters as before. The reference-lines of P.V. and PA. end 
on the tooth-plates. 


surface being recessed to receive the anterior edge of the 
palatine. 

The hinder end of the preyomer passes dorsally to the 
anterior end of the parasphenoid. 


328 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on 


The oral surface supports a bone formed of fused tooth-bases 
which exactly resembles that which rests on the palatine. 
The large tusk is, however, placed at the caudal end. 

Ectopterygoid.—The ectopterygoid is the bone which has 
usually been called maxilla. It is a long, very delicate 
element attached to a groove in the outer margins of the 
pterygoid and palatine. It bears a single row of small, 
recurved, sharp-pointed teeth, and its outer surface, which 
faces towards the inner surface of the suborbital, is covered 
with a granulation of small denticles like those on the 
pterygoid. 

It is quite clear that this element cannot be the maxilla, 
because there is no evidence of the attachment of any bone to 
the lower margin of the suborbital. 

That in B. M. N. H. no. 39070 (A. S. Woodward, pl. xxxv. 
fig. 10) it lies below and parallel to the suborbital is explained 
by the fact that the outer margin of the pterygoid is very 
nearly parallel to the lower edge of the suborbital in the 
articulated skull, and in the specimen referred to a slight 
inward disp'acement of that bone has brought the two into 
one plane. 

Premawilla.—The recognition of a complete series of 
palatal bones shows that the curious median tooth-bearing 
element X of Huxley’s figure and Smith Woodward’s vomer 
must be the fused premaxille. 

In no. 39070 and other specimens in the British Museum 
it stands vertically at the end of the snout, with the elongated 
teeth of its lower lateral corner directed downward. Its exact 
mode of articulation is not, however, determinable. 

A Coclacanth from’ the Solenhoften stone, in the Royal 
Scottish Museum, shows a similar premaxilla ¢m situ. 

Septomaxilla (?). —Within the nasal cavity, lying freely, 
dorsal to the -prevomers and below the dorsal surface, are a 
pair of bones which together form an arched roof. [enor 
these only in transverse section, and can give no account of 
their shape. ‘They may be true septomaxillee, but are more 
probably ossifications in the ethmoidal cartilages. 

Dermal Bones of the Outer Surface of the Head.—The 
general shape of the parietals is well known. They terminate 
anteriorly in a transverse margin whose edge is rounded, 
entirely unlike a suture and “always separated from the 
similar hinder edge of the frontal by a space. 

There is, in fact, no doubt possible that the Calacanis 


had a movable joint between these two bones, which were in 
life connected by a ligament. 


the Colacanth Fish. 329 


The produced postero-lateral corners of the parietal plate 
are not in any specimens I have seen separated by distinct 
sutures, but as they are not present in three young individuals 
of my series, they are no doubt in origin separate bones, 


7 


FeAet Se Den. FA Gu Ans. ne 


Macropoma mantelli, Reconstruction of the right side of the anterior 
end of the fish. x 1. 


Reference-letters as before, with:—An@., angular; Cuav., clavicle; 
Crier, cleithrum ; Cor., coronoid; DEN., dentary; E.P2., epi- 
pterygoid=metacoracoid ; Gu., gular; Pr.Arr., prearticular ; 
S.Cx., supracleithrum; Sp., splenial. The small tooth-bearing 
bones above the prearticular and dentary are deseribed in the 
text. 


called by Stensio supratemporo-extrascapula. For thie present 
IT shall call them supratemporals. 

The supratemporal has projecting from its lower surface a 
ridge which is produced caudally into a descending point and 


330 Prof. D. M. 8S. Watson on 


anteriorly into a lamina which fuses with the prootic. The 
bone terminates in a transverse suture with the last of the 
parafrontals at a point behind the middle of the parietal. In 
front of this spot the parietal is continued out laterally as a 
thin shell of bone, which in the articulated skull is completely 
concealed by the two posterior parafrontals. From the lower 
surface of this part of the parietal a descending process 
reaches, and in adults fuses with, the prootic. 

As has long been known, the narrow frontals of Macro- 
poma are continued forward by a series of small square 
elements, which seem to be either four or five in number in 
different individuals. 

From the lateral borders of the lower surface of these 
elements and of the frontals thin flanges of bone pass outward 
below the parafrontals. 

The parafrontal series of bones begin at sutures with the 
supratemporals, and continue forward as straight rows lying 
on the flanges of the parietals, frontals, and preceding bones 
until they turn inward and meet in the middle bone imme- 
diately behind the premaxillee. 

The number of parafrontals in each row is extremely 
difficult to determine, and appears to be variable in different 
individuals ; it is of the order of ten. 

There may be a median paratrontal in the front (Stensio’s 
inter-rostral), and the second of the paired series (Stensio’s 
nasalo-antorbital) is always large, although in Macropoma it 
‘is never perforated by narial openings. 

Attached to the lateral margin of this large second para- 
frontal is a remarkable and very characteristic bone, which 
can be recognized in Undina. This bone stands nearly 
vertically on the side of the face. Its anterior border is 
vertical and no doubt supported the hinder edge of the pre- 
maxilla. The lower border is produced downwards into a 
long slender process, which ends freely and perhaps separated 
the two nasal apertures. 

Above and caudally to the process the outer surface of 
the bone is depressed and is smooth, in marked contrast 
to the extremely rough dorsal part and parafrontals. 

The hinder end of the suture between this bone and the 
parafrontal with which it articulates is widened out into a 
large nearly circular hole, which, as it continues one of the 
deep grooves on the suborbital, is certainly merely for part of 
the lateral line apparatus. 

The suborbital is already well known and _ sufficiently 
shown in fig. 5. Anteriorly it articulates with two para- 


the Celacanth Fish. aod 


frontals and with the undetermined bone described above. 
Just behind its articulation it is excavated by two deep 
channels, which plunge down into the bone. 

The postorbital and other cheek-plates are sufficiently ex- 
plained by fig. 5. 

There is, however, in one of my specimens and in B. M. N. H. 
no, 49834 a small bone covered with “ denticles” like a seale 
lying below the quadrato-jugal and in front of the lower end 
of the operculum. 

Lower Jaw.—The lower jaw has been already well described 
by Smith Woodward. The long straight prearticular extends 
forward from the hinder end to the symphysis, where it meets 
its fellow as a massive rounded bone on the dorsal surface of 
the jaw. 

The articular and the postglenoid ossicles have already 
been described by Smith Woodward, although in my speci- 
men they are not visibly separated by sutures from the 
angular. The dentary, splenial=infradentary, and coronoid 
are also well known. 

I find, however, that the dentaries do not quite meet at 
the symphysis ; they are separated by the prearticulars for a 
space of about 8 mm. in a large skull. 

The upper surface of the prearticular and dentary for a 
distance of about 1 cm. from the symphysis is covered by a 
series of three small bones built up of fused tooth-bases. The 
anterior of these, at any rate, supports a single larger tusk on 
its posterior surface. 

The opercular apparatus and shoulder-girdle are so well 
known as to require no further description. 

Shape of Head.—Specimens of Macropoma are in general 
only very slightly distorted. The height of the skull is fixed 
very definitely by the pterygoidal apparatus, which extends 
from the quadrate to the skull-roof. The width of the head 
can be determined with considerable accuracy, because the 
gulars obviously, as in Polypterus, fill up the whole space 
between the rami of the lower jaw. In transverse section 
each gular is bent round very nearly for a quadrant of a 
circle ; when placed together in natural position the ventral 
surface is horizontal, and in section there is a smooth tran- 
sition into the vertical lateral surface of the angular—in 
fact, the section between points at about half the height of the 
angulars is rather accurately semicircular, 

This fixes the position of the lower jaws, and that of the 
pterygoids and sides of the face follows directly. 

The anterior end of Aacropoma so reconstructed is very 


332 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on 


deep and remarkably narrow, differing considerably from the 
much more usual shape of Wimanea and Alewia. 


General Discussion of the Celaeanth Skull. 


Although in general I accept Dr. Stensio’s interpretation of 
the Coelacanth skull, Tam unable to concur in some of the 
identifications he makes. 

A term like supratemporo-extrascapularis implies that 
there has been an actual fusion of bones, and that we should 
expect to find that the bone so called develops from two 
centres. ‘That this is so there is no evidence in the case of 
any bone which Stensio calls by a name of this type. 

The evidence on which he relies is simply that the bone in 
question covers an area which in a more primitive fori is 
covered by two or more bones. 

If this mode of interpretation were carried to its logical 
conclusion, one would have to call the parietal of such a 
mammal as lemur a parieto-post-fronto-postorbital, because ig 
occupies an area which in a Gorgonopsid is filled by these 
three independent bones. It is; however, quite certain from 
its development that the mammalian parietal is single, and 
we have series of Anomodont reptiles which show a steady 
reduction in size of the postfrontal until that bone is repre- 
seuted by an extremely minute strip partially separating the 
parietal and postorbital. 

In reptiles, at any rate, there can be no doubt that the 
normal way in which the number of membrane-bones in the 
skull is reduced is not by the fusion of neighbouring bones, 
but by a gradual reduction in size and final loss of one of 
them. | 

It seems to me most probable that this method of loss is 
that which usually occurs in bony vertebrates, and as a 
general policy I have always of recent years regarded a bone 
as single and corresponding to a single bone in an ancestor, 
unless there is very good direct evidence that it is formed by 
fusion of two or more bones. 

That such fusions do sometimes occur is certain ; in this 
paper I record a fusion taking place quite late in develop- 
ment between the parietal and supratemporal of Macropoma 
and the formation of the interparietal in mammals by the 
fusion of a pair of bones is familiar to everyone. 

Thus, until he adduces direct evidence that they are formed 
by fusion, I am unable to accept any of Dr. Stensio’s com- 
pound names of bones. 


the Celacanth Fish. aoe 


The prearticular of Macropoma corresponds exactly to that 
bone in Megalichthys; in both they form the greater part of 
the inner surface of the jaw and in both they meet at the 
symphysis. 

The dentary of Ccelacanths is undoubtedly correctly 
determined. 

The three little tooth-bearing bones which rest on the 
upper and lingual surfaces of the anterior ends of the pre- 
articular and dentary are interpreted by Stensio as precoro- 
noids. This view cannot be accepted; their relation to the 
bones on which they rest are quite different to those held by 
the precoronoids in Osteolepids and Tetrapods, and they are 
much further forward than those bones ever are. 

They can, it seems to me, be most use/ully interpreted as 
new formations, formed by the fusion of teeth. They agree 
with the little tooth-bearing plates which occur on the copula 
in Macropoma and on the branchial arches in other Ccela- 
canths, which are certainly neomorphs. 

The coronoid of Coelacanths is certainly that bone, and 
the angular, although incapable of certain determination, is 
one of the three posterior infradentaries. 

Palate.—The pterygoid of Celacanthus is extremely similar 
in its relation to the pterygoid of Osteolepids and Labyrintho- 
dontia, and is determined with certainty. 

The metapterygoid, certainly an ossification on the palato- 
quadrate cartilage, is analogous and probably homologous 
with the metapterygoid. It agrees closely with one of the 
continuous series of ossification which occurs in the cartilage 
in Osteolepids and rather strikingly with the epipterygoid of 
an Kmbolomeious Labyrinthodont which I am describing 
shortly. 

There can be no doubt that the bay in its upper edge trans- 
mitted the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the fifth 
nerve, and that the ophthalmicus profundus passed out in 
front of it. 

These relations, considered in connection with the absence 
of any direct contact with the sphenoid, show that the 
so-called basiptery goid is not necessarily that process. 

The palatine is considered by Stensio as an autopalatine— 
a substitution-bone ; this view is founded presumably on the 
fact that it does not support teeth directly. In Macropoma, 
however, it has not the appearance of a cartilage-bone, and 
the fact that the teeth are attached to aseparate element does 
not provide conclusive evidence, because this bone is identical 
in type with the tooth-bearing bones of the front of the lower 


334 Prof. D. M. S. Watson on 


jaw and visceral arches, which we have seen to be neomorphs 
without morphological importance, At the same time, I think 
it probable that we have in Macropoma the beginning of the 
process which results in Teleosts in the production of an 
auto- and a dermo-palatine: all I wish to make clear is that 
the palatine of Ceelacanths is not to be regarded as an original 
ossification in the palato-quadrate cartilage. 

The so-called pre-ethmoid of Ceelacanths resembles in 
structure the palatine, with which it articulates, and, like that 
bone, supports a tooth-plate. In position on the palate and 
in the associated teeth it recalls the prevomer of an Osteolepid. 
I am extremely doubtful of its being an ossification on the 
nasal capsule, and prefer to regard ib as a prevomer, fully 
recognizing that it is very unusual in passing on to the 
dorsal surface of the parasphenoid, in extending so far 
dorsally over the side of the olfactory capsule, and in its 
perforation by a foramen. 

The ectopterygoid is identified without difficulty. 

The accurate determination of the homologies of the dermal 
bones of the outer surface of the head in Ceelacanths seems 
to me at presentimpossible. Only in Osteolepis, Megalichthys, 
Eusthenopteron, and Dictyonosteus is the structure of the 
snout known at all. In Osteolepis and Megalichthys, where 
I have been able to examine considerable numbers of good 
specimens, the number and arrangement of the bones in tlie 
anterior region of the skull vary enormously ; in the latter 
genus especially they are seldom symmetrical, and I prefer 
not to attach independent names to them. 

The skull of Husthenopteron represented in Stensio’s fig. 57 
differs very greatly from Bryant’s restoration, which is Bonne 
out by his photographic plates, and in the passage of the 
supratemporal cross-commissure of the lateral line apparatus 
over the tabulare and interparietal differs from all Osteotepid 
skulls I have ever examined. 

Mucropoma clearly presents a multiplication of dermal 
bones, and is not a favourable subject for study ; but I think 
it probable that the peculiar bone with a downwardly directed 
process and the second paired parafrontal are separated parts 
of Stepsio’s nasalo-antorbital, and that the process separated 
the two narial apertures. 

One of the most striking characters of the Coelacanth skull 
is the hinge between the parietals and frontals, which is in 
Macropoma coutinued outwards between bones of the para- 
frontal series. 

This hinge is exactly similar to that which occurs in an 


the Celacanth Fish. 335 


identical position in all Osteolepids, and by itself goes far 
to establish a derivation of the Coelacanths from that group. 

In a paper now ready for publication I have pointed out 
that the long unossified region which separates the basi- 
sphenoid and basioccipital of Osteolepids, as shown in Bryant’s 
description of Husthenopteron, is functionally connected with 
the hinge in the dorsal roof of the head. 

The neural cranium of Ccelacanths is very difficult to 
interpret. Dr. Stensio is, of course, perfectly correct in his 
interpretation of the “sphenoid.” It is probable that the 
most dorsal foramen passing through that bone is for the 
opthalmicus profundus, and that the lower and most anterior 
of these transmitted the third or sixth nerve. The remaining 
foramen may have transmitted the trochlearius. 

I am very doubtful of Stensio’s interpretation of the space 
between the basisphenoid and parasphenoid as a myodome. 
In Macropoma the basisphenoid fades away gradually until 
it is represented only by bony spicules. In different indi- 
viduals there is some evidence that there is a progressive 
growth of bone into this region, and the conclusion seems 
obvious that it was in life occupied by cartilage which failed 
to ossify. The basisphenoids of Macropoma, Wimania, and 
Avelia are much less completely ossified than those of the 
Coal Measure and Upper Permian Coelacanths. In these 
forms the hinder surface of the basisphenoid is formed by a 
large, nearly circular, concave condyle, extended laterally 
and upward by small additional faces ; it is entirely identical 
with that of Megalichthys. In these forms it is most 
probable that the lower surface of the basisphenoid is in 
direct contact with the parasphenoid. 

In any case, the position of this hole is not that of the 
Palzoniseid myodome which lies dorsal to the basipterygoid 
process and lateral of the body of the basisphenoid. 

The large bone called by Stensio the prootico-opisthotic 
ecrresponds most accurately with the prootic in Eustheno- 
pteron (Bryant, 1919). The two bones agree in articulating 
with the lateral borders of the basioccipital, and stretching 
forward in front of that bone along the sides of the ereat 
unossified tract of the basis cranii. In Osteolepids they do 
not reach the basisphenoid as they do in Ccelacauths. In 
both forms there are anterior and posterior flanges trom the 
skull-roof which meet or nearly meet the upper ‘edge of the 
prootic. The two bones differ, however, in the “nconedin 
Lusthenopteron ot the pocket w hich occupies the hinder part 
ot the side of the Ceelacanth prootic. The function of this 


336 On the Celacanth Fish. 


pocket is not clear to me, but it may have surrounded the 
labyrinth, the outer side of the otic capsule having been 
unossified. 

Another important difference is that whilst a foramen for 
the seventh nerve passes through the prootic in Hustheno- 
pteron, that of Coelacanths is imperforate. 

These comparisons show that Dr. Stensio is correct in finding 
the points of exit of the seventh and fifth nerve between the 
sphenoid and prootic. Consideration of the position of the 
metapterygoid shows that he is probably also correct in 
placing the latter nerve very high up. 

Of the other three elements of the brain-case, one—the 
supraoccipital—is homologous with the ossified supraoccipital 
region of J/egalichthys. ‘The large posterior paired element 
agrees closely with the exoccipital of Husthenopteron, the 
foramina piercing it being for two occipital nerves—that is, 
essentially for a hypoglossus. The remaining element may 
probably be an opisthotic. 

Thus a fuller knowledge confirms the close similarity 
between the neural crania of Osteolepids and Ccelacanths 
which Dr. Stensio has shown to exist. 

The curious unossified region of the basis cranii and the 
hinge in the dorsal surface which is funetionally connected 
with it are not known in any early bony vertebrates except 
these forms; they are specializations which are specific to 
the Osteolepids, and were developed in those fish atter their 
separation from the Amphibian, Dipnoan, and Actinopterygian 
stocks. 

The occurrence of these features in a typical form in Ceela- 
canths seems, in my eyes, almost conclusive evidence of a 
descent from Osteolepids. 

Such descent allows us to draw most important conclusions 
as to the kinds of structures which may be found in fish 
derived from the Osteolepids. 

As Stensio has pointed out, we have in Ceelacanths a 
complete loss of the hyomandibular as a supporting element 
of the Jaw. ‘This loss is an exact parallel to that which has 
occurred in Tetrapods and Dipnoi. 

We have a separation of the teeth from the bones to which 
they were formerly attached and their fusion into independent 
ossicles, which is exactly parallel to that which occurs in 
many Actinopterygians (e. g., Amia). 3 

We have a great reduction or loss of the external tooth- 
su} porting bones analogous to that of Dipnoi aud certain 
Urodeles. 


This comparison lends additional support to the view, so 


On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. oom 


much used by Dr. A. S. Woodward, that in evolution the 
dermal fin-rays become correlated with the endoskeletal fin- 
supports. 

Finally, as all Osteolepids have an archipterygial fin, with 
only a single element articulating with the pectoral girdle, we 
have to take into consideration the somewhat Teleost-like 
skeleton of the pectoral fin found in Celacanthus according 
to Wellburn and in an undetermined Ccelacanth described by 
Smith Woodward. 

The whole literature is listed and discussed in E. A. Stensio, 
‘Triassic Fishes from Spitzbergen’ (Adolf. Holzhausen, 
Vienna, 1921). 

I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. G. E. 
Dibley for the loan of specimens, two of which proved 
invaluable in my studies. 


XXX.—On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. By MEeELLo- 
Lerrao, M.D., Fellow of the Brazilian Society of Sciences. 


THE genus Lasiodora, C. Koch, is essentially neotropical, and 
all its species but one (L. wezjenberght, Thorell, from Argen- 
tina) are found in the Brazilian fauna. I have seen in the 
collection of the Natural History Museums of 5. Paulo and 
Rio de Janeiro specimens of all the Brazilian species. 

Lastodora differs from all the other Lasiodorese, Simon, in 
having a stridulating-organ similar to that of Grammostola ; 
but in Lasiodora the stridulating bristles are much less 
numerous, and those on coxa i. are situated only upon the 
suture. ‘lhe characters of this stridulating-organ distinguish 
the species, the number and disposition of the stridulating 
bristles being variable. I give the following table of Bra- 
zilian species :— 


A. Falces,with a rose-thorn-like spur in the 
OMLODNAL SUMACE lasts cpeas ce ge wie ees acanthognatha, sp. n. 
AA. Falces without external spur. 
B. Stridulating-organ with only threelarge 
bristles upon the suture on coxai. .. dulcicola, sp. n. 
BB. Stridulating-organ with more than 
seven bristles upon the suture on 
coxa 1. 
C, Stridulating-organ with some short 
stout spines on the anterior side of 
coxa i, amongst the stridulating 
bristles (median anterior eyes larger 
than laterals). 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 22 


338 


Dr. Mello-Leit&o on the 


D, Anterior lateral eyes larger than 
posteriors. 

E. Inner surface of the tibie of 
palps with eleven spines iu 
three longitudinal species .... 

EE. Inner surtace of the tibie of 
palps with 2-8 spines........ 

DD. Posterior lateral eyes as large as 
the anteriors. 

E. Stridulating-organ consisting of 
seven large distally duller 
bristles; patella and tibia i. as 
TONGS BY. \-« steve oceutislooetect ie 

EE, Striduiating-organ consistin 
of more than twelve incrassate 
distally pink bristles; patella 
and tibia i. longer than iv..... 

CC. No spines amongst the stridulating 

bristles on coxa i. 

D. Posterior legs four times longer 
than the carapace; patella and 
tibia i. or iv. longer than the 


F. Posterior medians much 
smaller than anterior me- 
dians ; twelve large plumose 
stridulating bristles upon the 
suture on coxa i. 


large as anterior medians. 
G. Stridulating- organ —_con- 
sisting of eight incrassate 
but apically attenuate 
bristles on coxai. upon the 


on coxa i. upon the suture. 
DD. Posterior legs less than four 
times longer than the carapace, 
which is longer than or as long 

as patella and tibia iv. 

Ki. Anterior median eyes distinctly 
larger than laterals (stridu- 
lating-organ consisting of very 
many plumose bristles) ...... 


MAMANNE, 8p. . 


citharacantha, sp. 0. 


eryptostigma, sp. 0. 


Sracta, sp. n. 


subcanens, sp. n. 


klugw (Koch), 
difficilis, sp. n. 


striatipes (Ausserer). 


curtior, Chamberlin. 


erythrocythara, sp. n. 


* deavOa, thorn, yvados, 
apophysis of the falces. 


Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 


EK. Anterior eyes equal or the 
medians smaller than laterals. 
F. Cephalothorax distinctly 
shorter than patella and 

tibia i. 

G, Cephalothorax slightly 
longer than patella and 
tibia iv.; eyes of the an- 
terior row subequal, sepa- 
rated from each other by 
less than one diameter 
Cepbalothorax as long as 
patella and tibia iv.; an- 
terior median eyes much 
smaller than laterals and 


GG. 


about two diameters 
apart. 

H. Sternum about as wide 

astlonorn. paca Meryronics 


HH. Sternum much longer 

than wide (9°56 mm.). 
FF. Cephalothorax as long as or 
slightly longer than patella 

and tibia i. 

G. Posterior lateral eyes about 
as large as anterior laterals. 

GG, Anterior lateral eyes dis- 
tinctly larger than poste- 
rior laterals. 

H. Stridulating-organ con- 
sisting of ten plumose 
bristles, disposed in 
three vertical files, 
touching the suture on 


coxa i. consisting of 
seven bristles, in a single 
file, separated from the 
suture by a bare longi- 
tudinal band 


339 


differens, Chamb., 


pleoplectra, sp. n. 


dolichosterna, sp. n. 


parahybana, Mello-Leitao. 


spinipes (Ausserer), 


itabune, sp. n. 


1. Lasiodora acanthognatha*, sp. n. 


? .—45 mm. ; ceph. 19x17 mm.; legs 63-58-56-68 mm. ; 
patella+ tibia 1, 23 mm., iv. 22 mm, 
Carapace, falees, and legs brown-olive, the carapace with 
some short golden hairs in the cephalic area ; falces and legs 
with long, distally slight, rosy bristles, sternum and coxe 


Abdomen more velvety black above, with fine, long, 


orange bristles. 


jaw —an allusion to 


the thorn-like 


22% 


340 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the 


Carapace low, longer than wide, shorter than patella and 
tibia i. or iv., slightly longer than protarsus iv. ; fovea deep, 
transverse. yes of the anterior row strongly procurved, the 
anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the centre 
of the laterals, the medians being the smaller, more than 
a diameter apart and separated from the laterals by about a 
diameter; posterior medians about as large as the anterior 
medians, not very widely separated from them, closer to 
posterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals 
and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to 
half a diameter of the latter. 

Falces with a thorn-like spur on the apical third of the 
external surface; fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner 
margin, the basal one granuliform. Posterior sternal sigillee 
separated from the margin by less than their long diameter. 

Protarsus 1. and ii. scopulated almost to base ; protarsal 
scopula iil. covering 4, with two basal spines; iv. covering 
about }—elsewhere strongly spined. Tibia 1. with two short 
apical spines ; 11. with three apical and one inferior spines ; 
iil, with four apical, two inferior, and 1-1 anterior; iv. with 
two apical, 1-1 inferior, aud 2—1 posterior spines. 

Hab. 8. Paulo. 


‘Type in my own collection. 


2. Lasiodora dulcicola*, sp. n. 


2 .—48 mm.; ceph. 22°5 x 21'5 mm. ; legs 66-62-60-73 
mm. ; patella+tibia 1. 24°5, iv. 23°5 mm, 

Carapace, chelw, legs, sternum, and Jabrum mahogany- 
brown; coxe of the pedipalps slightly paler. Legs with 
abundant sulphur-yellow bristles. Coxe of pedipalps and 
margins of fang-groove with more yellowish and_ paler 
bristles than usual. Abdomen narrower than carapace, 
velvety black, with large light yellow bristles. 

Carapace almost as wide as long, shorter than patella and 
tibia 1. or iv. ; fovea deep, transverse. Eyes of the anterior 
row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians 
being a little behind the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly 
spaced, the medians being much the smaller and separated 
from each other by a space which equals their diameter ; 
posterior medians about as large as the anterior medians, not 
very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, 
which are smaller than the anterior laterals and separated 


* Named after its habitat, the Doce River. 


Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 341 


from them by a space which is quite equal to the long 
diameter of the latter. 

Fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner margin, nearly 
evenly spaced. 

Stridulating-organ consisting of only three large, simple, 
incrassate, but apically attenuate bristles upon the suture on 
coxa i. 

Protarsal scopula of 1. and il. covering the segment almost 
to base, ill. covering 4, and iv. tied up at apex. 

Hab. Rio Doce (Espirito Santo). 

Coll. KE. Garbe. Type in the S. Paulo Museum (no. 142). 


3. Lasiodora marianne *, sp. n. 


$.—55 mm.; ceph. 23 x 20mm.; legs 75-71-65-82 mm. ; 
patella+ tibia 1. 25 mm., iv. 28 mm.; protarsus iv. 23 mm. 

The whole spider piteh-black ; the legs and abdomen with 
large black-fulvous bristles. Sternum and cox dark rusty 
brown. Coxe and margins of fang-groove with fiery-red 
bristles. 

Carapace longer than wide, shorter than patella and tibiai. 
or iv., as long as protarsus iv.; fovea deep, right transverse. 

Eyes of the anterior row procurved, the anterior edges of 
the medians being on a level with the centre of the laterals, 
nearly evenly spaced, the medians being much the smaller, 
separated from each other by about two diameters ; posterior 
medians much smaller than the anterior medians, close to 
posterior laterals, which are smaller than the anterior laterals 
and separated from them by less than the long diameter of the 
latter. 

Fang-groove with twelve teeth (4+5+1+1+1) on inner 
margin—six large and six very small. 

Stridulating-organ consisting of large plumose bristles, 
with short stout spines among them, but without clavate 
bristles intermingled. 

_ Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper stout, straight, 
cylindrical, blunt, and bearing a long sinuous spine on its 
underside ; the lower crescently cylindrical, curved at the 
apical third ; protarsusi. distinctly bowed at its proximal end. 

Protarsus 1. and il. scopulated almost to base. ‘Tibive of 
pedipalps with eleven spines, disposed in three longitudinal 
series, on the inner surface. 


* Named after its habitat—Marianna, a town in Minas Geraes, 


342 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the 


? .—55 mm.; ceph. 22x 20 mm.; legs 60-53-44-64 mm. ; 
patella + tibia 1. 22 mm., iv. 21 mm. 

Colour, eye-disposition, and stridulating-organ as in the 
male. 

Carapace as long as patella and tibia i. and slightly longer 
than patella and tibia iv. Legs shorter and stronger. Pro- 
tarsus 1. terete, shorter than tibia. 

Hab. Marianna (Minas Geraes). 

Coll. Dr. Godoy. Type in the S. Paulo Museum (no. 151). 


4. Lasiodora citharacantha*, sp. n. 


2? .—57 mm. ; ceph. 21x19 mm.; legs 67-62-57-72 mm. ; 
patella + tibia i, 24 mm., iv. 22°5 mm. 

Integument of the carapace brown-red, with blackish dusky 
clothing of short hairs ; faleces and legs mahogany-brown, 
with abundant curly brick-red bristles. Abdomen velvety 
black, with very abundant long pink bristles. Sternum and 
coxe mahogany-brown. 

Cephalothorax longer than wide, shorter than patella and 
tibia i. or iv. Eyes of the anterior row strongly procurved, 
the anterior edge of the medians being a little behind the 
centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced, the medians being 
the smaller, separated from each other by a space which 
equals their diameter ; posterior medians not much smaller 
than the anterior medians, closer to the posterior laterals, 
which are smaller than the anterior laterals, and separated 
from them by a space which surpasses the long diameter of 
the latter. 7 

Stridulating-organ consisting of seven plumose bristles, 
disposed in two longitudinal series, and of five proximal 
spines beneath them. 

Protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment almost to 
base ; ill. covering 3, with one spine at its base; iv. 
covering about 4}—elsewhere strongly spined. Tibia i. with 
1 apical spine ; 11. with 3 apical ; ui. with 2 apical, 2 infe- 
rior, 1-1-1 anterior and 1-1-1 posterior; iv. with 2 apical, 
1-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1-1 posterior spines. 

Hab. 8. Paulo. 


‘l'ype in my own collection. 


5. Lasiodora cryptostigma, sp. n. 


? .—63 mm.; ceph. 24x 22 mm. ; legs 68-62-60-73 mm. ; 
patella + tibia 1. 24 mm., iv. 24 mm. 
The whole spider dusky black ; the large bristles of the 


* apa, lute; akav@a, spine. 


Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 343 


falces and the legs with yellow-brown ; those of the abdomen 
brick-red. Sternum, coxze of the legs, and the abdomen 
below chestnut-black. 

Carapace longer than wide, as long as patella and tibia i. 
or iv.; fovea deep, transverse. Eyes of the anterior row 
slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being 
a little before the centre of the laterals, the medians being 
the smaller, nearly a diameter apart, and separated from the 
laterals by more than 14 diameter ; posterior medians about as 
large as the anterior medians, close to the posterior laterals, 
which are about as large as the anterior laterals and separated 
from them by a space which is quite equal to the long 
diameter of the latter. 

Fang-groove with fourteen teeth on the inner margin, the 
distal three close to the fang-base. 

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of seven large 
plumose bristles upon the suture, intermixed with five spines 
irregularly disposed. Sternum slightly longer than wide, 
with little, almost obsolete, submarginal posterior sigille. 

Protarsus i. and ii. scopulated nearly to base; ill, on 2; 
and iv. with little distal scopula. ‘Tibia i. with 2 apical 
spines; ii. with 2 apical, 1 inferior, and 1-1 anterior ; 111, with 
4 apieal, 2-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1 posterior ; iv. 
with 2-2-1 anterior, 2-2—2-2-2 inferior, and 1-1-1-2-1 
posterior spines. 

Hab. 8S. Paulo. 

Type in my own collection. 


6. Lastodora fracta *, sp. n. 


2? .—55 mm. ; ceph. 24 x 22 mm.; legs 70-65-62-78 mm. ; 
patella + tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 24 mm. 

The whole spider dusky black, with the large bristles of 
the falces, legs, and abdomen dark brown. ‘The bristles 
of the coxe of pedipalps and margins of the fang-groove fiery 
red. 

Cephalothorax longer than wide, shorter than patella and 
tibia 1., as long as patella and tibia iv. Eyes of the anterior 
row slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians 
being a little before the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly 
spaced, the medians being the smaller, separated from each 
other by a space which equals their diameter; posterior 
medians much smaller than the anterior medians, but not 
very widely separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, 
which are about as large as the anterior laterals and separated 


* Broken, 


344 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the 


from them by a space which is quite equal to the long 
diameter of the latter. 

Posterior sternal sigillze conspicuous, submarginal. 

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of more than 
twelve plumose bristles, with pink tips, and of four spines 
beneath. 

Protarsus i. and ii. scopulated nearly to base; iil. at 
apical 2; iv. only at apex. Tibia i. with 1 apical spine ; ii. 
with 2 apical, 1 inferior and 1 posterior ; iii. with 2 apical, 
2 inferior, 1-1—1 anterior, and 1-1 posterior ; iv. with many 
apical, 1-2 inferior, 1-1 anterior, and 1-1-1 posterior spines. 

Hab. Bahia. 

Coll. Dr. Olympio da Fonseca Filho. 

Type in my own collection. 


7. Lasiodora subcanens*, sp. n. 


fg .—55 mm.; ceph. 24x 23 mm.; legs 92-93-85-99 mm. ; 
patella + tibia i. 33 mm., iv. 32 mm, ; protarsus iv. 27 mm. 

Integument of the carapace dark red, with a mouse- 
greyish clothing of short hairs; falees with large greyish 
bristles. Sternum and coxe fulvous blackish. Coxe of 
pedipalps and margins of fang-groove with fiery-red bristles. 
Abdomen below wholly black. Legs with very abundant 
and very large bristles with dark chestnut-brown bases 
and pale greyish tips, and with pale lines of short hairs. 
Abdomen dusky black, with large bristles, dark chestnut- 
brown below and fulvous testaceous at the tips. 

Cephalothorax about as wide as long, much shorter than 
patella and tibia i. or iv. and than protarsus iv. 

Ocular tubercle very high, much wider than long. Eyes 
of the anterior row strongly procurved, the anterior edge of 
the medians being a little behind the centre of the laterals, 
nearly evenly spaced, and a little unequal in size, the medians 
being the larger, and separated from each other by a space 
which equals their diameter; posterior medians almost as 
large as the posterior laterals and nearly evenly separated 
from them and from the anterior medians ; posterior laterals 
as large as the anterior laterals, less than a long diameter 
apart. 

Stridulating-organ consisting of eight or nine plumose 
bristles, disposed on coxa i. in two transverse series, without 
spines and without bacilliform bristles. 

Protarsal scopuleze of soft mouse-grey hairs; i. and ii. 
covering the segment nearly to base ; ill. covering 3, with 


* Of greyish hairs, 


Genus L siodora, C. Koch. 345 


three spines at its baso; iv. covering about $—elsewhere 
strongly spined. 

Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper stout, straight, 
cylindrical, blunt, and bearing three long sinuous spines 
obliquely rangel on its underside; the lower crescently 
cylindrical, slightly curved to the inner border. 

Hab. Rio Doce (Espirito Santo). 

Coll. E. Garbe. Type in the 8S. Paulo Museum (no. 132). 


8. Lasiodora klugit (Koch). 

Mygale klugit, C. Koch, 1842, Die Arachniden, vol. ix. p, 25, pl. eexev. 
fio. 708. 

Lastodora klugiit, C. Koch, 1850, Uebersicht d. Arach. Syst. vol. v. 
p. 72. 

Lasiodora klugii, Ausserer, 1871, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xxi. 
p- 209, 

Lasiodora klugii, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161. 

Lasiodora klugit, Pocock, 1901, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. viii. 
p. 544. 

Lasiodora klugit, Strand, 1907, Jahres. Vereins vaterl. Naturk. Wiirtt- 
emberg, vol. Ixiii. p. 54. 

Lasiodora bahiensis, Strand, 1907, id. ibid. p. 57. 

Lasiodora klugu, Petrunkevitch, 1911, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
vol, xxix. 

Lastodora klugw, Strand, 1912, Wiesbaden Jahrb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 
p. 175. 


Hab. Bahia, where it is the most common Aviculariid. I 
have seen some typical specimens, and I believe Lastodora 
bahiensis, Strand, to be synonymous with Lasiodora klugii 


(C. Koch). 


9. Lastodora dificilis *, sp. n. 

3 .—57 mm.; ceph. 25 x 25 mm.; legs 92-88-81-100 mm.; 
patella+ tibia i. 31 mm., iv. 31 mm.; protarsus iv. 27°5 mm. 

Integument of the carapace dark red, with a blackish-grey 
clothing of short hairs, and with large marginal red hairs ; 
falces dusky black, with yellowish bristles ; legs dusky black, 
with very abundant large ochraceous bristles ; sternum and 
coxe dusky brown. Abdomen with such abundant fiery-red 
biistles as almost to conceal its velvety-black clothing. 

Carapace as wide as long, much shorter than patella and 
tibia i. or iv. and than protarsus iv. LKEyes of the anterior 
rew very slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians 
being much before the centre of the laterals, nearly evenly 
spaced, the medians being much the smaller and separated 
from each other by a space which surpasses their diameter ; 


* Hard, difficult, 


346 Dr. Mello-Leit3o on the 


posterior medians much smaller than the anterior medians, 
but not very widely separated from them, closer to posterior 
laterals, which are much smaller than the anterior laterals 
and separated from them by a space which is quite equal to 
the long diameter of the latter. 

Fang-groove with ten teeth on inner margin. Posterior 
sternal sigillae very conspicuous, submarginal. 

Stridulating-organ consisting of twelve large plumose 
bristles on the suture, on coxa i., and no spines or clavi- 
form bristles. 

The soft hairs of the scopula are basally pale and distally 
black ; protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment 
nearly to base; ili. covering 3, with two spines at its base; 
iv. covering about 1—elsewhere strongly spined. 

Spurs of tibia i. well developed, the upper straight, blunt, 
bearing three sinuous spines on its underside; the lower 
erescently cylindrical, curved, blunt. 

? .—60 mm. ; ceph. 25 x 24 mm.; legs 75-67-65-80 mm. ; 
patella + tibia 1. 25 mm., iv. 25 mm. 

Colour as in male. Carapace slightly longer than wide, as 
long as patella and tibia i. or iv. The anterior row of eyes a 
little more procurved. Stridulating bristles as in male. 

Hab. 8. Paulo. 

Coll. Mr. Cleophas. Type in the 8. Paulo Museum 
(no. 139). 


10. Lasiodora striatipes (Ausserer). 
Eurypelma striatipes, Ausserer, 187], Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 
vol. xx. p. 212, pl. i. figs. 15, 16. 
Lastodora striatipes, Ausserer, 1875, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 


vol. xxv. p. 190. 
Lasiodora striatipes, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161. 


Hab. Ausserer only gives Brazil as habitat. I have seen, 
in the collections of the S. Paulo Museum, specimens from 
S. Paulo and Bahia. 


11. Lastodora curtior, Chamberlin. 


Lasiodora curtior, Chamberlin, 1917, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool. Harvard 
Coll. vol. lxi. p. 58, pl. iv. tigs. 6, 7. 


Hab. Rio de Janeiro. 

The type has been described by Chamberlin from Vas- 
souras. IL have seen, in the collections of the National 
Museum, an adult female from the neighbourhood of Rio de 
Janeiro. 


Genus Lasiodora, C, Koch. 347 


12. Lastodora erythrocythara*, sp, n. 


? .—72mm.; ceph. 27°5 x 25mm.; legs 76-70-65-82 mm. ; 
patella + tibia 1. 25 min., iv. 25 mm. 

Carapace fulvous-black. Falces and legs of the same 
colour, with large yellowish-brown bristles ; the legs with 
pale longitudinal bands on the upper surface. Carapace with 
an edge of long yellowish hairs. Abdomen velvety black, 
with long orange bristles. 

Carapace longer than wide, longer than patella and tibia i. 
or iv. ; fovea deep, distinctly recurved. Eyes of the anterior 
row very slightly procurved, the anterior edge of the medians 
being before the centre of the laterals, the medians much 
the larger, less than a diameter apart, and separated from 
the laterals by a space which equals their diameter ; poste- 
rior medians not much smaller than the anterior medians, 
nearly at the same distance from them and from the posterior 
laterals, which are a little larger than the anterior laterals 
and separated from them by about half a diameter. 

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of a great many 
simple, incrassate, but apically attenuate red bristles in 
several series, witlout basal spines, upon the suture. 

Protarsal scopula i. and ii. covering the segment nearly to 
base; ill. covering 3 segment, with three spines at its base; 
iv. covering about }—elsewhere strongly spined. All the 
tibize poorly spined. 

Hab. 8. Paulo. 

Type in the National Museum. 


13. Lasiodora differens, Chamberlin. 


Lasiodvra differens, Chamberlin, 1917, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 
Coll. vol. lxi. p. 56, pl. iv. figs. 4, 5. 


Hab, Lagéa Santa (Estado de Minas Geraes). 


14. Lasiodora pleoplectra TF, sp. n. 


? .—68 mm.; ceph. 26 x 24 mm.; legs 70-65-60-75 mm. ; 
patella + tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 24 mm. 

Integument of the carapace dark violet, with a dusky 
blackish clothing of short hairs and with an edge of long 
brown hairs ; legs dusky blackish, with longitudinal, dorsal, 
bare, dark fulvous bands and long brown bristles. Abdomen 

* épvOpds, red; «Odpa, lute. 

+ mews, very many; 7Ane«rpor, the little staff for striking the strings 
of the lyre—in allusion to the numerous bristles of the stridulating-organ, 


348 Dr. Mello-Leitio on the 


velvety black, with long pink bristles. Sternum and coxze 
dark chestnut-brown ; falces greyish. 

Carapace longer than wide, slightly longer than patella and 
tibia i. or tv; fovea deep, recurved. 

Ocular tubercle very high, twice as wide as long. Hyes 
of the anterior row distinctly procurved, the anterior edge 
of the medians at the level of the centre of the laterals, 
the medians much the smaller, separated from each other 
by a space whieh equals 15 diameter, and separated about 
two diameters from the laterals; pesterior medians not 
much smaller than the anterior medians, and not very widely 
separated from them, closer to posterior laterals, which are 
much smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from 
them by a space which is not quite equal to the long diameter 
of the latter. 

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of very many 
short plumose bristles, forming a triangular pad upon the 
suture, almost touching the distal end. 

Sternum almost as wide as long, with conspicuous sub- 
marginal sigille. Protarsal scopula disposed as in Lastodora 
erythrocythara, mihi. Tibia i. with 1 apical spine; ii. with 
3 apical, 1 lower, and 1 inner; iii. with 3 apical, 1 lower, 
2-2-2 inner, and 1-1-1 outer spines ; iv. strongly spined. 

Hab. 8. Paulo. 

‘ype in my own collection. 


15. Lasiodora dolichosterna, sp. n. 


2 .—60mm.; ceph. 22°5 x 21 mm.; legs 70-65-61-76mm.; 
patella+ tibia i. 25 mm., iv. 22°5 mm. 

Integument of the carapace mahogany-brown, with close 
clothing of short dusky hairs. Legs dark chestnut-brown, 
with long pale brownis bristles. Abdomen velvety black, 
with abundant long brick-red bristles ; underside fulvous- 
black. 

Cephalothorax longer than wide, as long as patella and 
tibia iv., much shorter than patella and tibia i.; fovea deep, 
strongly recurved. Ocular tubercle very high, almost twice 
as wide as long. Eyes of the anterior row very strongly 
procurved, the anterior edge of the medians being much 
behind the centre of the laterals, separated from each other 
by a space which surpasses their diameter, and from the 
laterals by about two diameters ; posterior medians about as 
large as the anterior medians, nearly at the same distance 
from them and from the posterior laterals, which are much 
smaller than the anterior laterals and separated from them by 


Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 349 


a space which is quite equal to half the long diameter of the 
latter. 

Sternum narrower than in some other species, much longer 
than wide (9°2x 6°5 mm.), with small submarginal posterior 
sigillee. 

Stridulating-organ similar to the preceding species. Fang- 
groove with thirteen teeth on inner margin. Protarsal 
scopule and spinulation of the tibiz as in preceding species. 

Hab. S. Paulo. 

Type in my own collection. 


16. Lastodora spinipes, Ausserer. 


Lasiodora spinipes, Ausserer, 1871, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, vol. xxi. 
p- 209. 
Lasiodora spinipes, Simon, 1892, Hist. Nat. Ar. vol. i. p. 161. 
Hab. 8. Paulo (8. Paulo Museum) and Santa Catharina 
(National Museum), 


17. Lasiodora parahybana, Mello-Leitio. 
Lasiodora parahybana, Mello-Leitao, 1917, Broteria, Serie Zoologica, 
vol, xv. p. 75. 
The stridulating-organ on coxa 1. consists of very many 
plumose bristles, disposed in three transverse series, with 
some intermixed clavate bristles. 


Hab. Campina Grande (Paralhyba do Norte). 


18. Lastodora itabune*, sp. n. 


? .—75 mm.; ceph. 29 x 27°5mm.; legs 83-75-75-89 mm.; 
patella+ tibia 1, 29 mm., iv. 27 mm. 

Integument of carapace blackish violet. A close black 
clothing of short hairs covering the body and limbs ; the legs 
with long brownish setee and bare dorsal longitudinal bands 
of a reddish-violet hue. Abdomen with no abundant long 
fulvous bristles. Coxe of pedipalps and margins of fang- 
groove with vinous-reddish bristles. 

Cephalothorax longer than wide, as long as patella and 
tibia i. and longer than patella and tibia iv.; fovea deep, 
wide, slightly recurved. Ocular tubercle very high, nearly 
as long as wide. Jyes of anterior rows procurved, the ante- 
rior edge of the medians being much slighter before the 
centre of the laterals, nearly evenly spaced and a little unequal 
in size, the medians the smaller, separated from each other 
by a space equal to their diameter ; posterior medians 


* Named after its habitat—Itabuna, a little town in Bahia State, 


350 On the Genus Lasiodora, C. Koch. 


much smaller than the anterior medians, close to the posterior 
laterals, which are distinctly smaller than the anterior 
laterals and separated from them by a space which is quite 
equal to the long diameter of the latter. 

Stridulating-organ on coxa i. consisting of seven simple 
incrassate but apically attenuate plumose bristles, disposed in 
a single series and separated from the suture by a bare band. 

Protarsal scopula of i. and ii. covering the segment nearly 
to base, il. covering 4, and iv. only the tip. 

Fang-groove with eleven teeth on inner margin. 

Hab. Itabuna (Bahia). 

Coll. E. Garbe. Type in the 8. Paulo Museum. 


There are twelve other large spiders described under the 
genus Lastodora, and belonging respectively to :— 


GRAMMOSTOLA, Simon. 


Lasiodora rosea, C. Koch,= Grammostola spatulata, F. Cam- 
bridge. 
Homa@omma, Ausserer. 


Lasiodora versicolor, C. Koeh,= Homeomma stradlingi, O. 
Jambridge. 


PAMPHOBETEUS, Pocock. 


Lasiodora augustt, Simon, = Pamphobeteus augusti (Simon), 
Pocock. 

benedent, Bertkau,= Pamphobeteus benedeni (Bertkau), 
Mello-Leiti&o. 

ferox, Ausserer, = Pamphobeteus ferox (Ausserer), Pocock. 

fortis, Ausserer, = Pamphobeteus fortis (Ausserer) , Pocock. 

—— nigricolor, Ausserer,= Pamphobeteus nigricolor (Aus- 
serer), Pocock. 

vespertina, Simon, = Pamphobeteus vespertinus (Simon), 
Pocock. 


MEGAPHOBEMA, Pocock. 
Lasiodora robusta, Ausserer, = Megaphobema robusta (Auss.), 
Pocock. 
XENESTHIS, Simon. 


Lasiodora immanis, Ausserer,= Xenesthis immanis (Auss.), 


Pocock. 
PHORMICTOPUS, Pocock. 


Lasiodora cauta, Ausserer,=Phormictopus cautus (Auss.), 


Pocock. 


On some Japanese Cephalopods. 351 


XXXI.—WNotes on some Japanese Cephalopods.—A Review of 


Sasaki’s ‘Albatross’ Report*. By 8. STILLMAN Berry, 
Redlands, California. 


THE important collection of Cephalopods obtained by the 
‘ Albatross’ in the North-western Pacific in 1906, originally 
in the hands of Prof. 8S. Watasé for study, was by him 
turned over to Prof. Sasaki, from whose pen now comes the 
present welcome paper. 

Although the unfortunate brevity of many sections would 
not ordinarily so indicate, this evidently constitutes the long- 
awaited final report on the collection. The author is under- 
stood to be engaged upon a monographic survey of the 
cephalopods of Japan, in course of which it is but fair to 
suppose that he intends to elucidate the characters of the 
species concerned in much greater detail. Be that as it may, 
the forty and odd pages of the ‘ Albatross’ report record a 
collection of sixty species (an astounding number of these 
animals for so narrowly delimited a region, and one which 
could probably be duplicated by similar expenditure of time 
and energy nowhere else in the world, unless in some of the 
little-known areas of the South Pacific), apportionable among 
twenty-nine genera. Of these no less than eighteen species, 
two subspecies or varieties, and two genera are described as 
new. Watasella, the first of the new genera, is based upon 
an extraordinary cirroteuthid, in which a “ tubular pouch,” 
enclosing a curious filamentous organ, “exists between the 
first and second arms on either side, running radially through 
the umbrella, and opening externally on the umbrella edge.” 
Although the significance of such an arrangement can hardly 
be guessed at from the scanty information given, it seems to 
the reviewer that the creation of a new family principally on 
this basis, as Sasaki seems to have done, is possibly prema- 
ture. The conservative and more fundamental features of 
the Cirroteuthoidea are so much more impressive than their 
divergencies that there is certainly ground for the feeling 
that their relationships are better expressed by the inclusion 
of all within the confines of a single family than by the sepa- 
ration into two or more families on the ground of purely 
adaptive characters, such as the presence or absence of an 
odontophore, the width of the pallial aperture, the compression 
of the body, and so on, as has been attempted in various 

* “ Report on Cephalopods collected during 1906 by the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries steamer ‘ Albatross’ in the North-western Pacific.” 


By Madoka Sasaki. (Proceedings United States National Museum, 
vol. 57, pp. 168-205, pls. 23-26, 1920.) 


352 On some Japanese Cephalopods. 


ways by Thiele, Grimpe, and other recent German writers. 
Further investigation of the filamentiferous pouches of 
Watasella, its skeletal features, and buccal organs, will be 
awaited with interest. There seems indeed no vanguard to 
the procession of astonishing novelties being continuously 
brought to light from the Japanese fauna. 

‘T'he second new genus, Gonatopsis, is likewise somewhat 
of a puzzle. Its most extraordinary peculiarity, and that 
which has suggested the name of its type-species, octopedatus, 
is dismissed with a curt two words, “ Tentacles absent.” 
But the same condition has been described so frequently in 
the history of cephalopod taxonomy that one may be pardoned 
a little healthy scepticism until more conclusive evidence can 
be brought forward to show that this loss is not the result of 
accident or otherwise a secondary or ontogenetic circumstance. 

Chunella is proposed as a new generic name for Bolitena 
diaphana (Hoyle), Chun, on the suggested rather than 
proven ground that the typical Bolitena of Steenstrup is 
related to Alloposus rather than to Hledonella, as maintained 
by Chun. This is an interesting view, and should be in- 
quired into further by someone in a position satisfactorily to 
settle the point raised, but the argument advanced requires 
much elaboration to be altogether convincing, 

A great preponderance of the new forms described (12 out 
of 20) are members of the genus Polypus. It is impossible 
at present to give any rational discussion of the probable 
relationships of these, but attention should be called to the 
fact that two of the new names proposed are unfortunately 
preempted for use elsewhere. As Prof. Sasaki has most 
courteously expressed a wish that the present reviewer 
rechristen them, the name Polypus hokkaidensis is here 
proposed for Polypus glaber, Sasaki, 1920, not P. glaber, 
“ Riippell,” Wiilker, 1920 (prior publication), and the name 
Polypus madokai* for P. pustulosus, Sasaki, 1920, not 
Octopus pustulosus, “ Peron,” Blainville, 1826. 

An interesting feature of the paper is the discovery in 
Japanese waters of the genus Sewurgus, hitherto known only 
from the Hawaiian Islands and the Mediterranean. In view 
of the several discrepancies noted by Sasaki,-its specific 
identity with the Hawaiian form is probably not certain. 

It is worth noting that by all odds the most abundant 
species in the collection, represented by about 100 specimens, 
was Rossia pacifica. 

* Named in honour of Prof. Sasaki in recognition of his work as a 


student of Japanese Cephalopoda, as well as in some degree to acknow- 
ledge the recent receipt of several signal courtesies from his hands. 


On South-African Species of Melyris, Fabr. 353 


XXXII.— Further Notes on various South-African Species of 
Melyris, Fabr. [Coleoptera]. By G. C. CHAMPION. 


Since the publication of my ‘ Notes on the African and 
Asiatic Species of Melyris, Fabr.” [Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
(9) iv. (Oet. and Nov. 1919)], I have been able, through the 
kindness of Dr. L, Péringuey and Dr. Y. Sjéstedt respectively, 
to see the type of MM. limbata, Péring., and types or co-types 
of the four species named or described by Boheman. ‘The 
result of this examination shows that my interpretation of 
these authors’ descriptions was incorrect in several cases, and 
the following emendations to the synonymy are required :— 


M. rufomarginata (Dej. Cat.), Champ. (No. 4, p. 164)= 
M. limbata, Péringuey, whose name will have to be 
adopted, that of Dejean being a nomen nudum. 


M. pubescens, Oliv. (No. 5, p. 164).—Thiis is the species 
named and described by Boheman as M. lineata, F. 
Whether Boheman had correctly identified the Fabrician 
insect it is impossible to say without comparing his 
Caffrarian specimens with the type. In any case, 
Olivier’s name (1790) has twe years’ priority. 

M, lineata, F. (No. 6, p. 165) =, sulcicollis, Boh. Several 
? @ were doubtfully referred by me to J, lineata, F. 
I have since seen a @ from Reenen, Natal (J/us. Dur- 
bun), anda ¢ from Grahamstown (coll. Pic) of the same 
species; this latter has ventral segment 5 deeply 
arcuate-emarginate at the apex and arcuately excavate 
above, and 6 lobed on each side at the tip. 


MM, natalensis, Boh. (No. 12, p. 170).—This species was 
wrongly identified from the description. The type, 3, 
except in colour, is very like J. violacea, Champ. 
(No. 10), differing from it in having the prothorax more 
rounded at the side and its surface strongly tuberculate 
between the reticulations. The ¢ terminal ventral 
segments are similarly formed in these two insects. 


M. sulcicollis, Boh. (No. 13, p. 170) =M. lineata (F.), 
Champ. Fortunately the Dejean Catalogue name 
M. interstitialis is available for the Common ‘Transvaal 
and Natal insect incorrectly referred by me, with a 
var. varipes, to ML. sulcicollis. It is recognizable by the 
closely, finely punctured elytral interstices. My so- 
called J. natalensis, Boh., is connected with it by inter- 
mediate forms, and it is perhaps best treated as an 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 23 


354 Mr. O. Thomas on 
extreme variety of MM. interstitialis. A fresh description 
is not required. 
M. rufiventris, Boh. (No. 14, p. 171). The type, 3, agrees 
with the specimens thus named in my “ Notes.” 
The revised synonymy will stand as follows :— 
4, M. limbata, Péring. (1885). 
rufomarginata (De}. Cat.), Champ. (1919). 


5. M. pubescens, Oliv. (1790). 
lineata, Fabry. (1792) (nec Champ., 1919). 


6. MW. sulcicollis, Boh. (1851). 
lineata (¥.), Champ. (1919). 


12. M. natalensis, Bok. (nec Champ., 1919). 
12. M. interstitialis (Dej. Cat.), Champ. (1919). 


sulcicollis and var. varipes, Champ. (nee Boh.). 
Var. natalensis, Champ. (nec Boh.). 


XXXIII.—New Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys 
from Colombia. By OLDFIELD ‘l’HOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


By the kindness of Frére Nicéforo Maria of the Colegio de 
San José, Medellin, the British Museum has been enabled to 
acquire by exchange a number of small mammals from the 
neighbourhood of that town. Among them there occur 
examples of the three following new species :— 


Cryptotis medellinius, sp. n. 


Most nearly allied to C. meridensis ; larger than C. thomasi 
and equatoris. 

Size about as in meridens?s, the skull slightly shorter, but 
more robust. Proportions about as in that animal, though 
the tail of the single specimen is a little shorter. Fur as 
usual, hair of back about 4°8 mm. in length. General colour 
dark mouse-grey, less brown than in the other three 
S. American species. Ends of digits, both fore and hind, 
whitish. Tail with a few whitish hairs terminally, otherwise 
dark brown. 


new Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys. 355 


Skull rather shorter and more robust than in merddensis, 
the muzzle shorter and the interorbital region broader. As 
an indication of the shortening of the muzzle, the distance 
from the back of 7 to the front of p* is only 2°0 mm. as com- 
pared with 2°6 in the type of meridensis. Brain-case more 
inflated upwards, a marked angle at the junction of brain- 
case and face. 

Anterior upper incisor shorter and more proclivous ; large 
unicuspids more vertical, less oblique, in order to crowd into 
the shorter space available. 

Dimensions of the type, taken on the skin :— 

Head and body 92 mm.; tail 30; hind foot 15. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 21:7 ; condylo-incisive length 
22°7 ; interorbital breadth 5°3; breadth across brain-case 11; 
length from nasal notch to foramen above olfactory fossa 9:2 ; 
upper tooth-series 10; front of p* to back of m? 5:8. 

flab. Medellin region of Colombia ; type from San Pedro, 
30 km. north of Medellin. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21. 7.1.9. Original num- 
ber 10. Collected December 1919 by Frére Nicéforo Maria. 

The Panama Cryptotis described by Mr. Goldman as 
C. merus is considerably smaller than C. medellinius. 


Thomasomys nicefori, sp. 0. 


Near 7. aureus, but smaller and with smaller teeth. 

General appearance very much as in 7. aureus, though 
the head and fore back are rather less richly fulvous, but the 
colours are essentially the same, with the same butfy or 
ochraceous suffusion above, becoming richer on the rump, 
and with the same buffy washing of the belly. Feet com- 
paratively light and delicate, buffy whitish, with darker 
patches on wrists and metacarpals, ankles and metatarsals. 
Tail well haired, uniformly brown, not so long as in the 
allied species. 

Skull smaller throughout than in 7. aureus, therefore much 
smaller than in 7. princeps of Bogota. Muzzle slender; 
nasals narrow. Interorbital region comparatively broad, less 
sharply defined and ridged than in the other species. Palatal 
foramina as usual larger and open. Molars small and 
delicate, both shorter and narrower than in the other members 
of the group. 

Dimensions of the type, measured on the skin :— 

Head and body 150 mm.; tai] 187; hind foot (wet) 32 ; 
ear 19. 

Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 33:8 ; 
zygomatic breadth 19; nasals 13°2x 4; —— breadth 

23 


356 On new Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Oryzomys. 


5:3; palatilar length 15:2; palatal foramina 82; upper 
molar series 6; breadth of m’* 1:5. 

Hub. Medellin. Type from San Pedro, north of the town. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1. 20. Original num- 
ber 9. Collected December 1919. One specimen. 

This fine rat is a member of the 7’. aureus group, of which 
I have before me examples of all the described species. Its 
skull and, especially, its molars are so much smaller than the 
corresponding parts in aureus that it clearly needs a new 
name. ‘The TZ. princeps of Bogotdé is larger than aureus, 
while Allen’s 7. popayanus is of about the same size as the 
latter, and is perhaps rather doubtfully separable from it. 

I have much pleasure in naming this handsome animal in 
honour of the naturalist to whom we owe its discovery. 


Oryzomys intectus, sp. 0. 

A small species with short tail, somewhat like O. balneator, 
but with larger molars. 

Size rather larger than in balneator. Fur soft and fine, 
hairs of back about 7 mm. in length. General colour above 
uniform dark mouse-grey, very like that of Jus musculus, 
the hairs finely ticked with drabby. Sides more drabby. 
Under surface slaty grey, the ends of the hairs dull whitish. 
Face more blackish, a blackish area round the eyes, below 
and behind which the light colour of the throat extends 
rather high up towards the ear, forming a light whisker- 
mark, Hands and feet whitish above. ‘Tail unusually short, 
apparently not as long as the head and body, very finely 
haired, almost naked, brown above, dull whitish below. 

Skull peculiarly short, broad, and rounded, with broad 
interorbital region. Indeed, it is almost precisely like that of 
a Melanomys, with the important exception that there is no 
trace of the supraorbital beading so conspicuous in that group. 
Brain-case similarly low, smooth, and without ridges. Palatal 

. foramina short, about the length of the tooth-row. Molars 
stout and heavy, large for the size of the animal, their struc- 
ture more like that in J/elanomys than in the smaller species 
of Oryzomys, but many of the larger species of Oryzomys 
also have quite similar molars. 

Dimensions of the type, measured on the skin :— 

Head and body 100 mm.; tail 91; hind foot (wet) 22. 

Skull: greatest length 26°2; condylo-incisive length 23°5 ; 
zygomatic breadth 14:2; nasals 10°3 ; interorbital breadth 5; 
breadth of brain-case 12°2; palatilar length 114; palatal 
foramina 4°2 (4°6 in an older specimen); upper molar 
series 4°2. 


On a new Pseudochirus and Phiascogale. oon 


Hab. Medellin. Type from Santa Elena. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1.17. Original num- 
ber 29. Collected January 1920. Three specimens. 

This is a remarkably distinct species, whose systematic 
position is not at present easy to determine. Its peculiarly 
broad low skull distinguishes it from any Oryzomys known 
to me, while the entire absence of supraorbital ridges separates 
it from Melanomys, to which its short tail and the general 
shape of its skull perhaps indicate some affinity. Many 
Oryzomys, however, have no supraorbital ridges, and I there- 
fore provisionally place it in that genus. 


XXXIV.— New Pseudochirus and Phascogale from 
N.W. New Guinea. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


A FURTHER small consignment of Mammals has been received 
from the Pratt Brothers, who have been collecting in the 
Weyland Mountains, N.W. New Guinea (approximately 
135° 40’ E., 3° 40’ 8.), a region hitherto almost untouched. 

The collection includes examples representing the two 
following new mammals :— 


Pseudochirus caroli, sp. n. 


A large member of the canescens-forbesi group ; most nearly 
allied to Ps. larvatus ; a white tip to the tail. 

Size larger than in any of the species allied to canescens, 
more as in some of the members of the aldertist group. 
General colour above more “ buffy-biown ” or rather darker ; 
an indistinct darker median dorsal line from withers to rump. 
Underside white, the hairs ereamy white to their bases. 
Face greyish brown, not rufous, without defined median dark 
line ; chin blackish. Back of ears anda patch in front of 
them black ; a prominent white patch below and behind them. 
Fore limbs with the whole of their outer as well as their 
lower side white, in continuation with the white of the belly, 
the white extending on to the outer halves of the metacarpals ; 
warm brown of body-colour extending in a rather narrow 
line down the front of the forearm to the wrist ; proximal 
part of digits blackish, lightening terminally. Behind tle 
outer sides of the legs and the whole of the feet are white. 
Tail well furred proximally, brown for its basal three inches, 
then darkening nearly to black for its next three inches, aud 


358 On a new Pseudochirus and Phascogale. 


then changing abruptly to white, the white corresponding in 
length to the part which is naked below, 

Skull lar ger than in darvatus, but of similar form. Nasals 
widely expanded behind. Tatarocital region narrow, with 
the usual parallel rounded ridges. Posterior part of bulle 
unusually swolien, projecting nearly as far backward as the 
condyles do. 

Teeth with the usual well-marked diastemata characteristic 
of the group. Molariform teeth narrow. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 300 mm. ; tail 370, its white terminal part 
170; hind foot 45 ; ear 22. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 61:7 ; zygomatic breadth 35 ; 
nasals, length 18, least breadth 4°3, greatest breadth 10°3; 
intertemporal breadth 7 ; palatal length 33; length of three 
anterior molariform teeth LO-6. 

Hab. Weyland Mountains, N.W. New Guinea. Type 
from Mt. Kunupi, Menoo Valley. Alt. 6000’. 

Type. Adult male. B.M,. no, 21. 8.1.15. Original number 
49, Collected 16th November, 1920, by Messrs. Pratt Bros. 
One specimen. 

“Came to the bright light used for attracting moths,”— 
C.BzE; 

This most distinct species presents an interesting mixture 
of the characters of the different “subgenera” of Pseudo- 
chirus. Clearly most nearly related to /’seudochirulus, it is 
as large as the smaller species of Pseudochirops; it has the 
white-ended tail said to be confined to Pseudochirus, while its 
brown instead of fulvous face is like Pseudoehirops and not 
Pseudochirulus. Its white under surface and the white 
outer sides of its forearms are peculiar to itself. 

I have named it in honour of Mr. Charles B. Pratt, who 
has taken great interest in the collecting of mammals in the 
little-known parts of New Guinea where he and his brothers 
have been working. 


Phascogale lorentzi venusta, subsp. n. 


Very like P. lorentzi, as described from normal non- 
melanistic specimens in 1912 *, the original dorentzi having 
been based on a melanoid example. General colour less 
rufous owing to the tips of the underfur being more buffy 
than rufous, but otherwise the mixture of buffy and black 
ticked with white is essentially similar. Under surface, how- 
ever, very much less rufous, the rich rufous wash on the 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ix. p. 91. 


Descriptions and Records of Bees. 359 


chest end middle area of belly replaced by dull pale cinnamon, 
while that on lower aspect of the forearms and legs, very 
prominent in lorentzi, is quite absent, these parts being 
simply dull greyish brown. Head mixed buffy and black. 
Ears almost naked internaliy, the metentote with a few 
ochraceous hairs; externally they are finely clothed with 
whitish hairs, which extend on to the sides of the neck and 
form a prominent whitish patch. Limbs not very different 
from the body, the forearms above more cinnamon; upper 
surface of hands and feet like body on the metapodials, the 
digits dark brown. : 

Skull very like that of lorentzi, but the bull are less 
swollen. Incisors slightly smaller, so that the row of four 
measures about 4°2 instead of 5 mm. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 187 mm.; tail 188; hind foot 39 ; ear 23. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 46°5 ; zygomatic breadth 36 ; 
nasals 19°4 x 6 ; interorbital breadth 9°5 ; palatal length 25:5 ; 
maxillary tooth-row 18 ; length of three anterior molariform 
teeth 7-9. 

Anether much damaged skull has a condylo-basal length 
of 53°5 mm. 

Hab. Weyland Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. Type 
from Mt. Kunupi. Alt. 6000’. 

Type. Adult male. B.M.no. 21.8.1.11. Original num- 
ber 51. Collected 20th December, 1920. Four specimens. 

Assuming the identity of the Goliath Mountain specimens 
described in 1911 with the melanistic P. lorentz7, the present 
handsome animal may be readily distinguished by the white 
patches behind its ears, and by the brown instead of rufous 
lower aspect of the forearms and thighs. 


XXX V.—Deseriptions and Records of Bees—XCI. 
By I’. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado. 


Mesonychium dugest, Cockerell. 


Garden Caiion, Huachuca Mts., Arizona (W. H. Mann) 
U.S. Nat. Museum. 
Genus new to the United States. 


Nomia (Crocisaspidia) muscatensis, Cockerell. 
Aden (Muir). Cambridge University Museum. 


360 Mr. I’. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


Nomia aurifrons, Smith. 


On comparing Smith’s type @ with the type of my 
NV. andrenina, I find them identical. 


Nomia exagens (Walker). 
Halictus timidus, Smith, from Ceylon, is the same, as 


Meade-Waldo had determined from the types in the British 
Museum, and I can confirm, 


v 
Nomia zebrata, Cameron. 


The types of N. zebrata, Cameron, and N. frederict, 
Cameron, in the Rothney collection at Oxford, represent the 
same species. 


Nomia pulchriventris (Cameron). 

Bingham says of Halictus pulchriventris, Cameron: “type 
(3) in coll. Rothney.” I found it there, and it is a Nomia 
with claviform abdomen ; hind basitarsi yellowish white. 

I also found one, marked type, in the British Museum. 
Anterior wing 7 mm. long, dusky, darker at apex. Hind 
legs simple. 


Sphecodes cameronit (Bingham). 


Flalictus cameronii, Bingham, 1897 (decorus, Cameron), is 
a small Sphecodes, as shown by the type in the Rothney 
collection. 

9.—No caudal rima; first three abdominal segments 
bright chestnut ; face very broad; mesothorax and scutellum 
shining. 


India. 


Sphecodes tridescens, n. n. 


Sphecodes cameroni, Schulz, 1906 (irtdipennis, Cameron). S. Africa, 


Halictus kalutare, Cockerell. 


Meade-Waldo (1916) found that Nomia vincta, Walker, 
was an Halictus, and placed my kalutare asasynonym. On 
comparing the types in the British Museum I find that they 
are distinct. In kalutare the sharp ruge on anterior part of 
mesothorax on each side of middle line bend backward, to 


Records of Bees. 361 


meet the opposite ones and form a series of V’s; this is not 
the case with vinctus. H. kalutare also has a larger head, 
elevated \posteriorly, and sides of vertex shining (dull in 
vinctus). They are, however, allied. 


Halictus matheranensis, Cameron, 1907. 


H emergendus, Cameron, 1908, is a little larger, but is 
the same species. 

Postscutellum densely covered with pale oclreous-tinted 
tomentum, 

India. 


FTalictus inoa (Cameron). 


Andrena inoa, Cameron, 1904 (type, gd, in British Mu- 
seum), belongs to Halietus. 

Face broad, with subparallel eyes; stigma and nervures 
bright ferruginous; middle of scutellum with moss-like 
bright ferruginous hair; abdominal segments with basal 
hair-bands. 

Himalayas. 


Halictus pseudopectoralis, Cockerell. 


FHlalictus notaticollis, Friese, 1916, from Costa Riea, is a 
synonym. The U.S. National Museum has specimens of 
notaticollis from Friese. 


Falictus oppositus (Smith). 


The type (2) of Smith’s Noma opposita from China, in 
the British Museum, is a species of Halictus. 

Mesothorax and scutellum entirely dull. Wings brownish, 
first r,n. meeting second t.-c., third s.m. subquadrate, very 
broad above. Hind spur dentate. Hntire creamy-white 
bands at bases of abdominal segments 2 to 4. 


Halictus sepositus, sp. n. 


3 (type).—Length about 12 mm. 

Slender, black ; clypeus produced, convex, rugoso-punc- 
tate, glistening, entirely black except for a pair of very 
obscure reddish marks near apex ; in lateral profile of head 
the clypeus is entirely out of line with eyes; malar space 
distinct. Head broad, oval, facial quadrangle much higher 


362 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


than broad, orbits nearly parallel; front dull and granular; 
antenne long, joints 4 to 9 clear ferruginous beneath ; head 
and thorax with long, thin, pale fulvous hair ; mesothorax 
and scutellum closely and finely punctured, somewhat 
glistening ; area of metathorax finely rugose, posterior 
truncation not defined; tegule dark rufous, with a piceous 
spot. Wings faintly reddish, stigma bright ferruginous, 
nervures fuscous ; third s.m. long, fully as broad on mar- 
ginal as second; second s.m. about square, receiving r.n. 
beyond middle; outer r.n. and t.-c. strong. Legs black, 
with knees, tibiz, and tarsi ferruginous ; hind tibizw with a 
very faint dusky shade posteriorly. Abdomen glistening, 
extremely finely punctured, hind margins of segments with 
dull white hair-bands. 

@ —About 12 mm. long. 

Robust ; hair-bands confined to sides of abdominal seg- 
ments ; posterior truncation of metathorax nowhere sharply 
defined, longitudinal striz on each side of its median sulcus ; 
area of metathorax with coarse rugose hide-like sculpture ; 
clypeus shining, with large punctures, flagellum very 
obscurely reddish beneath; hind spur with five erect saw-like 
teeth; third s.m. not quite so broad on marginal as second; 
surface of abdomen thinly hairy, first segment shining. 
Wings reddened. Hind tibize and tarsi densely covered with 
fulvous hair. 

Madeira (7..V. Wollaston). Oxford Museum. 

This stands in the Wollaston collection as AH. quadri- 
strigatus, Latr. (which is guadricinctus, Fabr.), and is closely 
allied to that variable species, yet evidently distinct, espe- 
cially by the dark clypeus in the male. It was examined 
years ago by E. Saunders and Vachal, and they agreed that 
it was distinct from quadristrigatus. Another female stands 
in the collection as H. zebrus, Walck. ; it is not so large, the 
mesothorax 1s more finely sculptured, but the hind legs have 
the same fulvous hair and the same spurs. After careful 
comparisons I concluded that all the specimens represented a 
single species. 


Neocorynura pubescens (Friese). 


Halictus pubescens, Friese, from Costa Rica, is represented 
in the U.S. National Museum by material from Friese. It 
is identical with a Neocorynura from Costa Rica named 
years ago by Vachal, but, so far as I can find, not published. 

Thorax emerald-green, the mesothorax with short moss-like 


Records of Bees. 363 


red hair ; hind spur of @ with very few long stout spines ; 
apex of flagellum bright red ; eyes deeply emarginate ; area 
of metathorax with very fine radiating strie. 


Agapostemon virescens (Fabricius). 


The type is in the Banks collection at the British Museum, 
and is our common American species. The name dates from 
1775, virtdulus (Fabricius) from 1793. Moses Harris, in 
his ‘Exposition of English Insects’ (1782), figures and 
describes a male as Apis vitreus. The names of Harris have 
generally been ignored, but they are as valid as those of 
Drury, after whose work that of Harris was modelled, The 
binomials appear in the index. 


Prosopis maderensis, sp. n. 


9? .— Length about 7 mm. 

Black, with a broad, elongate, pale yellow mark on each 
side of face, its ends rounded, the upper end level with 
untennee, the lower (more mesad) above middle of clypeus ; 
clypeus elongate, dull, finely aciculate ; mandibles and an- 
tenne black, scape not swollen; thorax with very scanty 
white hair; mesothorax dull, very minutely and densely 
punctured ; area of metathorax with irregular, rather weak, 
raised reticulation on basal middle, otherwise finely rugose ; 
tegule black. Wings slightly brownish, nervures and 
stigma piceous; b.n. falling a little short of t.-m.; second 
s.m. broad, receiving first r.n. near its base. Abdomen 
shining, extremely finely punctured, without hair-patches, 

Madeira (7. V. Wollaston). Oxford Museum. 

It was labelled “n. sp. allied to signata.” It is easily 
known from signata by the delicate sculpture of the abdomen. 


Allodape mixta (Smith). 


The type of Prosopis /eucotarsis, Cameron, in the Rothney 
collection, is an Allodape. Lassume that Bingham is correct 
in referring it to the older name mizia, Smith. 

Length about 5 mm. 

Clypeus creamy white, with very small lateral face-marks 
next to the lateral notches in clypeal colour: tongue long, 
linear ; tarsi creamy white, front ones reddened; nervures 
pale, stigma dark-margined. 


364 Mr, T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


Bombus rubriventris, Lepeletier. 


At Oxford, in material belonging to the Hope collection, 
which had passed through the hands of Lepeletier, I found a 
B, rubriventris, probably the type. It is labelled “St. Do- 
mingue.” It isa remarkable Bombus, black, with abdomen 
beyond first segment covered with very bright blood-red hair 
as far as end of fourth segment (red hair overlapping fifth), 
but black on fifth segment. Malar space moderate (rather 
shorter than in brasiliensis); ocelli small; top of head and 
mesothorax in front with black hair, but behind the broad 
band on front of mesothorax, abruptly, the short hair is dull 
grey; long grey hairs at sides of secutellum ; pleura with pale 
greyish hair; anterior wing about 18 mm., dark reddish 
fuliginous (not so dark as in brasiliensis); hind tibie dark 
red, with black hair. 


Euglossa analis, Westwood. 


I found a specimen, evidently the type, at Oxford. Clypeus 
with the usual three keels; labrum &c. creamy white ; dark 
purple-blue, apex of abdomen (beyond fourth segment) 
broadly and abruptly emerald-green. 

Length 10 mm. or a little over. 

Friese gives this as a doubtful synonym of £. cordata (L.), 
but it is evidently the prior name for 4. azurea, Ducke. 


Megachile bicolor (Fabricius). 
In 1919 I published Megachile fletcher: from India, 


believing it to be closely allied to but separable from bicolor. 
Mr. T. B. Fletcher wrote that he considered it to be identical 
with bicolor, and sent for comparison both sexes from Coim- 
batore (Fletcher), Pusa, Behar (G. D. O.), and Chapra, 
Bengal (Mackenzie). I took these to the British Museum, 
and, on comparing them with the series there, could only 
conclude that all were one species—JZ. bicolor. 


Megachile semipleta, sp. n. 


¢ .—Length about 10 mm. 

Black, with small joints of tarsi reddened, the last bright 
ferruginous; antenne entirely black ; head ordinary, face 
and cheeks with long creamy-white hair, vertex with dark 
chocolate-brown hair ; mesothorax glistening, closely punc- 
tured, with brownish-black hair, but other parts of thorax 


Records of Bees. 365 


with creamy-white hair; anterior tarsi simple and anterior 
coxee without spines; claws bifid. Abdomen glistening, 
short and broad, first two segments with pale hair ; segments 
3 to 5 with bands of pale hair, but in front of these the hair 
is brown-black ; appressed pale hair at base of fifth ; sixth 
segment retracted, with thin, erect, inconspicuous hair, 
dullish, with minute sculpture, and with a strong depression 
above the keel, which is shallowly emarginate but not dentate. 

Madeira (Wollaston). Oxford University Museum. 

As E. Saunders remarked, it seems to be nearest to JL. versi- 
color, Smith. 


Megachile xylocopoides, Smith. 
Buena Vista, Florida (Chas. Mosier). U.S. Nat. Museum. 


Megachile hematopus, n. n. 


Lithurgus rufipes, Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus, i. (1853) p. 145. Not 
Megachile rufipes (Fabricius). 

I examined the type, from Port Natal, in the British 
Muscum. 

Mandibles mainly red; clypeus strongly transversely 
depressed above margin; tegule bright ferruginous ; white 
pubescence in scutello-mesothoracic suture, and spots behind 
tegule ; legs bright red, tarsi darkened ; second abdominal 
segment metallic green dorsally ; ventral scopa white, black 
on last segment and part of penultimate ; abdomen short and 
broad ; marginal cell and apex of wing fuliginous. ¢. 


Lithurgus lissopoda (Cameron). 


Megachile lissopoda, Cameron, 1908, is a Lithurgus. 

Tubercle on face hardly indicated ; a robust species, with 
very robust hind femora; hind basitarsi bread at end, the 
broad part exposed and shining. 

Length about 11 mm. 

British Museum. 


Lithurgus nigricans (Cameron). 


Megachile nigricans, Cameron, 1898, from Ceylon, isa male 
Lithurgus. 1 examined the type in Rothney collection at 
Oxford. 

Length 11 mm. 


366 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


Seutellum with much black hair; tongue and labial palpi 
extremely long, the tongue would reach tip of abdomen, 
labial palpi about 6 mm.; a polished punctureless space on 
each side of ocelli: flagellum remarkably short ; hind tibize 
very thick; no pulvilli; b. n. falling far short of t.-m. 


Lithurgus taprobane (Cameron), 


Megachile taprobane, Cameron, 1904, from Ceylon, is 
represented by the 2? type in the British Museum. It is a 
Lithurgus. 

Silky white hair on clypeus and sides of face ; supraclypeal 
area with transverse gibbous lower margin; abdomen smooth 
and shining, with the white hair-bands very narrow, last 
seoment with fuscous hair. 

The males placed with it, from Kandy (/?. Turner), are 
Megachile. 


Hleriades spiniscutis (Cameron). 


Megachile spiniscutis, Cameron (male type in British Mu- 
seum), is a Heriades with large curved spines at sides of 
thorax posteriorly ; pulvilli distinct; eyes slate-colour or dark 
grey (not green) ; b.n. nearly reaching t.-m. 

S. Africa, 

Standing next to this in the British Museum is Megaehile 
suavida, Cameron, 9. It has pulvilli, and is a Heriades. 
bas scopa yellowish white; b.n. meeting t.-m.5 eyes 
ilac. 

The name MW. suavida was published by Cameron in 1908, 


based on a male from India. 


Osmia leptodonta (Cameron). 


Megachile leptodonta, Cameron, 1908, in British Museum, 
is an Osmia. 

Flagellum bright red beneath; mandibles peculiar, with 
dense white hair at base, middle pale red, and apical margin 
and teeth abruptly dark; pulvilli present ; abdomen more or 
less red along the margins before the entire white hair-bands. 


Heriades pulchripes (Cameron). 


Megachile pulchripes, Cameron, 1897, from India, is a 
Fleriades, as shown by the ? type in the Rothney collection 
at Oxford. 

Length about 6°5 mm. 


Records of Bees. 367 


Pulvilli present; basin of first abdominal segment with 
sharp edge; middle and hind femora and tibiz clear chestnut- 
red ; facial quadrangle much longer than broad, with a broad 
band of white pubescence at each side; stigma ferruginous. 

Meade- Waldo has placed M. e/froma and saphira, Cameron, 
with this species in the British Museum. These are males, 
with abdomen curled under apically, and shining testaceous 
borders to the closely punctate segments ; the b.n. fails to 
reach t.-m. The tibia and tarsi are mainly red in saphira, 
darker in e/froma, but they are certainly one species. I could 
not see any pulvilli in e/froma. 


Gronoceras denticulata (Reiche). 


Friese’s description of the male Megachile denticulata in 
‘Das Tierreich’ is quite wrong. It is a Gronoceras, and has 
very broad pale anterior tarsi. The last ventral sezment has 
a stout truncate spine, and apex has two long curved spines 
and a brush of black hair. JI examined specimens in the 
British Museum which agree with the original description 
and figure. 


Ceratina dimidiata, Friese, 1910. 


Specimens in the U.S. National Museum, received from 
Friese, show that this is identical with C. azteca, Cresson, as 
determined (I believe correctly) by Crawford. 


Colletes dudgeontt, Bingham, 1897. 


C. dentata, Cameron, 1898, is the same species. The male 
has a short malar space. 


Colletes reticulatus (Cameron). 


Andrena reticulata, Cam., and A. saevissima, Cam. (mis- 
printed sacrissima in Bingham’s work), are females of one 
species of Colletes. ‘The malar space is about twice as broad 
as long; upper part of supraclypeal area highly polished. 
Specimens of both supposed species are in the Rothney 
collection at Oxford and in the British Museum. : 


Colletes phedra (Cameron). 


Andrena phedra, Cam., is a male Colletes, with darker 
tegule than reticulatus. I decided that it was the male of 
reticulatus, but found a male placed with saevissima in the 


368 Descriptions and Records of Bees. 


British Museum a good deal larger than phedra, with the 
malar space a little broader than long (in phedra it is more 
shining and fully as long as broad). The phedra abdomen is 
more shining, with finer punctures. They agree in venation. 
Assuming this saevissima male to belong with reticulatus, it 
seems probable that phedra is distinct. 

Andrena sodalis, Cam., published at the same time, is 
evidently the insect standing in the Rothney collection under 
a slightly modified name, sodalis having been earlier used by 
Smith. Itis a Colletes, with the dorsal hair of thorax bright 
fox-red, and the first abdominal segment perhaps more 
distinctly punctured than in phedra. I believe it is con- 
specific with phedra. 


Anthophora whiteheadi, Cockerell. 
Yalauer Archipelago, Celebes (Hickson). Cambridge 


Museum. 
A @? in poor condition, having been in liquid, but appa- 
rently not distinct from this Philippine species. 


Chalicodoma sicula, Rossi. 


El Arabah, Abydos, Upper Egypt (Baron A. von Hiigel). 
Cambridge University Museum. 


Lithurgus echinocacti, Cockevell. 


Sabino Basin, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, Aug. 30 
(C. H. T. Townsend). 


Pseudopanurgus fraterculus, Cockerell. 


Sabino Basin, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, Sept. 3 and 28 
( Townsend). 


Nomiotdes facilis (Smith). 


Halictus facilis, Smith, from Malta. Nomiotdes fallax, 
Handlirsch, 


Thygatina fumida, Cockerell. 


The following note is attached to the specimens in the 
British Museum :—“ I found these tunnelling in a bank and ° 
storing their nest with pollen. The tunnel went into the 
bank about 8 to 10 inches. Kandy, Ceylon, Jan. 1908. 
OSS. Wit 


THE ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


[NINTH SERLES.] 


No. 46. OCTOBER 1921. 


XXX VI.—Records and Descriptions of South African Grass- 
hoppers of the Groups Arcyptere and Scylline. By B. P. 
Uvarov, F.E.S., Assistant Entomologist, Imperial Bureau 
of Entomology. 


THE present paper is the first of a series based on thie 
collection of South African Acridians recently sent to 
the Imperial Bureau of Entomology for identification by 
the Division of Entomology, Pretoria, and made chiefly by 
Messrs. Ch. P. Lounsbury and J. C. Faure. In working out 
this collection it has been found practicable to include also 
the South African material of the British Museum Collection, 
where many unnamed accessions have recently accumulated. 
The number of new species and genera amongst the South- 
African grasshoppers has proved to be astomshingly large, 
and further collecting, especially of the smaller forms, must 
lead to the discovery of still more novelties; even amongst 
the large-sized ones new forms are not infrequent, which 
indicates that our knowledge of the South African Ortho- 
pterous fauna is still very inadequate, 


Tue Grove Arcyrrerz™. 


There is only one African genus of this group—Pseudo- 
arcyptera, Bol., with one species in it, P. carvalhoi, Bol., 


* I, Bolivar, ‘‘ Les Truxalinos del antiguo Mundo,” Trab. Mus. Nac. 
Madrid, ser. Zool., Nuim. 20, 1914, pp. 44 & 54. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 24. 


370 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


but in the collection before me now there are two species 
which undoubtedly belong to the genus Aulacoboturus, Bol., 
known hitherto from India only; both these species are 
new aud described below. 


1. Pseudoarcyptera carvalhot, Bol. 


‘The species was described by I. Bolivar from Lourenco 
Marquez, and a single male in the British Museum from the 
same locality agrees perfectly with the description. The 
venation of the elytra in this species is very much like that 
in Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol. (see fig. 1, A). 


2. Aulacobothrus africanus, sp. 0. 


¢. Smaller, but less slender, than any of the known 
Indian representatives of the genus. Antenne a little 
longer than the head and pronotum together. Head 
strongly reclinate; frontal ridge in profile perfectly straight, 
forming a rounded acute angle with the fastigium, distinctly 
suleate and rugosely punctured throughout; its margins 
raised, not punctured, parallel, slightly convergent at the 
fastigum. Fastigium of the vertex rotundo-pentagonal, 
distinctly broader than long; its surface slightly concave ; 
median keel low, rather thick, but irregular, interrupted in 
the middle of the fastigium, prolonged ail across the occiput; 
lateral occipital keels distinct, but very irregular, not nearly 
reaching the pronotum; temporal foveole very distinct, 
much longer than broad, parallel, with the apex obliquely 
rounded. Pronotum rather compressed laterally, but with- 
out a constriction; its dise smooth, but dull in the prozona, 
and strongly rugosely punctured in the metazona, median 
keel running throughout the pronotum, distinctly raised, 
shining, cut just behind its middle by the third sulcus ; 
lateral keels rather feeble and irregular, slightly convex and 
feebly convergent between the fore margin and the first 
sulcus, scarcely perceptible, subparallel between the first 
and second sulci, distinctly convex and not strongly 
divergent behind the latter, not reaching the hind margin ; 
fore margin of the pronotum rounded ; hind angle straight ; 
lateral lobes very coarsely punctured, less so in the middle 
where the punctures are not dense, and two elongate spots 
near the upper margin are not punctured at all, smooth; 
lower margin of the lobes obtusely angulate behind its 
middle ; their hind angle straight, rounded; the fore angle 
obtuse, rounded. Mesopleurze and metapleure very coarsely 


South Ajrican Grasshoppers. ofl 


punctured. Elytra extending just a little beyond the hind 
knees; mediastinal area occupying the basal third of the 
fore margin, dilated in its middle, with a distinct false yein ; 
scapular area occupying a little more than three-quarters of 
the fore margin, strongly dilated beyond its middle, with 
regular oblique reticulation ; externo-median area distinctly 
dilated, the middle radial vein being slightly bisinuate ; 
discoidal area extending far beyond the middle of elytra, 
narrow, sparsely but irregularly reticulate, with a very 
irregular false vein interrupted in many places; interulnar 
area much broader than the discoidal area, with sparse 
subparallel transverse venules, Hind femora rather slender, 
only slightly dilated basally. Supra-anal plate rotundato- 
triangular, slightly longer than its basal width, with 
margins convex. Cerci straight, extending a little beyond 
the apex of the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate obtusely 
conical. 

General coloration brownish. Head with a pale median 
fascia above, which is scarcely perceptible on the pronotum. 
Lateral lobes of the pronotum of a darker shade than its 
disc, somewhat blackish, except the lower fourth part, which 
is pale. Elytra hyaline, with veins brownish; the cells in 
the apical part with small brownish clouds. Wings hyaline, 
with a very faint yellowish tint at the Dase ; apex feebly 
infumate. Hind femora on the outside unicolorous ; the 
upper inner area with three blackish fasciz, which extend 
also on to the upper outer area, but are there scarcely 
perceptible ; the inside yellowish; the lower inner area 
orange-yellow ; the knees entirely black inside and blackish 
with brownish lobes outside. -Hind tibize brownish yellow, 
with the base and the apical half of the spines black. 
Abdomen reddish. 


3 (type). 
mm. 
Bengilt ef body. snec.s oss 2s: 14 
- pronotum.........+.. i 35 
a Olyerayn ts < ade kiees ete 3 115 
hind: TEmMorass os eo 9 
Maximal width of hind femora .. 2:5 


The type is unique; it was taken at Bloemfontein, 
Orange Free State, 24. 11. 1918. 


3. Aulacobothrus (?) crassipes, sp. n. 


g. Of the same size but slightly more robust than 
A, africanus, Uvar. (Antenne in the type broken). Head 
24% 


372 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


distinctly reclinate; frontal ridge in profile slightly convex 
above the middle ocellum, forming a widely rounded 
right angle with the fastigium of the vertex; its surface 
strongly punctured throughout, distinctly impressed 
below the middle ocellum, slightly convex between the an- 
tenn; its margins slightly raised, not punctured, gradually 
and feebly divergent from fastigium to the clypeus. Fasti- 
gium of the vertex rotundato-pentagonal, distinctly longer 
than broad; its surface distinctly impressed ; the median 
keel starts from its hindmost part and extends almost 
to the pronotum, very feeble throughout ; the lateral 
occipital keels feeble, very irregular, distinctly diver- 
gent backwards. Temporal foveole distinctly but not 
much longer than broad, with the apex widely obliquely 
rounded. Pronotum only feebly compressed laterally, not 
constricted, rounded ; the median keel strongly raised, cut 
by the third sulcus in its middle ; lateral keels very feeble 
and irregular, distinctly convergent between the fore margin 
and the first sulcus, divergent behind the latter, on the 
metazona developed in its foremost part only; the disc of 
pronotum distinctly tectiform, dull, indistinctly rugulose 
throughout; hind angle straight; lateral lobes indistinctly 
rugulose throughout, except in the hind upper part of the 
metazona, which iS densely and rather coarsely punctured ; 
their lower margin is very widely rotundato-angulate behind 
the middle ; their fore angle obtuse, hind angle straight, 
both widely rounded. Mesopleurz and metapleure slightly 
rugulose. Elytra reaching the hind knees ; the mediastinal 
area extending almost to the middle of the fore margin, 
dilated in its middle, with a very distinct, straight, false 
vein; scapular area occupying more than three-quarters of 
the fore margin, strongly dilated beyond its middle, with 
very oblique, sparse veinlets ; externo-median area slightly 
dilated ; the first and second radial veins perfectly straight ; 
the discoidal area extends distinctly beyond the middle of 
the elytra, rather broad, its transverse veinlets thick, more 
regularly disposed than in A. africanus, the false vein well 
developed, straight; the mterulnar area about as broad as 
the discoidal, with two rows of cells and an irregular, 
interrupted false vein. Hind femora short, thick, and 
dilated basally. Supra-anal plate triangular, distinctly 
longer than broad, with margins straight. Cerci straight, 
about as long as the supra-anal plate. Subgenital plate 
obtusely conical. 

General coloration greyish brown. Head above ash-grey, 
with two irregular brown fasciz adjoining the lateral 


South African Grasshoppers. 373 


occipital keels externally ; broad blackish postocular fascize 
running right across the lateral lobes of the pronotum, 
oceupying their upper half; their lower parts, as well as the 
face and cheeks, ash-grey. Elytra feebly infumate through- 
out, with all veins and veinlets brown. Wings hyaline, with 
a scarcely perceptible yellowish tint; the apex distinctly 
infumate. Hind femora with the area externomedia 
whitish, gradually merging into yellow towards the apex ; 
its lower carina with three elongate brown spots before the 
preapical ring, while the upper carina is blackened ; the 
upperside grey, with two brown bands behind the middle 
and a yellow preapical ring extending all round the femur ; 
the inside reddish, with two black bands ; the outer lower 
sulcus orange-yellow; the inner lower sulcus red; the 
knees shining black all over, except the upper side, which is 
dull brown. Hind tibie bright red, with shining black 
condylus and apices of the spines, with a yellow subbasal ring 
and the apex, as well as the hind tarsi, pale olive. Abdo- 
men reddish. 


3 (type). 
mm. 
Wceng thi of body eicia- © cclee als «1s 15 
> PLONO LUI) lerelalele > 3°5 
i CMU Ae: acer ieshateticley ores 12 
3 hind: fem 6 ave ass 9 
Maximal width of hind femur .. 3 


The type is unique; it is from Bloemfontein, Orange 
Free State, 24. 11. 1918. 

I am not quite sure whether this species actually belongs 
to the genus Awlacobothrus or is a member of the group 
Scylline, near to Phorenula, since the inner lower spur of 
its only tibia is broken. 


Tue Group Scrzrzrivz. 


Prof. I. Bolivar in his recent revision of the Oid World 
Truxalinze founded a new group for the genera characterised 
by the inner lower spur of the hind tibize being much longer 
than the inner upper one and straight, with the apex only 
curvate (sce fig. 2,B); he called this group Prostethophyme *, 
but it is more reasonable to adopt for that group the name 
Scylline, which has been long applied to the group of 
American genera characterised by the same shape of the 
tibial spurs. 

This peculiar group seems to be fairly well represented in 


* L.c. pp. 44 & 48. 


374 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


South Africa, whence three genera (1. e., Prostethophyma, 
Berengueria,and Phorenula) have been described by I. Bolivar, 
and two more are described in the present paper. 


1. Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol. (Fig. 1, A.) 


This species is represented in the British Museum by a 
good series of specimens taken by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall at 
Salisbury, Mashonaland ; Bolivar’s type belongs evidently 
to the same lot, and the Museum specimens proved to be 
entirely identical with the specimens in the Oxford collection 
designated by Bolivar himself as cotypes. 


Fig. 1. 


glee 
: eS oy 
SRP TL : 
Ny Steere THbo tes /\ 
RO 1 aaagnyet ret, ay 
NER i EERE MT 


SSS ETT CLLRS 


as ee) —— 
DE DD RAEN AS we: 7 om ee an 
sa ullestezezecses 
ia TT Geass. a a gS NO] 
sa Lieantaesmn enone Seana 


BRST AIIAT 
= wlate’, 


A, Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol.; B, P. minor, sp. n. 


As I. Bolivar gives the dimensions of the female only, 
IT think it useful to give a full table of dimensions, as 
follows :— 


é. OF 
mm, mm. 
Length of body........ 9 25 
7" HER ee cra a 301: 35 1 
& pronotum.... 4 5 
Fs elyETS ras ss 16 9 
F hind femur .. 12°5 155 


The dimensions are taken from cotypic specimens. 


i South African Grasshoppers. 375 


2. Prostethophyma minor, sp.n. (Fig. 1, B.) 


g. Smaller and more slender than P. cephalica, Bol. 
Antenne extending well beyond the hind margin of the 
pronotum. Head very strongly reclinate; frontal ridge 
parallel throughout, scarcely narrowed at the fastigium, 
where it is strongly convex and sparsely punctured, while 
the rest is flat, with a very shallow impression below the 
middle ocellus and covered with strong, though not dense, 
impressed points ; face strongly punctured, but less so than 
in P. cephalica ; facial keels reaching the clypeus. Fas- 
tigium of the vertex as in P. cephalica ; temporal foveolz 
scarcely perceptible, indicated by puncturation. Median 
keel of the pronotum low and rather thick, interrupted in 
its middle by the typical sulcus; lateral keels feeble, 
distinctly (and more than in P. cephalica) convergent 
towards the first suleus, strongly divergent behind, not 
reaching the hind margin, both front and hind part of 
each keel being straight; hind angle of the pronotum 
obtuse. Venation of the elytra much like that in P. cepha- 
lica, but differmg in the following points: externo-median 
area more dilated, twice as broad as the scapular area and 
subequal in its width to the interulnar area, which is less 
dilated than in P. cephalica; discoidal area a little wider 
than in P. cephalica, and regularly transversely venulated 
except the very base. 

Coloration as in P. cephalica, but paler. Lateral lobes of 
the pronotum with only an elongate pale callous spot below 
the middle, instead of a more narrow longitudinal callous 
line extending across the lobes as in P. cephalica. Elytra 
hyaline, spotless, with the apex strongly infumate and with 
a pale callous streak in the basal half of the scapular area. 
Wings as in P, cephalica. Hind femora on the outside 
greyish yellow, with brownish points along the upper 
carina; the upperside with very indistinct transverse 
fascie ; the inside orange-red, with a blackish fascia before 
the apex and a blackish spot at the middle of the upper 
margin ; the lower sulcus of the femora yellowish; the hind 
knees black. Hind tibize with black condylus, pale basal 
third, bright red in the rest. 

? (paratype). Differs from that of P. cephalica by the 
smaller size and some characters in the venation of the 
elytra: the hind radial vein is more bent backwards and the 
externo-median area is therefore broader and with regular 
transverse reticulation ; the discoidal area is regularly traus- 


376 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on * 


versely reticulated, without a false vein at all (or with but 
an irregular one in the basal half). 


3 (type). 2 (paratype). 
min. mm. 
Length of body ....... 7) ulGr 20°5 
Pe WGA: 2. Severe ato 35 35 
. pronotum .... t 45 
Clivin aia cies swe LOE 16 
AS hind femora .. 10 18 


The type and paratypes (8 ¢ g and 2 9 2) were taken by 
Messrs. C. P. Lounsbury and J.C. Faure at Boshof, Orange 
Free State, 17-18. v. 1917. 


Key to the Species of the Genus Prostethophyma, Bol. 
(Fig. 1, A & B.) 


1 (2). go. The externo-median area of the elytra twice 
as broad as the scapular area and subequal 
in its width to the interulnar area; the 
discoidal area with regular transverse 
venulation, 
9. The externo-median area broader than in 
the second species, regularly transversely 
venulated; the discoidal area regularly 
transversely reticulated, without a false 
MEUM Wiepeis wietelens i de tahe achat © Wietaion Aca .. PP. mimor, Uvar. 
2 (1). d. The externo-median area less than twice 
as broad as the seapular area and much 
narrower than the interulnar area; the 
discoidal area irregularly reticulated. 
2. The externo-median area narrower thanin 
the preceding species, rather irregularly 
reticulated; the discoidal area with ir- 
regular reticulation and a more or less 
developed false Vein ........0essesseeeeee P. cephalica, Bol. 


8. Phorenula cruciata, Bol. 


I refer to this species a series of specimens in the British 
Museum from Zomba, 2000-8000 ft., though I cannot be 
quite sure of my identification, because Bolivar’s description 
contains nothing but colour characters, which are, according 
to his own remark, very variable ; anyhow, the Zomba speci- 
mens agree with the description fairly well, and I do not 
feel justified im describing them as another species. The 
correct interpretation of Bolivar’s unsatisfactory description 
of this species is rendered still more difficult because he com- 
pares it with PA, vitéata, which has never been described. 
Fortunately, | have received from the Oxford Museum one 


—— 


South African Grasshoppers. 377 


specimen labelled by I. Bolivar as the cotype of Ph, vittata, 
which enables me to give a description of it below. 

In the first place, however, I may make some remarks on 
the genus Phorenula. In I. Bolivar’s opinion, the principal 
distinction between this genus and Prostethophyma is in 
the structure of the temporal foveole, which are supposed 
to be well developed, impressed, and perfectly marginated in 
Phorenula, and imperfectly, or not all marginated, shallow 
and punctured in Prostethophyma. My study of a rather 
long series of Prostethophyma cephalica, Bol., which is the 
type of the genus Prostethophyma and of Pr. minor, sp. n., 
enables me to conclude that this character is far from being 
constant in these species, not even being reliable as a 
specific character, and therefore quite useless for separating 
the genera. ‘There remains, therefore, only one character 
for separating Phorenula from Prostethophyma, and that is 
in the venation of the elytra, especially in the shape of the 
discoidal area, which is equally wide throughout in Phorenula 
and narrowed apically in Prostethophyma ; the difference is 
a very striking one in the case of the males, but the females 
of the two genera are extremely alike, and the question 
arises whether the genera Phorenula and Prostethophyma 
should not be better united. TI prefer, however, to keep them 
separate in the meantime, till more species are made known 
(and I am sure that this group is represented in South 
Africa by a far greater number of species than is at present 
recorded), and especially because | have not yet had the 
opportunity of studying the genotype of Phorenula, for 
which I should take Ph. dorsata, Bol., as the first of the two 
species described under this genus. 


4. Phorenula vittata, sp. n. 


es, ena vittata, I. Bol. in litt, Mém. Soc. Ent. Belg. xix. 
p- 82. 

3. Rather small for the genus, distinctly compressed 
laterally. Antenne scarcely longer than the head and pro- 
notum together, rather thick. Head strongly reclinate. 
Frontal ridge rather broad, parallel, feebly narrowed at the 
fastigium, where it is distinctly convex, while elsewhere it is 
flat, with the margins obtuse, not reaching the clypeus ; 
surface of the ridge not densely punctured. Fastigium of 
the vertex perfectly rounded, slightly impressed, with a 
median keel beginning from its middle and running across 
the occiput, but not reaching the pronotum; the lateral 


378 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


margins strongly convergent behind, and prolonged into two 
irregular lateral occipital keels; temporal foveolze shallow, 
rhomboidal, with rounded angles. Pronotum laterally com- 
pressed but not constricted; median keel very well 
developed, rather thick and distinctly raised, interrupted by 
the hind sulcus just before the middle; lateral keels well 
developed, callous, distinctly convergent towards the first 
sulcus and strongly divergent behind it, deeply cut by all 
three sulci, not reaching the hind margin of the pronotum ; 
fore margin distinctly convex ; hind margin rectangular ; 
surface of the disc uneven, with rather large impressed 
points, with callous rugosities between the sulci; lateral 
lobes strongly rugulose and punctured, with a callous 
irregular longitudinal keel in the middle, starting just 
behind the front margin, slightly sinuate in the middle and 
almost reaching the hind margin. Elytra extending a little 
beyond the hind knees; mediastinal area reaching the apex 
of the basal third, dictinetly dilated beyond its middle, with 
a false vein; scapular area almost reaching the apex of the 
elytra, well dilated in the middle and strongly attenuate 
apically, with sparse oblique veins; externo-median area 
narrow, feebly widening towards the apex, with sparse trans- 
verse reticulation ; discoidal area distinctly shorter than 
half the whole elytra, scarcely hyaline, with rather scarce 
but not parallel transverse venules, without a regular false 
vein ; interulnar area a little broader than the discoidal, 
sparsely but irregularly reticulated, with a very irregular 
and only partly-developed false vein. Hind femora narrow, 
with the apical third attenuate. 

General coloration light chocolate-brown. Occiput with 
two longitudinal rows of brown points. A broad castaneous- 
black fascia starts from the hind margin of the eyes and 
runs across the upper half of pronotal lobes ; sides of meso- 
notum and metanotum also partly black ; the lower fart of 
the pronotum lobes pale, with brown punctures, and sharply 
separated from the dark upper part by the longitudinal keel, 
which is ivory-coloured ; disc of the pronotum with brown 
points; lateral keels and a little interspace between them 
and the castaneous lateral fascia ivory-coloured. Elytra 
light fawn; scapular area with oblique venules partly brown ; 
discoidal area shining black, with a few hyaline spots in the 
apical half; three irregular and not sharply-defined brownish 
spots along the middle of the apical half. Wings hyaline, 
scarcely infumate apically. Pectus and abdomen brownish 
beneath, with brown points ; abdomen of the same colour 
above, but more strongly dotted with brown. Fore and 


South African Grasshoppers. 379 


middle legs with dark grey and brown points and streaks. 
Hind femora with the area externomedia whitish, with a 
grey median longitudinal streak ; upperside with more than 
the apical half brown, interrupted in the middle of the femur 
by a narrow pale fascia; the upper inner area with black 
base ; inner median area blackened apically ; lower areas 
buff; the knees spotted with black, more so on the inside. 
Hind tibiz black from beneath, the colour gradually diluting 
towards the apex ; the upperside is yellowish grey, dotted 
and spotted with brown; an incomplete black subbasal 
ring. 
Female unknown. 


d (type). 
mm. 
Length of body.......... 15°5 
a eit SRO Aner 3 
i pronotum .,... 35 
eyes COVER late ase 14 
2 hind femora .. 10 


The type is from Pretoria, iv. 1921 (J. C. Faure). A 
cotypic male in the Oxford collection, labelled by I. Bolivar 
as a cotype of Ph. vitiata, I. Bol. (undescribed), is from 
Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 ft., 1899 (G. A. K. Marshall) ; 
it agrees with the type in all characters, but is in less good 
condition, which caused me to draw up the description from 
another specimen, 


5. Phorenula marshalli, sp. n. 


1911. Phorenula marshalli, 1. Bolivar in litt., Mém. Soc, Ent. Belg. 
xix. p. 81. 

3g. Antenne a little longer than the head and pronotum 
together. Head strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge flat, sub- 
parallel, slightly widened above the middle ocellus and feebly 
narrowed at the fastigium, coarsely punctured except at the 
base, at the apex, and along the margins, which are scarcely 
raised. Fastigium of the vertex regularly oval, scarcely 
shorter than broad, slightly impressed, with a feeble arched 
transverse sulcus, with margins perfectly rounded, incurved 
behind and emitting two irregular callous occipital keels ; 
the median keel starting from the apex of the fastigium, 
but lowered in its middle, prolonged into an occipital keel, 
which is connected with the lateral keels by several irregular 
callous transverse ridges; temporal foveole rather well 
developed, longer than broad, elongato-trapezoidal, with 
rounded angles. Pronotum scarcely compressed laterally, 


380 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


without a constriction ; prozona a little shorter than meta- 
zona; median keel well developed, rather sharp; lateral 
keels rather feeble and irregular, subparallel between the 
fore margin and the first sulcus, feebly divergent between 
that and ‘aie third sulcus, and more strongly divergent and 
better developed in the metazona, reaching the hind margin ; 
obtusangularly rounded ; hind angle straight, with the sides 
slightly concave ; lateral margins ‘of the dise not coincident 
with the lateral keels, but indicated by a slightly raised 
line running outwardly and below the lateral keels ; surface 
of the dise neither punctured nor rugulose, smooth but 
shining ; lateral lobes rugulose throughout. Elytra extend- 
ing a little beyond the hind knees; their venation very 
much like that of the above-described Ph. vittata, Uvar., 
but the discoidal area a little longer, though still not reach- 
ing the middle of the elytra, with an irregular false vein 
throughout ; interulnar area with only one row of rather 
regular cells and without any trace of a false vein. Hind 
femora thick and short, with only apical fourth attenuate. 

General coloration greyish fawn, with a brown and black 
design, Along the head and pronotum runs a paler median 
fascia, included between two velvety black fascize, which 
start from the sides of the fastigium, coincide with the 
lateral keels in the prozona, and run within these on the 
metazona, where the keels are pale. Face, sides of the 
head, lateral lobes of the pronotum, mesonotum, and meta- 
notum unicolorous, indistinctly dotted with grey points. 
Pectus and the base of the abdomen of the genera] colour, 
though of lighter shade; the apical half of the abdomen 
reddish both above and beneath, but the apex itself 
yellowish. Fore and middle legs fawn, without any spots 
or points. Hind femora with three well-pronounced black 
fascize on the upperside, the hindmost of them being partly 
extended on the externo-median area; that area of the 
general coloration with a few black points along the lower 
carina; the inner side bright red, except the preapical ring, 
which is ivory and extends all round the femur ; the knee 
brown above, black inside, black with brown lobes on the 
outside. Hind tibize bright red, with black base, a broad 
ivory subbasal ring, and black-tipped spines. Hind tarsi 
buff. Elytra with the basal half of the mediastinal area 
slightly darkened; discoidal field with a row of irregular 
brown spots; an oblique brownish fascia beyond the middle; 
the apical fourth infumate, with a faint indication of oblique 
fascie. Wings distinctly infumate at the apex and to the 
middle of the outer margin. 


South African Grasshoppers. 281 


3 (type). © (paratype). 
mm, mm. 
Length of body ........ 16 20°5 
3 CAG 2 Sila steals 3 375 
* pronotum .... oO 45 
5s elytra........ 14 18 
BS hindfemur ., 11 14 


The type is from Salisbury, Mashonaland, 1]. xi. 1905 
(G. A. K. Marshall) ; four other paratypic males and two 
females are from the same locality; one female from 
Pretoria, iv. 1921 (J. C. Faure) ; one female from Morico, 
Transvaal, i. 1918. 

The dimensions of the female given above are taken 
from the specimen labelled by I. Bolivar as a cotype of 
Ph. marshall, Bol. (andescribed). This specimen and some 
others of the series are not so vividly coloured as the type ; 
the black fascize on the head and pronotum may be very 
little developed or altogether wanting. The inside of the 
hind femora is sometimes orange-red. The interulnar area 
in the male is sometimes less regularly reticulated and with 
au indication of a false vein. 


6. Phorenula gracilis, sp. n. 


g. Smaller than any other known species. Antenne 
extending a little beyond the hind margin of the pronotuin. 
Frontal ridge flat, with very obtuse margins, feebly narrowed 
at the fastigium, with rather large but sparse puncturation. 
Fastigium of the vertex oval, with the apex somewhat acute, 
feebly impressed, with a very feeble, arched, transverse sul- 
cus; its margins convergent behind and emitting irregular 
lateral occipital keels; median keel beginning behind the 
arched sulcus and prolonged on to the occiput, but not 
reaching the pronotum ; temporal foveolz fairly well de- 
veloped, rotundato-rhomboidal, narrowed anteriorly and 
posteriorly. Pronotum neither compressed laterally nor 
constricted ; median keel strongly raised, cut by the typical 
sulcus just before the middle; lateral keels weil developed, 
distinctly convergent between the fore margin and the first 
sulcus and strongly divergent behind that sulcus, almost 
reaching the hind margin ; actual lateral margins of the 
pronotal dise indicated less distinctly than in Ph. marshalli, 
Uvar. ; fore margin of the pronotum rounded ; hind angle 
straight; the surface of the disc neither rugulose nor 
punctured, smooth but not shining; lateral lobes coarsely 
punctured and rugulose. LElytra extending a little beyond 
the hind knees ; their venation as in Ph. marshalli, but the 


382 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


interulnar area is narrower, not broader than the discoidal 
area, with an irregular reticulation and an irregular false 
vein. Hind femora narrower than in PA. marshalli, but 
broader than in PA, vittata, Uvar., with the apical third 
attenuate. 


General coloration brownish with black design; the latter _ 


much like that of Ph. marshaili. A light buff median fascia, 
included between the two dark castaneous fasciz, runs 
across the head aud pronotum ; lateral keels of the latter 
pale throughout ; lateral lobes brownish, variegated and 
dotted with brown. LElytra with a longitudinal median row 
of rectangular black spots along the discoidal area and 
almost to the apex. Wings with the apex but feebly 
infumate. Head beneath, pectus, and the base of the 
abdomen light olivaceous; the rest of the abdomen orange- 
reddish beneath and above. Fore and middle legs varie- 
gated with brown. Hind femora on the upperside with a 
basal brown spot and with the whole apical half brown, 
except a narrow transverse fascia just beyond the middle of 
the femur, and a narrow pale subapical ring; the externo- 
median area brownish, with numerous indistinct brown 
points, with a row of elongate black spots along the lower 
carina ; the inside brownish with a faint reddish shade, 
with indistinct brown points ; lower sulcus greyish oliva- 
ceous ; the knees brown, with the upperside and lobes of 
a lighter shade. Hind tibiz greyish olivaceous, with brown 
base and numerous indistinct brownish points ; their spines 
black. Hind tarsi somewhat reddish. 

? (paratype). Differs from the male by the far darker 
coloration, being almost black above, but lateral keels of the 
pronotum still pale; lateral Jobes with the lower margin 
and a stréak in the middle pale; their whole median part 
black. Elytra mostly shining black, with a median row of 
hyaline spots aloug the discoidai area; the base of the 
scapular area buff. Wings a little more infumate than in 
the male. Abdomen and the inner and lower side of the 
femora more orange-reddish. Hind tibie slightly reddening 
towards the apex. 


d (type). 2 (paratype). 
mm. mm. 
Length of body ........ 14 20 
os GSC gate eins 's 53 25 3 
5 pronotum ,... 3 4 
3s Cly Gra seh. is 13 16 


. hind femora... 10 3 


i 


South African Grasshoppers. 383 


The male type and the only paratypic female are from 
Salisbury, Mashonaland, xi, 1905 (G. A. K. Marshall). 

This species seems to be closely related to Ph. cruciate, 
Bol., and may prove even to be conspecific with it, but the 
question cannot be solved without the examination of 
Bolivar’s type, and I prefer to give here a description of my 
specimens which will render it possible later to establish 
the synonymy. If my specimens are actually conspecific 
with Ph. cruciata, Bol., then the insect from Zomba men- 
tioned above represents a distinct and undescribed species. 

As I have not seen both of Bolivar’s species of the genus 
Phorenula, I think it inadvisable to attempt to draw up a 
key to the species, which must be necessarily incomplete 
and therefore might only mislead. 


PacHycaRvs, gen. nov. 


Small and middle-sized grasshoppers, with a thick head, 
somewhat resembling in habitus and type of coloration 
certain species of the Palearctic genus Dociostaurus, Fieb. 

Antenne filiform, with the subbasal joints slightly com- 
pressed, but not at all dilated, in ? distinctly, in g very much 
longer than the head and pronotum together. Head large 
and thick, distinctly prominent above the pronotum, in ¢ 
strongly, in @ distinctly reclinate. Frontal ridge in the 
male flat or feebly impressed, gradually widened towards 
the clypeus, almost reaching the latter ; in the female it is 
more convex, with margins obtuse and disappearing shortly 
below the middle ocellus. Fastigium of the vertex dis- 
tinctly sloping forwards, pentagonal, more or less distinctly 
marginate and impressed; temporal foveole visible from 
above, longer than wide, shallow, imperfectly marginated. 
Occiput without median carina. Eyes shortly ovoid; their 
height exceeds only a little their length and is subequal to 
the height of the infra-ocular part of cheeks. Pronotum 
short, rounded, feebly selliform ; median keel. very low, in 
prozona undeveloped or distinctly more feeble than in meta- 
zona ; the first and second transverse sulci not reaching the 
median keel, which is cut by the typical sulcus in its 
middle ; hind margin widely rounded; lateral lobes dis- 
tinctly higher than long, narrowed downwards, with the 
lower margin rotundato-angulate on the middle, and both 
fore and hind angles obtuse, rounded. Prosternum with 
a low transverse swelling on its fore margin. Meso- 
sternal lobes perfectly transverse, about twice as broad as 
long, with hind angles very widely rounded; interspace 
scarcely more narrow than the lobes, widened posteriorly. 


384 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


Metasternal lobes separated by a subquadrate interspace. 
Tympanum semi-open. Elytra developed, but not exceeding 
the hind knees; mediastinal area with a basal dilatation ; 
scapular area dilated, especially in the males, extending 
almost to the apex of elytra; discoidal area reaching 
beyond the middle of elytra, parallel ; interulnar area 
subequal in width to the discoidal. Wings hyaline, with 
normal venation. Hind femora short and thick ; the knee- 
lobes rounded. Hind tibize very slightly thickened apically, 
rounded above, bicarinate below, armed with 8-9 outer and 
10-11 inner spines; the lower inner spur almost straight, 
almost as long as the first tarsal joint, slightly incrassate 
near the apex, which is short and recurved. Supra-anal 
plate of the male obtusely triangular, about as long as 
broad, with the sides slightly convex ; cerci rounded, obtuse, 
subequal to the supra-anal plate; subgenital plate short, 
obtusely conical. Subgenital plate of the female much 
longer than broad, widened posteriorly ; its hind margin 
with an obtuse triangular projection in the middle ; valve 
of the ovipositor very short, thick, and obtuse. 

Genotype: Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n. 

To the same genus belong two more South African 
species: one of them has been described by W. F. Kirby as 


A, Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n.; B, P. medius, sp. n. 


Heteropternis (sic!) pallida, Kirby (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
vol. x. no. 57, 1902, p. 241, no. 4), and the other, which 
has been recorded by Kirby as Calliptamus minor, Walk. 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 240), has nothing to do 
with the genus Calliptamus, and is described below as Pachy- 
carus intermedius, sp. 0. 


Kr 


South African Grasshoppers. 385 


Key to Species of the Genus Pachycarus, Uvar. 
(Figs. 2 & 3.) 


1 (2). The sides of the fastigium (tempora) dis- 

tinctly sloping sideways, narrow and 

occupied entirely by the temporal foveole, 

which are distinctly narrowed anteriorly 

and imperfectly margined below. 
3 (4). g. Elytra witbout false veins in the dis- 

coidal and interulnar areas. Fastigium of 

the vertex distinctly longer than broad. 

(Q. Discoidal area irregularly reticulated 

without a false vein; the interulnar area 

with an irregular false vein. Fastigium of 

the vertex slightly longer than broad.) ..  stawronotus, sp. 0. 
4 (8). $. Elytra with false veins in the discoidal 

and interulnar areas. Fastigium of the 

vertex only a little longer than broad. 

Ape ISIN IITs) cel can ca t= Pap cicy Shy Saar Gace 2 Sos medius, sp. 0. 
2 (1). 2. The sides of the fastigium only feebly 

sloping sideways, broad, with broad obtuse 

margins; temporal foveole parallel, not 

narrowed anteriorly, obtusely but com- 

pletely margined all around. The media- 

stinal, scapular, discoidal, and interulnar 

areas) withtalseeviellees cess. ss oucek ces. pallidus (Kirby). 


Beet naw mans 
roe ee 
— 


A, Pachycarus stauronotus, sp. n.; B, P. medius, sp. n. 


7. Pachycarus stauronotus, sp.n. (Figs. 2,A; 3, A.) 
&. The smallest of the three known species. Antenne 

reaching well beyond the middle of the abdomen. Head 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 25 


386 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


longer and thicker than the pronotum, strongly reclinate 
and very prominent above. Frontal ridge with the margins 
closely approximate at the fastigium ; facial keels reaching 
the clypeus. Pronotum very finely and. closely punctured 
in the prozona, and more distinctly in the metazona, which 
is a little shorter than the prozona; median keel scarcely 
perceptible on the prozona and more distinct, though still 
very low, on the metazona. Elytra a little longer than the 
abdomen ; mediastinal area with but very feeble basal dila- 
tation and reaching to the apical fourth of the fore margin ; 
scapular area fairly dilated, extending a little beyond the 
end of the mediastinal, with sparse transverse nerves ; 
externo-median area gradually widening towards the apex, 
but distinctly narrower than the scapular area; discoidal 
area fairly broad, sparsely, though not very regularly trans- 
versely, reticulated ; interulnar area a little narrower than 
the discoidal, sparsely and still less regularly reticulated, 
without a regular false vein. 

General coloration greyish brown, with grey and whitish 
design. Head brown above and whitish beneath. Pro- 
notum brown above, with a very faint indication of a pale 
cross-like design (as in Dociostaurus genei, Ocsk.) ; lateral 
lobes with a reniform ivory spot beneath and a little behind 
their middle, with the fore angle white and the lower 
margin whitish. LElytra with a row of rather large quad- 
rangular brownish spots along the middle, with the base of 
mediastinal area and the whole of the anal area brownish. 
Wings hyaline, with the principal veins in the fore part 
brownish. Sternum and abdomen bright yellow beneath ; 
upperside of the abdomen bright red. Fore and middle 
legs spotted and fasciated with grey. Hind femora bright 
yellow beneath and on the inside ; the externo-median area 
whitish, with a row of several small brown spots along the 
lower margin; superno-median area brownish, with a grey 
spot in the middle, another smaller and less distinct grey 
spot adjoining the pale base, and the third one still less 
distinct, just before the pale preapical ring ; the median 
and preapical spots are also prolonged into the superno- 
interior area; knees black. Hind tibiew pale greyish, with 
black base and a brown streak in the basal third beneath ; 
the spines brown. Hind tarsi bluish white. 

2? (paratype). Antenne extending well beyond the hind 
margin of the pronotum, but not reaching the middle of the 
abdomen. Head a little longer and distinctly thicker than 
the pronotum, very prominent dorsally. Facial keels not 
reaching the clypeus. Prozona of the pronotum with the 


South African Grasshoppers. 387 


median keel a little more distinct than in the male. Elytra 
reaching the apex of the abdomen, but a little shorter than 
the hind femora; mediastinal area feebly dilated basally, 
with an incomplete false vein ; scapular and externo-median 
areas dilated about in the same degree as in the male ; 
discoidal area fairly dilated, with two rows of cells and an 
irregular false vein ; interulnar area slightly narrower than 
the discoidal, with the cells in two rows and an irregular 
false vein. General coloration more varied than in the 
male; face dotted with brown; head with a pale median 
line and two postocular fascize of the same colour; the pale 
cross on the pronotum more distinct. LElytra with more 
numerous brown aud black spots. Pectus and abdomen 
greyish yellow beneath; upperside of the abdomen red, 
but not so bright as in the male. Hind femora with three 
distinet dark brown transverse spots on the upperside, and 
with three indistinct oblique greyish streaks along the 
middle of the externo-median area ; knees grey, with pale 
lobes dotted with brown. Hind tibiz as in the male, but 
their base is grey instead of black. 


o (type). 2 (paratype). 
mm mm 
Length of body ........ 13 18 
% Vet: oe eee 3°25 35 
f pronotun , 2°75 3°25 
BA Glybia, Sess og 85 12 
hind femora.. 9°5 BI 


” 


The type and several paratypes are from Petrusville, 
23.1.1919; other paratypes are from Boshof, 17-18. v. 1917; 
Paardeburg, 31.v. 1917 ; and Dealesville to Bloemfontein, 
19.v.1917. The series consists of 10 ¢ g and9 9? 9. 

The morphological characters are rather constant in the 
whole series, but the size and coloration vary. Thus, the 
above-described female is rather small, since there are speci- 
mens measuring 22 mm. in length of body. The general 
coloration is sometimes more brownish or even ochraceous, 
with more or less numerous-dark spots ; the cross-like figure 
on the pronotum is always more pronounced in females than 
in males, but also varies in its distinctness. The abdomen in 
some females is not reddish above. On the whole, the species 
is extremely like Dociostawrus genei, Ocsk., but easily dis- 
tinguished from it by the spurs of the hind tibie and by 
the form and position of temporal foveolze. 


25* 


358 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


8. Pachycarus medius, sp.n. (Figs. 2, B; 3, B.) 


dg. Larger and more robust than P. stawronotus, Uvar. 
Antenne reaching to the middle of the abdomen. Head 
about as long as the pronotum and only a little thicker than 
it, strongly reclinate and distinctly prominent upwards. 
Frontal ridge at the fastigium narrowed, but not as strongly 
as in P. stauronotus. Facial keels reaching the clypeus. 
Metazona of the pronotum rugulose; median keel or pro- 
zona hardly perceptible, on metazona well developed though 
low. LElytra a little longer than the abdomen and almost 
reaching the hind knees ; mediastinal area with the basal 
dilatation more prominent than in P. stauronotus ; discoidal 
area more dilated than in that species, with an irregular but 
complete false vein ; interulnar area distinctly narrower 
than the discoidal area, with an irregular false vein ; anal 
area with an indication of a false vein. 

General coloration reddish brown, Face ash-grey. Pro- 
notum with a very faint indication of a paler cross ; lateral 
lobes with a rather indistinct oblique dark streak, their lower 
part somewhat paler than the rest. Sternum buff ; abdomen 
yellow beneath and red above. Elytra and wings as in 
P. stauronotus. Hind femora yellow beneath, reddish else- 
where, especially so on the inside ; the upperside with three 
grey transverse fasciz ; knees black. Hind tibiee me 
yellow, with brown spines. Hind tarsi brownish. 


d (type) 
mm 
Kengthiof body anes acts 175 
5 laerki Page ore ae + 
oy pronotum...... 4 
A livia ss cette. 12:5 
a hind femora.... 12 


The type is from Pretoria (W. L. Distant) ; another para- 
typic male is labelled Zoutpansberg (Kaessner), and differs 
from the type in the reddish shade of its coloration, the bind 
tibie being red. Both were identified by W. F. ‘Kirby as 
Calliptamus minor, Walk., and recorded by him as females 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 240). 


9. Pachycarus pallidus (Kirby). 


1902. Heteropternis pallida, Kirby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. 
no. 57, p. 241, no. 4. 


This is the largest and most robust species of the genus, 
easily separated from the other two by the structure of the 


South African Grasshoppers. 389 


tempora. As its coloration has been already described by 
Kirby, I will give here only a few principal morphological 
characters which are entirely lacking in Kirby’s description. 

?. Head subequal to the pronotum in length, but 
distinctly thicker, feebly reclinate. Frontal ridge convex, 
disappearing just below the median ocellus, very feebly 
narrowed at the apex ; facial keels not nearly reaching the 
clypeus. Pronotum with the median keel developed 
throughout, though on the prozona it is somewhat less sharp 
than on the metazona, Elytra scarcely reaching the end 
of the abdomen and much shorter than the hind femora ; 
mediastinal area very distinctly dilated, with a well-developed 
false vein ; scapular area well dilated, with an irregular false 
vein; discoidal area rather broad, with an irregular but 
rather thick false vein ; interulnar area much narrower than 
the discoidal, with a false vein; anal area with a well- 
developed, thick false vein. 

As for the coloration, it has been described by Kirby 
fairly correctly, though I should call the general coloration 
ochraceous rather than light brown, and the design on the 
pronotum and hind femora is not blackish but brown ; there 
is on the disc of pronotum a faint indication of a pale cross, 
not mentioned by Kirby. The hind tibiz are dark yellow ; 
the phrase in Kirby’s description—* hind femora with black- 
tipped spines ’—means, of course, not femora but tibie. 

The type of this species (from Figtree, Barberton) is still 
unique. 


Faureia, gen. nov. (Fig. 4.) 


Body distinctly compressed laterally. Antenne with the 
joints 8-7 distinctly flattened, feebly dilated, and almost 
smooth; the rest of the antennz composed of cylindrical 
joints, strongly and densely punctured; the antenne in ¢ 
slightly longer, in @ a little shorter than the head and pro- 
notum together. Head strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge 
with the sides obtuse, perfectly parallel, sightly approximated 
at the fastigium ; fastigium of the vertex forming a rounded 
angle with the frontal ridge, nearly horizontal, pentagonal 
with the apex rounded, in g longer than broad, in ? as long 
as broad, with an arched transverse impression ; its margins 
raised, obtuse, in ¢ feebly, in 2? more distinctly convergent 
backwards, not prolonged into occiput; a feeble median 
carinula begins from behind the arched impression and runs 
. towards pronotum, but does not reach the latter ; temporal 
foveolze well seen from above, distinctly though not deeply 


390 Mr. B. P. Uvarov on 


impressed, marginate, more than twice as long as broad, with 
the upper and lower margins straight and parallel, hind 
angles straight, the apex obliquely Seine eee ; eyes oval: with 
the fore margin straight, their height exceeding the height 
of the infra- ocular part of cheeks more than twice. Pro- 
notum strongly compressed laterally ; its disc nearly flat, 
slightly widened posteriorly and forming straight though 
rounded angles with the lateral lobes ; the median keel well 
expressed throughout, rather thick, interrupted i in about the 
middle by the typical sulcus ; no distinct lateral keels, which 
are replaced by the smooth, stra ight lines along the ‘lateral 
margins of the strongly punctured disc ; fore margin of the 
disc very widely rounded, shghtly prominent ; hind margin 
rounded in the female and rotundato-angulate in the male ; 
lateral lobes a little higher than long, feebly narrowed down- 
wards, with the lower margin obtusely angulate in the middle, 
its hind part being horizontal, slightly excavate, and the fore 
part obliquely ascendant. E lytra fully developed, in both 
sexes extending a little beyond the hind knees, hyaline 
throughout; mediastinal area with the basal dilatation ; 
scapular area strongly dilated in the male and less so in the 
female; discoidal area parallel, with an irregular and in- 
complete false vein; interulnar area in the male a little 
dilated, without false vein, in the female only slightly wider 
than the discoidal area, with a false vein. Wings with 
normal venation, coloured at the base. Prosternum with a 
large, though feebly prominent, transverse swelling. Meso- 
steno lobes in 3d only slightly, in the ? distinctly trans- 
verse ; their 1uner margins strongly rounded ; hind angles 
rounded ; hind margins nearly perpendicular to the sides of 
the sternum ; mesosternal interspace much longer than its 
narrowest width, strongly widened anteriorly and posteriorly. 
Metasternal lobes in both sexes contiguous ; their median 
suture long, straight. 'Tympanum semi-open. Hind femora 
only feebly incrassate basally ; their apical third attenuate. 
Hind tibiz distinctly widened towards the apex, armed with 
8-9 outer and 10-1] inner spines ; the lower inner spur 
almost straight, half as long again as the upper inner one 
and subequal to half the first tarsal joint. Supra-anal 
plate of the male much longer than broad, lance-shaped, 
with small lateral angles near the apex; cerci straight, 
slightly compressed la erally, a little longer than the supra- 
anal plate ; subgenital plate obtusely conical. Upper valves 
of the ovipositor without, the lower with rounded teeth ; 
the apices of all valves strongly curved, sharp; subgenital 
plate of the female much longer than it is broad, widened 


South African Grasshoppers. 391 


towards the apex, which is rounded with a triangular median 
projection. 
Genotype: Faureia rosea, sp. n. 


Faureia rosea, sp. 0. 


10. Faureia rosea, sp.n. (Fig. 4.) 


6. Frontal ridge between the antennz slightly convex, 
with a few tiny impressed points ; from a little above the 
median ocellus downwards it is impressed and coarsely 
punctured ; the lowest part is again almost smooth and flat. 
Occiput feebly transversely rugulose. Pronotal dise coarsely 
punctured, especially on the metazona, where the points are 
smaller but more dense than on the prozona ; the middle 
part of the latter is without puncturation but not shining; 
lateral lobes rugulose throughout, with three oblong dull 
impressions in the fore upper part. Elytra with the media- 
stinal area reaching a little beyond the basal third of the 
fore margin, with a dilatation in the middle and a well- 
developed false vein; scapular area extending to the apical 


392 On South African Grasshoppers. 


fourth, strongly dilated, with rather dense and irregular 
reticulation at the base and with a few sparse oblique venules 
in the apical two-thirds ; externo-median area feebly dilated, 
with sparse transverse venules; discoidal area narrow, 
slightly narrowed and feebly bent backwards apically, 
irregularly and rather densely reticulated in the basal two- 
thirds, where an irregular false vein is perceptible, while the 
apical third is entirely hyaline, with a few transverse 
venules ; interulnar area about twice as broad as the discoidal, 
with sparse, not very regular, transverse venules; axillar 
area with a false vein. 

General coloration buff. A darker fascia runs from the 
hind margin of the eye across the upper half of the lateral 
lobes of pronotum and the sides of mesonotum and meta- 
notum. Wings with the basal half rose, the colour gradually 
fading outwardly. Hind femora pale, unicolorous, with ash- 
grey semilunar spots on the knees. Hind tibie pale 
sanguineous; their base pale, with a dark streak on the 
upperside; the spimes white with the apical half black. 
Hind tarsi sanguineous. 

2 (paratype). Frontal ridge less distinctly impressed than 
in the male. Mediastinal area of the elytra reaching the 
base of the apical third; discoidal area a little broader than 
in the male, with the irregular false yein almost reaching its 
apex ; interulnar area only a little broader than the discoidal, 
with two rows of rather large but irregular cells, separated 
by a false vein reaching the apex. In other respects agrees 
with the male type, but without the dark lateral fascia on 
the head and pronotum ; this fascia is not constant in both 
sexes and the general coloration is sometimes with a greenish 
shade. 


¢ (type). 2 (paratype). 
mm. mim. 
Length of body .......... 19 23 
_ pronotum..... ° 4 5 
e Slyiee i aes seae cle es 17 20 
hind femora .... 12 14 


” 


The male type and 9 paratypic specimens of both sexes 
were taken in April 1921 near Pretoria by Mr. J. C. Faure, 
and I have great pleasure in naming this very distinct new 
genus after that entomologist. There isalso one male in the 
British Museum, taken also at Pretoria by Mr. W. Distant 
and named by Mr. F. Kirby as Anthermus granosus, Stal 
(this is one of three specimens recorded in Trans. Ent. Soe. 
London, 1902, p. 101, no. 99, the two others being named 


correctly ). 


Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 393 


XXXVIL—Brief Descriptions of new Thysanoptera.—XI1. 
By Ricuarp 8. BaGnatt, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 


Tuts is continued from Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, 
vol. vii. pp. 355-368, and the following species are de- 
scribed :— 


Physothrips minor, sp. 1. Elaphrothrips antennalis, sp. 0. 
i andrewst, sp. 1. Dicaothrips crassiceps, sp. 1. 
Megathrips honoris, sp. 0. fe breviceps, sp. n. 


Bactridothrips serraticornis, sp. 0. 


Suborder TEREBRANTIA. 


Physothrips minor, sp. 0. 


9? .—Leneth about 1:0 mm. 

Belonging to the P. usttatus group. 

Colour dark brown; fore-tibize pale yellowish, lightly shaded 
with grey-brown basally, intermediate and hind-tibie at tips 
and all tarsi pale yellow; third antennal joint pale yellow, 
for the most part shaded with grey. Fore-wing daik grey- 
brown, excepting basal fifth or thereabouts, where it is light. 

P. antennatus type.—lKEyes coarsely facetted, pilose ; 
ocelli large, interocellar sete situated between posterior 
ocelli, long and stout. Maxillary palpi long and slender. 

Antennee as in antennatus, Bagn., but joints 3 and 4 not so 
strongly produced distally ; 4 longer than any other joint ; 
3 apparently short on account of being very broad near 
middle ; 5 with a very short stem-like constriction ; relative 
lengths of 3 to 8 approximately 39 (with stem) : 46:33:41: 
8:13. Forked trichomes on 3 and 4 stout. 

Upper vein with a series of setee running to the distal third 
and two at tip; those of posterior vein long, commencing at 
the second setee of the upper vein. 

Abdominal segments 8-10 obconical ; terminal sete long 
and strong, those on 9 approximately 1 4 times the length of 
the segment. Highth tergite posteriorly without fringe. 


This species comes near to P. antennatus, Bagn., and 
P. antennalis, Karny, and is distinguished from both by the 
small size and the relatively shorter joint 4 of the antenne. 


Type. In Coll. Bagnall. 


394 | Mr. R.S. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 


Hab. Inpvta, Maddur, Mysore, 30. viii. 1918, and Coimba- 
tore, 7. ix. 1918, single females with Dendrothripoides ipomee, 
sp. ined., on Lpomea staphylina (Ramakrishna). 


Physothrips andrewst, sp. n. 


? .—Length c. 1°4 mm. 

Belonging to the P. vulgatissimus group, having the an- 
tennal joints 3 and 4 long, slender, and fusiform. 

Colour uniform dark brown; fore-wings brown, with the 
basal fourth or more light, practically clear. Antenne 
brown, joint 2 yellowish distally, 3 wholly light greyish- 
yellow, and 4 basally greyish-yellow to light yellowish- 
brown. Anterior legs wholly light greyish-yellow, inter- 
mediate pair also light, but with the fore margin shaded 
to a deepish brown—chiefly medianly ; posterior pair with the 
femora dark brown, lighter distally, and the tibie greyish- 
yellow. 

Head transverse, dorsal surface irregularly transversely 
striated ; ocelli placed well back, interocellar sete short and 
stout, about equal in length to the width separating them. 
Antenne about 2°5 timesas long as the head, relative lengths 
of joints 2-8 approximately as follows :—44 : 72 (with pedi- 
cel): 68:44:65:5:7. Intermediate joints slender, very 
approximately of uniform breadth. Maxillary palpi long, 
relative lengths of joints approximately 21: 12: 20. 

Pronotum transverse, approximately 1°3 times as long as 
the head and about 08 as long as broad. Surface tran-- 
versely striated, sparingly and minutely setose, bristles at 
each hind angle subequal in length, long and stout, between 
0°55 and 0°6 the length of the pronotum. Legs somewhat 
stout, especially the anterior pair; regularly setose. Hind 
tibies with series of spines in the distal two-thirds (or there- 
abouts) within, closely set, moderately long and stout, and 
numbering a dozen or more, the terminal pair very long and 
stout. Sete of fore-wing somewhat long and stout, 1+1+1 
in the distal half of the upper vein, 24-26 and 12-15 on tie 
costa and lower vein respectively. 

Abdomen oblong-ovate, terminal bristles long. 


Easily distinguished from vulgatissimus by the coloration 
of wingsand legs. It comes very near indeed to the Japanese 
P. pallipes, Bagn., and differs chiefly in the eoloration of head 
and thorax, the longer intermediate antennal joints, the longer 
pronotum (14: 10), the longer pronotal bristles, whilst there 
are differences in the cheetotaxy of the head. Both pallipes 


Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 395 


and albipes possess a stoutish pair of setee behind posterior 
ocelli which are not developed in this species, whilst the 
interocellar pair is longer and not placed so far forwards in 
andrewsi. 


Type. British Museum of Natural History (Imperial 
Bureau of Entomology). 


Hab. Invt1A, Ringtong, T. E., Darjiling Dist., India; on 
rose, 14. vi. 1916, 2? ? only. Reg. no. 287. 


Suborder TUBULIFERA. 


Megathrips honoris, sp. n. 
Syn. M. quadrituberculatus in part. 


In referring “Ldolothrips quadrituberculatus to the genus 
Megathrips 1 described a g example which, despite certain 
colour-differences, I presumed to be referable to the species 
quadrituberculatus. ‘This male example is described in this 
series of descriptions, Part VIII. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
ser. 8, vol. xvii., May 1916, pp. 406-407), but further 
material has produced J examples of another species of 
Megathrips agreeing in the type of coloration with AZ. guadri- 
tuberculatus and undoubtedly referable to that species. 


g —Length (including tube) 4:5 mm. 

Fore-tibize brown excepting at apex and basally; inter- 
mediate tibiz brown except at apex, and hind-tibie brown 
except the extreme base and distal third, which are yellow. 
Antenne more than twice as long as the head; relative 
lengths of joints 3 to 8 as follows:—61:50:45:33:16:14. 

Abdominal segment 6 furnished with a pair of lateral 
spine-like tubiform processes at anterior angles, slightly 
outwardly directed, but scarcely curved, and not quite 
reaching the line of the posterior margin; 8 with a pair of 
lateral tooth-like processes near posterior angles. 

Tube about 1°5 times as long as head, stout near base, but 
sharply narrowed in the first fourth, more strongly setose 
(and with longer setee) than in guadrituberculatus. ‘Verminal 
hairs short. 


Type. In Coll. Bagnall. 


Hab. Japan, Kobe; 1g, April 1915. Ree. no. 139 
(J. E. A. Lewis). 


396 Mr. R. S. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 


Megathrips quadrituberculatus (Bagn.). 


As shown above, the § example referred to this species 
proves in the light of further material to be another species. 
Mr. Lewis captured two examples of each sex of the true 
M., quadrituberculatus by sweeping grass at Kobe on June 30th, 

1916—so I am able to characterize the male. 


g.—Asin ?. Sixth abdominal segment widened before 
middle and furnished with a pair of stout tubiform processes 
curving outwards and not reaching the line of the posterior 
margin of 7; 7 with a minute tooth at each posterior angle, 
and 8 slightly widened near middle and then produced to a 
stout tooth before posterior angles, 


Differs from J/. honoris in the coloration of the tibiz, the 
more massive armature of abdominal segments 6 and 8, in 
the weaker chetotaxy of the tube, which is also longer in 
this species compared to the length of head. 


Genus Bactroruries, Karny. 
Syn. Krinothrips, Bagn. 1918. 


On account of the pressure of the past five years, due to 
war conditions, I am afraid that in my last contribution to 
this series I sto the genus AKrinothrips quite overlooking 
Karny’s Bactrothrips, though it was previously known to 
ine. Krinothrips must be regarded as a synonym of Bactro- 
thrips, but the description establishes the fact that Karny’s 
diagnosis was based upon a male example, the ¢ differing 
aga the @ in exactly the same way as do ¢ g of Megathrips 
and allied genera. 


Bactrothrips divergens (Bagn.). 


Bactrothrips longiventris, Karny, is a smaller insect than 
B. divergens (Bagn.), and differs in several directions, in- 
cluding the colouring of the tibize, which are all yellowish i in 
the distal half in Karny’ s species. The tubiform abdominal 
processes of the male appear to vary in size. 


I have recently received examples of B, divergens from the 
Imperial Bureau of Entomology (no. 163), taken in plenty 
on cacao in the Belgian Congo (ht. Mayné). 


Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 397 


Bactridothrips serraticornis, sp. n. 


Karny has recently diagnosed the genus Bactridothrips for 
a Malayan insect, the male differing from that sex in the 
genus Bactrothrips in the longer processes of the sixth abdo- 
minal segment and the armature of segments 7 and 8. 


A single ¢ example from Ceylon was recently sent me by 
Mr. Green which would seem to differ from L. idolomorphus, 
Karny, in several particulars, 


6 .—Length about 7-0 mm. 

Head 2°5 times as long as broad (as against 2°3 in idolo- 
morphus) ; antenne very slender, nearly three times as long 
as the head, with the joints 6 and 7 relatively longer than in 
idolomorphus, the relative lengths of joints 3-8 being approxi- 
mately 69 : 50: 43: 80:13:11, as compared with 68:48: 
AP 2 2 VO: 2. 

‘The tibize are golden-yellow in colour, the fore-tibie being 
shaded with brown in the basal two-thirds and the inter- 
mediate and hind pairs are dark brown in the basal half and 
basal two-fifths (or thereabouts) respectively. All tarsi 
similarly yellow, with the ends (or second joints) dark brown. 

The horns of the sixth abdominal segment are much 
shorter than in ¢dolomorphus (a line diawn across their tips 
would only approximate the base of the teeth of the seventh 
segment), whilst the inner margins are noticeably and irregu- 
larly serrate in the basal three-fourths or thereabouts. The 
teeth of the eighth abdominal segment are very much stronger 
and stouter than those on the seventh, whilst the sides at 
middle are inclined to be tuberculate. 

The tube is approximately twice as long as the head and 
8:0 times as long as broad at base; the surface is strongly 
setose excepting in the distal fifth, the basal half only being 
setose in Karny’s species. 

The legs are not so long as shown in idolomorphus, and 
upon careful measurement the intermediate and hind-tibiz 
(without tarsi) measure 0-9 mm. and 0°77 mm. respectively, 
as compared with 1°25 mm. and 0°95 mm. 


Type. In Coll. Bagnall. 


Hab. CrYLon, Pundaluoya; 1 ¢ only (Z. E. Green). 


398 Mr. R. S. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 


Elaphrothrips (Idolothrips) antennalis, sp. n. 


&.—Length about 3-7 mm. 

Colour blackish-brown, with the fore-femora distally and 
all tarsi lighter ; antennal joints 3 and 4 yellow, with the 
apical two-fifths or thereabouts of 4 light brown; 5 yellow in 
the basal half. 

Form much as in the North-American species Jdo/othrips 
tuberculatus and flavipes, Hood. Head much as in flavipes, 
just upon twice as long as broad; cheeks with several short 
spines; postocular bristles set well in and close to the eyes, 
long and slender, at least 1°5 times the length of an eye. 
First antennal joint stout compared to 2; the elongate-clavate 
segment 3 peculiar because of a rounded swelling of the inner 
margin in the neighbourhood of the basal third; relative 
lengths of the joints 3 to 8 approximately as follows :— 
49:46:40: 28:19:18. Trichomes long and very slender. 

Pronotum about 0°45 the length of the head, transverse, 
and twice as broad as long. Mid-lateral and_postero- 
marginal bristles at least well-developed, but difficult to make 
out in the preparation ; pale. Outer postero-marginal about 
0°85, the inner pair shorter and more slender, and the mid- 
lateral 0°5 the median length of the pronotum. Fore-legs 
not very strongly incrassate, fore-tarsus armed with a broad- 
seated tooth. Wings practically colourless, broad, and 
reaching to the sixth abdominal segment; fore-wings with a 
series of thirty-five duplicated cilia. Pterothorax broad. 
Abdomen heavy, broader than the pterothorax, and gradually 
narrowing from the fifth segment. Tube about 0°9 the 
length of the head ; somewhat heavy, with side subparallel 
to the distal third, whence it narrows sharply ; about 0°65 as 
wide at tip as across middle. ‘erminal hairs weak, approxi- 
mately 0°65 as long as the tube. Abdominal bristles long, 
light yellow in colour, the longest on segment 9 as long as 
the tube. Ninth sternite (or pleurites ?) apparently produced 
in the form of a pair of blunt spine-like processes, one on 
each side of the tube. 


The shape of the third antennal joint is a peculiar feature 
of this species. 


Type. In Coll. Bagnall. 


Hab. Japan, Kobe; 1 g, 11. vii. 1916, on grass (J. #. A. 
Lewis). Reg. no. 293. 


Mr. R. 8. Bagnall on new Thysanoptera. 399 


Dicaiothrips crassiceps, sp. 0. 


? —Length about 5-5 mm. 

Dark blackish brown, end of tube and tarsi somewhiat 
lighter. Segment 3 of antenne yellow, with a ring of light 
brown at base, ‘and the apex dark brown, concolorous with 
the following segments; wings apparently clear, at most 
lightly tinged (the tips only protrude over the sides of the 
body in the single preparation) ; cilia smoky. 

Head short and broad, only 1°7 times as long as broad, 
cheeks faintly incurved behind eyes and then as gently 
arched, set with a few strong spines. Eyes prominent, finely 
facetted, occupying about 03 the length of the head ; post- 
ocular bristles long, 1:5 times as long as an eye. Antenne 
2°3 times as long as the head, relative lengths of joints 
approximately as follows :—51: 40: 35:30:19: 14. 

Pronotum about 0°5 as long as the head; sete well- 
developed, colourless, the outer postero-marginal pair about 
0-8 and the mid-lateral 0°5 as long as the median length of 
pronctum; pair at anterior angles shorter. Pterothorax 
stout, transverse. Wings broad, reaching to sixth abdo- 
minal segment, with cilia very closely set. Femora irregu- 
larly spinose ; fore-tarsus with tooth. 

Abdomen heavy, broader than pterothorax, gradually 
narrowing posteriorly. Tube long and slender ; 1°2 times as 
long as the head and about 4 times as long as broad near 
base ; terminal hairs long and slender, 0°65 as long as the 
tube, and abdominal bristles on segment 9 yellowish brown ; 
very long, 1°4 times the length of the tube. Other abdominal 
bristles moderately long, colourless or nearly so. 


Recognized by the remarkably short and broad head. 
Only three other species are known to me wherein only the 
third antennal joint is yellow—namely, denticollis, Bagn., 
falcatus, Karny, and seychellensis, Bagn. 


Hab. Ixpta, Myawadi, on the Burmo-Siamese frontier, 
at 900 feet, 24-26. xi. 1911 (F. H. Gravely). 4303, Reg. 
no. 174. One @ only. 


Dicaiothrips breviceps, sp. n. 


?.—This species closely resembles D. crassiceps, m., but 
tle head is not so broad compared to the length, being 1°9 
times as long as broad near base. 


400 On a Freshwater Sponge from New Zealand. 


Although the specimen is almost certainly female, the fore- 
legs are fully developed, the fore-tarsus being armed with a 
long stout tooth. The antenne are unfortunately broken off 
in the unique example. 

The tube is much shorter and stouter than in D. crassiceps, 
being approximately as long or nearly as long as the head, 
3°0 times as long as broad at base, and about 2°5 times as 
broad at base as at tip. All abdominal bristles lightly 
coloured (colourless), those on 9 being 0°8 the length of the 
tube. 


Comes near D. crassiceps, but readily distinguished by the 
slightly narrower head, the shorter tube, and the shorter 
bristles on the ninth segment of the abdomen. I hope to 
describe this specimen more fully when dealing with 
Messrs. Alluaud’s and Jeannel’s collection. 


Hab. British East Arrica, Nairobi (Wa-Kikvyu et 
Masai) (Ch. Alluaud, 1904). 


XXXVIII.—WNote on a Freshwater Sponge from 
New Zealand. By R. KirKPATRICK. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Recorps of freshwater sponges from New Zealand are so 
rare that it seems worth while calling attention to any fresh 
discoveries, even if only of-new localities for a known species. 

Early in the year numerous small specimens of a freshwater 
sponge were sent to the Natural History Museum, London, 
by Mr. H. Hill, of Napier, N.Z. 

The specimens were gathered on the north shore of Lake 
Taupo. The lake, which is situated in the centre of North 
Island, is 1210 feet above sea-level, has an area of 140 square 
miles, and a depth of 300 to 530 feet. 

The specimens had been stranded after a gale. They are 
about a square inch in area and an inch high. Some specimens 
form thin flat crusts without visible oseules, others are conical, 
with one large oscule, and others, again, are irregular and 
meandrine (see text-figure). The texture is fairly firm, and 
the body permested with fine saud. No gemmules were 
present in this lot of material. 


On the Anatomy of Wypsobia nosophora. 401 


Two months later Mr. Hill sent a further consignment. 
Gemmules were now found, and the sponge was at once 
recognized as EHphydatia kakahuensis, Traxler (VTermés. 
Fiizetek. 1896, xix. p. 102, pl. ii.). The sponge described 
by Traxler came from the River Kakahu in the South Island. 


Ephydatia kakahuensis, Traxler. 
a~f, specimens + natural size: a, b, ¢, conical, with one large oscule; 
d, lamellar; e, thinly encrusting; f, irregular; g, spined tornote 
oxeas, X 280; h, exceptional shape, viz. amphityle, x 280. 


Accordingly, New Zealand continues to have only one 
known species of freshwater sponge, this being found both in 
the North and South Jsland. 

It is to be hoped that Mr. Hill, who intends to dredge in 
Lake Taupo, will add to the number of species. 


XXXIX.—On the Anatomy and Affinities of 
Hypsobia nosophora. By G. C. Rosson, B.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


INTRODUCTION. 
In 1915 Leiper and Atkinson (6), in extending and con- 
firming Miyairi’s original conclusions with regard to the 
transmission .of Asiatic Schistosomiasis (= Bilharziasis), 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 26 


402 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 


announced that part of the life-cycle of Schistosoma japont- 
cum was passed in the tissues of a Japanese freshwater snail. 
This snail was described by the present author (10) as 
Katayama nosophora, and a short account of the radula, shell, 
and operculum was given. 

In May 1915 Pilsbry (9) referred this form to Blanfordia, 
and in 1918 Annandale (2) placed the species in Heude’s 
Hlypsobia. There can be little doubt that the molluse in 
question should be referred to the genus described by Heude 
under that name. . 

As no complete account of the structure of this animal has 
apparently been published, and the descriptions of Heude and 
the present author were only slight and confined principally 
to external features, it has been thought desirable to issue 
some detailed account of its anatomy. In addition to its 
role as intermediate host to Schistosoma japonicum and as a 
member of a group of Mollusca the anatomy of which is very 
little known, the discovery by Cort (4) of its powers of 
resistance to dessication rendered the study of its respiratory 
system an inviting subject. 

It is not the object of this paper to discuss the nomen- 
clature of this group of Gastropoda, as the amount of informa- 
tion upon the structure of HE. Asiatic Paludestrina-like 
molluscs is too scanty to justify a taxonomic discussion. 

It is open to those interested in nomenclature to criticize 
Pilsbry’s reference of this form to Blanfordia or to inquire 
whether Heude’s genus should not be ealled Blanfordia; 
but, until we have a general knowledge of the structure of all 
the genera involved in this question, such discussions appear 
a little premature. 

The publications of Bregenzer (3), Seibold (13), and the 
present author (11, 12) serve to show that there are several ° 
characters of fundamental importance which eannot be 
neglected in the classification of the Paludestrina-forms ; and 
it is very much to be regretted that in his admirable survey 
of the freshwater Hydrobiidee of India (1) Dr. Annandale 
should have ignored such characters as the nervous system 
and female genitalia. 

The author is indebted to Dr. W. W. Cort, of the Johns 
Hopkins University, for sending living examples of the snail 
and for information concerning its mode of life. 


STRUCTURE. 
I. Alimentary System. 


The general disposition of the mouth and its adjacent area 


Anatomy and Affinities of Uypsobia nosophora. 403 


resembles that found in the Paludestrinidee. The mandibles, 
the epithelium which secretes the oral cuticle, and the two 
lateral diverticula of the mouth are in general like those of 
Paludestrina jenkinsi (11) or ventrosa (12). The mandibles 
consist of seventeen to twenty-one columnar pieces of 
specialized cuticle. 

The secretory epithelium is continuous with that of the 
pharynx. 

Posteriorly to the mandibles the mouth widens out and is 
flattened over the oral cartilages. It shows the tripartite 
arrangement seen in other Paludestrinids. ‘The median 
portion hasa thin non-ciliated roof, and the lateral portions dip 
down beside the cartilages. 

The salivary glands, of which there is a single pair, open 
into the lateral divisions just behind the level of the radula 
and cartilages. hey come into intimate connection with 
each other across the cesophagus ; but it is doubtful whether 
actual organic fusion occurs. 

The buccal cartiliges are symmetrical and joined in the 
median line. Laterally they are somewhat flanged upwards, 
while posteriorly they are divergent. 

The vadula has been described elsewhere (10), while that 
of H. humida was figured by Heude (5). In the material 
forwarded by Dr. Cort there was a tendency for the animals 
to show one less denticulation on the two outer teeth than is 
shown in the original description of LH. nosophora. 

The stomach corresponds in its general structure with that 
of other Paludestrinide, though the apertures of the ceso- 
phagus and hepato-panereas are not so close together as in 
Paludestrina. The point of entrance of the cesophagus was 
rather variable in the individuals examined. The cuticular 
lining, the marked transverse ridge of the upper portion of 
the stomach, and the position and structure of the sty/e-sac 
are remarkably similar to the condition seen in Paludestrina. 
The communication between the pylorus and style-sac charac- 
teristic of the latter genus is also found in Hypsobia. ‘The 
layer of dark pigment-granules in the stomach epithelium of 
Paludestrina and Bythinella (3, 12) was not found in this 
genus, though its absence may be due to accidental causes. 

The intestine exhibits a typhlosole. ‘The rest of the 
alimentary and digestive system does not call for special 
comment. 


Il. The Respiratory System. 


The character of the gill constitutes the most remarkable 


feature in the structure of this animal, and differentiates 
26* 


A404 Mr. G. C. Rebson on the 


Hypsobia at once from Paludestrina in this respect. The 
author is not inclined, however, to regard it as of very great 
taxonomic importance. The points of agreement between 
the two genera are so numerous that the specialized nature of 
the respiratory apparatus in Hypsobia may, ou the whole, be 
disregarded for classificatory purposes. 

As in Littorina (8) and Hemibia (5), the filaments of the 
gill are prolonged across the root of the mantle-cavity to the 
rectal border. This modification of the gill has been very 
fully discussed by Pelseneer (loe. cit.) ; and according to his 
description the condition seen in Hypsobia and Hemibia is 
comparable exactly to the stage illustrated by Lzttorina, in 
which each filament is reduced in height and continued right 
across the pallial cavity, but has not yet broken up into the 
vascular arborizations seen in Cerithidea. 


Fig. 1. 
Wi tozy © | 
xs te OP Iibs bo 
SSE, Wager ere | 
Saop y Wet SS 
i 
o3 2 XN | 
2 . | 
= —= = ‘ Littt 
GF a ‘a Ss oh ag 
E 2, =S . —— OE GS 7x5 
(2) & SE of/e as —< = ROE eS oe : 
Siar . EES 


NAY \\ \ WY W 


H. nosophora (1, hom. imm. X 4 oc.), 


Section through two gill-lamelle. a, afferent vessel ; e, efferent vessel. 


I propose to refer to the “ filaments” or “ lamellee ” of the 
true gill, and to call the ridges by which they are continued 
“ pnaractenidial” folds or filaments. There are from forty- 
eight to fifty-four lamella. Each of these in side-view 
appears as an oblong, slightly bent plate tapering to a 
blunt point at the right-hand end. This end is actually 
free, though supported by the paractenidial filaments. The 
vascular system of each filament consists, as usual, of dorsal 
afferent and ventral efferent vessels, with an intermediary 
system of lacune (fig. 1). In general, the condition seen 
resembles that in Bythinella dunkert (3) and P. ventrosa (12), 
though the walls are much thicker and the spaces more 


Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 405 


confined than in those forms. The paractenidial folds differ 
from the above in having no expanded ciliated portion. 
Otherwise they do not differ from the true gill. The lacunar 
system is continuous from the filaments into the paractenidial 
folds (fig. 2). 

Au i: afferent vessels are derivatives of an irregular lacunar 
system communicating with the ample rectal sinus. 


Fig.2. 
A P 


— =<. “Se SS 
pehe RoW ee ES as 292 es SZ 


(Nie IIS o Le CDE SPN i an ee =D 


99°90 96 008 DDE, Se S 9 eo * BaP =< O 
ee o 


H. nosophora. 


Horizontal section through base of gill-lamelle (g) and paractenidial 
filaments (p). 


All that is known of the habits of this animal points to its 
being amphibious. Heude says of the Chinese species that 
it does not live in water, but on damp rocks. No such details 
of the actualanode of life of the Japanese species are available 
but Cort (4) has shown that it will leave the water voluntarily 
and can resist dessication for about three months. 


Ill. Renal System. 


The kidney is rather remarkable among the Paludestrina- 
like forms on account of its complexity. In all the specimens 
examined it was possible to distinguish three areas, which 
wefe, however, by no means constant in their distribution or 
histological condition. 


1. Trabecular Portion—This consists of a number of 
cavities separated by a trabecular system covered by 
the same type of epithelium as the open portion of the 
kidney. In the walls of these cavities are found 
numerous blood-spaces (fig. 3). 

2. The ‘ blood-gland” is a compact stroma usually lying 
near the renal aperture at the anterior end and on the 
outer side of the kidney next to the body-wall. 


406 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 


3. The urinary cavity ( Urinkammer”’) resembles that 
found in the Paludestrinidse. It ramifies among the 
other organs, and is lined by acharacteristic epithelium 
composed of vacuolated cells with basal nuclei. 


HH. nosophora (+, hom. imm. X ; 0¢.). 


Part of trabecular area of kidney. 6=blood-spaces. 


IV. Circulatory System. 


The pericardium is situated in the usual position. No 
trace of a reno-pericardial aperture was found, though it is 
not certain that it is absent. 

The auricle and ventricle are“normal. The latter is very 
muscular and its cavity is traversed by numerous muscle- 
fibres. Some indication is seen of an auriculo-ventricular 
valve. . 

The distribution of anterior and posterior aorte is normal, 
the anterior running forwards over the roof of the pericardium 
for some distance, then accompanying the cesophagus to open 
into the cephalo-pedal sinus. The posterior aorta runs 
backwards between the stomach and intestine. It would 
appear that the portal vein enters the pulmonary vein before 
the latter reaches the auricle; but it is impossible to be abso- 
lutely certain of this point. 

‘The cephalic and pedal porticns of the anterior (cephalo- 
pedal) sinus are incompletely separated by a_ horizontal 


Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 407 


septum [ef. Robson (12) ], which, as in the Paludestrinide, 
passes between the pedal ganglia and the cerebro-pleural 
complex. 


V. The Nervous System. (Figs. 4 & 5.) 


(a) Sense-organs. 


1. Osphradium.—This is a small rod-shaped organ lying, 
as usual, on the left-hand side of the gill. It is 
innervated by a conspicuous nerve rising from the 
supra-intestinal ganglion. 


Fig. 4. 


ve 


rpl. 


PP 
a4 NIA 


H, nosophora. Central nervous system (anterior aspect). 


le=left cerebral ganglion; /pl=left pleural ganglion; p=pedal ganglion; 
rplsright pleural ganglion ; pp=(sc.) parapodial and propodial 
ganglia; s?=supraintestinal ganglion ; sb/=subintestinal gan- 
glion ; o=osphradial nerve ; ve= visceral commissure. 


408 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 


2. Otocysts.—These are found in the usual position on the 
posterior surface of the pedal ganglia. ‘They contain 
a single otolith. The auditory nerve is very difficult 
to follow, and is apparently fused with the cerebro- 
pedal connective. 

3. Hyes.—These are situated at the base of the tentacles 
and on the outer side. They consist of inner and 
outer cornea, a well-developed lens, and retinal layer. 


(b) Gunglia and Nerves. 


The cerebral ganglia are elongate and rather pointed ante- 
riorly. They are placed with their long’axes parallel to the 
main axis of the pharynx. They are connected in the median 
line by a small commissure. ‘The pleural ganglia are closely 
applied to the cerebral ganglia, but are not fused to the latter. 
There are very short but distinct cerebro-pleural connectives 
[cf. discussion upon the latter in Paludestrina ulve, Robson 


(2) i. 


Fig. 5. 


TCO 2g 


ro/ 
fee SY \ 
Joe 


H. nosophora, Cere»ro-pleural connective. 


rpl=right pleural ganglion ; 7eg=right cerebral ganglion ; 
ppe and epe= pleural-pedal and cerebro-pedal connectives. 


The cerebro-pedal and pleuro-pedal connectives are distinct, 
though very closely applied to each other. The pedal 
ganglia are rather round. ‘They are closely approximated, 
being joined by a small commissure. 

The supra-intestinal ganglion is joined to the right pleural 
ganglion by a commissure slightly longer than that figured 
by Bregenzer for Bythinella dunkert (3). From this ganglion 
are given off the osplradial nerve and a connective to the 
abdominal ganglion. 

The subintestinal ganglion is very closely approximated to 
the left pleural ganglion, but not fused to it. 


Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora, 409 


The abdominal ganglion is situated between the anterior 
end of the kidney and the columellar muscle. 

The cerebral ganglia give off anteriorly ocular, tentacular, 
and labial nerves, and connectives to the buccal ganglia. 

It would appear that the penis-nerve is of cerebral origin, 
though it is impossible to make absolutely certain of this. It 
is possible that the tentacular nerve supplies branches to the 
musculature of the eye. 

Each of the pedal ganglia gives off three main nerves, the 
two anterior ones bearing small ganglia at a short distance 
from their roots. These ganglia i in their turn give off each 
two nerves which apparently innervate the plantar muscu- 
lature of the foot. 


VI. Reproductive System. 
Male Organs. 


The spermatozoa have long and tapering heads, differing 
therein from those of Paludestrina (12) and Bythinella (3), 
and agreeing rather with P. taylort (sc.= Amnicola) (Rob- 
son MS.). Whether they possess the extraordinarily long 
tail seen in the latter is, however, doubtful. 

The vas deferens, after quitting the region of the testis, 
becomes progressively more slender. It passes into the 
prostate, which is of considerable size, and on quitting the 
latter it passes over the floor of the mantle-cavity and up the 
penis surrounded by a thick layer of circular muscle. 

The prostate is very much folded. The cells lining its 
cavity are sparsely ciliated. It is difficult to be very certain 
about the histological elements composing this gland. In 
the first place, it usually showed differential staining, certain 
areas being more darkly stained than others. But it is 
impossible ‘to say whether this was due to the presence of 
different types of cells or different physiological states of a 
single type of cell. It was possible to distinguish (a) vacuo- 
lated cells with the nucleus somewhat flattened out and found 
very often at the interior end of the cell (the end next the 
lumen of the gland), and (4) cells with eosinophilous granular 
cytoplasm, with the nucleus more usually rounded and occu- 
pying a more median position, 

The penis is undivided, agreeing therefore with Paludestrina, 
Hemilia, Delavaya, Stenothyra, and Tricula, and differing 
from the Bythininee (1). It is cephalic in position. In all 
the examples dissected it was rather broader and stouter than 
that figured for 4. humida by Heude (5). 


410 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 


Female Organs. (Figs. 6 & 7.) 


The oviduct follows the usual course downwards from the 
ovary. In the neighbourhood of the stomach it gives off a 
spermatheca of a rudely ovoid shape. The oviduct then 
becomes convoluted as in P. ventrosa, straightens itself out 
again, and runs parallel to the “ uterus’? and its glandular 
annexe along the right-hand side of the pallial cavity 
external to the “uterus.” It terminates in a small aperture 
adjacent to the uterine aperture and anus. The lower end of 
the oviduct is very slender and its aperture exceedingly 


II, nosophora, X 22. Female reproductive system. 


».....= Ovary, oviduct, and spermatheca; —— — —— =accessory gland 
and uterus; —.-.-—,-—.-—=rectum., 


small, and it is very difficult to see how intromission is 
effected. Fertilization is internal, however, as spermatozoa 
may be frequently found in the spermatheca. It is similarly 
difficult to imagine how the fertilized ova find their way into 
the uterus, as they must first be shed into the pallial cavity 
and then be drawn into the uterus. ‘The problem is the same 
in such forms as Melania and Tanganyikia (Moore, 7), in 
which a groove connects the oviducal aperture with the 
brood-pouch. 


Anatomy and Affinities of Wypsobia nosophora. 411 


The author was at one time inclined to think that a 
connection existed in [ypsobia between the upper portion of 
the “uterus” and the oviduct in the neighbourhood of the 
receptaculum, But the connection between the two organs 
at this upper level, which was found in one or two examples 
only, appeared to be fortuitous, and, in any case, there was 
no continuous passage from the cavity of the oviduet into that 
of the “ uterus.” 

Arising at a high level (occasionally adjacent to the lower 
end of the ovary) an extensive gland is found which passes 
downwards and eventually appears as an elongate mass on 


Bige'7, 


H. nosophora (X4 oc. x6 obj.). Diagrammatic transverse section 
through median region of pallial cavity. 


o=oviduct; s=rectum; v=“ uterus.” 


the right-hand side of the last whorl. It has a continuous 
cavity throughout the whole of its length, which opens to the 
exterior close to the anus and oviducal pore in the anterior 
right-hand corner of the mantle-cavity. 

It is impossible to discuss the identity and function of this 
gland without appropriately fixed material. It is evident 
however, that it is divisible into two parts—an upper, wholly 
glandular portion, and a lower portion, less glandular, with a 
more capacious lumen and the remarkable feature of a well- 
developed muscular sheath imbedded in the glandular tissue. 


A12 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 


The upper part usually stains a light blue with hematoxylin’ 
the lower part an intensely dark bluish purple. 

The author is mclined to regard the lower portion as a 
uterus * or brood-ponch. Although it is thick-walled and no 
eggs have been found in it, its lower portion in its position 
and relationship to the rest of the reproductive system 
resembles organs adapted for the reception and nutrition of 
the young, such as are found in neighbouring groups. 

Lhe spermatheca has a thick investment of circular muscle, 
and is usually composed of elongate secretory cells with basal 
nuclei. Spermatozoa were found in numerous examples, 
sometimes scattered throughout the cavity, sometimes clustered 
round the sides with their heads towards the periphery. 


AFFINITIES. 


Along with /7ypsobia Heude gave incomplete descriptions 
of several new genera, such as Delavaya, Hemibia, and Fe- 
nouilia, some of which show certain points of resemblance 
to [ypsobia. 

We have only a very slight knowledge of the structure of 
the other Asiatic Paludestrina-like forms. The information 
as to the European forms is a little more complete. It must, 
therefore, be admitted that these resources are scarcely 
adequate to enable us to form a clear concept either of the 
natural groups into which the Paludestrinidee (Hydrobiide, 
auct.) may be divided or of the limits of the family itself +. 
Admitting, then, that the family may be rather indefinite in 
its boundaries, 1t nevertheless cannot be doubted that the 
characters of the alimentary canal (including mandibles, 
cartilages, and radula), nervous system, and genitalia at once 
assign Hypsobia to the Paludestrinide. In what subfamily 
it should be placed is rather more uncertain. Some of its 
characters suggest that it should take its place very near 
Paludestrina itself, and at least in the same subfamily 
(vadula, mandibles, style-sac, nervous system, and male 
genitalia). On the other hand, the specialized respiratory 
system, the kidney, the female genitalia, and the character of 
the sperniatozoa do not seem to warrant its inclusion in the 
Paludestrinine. Yet among the adjacent subfamilies—Bythi- 
niine, Mysorelline, &c.—there is none in which it might be 


* The upper portion may be an albumen- or a shell-gland, but for the 
time being the author prefers to call it the ‘‘ accessory gland.” 

+ The writer has had no opportunity of consulting Mr. B, Walker’s 
“Synopsis of the Classification of the Freshwater Mollusca of North 
America,” Mus. Zool. Michigan University, Misc. Publ. 6, 1918, p. 1. 


Anatomy and Affinities of Hypsobia nosophora. 413 


placed with any confidence. If Heude’s figure of the nervous 
system is to be trusted, Hemebia—with which LHypsobia 
shows such remarkable likeness in its specialized respiratory 
system—differs from Hypsobia in this respect as well as in 
the shell. 

It would seem better to regard //ypsobia as the representa- 
tive of a subfamily distinct from the Paludestrinine, but 
approximating to them more closely than to other subfamilies 
the structure of which is known to us. 


CONCLUSIONS. 


(1) Hypsobia is a genus referable to the Paludestrinide, 
but probably representing a separate subfamily. 

(2) It agrees with //emibia and Littorina in showing an 
adaptation to an amphibious mode of life in the 
structure of its gill and pallial cavity, which is in 
accordance with what is known of its habits. 

(3) It possesses a crystalline style-sac exactly comparable 
to that of Bythinella and Paludestrina. 

(4) The female generative organs are peculiar in two 
respects—the large accessory gland with (sc.) uterine 
termination opening separately from the oviduct, and 
possibly comparable to the brood-pouch of other 
forms, and the muscular sheath imbedded in the 
glandular tissue of the latter. 


WORKS QUOTED. 


) AnnanDALE, N. Records Ind. Mus. xxii. pt. i. p. 1 (1921). 
) Mem. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 806 (1918). 
) BreeEenzeR, A. Zool. Jahrb. xxxix. Heft 2, p. 237 (1916). 
) Cont, W. W. Journ. Parasitology, vi. p. 84 (1919). 
) Hevupzr, P.M. Mémoire... histoire naturelle de Empire Chinois. 
Shanghai, 1880 (passim). 
(6) Lxrrrr, R., and Arxrnson, E. British Med. Journ., Jan. 1915. 
(7) Moors, J. E.S, Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci. xlii. (1899) p. 160. 
(8) PELSENEER, P. Arch. de Biol. xiv. p. 3851 (1896), 
(9) Pirspry, H. The ‘ Nautilus,’ May 19135, p. 1. 
(10) Rosson, G. C. Brit. Med. Journ., Jan. 1915, 
(11) ——. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vol. v. p. 425 (1920). 
(12) Quart. Journ, Micr, Sci. (In the press.) 
(13) Sersotp, W. Jahresheft. Ver. Vat. Naturk. Wurttemberg, Lx. 
p. 198 (1904). 


(a 
(2 
(3 
(4 
(5 


Note.—Miyairi’s original paper, with the first reference (without 
description) to this mollusc, and Iwakawa’s paper on the nomenclature 
and hibernation (Zool. Record, 1918) were not available for reference. 


414 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. 


XL.—Ezotic Muscaride (Diptera).—l1V .* 
By J. R. Matiocu, Urbana, Ill., U.S.A. 


I wave not adhered to my previous method in segregating 
the species from different continents under distinctive 
headings in this paper, as I have had to list a number of 
species under one generic name which have previously been 
placed in another genus, and for clarity have run the notes 
all under the generic name, thus preventing me from listing 
the species as heretofore. 


Subfamily Paaoniiv 2. 


Phaonia peregrina, sp. nu. 


Female.—Black, shining, with grey pruinescence. Head 
black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen faintly checkered. 
Legs black. Wings clear, veins yellow basally. Calyptree 
yellowish. Halteres yellowish brown. 

Eyes pubescent ; frons normal ; parafacial as wide as third 
antennal segment ; longest hairs on arista longer than width 
of third antennal segment. ‘Thorax without differentiated 
presutural acrostichals, with three pairs of postsutural dorso- 
centrals, prealar very long, some hairs adjacent to noto- 
pleurals, and hypopleura with some hairs on upper margin 
in front of spiracle. Abdomen normal. Fore tibia without 
a posterior bristle; fore tarsus without either long out- 
standing sensory hairs or erect dense curled hairs on posterior 
side of basal segment; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; 
hind femur with strong bristles on apical half of antero- 
ventral surface ; hind tibia with one antero-ventral and two 
antero-dorsal bristles, the apical postero-dorsal bristle short 
and weak. Last section of fourth vein over twice as long 
as preceding section. 

Length 6 mm. 

Type, Willbrook, Natal, 8. ii. 1914 (R. C. Wroughton). 

One female. 


Phaonia parvula, sp. n. 
Female.—Enutirely black, shining, with slight brownish- 
grey pruinescence. Thorax inconspicuously vittate. Wings 
clear, both cross-veins distinctly clouded. Calyptree whitish. 
Halteres black. 


* For Part IIT., see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) vol. vili., September 
1921, pp. 226-2389. 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Heotic Muscaride. 415 


Eyes almost bares frons one-third of the head-width ; 
each orbit with one backwardly directed supraorbital ; para- 
facial at base of antenna nearly as wide as third antennal 
segment, becoming linear at middle of face, the latter concave 
in profile; longest hairs on arista shorter than width of 
third antennal segment, Thorax with two or three pairs 
of stout presutural acrostichals, three pairs of postsutural 
dorso-centrals, and no prealar; hypopleura bare. Fore 
tibia without a median posterior bristle ; fore tarsus longer 
than fore tibia, without outstanding sensory hairs on posterior 
side of basal segment ; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; 
hind femur with four or five long bristles on apical half of 
antero-ventral surface, and a few setulose hairs on basal half 
of postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal 
and two or three autero-ventral bristles, calcar long. Wings 
normal. 

Length 3°5 mm. 

Type and paratype, Burpengary, Queensland, 5. xii. 1899 
(T. L. Bancroft). 

I desire to state that the poor condition of the paratype is 
due to an accident. When I had the specimen under the 
microscope, holding it by the Jong pin through the mount 
with my left hand, the electric lighting system suddenly 
failed owing to a violent thunderstorm that was raging that 
night and I was left in pitch darkness. In attempting to 
take hold of the head of the pin with my right hand to place 
the specimen back in the box I accidentally laid hold of the 
wrong pin, that upon which the specimen was mounted, in 
the dark, with the result that the specimen is now rather 
badly crushed, though recognizable. 


Phaonia thomsoni, sp. n. 


Male.—Black, slightly shining, with rather dense grey 
pruinescence. Head entirely black. Thorax quadrivittate. 
Abdomen with markings as in serva, Fallen. Legs black, 
the knee-joints reddish. Wings clear. Calyptree whitish 
yellow. Halteres yellow. 

Eyes densely hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons 
by a distance but little over width of anterior ocellus ; para- 
facial at base of antennz as wide as third antennal segment, 
widened below, the vibrissal angle much produced ; cheek 
over twice as high as width of third antennal segment ; 
arista with its longest hairs equal in length to width of third 
autennal segment. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural 
dorso-centrals, no strong presutural acrostichals ; the pre- 
alar long, and some hairs on upper margin of hypopleura in 


416 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hwotic Muscaride. 


front of spiracle. Abdomen ovate ; basal sternite hairy. 
Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus 
much longer than fore tibia, slender, no long sensory hairs 
along posterior side of basal segment; mid-tibia with four 
posterior bristles ; hind femur with a series of antero-ventral 
bristles, and some long fine bristles on basal half of postero- 
ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal and three 
or four antero-ventral bristles. Wings normal. 

Length 7°5 mm. 

Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (F. WW. 
Thomson). 

Dedicated to the collector. 


Phaonia kashmirensis, sp. 0. 


Female.— General colour as in the preceding species. All 
tibize and the hind femora reddish yellow, the latter infus- 
cated apically. 

Hyes short-haired ; frons less than one-third of the head- 
width, with normal bristling, the interfroutalia almost bare 
on sides ; parafacial wider than third antennal segment ; 
vibrissal angle but little produced; longest hairs on arista 
distinctly longer than width of third antennal segment ; 
proboscis stouter than usual (slender and elongate in thom- 
soni). Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, 
in other respects as in thomsoni. Fore tibia without a median 
posterior bristle ; fore tarsus slender, longer than fore tibia, 
with some outstanding sensory hairs along the posterior side 
of basal segment; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; 
hind femur with a series of antero-ventral bristles; none on 
postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two antero-dorsal 
and two or three antero-ventral bristles. Wings normal. 

Length 8 mm. 

Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (fF. W. 
Thomson). 

This species belongs to the same group as errans, Meigen, 
while the preceding one belongs to a group intermediate 
between that group and the one containing serva, Fallén. 


Phaonia flavomaculata, sp. n. 


Female.—Shining black, with greyish pruinescence. An- 
tenne black, second segment brownish ; palpi brownish 
yellow. Thorax quadrivittate, humeri, anterior third of 
pleura, and the scutellum testaceous yellow. Basal abdo- 
minal tergite yellow except along posterior margin and on a 
narrow line in centre, second with two round yellow spots 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hectic Muscaride. 417 


on dorsum, one on each side of median line. Legs yellow, 
tarsi fuscous. Wings clear, veins yellow at bases. Calyptrze 
and halteres yellow. 

Eyes with short sparse hairs ; frons one-third of the head- 
width above antenn, narrower posteriorly, the bristling 
normal; parafacial narrow ; vibrissal angle slightly pro- 
duced; cheek not markedly higher than width of third 
antennal segment, the latter fully three times as long as 
second ; longest hairs on arista about as long as width of 
third antennal segment. Thorax with three pairs of post- 
sutural dorso-centrals ; presutural acrostichals absent, pre- 
alar very long; hypopleura bare; no hairs adjacent to 
notopleurals. Basal sternite bare. Fore tibia with two 
posterior bristles ; fore tarsi slender, much longer than tibia, 
without outstanding sensory hairs on posterior side ; mid- 
femur without long bristles on ventral surface; mid-tibia 
with two posterior bristles ; hind femur with two or three 
preapical antero-ventral bristles and a few setulose hairs 
on basal half of postero-ventral surface ; hind tibia with two 
antero-dorsal bristles and four or five antero-ventral setule, 
the calcar short, about one-sixth from apex to tibia. Wings 
normal. 

Length 10 mm. 

Type, Kashmir, Gulmarg, 8500 feet, summer 1913 (2. W. 


Thomson). 
Phaonia abnormis (Stein). 


This African species was originally placed in the genus 
Mydea by Stein, and named adbnormis because it has a strong 
postero-dorsal bristle on the hind tibia. As this is now 
accepted as the character for separating Phaonia from his 
concept of Mydea, tle specific name is rather imappro- 
priate now. 

I have seen a number of specimens from West Africa, 
where it is, to judge from the material sent to me, the 
commonest species of the genus, which is very poorly repre- 
sented in Africa. 


Genus PstLocu#TA, Stein. 


This genus is known to me only through a female of 
chalybea, Wiedemann, and Stein’s description. 

The species known to me agrees with Phaonia in having 
the hypopleura hairy on upper margin in front of spiracle, 
the calcar present, prealar long, pteropleura bare, and in the 
bristling of the frons of the female. The only characters 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 27 


418 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Ewotic Muscaride. 


that appear to warrant its separation from Phaonia are the 
almost bare arista, well-developed presutural acrostichals, 
and the absence of long sensory hairs on basal segment of 
fore tarsus. 

I can see no reason to accept the genus as distinct, if we 
do not also accept HKuphemia, Robineau-Desvoidy, as such. 

The specimen of chalybea before me bears a written label 
with the words “ Coquimbo, Aristolochia” and the numbers 
82-102. 


Genus PrerocaNnTuus, nov. 


Generic characters—Belongs to the same group as 
Trichopticus, Rondani. Separable from it and allied genera 
by the presence of some long fine hairs on lower surface of 
first wing-vein at middle and on base of third vein above 
and below, and by having the lower surface of scutellum 
hairy—a character very rarely found in this subfamily. 

Genotype, Aricia sundewalli, Zetterstedt. 


Spilaria chetopygus, sp. v. 


Female.—Similar to lucorum, Meigen, in colour. Antennze 
and palpi black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen with a 
slender dorso-central vitta and poorly defined lateral spots 
black. Legs black. Wings clear, not conspicuously yellow 
at bases, the cross-veins not infuscated. 

Parafacials seen from in front much wider than third 
antennal segment. Prealar very short; postsutural dorso- 
centrals 4; sternopleurals 2:2. Fourth tergite with 
long but not dense bristles on disc. Fore tibia with a 
median posterior bristle ; mid-tibia with three or four 
posterior bristles; hind femur with moderately long bristles 
on almost the entire length of antero-ventral surface, the 
postero-ventral surface almost bare. Outer cross-vein more 
distinetly curved than in ducorum. 

Length 9 mm. 

Type and paratype, Troodos, Cyprus, July—October 1902, 
about 4500 feet (Miss D. M. Bate). 

Differs from ducorum in having the fourth tergite much 
more conspicuously bristled and the fore tibia with a median 
posterior bristle. Like all species which | have placed in 
the genus Syilaria, this o1ie has a series of fine hairs on 
hypopleura below the spiracle and some hairs on sides of 
scutellum which invade the ventral surface slightly. 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Fwotic Muscaride. 419 


Spilaria punctifer, sp. n. 

Female.—Black, subopaque, densely grey pruinescent. 
Frons opaque ; antenne black ; palpi yellowish testaceous. 
Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen checkered as in lucorum, 
Fallén. Legs yellowish testaceous, tarsi black. Wings 
clear, cross-veins broadly infuscated. Calyptree whitish. 
Halteres yellow. 

Frons at vertex less than one-third of the head-width, 
widened anteriorly, anterior orbital strongest ; orbits with 
short setulz laterad of the bristles ; parafacial about as wide 
as the narrow third antennal segment, the latter about four 
times as long as second; arista with very long hairs above 
and below ; eyes hairy. Thorax with three pairs of post- 
sutural dorso-centrals ; prealar very small; scutellum with 
short hairs below on sides; sternopleurals 2:2, the lower 
anterior one small ; hypopleura with short weak hairs below 
spiracle. Fore tibia with one or two posterior median 
bristles, the apical half of antero-dorsal surface with some 
short setule ; mid-femur with one or two bristles on antero- 
ventral and four or five on postero-ventral surface on basal 
half; mid-tibia with four irregularly arranged posterior 
bristles ; hind femur with four or five widely spaced antero- 
ventral bristles, and one near base on postero-ventral surface ; 
hind tibia with two or three antero-dorsal and antero-ventral 
bristles. Costal thorn short ; outer cross-vein straight. 

Length 85 mm. 

Type, Zomba, Nyasaland, ix. 1910, in house (Dr. H. 8. 
Stannus). 

One female. 

The description of this species ought to have been included 
in a previous part of this series, but was accidentally over- 
looked when the manuscript was sent to the editor. 


Genus Dicu#ztomytra, Malloch. 


In describing this genus I placed particular emphasis 
upon the number of postsutural dorso-central bristles, and, 
in fact, used this character as the basis for the generic name. 
I find, however, that this is not a constant character, though 
there are very few exceptions to the rule in the series of the 
genotype species before me, only one specimen having three 
strong bristles, the others having either two strong bristles 
only or two strong and two very weak bristles behind the 
suture. I have arrived at the decision that other characters 


must be used to define the genus, and, in doing so, I have 
27* 


420 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Hzotic Muscaride. 


been forced to admit a large number of species from the 
African and Oriental regions which have always more than 
two strong postsutural dorso-centrals behind the suture. 

The presence of hairs on the sides of the prosternum and 
on the pteropleura, some weak setulz on base of third wing- 
vein on lower surface, and the forward curvature of the 
fourth vein apically distinguish the genus from its allies. 
The hind tibia has no calear, but there are at times some 
short setule on the postero-dorsal surface. The hypopleura 
is either bare or there are some hairs near the lower posterior 
angle, and in a few cases there aie some very short hairs on 
the latero-posterior declivous portion of the mesonotum in 
front of scutellum. 


Dichetomyia polita, Malloch. 


This species varies very strikingly in colour sometimes, 
being at times almost entirely glossy black, and in several 
examples before me yellowish testaceous with a distinctly 
vittate thorax and the apical half of abdomen blackened. 

I have before me a good series taken at Obuasi, Ashanti 
(Dr. W. M. Graham). 


Dichetomyia bifasciata (Stein). 

Like all the species except the genotype this one was 
originally placed in Mydea by its describer. 

1 have before me a male of this species which bears the 
written iabel “ Avicia bivittata, Walker, MS.,’ and another 
label, presumably in the handwriting of Walker, with the 
name “ bivittata.” 

Locality, New Guinea. 


Dichetomyia niveipalpis (Stein). 

A very distinct species, which is readily recognized, at 
least in the female, by the large, flattened, whitish palpi. 
The species has somewhat similar coloration to bifasciata, 
the thorax being brown vittate, but the abdomen is largely 
blackened on dorsum. 

One specimen from Talum, Siam (H. C. Robinson and 
N. Annandale). 


Dichatomyia fasciculigera (Stein). 


I have before me four specimens from the Seychelles 
Islands, Sans Souci, 2. 11. 1906 (P. R. Dupont). 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 421 


A yellow species without black thoracic vitte and with 
black marks on dorsum of abdomen similar to those of the 
two preceding species, 


Dichetomyia pectinipes (Stein). 
I have seen one male from Peradeniya, Ceylon, which I 
am certain belongs to this species. 


Dichetomyia apicalis (Stein). 
One male from Cameroon, Africa, which I consider is 
undoubtedly referable to this species. 


Dichetomyia distanti, sp. n. 


Male and female.—Shining rufous yellow. Frons fuscous; 
antenne yellow, third segment brownish apically; palpi 
yellow. Thorax indistinctly vittate, slightly whitish pruin- 
escent. Abdomen with a large crescentic spot on apical 
half of third tergite and all of fourth tergite black. Legs 
yellow. Wings clear. Calyptre and halteres yellow. 

Male.—Kyes almost bare; head-structure normal. Thorax 
with 2+38 strong dorso-centrals; prealar short; anterior 
intra-alar long; scutellum bare below ; prosternal and ptero- 
pleural hairs yellow. Basal sternite hairy. Fore tibia with 
a posterior bristle; mid-tibia with two posterior bristles ; 
hind femur with two or three preapical antero-ventral 
bristles and some fine bristles on apical third of postero- 
ventral surface. Fourth vein very slightly curved forward 
at apex. 

Female.—Frons not over one-third of the head-width. 
Hind femur without fine bristles on apical part of postero- 
ventral surface; hind tibia as in male, with one antero- 
dorsal and one or two antero-ventral bristles and a postero- 
dorsal setula at middle. 

Length 7 mm. 

Type, male, and allotype, Johannesburg, South Africa, 
vi. 1901 (W. L. Distant). 


Dichetomyia fuscitibia (Stein). 
The tarsi and usually a part of tibiz in this species are 


blackened. 
I have before me seven specimens from Obuasi, Ashanti 


(Dr. W. M. Graham). 


422 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 


Genus Papvata, nov. 


Generic characters.—Similar to Dichetomyia, differing in 
having the pteropleura bare, the hypopleura with some long 
hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle, metathoracic 
spiracle without setulose hairs overlying spiracular flap, and 
the prealar bristle absent. The anterior intra-alar bristle 
is absent in the only specimen I have before me. 

Genotype, Mydea rufescens, Stein. 

The specimen bears labels similar to those borne by 
Dichetomyia bifasciata, Stein, but the name is Aricia 
ochromyoides, Walker, MS. 


Genus SPILOPTEROMYIA, Nov. 


Generic characters.—Similar to Papuaia. Differs from 
it in having the hypopleura bare. Prosternum bare ; ptero- 
pleura with some hairs in centre, scutellum with the hairs 
invading ventral surface from the sides; no hairs along 
lower margin of metathoracic spiracle; third wing-vein 
setulose at base below ; anterior intra-alar and prealar 
present, but not strong; fourth vein distinctly bent forward 
at apex; hind tibia without postero-dorsal bristles, the apical 
dorsal bristle very short. 

Genotype, Spilogaster apicata, Stein. 

I have before me two specimens from Colombia, South 
America (Dr. A. Balfour). 

In order to make clear the distinctions between the three 
genera just dealt with, I append a synopsis of the characters 
for their separation. All have the pteropleura hairy in 
part :— 


]. Prosternum with hairs on sides; meta- 
thoracic spiracle with setulose hairs 
along lower margin and overlying the 


spiracular flap..... PRS RNS osteo . Dichetomyta, Malloch. 
Prosternum hare; metathoracie spiracle 
without setulose overlying hairs ...... 2. 


2. Hypopleura with hairs on upper margin 
in front of spiracle; scutellum without 
hairs on sides ...... ciel chalts Se PO no Papuaia, gen. noy. 
Tiypopleura bare; scutellum with hairs 
on sides which invade ventral surface 
laterally ......cccceseessesscesesss Spilopteromyia, gen. nov. 


Limnophora spreta, sp. n. 


Male.—Black, slightly shining, with dense whitish pruin- 
escent markings on thorax and abdomen. ‘Thorax with 


Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 493 


three contiguous black vittee in front of suture, the usual 
spaces between the vittse brownish, the area laterad of the 
vittee and a small transverse spot in front of suture on each 
side of median line whitish pruinescent; vittee behind suture 
contiguous on anterior half or more, a patch of whitish 
pruinescence on each side of median vitta just in front 
of scutellum; pleura largely whitish pruinescent, margins of 
sclerites blackish; scutellum whitish on margins apically. 
Second and third abdominal tergites each with a pair of 
large subtriangular black spots, which are narrowly sepa- 
rated centrally and extend from anterior to posterior: 
margins; fourth tergite with a large subquadrate black 
central spot and a less distinct brownish spot on each side. 
Legs black. Wings brownish. Calyptre and _halteres 
yellowish. 

Eyes at narrowest part of frons separated by about width 
of anterior ocellus; parafacial very narrow; longest hairs 
on arista longer than width of third antennal segment. 
Anterior two pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals weak. 
Bristles on posterior margins of second, third, and fourth 
tergites, and median bristles on fourth strong; basal 
sternite with a few hairs. Fore tibia unarmed at middle; 
mid-femur with some long fine hairs on basal half of postero- 
ventral surface ; mid-tibia with a posterior bristle; hind 
femur with some fine hairs on basal half and four or five 
long bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface, the 
basal half of postero-ventral surface with some bristles ; 
hind tibia with one antero-dorsal and one antero-ventral 
bristle. Fourth vein distinctly curved forward apically. 

Female.—Differs from the male in having the opaque 
black frons about one-third of the head-width, the thoracic 
vitte more brownish, and the dorsal spots on abdomen 
larger. 

Length 6-7 mm. 

Type, male, allotype, and one male paratype. Thereso- 
polis, Brazil, ix. 1887. 

I believe this is the species recorded from Brazil by Stein 
as corvina, van der Wulp. I have before mea paratype of 
van der Wulp’s species and it has the arista much shorter- 
haired, the abdomen differently marked, and the wings 


hyaline. 


Genus EMMESINA, nov. 


Generic characters—Most closely related to M/ydea, the 
third wing-vein bristly at base, prosternum bare, and hind 


424 Mr. J. R. Malloch on Exotic Muscaride. 


tibial calcar lacking, but the eyes of the female are not more 
widely separated than are those of the male, the genital 
segments of that sex are not spinose, the fifth sternite of 
the male is almost transverse at apex, the prealar bristle is 
absent, the third vein is slightly curved forward apically, and 
the arista is subnude. 

Genotype, the following species. 


Hmimesina annandalei, sp. n. 


Male and female.—Blackish brown, slightly shining, grey 
pruinescent. Antenne and palpi black. Thorax with three 
contiguous brown vittee, the dorsum appearing almost entirely 
brown. Abdomen dark brown, with a wedge-shaped grey 
pruinescent area on each side of each tergite at anterior 
margin. Legs pitchy black. Wings faintly brownish. 
Calyptree and halteres yellow. 

Male.—Eyes bare, facets larger in front ; frons narrow, 
but about twice as wide as width across posterior ocelli ; 
interfrontalia distinct on entire length ; orbits uniform in 
width, with fine bristles on their entire length, a pair in line 
with anterior ocellus directed forward; parafacial linear ; 
cheek about as high as width of third antennal segment, the 
latter about 2°5 as long as second; arista swollen at base. 
Thorax without strong presutural acrostichals, and with four 
pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, the anterior two pairs 
weak ; both intra-alars weak, the anterior one conspicuously 
so. Abdomen elongate-ovate ; hypopygium small. Fore 
tibia with one posterior bristle; mid-tibia with two posterior 
bristles; hind femur with about seven fine bristles on 
antero-ventral surface, postero-ventral surface bare ; hind 
tibia with one antero-dorsal and antero-veutral bristle. 

Female.—Similar to male, the genitalia normal. 

Length 4°5-5 mm. 

Type, male, allotype and one male paratype, Bulsit Besar, 
Siam (H. C. Robinson and N. Annandale). 


Subfamily Awrvowriyz. 
Pegomyia magna, sp. n. 


Female.— Black, slightly shining, densely grey pruines- 
cent. Antennze and palpi black, apex of second segment of 
former reddish; frons black. Thorax when seen from 
behind with two broad fuscous vitte laterad of the dorso- 
centrals, a narrow brown central vitta, and a faint dark line 
along the bases of the dorso-centrals. Abdomen checkered, 


Notes on Australasian Rats. 495 


with a dark dorso-central yitta which is visible from almost 
any angle. Legs yellow, tarsi black. Wings clear, veins 
yellow basally. Calyptre and halteres yellow. 

Frons slightly less than one-third of the head-width ; 
orbits each with three supraorbital bristles and two infra- 
orbitals ; cruciate interfrontals lacking ; parafacial at base 
of antenne wider than the rather broad third antennal 
segment ; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than 
width of third antennal segment; palpi narrow. Thorax 
with about three pairs of closely placed presutural acro- 
stichals; prealar very long; sternopleurals 1:2. Fore 
tibia with one anterodorsal and one posterior bristle well 
apicad of middle ; basal segment of fore tarsus slender, as 
long as next three, second, third, and fourth segments 
dilated, of about equal width, fourth less than twice as long 
as wide; mid-femur with two anterior, one antero-ventral, 
and three postero-ventral bristles basad of middle ; mid-tibia 
with one antero-dorsal, one postero-dorsal, and two posterior 
bristles ; hind femur with six antero-ventral bristles, a wide 
space between third and fourth, and one or two postero- 
ventral bristles; hind tibia with one antero-ventral, two 
antero-dorsal, and two postero-dorsal bristles. Costal thorn 
short; last section of fourth vein not longer than preceding 
section. 

Length 11 mm. 

Type, Lower Ranges, North Khasi Hills, Assam, 1878 
(A. Chennell). 

One female. 

The largest species of the genus known to me. 


XLI.—WNotes on Australasian Rats, with a Selection of 
Lectotypes of Australasian Muride. By OLDFIELD 
THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


WHILE determining a rat from Mt. Compass, in the neigh- 
bourhood of Adelaide, sent to the British Museum by 
Prof. Wood Jones, I have had occasion to study the various 
South-Australian species described by Grey and Gould, which 
were largely based on the material sent home by Capt. (later 
Sir) George Grey. 
These specimens have been somewhat indiscriminately 
labelled Mus (now to be called Rattus) fuscipes and greyt, 


426 Mr. O. Thomas— Notes 


not to mention the larger forms related to R. lutreola. But 
examination shows that no §.-Australian specimens are 
really referable to fuseipes, which seems quite peculiar to 
Western Australia. 

The 8.-Australian series, however, is none the less divisible 
into two, one, the true R. greyi, of which I now designate 
no. 41. 1266, one of the co-types, skin and imperfect skull, 
as the lectotype, being the form sent home by Prof. Wood 
Jones, so that this native rat at least is still existent. 

It is the smaller of the two species, the molars are deci- 
dedly smaller, the supraorbital edges are not ridged, even 
posteriorly, and, externally, the fur, though long, is not so 
excessively long as it is in the other species. 

At least eight of the Museum specimens are referable to 
greyt, all received in 1841-1845, Prof. Wood Jones’s example 
being the first additional specimen that has come home. 

The other South-Australian species belongs to a type of 
rat widely distributed in the interior from Adelaide to North 
Queensland, in which latter region it has received the name 
of culmorum. It would appear to be divisible geographically 
into three forms, from Queensland, Interior New South 
Wales, and South Australia respectively. ‘The three are 
alike in most essential characters, but there is a progressive 
increase southward in the softness and length of the hair, and 
a decrease in the size of the bulls ; the more southern forms 
also have greyer bellies and shorter feet. 


Rattus culmorum vallesius, subsp. n. 


General characters of true culmorum, but the fur thicker 
and softer; hairs of back about 15 mm. in length. Colour 
above very much the same, but below the belly is much 
egreyer, the hairs slaty for most of their length, while in 
culmorum they are either wholly whitish or else merely have 
their extreme base greyish. Feet rather shorter than in 
culmorum. 

Skull essentially similar to that of culmorum, but the 
tooth-row is shorter and the bullee rather smaller. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body (on skin) 160 mm. ; tail (as recorded by 
Sir T. L. Mitchell) 140 ; hind foot 28; ear 19. 

Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 35°2 ; 
zygomatic breadth 20; nasals 13°5 ; interorbital breadth 5; 
palatal foramina 7'5; bulla 8-3 ; upper molar series 66. 

Hab. Interior of New South Wales. Type from Duck 
Creek, Macquarie River, Upper Darling; 31° 10’ S., 
147° 40’ E. A skull in the Gould collection from the 
Darling Downs. ; 


on Australasian Rats. 427 


Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 47, 8.14.5. Collected on 
February 7th, 1846, during Sir T. L. Mitchell’s 1845-46 
expedition into Tropical Australia. Two specimens. 

**Qoba” of the natives.—Sir T, LD. Mitchell. 


Rattus culmorum austrinus, subsp. n. 


Fur again still longer than in vallestus, the hairs of the 
back commonly 20 mm. in length, while the longer piles 
overtop them by some 10 mm. General colour rather greyer 
and less definitely fawn-coloured. Below equally grey, as 
distinguished from the whitish of eulmorum. 

Skull with teeth as in vallesius, but the bulle are still 
smaller. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body (skin) 155 mm. ; tail 120 ; hind foot 28. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length (c.) 34; back of parietals 
to gnathion 32°5; zygomatic breadth 18; nasals 13 ; inter- 
orbital breadth 4°5; palatal foramina 7°5; bulla 7-4 ; upper 
molar series 6°8. 

Hiab. South Australia; type probably from Kangaroo 
Island *. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 55. 12. 24. 336. Collected 
by Dr. J. B. Harvey and presented by him in 1841 to the 
Zoological Society’s Museum. Five further specimens pre- 
sented by Sir George Grey, and one (a lectoparatype of 
R. grey?) in the Gould collection. 

Evidently a common rat in South Australia in the forties, 
-but whether it still exists in any out-of-the-way part of the 
colony we have no evidence to show. 

All the forms of cu/morum are readily distinguishable from 
greyt by their distinctly beaded supraorbital edges, their 
larger teeth, and much larger bulle. 


Allied in a general way to culmorum is the following new 
species from Melville Island, North Australia :— 


Rattus melvilleus, sp. n. 


Most like R. tunneyi of the mainland of North Australia, 
but considerably larger. 

Fur coarse and harsh, liberally mixed with flattened semi- 
spinous hairs ; hairs of back about 13 mm.inlength. General 


* I am informed by the authorities of the Zoological Society that 
Dr. Harvey’s address in 18389 was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, while it 
was Port Lincoln in 1842, As the specimen was sent to the Zoological 
Society’s Museum in 184], it is probable that it was obtained at or near 
the former place, 


428 Mr. O. Thomas—WNotes 


colour more strongly ochraceous than in the allied species; an 
indistinct ochraceous-buff line edging the upper colour, this 
line particularly noticeable along the cheeks and sides of the 
neck. Under surface dull buffy whitish, the hairs mostly 
whitish to their bases. Ears almost naked, their fine hairs 
white. Hands and feet white. Tail very thinly haired, 
brown above, slightly lighter below. Mammez normally 
2—3=10 as usual, but on one side of one female there 
appears to be an additional. pectoral mamma. 

Skull like that of 2. tunney?, but considerably larger, more 
strongly built, and more heavily ridged. Palatal foramina 
surpassing the first third of m*. Bullee very large. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 173 mm.; tail 135; hind foot 30; 
ear 19. 

Skull: greatest length 40; condylo-incisive length 39-4 ; 
zygomatic breadth 21°8; nasals 15 x 5°2 ; interorbital breadth 
5°8 ; breadth across parietal ridges 15 ; palatal foramina 9-2 ; 
bulla 10°2 ; upper molar series 7°5. 

Hab. Melville Island, off the Northern Territory of South 
Australia ; type from Biro, Apsley Strait. 

Type. Adultmale. B.M. no. 13.6. 28.33. Original num- 
ber 14. Collected 27th November, 1911, by Mr. J. P. 
togers. ‘Three specimens, of which one is not fully adult. 

Readily distinguishable from all other members of the 
group by its large skull and large bulla. 


Rattus mondraineus, sp. n. 


Nearly allied to &. fuscipes of Western Australia, with 
which it shares the general size, long loose fur, and brown 
colour. But, externally, the colour is greyer, the buffy sub- 
terminal rings on the hairs (which give the brown tone to 
fuscipes) being less developed, so that the blue-grey of the 
underfur is more perceptible. Under surface lighter, the 
ends of the hairs more whitish. Throat noticeably more 
whitish than rest of under surface. Hands and feet whitish 
above, without tinge of brown. ‘Tail as in fuscipes, mode- 
rately haired, brown above and below. 

Skull with the nasals of normal proportions, not so 
unusually narrowed behind as they are in fuscipes. Inter- 
orbital region broader, its edges squarish, not sharply angular, 
and not ridged. Palatal foramina of medium length, rather 
narrow. Buile rather small. Molars decidedly smaller than 
in fuscipes. 

Dimensions of the type (taken on the skin) :— 

Head and body 160 mm.; tail 138; hind foot 30. 


on Australasian Rats. 429 


Skull: greatest length 37°5; condylo-incisive length 35°5 ; 
zygomatic breadth 18°5 ; nasals, length 13°7, breadth at halt 
their length 3:8; interorbital breadth 5°2 ; breadth of brain- 
case 16°3; palatilar length 16°8 ; palatal foramina 7°2 x 2°2; 
upper molar series 6. 

Hab. Mondrain Island, off Esperance, south coast of 
Western Australia. 

Type. Old male. B.M. no. 7. 7.18.3. Collected 29th 
April, 1906, by J.T. Tunney. Presented by the Western 
Australian Museum, Perth. Two specimens. 

This island rat is alone related to £. fuscipes, a species 
which, in spite of various references from other parts of the 
continent, I believe to be strictly confined to Western 
Australia. The new form, while very similar externally, 
may be readily distinguished by the cranial details above 
described. 

This species and the true R. greyi of S. Australia are 
exceptions to the statement made by me™* that all Australian 
members of Rattus have supraorbital ridges; but it is quite 
evident that they really are Rattus, and not Pseudomys. 


Hydromys nauticus, sp. n. 

Size rather small, about as in #. beccari’. General colour 
above dark greyish brown, near “ hair-brown,”? the middle 
dorsal area more blackish, quite black on the forehead, crown, 
and nape. Sides greyer. Under surface drabby, the hairs 
pale slaty at base, with “ pinkish buff” ends. Hands pale 
brownish. Feet almost naked, their fine hairs dull whitish. 
Tail, as usual in the northern forms cf the genus, with nearly 
half of the short-haired portion white. 

Skull about as in H. beccarti, with similarly broad heavy 
muzzle. Incisors very pale yellow in front. Molars rather 
small. ; 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 265 mm.; tail 215, its white terminal 
portion 79; hind feot 50; ear 22. 

Skull: greatest length 55; condylo-incisive length 52°5 ; 
zygomatic breadth 27; breadth of muzzle on premaxillo- 
maxillary suture 10°8; nasals 17 x 6°6; intertemporal breadth 
6°8 ; breadth of brain-case 20 ; palatilar length 25; palatal 
foramina 61x 3:7; upper molars 8:1; breadth of m* 2°8. 

Hab. Aru Islands ; type from Dobo. 

Type. Old female with worn teeth. B.M. no. 10.3. 2.14. 
Original number 758, Collected 8th April, 1909, by W. 
Stalker; presented by the New Guinea Expedition. 

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 604 (1910). 


430 Mr. O. Thomas—WNotes 


“ Caught on the fore-shore at night.”—W. S. 

This species differs from the Key-Island species, 17. beccarii, 
by its much darker colour, especially below, that animal 
having the under surface of a buffy whitish. In fact, so far 
as colour ig concerned, it more nearly resembles the 
N.-Australian species H. caurinus and the Melville-Island 
form next to be described. 


Hydromys melicertes, sp. n. 


Apparently a small island representative of 77. caurinus. 

Size and general appearance very much as in the geogra- 
phically distant H. nauticus. Colour above rather greyer 
than hair-brown, the crown and median dorsal area not 
specially darker. Sides lighter grey. Under surface very 
pale grey, “pale olive-grey,” the hairs pale grey for the 
greater part of their length, their tips faintly buffy. Hands 
and feet dark brown. Tail with the proportions of black 
and white as in H. nauticus. 

Skull as in ZZ, nauticus, except that the muzzle is more 
slender. Nasals narrow. Anteorbital foramina less high. 
These differences, however, may in part be due to age. 

Incisors strongly orange in front. Molars small, about as 
in nauticus, much smaller than in caurinus, 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 232 mm.; tail 206; hind foot 54; 
ear 20. 

Skull: basilar suture to gnathion 40; zygomatic breadth 
25; nasals 16°8x5°5; breadth of muzzle on premaxillo- 
maxillary suture 8°3; interorbital breadth 6°8; breadth of 
brain-case 19 ; height of anteorbital foramen 5:8; palatilar 
length 23°5; palatal foramina 5°8; upper molars 8:2; 
breadth of m! 2°9. 

Hab. Melville Island. Type from Biro, Apsley Straits. 

Type. Young adult female, the teeth fully up, but little 
worn, B.M. no. 13.6. 28.37. Original number 15*. 
Collected 9th December, 1911, by J. P. Rogers. 

“Trapped near the mangroves, among which the natives 
say it lives."-—J. P. PR. 

Although geographically so close to the N.-Australian 
H. caurinus, this animal is of the same small size as the more 
distant Aru-Island form, from which it differs by its 
unblackened head and fore back, its browner feet, aud its 
more slender muzzle. 


on Australasian Rats. 431 


Conilurus melibius, sp. n. 


Closely allied to C. penicillatus, but with shorter feet. 

Size about as in penicillatus. Colour of body quite the 
same buffy grey, with a more strongly buffy patch on the 
occiput and nape, this coloration being common to both pen?- 
ceillatus and hemileucurus. Under surface dull whitish, the 
hairs white to their roots. ands and feet white. Tail 
greyish, blackening distally to a point three-fourths of its 
length, then abruptly white for its terminal fourth, tufted as 
in the allied species. 

Skull, as compared with that of hemdleucurus, of which 
alone good specimens are available, smaller, more strongly 
bowed, with less concave interorbital, the supraorbital edges 
evenly divergent behind, while in hemileucurus the inter- 
orbital region is comparatively parallel-sided, evenly concave 
in front and behind. Palatal foramina to the middle third 
of m'. Molars small, as in penzcillatus, considerably smaller 
than those of hemz/eucurus. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :-— 

Head and body 154 mm.; tail 177; hind foot 37; 
ear 23. 

Skull: greatest length 38°2; condylo-incisive length 35°4 ; 
zygomatic breadth 21; nasals 15 x 3:9 ; interorbital breadth 
6°7; palatilar length 18; palatal foramina 9; upper molar 
series 7°3; breadth of m? 2°3. 

Hab. Melville Island, N. Australia; type from Biro, 
Apsley Straits. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 13. 6. 28.36. Original 
number 3. Collected 9th October, 1911, by Mr. J. P. Rogers, 

This species differs from C. penicillatus, with which it 
shares the comparatively small teeth, by its much shorter 
feet, that animal having the feet of tle same length as in the 
larger-toothed C. hemileucurus. ‘To this latter I now refer a 
good series from the 8. Alligator River, collected in 1903 by 
J.T. Tunney, and hitherto referred to C. pentcillatus. It is 
interesting to notice that in this series some specimens have 
broadly white-tipped tails, as in the type of hemileucurus, and 
others with this organ wholly black, as in the original 
penicillatus. 


The inconvenience and confusion that is always liable to 
arise from species being represented by a number of co-types 
(as exemplified by the presence of both R. c. austrinus and 
RR. greyi among the co-types of the latter form) have made me 
think it advisable to draw up the following list of lectotypes 
of such Australian Muridee as were described on two or more 


432 Notes on Australasian Rats. 


co-types. This was commonly the case with many of Gray’s 
and Gould’s species, and the reduction to a single specimen 
of each for use as a type will certainly tend to the simplifica- 
tion of future work on the group. 

These lectotypes have been carefully selected after com- 
parison with the original descriptions and with the fine 
figures given by Gould. 

In one or two cases the same specimens have already been 
selected by me in previous papers, but it seems advisable, for 
the sake of completeness, to repeat the selection here. 


Genus Hypromys. 
H, fulvolavatus, Gould. Lectotype ¢. 56. 10.28.14. Murray R., 8. 
Australia. J. Gould. 
Suliginosus, Gould. @. 56. 10. 28. 15. K. George's 
Sound, W.A. (J. Gilbert). Gould Coll. 


Genus Uromys. 


U. cervinipes, Gould. ©. 652.12.15.1. Stradbrook Isld., 
(F. Strange). Gould Coll. 
rufescens, Alst. O11 F182) -Dukexoth York 


Isld. Rev. G. Brown. 


Genus Ratrvs. 
assimilis, Gould. 3g. 58.11.24.10. Clarence R., 
N.S.W. (F. Strange). Gould Coll. 


~ 


R. 


= 


brown?, Alst. QO. 77.07. 18.26. Duke, tof Yorks 
Isld. Rev. G. Brown. 
greyt, Gray. dg. 41.1266. 8. Australia. met, 
oll, 
leucopus, Gray. @. 67,5.6.4. Cape York (Da- 
mon). Higgins. 
lutreola, Gray. do. 41.1258. Mosquito Isld., Hun- 
ter R., N.S.W. Gould Coll. 
sordidus, Gould. co. 658.11. 24.6. Darling Downs, 
N.8.W. Gould Coll. 
vellerosus, Gray. go. 47.3.1.2. 8S. Australia. Sir 
G. Grey. 
velutinus, hos. OF hla looks Tasmania. A. 
Simson. 

Genus PsEuDoMYs. 
Ps. albocinereus, Gould. 44,7.9.16. Perth, W.A. W@W. 
Gilbert). Gould Coll. 
delicatulus, Gould. 42.5, 26.17. Port Essington 
(J. Gilbert), Gould Coll. 
gouldt, Waterh. @. 5.12. 24.149. Hunter R., 
N.S.W. (Gould). Zool. Soc. Mus. 
lineolatus, Gould. 58. 11. 24.4. Darling Downs, 
N.S.W. Gould Coll. 
nanus, Gould. 44,9, 30.10. Victoria Plains, 
W.A. (J. Gilbert). Gould Coll. 
novehollandia, Waterh. 43, 2.24.1. N.S.W. Gould 


2 Coll. 


On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 433 


Genus LEPORILLUS. 


I, apicalis, Gould *, @. 53.10.22.15. 8S. Australia 
(E. Strange). Gould Coll. 


Genus Noromys. 


N, cervinus, Gould, 53. 10, 22.7. 29°6'S., 141° E. 
(Sturt). Gould Coll. 

gouldi, Gould. 7.1.1. 135. W. Australia (J. 
Gilbert). Tomes Coll. 


longicaudatus, Gould. 44, 7.9.15. Moore’sR., W.A. 
(J. Gilbert). Gould Coll. 


Genus CoNILuURUS. 
C. constructor, Og. OF (6302020. 1. N.SsWaiGG 
ley). Linnean Society. 


XLI.—On Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus dredged by 
the ‘Challenger’ in 1874 at Kerguelen Island. By W.G. 
RIDEWOOD. 

[Plate XII. ] 


THE genus Cephalodiscus was founded upon material dredged 
by the ‘Challenger’? in January 1876 from Station 311 in 
the Straits of Magellan ; the material was described in 1887 
by M‘Intosh and Harmer in the Reports of the ‘ Challenger’ 
Expedition (12), but preliminary accounts were published in 
1882, 1883, and 1885 (10, 11, 3). For many years this 
material of Cephalodiscus dodecalophus remained the sole 
representative of the genus, and it was not until 1903 that 
Andersson (1) announced a rediscovery of Cephalodiseus by 
the Swedish South-Polar Expedition, and Harmer (5) ) notified 
the securing of new species of the genus by the ‘Siboga’ 
Expedition, Since that year numerous species have been 
founded upon material obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expe- 
dition (6), by Dr. Gilchrist (13), by the ‘ Discovery’ lix- 
pedition (9, 14), by the Swedish South-Polar Expedition (2), 
by Dr. Schepotieff (19), by the Second French Antarctic 
Iixpedition (3, 4), by the Scottish National Antarctic Kxpe- 
dition (7), and by the British Autaretie (‘Terra Nova’) 
Hixpedition (16). 

Up to the present time sixteen species of Cephalodiscus 
have been described, but some of the specific names may have 
to be regarded as synonyms (see 16, p. 14, footnote). A 
synopsis of all the species of Cephalodiscus at present known 

* The Museum received from Gould two specimens of this animal, 


though he stated that he had only one. It seems, therefore, advisable to 
nominate the specimen that best tits the description as the lectotype. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 28 


434 Mr. W. G. Ridewood on 


is given on pages 66-77 of the ‘Terra Nova’ Report (16), 
together with a list of all recorded specimens and details of 
the localities from which they were severally obtained. A 
key for the ready identification of the various species was 
published last year in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural 
History’ (18). 

The first-recorded specimens of Cephalodiscus densus were 
obtained on the Swedish South-Polar Expedition of 1901- 
1903, and were described by Andersson in 1907 (2); other 
specimens have since been secured on the British Antarctic 
(‘Terra Nova’) Expedition of 1910-19138 (16), and on the 
Australasian Antaretic Expedition of 1911-1914 (17). It is 
of particular interest now to be able to record the dredging 
of material of this species as far back as 1874—that is to say, 
two years before the classical material of Cephalodiseus 
dodecalophus was obtained. While, however, the specimens 
that form the subject of the present communication must be 
admitted to be of exceptional interest, by reason of the fact 
that they were obtained earlier than those of Cephalodiscus 
dodecalophus, they nevertheless do not constitute the first 
specimens of Cephalodiscus dredged, for it is almost certain 
that material of Cephalodiseus nigrescens was obtained on the 
‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’ Antarctic Expedition in either 1841 
or 1842 (15). 

Previously recorded material of Cephalodiscus densus shows 
that the species has a wide distribution in the Antarctic seas, 
specimens having been obtained in Ross Sea by the ‘ Terra 
Nova’ Expedition, off Graham Land by the Swedish South- 
Polar Expedition, and off Queen Mary Land by the Austral- 
asian Antarctic Expedition. It is interesting to be able now 
to add to these a fourth locality—Kerguelen Island. Should 
Gravier’s species Cephalodiscus anderssont prove to be the 
same as Andersson’s Cephalodiscus densus, the known distri- 
bution of the species is not thereby greatly extended, for the 
localities from which Gravier’s material and Andersson’s 
material were obtained are on the west coast and east coast of 
Graham Land respectively—see map, pl. vi. in ‘ Terra Nova’ 
Report (16). 

‘The material now under consideration is contained in two 
bottles, and, though all was obtained from the same locality— 
Kerguelen Island, Stat. 149, January 1874,—the subsequent 
histories of the two parts of it prove to have been different. 
The larger bottle contains seven fragments, four of which 
might have come from the same colony ; these are of a sandy- 
grey colour, ‘he other three pieces are of a rather more 
rufous tint; they are ‘‘dead,”’ with no zooids in the tubes, 
aud the common coeneecial substance between the tubes is 


Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 435 


partly perished, so that the tubes readily separate from one 
another. Photographs of the two best pieces of the grey 
material are reproduced in P]. XII. ‘The largest piece 
(B) is viewed from the internal or torn surface, 7. e., the 
surface by which it was connected with the rest of the 
colony ; on the external or natural surface the tubes are 
shorter. The upper photograph (A) is a top view of a 
smaller piece, having shorter tubes. 

The material in this, the larger bottle, was in the first 
instance sent from Edinburgh, where the distribution of the 
‘Challenger’ material took place, to Mr. 8. O. Ridley, to 
whom was entrusted the writing of the report upon the 
Monaxonid sponges of the expedition, The original ‘ Chal- 
lenger’ label, still on the bottle, reads :—“ Sponge ; 17 Jan. 
1874; Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 25 fms.” Inside 
the bottle is a parchment label giving the same particulars, 
although the “Jan.” of the date looks like “ Jun.,” and 
might be taken to stand for “June”; even in the external 
label the month of the date looks like “Jane.” ‘The ‘ Chal- 
lenger, however, was not at Kerguelen Island in June, but 
in January. ‘There is, further, a small parchment label 
bearing the words “Chall. 159, Royal Sound, Kerguelen, 
25 faths.”” But Station 159 is between Termination Land 
and Melbourne, with date March 10th, 1874, and depth 
2150 fath.—so that there is evidently here a clerical error, 
the 159 being a mistake for 149, which is the Kerguelen 
Island Station, According to the “Summary of Results,” 
part 1, p. 460, the ‘Challenger’ was off Kerguelen Island 
from January 9th to January 29th, 1874, and “a great many 
soundings, dredgings, and trawlings were taken .., in depths 
varying between 20 and 150 fathoms,” 

This bottle of material was sent back by Mr. Ridley on 
June 4th, 1883, marked ‘‘ Hydroid?.” When the part of 
the Challenger’ Collection known as the “ Supplementary 
Collection”? was despatched from Edinburgh to the British 
Museum (Nat. Hist.) in 1890, the material referred to was 
registered as 90.4.11.13—2. e., the thirteenth specimen 
registered on April 11th, 1890. It was still regarded as a 
kind of Hydrozoan allied to Spongicola fistularis, and re-= 
mained among the Hydrozoa until it was recognized by 
Mr. R. Kirkpatrick in February 1919 as a form of Cephalo- 
discus. Mr. Kirkpatrick reported his discovery to the 
Director of the Museum, Sir Sidney Harmer, who, in July 

921, was good enough to hand the bottle over to me for a 
description of the contents. 

A few days afterwards, by a strange coincidence, Sir Sidney 


Harmer submitted to me the second bottle, which had just 
IR* 


436 Mr. W. G. Ridewood on 


been received from Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh in a collection of 
specimens taken over from him by the Museum. In the 
letter that accompanied the collection Prof. M‘Intosh 
writes :—‘* There are also some annelids, a few of which 
require working up, a Cephalodiscus? from Kerguelen, and 
sundry other things.” The original ‘Challenger’ label on 
the bottle bears the words ‘ Kerguelen, 20-60 fms.” in ink, 
and in pencil, in Prof. M‘Intosh’s handwriting, “ Cephalo- 
discus? and a curious Polyzoan.” The Polyzoan, which is 
attached to the ccencecial tubes of the Cephalodiscus, is, I am 
informed by Sir Sidney Harmer, probably Beania ma- 
gellanica. 

This second bottle has a capacity of 70 c.c. only, and the 
eight fragments that it contains are all small. Judging from 
the difference in the records of the depth—20-60 fath. on 
this bottle, and 25 fath. on the larger bottl—it would seem 
that the two lots of material did not come up in the same 
dredging; indeed, it is possible that they were not obtained 
on the same day, for the ‘ Challenger’ remained off Kerguelen 
Island for three weeks. 

Of the two best pieces in the larger bottle, shown on 
Pl. XIL., the larger (B) measures about 57x44 x 30 mm. 
The coeneecial tubes vary from 20 to 45 mm. in length, and 
have a uniform internal diameter of 1:0 mm. The external 
diameter of the upper parts of the tubes that stand out 
freely, and are not connected by common ceencecial substance, 
is 16 or 1:7 mm. Some of the tubes are bulbous at their 
lower, blind ends, the greatest diameter observed in a bulb 
being 14mm. The long tubes show a few concavo-convex 
septa, irregularly disposed, but confined mainly to the lower 
ends. The extent to which the free part of a tube stands out 
from the common ccencecial substance varies considerably, 
mostly within the limits of 10 and 30 mm. Sand-grains 
occur embedded in the walls of the tubes and in the common 
coencecial substance. 

The upper ends of the tubes differ from those of Cephalo- 
discus densus dredged by the ‘Terra Nova’ in occasionally 
showing a lateral lip. The majority of the tubes resemble 
those represented in the accompanying text-figure, a and b, 
and have the terminal ostium transverse or oblique, without 
any marked lateral extension; in this respect they resemble 
the tubes of the ‘Terra Nova’ material (16, p. 42, text-fig. 4), 
although there is a larger proportion of strongly oblique ostia 
than in the latter. But some of the tubes have a laterally 
extended ostium (text-fig., ¢), or a tongue-shaped lateral 
process (g), or even a funnel-shaped ostium (d). A peculiar 
feature, represented im the text-figure, e, f, g, suggests that in 


Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 437 


some of the tubes there has been a cessation and subsequent 
resumption of growth, for the more terminal parts are paler 
and more transparent than the rest, with a sharp line of 
demarcation between the two. 

In the ‘Terra Nova’ material of Cephalodiscus densus some 
groups of tubes were found to be flanged externally (16, p. 41, 


Cephalodiscus densus from Kerguelen Island. 


Upper ends of ccencecial tubes, about x 6. 


and pl. v. fig. 6), and an explanation of the origin of the 
flange may be afforded by the occurrence of infundibuliform 
ostia such as here shown in the text-fig., d. If the growth of 
such a tube were resumed, and the new part were narrow, like 
that shown in the text-fig., e, the margin of the funnel would 


438 Mr..W. G. Ridewood on 


then appear as an external flange set at some distance below 
the upper end of the tube. 

The other specimen figured (P]. XII., A) measures about 
28 x 44x30 mm. None of the tubes are more than 20 mm, 
in length, and the ostia are almost all transverse, like those 
shown in the text-fig., a. 

The zooids agree in size with those of Cephalodiscus densus 
described in the ‘Terra Nova’ report (16). In the table 
below, the first numeral represents the length in millimetres 
from the tips of the arms to the cecal end of the body—that 
is to say, the total length of the body, not counting the stalk ; 
the second stands for Hie length from the bases of the Ae 
2. €., the anal region of the body: —to the ceeal end ; the third 
is the average widt h of the body. The constancy in the ea 
measurement is evidently associated with the uniformity in 
the internal diameter of the ccencecial tubes from which ‘ie 
zooids were extracted :— 


5:8 34 0-9 5:2 3°6 0-9 
57 41 0-9 48 30 0-9 
56 4-0 0-9 46 3 0-9 


There is no reason to suppose that anything but alcohol 
was employed for the preservation of the material, and con- 
sidering that, except for an occasional inspection, the specimens 
have been untouched for nearly fifty years, the condition of 
the zooids is remarkably good. For general purposes alcohol 
still remains one of our most satisfactory preservative fluids ; 
in the ‘Terra Nova’ material of Cephalod/scus densus it was 
noted that the zooids were in a better state of fixation in the 
alcohol-preserved material than in that preserved in formalin 
solution (16, p. 47). 

Tn colour the zooids are ochreous, but if removed from the 
tubes and kept in alcohol in the light they become darker 
and assume a greenish-brown tint. Four selected zooids were 
ent into serial sections, but they present no new features. 
The notochord measures from 0:24 to 0°29 mm. in length and 
from 0:02 to 0°03 mm. in sagittal diameter; the cavity of 
the basal part is discontinuous, there being four or five 
irregular partitions. 

The arms are in most cases sixteen, but two zooids were 
found to have seventeen, two eighteen, and one nineteen. In 
two of the zooids examined one of the marginal arms, next 
to the edge of the oral lameila, was a diminutive, arrested 
arm with not more than ten or twelve pairs of tentacles 
(cf. 16, p. 45, text-fig. 6, H). The tentacles in a fully- 
developed arm consist of forty to fifty pairs. 

In the tubes of the piece of colony shown in Pl. XIL., B, 
there occur three kinds of zooids—those with two ovaries, 


Specimens of Cephalodiscus densus. 439 


those with two testes, and those with an ovary and a testis. 
The gonads vary in their state of maturity in different zooids. 
The young ovaries are rather longer and straighter than 
those figured as C and D in text-fig. 7 of the ‘ Terra Nova’ 
Report (16, p. 46), and the pigment-granules around the 
ovidueal aperture are black rather than red. In the material 
in the smaller bottle, received from Prof. M‘Tntosh, all the 
zooids that were examined had ripe gonads, Free ova occur 
in this material; they are found among the buds, in the 
deeper end of the ccencecial tube, there being not more than 
one ovum in any one tube. ‘The ova are free, and not 
attached by a stalk; they measure 0°9 mm, in length and 
0°6 mm. in width, and the two ends are similar. In two 
cases where a free ovum was present in the ccenccial tube 
among the tangle of buds it was found that the zooid in- 
habiting the tube was hermaphrodite, and the ovary and 
testis were both ripe (¢f. 16, p. 47, and 17, p. 23). It would 
be interesting to ascertain if a free ovum ever occurs in a tube 
inhabited by a male zooid—probably not ; the present material 
is too limited in bulk to permit of a more extended search in 
this direction. 

The greatest number of buds found attached to any one 
zooid is eighteen ; this group includes buds of all stages of 
development, from the very young stage before the appear- 
ance of the red line of the shield up to a large bud with small 
tentacles appearing on tlie arms (¢f. 16, p. 47, text-fig. 8, c 
and K). The youngest buds, however, are not buds of the 
main zooid, but arise from the side of the extremity of the 
stalk of a large bud—that is to say, the larger buds begin 
producing the next generation of buds before separating from 
the parent zooid. The largest bud of the group of eighteen 
just mentioned had two small buds of its own. 


REFERENCES. 


(1) AnpErsson, K. A. “Kine Wiederentdeckung von Cephalodiscus.’ 
Zool. Anz. xxvi. 1903, pp. 368-369. f 

(2) “Die Pterobranchier der Schwedischen Stidpolar-Expe- 
dition, 1901-1903.” Wiss. Ergebn. Schwedischen Siidpolar- 
Expedition, v. (Stockholm, 1907) pp. 1-122, 8 plates. 

(3) Gravigrr, C. “Sur une espéce nouvelle de Cephalodiscus (C. an- 
derssoni, nov. sp.) proveuant de la Seconde Expédition Antarctique 
Frangaise.” Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1912, xviii. 3, pp. 146- 
150, 2 text-figures, 

‘Deuxiéme Expédition Antarctique Francaise, 1908-1910; 
Sci. nat., Documents scientifiques; Ptérobranches.’ Paris, 1913, 

. 71-86, 5 text-figures. 

(5) Harmer,S.F. “On new Localities for Cephalodiscus.” Zool. Anz. 
xxvi. 1903, pp. 593-594, 

(6) “The Pterobranchia of the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, with an 


by 


(4) 


440 On the Jerboa of Museat. 


Account of other Species.” Résultats des Explorations entre- 
prises aux Indes Néerlandaises Orientales en 1899-1900 a bord du 
‘ Siboga,’ livr. xxii, monogr. 26 bis, Leiden, 1905, pp. 132, 14 plates 
and 2 text-figures. 

(7) Harner, S. F., and Rrpewoov, W.G. “The Pterobranchia of 
the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904.” Trans. 
Roy. Soe. Edinb. xlix. 3, 7, 1913, pp. 531-565, 2 plates and 5 text- 
figures, 

(8) Lankxester, E.R. Article “ Polyzoa,” Encycl. Britann. ed. 9, xix. 
1885, pp. 429-441. (Contains the first published figures of 
Cephalodiscus, made from drawings supplied by Prof. M‘Intosh.) 

“On a new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. nigrescens) from 

the Antarctic Ocean.” Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 1905, Ixxvi. B, 
pp. 400-402, 1 plate. 

(10) M‘Inrosu, W.C. “ Preliminary Notice of Cephalodiscus, a new 

Type allied to Prof. Allman’s Lhabdopleura, dredged in H.M.S. 
‘Challenger.’ ” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) x. 1882, pp. 3387-548. 


(9) 


(11) . “ Preliminary Note on Cephalodiscus, a new Form allied to 
Prof. Allman’s Rhabdopleura.” Rep. Brit. Assoe. (Southampton, 
1882) 1883, pp. 596-597. 

(12) “Report on Cephalodiscus dodecalophus.” ‘Challenger’ 


Reports, Zool. xx. 62, 1887, with an Appendix by 8. F. Harmer, 
pp. 48, 7 plates and 6 text-figures. 
(13) RrpEwoop, W.G. “A new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristz) 
from the Cape Seas.” Marine Investigations, South Africa, iv. 
(Cape Town, 1906) pp. 178-192, 3 plates and 5 text-figures, 
“ Pterobranchia; Cephalodiscus.” National Antarctic Expe- 
dition [‘ Discovery ’|, Nat. Hist. ii, (London, Brit. Mus.), 1907, 
pp. 1-67, 7 plates and 17 text-figures, 


(14) 


(15) ‘On Specimens of Cephalodiscus nigrescens supposed to have 
been dredged in 1841 or 1842.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) x. 
1912, pp. 550-555, 1 text-figure. 

(16) British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910; Nat. 
Hist. Reports, Zool. iv. 2, Cephalodiscus (London, Brit. Mus.), 1918, 
pp. 11-82, 5 plates and a map, and 12 text-figures. 

(17) Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914, Sci. Reports, 
ser. C, iii. 2, ‘‘ The Pterobranchia,”’ 1918 (Sydney), pp. 25, 2 plates 
and 3 text-figures. 

(18) “A Key for the Ready Identification of the Species of 


Cephalodiscus.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. 1920, pp. 407-410. 
(19) Scueporinrr, A. “Die Pterobranchier des Indischen Ozeans.” 
Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Syst. xxviil. 4, 1909, pp. 429-448, 2 plates. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII. 
Photographs, of the natural size, of two specimens of Cephalodiscus densus, 
Andersson, dredged by the ‘Challenger’ in Royal Sound, Ker- 


guelen Island, Jan. 17th, 1874, froma depth of 25 fath. A, top 
view; B, side view. 


XLUI.—The Jerboa of Muscat. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
WHILE determining an example of Jaculus loftusi obtained 
near Baghdad by Major Cheesman, my attention has been 
drawn to the examples trom Muscat presented by Dr. Jayakar 
aud hitherto referred to the same species. But with six 


ae 


rIpEWwoop, Ann. % Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol. VILL. PISXIT: 


Cephalodiscus densus, Andersson. ‘ Challenger’ Expedition ; 
Kerguelen island, Jan. 17th, 1874. Nat. size. 


On a new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. 441 


sknlls of true loftusi, ranging from Karyatein (Carruthers) 
to Mohammorah (Loftus), before me, and three of the Muscat 
form, I find that there are certain cranial differences between 
the two and would suggest that the latter should be distin- 
guishedas 


Jaculus loftusi vocator, subsp. n. 

External characters quite as in loftus7, but, the specimens 
being or having been in spirit, the exact tone of colour cannot 
be observed. 

Skull of about the same size as in loftusi. Anteorbital 
foramina smaller, of more equal breadth above and below, 
not expanded above as in loftusi; greatest breadth across 
the two foramina in four specimens of loftusz 15°8, 16°2, 15°2, 
and 154, in three specimens of vocator 14°2, 14:0, and 14:0. 
Front edge of zygomatic plate outside the foramina more 
vertical, nearly at right angles (88°, 89°) to the line of the 
tooth-row, while in lof/twst it slants back considerably (75°, 
76°). Interparietal smaller, averaging about 4°5x5°4 as 
compared with 5°5x7:0 mm. Other characters apparently 
quite as usual. 

Dimensions of type, measured on the spirit-specimen :— 

Head and body 95 mm.; tail 164; hind foot 57 ; ear 21. 

Skull: greatest median length 29°7; greatest diagonal 
length to back of bull 32 ; greatest breadth across face 22°4 ; 
interorbital breadth 12 ; bimeatal breadth 23°2 ; anteorbital 
foramen, height 5:4, breadth across the two foramina 14:2 ; 
upper molar series 4°8. 

flab, Coast region near Muscat ; type from Sohar, others 
from Seeb. 

Lype. Adult male in spirit. B.M. no. 0. 5. 22: 3. 
Presented by Dr. A. 8. G. Jayakar. 

Although the two co-types of loftusi (of which 55. 1. 6. 82 
may now be formally selected as a lectotype) have the 
zygomatic plate broken away, enough remains to show that 
the anteorbital foramina are of quite the same shape as in 
our series from Karyatein. 


XLIV.—A new Short-tailed Opossum from Brazil. 
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS. 
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Monodelphis theresa, sp. n. 
Most nearly allied to WM. theringi. 
Size about as in theringi; fur similarly short and close, 
hairs of back about 4 mm, in length. Coloration on the 


442 On a new Cotton-tail from Colombia. 


same general plan, but the ground-colour is dark grizzled 
grey, which, however, is only present on the anterior two- 
thirds of the body, the head and rump deep chestnut-rufous. 
Dorsal lines almost obsolete, the median one represented by 
segments of a few millimetres on the nose and nape and an 
ill-defined line on the posterior back ending level with the 
hips ; the outer lines only about an inch in length, ill-defined 
and scarcely perceptible. Under surface soiled greyish, the 
ends of the hairs drabby white. Cheeks, like crown, rich 
rufous ; chin pale rufous. Hands brown. Feet with the 
outer side of the metatarsus brown, inner dull whitish; digits 
naked. Tail brown above, lighter below. 

Skull not so flattened as in ¢heringi, more of the general 
shape of that of americana, the brain-case comparatively high 
and rounded. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on a spirit-specimen) :— 

Head and body 80 mm.; tail 36; hind foot 14; 
ear 10. 

Skull: greatest length 25:2; condylo-basal length 25; 
zygomatic breadth 13°5; nasals 10X3°8 ;_ interorbital 
breadth 5:4 ; palatal length 14°5; maxillary tooth-row 10-7; 
three anterior molariform teeth 4°6. 

fTab. Theresopolis, Organ Mts., Brazil. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.8.6.2. Received 
in exchange from Prof. J. P. Hill. 

This pretty little species is readily distinguishable from 
M. theringi by its rufous head and rump, its greyish fore- 
back, and its obsolescent dark dorsal lines. 


XLV.—A new Cotton-tail (Sylvilagus) from Colombia. 
By OLpFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tue British Museum owes to Frére Nicéforo Maria of 
Medellin an example of a fine Sylvilagus which seems to be 
different from any described species, It may be called 


Sylvilagus nicefori, sp. n. 

A member of the short-eared group, the tail almost obsolete. 

Fur fairly soft, hairs of back about 23-25 mm. in length. 

General colour dark, mixed buffy and blackish, the buffy 
comparatively pale, not strong and ochraceous. Sides paler 
buffy. Under surface dull whitish anteriorly, dull bufty 
posteriorly, the hairs slaty at base. Forehead and nape 
buffy ochraceous, the nape-patch extending beyond the ends 
of the short ears. Proectote blackish, slightly suffused with 


i i i i 


On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. 443 


buffy ; metentote dull whitish, its edges inconspicuously 
buffy. Sides of head grizzled greyish, very slightly suffused 
with buffy. Chin dull whitish, interramia white. Neck-band 
broad, the ends of the hairs deep buffy, the underfur dark 
slaty blackish. Front of fore limbs and upper side of feet 
ochraceous, inner side of thighs buffy, not white as in apolli- 
naris. Tail almost obsolete, its situation marked by a small 
tuft of brownish hair amid the buffy of the rump. 

Skull about as large as that of S. purgatus, larger and, 
especially, broader than that of S. salentus. Interorbital 
region flat, parallel-sided, not broadened anteriorly. Post- 
orbital processes well developed, slender. Bullee small. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— 

Head and body 420 mm.; tailabout 5; hind foot 76; ear 45, 

Skull: greatest length 75; condylo-incisive length 68 ; 
zygomatic breadth 36°5 ; nasals, oblique length 31°5, greatest 
breadth 16°3 ; interorbital breadth 16; intertemporal breadth 
12; palatal foramina, length 18-7, breadth 7; breadth of 
palate between anterior premolars 11°3; cheek-tooth series 
(alveoli) 14°5. 

Hab. Medellin. Type from San Pedro, another specimen 
from Concordia (J. K. Salmon). z 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 21.7.1.26. Original num- 
ber 12. Collected December 1919. Received in exchange 
from Frére Nicéforo Maria. 

This Sylvilagus is nearly allied to S. apollinaris of Bogota, 
but is duller-coloured, with less prominently white under 
surface, especially posteriorly. From S. salentus, Allen, of 
which Mr. Anthony has kindly furnished me with some 
additional details, it is distinguished by its broader nasals 
and interorbital region, and its even shorter tail. 


XLVI.—On a new Willow-Titmouse from Northern Italy. 
By Percy R. Lowe, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. 


In July last, during a short visit to the Valtournanche Valley 
in Northern Italy, I shot six willow-tits one morning on a 
steep forest-grown slope at an elevation of 7000 feet, and 
was struck by their peculiar and very dark appearance. Two 
of the birds were fully adult and much worn, while the 
remaining four were birds of the year in fresh plumage ; 
but both young and adults exhibited the same striking dark 
coloration. 

On comparing them with our series of the Peele atri- 
capillus group in the British Museum, I could find nothing 


A444 Mr. C. Chubb on new 


like them, nor, as Dr, Hartert informed me, had they anything 
comparable in the fine series at Tring. 

I propose, therefore, to distinguish this new form by the 
name of 


Pecile atricapillus elene, subsp. n. 


Adult. Differs from P. a. montanus in having the upper 
parts smoky grey washed with olive-brown—the top of the 
head and the nape pure dull black, as compared with brownish 
black,—the white cheek-patches more restricted, and the 
black of the throat extending further on to the breast (as in 
P. a. atricapillus). 

The underparts are greyer and the flanks only very faintly 
washed with fawn. 

Freshly moulted wing- and tail-feathers in the adults are 
dark slaty in coloration, darker than in P. a. borealis and 
very much darker than in P. a. montanus. 

In the four “ birds of the year” the general coloration is 
still darker, the contrast between young examples of P. a, 
elene and P. a. borealis being very striking and obvious 
indeed (mantle dark olive-grey, as contrasted with pale grey- 
brown). 

Young P. a. elene are very noticeably darker even than 
young birds of the Japanese form P. a. restrictus, while, as 
an indication of their dark coloration, they are darker than 
P. palustris pecilopsis, Sharpe. 

Type in Brit. Mus. ? juv. Breuil, Valtournanche, N. Italy, 
27..vii. 21. Coll. P. R: Lowe. Reg. Brit. Mus. 1921. 35297; 

I note little in the measurements as between P. a. borealis 
and P. a. elene. 

In choosing a juvenile example as the type, I do so because 
it seemed to be possible to gain a more accurate perception of 
colour-differences in fresh-plumaged juveniles, and it is just 
as easy to compare juveniles with juveniles as adults with 
adults of various races. 


XLVII.—On new Forms of South-American Birds. 
By C. Cuuss, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. 


Sturnella magna monticola, subsp. n. 


Adult male. Differs from S. magna meridionalis, Sclater, 
and S. magna paralios, Bangs, in being chestnut-brown on 
the upper surface instead of blackish and the general 
measurements smaller. 


Forms of South-American Birds. 445 


Total length 230 mm., exposed culmen 32, wing 106, 
tail 70, tarsus 38, middle toe and claw 33. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller. 
Wing 98 mm. 

Hab. Mount Roraima, British Guiana. 

The type, as also the female described, are both in the 
McConnell Collection, and were collected by Mr. McConnell 
at Mount Roraima during his expedition in Oct. 1898. 


Sturnella magna praticola, subsp. n. 


Adult male. Differs chiefly from S. magna monticola in its 
smaller size, brighter coloration on the under surface, and 
more white in the tail. 

Total length 225 mm., exposed culmen 30, wing 101, 
tail 62, tarsus 38, middle toe and claw 33. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller. 
Wing 93 mm. 

Hab. Abary River, British Guiana. 

The type and the female described are both in the 
McConnell Collection, and were collected on the Abary River 
in Sept. 1906. 


Saltator cayanus tnterjector, subsp. n. 


Adult male. Differs from S. cayanus cayanus in being paler 
grey on the sides of the face, sides of the neck, and sides 
of the body. It is darker, however, on these parts than 
S. cayanus bolivianus. ‘ Bill bluish black; feet brown; 
iris dark blue” (A. Robert). 

Total length 210 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 96, tail 88, 
tarsus 26. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 95 mm. 

Hab. Matto Grosso, South Brazil. 

The type, which is in the British Museum, was collected at 
Serra da Chapada (900 metres), Matto Grosso, in June 1902, 
by A. Robert, during the Percy Sladen Expedition to Brazil. 


Saltator cayanus bolivianus, subsp. n. 


Adult male. Differs from S. cayanus cayanus in being 
paler on the under surface, the lower throat cinnamon-buff 
instead of fawn-colour, the breast, sides of body, and thighs 
pale ash-grey instead of dark lead-grey, the abdomen cream- 
white instead of pale buff; the under tail-coverts and under 
wing-coverts are also much paler, and the white supraloral 
streak wider. ‘Bill black; feet slate-colour ; iris dark 
brown” (P. O. Simons). 


446 On new Forms of South-American Birds. 


Total length 211 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 1083, 
tail 93, tarsus 25. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male. Wing 95 mm. 

The type and female described, which are in the British 
Museum, were collected at Chulumani, Bolivia, 2000 metres, 
Jan. 1901, by P. O. Simons. 

Hab. Bolivia. 


Saltator cayanus santaritensis, subsp. n. 


Adult male. Allied to S. cayanus cayanus, but differs in 
being paler in general coloration both on the upper and under 
surface, and differs from S. cayanus bolivianus in having the 
fawn-colour on the lower throat continued down the middle 
of the breast and middle of abdomen to the under tail-coverts. 

Total length 217 mm., exposed culmen 17, wing 102, tail 99, 
tarsus 26. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but smaller. 
Wing 96 mm.. 

The type, which is also in the British Museum, was 
collected at Santa Rita, Ecuador, by “ Villagomez per” 
C. Buckley, Salvin-Godman Collection. 

Hab. Santa Rita, Ecuador. 


Piranga saira macconnelli, subsp. n. 


Adult male. Differs from P. satra saira in having the 
general coloration paler. General colour of tlhe upper surface 
orange-red, somewhat brighter on the top of the head and 
upper tail-coverts, darker on the back, wings, and tail ; inner 
webs of upper wing-coverts and bastard-wing dark brown, 
darker and inclining to black on the inner webs of the flight- 
quills, which have the margins rose-pink ; inner webs of tail- 
feathers reddish brown ; entire under surface bright scarlet- 
red, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; under 
surface of flight-quills hair-brown with rose-pink edges; 
lower aspect of tail similar to its upper surface. 

Total length 182 mm., exposed culmen 18, wing 97, tail 75, 
tarsus 23. 

flab. British Guiana. : 

The type is in the McConnell Collection, and was collected 
in the Upper Tukutu Mountains, 1908. 

Adult female. General colour of the upper surface dull 
yellow, titged with green on the back ; inner webs of flight- 
quills dark brown margined with pale yellow; sides of face, 
throat, and underparts bright yellow. Wing 90 mm. 

The female described was collected by the late Henry 


Bibliographical Notice. 447 


Whitely at Quongo, November 18, 1887, and is now in the 
British Museum. . 

Immature male. Similar to the adult in its first plumage. 
The first signs of the male plumage in the present bird are 
the approach of orange-red feathers on the sides of the face, 
throat, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and tail. 

The young male described is in the McConnell Collection, 
and was collected in the Takutu Mountains. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
The Life of Alfred Newton. By A. F. R. Woxtasron,. 


Tere must be few ornithologists of any standing within the British 
Empire who have not been waiting with what patience they might 
possess for a ‘Life of Alfred Newton’ to appear. And now, at 
last, after unavoidable delays, it has appeared, and Mr. A. F. R. 
Wollaston must be heartily congratulated on having drawn for us, 
out of the mass of facts and correspondence which it was his difficult 
task to sift and condense, a life-like sketch of the man as he was, 
and of the great influence which he exerted for the good of orni- 
thology. 

In his capacity as a Professor of Zoology in the University of 
Cambridge, Alfred Newton could never be said to have reached the 
high-water mark of academic fame; but as an English ornithologist 
he occupied an authoritative position which was not only somewhat 
peculiar, but which it is safe to say will never be surpassed for 
many a long day. 

In the comparatively narrow circles of ornithology he made 
himself famous and ever memorable, first, by his ‘ Dictionary of 
Birds’ and its masterly Introduction, probably one of the best 
things which has ever been written by an ornithologist ; secondly, 
by his enormous correspondence and the unsparing, unselfish way 
in which he imparted his knowledge of birds, bird-lore, and bird- 
literature to those who sought his aid; thirdly, by his Sunday 
evening gatherings in his college rooms at Magdalen; and, fourthly, 
by his whimsicalities. 

Newton did not suffer fools gladly, but once his friend you were 
always his friend. Like all notable men he had his little ways, 
his little peculiarities, and his little prejudices. It is probable that 
these only endeared him the more to those who really knew him. 
With his passing the curtain may be said to have been rung down 
upon a stage across which passed a school of leisured men who may 
be said to have revivified the study of ornithology in the British 
Isles, and also by their indefatigable and enthusiastic efforts laid a 
sure and solid foundation upon which their younger and no less 
enthusiastic followers of the more modern school are surely building 
worthily and well. Of the older school, Newton may be said to 
have been the inspiration and the doyen. Not only did he travel 


448 Bibliographical Notice. 


and collect and write about his discoveries, but he was probably 
the prime mover in the launching of the British Ornithologists’ 
Union and its well-known quarterly journal ‘The Ibis,’ which may 
be said to have been conceived in his rooms at Cambridge. To the 
devoted band of ornithologists who put their heads together to 
launch that publication upon the world those must have been happy 
days. They were the spacious days of ornithological adventures, 
expeditions, and research in the open field; spacious days of 
discovery ; days of the constant recording of new species as con- 
trasted with subspecies ; days of romance, when it was still possible 
to live buoyed up by the hope that one might discover the Great 
Auk alive and ‘in the flesh”; days when maps had still many vast 
spaces to be charted and foreign countries were veritable eldorados 
for the happy ornithologist eager to ransack them of their treasures. 

Newton may, in a sense, be said to have been born and bred 
upon one of these happy hunting-grounds in the form of his father’s 
estates at Elvedon, where he first acquired, with his brother 
Kdward, his taste for ornithology. In those early days of the last 
century the great Bustard, though on the verge of extinction, still 
survived in the brecks of Norfolk—the last of the resident stock 
was killed in 1838,—and Montagu’s Harrier might be fairly 
commonly met with in the fens of Cambridgeshire. In such an 
early environment there need be little wonder that the ornitho- 
logical factor in Newton’s mental complex soon developed. It led 
him, in spite of physical disabilities, further afield—to Norway, 
Lapland, Spitzbergen (when an expedition to that boreal region 
was in the nature of a considerable adventure), Iceland, the West 
Indies, the Orkneys, and Faroe Islands, and on many yachting 
excursions along the west coast of Scotland. 

By the happy accident of his brother Edward’s position at 
Mauritius he was led to study, through the acquisition of a fine 
collection of fossil bones, the extinct Dodos of the Mascarene Islands, 
and as a result we have his article on the Dodo in the ‘ Dictionary 
of Birds,’ an exposition which ‘‘may be cited as an illustration of 
the learning and the exhaustive criticism with which he could 
discuss a matter which strongly appealed to him,” to say nothing 
of the almost complete skeleton which is one of the cherished 
possessions of the Cambridge University Museum. It would be 
beyond the scope of these few remarks to dwell on the fact of how 
much that Museum owes to Newton’s efforts. Indeed, we would 
rather recommend Mr. Wollaston’s book for the admirable way in 
which he has been able to catch the spirit of the ornithological 
period through which Newton lived and worked, and to depict for 
us the very nature of the man as he was, than as a serious attempt 
to record in an exhaustive way his work as a zoologist. 

The book cannot fail to fascinate any reader who has a soul 
above the mere systematic side of ornithology, and for whom the 
memory of such men as the Newtons, Tristram, the Godmans, 
Selater, Wolley, Lilford, Gurney, Salvin, Taylor, Eyton, and a host 
of others of their time marks a very notable and a very happy 
period in the history of British ornithology. Percy R. Lowe. 


THE ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
[NINTH SERS.) 


No. 47. NOVEMBER 1921. 


XLVIII.—Revision of the African Species of Hedybius, Er., 
and its Allies, with an Account of their accessory 
& -characters [ Coleoptera}. By G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.S. 


[Plates XII. & XIV. ]} 


Turis paper is based upon a study of the species of the 
Malachiid genera Hedybius, Er., Idlops, Hr., and Philhedonus, 
Gorh., represented in the Cape Town Museum, the Durban 
Museum, the British Museum in London, and the Hope 
Collection at Oxford. The Cape Town material, which 
includes the types of the various forms described or named 
-by Abeille de Perrin in 1900 and examples of most of the 
species here enumerated, has been communicated by Dr. L. 
Péringuey, who has allowed me to retain co-types or 
duplicates for our National Collection. These genera, like 
many others of the group, are based almost entirely upon 
3 -characters, and it is therefore impossible in some cases 
to locate with any certainty a ? example when that sex 
only is available for examination. Again, the head, antenne, 
prothorax, or pygidium is sometimes differently coloured, 
or otherwise maculate, in the two sexes, at least in the 
genus Hedybius. The result is that several species have 
been described two or three times under different names, 
Paired examples of various 8. African forms sent by 
Dr. Péringuey, and the abundant material obtained by 


Ann. G Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 29 


450 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


Dr. Marshall and the late H. C. Dollman in Rhodesia, &c., 
have fortunately enabled me to allocate one ¢ and several 
? ¢, described as new species, to their respective partners. 
Illops and Hedy bius have 5-jointed, and Philhedonus 4-jointed, 
anterior tarsi in ¢; the antenne are distinctly 11-jointed in 
each of them, in both sexes, a character separating these 
genera from Hapalochrus. Under Hedybius, Erichson included 
species with simple anterior tarsi in ¢ and others with the 
second joint prolonged or raised at the apex above the base 
of the third in the same sex; H. hirtus, F. (=oculatus, 
Thunb.), is here taken as the type, although only one-fourth 
of the species now known agree with it in the tarsal structure, 
the others, which would be almost equally well placed under 
Iilops, having the tarsi formed as in Attalus. Two im- 
portant ¢-characters in Hedybius have hitherto been over- 
looked: (1) The strongly binodose and sulcate superior 
apices of the anterior femora (H. marshalli, Gorh.) ; (2) the 
presence of a shining black area above or beneath one or 
two of the basal joints (usually on 3 and 4) of the antennze 
(H. amenus, Gorh., &c.), in addition, in some cases, to a 
sharply-defined line or apical marking on the upper surface 
of five or more joints in the same sex. Another ¢ -pecu- 
larity in certain Hedybw is the tooth (H. dentatithoraz, 
Pic, &c.) or notch (H. marshalli) at the sides of the 
prothorax, which is wantmg in @. The extraordinary 
erosion, plication, or armature of the head in the males 
of these insects is difficult to describe ; but it may be stated 
that, in the species with a central tuft of hairs on the 
anterior margin of the prothorax, the head is plicate or 
raised immediately in front of it. The structure of the 
head in this sex separates the numerous species belonging 
to the second section of Hedybius from Aftalus s, str., the 
latter, as defined by Abeille de Perrin in 1891, having the 
*‘frous in mare simplex,” e.g. formed as in the 2. The 
elytra of the ¢ are without apical plication or excavation in 
all the species enumerated in the present paper; one of 
them, however (H. jlavocinctus), has a sharp humeral plica 
in this sex. 


ILtoprs. 
Illeps, Exrichson, Entomographien, p. 87 (1840); Abeille de Perrin, 
Rey. d’Ent. xix. p. 170 (1900) [type ZL. corniculatus, Er. }. 
Hedonistes, Gorham, P.Z. 8. 1905, 1. p. 278, 
A genus scarcely separable from the second section of 
Hedybius, and only differing from it in the greatly thick- 
ened or dentate fifth and sixth antennal joints in the @. 


= 


the African Species of Hedybius. 451 


The elytra are coarsely punctured (as in Hedybius diversi- 
pennis, Pic), and the second joint of the auterior tarsi in 3 
is raised above the base of the third, as in Atéalus. 


1, Illops corniculatus. 


Illops corniculatus, Fr. loc. cit. p. 88 (¢)1; Ab. de Perrin, loc. cit. 
pp. 165, 170 (5 2) ?. 

Malachius trabeatus, Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. p. 654 (Q) 
(1894) *% 

Hedonistes letus, Gorth. P. Z. 8. 1905, ii. p. 278 (5 2) *. 


gd. Antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 1a) long, joints 1-4 testaceous, 
the others black, 1 elongate, much thickened, 2-4 short, 
rapidly widening, 3 and 4 subconnate, 5 and 6 greatly 
dilated, 5 transverse, obliquely articulated to 4, 6 broader than 
5, oblong-subquadrate, shining, somewhat concave above, 
7-11 narrow, 11 very elongate ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 1) with a 
very deep, smooth, inter-ocular excavation, the latter with 
two small dentiform tubercles in front and another in the 
centre, and a stout, erect prominence on each side anteriorly, 
the vertex sharply, triangularly raised and deeply sulcate 
down the middle, the raised space preceded by two small 
porrect fascicles of yellowish hairs ; anterior tarsal joints 1 
and 2 slightly thickened, 2 at the apex raised above the base 
of 3. 

Hab. S. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope’ (type of Erichson), 
Willowmore* (Dr. Brauns), Matjesfontein?* (#. Simon), 
Maritzburg, Natal (Mus. Cape Town). 

The above description of the ¢-characters is taken from 
specimens from Willowmore, whence Gorham’s type of 
H. letus was obtained, the latter agreeing well with 
Erichson’s diagnosis of the same sex. Various ? ? doing 
duty for J. corniculatus in the British Museum and in the 
Hope Collection at Oxford are, however, referred to a 
different species, 7. duplocinctus. This is a hairy, nigro- 
violaceous insect, with a granulate prothorax and very 
coarsely punctured elytra, the latter with a suturally- 
interrupted ante-median fascia and the apex orange-red. 
Two ¢6 and four ? ? of J. corniculatus have been 
communicated by Dr. Péringuey, and these are all I have 
seen. M. Simon found it in numbers on an Alrip/ex, in the 

- dried-up bed of a river, on a stony arid plateau, 30 leagues 
N.E. of the Cape. In the accompanying fig. 1 (Pl. XIII.) 
the head is drawn forward from its normal position. 


29% 


452 Mr. G,. C. Champion on 


2. Lllops dentiger, sp. un. 


gd. Extremely like J. corniculatus, Ey., and very similarly 
coloured—nigro-cyaneous, the elytra with a suturally- 
interrupted ante-median fascia and the apex orange-red, 
the antennal joints 1-5 and clypeus testaceous ; head 
(Pl. XIII. fig. 2) opaque, densely, rugulosely punctate, 
broadly depressed and strongly, transversely, sinuato- 
lamellate anteriorly, the ridge hollowed in the middle and 
near the sides above (appearing quadridentate when viewed 
from behind), and preceded by a deep transverse sulcus ; 
eyes convex, prominent; antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 2a) 
long, joint 1 very elongate, stout, 2 short, narrow, con- 
stricted at the base, 3 and 4 stouter than 2, subtriangular, 
5 much broader, triangular, dentate at the outer apical 
angle, 6 produced into a long, curved, pointed tooth at 
the apex externally, 7-11 narrow, 11 elongate ; prothorax 
transversely subcordate, convex, closely, rugulosely punctate 
(smoother than in JI. corniculatus) ; elytra very coarsely, 
closely punctate ; anterior tarsi as in J. corniculatus. 

Length 45 mm. 

Hab. 8. Arricas, Seymour, Cape Colony (Mus. Cape 
Town). 

Two males. Separable at once from J. corniculatus, 3, 
by the very differently formed head and antenne, the latter 
with the basal half testaceous, the less rugose prothorax, 
the more prominent eyes, and wholly opaque head. 


3. Illops duplocinctus, sp. n. 


?. Broad, robust, shining, clothed with long, semierect, 
soft, pallid hairs ; nigro-violaceous or nigro-cyaneous, the 
clypeus and the antennal joints 1-4 or 5 testaceous, the 
other joints and the legs black, the elytra orange-red, with a 
basal and subapical fascia (which are narrowly connected 
along the suture) violaceous. Head much narrower than 
the prothorax, closely, rather coarsely punctate, deeply 
excavate in the middle anteriorly ; antennz short, rather 
stout, joint 2 very short, 4 and 5 somewhat twisted and 
broader than the following joints. Prothorax transversely 
cordate, rugosely punctured at the sides, sparsely so on the 
disc.  Elytra much broader than the prothorax, very 
coarsely, closely punctate, smoother at the base and apex, 
the punctures here and there transversely confluent. 

Length 43-5 mm. 


the African Species of Hedybius. 453 


Hab. 8. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., Mus. 
Owon.). 

Five 9 ?: three, labelled “C.G.H.,” in the Oxford 
Museum ; two in the British Museum—one obtained from 
the Entomological Club in 1844, without locality, the other, 
purchased with the Bowring collection in 1863, labelled 
** Java,” obviously in error. These insects are named in 
each collection J. corniculatus, Er., 2, from which they 
differ in their much larger size, the non-granulate disc of 
the prothorax, aud the greater extension of the reddish 
coloration on the elytra. The metallic, less rugose head, 
the much smoother disc of the prothorax, and the more 
coarsely punctured elytra separate them from J. dentiger, 
with which I was at first inclined to associate them. 


HEpyYBIUvs. 

Hedybius, Erichson, Entomographien, p. 92 (1840) [type Cistela 

hirta, F.= Cantharis oculata, Thunb. |. 

Forty-two species are enumerated under this genus, nearly 
all the described forms, including males of thirty-two of them, 
being represented in the material examined. H. ethiopicus, 
Pic (1907), type 3, from Uomba, Ethiopia, and H. limbati- 
pennis, Pic (1915), types ¢ 2, from Abyssinia, are unknown 
to me. ZH. (Flabellohedybius) maculatipennis, Pic (1917), 
type ¢, from Chindar, an insect with transversely plicate 
apices of the elytra, must belong elsewhere. 4H. cavifrons, 
Boh. (=ferov, Ab., and natalensis, Gorh.), is a Dino- 
metopus. 

The following Table will assist in the identification of the 
species of Hedybius, of which the ¢ g are available for 
examination; five others are known from the ¢? only, and 
three from imperfectly described ¢ g, aud their correct 
position is therefore uncertain :— 


gd *. 
1 (14). Anterior tarsi simple. [ HEpynrvus s. str.} 
2 (8). Prothorax cristate in the middle in front, 
testaceous, maculate on disc; elytra and 
abdomen metallic; legs testaceous........ Species 1. 
3 (2). Prothorax not cristate in front. 
4 (9). Elytra uniformly metallic. 
5 (6). Elytra tuberculate; prothorax testaceous, 
sharply nigro-bivittate; legs testaceous; 
GMAOINGH MHCERUITC ne tes cee) cess oe sah Species 2. 


* The structure of the ¢ anterior tarsi in Nos. 6, 7, 87 has not been 
described; 9 2 only known of Nos, 28, 30, 35, 36, 38, 


454 


6 (5). 
7 aCe): 


8:7); 
9 (4). 
10 (11). 
11 (10). 
12 (18). 
13 (12). 


14 (2). 


15 (16). 


16 (15). 
17 (36). 
18 (35). 
19 (384). 
20 (21). 


21 (20). 
22 (23). 


28 (22). 
24 (25). 


25 (24). 


26 (29). 
27 (28). 


98 (27). 


Mr. G. C. Champion on 


Elytra not tuberculate. 

Prothorax metallic, except in front; legs 
partly or wholly black or metallic: species 
Malachiitorm, 22% .\.!iic alsexe eee ot sae oe 

Prothorax testaceous; antenne partly testa- 
ceous, joints 1 and 2 or 1 only with a 
shining black mark above ; head cristate .. 

Elytra not uniformly metallic. 

Elytra immaculate, whitish or testaceous, like 
the restiot {he hody|. iss asieeieee ees ok ne 

Elytra maculate. 

Prothorax, legs, and antenne testaceous ; 
elytra whitish, with longitudinal or inter- 
rupted black markings on disc ....,,.... 

Prothorax and legs black; elytra metallic, with 
a common median space or transverse 
lateral patch testaceous or orange-red ... 

Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 a little stouter 
and longer than those following, 2 raised at 
the apex above the level of 3 or prolonged 
over the base of the latter, nigro-pectinate 
at tip. [Subgen. HepyBIINUvS, n. | 

Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 imbricate; 
prothorax and elytra green, the former 
testaceous at the base; posterior tibie 
partly black; abdomen metallic.......... 

Anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 not imbricate. 

Elytra uniformly metallic (except in No, 22, 
vars.) ; prothorax testaceous, in most of 
the species nigro-maculate on the disc. 

Legs (except in No. 29) testaceous, wholly or 
in part. 

Terminal dorsal and ventral abdominal seg- 
ments without projecting hooks or spines. 
Antenne pectinate or acutely serrate, stout ; 
prothorax very little broader than long in 
No. 18, cristate or horned in front, testa- 
ceous (maculate in No. 14).............. 

Antenne serrate, dentate, or subfiliform; 
prothorax transverse, not cristate. 

Anterior femora binodose and sulcate at the 
apex above ; prothorax notched at sides 

Anterior femora simple. 

Prothorax dentate laterally; antennal joints 
7-11, and the others in part beneath, black, 
in No. 16; antennz testaceous, joints 3 and 
4 each with a shining black area beneath, 
EAT PO WI Was cr ap API ethene Sa RPS AiG. Sy 

Prothorax rounded or subangulate laterally, 
slightly notched in No. 27. 

Antennz maculate or lineate above. 

Antennal joints 1-11 or 5-11 nigro-maculate 
at the apex above, 3 and 4 each with a 
black shining area beneath in No. 18 

Antennal joints 1-11, 1-5, or 3-7 nigro- 
lineate above, 3 and 4 each with a shining 
black area beneath in No. 21 ..,......... 


Species 3, 4. 
Species 5. 


Species 6, 7. 


Species 8. 


Species 9-11. 


Species 12. 


Species 18, 14. 


Species 15. 


Species 16, 17. 


Species 18-20, 


Species 21-28, 


29 (26). 


30 (31). 


31 (30). 


32 (33). 


33 (32). 


34 (19). 


35 (18). 


36 (17). 
37 (40). 


38 (39). 
89 (38). 


40 (37). 


41 (42). 


42 (Al). 
43 (44). 
44 (43), 


the African Spectes of Hedybius. 


Antenne in great part or entirely testaceous 
above; the joints 3 and 4 in No. 25, and 4 
only in No. 26, with a shining black area 
beneath. 

Fifth antennal joint dilated, triangular ...... 

Fifth antennal joint not dilated. 

Pygadvare Wot auleate. is. ie sees oa cde medias 

Pygidium sulcate (emarginate in No. 29) .... 

Terminal dorsal and ventral segments of 
abdomen furnished with projecting black 
hooks or spines; prothorax cristate in 
No. 31, or angularly raised in No. 32, in 
the middle in front ; legs wholly or in part 
black in Nos. 31, 32, testaceous in No. 338.. 

Legs black; prothorax red, sometimes nigro- 
maculate on the disc anteriorly; elytra 
subtuberculate in No. 54, finely punctured 
in Nos. 35, 36; abdomen black in Nos. 34, 
AD CECO! UNO yas ovdta Mls Ene Gietetays. ctAe tye atte 

Elytra maculate or fasciate. 

Legs wholly or in part, prothorax, and elytra 
rufous or testaceous, the elytra violaceo- or 
ceruleo-maculate at base and at or towards 
apex. 

Elytral puncturing coarse; head with a 
CONErAMSPIMOMHs aera nas) Stet. coin aos 

Elytral puncturing fine ; head without spine . 

Legs black or metallic. 

Prothorax and elytra violaceous, the latter 
each with a broad orange lateral patch.... 

Prothorax at sides or base testaceous or rufous. 

Elytra maculate, without humeral plica 

Elytra narrowly unifasciate, with humeral 
PUUUCY  ose cote ayer ste thes sy oasis scarey Sa aca dead cictatcr « 


1. Hedybius hirtus. 


Q. Cistela hirta, Fabr. Spec. Ins. i. p. 149 (1781) }. 
Hedybius hiatus, Blair, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. p. 162 (1920) 2: 
2. Cantharis oculata, Thunb. Dissert. iii. p. 202 (1801) *. 

3. Hedybius oculatus, Wy. Entomographien, p. 98 (1840) + 


455 


Species 24. 


Species 25, 26. 
Species 27-80. 


Species 31-33, 


Species 34-36, 


Species 37. 
Species 38, 39. 
Species 40, 
Species 41. 


Species 42, 


3. Antenne moderately long, stout, tapering towards the 
tip, testaceous in their basal half, the other joints black or 
more or less infuscate, 4-10 triangular; head (as in @ ) 
testaceous, nigro-maculate at the base in some specimens, nar- 
rower than the prothorax, depressed between the eyes, trans- 
versely angulato- or sinuato-plicate above, and sometimes 
raised in the centre beneath the prothoracic tuft (Pl. XIII. 
fig. 3) ; prothorax testaceous,, with two small black spots on 
the dise and often two other smaller spois near the base, and 
furnished with a spimiform, porrect or upwardly-curved, 
matted fascicle of long black hairs in the centre in front ; 


456 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


elytra blue cr bluish-green, rugulose, and rather closely 
punctured; anterior tarsi simple, 5-jointed. 

9. Antennz short, rather slender, coloured as in 
head flattened, in some specimens slightly tumid between 
the eyes above, this tumid space depressed in the ceutre. 


Var. 1. Prothorax usually with four small black spots ; 
head and antenne as in ¢ of //. hirtus; head in 2 witha 
stout, transverse, mesially-interrupted ridge between the 
eyes above. 


Hedybius quadrimaculatus, Pic, L’Echange, xix. p. 178 (¢ 2) (1998) 5. 


Var. 2. Smaller, the head nigro-maculate or black at the 
base, the two black spots on the dise of the prothorax some- 
times coalescent and forming a transverse patch, which is 
produced into a dentiform projection in the centre behind, 
the two basal spots constantly present; the elytra less 
uneven and more closely punctured; head and antennze 
of ¢ as in H. hirtus; cox testaceous. (¢ ?.) 

? Hedybius simplicifrons, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxy. p. 2 (2) 
(1917) °. 

Hab. S. Arrica (Dr. Smith, in Mus. Brit.), Cape of 
Good Hope'’®*°° (coll. Fry; Mus. Oxon.; C. Darwin), Pirie 
Bush (Mus. Brit.), Saldanha Bay, Houwhoek, Caledon, 
Giftsberg, Cape Town, Willowmore, Algoa Bay (J/us. Cape 
Town), Rapenburg, Cape Flats, Ceres (R. E. Turner : x. 
1920), Reenen, Bedford (Mus. Durban). 

The males of this variable insect, a long series of which is 
before me, agree perfectly inter se in the structure of the 
head; but some of the larger females (from Pirie Bush, &c.) 
exhibit an unusual development of the vertex, which is 
wanting in the type. The two additional spots on the pro- 
thorax are evanescent, and those on the dise are sometimes 
coalescent. “The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the abdomen 
are metallic. The type (2?) of H/. hirtus is contained in the 
Banksian collection in the British Museum, and it is still in 
a fair state of preservation. 

H. simplicifrons, Pic, seems to be based upon a similar 2 , 
with the coxee testaceous. 

The Var. 2 is represented by 5 ¢ ¢ and 6 9 ?; it has 
been found at Ceres, Cape Province, and at Houwhoek in 
the Caledon district. . 


the African Species of Hedybius. 457 


2. Hedyhius verrucosus, sp. 0. 


?. Klongate, broad, widened posteriorly, shining, some- 
what thickly clothed with long, erect, blackish hairsintermixed 
on the elytra with closely-set whitish pubescence ; blue or 
bluish-green, the head (except at the extreme base), antenne, 
prothorax (two rather broad, laterally-angulate, black vitte 
on the disc excepted), coxze (the anterior pair excepted), and 
legs testaceous; the head and prothorax very sparsely, 
minutely punctate, the elytra closely, finely punctured and 
“rather strongly verrucose. Head comparatively short, much 
narrower than the prothorax, transversely depressed between 
the eyes anteriorly; antenne short, serrate. Prothorax 
much broader than long, couvex, rounded at the sides. 
Legs hairy. 

6. Antenne longer and stouter, joints 4-10 more or less 
infuscate above, 4-10 rounded at their inner apical angle; 
head (Pl. XIII. fig. 4) not, or scarcely, wider thanin ?, with 
a broad, deep, transverse excavation between the eyes above, 
which is limited on each side by an oblique sinuous ridge, 
the excavation (two testaceous spots excepted) black and 
opaque within, bifoveate in front, and interrupted at the 
middle by a short longitudinal plica; prothorax somewhat 
produced in the middle in front; anterior tarsi simple, 

5-jointed. 

Length 5-54 mm. (¢ 92. 

Hab. S. Arnica, Grootfontein, Middelburg, Cape Province 
(Mus. Brit.: 3 ¢ ‘i Willowmore cand Hex River (Mus. Cape 
Town: 3 2), Transvaal (ex coll. Fry). 

Twelve examples seen, five of which are males: six from 
Willowmore were captured by Dr. Brauns on Aug. 15th, 
1902 ; four from Grootfontein, received at the British 
Museum during the present year, are labelled as having been 
found with H. clypeolus, Er. The simple anterior tarsi and 
the relatively small head bring this species near H. hirtus, F. 
( = oculatus, Thunb.), from. which it is separable by the 
sharply angulato-bivittate prothorax and the verrucose 
elytra, the g with a black cephalic cavity and a non-cristate 
prothorax. 


3. Hedybius billbergi. 
3. Malachius billbergi, Thunb. in Schénherr’s Syn. Ins. i. 2, p. 79 


(1806) ?. 
Hedybitis elongatus, Er. Entomographien, p. 96 (2) (1840) *, 


458 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


Var. Hedybius elongatas, var. luteonotatus, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii. 


p. 157 (6) (1911) *. 
Hedybius sp.?, Dixey & Longstaff, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907, 


p. 380 + 

g. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 5) broad, testaceous between and 
before the eyes, black at the base, the epistoma metallic; 
with a very deep oblique excavation on each side between the 
eyes and a transverse one in the centre, the former bordered 
externally by a very prominent oblique ridge and tlie central 
one by two small tubercles in front. Antenne (PI. XIII. 
fig. 5a) long, joints 1-6 (except 1 above and the basal 
half of 5) testaceous, 7-11 black, 2 short, 3 much longer 
and stouter, 4 shorter than 3, dentate within, 5 elongate, 
abnormal, constricted at the middle, and with the basal 
portion dentate within, 6 not longer than 4, subdentate, 
7-11 elongate, 7-10 widened, subtriangular, 7 slightly 
dentate at the tip within. Anterior tarsi simple. 

9. Head smaller, metallic; antennze short, rather 
slender, joints 1-6 (except 1 above) more or less tes- 
taceous. 

Hab. S. Arnica, Blauwberg, Saldanha River, and Kalk 
Bay (Mus. Cape Town), Cape of Good Hope? (Mus. Brit.), 
Rapenburg, Cape Flats (R. H. Turner: x. 1920), Simons 
Bay‘ (G. B. Longstaf, in Mus. Oxon.) ; Ki. Arnica’. 

A long series of both sexes of this common Cape insect 
has been lent me by Dr. Péringuey. The ¢ is readily dis- 
tinguished from the same sex of H. smaragdulus by the 
abnormally formed, basally maculate antenne, and the 
metallic epistoma ; the ? by the paler basal joints of the 
antenne. Thunberg’s type (¢ ?) has paler tibize and 
tarsi, but no reliance need be placed on this character, the 
tarsi, at least, being testaceous in some of the examples 
before me. 


4, Hedybius smaragdulus. 
Hedybius smaragdulus, Kx. Entomographien, p. 96 (¢) (1840). 


g. Head (PI. XII. fig. 6) broad, bluish-black at the base, 
for the rest (the labrum excepted) flavo-testaceous, deeply 
excavate and transversely trifoveate in the middle, obliquely 
raised on each side between the eyes, the flavous portion 
smooth. Antenne (PI. XIII. fig. 6 a) long, black, joints 2-5 
sometimes obscurely reddish, 2 very short, 3 and 4 mode- 
rately elongate, subequal, 5 much longer than 4, 6 shorter, 
not longer than 3, 7-11 elongate, 7-10 wider than the 
preceding joints, subtriangular. Anterior tarsi simple. 


the African Species of Hedybius. 459 


2. Head smaller, metallic; antenne short, rather slender, 
joints 6 and 7 subequal. 

Hab. S. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., coll. 
Fry), Cape Town, Blauwberg, Saldanha Bay (Mus. Cape 
Town), Rapenburg (R. E. Turner: x. 1920). 

I have seen numerous examples of this species, including 
ten males. It occurs with the much commoner H. billbergi, 
and is distinguishable therefrom by the smooth, flavous epi- 
stoma, and the normally-formed antennz (joint 5 being 
simply elongated) of the g. The red space on the anterior 
part of the prothorax is perhaps more strongly bilobed 
posteriorly than in H. billbergi. Three smaller females from 
Cape Town (Péringuey), nigro-zneous in colour, thickly 
clothed with whitish pubescence and long, erect, darker 
hairs, with more densely rugulose elytra, and the anterior 
and posterior margins of the prothorax very narrowly tes- 
taceous, may represent another allied species ? 


5. Hedybius variicornis. 


1. Gorh. 


Hedybius variicornis, Boh. Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 467 (¢ 2 ) (1851) 
P. Z.S. 1905, 


Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vil. p. 369(¢ 2) (1901) ?; 
277 *. 
iis fasciculatus, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 178 
(3d 2) (1900) *; Pic, L’Echange, xxiii. p. 181 (1907) *. 

6. Antenne long, moderately stout, variable in colour, 
usually with the basal four or five joints testaceous—a 
shining black spot or streak on the upper surface of 1 and 2, 
or on 2 only (wanting in one Natal 3), excepted,—the other 
joints infuscate or black, 8 and 4 immaculate beneath, 
equal, 5-11] elongate ; head (PI. XIII. fig. 7) about as broad: 
as the prothorax, flavous in front, the base and inter-ocular 
excavation black, the latter deep, bifoveate and obliquely 
plicate within, bordered on each side by a small angular 
elevation, and bearing a matted or scattered tuft of 
long, erect, black hairs in the middle ; prothorax, apical half 
of abdomen, and legs (except the tarsi and posterior femora 
in some specimens) testaceous or rufo-testaceous; elytra 
blue or green, densely punctured ; anterior tarsi simple. 

?. Antenne short, rather slender, varying in colour as 
in g; head with the basal half black; pygidium black. 

Hab. 8. Arnica, River Gariep*; Salisbury ?%, Lonely, and 
Mwengwa, Rhodesia; Makapan*, Bulawayo®, Transvaal ; 
Malvern, Frere, and Estcourt, Natal; Nyasaland. 

I have seen about eighty examples of this species, in- 
cluding the types of Boheman and Abeille de Perrin, twenty 


460 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


males in all. It is recognizable amongst the allied forms 
by its small size, reddish prothorax, and the nigro-macuiate 
one or two basal joints of the antennz; the ¢ with the 
inter-ocular excavation bifoveate and bearing a tuft of erect 
black hairs, and the anterior tarsi quite simple. 

Paired examples from Mwengwa are contained in 
Dollman’s collection. 

In one ? from Bulawayo the prothorax has an oblong 
blackish patch on the disc. 


6. Hedybius lividus. 
Hedybius lividus, Gorh. Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii. p. 598 (¢ 2) (1883). 


3. “Capite fronte lamelli duplici dentiformi approximata; epi- 
stomate retrorsum in cornu duo producto, antennis articulis tertio 
ad sextum serratis intus nigro acuminatis.” 


Hab. Asysstnta (Mus. Genoa; Mus. Brit.). 

A § captured by Raffray is contained in the British 
Museum. It is narrower than H. albipennis, Gorh. (¢) ; 
the prothorax is more angulate laterally and the erect inter- 
mixed hairs on the elytra are soft, fine, and wholly pale. 
Dr. Gestro lent me a ¢ of it some time ago, but this 
specimen is not available now for study. The anterior tarsi 
in this and the following species are probably simple in the 
two sexes, as in H. formosus ; their structure was not noted 
by Gorham. 


7. Hedybius albipennis. 
Hedybius albipennis, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p. 360 
(So) )FQ901): 
3. “Antennis sesquilongioribus, ad apicem magis infuscatis ; 
* capitis vertice lamina transversa irregulari utrinque subinvoluta, 
occipite ab oculis fortiter excavato, in medio quasi bicarinato, 
postice elevato plano.” 


Hab. 8. Arnica, Salisbury [type] and Bulawayo, Rhodesia 
(Dr. G. A. K. Marshall), Kashitu, north of Broken Hill, 
N.W. Rhodesia (H. C. Dollman: 26. iv. 1915). 

A robust, broad, testaceous insect, with whitish elytra, 
the abundant pubescence on the latter intermixed with 
long, scattered, erect, black sete, a character separating 
Hf, albipennis from the very closely allied Abyssinian 
H. lividus. Highteen specimens are before me, all ¢ 2; 
the ¢-type was retained by the author, and it has pre- 
sumably passed into the collection of M. Pic. 


the African Species of Hedybius. 461 


8. Hedybius formosus. 


Malachius formosus, Reiche, in Galinier’s Voyage Abyss., Ins. p. 290, 
t. 17. fig. 8. 

Hedybius formosus, Gorh. Ann. Mus, Genova, xviii. pp. 597, 598( gd 2) 
(1883). 

Hedybius formosus, var. bi-interrupta, Pic, L’Echange, xxvi. p. 5 
(1910). 


&. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 8) flavous, very broad, wider than 
the prothorax, the inter-ocular excavation deep, sharply 
defined, divided by a strong, sinuous, transverse ridge, and 
bordered laterally by an angular, externally-convex, vertical, 
supra-ocular elevation, the excavation with a small, smooth, 
triangular cavity in the middle, in front of which is a short 
convex plica ; antenne rather slender, long, serrate ; pro- 
thorax angularly dilated laterally, the margins strongly 
reflexed; anterior tarsi simple, 5-jointed; pygidium 
testaceous. 

9. Head not so wide, flattened, black in its basal half; 
antenne more slender, short; pygidium black ; prothorax 
less angulate at the sides. 

Hab. Asyssinta (Mus. Genoa; Mus. Brit.). 

One & and two ? ¢ seen. There appears to be a long 
series of it in the Genoa Museum. UH. limbatipennis, Pic 
(1914), from the same country, is said to be near the 
present species. 


9. Hedybius maculifer. 
©. Malachius bimaculatus, Boh, Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 465 (1851) (nec 
Erichson, 1840) }. 
Hedybius (2) maculifer, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix, pp. 164, 174 
(2) (1900). 


3d. Head (PI. XIII. fig. 9) as wide as the prothorax, testa- 
ceous in its anterior half, very deeply, transversely arcuato- 
excavate between the eyes, the excavation obliquely plicate 
on each side in front, extended in the middle anteriorly, 
and with a small raised point in the centre; antennze 
short, rather stout, moderately serrate, joints 1-4 testa- 
ceous beneath; anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple. 

?. Head black, flattened. 

Hab. 8. Arrica (Mus. Cape Town), River Limpopo’, 
Hamman’s Kraal, near Pretoria’. 

Dr. Péringuey has lent me the type (? ) of H. maculifer, 
Ab., and also two males of the same species. The former 
agrees well with the description of H. bimaculatus, Boh., 
the type of which must be 2. Asmall (length 3-3} mm.), 


462 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


hairy, nigro-violaceous insect, with a large orange-yellow, 
outwardly-dilated patch at the sides of the elytra before the 
middle, as in H. (Malachius) erichsoni, Boh. The cephalic 
cavity is deep and broad, and the vertex is without tubercles. 
The antennz are short in both sexes. 


10. Hedybius flavinasus, sp. n. 


3. Moderately elongate, rather convex, shining, closely 
pubescent without longer erect hairs intermixed ; black, the 
basal joints of the antennz testaceous, the head in great 
part flavous (the base only black), the elytra violaceous, 
with a common, broad, angulate, outwardly-diiated orange 
fascia before the middle; the head at the base and the pro- 
thorax closely, very minutely, the elytra finely, distinctly, 
punctured. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 10) as broad as the pro- 
thorax, the flavous anterior portion glabrous, almost smooth, 
and with a deep, transverse, arcuate excavation between the 
eyes anteriorly, the epistoma also excavate down the 
middle and bearing an erect compressed spine in the centre 
behind; antenne rather short and stout, serrate. Prothorax 
transverse, convex, rounded at the sides. Elytra com- 
paratively short, slightly widened posteriorly, broader than 
the prothorax. Anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple. 

Length 24 mm. 

Hab. S. Arrica, Bulawayo, Matabeleland (Dr. G. A. K. 
Marshall: xii. 1903). 

One. male. “Closely related to H. maculifer, Ab. (= 
bimaculatus, Boh., nee Er.), and with similar ¢-characters ; 
the elytra much more finely punctured, and with a complete 
orange ante-median fascia, the hairs much shorter and less 
erect. 


11. Hedybius trilobatus, sp. un. 


3. Moderately elongate, slightly widened posteriorly, 
shining, sparsely cinereo-pubescent, the elytra with long, 
soft, pallid, semierect hairs; black with a slight bluish 
lustre, the antennal joints 2-4 in part, the head (the basal 
portion behind the median cavity excepted), the elytra 
(except at the base and apex), and the dorsal surface of the 
abdomen to about the middle, testaceous or orange-red, the 
rest of the elytra nigro-violaceous—the basal fascia narrow, 
widened towards the suture, the apical patch broader, bi- 
excised anteriorly ; the basal portion of the head and the 
prothorax sparsely, minutely, the elytra closely, rather 


the African Species of Hedybius. 463 


coarsely punctate. Head (text-fig. 1) a little broader than 
the prothorax, the frontal excavation broad, very deep, 
almost smooth and opaque within, trilobate anteriorly—the 
median lobe erect, the others oblique, angulate, compressed, 
dentate at the tip,—limited on each side by an angular 
supra-ocular prominence, and basally by a bisinuate ridge ; 
antennze very long, rather slender, the outer joints elongate, 
subfiliform. Prothorax transverse, obliquely narrowed 
posteriorly. Elytra moderately long, much wider than the 
prothorax, parallel at the base, rounded at the tip. Legs 
rather slender; anterior tarsi 5-jointed, simple. 
Length 34 mm. 


Text-fig. 1. 


Head of Hedybius trilobatus, 3g. 


Hab. Souru Arxica, Cape of Good Hope (Mus. Brit., ex 
coll. Fry). 

One male. Separable from the males of H. maculifer, Ab. 
(=bimaculatus, Boh., nec Er.), and HH. flavinasus, the only 
allied S. African forms known to me, by its larger size, the 
very long antennz, the more extended, anteriorly trilobate 
froutal excavation, the greater development of the rufo- 
testaceous purtion of the elytral surface, the coarser 
puncturing of the latter, &c. These insects bear some 
resemblance to various species of Dinometopus, which have 
a basally-constricted longer prothorax, &c. 


12. Hedybius clypeolus. 

Hedybius clypeolus, Er. Entomographien, p. 95 ( 2) (1840). 

Hedybius coronatus, Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1888, p. 181 (¢ 9)”. 

6. Antenne moderately long, strongly serrate, black, 
joints 1-5 partly testaceous (1 nigro-lineate above, 2—5 black 
along their inner edge); head broad (PI. XIII. figs. 11, 11 a), 
flavous in front, the inter-ocular space and vertex tes- 
taceous, nigro-maculate before and behind the lateral 
prominences, the latter also with a black spot within, the 
inter-ocular cavity very deep, limited on each side by a 
stout, vertical, horn-like elevation, which is produced into 


AG 4 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


a curved hook at the tip, the face large, tumid, truncato- 
bideutate above, each tooth bifid at the apex; prothorax 
strongly transverse, metallic green, the anterior and lateral 
margins narrowly, the basal margin rather broadly, testa- 
ceous ; elytra green or bluish-green, densely rugulosely 
punctured, subparallel; abdomen metallic; legs set with 
very long hairs, testaceous, the posterior tibiz to near the 
tip, and the intermediate tibiz at the base, black, the 
posterior tarsi sometimes infuscate; anterior tarsal joints 
1 and 2 imbricate, 2 nigro-pectinate at the tip. 

?. Antenne short, rather slender, feebly serrate, testa- 
ceous to near the tip; head angularly viridi-bimaculate at 
the base. 

Length 54-65 mm. (2 9.) 

Hab. 8. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope’ (type of Erichson : 
?), Grootfontein, Middelburg (Mus. Grit.: 3), Kimberley, 
Prieska (Mus. Cape Town : g 2), Damara? (types of Fair- 
maire: 6 ?). 

Nine specimens of this species are before me: 5 ¢ ¢ and 
4 9 9.. The latter agree with Erichson’s description of 
H. clypeolus (his type wanting the posterior legs), except 
in their rather larger size, and the two sexes with Fair- 
maire’s H. coronatus. The ¢g anterior tarsi appear at first 
sight to be 4-jointed, owing to the second joint being 
articulated to the first near the base. The posterior tibiz 
are ln great part black in both sexes. The Grootfontein 
examples were found with H. verrucosus upon a species of 
Melanthus. Figs. 11, lla@ (Pl. XII.) show the head from 
in front and behind. * 


13. Hedybius lamelliger, sp. nu. 


3g. Elongate, subopaque, the elytra shining, clothed with 
long, erect, black bristly hairs intermixed on the elytra 
with an abundant whitish pubescence; head (the inter- 
ocular cavities and base excepted, which are black), antenne, 
palpi, prothorax (the black fovea in front excepted), and 
legs (except the intermediate tarsi in part, and the posterior 
tibize and tarsi entirely, which are infuscate) testaceous or 
flavous ; scutellum, metasternum, and abdomen metallic, 
the elytra blue; the prothorax almost smooth, the head 
very finely, the elytra densely, rugulosely punctured. Head 
(Pl. XIL1. fig. 12) broad, a little narrower than the pro- 
thorax, long as seen-from in front (owing to the broad 
clypeus, and the vertical trifid face), with two large, black, 
sharply-defined, plicate, subtriangular cavities between the 


the African Species of Hedybius. 465 


eyes above, the cavities separated by an elongate, parallel- 
sided, concave lamella, which is curved upwards into a short 
horn-like prominence behind ; antenne long, stout, joints 
3—d strongly serrate, 6-10 pectinate. Prothorax nearly as 
long as broad, rounded-subquadrate ; deeply transversely 
foveate, binodose, and angularly raised in the middle in 
front, and with a tuft of short hairs arising from the central 
prominence. LElytra parallel, blunt at the tip. Legs hairy ; 
anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over 
the base of 3 above, black at the apex. 

Var. g. Antennal joints 3-10 strongly, acutely serrate; 

prothorax shorter, transverse ; elytra green. 

?. The basal half of the head, an elongate, scuti- 
form patch on the dise of the prothorax, and 
the elytra green; the prothorax obsoletely 
bi-impressed in the centre in front. 

Length 5-54 mm. (¢ ?.) 

Hab. 8. Arnica, Ceres [type, ¢ |], O’Okiep [ ¢ ?, var.] 
(Mus. Cape Town). 

The specimen, 3g, selected as type was captured by 
Mr. L. M. Lightfoot in 1918, the others, 2 g 3 and 1 9, 
were found in November 1885. The variation in the ¢ 
antennal structure is unaccompanied by any difference in 
the form of the head in the same sex, and the Ceres and 
O’Okiep examples must therefore be treated as forms of 
the same species. H. lamelliger is not very closely allied to 
any of the Hedydiz described by Gorham and others, but the 
following, H. plicatilis, is nearly related to it. 


14. Hedybius plicatilis, sp. n. 


&. Elongate, somewhat shining, thickly clothed with 
whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect, blackish 
hairs ;"bluish-green, the head (except the frontal cavities 
and base, which are black) and prothorax (except a large 
triangular patch on the basal half of the disc, the transverse 
fovea in front, and a streak along the sides extending from 
the middle forwards, which are black or metallic) flavous, 
the antenne (a streak on joints 1 and 2 excepted) and palpi 
(the tip excepted), and the intermediate tibiz and tarsi, 
testaceous, the posterior tibize and tarsi slightly infuscate ; 
the head and prothorax very finely, the elytra densely, 
rugulosely punctured. Head (Pl. XIII. fig. 13) broad, nar- 
rower than the prothorax, with two extremely large, deep, 
oval excavations between the eyes above, the excavations 
separated by a long narrow lamella, which is raised and 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii, 30 


466 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


spoon-shaped reg and bordered on each side by aslender 
rectangular plica (the three together forming a cruciform 
flavous prominence), the space in frout of the two excava- 
tions raised (the face appearing long and bifid above, as 
seen from the anterior aspect); antenne long, stout, 
pectinate. Prothorax transverse, obliquely narrowed from 
the middle to the base ; abruptly depressed, deeply trans- 
versely foveate, and produced into a flattened, raised, horn- 
like prominence in the centre in front, the fovea preceded 
by an angular elevation. LElytra wider than the prothorax, 
subparallel, bluntly rounded at the apex. Anterior tarsal 
joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black 
at the tip. 

Length 5 mm. 

Hab. 38. ArxicA, Beaufort West (Purcell, in Mus. Cape 
Town). 

One male. A very remarkable insect, difficult to describe, 
and comparable only with H. lameliiger, from which it 1s at 
once distinguished by the shorter, posteriorly-narrowed, 
sharply trimaculate prothorax, the metallic femora, and the 
elongate cavities on the head (these appearing triangular 
when viewed in profile), which are separated by a narrower 
anteriorly-depressed lamella, this being bordered by J-L- 
shaped flavous folds, together forming a cruciform elevation. 


15. Hedybius marshall. 
Hedybius marshal, Gorh. Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 81(¢ 2) 
(1900)?, 
? Hedybius inarmatus, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1917, p. 284 (2)? 


gd. Antenne very long, rather slender, wholly testaceous, 
joint 3 perceptibly longer than 4, 3 and 4 without smoother 
area beneath ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 14) very broad, in great 
part testaceous, the inter-ocular excavation extremely deep, 
transversely nigro-lineate within, the vertical juxta-ocular 
prominence compressed, dentiform, rather small, and sepa- 
vated from a larger, oblique, black elevation behind it by 
a deep oblique groove ; prothorax transversely subquadrate, 
notched at the sides before the base, with an extremely 
large, broad, triangular, opaque space on the disc, extending 
from near the anterior margin to the base, for the rest 
testaceous ; elytra blue or bluish-green, densely punctate ; 
abdomen and legs testaceous ; anterior femora thickened, 
obliquely suleate and strongly binodose at the apex above ; 
anterior tarsal joint 2 slightly raised over the base of 3, 
nigro-pectinate at tip. 


the Ajrican Species of Hedybius. 467 


?. Antenne short, rather slender, testaceous ; head with 
an anteriorly-bilobed black mark on each side at the base ; 
prothorax shining, rounded at the sides, with two coalescent 
oblong black spots on the dise ; pygidium testaceous, some- 
times obsoletely sulcate at tip and with a small black spot on 
each side. 

Hab. 8S. Arnica, Estcourt!, Natal (Mus. Brit.: 3 ¢), 
Port Natal?, Mpanzi Mvoti (Afus. Durban: ¢ ). 

Six ¢ ¢ and five 2 ? seen, the latter corresponding 
with the description of H. inarmatus, Pic. The males have 
two black angular elevations on each side of the head, and 
a laterally-notched prothorax, the dise of which is almost 
covered by a very large, triangular, opaque, black patch. 
The head is nigro-maculate on each side at the base in both 
sexes. The two small spots on the pygidium and the apical 
depression are conspicuous in one of the females from 
Estcourt. 


16. Hedybius curvidens, sp. n. 


3. Elongate, shining, clothed with pallid or whitish 
pubescence intermixed on the elytra with erect, black, bristly 
hairs ; antenne (Pl. XIII. fig. 15 6) about as long as the 
body, moderately stout, tapering outwards, joints 1-6 (a 
black line on 1 above, and on 1-5 beneath, excepted) testa- 
ceous, for the rest black, 3 and 4 short, 4 triangular, longer 
and wider than 3, 5 elongate, twice the length of 4 and 
broader than 5, parallel-sided, 6-10 elongate-subtriangular ; 
head (Pl. XIII. figs. 15, 15 a) broad, flavous, the base, eyes, 
and median cavity black, the cavity very deep, broad, opaque 
within, and limited anteriorly by an irregular V-shaped 
ridge, in front of which are three fovez, the flavous raised 
walls of the excavation curving backwards on each side 
above the eyes and terminating in a stout, sinuate, sharp 
tooth; prothorax transversely subquadrate, dentate at the 
sides behind the middle, the lateral margins obliquely 
reflexed and ciliate anteriorly, the dorsal black patch very 
large, scutiform, dentate in the middle behind, the rest of 
the surface testaceous; elytra subparallel, blue, densely, 
rugulosely punctured ; metasternum metallic; abdomen and 
legs (except the tarsi of the intermediate pair, and the bases 
of the tibiz, apices of the femora, and tarsi of the posterior 
pair, which are black) testaceous ; anterior tarsal joints 1 
and 2 thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black at the 
tip. 

?. Antenne short, rather slender, joints 1-5 (a darker 
30* 


468 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


streak on 1 above excepted) testaceous, 6-11 black; head 
black in more than its basal half; prothorax rounded at 
the sides, the dorsal black patch reduced to two oval 
spots ; elytra slightly widened posteriorly ; pygidium nigro- 
maculate. 

Length 5-54 mm. (¢ ?.) 

Hab. Navat, Ulundi, Drakensburg (Dr. G. A. K. Mar- 
shall: 8 3: 1. 1893), Frere (Mus. Cape Town: 3 2). 

Two males and three females. <A species easily recogniz- 
able by the structure of the antennz, head, and prothorax 
in the g. The sides of the prothorax are dentate in this 
sex, as in H. dentatithoraz, Pic. The 9 may be known 
from that of H. amenus, as here restricted, by the wholly 
black outer joints of the antennz and the black posterior 
knees. The long parallel-sided fifth antennal joint of the 
¢ is a striking character. The nigro-maculate pygidium 
of the ? is common to many Hedybii with testaceous 
abdomen. Figs. 15, 15a@ (Pl. XIII.) show the head from 
in front and behind. 


17. Hedybius dentatithoraz. 


Hedybius dentatithorax, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1917, p. 234 (¢ 2)'. 
? Hedybius amenus, Gorh. P. Z. S. 1905, il. p. 277 (part.) *. 


¢. Antenne (PI. XIII. fig. 16a) nearly as long as the 
body, rather slender, testaceous, joints 3 and 4 together 
about as long as 5, each with a polished, concave, black 
area beneath; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 16) broad, testaceous, - 
black at the base (a spot in the middle of the vertex 
excepted), the inter-ocular excavation black along the centre, 
pubescent, extremely deep, with a recurved, dentiform plica 
in the middle in front and a smooth fovea behind it, the 
juxta-ocular elevations stout, angular, concave within (the 
excavation as seen from the anterior aspect limited in front 
by a curved ridge, which extends backward over and around 
the lateral prominences, enclosing an oval concave space) ; 
prothorax transversely subquadrate, dentate at the sides 
behind the middle, and with the lateral margins obliquely 
reflexed and ciliate anteriorly, the dorsal black patch trans- 
verse, dentate in the centre behind, the rest of the surface 
testaceous, the margins sometimes with a small black spot ; 
elytra blue or green, densely, rugulosely punctured ; abdo- 
men, coxie, and legs testaceous, the metasternum green ; 
anterior tarsal joint 2 produced over the base of 3, black at 
the tip. 

@. Antenne short, more slender, joint 11 black at the 


the African Species of Wedybius. 469 


tip ; head with about the basal half black, the black portion 
biangulate anteriorly; prothorax subangulate at the sides, 
the tooth wanting, the dorsal black patch incised inthe 
middle in front and a little smaller; pygidium testaceous. 

Length 44-5 mm. (¢ 2.) 

Hab. S. Arrtca, “Interior” (Mus. Brit., ex coll. Earl of 
Denby iGo 9) 5 anemia? [So 9], New eae Natal [3 2 ], 
Smithfield, Orange River [ 2 ], Transkei [2] (Mus. Cape 
Town) ; Transvaal! (types of Pic: 3 2?) 

The twelve speeimens (six of each sex) from which the 
above particulars are taken agree with the description of 
H. dentatithoraz, except that the author does not ailude to 
the polished black space beneath the third and fourth 
antennal joints in the g. The only other S. African 
species with toothed sides to the prothorax represented in 
the collections before me is H. curvidens, a very different 
insect. The ? is extremely like that of H. marshalli, Gorh. 
(=imarmatus, Pic), the latter having the black basal portion 
of the head reduced to two spots. Fig. 16a (Pl. XIII.) 
shows a ¢ antenna from beueath. 


18. Hedybius amenus. 

Hedybius amenus, Gorh. in Distant’s Nat. in Nes, ps L9G ple 1. 
fic. 2(9) (1892)'; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. o v. p- 80 (¢ @) 
(1900) (part.)?; [P P. Z.S. 1905, ii. p. 277 (go 2)8 

? Hedybius atropygus, Pic, Mélanges exot. entom. xxv. p. 2 (2) 
(1917) +. 

6. Antenne very long, rather slender, tapering outwards, 
testaceous, joints 38 and 4 widened, subequal, rounded at 
their inner apical angle, each with a long, shining, black 
area beneath, 5-11 elongate, nigro-maculate at the apex 
above ; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 17) testaceous, black at the base 
and in the centre of the inter-ocuiar cavity, the latter broad, 
pubescent, deeply, transversely excavate and fasciculate in 
the middle anteriorly, and limited on each side by a stout, 
erect, angular prominence, in front of which is a tuft of 
hairs; prothorax testaceous, with a broad, oblongo-quad- 
rate, posteriorly-bifurcate, black discoidal patch ; elytra and 
metasternum blue or bluish-green ; legs and abdomen testa- 
ceous, the pygidium included, the posterior tarsi sometimes 
infuscate; anterior tarsal joint 2 raised above the base of 3, 
nigro-pectinate at tip. 

?. Antenne short, more slender, testaceous, joints 6-1] 
more or less black or infuscate at the tip; head black in 
its basal half, the black portion biangulate in front; pro- 
thorax with the discoidal patch more or less cleft or divided 


470 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


down the middle, sometimes followed by two small spots ; 
pygidium black. 

Hab. S. Arnica, Estcourt? and Frere, Natal (Dr. G. A. K. 
Marshall: 8 2), Pretoria!, Transvaal (type, 2, of Gorham), 
Johannesburg and Florida, Transvaal, Parys, Reenens Pass, 
Vredeport (Mus. Cape Town: 8 3), Kroonstad, Orange 
River* (Mus. Brit.), Reenens (Mus. Durban: ¢ 2). 

H. amenus, as here restricted, may be described as a form 
of H. plagiocephalus, Er., with the antennal joints 3 and 4 
widened, and with an elongate shining black area beneath, 
and 6-11 sharply nigro-maculate at the tip, in the g ; the 
? also has the outer joints similarly maculate. Nine gg 
from various localities are before me, two of them having 
an additional dark mark at the sides of the prothorax. The 
specimens from Bothaville (¢ 2), subsequently referred by 


Gorham? to H. amenus, probably belong to H. dentati- 
thorax, Pic. 


19. Hedybius bimaculatus. 


Hedybius bimaculatus, Er. Entomographien, p. 94 (@ ) (1840) *. 
Hedybius maculicornis, Pic, L’ EKchange, xxvii. p. 157 (dg) (1911) *. 


g. Antenne very long, tapering towards the tip, mode- 
rately serrate from joint 3 onwards, testaceous, joints 3-11 
at the apex above and beneath, and 1] with a streak above, 
black (the black mark beneath 3 and 4 rugulose and 
opaque), 3 and 4 triangular, subequal, each a little shorter 
than 5, 5-11 elongate; head (Pl. XIII. fig. 18) black, except 
in front, very deeply eroso-excavate between the eyes, the 
excavation finely pubescent within, raised and fasciculate 
in the centre in front, hmited anteriorly by a prominent 
curved ridge and laterally by a sharp, angular, ciliated, 
erect tooth, the face rather short; prothorax rounded at 
the sides, testaceous, with two small black spots on the 
disc ; elytra and metasternum blue or green, the former 
rather coarsely punctured; legs and abdomen testaceous ; 
anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over 
the base of 3, biack at the tip. 

9. Antenne short, more slender, the jomts from 4 
onwards more or less infuscate or black at the apex, above 
and beneath; head with the exposed basal half black, 
testaceous in front; prothorax asin ¢; pygidium black. 

Hab. 8. Arrica?, Cape of Good Hope! (type of Erichson ; 
Raffray, in Mus. Cape Town; Mus. Oxon.), Stellenbosch, 


Ceres, Rondebosch, Mooresbosch, Hopefield (Mus. Cape 
Town). 


the African Species of Hedybius. 471 


Redescribed from a pair from Stellenbosch (mounted on 
the same piece of card) communicated by Dr. Péringuey, 
the sexes agreeing with the respective published descrip- 
tions ; three other males are also available for examination, 
the one from Ceres 4 mm. only in length. Very like 
H. amenus, Gorh., but easily separable, in the male sex, by 
the absence of the shining oblong black areas beneath the 
antennal] joints 3 and 4 (these joimts being simply maculate 
above and beneath in A. dimaculatus), the more rounded 
sides of the prothorax in both sexes, the discoidal marking 
reduced to two small spots, and the more coarsely punctured 
elytra. Two ¢ 2? in the British Museum are without 
locality-label. The ¢ in the Oxford Museum, from an old 
collection, is correctly named. 


20. Hedybius quadricornis. 
Hedybius quadricornis, Gorh, P. Z.8. 1905, ii. p. 276 (5 2). 


‘fg. Antenne long, stout, tapering, testaceous, joints 1-11 
nigro- or fusco-maculate at the tip above, 3-10 triangular, 
3 as long as 4; head (PI. XIII. figs. 19, 19a) broad, testa- 
ceous, green at the extreme base, very deeply eroso-excavate, 
the cavity limited on each side of the anterior margin 
by two shining tuberculiform prominences, and laterally ‘by 
two horn-like processes—the upper one very stout, erect, 
nigro-setose in front, the lower one curved erent long, 
more slender, ciliate .at the tip; prothorax arcuately pro- 
duced in the middle in front; anterior tarsal joint 2 with 
a claw-like prolongation extending over the base of 3; 
abdomen testaceous at the apex, above and beneath. 

¢. Antennze much shorter, rather slender, the basal 
joints testaceous, the others infuscate ; pygidium black. 

Length (to tip of elytra) 35 mm. (¢ 2.) 

Hab. 8. Arnica, Willowmore, Cape of Good Hope (Dr. 
Brauns : a v. 1903). 

A rather small form, with the head (except at the extreme 
base), prothorax, and legs (the posterior tarsi except. d) 
testaceous; the elytra greenish or eeneous, densely, finely 
punctate, with a few erect hairs intermixed with tle close 
silvery pubescence ; the prothorax convex, dull, minutely 
punctate. The g cephalic armature is very different from 
that of any of the allied species. ‘Two pairs of H. quadri- 
cornis have been lent me for examination by Dr. Péringuey. 
Figs. 19, 19 a@ (Pl. XIII.) show the head from above and in 
profile. 


472 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


21. Hedybius lineaticornis, sp. n. 


g. Antenne stout, tapering, nearly as long as the body, 
joints 1-11 more or less distinctly nigro- or fusco-lineate 
above, 3 and 4 triangular, each with a shining black area 
beneath, 4 broader and siightly longer than 3, 5-10 elon- 
gate-subtriangular; head (Pl. XIV. fig. 20) broad, flavescent, 
transversely, sinuately nigro-lineate within the median 
cavity and black at the base, the excavation deep, pubescent, 
and divided by a transverse pallid plica, the anterior walls 
of the cavity curving backwards on each side over the eyes 
and enclosing an oval depression behind ; prothorax testa- 
ceous, with two confluent oblong black spots on the dise, the 
transverse patch thus formed dentate in the middle behind ; 
elytra and metasternum green or bluish-green, the former 
densely punctured ; abdomen and legs testaceous ; anterior 
tarsal joint 2 slightly produced over the base of 3, black at 
the tip. 

9. Antenne short, rather slender, joints 6-11 infuscate 
towards their apices ; head black in its basal half; pygidium 
black. 

Length 3-44 mm. (2 2.) 

Hab. Orance River Cotony, Bloemfontein Kopje and 
near Norvals Pont (#. B. Poulton: ix. 1905), Likhoele, 
Basutoland, and Smithfield, O.R.C. (A/us. Cape Town). 

The above description is taken from three pairs captured 
by Prof. Poulton, a pair from Likhoele, and two males from 
Smithfield. Pic’s “description abrégée” of H. atropygus 
(1917), type 2, from Orange River, may apply to this 
species or to H. amenus, the black pygidium being common 
to the females of these and other allied forms; but in the 
absence of the ¢ it would be impossible to locate his 
insect with certainty. 


22. Hedybius deliquescens, sp. n. 


Hedybius amenus, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 80 (¢) 
(part.) (1900) *. 


g. Antenne (Pl. XIV. fig. 21a) long, shorter than in 
H. amenus, stout, tapering outwards, testaceous, joints 3-6 
or 7 nigro-lineate above, 3 and 4 without shining black area 
beneath, 3 a little narrower than 4, 4-8 somewhat rounded 
on their inner edge (4—8 not subangulate at the apex as in 
H. amenus); head (Pl. XIV. fig. 21) broad, testaceous, 
except at the base, very deeply excavate between the eyes, the 
excavation with two shining, angular, black spaces and a 


the African Species of Hedybius. 473 


central, dentiform, erect plica (the depressed area appearing 
trisulcate), the juxta-ocular prominences large, dentiform, 
ciliate anteriorly, the face shorter than in H. amenus; pro- 
thorax also shorter and more transverse, broadly explanate 
at the sides behind the middle and then abruptly narrowed 
to the base, the black discoidal patch subquadrate, excised 
in front, the rest of the surface testaceous ; elytra blue or 
bluish-green, with the apex narrowly testaceous in some 
specimens, densely, rugulosely punctate; legs and abdomen 
testaceous, the metasternum metallic, the pygidium nigro- 
bimaculate ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 slightly thickened, 
2 black at the tip. 

?. Antenne short, slender, joints 6-9 obsoletely nigro- 
maculate ; head with the basal half black ; pygidium black. 

Var. The elytra with two broad bluish-green fascize—one 
basal and the other subapical, the latter narrowly interrupted 
at the suture,—for the rest testaceous. (<¢.) 

Length4mm. (¢ 2.) 

_ Hab. Narva, Estcourt! and Frere (Dr. G. A. K. Mar- 
shall) ; Mfongosi, Zululand (W. EH. Jones, in Mus. Cape 
Town: var.). 

Described from 5 ¢ g,one 9, and a g of the maculate 
variety, the males of the two forms agreeing precisely im 
their structural characters. Gorham, in his second account 
of H. amenus', noticed the colour of the antenne of one of 
these males; but he failed to observe the difference in struc- 
ture of the antennz themselves, as well as that of the head 
in the same sex. JH. lineaticornis and H. braunsi also have 
some of the antennal joints similarly lieate above in ¢. 
The variation in the colour of the elytra is quite exceptional 
in the present genus. 


23. Hedybius braunsi, sp. n. 


&. Moderately elongate, shining, clothed with whitish 
pubesceuce intermixed with long erect hairs; the head and 
prothorax sparsely, minutely, the elytra densely, finely, 
rugulosely punctured. Antenne slender, tapering, nearly 
as long as the body, testaceous, joints 1-4 or 5 nigro~ 
lineate above, 3 and 4 without shining black area beneath, 
3-5 elongate-subtriangular, equal in length, 6-11 still 
longer, 11 longer than 10; head (Pl. XIV. fig. 22) broad, 
flavous or testaceous, black at the base (except at the middte 
of the vertex), depressed and trifoveate between the eyes 
(the two anterior foveze oblique and usually black), the 
depression limited on each side by a concave, oval, raised 


474 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


space, the face (as seen from in front) bifoveate above ; 
prothorax strongly transverse, rounded at the sides, testa- 
ceous, nigro- bimaculate on the dise, the black markings 
sometimes narrowly produced behind ; elytra and meta- 
sternum green, the elytra parallel and comparatively short ; 
legs and abdomen testaceous ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 
thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, nigro-pectinate 
at tip. 

2. Antenne short, rather slender, testaceous; prothorax 
with two rather small oblong black spots; pygidium black, 
not sulcate. 

Length 33-45 mm. .) 

Hab. 8. Arrica, Willowmore (Dr. Brauns: 3 2), Prieska 
[ g |, Kimberley B ¢ | (Mus. Cape Town). 

Four males and three females, communicated by Dr. 
Péringuev. A small form resembling ZH. lineaticornis, but 
differmg from it in the more slender, differently-coloured 
antenne in the g, the third and fourth joints of which are 
elongate and want the shining black area beneath. The ? 
is smaller than that of H. erosus, Kr., and wants the deep 
median sulcus on the pygidium. 


24. Hedybius sculpticeps. 
Hedybius sculpticeps, Gorh. P. Z.S. 1905, ii. p. 275 (¢ Q). 


g. Antenne (Pl. XIV. fig. 23 a) very long, tapering ont- 
wards, testaceous, joint 1] at the tip and the inner edge of 
2-5 black, 3 longer than 4, 4 triangular, 5-11 elongate, 5 
much widened, triangular, 6-10 more or less angulate at their 
inner apical angle; head (Pl. XIV. fig. 23) large, in great 
part flavous, very deeply eroso-excavate, the cavity with an 
X-shaped black patch which is continued backwards to 
behind the eyes, the face or anterior portion vertical, greatly 
developed, deeply sulcate in the middle above; anterior 

tarsal joint 2 raised above 3 at the tip, nigro-pectinate at 
apex. 

9. Antenne much shorter, slender, feebly Seat joints 
5-11 more or less infuscate, 8 and 4 subequal, 5 a little 
wider than 6. 

Length (to tip of elytra) 44-5 mm. (¢ 2.) 

Hab. S. AFRICA, Willowmore (Dr. Brauns : x. 1915). 

Dr. Péringuey has lent me a male and two females of this 
species. The triangular dilatation of the fifth antennal 
joint is a remarkable character in the g. The prothorax is 
strongly transverse, flavous, with a broad nigro-ceruleous 
patch extending across the disc; the elytra are densely, 


the African Species of Hedybius. 475 


rugosely punctured, brilliantly metallic cupreo-violaceous, 
tinted with green or blue; the abdomen is metallic; the 
intermediate and posterior legs are partly infuscate in both 
sexes. Gorham’s measurements must have included the 
projecting tip of the abdomen. The 2 of the present insect 
is very like that of Phi/hedonus coriaceus (Er.), one of the 
specimens from Willowmore having been mounted with a g 
of the latter on the same stage. 


25. Hedybius plagiocephalus. 
Hledybius plagiocephalus, Er, Entomographien, p. 93 (¢ 2) (1840) '. 


6. Antenne very long, rather slender, slightly tapering 
outwards, testaceous, joints 3-10 more or less angulate at 
their inner apical angle, joints 3 and 4 subtriangular, 
subequal in length, each with a small shining black area 
at the apex beneath, 5-11 elongate, 11 black at the tip ; 
head (Pl. XIV. fig. 24) testaceous, black at the base and in 
the centre of the deep pubescent inter-ocular cavity, which is 
shaped as in H. amenus, and bordered laterally by an 
angular, erect prominence preceded by a tuft of hairs; 
prothorax testaceous, with a large black, posteriorly-bifur- 
eate discoidal patch, which is sometimes greatly extended 
outwards ; elytra and metasternum blue or bluish-green ; 
legs and abdomen testaceous, the posterior tarsi infuscate ; 
anterior tarsi as in H. amenus. 

2. Antenne short, more slender, the outer joints some- 
times infuscate ; pygidium black. 

Hab. S. eae (Mus. Brit.: 3), Cape of Good Hope}? 
[3 2], Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage [2] (Mus. Ozon.), 
Howick, Natal [g¢] and Caffraria [ 2 ] (Mus. Brit.), Algoa 
Bay [¢ ?] and Transkei[ g] (Mus. Cape Town), Grahams- 
town (ex coll. Fry and Mus. Durban: @). 

The nine males seen agree with Erichson’s description in 
having long, testaceous antenne in the g, the small black 
marks beneath joints 3 and 4 being almost invisible from 
above. The 2 seems to be separable from that of H. amenus 
by the non-maculate antenne. The ¢ cephalic cavity wants 
the hook-like prominence in the centre in front visible in the 
allied H. dentatithorax, Pic, the 2 of the latter, moreover, 
having the pygidium testaceous in the two sexes. The pair 
from “Algoa Bay, communicated by Dr. Péringuey, has 
enabled me—as was the case with A. bimaculatus, Er.—to 
define with certainty the sexes of the present species. 


476 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


26. Hedybius superciliosus. 


3. Hedybius superciliosus, Boh. Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 466 (1851) 1. 

Hedybius anceps, Gorh. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 81 (5 2) 

(Jan. 1900) *. 

Hedybius prenotatus, Ab. de Perrin, Rev. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 173 

(3) (Oct. 1900) *. 

? Hedybius pygidialis, Pic, L’Hchange, xxvii. p. 157 (2) (1911) *. 

dg. Antenne very elongate, as long as or longer than the 
body, tapering towards the apex, testaceous, joint 4 with a 
shining black area beneath (noticed by Boheman and not 
mentioned by Gorham), 1] black at the tip above; head 
(Pl. XIV. fig. 25) very broad, the interocular excavation 
extremely deep, fasciculate in the centre in front, black 
within, the vertical, anteriorly-ciliate, juxta-ocular promi- 
nences testaceous, thickened and very conspicuous; prothorax 
usually immaculate, rarely with two very small black spots 
on the disc ; elytra blue or bluish-green, densely punctate ; 
abdomen (pygidium included) and legs testaceous ; anterior 
tarsal joint 2 extended over the base of 3, nigro-pectinate 
at tip. 

9. Antenne short, rather slender, slightly infuscate in 
their outer half; head black in more than the basal halt; 
pygidium nigro-maculate. 

Hab. S. Arrica, River Limpopo!, Vryburg in Bechuana- 
land*, Estcourt, Malvern, Frere, and Durban, Natal, Trans- 
vaal *, 

Numerous examples of each sex are before me, the males 
showing the shining black area beneath the fourth antennal 
joint noted by Boheman. The type (? ) of H. prenotatus, 
Ab., lent me by Dr. Péringuey, agrees exactly with the 
same sex of HH. anceps, Gorh.; the “ spots” near the anterior 
margin of the prothorax in the former are due to portions 
of the base of the head showing through the transparent 
chitin of the pronotum, the true spots, which are rarely 
present in either sex, arising from the convex disc. A ¢ 
from Natal in the Cape Town Museum is marked as having 
been compared with Boheman’s type. 


27. Hedybius erosus. 
Hedybius erosus, Er. Entomographien, p. 93 (¢ ) (1840) *. 
Hedybius sycophanta, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 172 (9) 


(1900) ?. 
2 Var. Hedybius multimaculatus, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p. 2 


(2) (1917) °. 
gd. Antenne very long, tapering outwards, moderately 
serrate, testaceous, Joint 1 streaked with black above, 3 and 


the Afriean Species of Hedybius. 477 


4 without black area beneath; head (except in front and 
behind the eyes) in great part black, broad, tle inter-ocular 
space very deeply eroso-excavate, the excavation shining, 
~ with a testaceous mark (which is flavo-ciliate behind) in the 
middle in front, and limited on each side posteriorly by a stout 
augular prominence, the epistoma sulcate (Pl. XLV. fig. 26) ; 
prothorax testaceous, with a spot beneath the anterior 
angles, a broad, laterally-excised, posteriorly-bifurcate 
median vitta, and a small spot on each side of it (these 
sometimes coalescent with the median stripe) black, the 
lateral margins in some specimens distinctly notched behind 
the middle ; elytra and metasternum green or bluish-green, 
- the elytra densely, rugulosely, rather finely punctate ; legs 
aud abdomen in great part testaceous, the pygidium nigro- 
bimaculate and deeply sulcate; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 
thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3, black at the tip. 

9. Antenne short, rather slender, wholly testaceous ; 
head flattened, testaceous, nigro-bimaculate at the base ; 
prothorax with the black median vitta broken up into two 
oblong patches on the anterior part of the disc and two 
small spots near the base (the latter sometimes obsolete), 
the adjacent spots wanting ; pygidium black, deeply sulcate 
as ind. 

Length 5-55 mm. (¢ ?.) 

Hab. S. Arrica, Cape of Good Hope!, Matjesfontein 7, 
Lion’s Head, Cape Town, Willowmore, Duubrody *, Smith- 
field, Orange River Colony, Likhoele, Basutoland. 

An imperfectly known insect, distinguishable in both 
sexes by the deeply suleate pygidium. Dr. Péringuey has 
lent me paired examples of H. erosus and the unique type 
(2?) of H. sycophanta, the 9 9 agreeing perfectly inter se. 
H. multimaculatus (type 2 ) has two small additional spots 
at the base of the prothorax. The series in the Cape 'lown 
Museum includes six males. 


28. Hedybius longicoxis. 


Hedybius longicoais, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d@’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 172 (?) 
(1900). 


flab. S. Arnica, Pretoria. 

This species, the type ( ¢ ) of which is before me, seems to 
be nearly related to H. erosus, Er. It has the head, antennze 
(the extreme tip excepted), prothorax, cox, legs, and 
abdomen (the nigro-fasciate pygidium excepted) flavous, the 
elytra and metasternum bluish-green ; the head with two 
very large patches at the base, and the prothorax with a 


478 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


broad median vitta (which is cleft in front and obliquely 
biramose behind), black; the head and prothorax are opaque 
and the elytra shining, the latter densely, finely punctate ; 
the head is very large. The pygidium is feebly sulcate at the 
tip (as in some ? ¢ of H. marshalli), the groove being 
much shorter and shallower than in H. erosus and H. sulci- 
pygus. ‘The type is labelled, in the author’s handwriting, 
“ Hedybius lonyicoccyx,” the specific name obviously refer- 
ving to the shape of the broad prothoracic vitta, which 
resembles that of H. erosus, Er., g ; the published name 
“ longicozis’”? must therefore have been a misprint, but, un- 
fortunately, it cannot now be changed. 


29. Hedybius kabetensis, sp. n. 


3. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, thickly clothed 
with cinereous pubescence which is abundantly intermixed 
with long, erect, soft, blackish hairs; black, the antenne 
(except at the base and apex) testaceous, the prothorax 
flavous, the elytra with a bluish or greenish lustre, the 
ventral segments 1-4 wholly or in part rufescent ; the head 
and prothorax extremely finely, the elytra densely, roughly 
punctate. Head (text-fig. 2) broadly hollowed above and 
with three large deep fovez between the eyes, two small 
fovere in front of these, and a stout, angular, post-ocular 


Head of Hedybius kabetensis, 3. 


prominence on each side, the central fovea bordered poste- 
riorly by an arcuate ridge; antennz moderately long, 
serrate. Prothorax transverse, a little wider than the head, 
rounded at the sides, obliquely narrowed behind, transversely 
excavate anteriorly, aud with the anterior margin produced 
in the middle into a long, triangular, dentiform, porrect 
process, the black hairs on the disc condensed into a scattered 
tuft behind the cavity in one specimen. Elytra moderately 
elongate. Pygidium constricted and abruptly narrowed 


the African Species of Wedybius. 479 


beyond the middle, the produced apical portion deeply sub- 
triangularly emarginate at the tip, and raised on each side 
from near its base. Anterior tarsal joints | and 2 thickened, 
2 extending over the base of 3. 

?. Autennze almost wholly black; pygidium not con- 
stricted posteriorly, simple. 

Length 44 mm. (¢ 2.) 

Hab. E. Arnica, Kabete (T. J. Anderson: 28.11.1918). 

Two pairs. Near /. hamatipygus, from Rhodesia and the 
Transvaal, the elytra densely, roughly punctured, and the 
legs black ; the ¢ with antenne almost wholly testaceous, 
the frontal cavity deeply trifoveate, and the pygidium black 
and very differently shaped. H. cucullatus and H. acantho- 
pygus are also nearly related to the present insect. Adtalus 
_ grandis, Ab., from Abyssinia (type 9?) (1890), a ? of 
which, found by Raffray, is before me, will perhaps prove 
to be congeneric, when the ¢ is found. 


30. Hedybius sulcipygus, sp. n. 


9. Moderately elongate, rather broad, widened poste- 
riorly, shining, the elytra clothed with whitish pubescence 
intermixed with long, erect, blackish bristly hairs, the rest 
of the surface and the legs with long, soft, pallid hairs ; 
testaceous, the eyes, two small oblong spots on the disc of 
the prothorax, scutellum, anterior coxe, and pygidium in- 
fuscate or black; the head and prothorax very sparsely, 
minutely, the elytra densely, finely, subrugulosely punctate. 
Head nearly as wide as the prothorax, transversely excavate 
anteriorly; antennze short, slender. Prothorax strongly 
transverse, rounded at the sides. Elytra moderately long. 
Pygidium sulcate. 

Length 3? mm. 

Hab. 8. Arnica, Salisbury (Dr. G. A. K. Marshall). 

One specimen. Separable from all the allied S. African 
forms by the wholly testaceous head. The only other 
species known to me with a sulcate pygidium are H. evosus, 
Er., and H, longicoxis, Ab., which are much larger forms, 
the former having more coarsely punctured elytra. 
H, (Malachius) viridipennis, F., from the Cape of Good 
Hope, a species not identified by Erichson or myself, has a 
red head, but its identification with the insect before me is 
too doubtful to be accepted ; the description is as follows :— 
“ M. pubescens rufus elytris pectoreque viridi-zneis. . 
Statura omnino preecedentiuim [Collops 4-maculatus, F.}. 
Caput rufum, immaculatum. Thorax rufus macula mediana 


450 Mr. G, C. Champion on 


obscura. Elytra viridia, nitida, immaculata. Corpus rufum 
pectore viridi.” 


31. Hedybius hamatipygus, sp. n. 


d. Elongate, much widened posteriorly, shining, thickly 
clothed with whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect, 
darker hairs; head (the labrum excepted), the terminal 
three or four outer joints of the antenne, the scutellum, 
tibie, and the tarsi in part in one specimen black, the rest 
of the antennz (except jomt 1 above), the prothorax, the 
femora to near the tip, anterior coxee, and abdomen rufous 
or testaceous, the elytra and metasternum blue or bluish- 
green; the head and prothorax obsoletely punctulate, the 
elytra uneven and densely, finely, subrugulosely punctured. 
Head (Pl. XIV. fig. 27) narrower than the prothorax, with a 
very broad, deep, shining, arcuate, frontal excavation, which 
is limited on each side by a stout, subconical, supraocular 
tooth, and anteriorly by a bisinuate plica, the plica inter- 
rupted in the middle by a short, stout, cleft, ciliate, horn-like 
prominence; antennee moderately long, stout. Prothorax 
transverse, convex, obliquely narrowed posteriorly ; pro- 
duced and transversely excavate in the centre anteriorly, 
and furnished with a spiniform, erect, matted tuft of black 
hairs in front. Elytra wider than the prothorax, incom- 
pletely covering the abdomen. Pygidium abruptly con- 
stricted before the apex; the apical portion narrow, tubulate, 
deeply semicircularly emarginate, and armed on each side 
with a stout, blackish, downwardly-curved hook, the terminal 
ventral segment excavate and armed with similar upwardly- 
curved hooks. Legs very hairy; anterior tarsal joints 1 
and 2 thickened, 2 extending over the base of 8. 

Length (to tip of elytra) 4-44 mm. 

Hab. S. Arrica, Pretoria, Transvaal (LZ. MW. Bucknill : 
1918: type), Salisbury, Rhodesia (Dr. G. A. K. Marshall : 
iil. 1895). 

Two males, precisely similar. This species somewhat 
resembles H.. hirtus, F. (= oculatus, Thunb.), which has 
simple anterior tarsi, &. The g pygidial armature is very 
remarkable. 


32. Hedybius cucullatus, sp. n. 


3d. Moderately elongate, shining, thickiy clothed with 
pallid or whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect, 
soft hairs; brassy-black, the head above, the prothorax, and 
abdomen testaceous, the antenne infuscate with the basal 


the African Species of Hedybius. 451 


joints testaceous beneath; the head obsoletely, the pro- 
thorax somewhat closely, punctulate, the elytra shagreened 
and rugulosely punctulate. Head (PI. XLV. fig. 28) nar- 
rower than the prothorax, with an oblique, deep, angulate 
groove on each side between the eyes above, the two grooves 
transversely coalescent on the vertex, and each limited 
behind by a tuberculiform plica, the central space raised, 
triangular, and truncate posteriorly; antenne very elon- 
gate, rather stout, sharply serrate. Prothorax transverse, 
obliquely narrowed posteriorly; deeply foveate, binodose, 
and produced in the middle in front, the anterior margin 
triangularly raised in the centre. Elytra broader than the 
prothorax, rapidly widening posteriorly. Legs slender, 
hairy ; anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending 
over the base of 83. Pygidium emarginate, and armed with 
a stout black hook on each side at the tip, the terminal 
ventral segment bifid. 

Lenth 3; mm. 

Hab. W. Arnica, W. slopes of Kenya on the Meru—Nyeri 
Road, alt. 6000-8500 ft. (S..d. Neave: ii. 1911). 

Oue male. Near H. hamatipygus (gf), the antennz very 
long and sharply serrate, the prothoracic tuft replaced by 
a triangular elevation of the anterior margin, the legs black, 
the head testaceous above. 

The Abyssinian Adtalus grandis, Ab. (type 3 ?), is very 
like the present insect, but it is larger and.has longer elytra. 
The g cephalic structure is somewhat similar to that of 
H. simoni, Ab., and H. acanthopygus. 


33. Hedybius acanthopygus, sp. 0. 


?. Moderately elongate, slightly widened posteriorly, 
shining, thickly clothed with whitish or pallid pubescence 
intermixed on the elytra with long, erect, bristly hairs ; testa- 
ceous, the eyes, antenne (the basal joints in part excepted), 
scutellum, and tip of pygidium black, the elytra and meta- 
sternum blue or bluish-green; the head and_prothorax 
obsoletely punctulate, the elytra densely, very finely sub- 
_rugulosely punctured. Head narrower than the prothorax, 

flattened; antennz short, serrate, rather slender. Pro- 
thorax transverse, rounded at the sides. Elytra moderately 
long. ; 

@. Antenne longer and stouter, the basal five or six 
joints usually testaceous ; head (Pl. XIV. fig. 29) shining 
and flavescent anteriorly, subopaque at the base, with a deep, 
irregular, arcuate furrow between the eyes above, and a 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. bl 


482 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


raised, transversely-cordate, deeply bifoveate space in the 
middle, the lateral margins of which are sometimes elevated 
into a small tooth behind; pygidium constricted at the 
apex, and there armed with two long, curved, black spines, 
the terminal ventral segment with two similar spines ; 
anterior tarsal joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over 
the base of 3, black at the tip. 

Length 24-3} mm. (d ?.) 

Hab. S. Arrica, Salisbury, Rhodesia (Dr. G. A. K. 
Marshall: i. 18935, ii. 1906). 

Five ¢ g,3 2? 2. A small form, with testaceous head, 
prothorax, and legs, and bluish-green elytra; the male with 
a transversely-cordate, bifoveate, raised area in the middle 
of the head, followed by a deep subarcuate groove, and the 
tip of the abdomen armed with four long black spines. The 
antenne vary in colour, and in one ¢ there is a scutiform 
dark patch on the disc of the prothorax. The ¢ cephalic 
structure is very like that of H. stmoni, Ab. 


34. Hedybius aulicus. 


®. Cistela aulica, Fabr. Spec. Ins. i. p. 148 (1781) °. 

Hedybius aulicus, Blair, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) v. p. 162 (1920) ’. 

Cantharis collaris, Thunb. Dissert. iii. p. 203 *. 

Hedybius collavis, Er. Entomographien, p. 95 (g¢ 9) (1840) *. 

Attalus rugipennis, Ab. de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 174 (2) 
(1900) °. 

? Philhedonus rugulosus, Gorh. P.Z, 8, 1906, il. p. 278 (¢ Y)*. 

Hedybius sp. ?, Dixey and Longstaff, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1907, 
p. 3787. 

? Hedybius atripes, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xxv. p. 2 (1917) *. 


g. Antenne long, rather stout, sharply serrate; head 
(Pl. XIV. fig. 30) rather small, black, the space between the 
labrum and epistoma (=clypeus of Erichson) testaceous, 
the vertex with a very deep, smooth, transverse, somewhat 
oblique furrow on each side, the two furrows coalescent and 
extending forwards for a short distance at the middle, and 
each bordered anteriorly by a curved ridge; anterior tarsal 
joints 1 and 2 thickened, 2 extending over 3 above; pro- 
thorax short, with a black patch of variable extent on the 
anterior part of the disc. 

@. Antenne short, rather slender, more feebly serrate ; 
head about as broad as in @, slightly depressed in the 
middle ; prothorax often wholly rufous. 

Hab. 8. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope!?*® (type of Fabri- 
cius, in Mus. Brit.), Lion’s Head, Cape Town®, Table Mt.’, 
Dunbrody, Willowmore *, Ceres, Camps Bay, Port Elizabeth, 


the African Species of Hedybius. 483 


Grahamstown, Giftsberg, Saldanha Bay, Klipfoutein, 
Johannesburg, &e. 

A common §. African insect, the very long series 
examined including the types (¢ 2?) of C. aulica and A. 
rugipennis, two specimens ( ? ) of P. rugulosus from Willow- 
more, and numerous examples (¢ ?) recently captured by 
Mr. R. E. Turner in Cape Colony. Gorham described the 
anterior tarsi of the ¢ of P. rujulosus as 4-jointed, possibly 
owing to the third joint being concealed beneath the 
superiorly-elongated second joint; his description of the 
head and antenn of that sex apply exactly to the species 
before me. A. ruyipennis, type ?, has the prothorax 
wholly reddish, as in some of the females from Saldanha 
Bay, Lion’s Hill, and Table Mt. A metallic blue or greenish 
insect, with black antenne (the three basal joimts in part 
excepted) and legs, a partly or wholly rufescent, short pro- 
thorax, and closely punctate, tuberculate elytra, the elytra 
much widened posteriorly, with abundant silvery, sub- 
fasciately-arranged pubescence, intermixed with erect 
blackish bristly hairs. The headin the ¢ is small, compared 
with that of the allied forms. 


35. Hedybius (?) sericeus. 
Philhedonus sericeus, Gorh, P. ZS. 1905, ii. p. 277 (Q)'. 


Hab. S. Arnica, Bothaville, Orange River Colony’ (Dr. 
Brauns : Mus. Cape Town, Mus. Brit.), Pretoria (Mus. Brit.), 
Klerkadorp (2. G. Alston, in Mus. Cape Town). 

Of this species I have seen seven examples: two from 
Bothaville, two from Pretoria, and three from Klerkadorp, 
all 9 @. 

A rather broad, shining, cinereo-pubescent, czeruleous 
insect, with a strongly transverse, red prothorax (a narrow 
scutiform or wedge-shaped mark in the middle in front 
excepted, this being obsolete in one of the specimens before 
me), and black antenne (the testaceous lower surface of 
joints 1-3 excepted) and legs; the elytra closely, finely 
punctate; the antennz short, rather stout, serrate. P. seri- 
ceus is almost certainly congeneric with Hedybius aulicus, F., 
and it is therefore provisionally transferred to the same 
genus. 


36, Hedybius (?) rujiventris, sp. n. 


?. Elongate, much widened posteriorly, shining, thickly 
clothed with whitish pubescence intermixed with long, erect, 
31* 


484 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


blackish hairs ; nigro-czeruleous, the prothorax and abdomen 
rufous, the antennee (the testaceous outer edge of joints 1—4 
excepted) and legs black ; the head and prothorax sparsely, 
minutely, the elytra densely, finely, rugulosely punctate, 
the elytra with an indication of raised lines on the disc. 
Head narrower than the prothorax, with an oval convex 
space in the middle between the eyes ; antennz rather short, 
stout, sharply serrate. Prothorax moderately transverse, 
convex, rounded at the sides, obliquely narrowed posteriorly, 
the margins narrowly reflexed. Elytra at the base much 
wider than the prothorax, rapidly widening to near the apex. 
Legs hairy. 

length 4 mm. 

Hab. E. Araica, Mt. Kokanjero, 8.W. of Elgon, Uganda 
Protectorate (S. A. Neave: viii. 1911). 

One example. Very like the 8. African H. (Philhedonus) 
sericeus, Gorh. (? only of which is known), and separable 
from it by the less transverse prothorax, the sharply serrate 
antennee, and the red abdomen. 


37. Hedybius diversipennis. 
Hedybius diversipennis, Pic, L’Echange, xxiii. p. 181 (¢) (1907). 


3. Téte large, rouge en avant noire en arriére, fortement 
creusée et munie au milieu d’une épine (foncée en dessus) et 
en avant d’un appendice avec 4 gibbosités dentiformes ; 
antennes assez courtes, diminués 4 l’extrémité, noires avec 
articules 1-3 rouges le premier épais. [ Pic. | 

?. Head rugose, rufous, black at the base, flattened, 
depressed in the middle in front ; abdomen red, the terminal 
one or two dorsal segments nigro-maculate. 

Hab. Ruopesta, Plumtree (type of Pic: 3), Empandeni 
(Mus..Cape Town: ¢ ). 

A robust, shining, pilose, rufescent insect, with the base 
of the head, the metasternum, the femora in part, aud the 
pygidium in the 9, black, and the elytra each with two blue 
or violaceous patches—one basal, excised behind, the other 
subapical, both nearly or quite reaching the suture,—and the - 
elytra themselves as coarsely punctured as in Jdlops cornicu- 
latus, Er, Dr. Péringuey has sent me two females of it for 
determination. : 


38. Hedybius quadripustulatus, sp. n. 


?. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, thickly clothed 
with pallid pubescence intermixed with long, erect, soft, 


the African Species of Hedybius. 485 


yellowish hairs; flavo-testaceous, the eyes, a small oblique 
streak on each side of the head at the extreme base, au 
elongate, scutiform patch on the dise of the prothorax (not 
reaching the base), the scutellum, a transverse patch on the 
DE abe and the metasternum black ; the elytra each with 
two large fusco-czeruleous spots—one basal, subtriangular, 
reaching the scutellum and inner margin, the other larger, 
oblique, not reaching the suture, subapical ; the head and 
prothorax very minutely punctulate, the elytra closely, 
distinctly punctured. Head rather broad, narrower than 
the prothorax ; antennze short, comparatively slender. Pro- 
thorax strongly transverse, rounded at the sides, LElytra 
moderately long, incomp letely covering the abdomen, the 
nigro-maculate pygidium thus being very conspicuous. 

‘Length 5 mm. 

Hab. W. Ruopesis, Kafue River (J. Drury, in Mus. Cape 
Town). 

One ¢, captured in 1906.. Larger, broader, and more 
robust than i. simoni, Ab., the type of which (2 ) is before 
me, the. latter having an immaculate head and prothorax 
and czruleo-bifasciate (basal and apical) elytra. The bi- 
fasciate variety of H. deliquescens (No. 22) is also not unlike 
the present insect. The elytral markings resemble those 
of various species of Urodactylus, Thoms, (=Misis;,, Ab.). 
H, diversipennis, Pic, is a larger insect, with coarsely punc- 
tured elytra. 


39. Hedybius simoni. 


3. Hedybius simoni, Ab, de Perrin, Rey. d’Ent. xix. pp. 164, 171 
(1900). 


6. Antepne moderately long, rather stout, serrate ; head 
(Pl. XIV. fig. 31) short, nearly as wide as the prothoi rax, with 
a V-shaped furrow between the eyes (the central area 
appearing triangularly raised), limited on each side pos- 
teriorly by a transverse tumid space; prothorax deeply, 
transversely excavate on the disc in front, the anterior 
margin subangularly produced and obsoletely tuberculate 
in the middle; anterior tarsal joint 2 raised above the 
base of 3, black at the tip. 

Hab. 8. Arrica, Makapan, N.E. of the Transvaal, province 
of Zoutpansberg (B, Simon). 

The umigue type of this insect has been lent me by 
ir: Péringuey. It is a small (length 3 mm.), testaceous 
form, with a broad basal and apical fascia on the elytra and 
the metasternum ceruleous, the terminal joints of the 


486 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


antenne infuscate. The general coloration is very like that 
of various species of Urodactylus, Thoms. (= Mizis, Ab.), 
and of Philhedonus (Anthocomus) felix, Gorh. 


40. Hedybius erichsoni. 
2. Malachius erichsont, Boh. Ins. Caffraria, i. p. 459 (1851). 


?. Elongate, robust, widened posteriorly, shining, clothed 
with fine seattered pubescence intermixed with numerous 
long, erect, blackish, bristly hairs ; nigro-czeruleons or viola- 
ceous, the elytra each with a broad, outwardly-dilated, ante- 
median, orange-red fascia (not reaching the suture, but 
extending to the outer margin), the antennee and legs black 
or metallic; the head and prothorax very sparsely, finely (at 
the sides more coarsely), the elytra coarsely, closely, rugu- 
losely punctate. Head short, narrower than the prothorax, 
deeply, transversely excavate anteriorly ; antennze moderately 
long, rather stout, tapermg. Prothorax strongly transverse, 
rounded at the sides, obliquely narrowed posteriorly. Elytra 
at the base slightly broader than the prothorax. 

6. Antenne longer and stouter, rapidly tapering from 
joint 4 onward, 1-3 testaceous beneath, 3-5 oblongo- 
quadrate, 3a little longer and wider than 4; head (PI. XIV. 
fig. 32) with two stout conical tubercles between the eyes, 
and a very deep, large, trapezoidal excavation in front of 
this, in the centre of which is a horn-like prominence, the 
excavation extending to the vertical anterior margin of 
the epistoma ; eyes convex and more prominent ; anterior 
tarsal joints ] and 2 thickened, 2 extending to beyond the 
middle of 3 above. 

Length 4-5} mm. (¢ 2.) , 

Hab. 8. Arrica, Pretoria (Mus. Brit.: 3 9), Shiluwane, 
Potchefstrom (Mus. Cape Town: 3 2), Salisbury (Dr. 
G. A. K. Marshall, Mus. Cape Town), River Gariep (type of 
Boheman), Zambesi and Transvaal (ex coll. Fry). 

Redescribed from 2 6 g and 12 ¢ 2. This insect is 
coloured like the much smaller H. maculifer, Ab. (=bimacu- 
latus, Bok., nee Er.), the ¢ of which has simple anterior 
tarsi, short antenne, and a non-tuberculate head. The 
elytral puncturing is coarse. The g-cephalie cavity is 
shaped as in H. 4-yuttatus, Thunb., except that it is not 
continued backward on each side. A co-type (2) has been 
lent me by Dr. Sjéstedt. 


the African Species of Hedybius, 487 


41. Hedybius quadriguttatus. 


Cantharis quadriguttata, Thunb. Dissert. iii. p. 205 (1801) }. 
Hedybius quadriguttatus, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii. p. 157 (¢) (1911) ’. 


“Thorace flavo macula nigra, elytris violaceis maculis quatuor 
albidis.... Tota violaceo-nigra, exceptis antennis, thoracis 
margine et maculis elytrorum albidis. Thorax orbiculatus, mar- 
ginatus. LElytra singula in medio et apice notantur macula 
majuscula albida.” [Thunberg.] 


3g. Antenne long, stout, tapering outwards, black, joints 
1-4 testaceous beneath, 3 and 4 equal in length, 5-10 elon- 
gate-triangular ; head (Pl. XIV. figs. 33, 38 a) bluish-black, 
nearly as wide as the prothorax, with a very deep, eroded, 
trapezoidal excavation between the eyes, and a deep oblique 
furrow on each side behind them, the lateral furrows pre- 
ceded by a vertical, dentiform, supra-ocular prominence, and 
limited behind by a sharp oblique ridge, the vertex also an- 
ularly raised and subfasciculate in the middle ; prothorax 
convex and produced in the middle anteriorly, closely pune- 
tulate, with strongly reflexed margins, black, the lateral and 
basal margins broadly rufo-testaceous ; elytra moderately 
long, parallel, transversely rugulose and finely, densely 
punctate, cyaneo-violaceous, with a transverse whitish mark 
at the middle of the disc and a larger flavous patch at the 
apex; legs and under surface nigro-cyaneous, the anterior 
tarsal joimts | and 2 thickened, testaceous, 

Length 4 mm. 

Hab. S. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope’? (type of Thunberg), 
Umvoti, Natal (Mus. Cape Town). 

The ahove description is taken from a g communicated 
by Dr. Péringuey. Pic? also has given an account of this 
insect, but he does not allude to the colour of the prothorax. 
The Sides of the head are deeply, obliquely suleate on each 
side, as in the ¢ of H. marshalli. Figs. 33, 33a (Pl. XIV.) 
show the head from above and in profile. 


42. Hedybius flavocinctus, sp. n. 


@ . Moderately elongate, shining, finely pubescent, without 
longer hairs intermixed ; nigro-czruleous or black, the basal 
margin of the prothor ax, and the basal joints of the antennz 
beneath or in part (1 black above), testaceous, the elytra 
violaceous or blue, each with a narrow, oblique, sinuate, 
flavous median fascia not quite reaching the suture or outer 


488 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


margin; the head and prothorax sparsely, minutely, the 
elytra densely, finely punctate. Head much narrower than 
the prothorax ; autennz moderately long, feebly serrate. 
Prothorax transverse, convex, rounded at the sides. Elytra 
widened posteriorly. 

¢@. Antenne much longer, rather stout, strongly serrate ; 
head (Pl. XIV. fig. 34) wider, transversely excavate above, 
and with a smooth fovea on each side behind the eyes, the 
excavation bituberculate within, its anterior margin deeply 
trisinuate and also tuberculate in the middle ; prothorax 
very broad, transversely subquadrate, nodose near each hind 
angle; elytra subparallel, about as broad as the prothorax, 
with a prominent, oblique humeral carina; anterior tarsal 
joints 1 and 2slightly thickened, 2 raised above the base of 3. 

Length 24-3 mm. (¢ 2.) ’ 

Hab. 8. Arnica, Darling, Cape Colony (L. Péringuey, in 
Mus. Cape Town: x. 1905). 

One male, five females. A very peculiar, isolated form, 
provisionally included under Hedybius, the ? having the 
facies of a typical Attalus, the g with remarkable characters. 


PHILHEDONUS. 


Philhedonus, Gorham, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 82 (1900) [type 
P. coronatus, Gorh. }. 


Hedybiocephalus, Pic, L’Echange, xix. p. 144 (1903). 


These genera are each based upon a single species with 
4-jointed anterior tarsi in g, Pic’s type having a broader 
head and angulate sides to the prothorax in the same sex, 
characters insufficient for generic separation, similar specific 
differences occurring amongst the numerous Hedybii *. 


1. Philhedonus coronatus. 


Philhedonus coronatus, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 82 
(3d 2) (1900) (nec Fairm.). 


g. Antenne short (as in ?), rather stout, moderately 
serrate; head (Pl. XLV. fig. 35) much narrower than the pro- 
thorax, flattened, rugulose, opaque, with four arcuately- 
arranged, compressed tubercles extending across the vertex ; 
prothorax angularly produced in the centre in front, and 


* There is another allied monotypic S. African Malachiid genus with 
4-jointed anterior tarsi in ¢—Colpometopus, Ab., type pithecus, Ab, 
(1900) (= Troglops busicornis, Fairm., 1894),—but this insect has the head 
and antenn differently formed, an apterous 2, Xe. 


the African Species of Hedybius. 489 


there furnished with an erect, matted, dentiform tuft of 
hairs; anterior tarsi 4-jointed, 1 and 2 long, 2 simple. 

Hab. KRuopwsta, Salisbury. 

Seven males and two females seen, A robust, elongate 
insect, with the head, antennze (the testaceous basal joints 
excepted), legs, and under surface black ; the prothorax red, 
a transverse black patch or two spots on the dise excepted ; 
the elytra long, widened behind, blue or bluish-green, finely 
punctured, pilose ; the antenne short in both sexes. The 
head and prothorax are relatively smaller than in the similarly 
coloured Hedylit. Gorham suggests that the angular 
anterior production of the ¢ prothorax is a stridulating- 
organ, but this cannot be the case. 


2. Philhedonus natalicus, sp. n. 


3. Moderately elongate, much widened posteriorly, the 
head dull, the prothorax opaque, the elytra shining, clothed 
with fine pubescence intermixed with long hairs; black, 
the antenne im part, prothorax, and anterior legs (the 
bases of the femora excepted) testaceous or ruto-testa- 
ceous ; the head closely, minutely, the elytra finely and rather 
sparsely, punctured, the prothorax almost smooth. Head 
(Pl. XIV. fig. 36) short, narrower than the prothorax, 
flattened and uneven between the eyes, the vertex transversely 
sinuato-excavate, the groove limited anteriorly by an angu- 
late ridge, which is triangularly produced backward in the 
centre ; antennz short, rather stout, subserrate. Prothorax 
transverse, rounded at the sides, convex, angularly extended 
forward in the middle in front. Elytra comparatively short, 
depressed on the disc below the base. Anterior tarsi 
4-jointed. 

@. Antenne shorter and more slender; head and pro- 
thorax shining, the former smoother and simply flattened, 
the latter not produced in the middle in front, 

Length 34-4mm. (¢ 2.) 

flab, Nava, Malvern (J/us. Cape Town). 

One pair. Much smaller and less elongate than P. coro- 
natus, Gorh., the head of the ¢ simply angulato-carinate and 
excavate on the vertex, without tubercles, the prothorax 
immaculate, the elytra rather short, more finely punctured, 
the anterior legs in great part testaceous. The opaque 
surface of the prothorax of § may be due. to immaturity. 


490 Mr, G. C. Champion on 


3. Philhedonus coriaceus. 
Q. Hedybius coriaceus, Er. Entomographien, p. 95 (1840) ?. 
2. Hedybius coriaceus, var. obscuritarsis, Pic, L’Echange, xxvii. p. 157 
(1911). 

&. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, clothed with 
fine whitish pubescence intermixed on the elytra with long, 
erect, black hairs ; head (except two very small spots in front 
in one specimen and the black basal portion, the latter 
sharply defined and trisinuate anteriorly), antennz (except 
joints 6-11, which are black), prothorax (except a very broad, 
large, transversely-cordate, black space in front, not quite 
reaching the anterior margin), and legs (the tarsi in part 
excepted) testaceous, the scutellum and elytra czruleo- or 
cupreo-violaceous, the metasternum and abdomen green. 
Head (Pl. XIV. fig. 37) broad, the testaceous anterior portion 
flattened, subopaque, closely punctulate, the black basal 
portion limited in front by a trisinuate ridge, the vertex with 
a A-shaped, concave area in the centre, the space on each 
side of this somewhat depressed; antennze rather slender, 
moderately long, joints 6-10 elongate-triangular. Prothorax 
broad, as wide as the head and the basal portion of the elytra, 
rounded at the sides, much narrowed behind; very sparsely, 
minutely punctate, with a matted tuft of long, curled, erect 
hairs in the centre in front. Elytra more or less uneven, 
rugulosely punctate. Pygidium bidentate at the tip. 
Anterior tarsi 4-jomted, 1 and 2 thickened, long. 

9. Antenne shorter and more slender, the basal joints 
sometimes nigro-lineate above; head simply flattened ; pro- 
thorax with a similar transverse black space on the disc 
anteriorly, which is biramose behind in one specimen ; inter- 
mediate tibize and tarsi (or the tarsi alone), and the posterior 
legs wholly or in part, black. 

Length 4-54 mm. (J 2.) 

Had. S. Arnica, Cape of Good Hope’* (type of Erichson: 

@ ), Willowmore, Saldanha Bay, Cape Town, Clanwilliam, 
Bechuanaland, Garies (Mus. Cape Town); EH. Arrica?. 

Three ¢ g captured by Dr. Brauns at Willowmore are 
referred to this species. The numerous ? 2 seen vary 
greatly inter se (three of these having very uneven, sparsely 
punctured elytra), but some of them agree well with 
Erichson’s description of that sex, these specimens having 
the posterior legs black. The head, when partly withdrawn, 
appears to have two black patches at the base in both sexes. 


the African Species of Hedybius. 491 


The prothoracic tuft of the ¢ resembles that of Hedybius 
hirtus, F. The 2 may be known from that of Hedybius 
sculptilis, Gorh., by the narrower fifth antennal joint and the 
less transverse prothorax. 


4, Philhedonus caffraricus, sp. n. 


6. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining, cinereo-pubes- 
cent, with longer blackish erect hairs intermixed : black, 
the oral organs in part, a transverse space on the epistoma, 
joints 1-4 of the antennz (a streak on 1 excepted), the pro- 
thorax, and abdomen (a patch at the apex of the pygidium 
excepted) testaceous, the elytra nigro-violaceous; the head 
and prothorax very sparsely, minutely, the elytra somewhat 
closely, finely: punctate. Head (text-fig. 3) narrower than 
the prothorax, with a smooth, deep, transverse, interocular 
excavation, which is limited in front by the short, convex 
epistoma, laterally by an angular ridge, and _ posteriorly 
by a prominent, transverse, mesially-interrupted carina, the 


Head of Philhedonus caffraricus, 8. 


vertex also transversely excavate behind this, the cavity 
divided by a short median carina ; antennze moderately long, 
sharply serrate. Prothorax convex, transverse, rounded at 
the sides, much narrowed behind, depressed in the middle in 
front ; the anterior margin triangularly raised in the centre, 
and with a pallid, acute, dentifurm process arising from 
beneath the central prominence. Elytra moderately long, 
wider than the prothorax. Anterior tarsi simple, 4-jointed. 

Length 4 mm. 

Hab. Carrrartia (ex coll. Sharp). 

Oue ¢, from an old collection. This insect is nearly 
related to P. (Hedybius) coriaceus, Er., the ¢ of which has 
a very differently shaped head and prothorax, a metallic 
abdomen, &e. 


492 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


5. Philhedonus fossulifer. 
3. Hedybiocephalus fossulifer, Pic, L’Kchange, xix. p. 144 (1903). 
g. Head (Pl. XIV. fig. 38) large, broad, flattened, with a 


compressed angular prominence in the centre of the vertex 
aud four transversely-placed, equidistant fovez in a line with 
the posterior margin of the eyes; antenne rather short, 
serrate, tapering outwards, joint 1 above and the apices of 
6-11 sharply nigro-maculate ; prothorax broad, angulate 
laterally, and angularly raised and feebly dentate in the 
centre in front. 

Hab. S. Arnica, Dunbrody, Uitenhage, Cape Colony 
(O'Neil: Mus. Brit.; Mus. Cape Town; Mus. Durban). 

I have seen fifteen examples of this species, all males. 
An opaque (the somewhat shining elytra excepted), closely 
cinereo-pubescent, black insect, with the anterior portion 
of the head, the antenne in part, the prothorax (a broad 
oblongo-quadrate median patch excepted), and sometimes the 
anterior or intermediate tibiz and tarsi in part, testaceous. 


6. Philhedonus feliz. 


Anthocomus felix, Gorh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. p. 857 (g 9) 
(1901). 


g. Antenne rather short, stout, serrate; head (PJ. XIV. 
fig. 39) testaceous, black at the base, transversely depressed 
on the vertex, and with a V-shaped, laterally-prominent 
carina between the eyes, the carina obliquely grooved on 
each side behind, the front longitudinally bi-impressed ; pro- 
thorax with a large triangular or scutiform black patch on 
the anterior part of the disc, deeply, transversely foveate in 
the centre in front, and with a triangular, erect prominence 
arising from the middle of the anterior margin ; terminal 
dorsal segment of abdomen constricted and tubulate at the 
apex, emarginate at the tip, a pair of long, slender, hook- 
like processes projecting beneath it; anterior tarsi simple, 
4.-jointed. 

@. Antenne shorter and more slender; prothorax with 
the black patch on the disc reduced to a narrow line or 
altogether wanting ; pygidium testaceous, asin ¢. 

Hab. Ruopvesta, Salisbury. 

Three @ ¢ and two 2? 2 seen. Gorham noticed the 
absence of the overlapping anterior tarsal joint in the g of 
this species, but he failed to observe that the tarsi themselves 


——— 


the African Species of Hedybius, 493 


were 4-jointed, and that the species really belonged to his 
own genus Philhedonus, described during the previous year. 
The g -prothoracic prominence was also overlooked. A small 
form not unlike Hedydbius simoni, Ab., in great part testaceous 
above, the elytra with the base and a large subapical patch on 
the dise nigro-violaceous, the legs variable in colour in the 
male. 


Alphabetical numbered list of species of Wlops, Hedybius, and 
Philhedonus enwmerated in the present paper; those. 
without generic indication belong to Hedybius, and those 


marked with an asterisk are described as new. 


*acanthopyeus, 35, 
albipennis, 7. 
amoenus, 18. 
aulicus, 34. 
billbergi, 3, 
bimaculatus, Er., 19. 
*braunsi, 23. 
*caffraricus (Philhedonus), 4 
clypeolus, 12. 
coriaceus (Philhedonus), 5 
corniculatus (Illops), 1 


coronatus, Gorh.(Philhedonus), 1 


*cucullatus, 32. 
*curvidens, 16. 
*deliquescens, 22. 

dentatithorax, 17. 
*dentiger (Illops), 2. 

diversipennis, 37. 
*duplocinetus (Illops), 3 

erichsoni, 40. 

erosus, 2 27, 

felix (Philhedonus), 6, 
*flavinasus, 10, 
*flavocinctus, 42, 

formosus, 8. 

fossulifer (Philhedonus), 5, 
*hamatipyeus, 31, 

hirtus, 1. 
*kabetensis, 29. 
*Jamelliger, 13. 
*Jlineaticornis, 21. 

lividus, 6. 

longicoxis, 28, 

maculifer, 9. 

marshall, 15. 
*natalicus (Philhedonus), 2. 

plagiocephalus, 25, 
*plicatilis, 14. 

quadricornis, 20. 


quadriguttatus, 41. 
*quadripustulatus, 38. 
*rufiventris, 36. 

sculpticeps, 24, 

sericeus, 35, 

simoui, 39. 

smaragdulus, 4. 
*sulcipyeus, 30. 

superciliosus, 26, 
*trilobatus, 11. 

varlcornis, 5. 
*verrucosus, 2, 


SYNONYMS, VARIETIES, ETC. 
anceps, 26, 
atripes, 34, 
atropygus, 18. 
bi-interruptus, 8. 
bimaculatus, Boh., 9. 
collaris, 34, 
coronatus, Baim, 2: 
elongatus, 3. 
fasciculatus, 5. 
inarmatus, 15. 
leetus ([lops), 1. 
longicoceyx, 28. 
luteonotatus, 3. 
maculicornis, 19. 
multimaculatus, PH fe 
obscuritarsis (Philhedonus), 3 
oculatus, 1. 
prenotatus, 26. 
pygidialis, 26. 
quadrimaculatus, 1. 
rugipennis, 34, 
rugulosus, 34. 
simplicifrons, 1. 
sycophanta, 27. 
trabeatus (Illops), 1. 


494 Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on Oculinaria australis. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIII. & XIV. 


The figures, except those of the antenne, give an enlarged view of the 
head and anterior margin of the prothorax, from above, the head in some 
cases being also shown from in front (figs. lla, 15a) or in profile 
(figs. 19a, 33a). They are all diagrammatic, it being impossible to 
indicate the complicated structure in one figure. The antenna are shown 
from above, 16@ from beneath. The explanation of the figures of the 
species illustrated on the two Plates is given under each insect in the text. 
All are taken from ¢ . 


XLIX.—On the Discovery of the missing Type Specimen of 
the Ascidian Oculinaria australis, Gray. By KR. Kirk- 
PATRICK. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE type—and, until 1918, the only known specimen—of 
Oculinaria australis, Gray, has been missing for over fifty 
years. ‘The unique specimen, preserved in spirit, was 
presented to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) by Dr. Bower- 
bank, and was described by Gray in 1868 (P. Z. 8. 1868, 
p. 564), a text-figure of only a portion being given. Gray’s 
description is as follows:—‘‘ The mass is cylindrical, about 
8 inches long and 14 inch in diameter in spirits. It is white, 
with ends rather tapering and rounded. It entirely consists 
of a large number of more or less oblong cysts, placed closely 
side by side on every side of an imaginary central axis, the 
cysts covering the ends of the mass like the rest of the body. 
The cysts are hard, cartilaginous, rather convex externally, 
with two concavities having an opening at the base of each. 
... The outer surface of the cyst is covered with a thick 
hard skin, strengthened externally with embedded particles of 
EE LNO Apo nen 

Nothing more was heard of Oculinaria till 1886, when 
Herdman* placed the genus in his family Polystyelidee ; 
but, when examining the Tunicata in the British Museum, 
he was unable to see the type of O. australis, because it 
could not be found. 

Later, Michaelsen and Hartmeyer had wished to see this 
specimen in order to gain some knowledge of the affinities 
of the genus; but they, also, were disappointed. Gray’s 
diagnosis was wholly based on external characters, and no 


* ‘Challenger’ Tunicata, part ii. p. 523. 


gi¢ = 


CHAMPION Ann. & Mag. Nat. Mist. S. 9. Vol. Vi. Pl. XM. 


OsFa. del. 


AFRICAN SPECIES OF ILLOPS AND HEDYBIUS. 


CHAMPION. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 8. 9. Vol. VHT. Pl. XIV. 


37 38 39 


O.F.T. del. 
AFRICAN SPECIES OF HEDYBIUS AND PHILHEDONUS. 


Mr. R. Kirkpatrick on Oculinaria australis. 495 


clue whatever had been given concerning the essential 
features. 

In 1905, during the Hamburg South-west Australian 
Expedition, Hartmeyer and Michaelsen collected near 
Fremantle a number of specimens which appeared to have 
all the characters of Ocul/naria australis. The specimens 
had been cast ashore after a storm, and evidently had been 
torn up from the sea-bottom. A curious fact now became 
revealed, viz., that elongated digitiform examples possessed 
not an imaginary axis, but a solid one formed by a filament 
of alga. 

In 1918 Hartmeyer published a short preliminary account 
of the Ascidian*, giving a description of the internal 
anatomy. 

The genus has certain unique characters, which readily 
distinguish it from all the other members of the subfamily 
Polyzoine—for Oculinaria alone has four folds in the 
branchial sac, all the rest of the genera of Polyzoine having 
less than four. Further, the gonads are on one side only, 
viz., on the right side. 

To return to the missing type-specimen. When, in 1895, 
the writer was entrusted by Mr. E. A. Smith with the charge 
of the British Museum collection of Tunicata, he made a 
manuscript catalogue. A prolonged but futile search was 
made for the type-specimen of Oculinaria australis, firstly 
among the Tunicata and less thorovghly among the 
Anthozoa. 

Recently Mr. A. K. Totton hag had a preliminary card- 
index made of the Anthozoa, and the writer asked him if by 
any chance the name Oculénaria had been entered. Happily 
the name was found, and presently the long-lost type was 
produced. Probably the specimen had been misplaced at the 
time of the removal of the Natural History collections from 
Bloomsbury to South Kensington in 1880. It was not 
surprising the writer had overlooked the specimen in 1895. 
Not only had it been placed amongst an alien group in a high 
dark cupboard, but the original description was incorrect and 
misleading—probably owing to a printer’s error. For Gray 
records the diameter as 14 inch (33 mm.), but the correct 
figure should be less than 4} inch (12 mm.). Hartmeyer had 
already arrived at the conclusion that a mistake had been 
made here. The length is 8 inches, but the slender specimen 
had been doubled up and pressed into a small botile less than 


* “ine wiedergefundene Ascidie,” SB. Ges, naturf. Berlin, 1918, 
no, 10, p. 385, 


496 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


an inch in diameter and only 6 inches high. The writer was 
looking for a tough stout specimen 8 inches high and 14 inch 
thick. 

Gray had not noticed that at one of the tapering and 
rounded ends there was a contracted opening with well- 
defined margins that could easily be stretched several 
millimetres. 

The writer failed to find the axial stem of sea-weed; but 
there can hardly be any doubt that it has existed, and 
possibly it still exists, but there is no need to mutilate the 
specimen to find it. 

A dissection of one of the polyps showed four folds in the 
branchial sac, and gonads only on the right side of the body. 
(Lhe writer only found two gonads, but one may have been 
lost in removing the ascidiozooid from the very tough test.) 
Accordingly, Hartmeyer’s identification of his specimens 
collected near Fremantle is fully confirmed by comparison 
with the recovered type. 


L.—On the Anatomy of some new Species of Drawida. 
By C. R. Narayana Rao, M.A., University of Mysore, 
Bangalore. 

[Plates XV.-XVIIL] 


Tue adult anatomy of this genus of Oligochete worms is 
now fairly well established, especially by the investigations 
of authors like Beddard, Benham, Bourne, Michaelsen, 
Perrier, Rosa, and Stephenson. ‘The present communication 
deals with certain glands associated with the reproductive 
apparatus of some new species of Drawida not hitherto 
recorded so far as | am aware. The material at my disposal 
has been a large collection of well-preserved worms collected 
towards the middle of 1918 in the rain-forests of Coorg, at 
elevations ranging from 2500 feet to 4000 feet. I do not 
propose to add any remarks on the known species contaimed 
in my collection, but will select for discussion the forms 
hitherto undescribed. I have received from Dr. Stephenson 
and Dr. Michaelsen, copies of their excellent papers relating 
chiefly to those forms occurring in Ceylon and the Indian 
Empire, and my thanks are due to them and also to Dr. N. 
Annandale, who courteously permitted me in June 1919 to 
examine the named collection of the Oligochzte worms 
belonging to the Zoological Survey of India. 


— 


some new Species of Drawida. 497 


Dr. Michaelsen, in his memoir on the Oligocheeta of the 
Indian Empire and Ceylon, remarks that S. India and 
Ceylon are the proper home of the genus Drawida, and 
perhaps the whole forest-clad elevated portion of western 
India and Ceylon is its principal original habitat. In the 
months of March and April, before the heavy showers 
descend, the heat in this area is intolerable, and several 
species of Drawida, perhaps meeting a rock or some other 
impenetrable surface while burrowing deep down to escape 
the dry heat, come out and perish in numbers all along 
the jungle foot-paths. The immense thickening of the 
anterior body-wall and the septa in all the species described 
in this paper, and the provision for the storage of water in 
the anterior nephridia (salivary glands) and the appendages 
of the alimentary canal, must be closely correlated with the 
conditions of life to which they are exposed. When a 
specimen is put on a sheet of blotting-paper, it goes on 
depositing drops of fluid exuding from the mouth as it 
explores, and a few drops of such a fluid under the micro- 
scope reveal cellular debris and corpuscles of the coelomic 
fluid. The mode of transmission of water from one segment 
to the other must be partly by percolation through septal 
crevices and partly by rapid cellular absorption, aided by 
the contraction of the specially large transverse muscles 
in the genital and anterior somites. The couspicuous 
development of these circular muscles and the enteric 
appendages are purely asecondary adaptation, and may vary 
in individuals of the same species differently situated. 


Drawida somavarpatana, sp. n. 


External Characters.—Length of spirit-specimens, 80 to 
95 mm. ; fully stretched live ones, 100 to 105 mm. ; maxi- 
mum diameter in the preclitellar region, 5 mm. ; at about 
middle of body, 3°5 to4 mm. Number of segments 80 to 90: 
no secondary annulations,. 

Colour, deep blue or almost black in the living condition. 
Spirit-specimens grey with blue on the anterior somites. 

Prostomium prolobous; dorsal pores absent. Sete very 
small and closely paired; aa equals bc; d is on the mid- 
lateral line of body in the postclitellar part and below this 
line anteriorly. 

Nephridiopores large, placed on seta-line d; bases of setz 
chiefly the ventral series surrounded by w hitish sensory 
papille. The skin all along the line of nephridial ¢ apertures 
has a glandular thickening. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. Vill. 32 


498 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


Clitellum well marked over 445 segments (10, 11, 12, 13, 
and 14/2). Inthe living specimens the grey of the clitellum 
forms a striking contrast to the general blue background of 
the body; a very deeply marked glandular fold on the sides 
of segments 10 and 11 forming a sort of copulatory bracket 
round the genital orifices. Between these folds in the 
median line are more or less clearly defined oval elevated 
glandular swellings on somites 10, 11, and 12. 

The genital area varies markedly in individuals of different 
degrees of sexual maturity. In the fully mature forms the 
region between the male apertures, 7. e. the ventral part of 
somites 10 and 11, may be completely hollowed out and 
dark, which is occupied by glandular swellings in slightly 
less mature forms. It is noticed that in several large 
individuals the clitellar lateral folds on segments 10 and 11 
are either feebly indicated or are not developed. It is in 
the fully mature forms that the clitellum itself extends over 
half of the segment 14, while in others only four segments 
are affected. The other grooves and depressions present on 
the ventral surface of the genital area must be due to the 
disproportionate clitellar thickenings, 

The male aperture is a large transverse slit between 
segments 10 and 1], situated on spherical tumid elevations 
in the furrow on or slightly external to seta-line 6. Female 
apertures between segments 11 and 12, inconspicuous, 
internal to seta-line a. The spermathecal orifice in furrow 
7/8, not easily visible, in line with the male openings. 

Internal Anatomy.—Tlhere are no septa between somites 
1 and 2, and 2 and 8. Those between 3 and 4, 4 and 5 are 
fairly, and others (5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9) con- 
siderably thick. In some specimens the septa 6/7, 7/8, and 
8/9 are only as thick as the anterior ones. 

The Muscular System.—The internal longitudinal muscles 
are tough, and are far more powerfully developed in the 
anterior somites, where they are iridescent. In somites 9 to 
12 are laid additional innermost transverse bands of muscles 
such as are described in D. robusta, subsp. indica (Benham). 

The cesophagus is a thin-walled narrow tube extending up 
to somite 13, Gizzards from 3 to 5 with softer annuli 
between them are placed in somites 14 to 21. The first 
gizzard is usually small and thin-walled. The alimentary 
canal is thin-walled, and bears dorsally finger-shaped 
appendages which commence from behind the last gizzard, 
These glandular structures, which we may term “enteric 
appendages,” in the same position as the “ lymph 
glands”? of other worms like Pheretima, occur in most 


some new Species of Drawida. 499 


species of Drawida examined and described in this paper. 

Commencing from behind the last gizzard, there are a pair 
of these tinger-shaped organs occurring in each segment 
in various degrees of development. A reference to these 
structures has rarely been made by previous authors, who 
have described about forty and odd species belonging to 
this genus. The mode of development of these organs is 
a studied in young worms, such as those of 1). par radoxa, 

: which they occur in the middle and hinder portion of the 
Mesiic in an incipient stage. The dorsal muscle-fibres 
(Pl. XVI. fig. 4) of the alimentary canal, at the points where 
the glands are developing, are laid or become disposed like 
the ribs of a fan, and are comparatively shorter than the 
neighbouring fibres, which are certainly longer and are cir- 
cularly disposed. In the middle of each of the former set 
of fibres a swelling takes place, due to the accumulation of 
lymph and lymph (coelomic) corpuscles. At the point 
where these specialised muscle-fibres, which ultimately 
ehange their muscular character, converge on the inner 
horder towards the dorsal vessel, there is a dense heaping up 
of cells proliferating from the peritoneum. From this 
source, these rapidly multiplying cells move outwards across 
the metamorphosing muscle-fibres, becommg at the same 
time incorporated with the coelomocytes. The number of 
muscle-fibres affected at the beginning may be between 24 
and 36, out of which about 6 to 12 may reach the final 
stages of glandular development, while the others are detect- 
able in a state of arrested growth. <A fully formed glandular 
process thus derived from a muscle-fibre may attain a size 
iearly over fifty times that of the latter. I could discover 
no peritoneal covering on the digitate processes or on the 
basal lobe, even in sectional preparatious, and there is no 
other connection between these stuctures and the septa 
beyond a few muscle-fibres. Both morphologically and 
perhaps pliysiologically, too, these enteric appendages of the 
species of Drawida described here would appear to be 
distinct from the ‘lymph glands ” of Schneider. 

It is noteworthy that these structures are best developed 
in forms taken in places rather dry and exposed. Hach of 
these appendages, looking white aud disposed in the form 
of tubules, is attached to the dorsal vessel partly by its own 
connective tissue, but mainly by an arterial twig on either 
side. This is the principal source of blood- supply to them, 
and histologically they are mesoblastic in origin. When an 
entire appendage is cleared by acetic acid, “and examined 


microscopically under the high power, more than two kinds 
32* 


500 Mr. ©. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


of cells can be discovered. The marginal portions of the 
processes are fringed by fairly large club-shaped cells, not 
unlike the solenocytes of polychete worms with perhaps 
similar functions. Broken and degenerate sete are also 
found obviously in the process of elimination through the 
alimentary canal. The basal parts are occupied by large 
pyramidal and polygonal cells, with either a single large 
vacuole as in the former or numerous smaller vacuoles as in 
the latter case. The tapering portion of the pyramidal cells, 
which is also the region of vacuoles, extends into the 
peripheral portion of the appendage, while a fairly rich net- 
work of capillaries surrounds the basal tissue elements. 
The mode of elimination of sete must be through the 


Text-fig. 1. 


A portion of the enteric appendage mounted in glycerine. 
C.c., club-shaped cells; S., broken sete ; P.c., pyramidal cells; Pol.c., 


polygonal cells; B.v., blood-vessel; Vac., vacuoles; D., organic 
debris. 


blood-vessels entering the alimentary canal, while the 
debris of waste matter also found in the appendages must 
be carried to the nephridia by the blood-vessels to be 
discharged outside. But their main function is probably to 
act as water-storing organs. When fresh specimens are 
examined, the large vacuoles present in the basal cells are 
seen to contain quantities of water, apparently imbibed in 
the heavy wet weather to be utilised during periods of more 
or less prolonged drought. These appendages are not, 
however, the only water-conserving organs. The anterior 
nephridia (Peptonephridia) in somites 3, 4, 5, which open 
into the pharynx and accordingly are deemed salivary glands, 
differ structurally in certain particulars from the segmental 
renal organs. In the main lobes of the former nephridia, in 
addition to the non-ciliated glandular wide tubes, we find 


other similar wide canals which follow a tortuous course, and — 


ntedibed 


—————S Cm —_ « rT 


NN 


some new Species of Drawida. 501 


the narrow ciliated tubules are considerably wider than in 
the nephridia of the hinder somites. The whole system of 
draining tubes is connected by fairly wide vertical canals 
and is a device for the rapid absorption and diffusion of fluids 
into the pharynx. It is doubtful whether, at least in this 
genus and others affecting the hotter countries, the term 
salivary gland used in certain text-books for the description 
of these nephridia, correctly denotes their function, which at 
any rate cannot be peptic. At least in the several species 
of Drawida which I have observed and examined, these 
structures would appear to be associated more with the 
function of collecting and discharging water through the 
mouth, both while feeding and burrowing, than with any 
digestive function. 

In the species of D. elegans and D. modesta described 
below, the intestinal appendages, chiefly in the posterior 
somites, are greatly enlarged, while the blood-vessels going 
to them on either side, are also correspondingly elongated. 
Usually a supra-intestinal (? typhlosolar) vessel is found in 
these forms, and the appendages in such cases have a double 
connection with the vessels—one with the dorsal and the 
other with the supra-intestinal vessel. The enteric vessel 
is derived in an arbitrary manner, either directly from the 
longitudinal vessels or from the appendicular branch. 

At the same time, these appendages in the several somites 
are more or less confined to one border of the branch-vessel, 
and developed in the form of separate lobes. It is hypo- 
thetically possible to derive the recently described septal 
nephridia of Pheretima posthuma from the enteric appendages 
of Drawida, and the only fact available at present in favour 
of such a hypothesis is the histological resemblance between 
the two structures. ‘The excretory water-conserving organs 
of Drawida are certainly mesoblastic in origin, as is testified 
to by their cellular structure, and for a similar reason the 
septal nephridia also are of the same origin*. Moreover, 
there is not any histological difference between the septal 
organs of Pheretima and the meso-nephridia of genera like 
Acanthodrilus, Pericheta, Meyascolex, Netoscolex, and other 
forms which I have investigated. ‘The process of tlie 
evolution of septal nephridia may be illustrated as shown in 
text-fig. 2. I am disposed to believe that the suggestion 
of Dr. Woodland that the system of enteronephric tubules 


* 1919. N. F. Woodland, Q. J. M.Sci. n. s. vol. lxiv. part 1, p. 101. 
“But it seems to be evident that the septal nephridia of Pheretima 
certainly cannot be developed from ectoderm, but must be mesodermal in 
origin, since we can hardly suppose they are endodermal outgrowths, 


502 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


is a means of conserving water in tropical earthworms like 
Pheretima is the more correct interpretation of their 
function; for if these structures were concerned in the 
elimination of waste through the gut, as is presumed to be 
their function, then the chances of these waste particles being 
repicked up by the chloragogenic or yellow cells of the 
alimentary epithelium will have to be accounted for, The 
yellow cells are present in the gut-wall and typhlosole of 
the Pheretima quite as numerously as in the other examples 
of earthworms like Pericheta or Megascolex. More than 
this, the volume of the toxic products entering that part of 
the gut where the digestion and absorption of food take 
place must be so large, judging from the number of septal 
nephridia in Pheretima, that it is certainly doubtful whether 
these digestive processes occur without the ferments being 


Text-fig. 2. 


A B GC D. 


A shows the relation of dorsal blood-vessel (D.2.) and the appendage 
(Z.A.). In B the relation of the supra-intestinal vessel (S.Z.V.) 
and the appendage is shown. C, D are hypothetically derived from 
B. xd., nephridial duct; S.N., septal nephridia; Sep.c., septal 
canal; $.J.2.C., supra-intestinal excretory canal, 


destroyed. On these physiological bases alone, it may not 
be quite correct to ascribe to these “ enteronephric” systems 
an excretory function. If, in addition to the histological 
affinity between the enteric appendages of Drawida and the 
euteronephridia of Pheretima, embryological evidence also 
is forthcoming, then there can be no doubt about their 
being an adaptation for the conservation of water. 

Vascular System.—The last hearts are in segment 9 and 
the most anterior ones in segment 5. The dorsal vessel is 
thickest over the region of gizzards and is connected with 
the lateral longitudinal vessels by secondary vascular com- 
missures in somites 9, 8, and 6. The lateral longitudinal 
vessels, whenever present in this species, rarely extend 


some new Species of Drawida. 503 


beyond somite 20. A supra-intestinal occasionally and 
a subneural vessel never present. Both the dorsal and 
ventral vessels are full of muscular fibres and the pheno- 
menon of the walls of the heart becoming opaque on pouring 
spirit on freshly opened specimens, observed in D. grandis, 
Bourne, is shared by the dorsal vessel over the gizzards in 
this species and in D. elegans. The degree of development 
of vasa vasorum in the walls of the heart diminishes as we 
go forward and it is also present in the walls of the ventral 
vessel, which picks up opacity under the spirit, though to a 
less extent. I have been unable to discover any valves in the 
course of the principal vessels, and the internal ‘endothelial 
layer in the dorsal and ventral trunks may be thrown into 
folds simulating a valve-like structure in the regions anterior 
to somites 10, where the mesenteries are thickest. It is also 
in this part of the body that the powerful muscular con- 
tractions, while burrowing or otherwise, are likely to reverse 
the course of the blood- flow, and hence the need for valve- 
like structures. The lumen of the arterial twigs going to 
the enteric appendages is partially divided longitudinally by 
a ridge-like elevation of the internal lining. ‘This partial 
division perhaps represents an incipient stage in the morpho- 
logical differentiation of the vessel into afferent and efferent 
ducts. The only other region where I have noticed a valve- 
like fold is the point where the enteric twigs are given off 
either directly from the longitudinal dorsal vessels or from 
the appendicular branches. ‘The valves are simple folds of 
endothelium pointing towards the blood-flow. The lateral 
longitudinal vessel supplies branches to the anterior nephridia 
and all the reproductive organs and their associated glands. 
From the ventral vessel are derived brauches for the nervous 
system, the body-wall, and the ventral walls of the intestine 
and the nephridia. 

Nephridia.—I have only to add here that the vesicle 
described as occurring in D. grandis, Bourne, is not present 
in this and other species, except D. paradoxa, described in 
this paper, and the narrow ciliated tubules form complicated 
loops in the periphery of the lobes, which, however, can be 
easily made out from the plexuses of blood-capillaries. The 
vesicles in these species bear the same microscopic structure 
as the lobes, hence they are described as being absent as 
such. The glandular part is disposed in distinctive lobes, 
the enteric lobe lying on the sides of the intestine, the sub- 
enteric below the intestine, and the parietal projecting into 
the sides of the body-cavity. In the species of Drawida 


504 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


des¢ribed in this paper and others* I have examined, I have 
noticed that the preseptal funnel (Pl. XVI. fig. 5 a) is slightly 
different in structure from that of D. grandis. The number 
of marginal cells is about 10, rarely more ; the drain-pipe or 
centrifugal cells are absent. Their place is taken by a secon- 
dary funnel, placed at the bottom of the larger anterior one. 
This secondary funnel is composed of more or less cylindrical 
cells, placed transversely to the axis of the cavity of the 
funnel-tube. The cell-boundaries are not evident even in 
clarified preparations, and, judging from the number of nuclei 
which are placed more towards the inner border of the funnel, 
the cells themselves cannot be more than ten. Lach cell is 
provided with a few stiff cilia, somewhat bent twice, stouter 
and shorter than those of the marginal cells. There is 
a distinct flange or outer rim round this smaller funnel, 
which, like the cells themselves, is full of granular cytoplasm. 
The funnel-tube is ciliated and has a tunic of celomic 
epithelium. 

Reproductive System.—The ampulle of the spermathece 
are fairly large spherical vesicles, lying dorsally, closely 
pressed against the dorsal vessel. Frequently they nestle in 
pouch-like excavations on the posterior face of septum 7/8, 
with an envelope of coelomic epithelium. When rectified 
spirit is poured on freshly opened specimens, this sac changes 
its milk-white appearance into a pale yellow, and at the 
same time the outer epithelial covering becomes transparent. 
The duct is thin, much soiled, in its first course over the 
septum 7/8, and then becomes a fairly long wavy tube, which 
pierces the septum where it is inserted in the body-wall. 
From either end of the muscular atrial chamber arise two 
atrial diverticula + placed in segments 7 and 8. Each atrial or 
copulatory sac, slightly pinkish with a strong muscular 
shimmer, is a cylindrical long papilla, somewhat curved, and 
does not come into view till pulled out from below the 
cesophagus. In the fully mature worms the diverticula of 
one side meet their fellow of the opposite side in the mid- 
dorsal line. 

Dr. Michaelsen, in his memoir on the Oligocheta of the 
Indian Empire and Ceylon (pp. 136-139), discusses, after a 
microscopical study of the ampulla and the tubular diverti- 
cula of the atrium of Moniligaster perrieri, the morphological 


* D pellucida, Bourne, D. chlorina, Bourne, D. ghatensis, Mich., and 
D. brunnea, Stephen. 

+ Such atrial sacs have been recorded in D. robusta subsp, ophidioides, 
D. robusta subsp. indica, D. minuta, and D. shankarat. \n ophidioides 
the pouches are of unequal size. 


some new Species of Drawida. 505 


and functional significance of the different parts of the 
spermathecal apparatus of Moniligastride, and finally attempts 
to homologise them with those of the family Megascolicidi. 
He sets forth his conclusion in the following terms :— 
“There can be doubt that the pear-shaped, long-stalked 
pouch in the seventh seginent of the Moniligaster perriert,” 
as well as of all other Moniligastride, corresponds function- 
ally with the diverticula of the Megascolecid spermatheca, 
being the magazine of sperm - masses received in the 
copulatory act. The atrial cavity, on the other hand, may 
act as a copulatory pouch, corresponding functionally with 
the muscular duct of the main pouch of the Megascolecid 
spermatheca, whilst in some species of Moniligaster a 
secretory function is added, being confined to special 
organs—the glandular branched tubes only in Moniligaster.” 
It would require an examination of the spermathecal 
apparatus of almost every geuus of the two families before 
one can confirm or disprove the view of Dr. Michaelsen. I 
have microscopically investigated the teased preparations and 
sections of every part of the spermatheca of the following 
species of Drawida—D. peliucida, D. cholorina, D. brunnea, 
and D. ghatensis, and all‘the five species described in this 
paper, which were all sexually mature,—and the results 
obtained do not confirm the view that the spermathecal 
atrial organs of the two foregoing families are functionally 
different, though homologous. First, as regards the ampulla, 
I must mention that in teased preparations and sections the 
cavity was found filled with a mucilaginous matter in all the 
species *, in which no sperms in any stage of development 
could be detected. This contained substance is easily 
dissolved by aleohol. In point of microscopic structure the 
ampulla is uniform in all the species, comprising an internal 
lining of large columnar glandular cells, which, on clearing 
by alcohol, shows in teased and sectional preparations 
granular cytoplasm heavily loaded with mucin and staining 
deeply (methylin-blue), The nucleus is large, and placed 
at the middle of the cells. The cavity of the ampulla is not 
uniform, being narrower at the end where the duct leads off. 
The glandular layer is invested by a muscular coat, with the 
fibres circularly disposed, and between it and the outer 
membranous covering in the cleared preparations and sections 
is a space filled with a deeply staining granular matter and a 


* Dr. Stephenson (Rec. Ind. Mus, 1917, vol. xiii. p. 365), in his 
description of D. kanarensis, mentions that the spermathecal ampullie 
“were filled with a shining white opaque mass, doubtless spermatozoa.” 


506 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


few corpuscles. The cells of the external covering are 
irregular in outline, and the cytoplasm is only sparsely 
granular, but mostly clear. This outer epithelium becomes 
membranous when the cell-layers are numerous, and a few 
connective - tissue fibres become incorporated into the 
structure. The ducts also were empty in all the species, and 


the epithelium of these tubes is composed of a lining of 


non-ciliated cubical cells, with granular cytoplasm and a 
centrally situated nucleus. The shimmer often noticeable 
in the ducts is due to the muscle-fibres, wlich are circularly 
disposed, rarely a few longitudinal fibres being present, and 
held together between the internal lining and the excessively 
thin external membrane (PI. XVII. fig. 10a). 

In the teased preparations of the atrium and the atrial 
pouches of these species (Pl. XVIII. figs. 104, 107), I could 
discover nothing, except in one individual out of four (D. so- 
mavarpatana subjected for examination), in which well- 
developed sperms were found in a mucilaginous base which 
clogged both the pouches. Dr. Michaelsen found, in his 
preparations of the ampulla and the atrial appendices of 
Moniligaster, fibrous and granular masses which he iden- 
tified respectively as sperms and glandular secretions. He 
next proceeds to establish the functional differences between 
the ampulla and the copulatory vesicles of the two families 
Megascolecidee and Moniligastride. From the observation 
I have recorded above e, i. e., that the copulatory appen- 
dices were full of sperms in one individual of D. somavar- 
patana and from histological considerations of the ampulla 
and the diverticula, it is quite possible to reach the 
opposite conclusion. In D. ghatensis the cavity of the 
atrial pouch is a trigonal chamber; in D. somavarpatana 
it is irregularly divided up into very minute recesses ; in 
D. elegans it is a wide chamber, disposed in a spiral; in 
D. brunnea its surface bears a number of annular ridges ; 
in D. chlorina the cavity is flask-shaped, and it is simply 
wide in D. pellucida, D. modesta, D. scandens, and D. 
paradova. In all these species the epithelial lining near 
the ectal ends of the pouches is composed of short cubical 
cells full of granular cytoplasm and a large nucleus, while 
in the ental end the cells tend to become syucytial and 
ue cytoplasm is present only very poorly (Pl. XVIII. 

figs. 10f, 10g). The cell- walls have a strong tendency to 
become cornified and look like those of the epidermal layer. 
The muscle-fibres are circularly disposed in a thick layer, and 
the outer tunic in D. somavarpatana is distinctly a thin 
cuticular layer with little cellular structure. The main fact 


some new Species of Drawida, 507 


I wish to point out here is that the structure of the copulary 
vesicles in the species of Drawida examined enables them to 
act as magazines of sperms received during copulation and 
for expelling them for fertilisation later. On hypothetical 
grounds, too, it is rather difficult to conceive the sperms . 
working their way up all along the most tortuous course of 
the spermathecal duct, to be housed temporarily in ampulla, 
-and to be returned throug h the same passage. On examin- 
ing the material in my possession, I should not hesitate to 
adopt the view that the ampulla of Drawida, like that of 
the family Megascolicidw, has asecretory function, while the 
atrium and its diverticula act as storing organs of sperms, 
besides aiding in copulation. 

Testes and Sperm-sacs.—The most important feature of the 
male reproductive organs of this species to which I should call 
aitention is the occurrence of two pairs of sperm-sacs, a fact 
not hitherto noticed in any of the numerous species already 
described. The first pair are very large, yellowish, massive, 
irregularly subspherical bodies suspended by the septum 8/9 
(Pl. XV. fig. 3a). They usually occupy segments 9, 10, 11, 
and 12, and are never constricted by the septal walls, which, 
however, are extremely thin in these somites. Frequently 
they leave their proper position and descend backwards up 
to segment 18, and wherever placed they repose on the 
cesophagus and are connected to the septum 8/9 by the drawn- 
out tubular extension of the wall of the mesentery, and in 
the succeeding segments they are invested with septal 
peritoneal outpushings. In somite 9 the csophagus and 
other organs are contained in the cavity between the double 

wall of the thin septum 8/9, and this cavity of the mesenterial 
sac is continuous all round tiem. Hach of the posterior or 
second pair of sperm-sacs is really a double, white, tubular 
vesicle with a velvety appearance. ‘They lie in somite 10, 
having very early in development detached themselves froin 
the septum 9/10. They are bent in the form of a query- 
mark, and usually he hidden below the esophagus, 
occupying segments 9 and 10. In one form, which has 
developed clitellum over 44 segments, they are very long 
and extend as far belind as segment 14. Rarely the tubular 
vesicles on the same side are unequal. 

There are certain interesting facts connected with the micro- 
scopic structure of these two kinds of sperm-sacs (Pl. XVII. 
figs. 10a, 106). A firm membrane, the mesentery of septum 
8/9, encloses the anterior testis, and the rosette belonging to 
somite 9 and the lower hinder surface of the sacs is bevelled 
and bright yellow in appearance, which marks the position 


508 Mr. ©. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


of testis. ‘The outer membrane can be easily removed by an 
incision, and the contents are a large lobulated yellow testis, 
in close contact with the rosette of the sperm-duct and 
seminal cells in various stages of development, together with 
large oval cells surrounded by a rich vascular plexus. In 
the neighbourhood of the testis are bundles of muscle-fibres, 
which surround the mass of seminal cells, which thus 
obliterate the cavity of the sac. The sperm mother-cells 
and sperm morula le outside the vascular plexuses, and 
they, however, are richly granular and contain a large 
centrally situated nucleus. In transverse sections of the sac 
the seminal cells appear to be more centrally placed, being 
surrounded by muscular fibres and, a very thick mass of 
ovoid cells. The testis is seen attached to the anterior face 
of the sac just in front of the funnel, the details of whose 
cellular structure are better made out in teased preparations. 
The funnel is certainly a large opening, only a part of which 
is, however, in contact with the testis, while the seminal 
cells almost fill the other part of the funnel. The large oval 
cells, which proliferate from the inner surface of the sac, 
obviously act as unicellular organs for the storage of reserve 
food-material. 

Though in point of size and form the testis-vesicles 
of somite 10 differ from the anterior ones, yet in point of 
histological structure there is absolute identity. The outer 
wall of the sac in the case of the tubular vesicles is 
excessively thin and almost non-cellular, and accordingly the 
large oval cells enclosed in vascular plexuses show through, 
giving the organs a smooth velvety appearance. If xylol is 
used for the clearing purposes, this cellular investment 
easily comes off on applying needles for teasing, and the 
testis in- each lobe is seen to form a tubular structure. 
This tubular testis stands out, because of the investment of 
circularly disposed muscular fibres. At the point where the 
two testis-tubes open into the common rosette they become 
continuous, and in the sac they are disposed in the form of 
three ridges of large:hexagonal cells. The cavity, which is 
trigonal, is filled with masses of sperms. The main point in 
the structure of these curious sperm-yesicles is that the 
cavity is lined by a layer of large spermatocytes, which 
almost become continuous with the funnel-like expansion of 
the vas deferens. There is no seminal funnel in somite 10 
beyond the sac-wall of the testis, over the base of which, as 
we have noticed, the vas deferens is continued as a sort of 
outer tunic, which obviously represents the funnel. The 
sperm-duct belonging to somite 9 is long and hes in a 


some new Species of Drawida. 509 


secondary mesenterial tube. Each duct turns inwards and 
pierces the very thin septum 9/10, and runs below the parietal 
lobes of the nephridium and joins the spermiducal gland on 
its upper anterior margin, just at the point where the 
second seminal duct enters it. The latter is a shorter and 
thicker non-convolute tube. In microscopical structure 
they resemble one another, except for the fact that in the 
shorter duct belonging to somite 10 there is an envelope of 
circular muscle-fibres outside the cubical epithelium, which 
is, however, ciliated in the longer duct belonging to the 
anterior somite. In the funnel of the anterior sperm-duct, 
the cells are more columnar and also ciliate. The cytoplasm 
stains deeply, and the nucleus is large and centrally placed in 
the funnel-cells. There is a distinct, though very thin, 
peritonea! outer layer for the posterior sperm-duct, which is 
simply an upward extension of the outer layer of tle spermi- 
ducal gland. . 

The prostate or spermiducal gland (Pl. XVIII. fig. 107) is 
a comparatively small structure, spherical and yellowish, and 
the greater part of the atrium is buriedin the body-wall. It 
has two sources of blood-supply, both from the subintestinal 
and lateral longitudinal vessels, and small branches extend on 
to the sperm-vesicles. There are the usual two kinds of club- 
shaped glandular cells, the large and small ones, in addition 
to the more spherical, also glandular, cells. The circular 
muscles are confined to the duct-like prolongations of the 
gland-cells. There is a peritoneal investment, and groups 
of cells are found near the necks of the glandular larger cells, 
and the differences between these fourth group of cells and 
the glandular cells in their contents are more clear, stain less 
easily, and the spherical small nucleus is very clear in them. 
The cubical epithelium of the atrium is more or less horny 
on its inner surface. The outer lips of the male atrial 
orifice are swollen and comprise a mass of smaller oval 
glandular cells, which occur in great uniformity over the 
whole clitellum and the copulatory brackets themselves, 
which are several layers deep. In addition to these smaller 
cells, there occur in equal abundance the more common 
flask-shaped cells. Almost as a rule, whatever may be the 
shape and size of these gland-cells the nucleus is pushed to 
one side of the cell-body, and this position of the nucleus 
becomes so pronounced that it may be used for distin- 
euishing the epithelial cells with granular cytoplasm, in which 
the cells are more centrally situated. 

The occurrence of two pairs of sperm-vesicles in D. soma- 
varpatna is not without significance in this genus, although 


510 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


in other earthworms it is almost a normal feature. In 
discussing the phyletic relations of the different genera 

of the family Moniligastride, Dr. Michaelsen, who, in the 
description of the species D. willsi, known from the Central 
Provinces, Deccan (Hyderabad), and W. Himalayas, records 
“ Haufig yudimentare Prostaten im 9 Segment,” remarks 
“that this structure confirms the statement of Rosa 
(adopted by myself) that the genus Drawida has arisen from 
the holoandrie genus Desmogaster by the loss of the first 
pair of male organs, as well as a dislocation of all the 
generative organs, with the exception of the spermatheca.” 
Dislocation of the generative organ there certainly has been 
in D, somavarpatana, in so far as the anterior sperm-duct has 
lost a separate exit (in the intersegmental groove 9/10), and 
a portion of it lies in segment 10, where it opens into the 
spermiducal gland, but the disappearance of one of the pairs 
of male organs has not taken place. There can be no doubt 
as to which pairs of seminal vesicles of Desmogaster those of 
Drawida correspond, and, in order to homologise them, it is 
necessary to assume that in its evolution Drawida has arisen 
hy the suppression of somites 8 and 9 in the archaic ancestral 
Desmogaster. In one individual of D. somavarpatana in my 
collection I notice a partial suppression of segment 8, and in 
the Oligocheeta generally similar partial or total disappear- 
ance of somites is not uncommon as individual variations. 

Furthermore, the suppression of somites must have pre- 
ceded the disappearance of one pair of seminal vesicles in 
the course of descent, as is evidenced by the anatomy of 
sexual apparatus of both D. willsi and D. somavarpatana. 
If the hypothesis of the suppression of somites 8 and 9 
is correct, then the anterior pair of the spermatheca of 
Desmogaster correspond with those of Drawida, the last hearts 
(segment 11) of Desmogaster would in that case he in segment 
9 in Drawida. The seminal vesicles suspended from septa 
10/11 and 11/12 in Desmogaster would be homologous with 
those suspended by septum 9/10, and those lying in somites 1] 
in D. somavarpatane, aud so with respect to the ovaries. 
It is obvious that the holoandric sexual apparatus of 
D. somavarpatana brings the genus Drawida nearer to 
Desmogaster, besides pointing to a_ possible immediate 
descent. 

Egg-sacs.—They are large, trilobed (being constricted 
more or less by septa), yellow structures lying on the 
cesophagus and gizzards, and are suspended from the pos- 
terior face of septum 10/11. They extend as far behind 
as segment 16. The ovaries are greatly lobulated organs 


some new Species of Drawida. 511 


occupying the anterior end of sacs, and I have been com- 
pletely unable to discover the oviducts. In the fully mature 
forms, the ventral portion of the septal mesentery ‘forming 
the anterior end of the egg-sac has mostly atrophied, per- 
mitting the escape of ripe ova into the coelomic chamber 11. 
I cannot state with certainty how the eggs escape outside. 
Each sac is full of granular matter, which escapes from it 
on the rupture of the wall and comprises masses of yolk- 
spherules. Under the microscope numerous ova in all 
stages of maturity can be detected in the mass of spherules, 
which obviously are reserve food of the egg as well as the 
developing embryo. I have not obtained the cocoons of this 
species, which must have a quantity of this reserve-food 
laid up for it. 

If an egg-sac, removed from a fresh specimen dissected 
out of water, is passed through alcohols for fixing, it is seen 
that the wall of the sac gradually becomes transparent and 
the volume of yolk-material really occupies about 3 of the 
sac, and the rest of the space is filled by a kind of albuminous 
matter, which is soon dissolved. Thatit is an albumin can be 
readily ascertained by the simple salt-solution test, and this 
second class of proteinaceous substance does not belong 
to the globulin series. I have not proceeded further in 
the chemical analysis of the contents of the egg-sac of 
this species of earthworm, and in microscopic structure 
(PI. XVII. fig. 10) the wall of the vesicles comprises 
small glandular oval cells, which form the internal lining 
covered over by the septal mesentery. In the mass of the 
yolk-spherules is a rich network of ‘blood-capiliaries derived 
from the ventral and lateral longitudinal vessels. The 
albumin must be derived from the unicellular glands, which 
are modified cells of the coelomic epithelium. It is an inter- 
esting fact in the physiology of the egg-sac that a part of it 
functions as vitellarium, and the female orifice must become 
considerably large for the extrusion of the eggs and the 
contents of the vesicles. The yolk is, however, the product 
of the vitellin or lecithin degeneration of the cytoplasm of 
the oogonia themselves. In the immature forms of this 
species “the teased preparations of the egg sac show only ova 
as the principal contents of the vesicle, and the process of 
the formation of yolk in the sae can be followed in the 
slightly maturer worms. ‘The nucleolus of some of the 
oocytes disappears in the nuclear sap, and perhaps escapes 
into the general mass of the cytoplasm, while that of 
others destined to become mature female cells remains un- 
affected. These modified cells increase in size, owing to a 


512 Mr, C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


deposit of vitellin globules, and in the more advanced stages 
of degeneration the nucleus also is indistinguishable, and the 
modifying cytoplasm may be stained in certain areas of 
the cell-body, which represent yolk-nucleus. The cell-wall 
now degenerates also, and the mass of globules of yolk is 
held together only by an excessively thin pellicle, which 
breaks on the application of the slightest pressure. 

The Nervous System.—Another feature of the anatomy of 
this species of earthworm that is really noteworthy is the ex- 
tremely generalized structure of the nervous system (Pl. XVI. 
figs.6,6a). Thenerve-cord is composed of two lateral bundles 
of fibres and cells, with clear fairly broad median hyaline 
space not occupied by any tissue elements. It is easily noticed 
by the naked eye that this median space is grey, and is thus 
distinguishable from the white bundles on either side. 
Among the fibres present in each division of the cord two 
kinds are distinguishable, viz., the axons of neurons and the 
giant fibres which are not traceable to any cells. The latter 
are laid in four bundles in the cord, two marginal and two 
internal sets. The internal bundles lie on both sides of the 
median dividing hyaline space. There are no ganglionic 
swellings in any part of the cord, which is of uniform thick- 
ness throughout. The nervous system of this species is 
almost ideally constructed for the study of the details of the 
structure of the cells and fibre-connections, and a slight 
teasing and suitable staining with methylin-blue_ will 
unravel the intricacies of the nerve-paths far too difficult 
to be made out by a similar process in the other species of 
earthworms. In paraffin sections the excessively thin 
celomic epithelium is found to form an investment of the 
dorsal half of the cord only, the histological elements are 
seen grouped on either side of the clear median space, and 
interstitial spaces are occupied by a granular substance. 
The granular mass must be in the nature of a matrix, which 
together with the giant fibres and the muscular fibres must 
help to bind the cells together. The hyaline membrane 
forms the outer layer which, in the processes of imbedding, 
usually breaks in all directions, appearing under magni- 
fication like a network of fibrils. In so far as the two 
lateral bundles remain apart the nerve-cord is a primitive 
structure, but as regards its cytological contents it does not 
appear to be so. Numerous kinds of cell-bodies are distin- 
guished in the stained entire cord, and follow a strict law as 
regards their position throughout the cord and also in 
the cesophageal ganglia. Mention must be made of the 
strikingly large spherical cells which I term “‘ Central Cells,” 


some new Species of Drawida. 513 


apparently without any axons, which I have not succeeded in 
making out. There are four of them in each segmental 
division of the cord, two in front and two behind the nerves, 
and their position in the cord can be better understood: 
by reference to the figure. They are regularly repeated 
throughout, and are situated on the central bundles of giant 
fibres on either side of the median clear space. In regard 
to the details of structure of these giant cells, I might 
meution that the large, centrally placed nucleus bears a 
deeply staining nucleolus. The nuclear membrane is thick 
and clearly defined, and the chromatin granules are strung 
out on the linin fibrils. The cytoplasm of these huge 
neurons is full of tigroid or Nissl bodies, comprising masses 
of ueurochondrian granules in addition to less deeply- 
staining granules, mostly aggregated near the periphery of 
the cell. These latter, perhaps, represent the disintegrating 
particles of reserve food-material. The usual network of 
fibrils is also present, but apparently without any implan- 
tation cone or axons. In line with these larger cells are 
others which are indifferent in their structure and are fibro- 
balsts. They occur also in the marginal portions of the 
cord. The true neurons are of two kinds, those with one 
only and others with two nucleoli. They differ from the 
giant cells in the possession of nerve-fibres, which lead 
out from them. Each axon immediately after emergence 
divides into two parts, the neurite and the dendrite. Even 
without teasing the nerve, it is easy to discover that there 
are eight of these neurons in each side of the ganglia or the 
point from which nerves are given off, and I have not 
noticed any neurite or dendrite crossing over from one side 
to the other. This is, again, a primitive organisation, and 
shows that each half of the cord is composed of self-con- 
tained ganglionic nerve-units. In regard to the structure 
of the nucleus and the cytoplasm, these axon-bearing 
neurons and others which occur always in pairs resemble 
the giant cells. Though there is no experimental or direct 
structural evidence to prove that the two kinds of axon- 
bearing cells are physiologically different, it is at least 
certain that the cells with double nucleoli cannot be function- 
ally identical with those with a single nucleolus. In the 
prostomium it is possible to trace the neurites, both per- 
ceptory and distributory ones, from their source or origin to 
their insertion or ending, with breaks in the interval where 
the stain is unable to pick them. The fibres arising from 
the cells with double nucleolus are with difficulty traceable 
to the epithelial or sensory cells and tactile organs, and 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 33 


514 Mr. C. R. Narayona Rao on the Anatomy of 


obviously the fibres springing from the other kind of cells 
with a single nucleolus must be motor in function. The 
margins of the cord and ganglia are composed of small oval 
cells with no fibres. The nucleus of these cells is small 
and stains deeply. 

In the esophageal ganglia the giant cells form almost an 
outer layer of cortex, while the oval cells aggregate round 
the bases of the nerves. The neurons are more deeply 
situated, but always in groups of four and four. The paired 
cells are absent from the two ganglia, and perhaps have been 
modified into neuroglia tissue or, better, neuroglia cells. 
Each of the neuroglia cells found associated with the groups 
of sensory and motor neurons is conical in outline, with 
nervous fine fibrils spread out among the other cells which 
they bind. ‘Their bi- and trinuclear condition shows the 
syucytial tendency of these paired cells. 

The communicatory dendrites of the sensory and motor 
neurons form an intricate plexus round the giant cells, which, 
perhaps in addition to the trophic function, may act also 
as a centre of cognition, and, though the absence of any 
processes from these large cells is not in favour of this view, 
yet their serial repetition in the cord, their position, and 
relation with the neurons on the cesophageal ganglia 
strongly point to their cerebral function. 

The tactile bodies are the sensory epidermal swellings 
round the sete, which just project beyond the surface of these 
whitish cutaneous swellings (Pl. XVII. fig. 7). In sections 
of skin taken in this region the swellings are noticed to 
occupy the distal half of the setal follicle, and are composed of 
two kinds of sensory elements. Those which are more filiform 
are apparently associated with the perception of movements, 
and hence are not sensory in the true sense of the term. They 
are closely related with the muscle-fibres which move the 
setze aud have also nerve-endings. The other kind of cells 
with which the filiform variety enters into intimate relation 
are shorter, spindle-shaped, with a granular deeply staining 
cytoplasm and central nucleus and nucleolus. These cells, at 
whose proximal ends the sensory fibrils enter, are more 
or less enclosed in a connective tissue vesicle, and hence 
constitute a true tactile organ. Between these cells enclosed 
in the vesicle is a small quantity of granular matter, which 
perhaps represents coagulated mucus and cellular debris, to 
which the whitishness of the papille must be due. Finer 
perceptory hairy processes, which are without any cytoplasm, 
project outside, forming a short hairy microscopic collar 
round the seta. 


some new Spectes of Drawida. 515 


On the prostomium are found numerous aggregations of 
filiform cells in a state of uniform distribution, while at the 
tip and the sides of the tip are found curious pyramidal cell- 
associations, usually three in number (PJ. XVII. fig. 8). 
Their structure is identical with that of the spindle-shaped 
cells. The apex of the pyramid points outward and the 
sensory nerve-fibres enter the broad base. There is not any 
vesicular investment for them, and therefore they must be 
in the nature of primitive sensory organs, undoubtedly 
tactile in function. 

Locality. Somavarpatana, Coorg, 4000 ft. 

Type in the British Museum. Syntypes in Hamburg 
Zoological Museum, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and 
in the Central College, Bangalore. 


Drawida scandens, sp. 0. 


External Characters—Length 30 mm. to 48 mm.; dia- 
meter. at the thickest anterior part 2 mm. and at the 
uarrowest posterior part 1°75 mm.; number of segments 
115 to 145. Prostomium prolobous. 

The sete are closely paired, none on first somite. 
aa=be; dd=4 circumference of body. The sete on the 
anterior fifty somites are 1} to 1? times bigger than those 
on the hinder segments and are obliquely set. The longest 
sete are ‘6 and ‘07 mm. at the nodule, and those from 
the hinder parts of the body measure °32 and ‘04 mm. at 
nodule. The free ends of longer setz are spatulate and 
those of the shorter set pointed, an adaptation obviously 
connected with the scansorial habits of the worm. The base 
of the longer seta-groups is surrounded by a circular or 
slightly oval, discoidal, cutaneous, slightly raised marking. 

Dorsal pores are present, fairly large, commencing from 
somites 16 or 17. Nephridial apertures large on seta-line d. 
The clitellum is well-marked, somites 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 
being affected ; frequently somite 14 is also involved. 

The genital markings are not elaborate and consist of an 
elevated circular area around the male orifices. The two 
areas may become confluent, producing a raised transverse 
pad. Similar markings may be found around the female 
pores. All these areas are bisected by intersegmental 
grooves. Atrial papille occur, and frequently show through 
the first pair of male apertures. 

Spermathecal pores are simple, large in the intersegmental 
furrow 7/8 on seta-line a. 

Two pairs of male apertures on seta-line ab in 9/10 

33* 


516 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


and 10/11. Each aperture is a large transverse slit with 
tumid lips. 

‘The female pores in 11/12 internal to seta-line a, con- 
spicuous only in a few forms. 

Colour.—Live specimens are bright deep green or almost 
blue, the clitellum being distinguished by crimson-red. The 
ventral. median line is grey, ‘almost transparent, through 
which the nerve-cord is visible. The red of the clitellum 
fades in the preserving fluids, and the warm blue degenerates 
into a dull olive-green. 

Internal Anatomy.—The skin of this species of Drawida 
is structurally more complex than that of any other worm 
with which I am acquainted. When a few drops of formalin 
were added to the water in which the worms were plunged, 
they became coated all along the dorsal line with a dense 
milk white secretion in large drops. Being somewhat 
viscous, 1t dissolves in water with difficulty and hot water 
coagulates it. Obviously it is rich in albuminous contents and 
has a slight alkaline reaction ; when dried it forms minute 
cubic crystals, This phenomenon, not noticeable in any of 
the other species in my collection, led to a microscopic exam- 
ination of the sections of skin (PI. X VIL. fig.9). It comprises 
the usual layers of polyhedral epidermal cells ; the chromato- 
phores form a fairly thick layer below. I do not find any 
difference as regards the structure between the chromocytes 
bearing the green pigment on the body and those bearing 
the red on the clitellum. In addition to the ampulliform 
mucous cells situated between the polyhedral epidermal 
cells, there occurs another type of glands composed of 
syncytial aggregation of a large number of cells. ‘There are 
a pair of such glands in each somite, placed at right angles 
to the axis of the body on the dorsal surface. The border 
of the gland is sinuous, indicating the incomplete fusion of 
the cells, whose boundaries are not, however, recognisable 
in the body of the structure. The spaces seen in the ‘body of 
the gland constitute the duct, which is intracellular, and the 
external orifice is placed close to the dorsal pore on either 
side. Microscopically examined, the secretion shows the 
presence of coelomic corpuscles, which must have been added 
to it outside the body. Many species of Megascolex, Acan- 
thodrilus, and Octochetes are known to extrude quantities of 
celomic fluid under irritation besides the ordinary mucus, 
but a specific secretion of this nature is remarkable in a 
worm not distinguished much by size. 

Muscular System.—Around the seta-follicles in the an- 
terior somites the skin is disposed in diseoidal form with 


some new Species of Drawida. 517 


a distinct annular rim, The disc is composed of circularly 
arranged muscle-fibres, while, at any rate, some of them 
belong to the transverse series, fur a few of these sphincter- 
like fibres are continuous with the bundles composing the 
transverse bands on the genital somites. There can be little 
doubt that they must be associated with the habits of 
climbing vertical surfaces. The additional internal trans- 
verse bands of muscles in the genital somites are absent. 

Septa 6/7, 8/9 are very thick, chiefly the last two; septum 
9/10 only slightly so, while the succeeding ones are very 
tender. Septa 8/9 and 9/10 may be dislocated backward and 
forward respectively by a somite’s length (Pl. XV. fig. 34). 

Alimentary Canal.—Pharyux is large aud muscular, occu- 

ng more than three segments, and the muscle-bands 
have the usual thickened appearance of septa, Csophagus 
simple, slender, extending up to somite 10. Gizzards three, 
fairly large, occupying’ somites 10-16 or 11-16. No dorsal 
enteric appendages, or only a few are present. There is no 
typhlosole, . 

Circulatory System.—There are five hearts, the last being 
placed in segment 10. A lateral longitudinal vessel is 
present, extending up to somite 22, connected to the dorsal 
vessel by secondary commisures which are given off from 
the hearts near their point of origin. The vessels are 
mainly composed of connective tissue, the muscle-fibres 
being confined practically to the hearts. 

Genital System—The male organs comprise fwo pairs 
of testis-sacs, suspended by septum 9/10 on its anterior and 
posterior faces, those of one side right or left im a state 
of fusion. he septum 8/9 is usually very thick and 
generally, though not as a rule, dislocated backwards, and 
the seminal vesicle belonging to this septum leaves its place 
of origin and becomes attached to the anterior wall of 
septum 9/10. All the vesicles lie close together dorsally 
over the cesophagus, or may lie separated below this 
structure. The combined, yet distinctly bilobed, seminal 
vesicles are restricted to their own somites, if the septum 
8/9 is not backwardly deflected; the testis-somites are nearly 
14 times larger than those in front or behind. In sectional 
preparations (Pl. X VIII. fig. 10 c) the spermatocytes are s-en 
to occupy respectively the anterior inner border of their 
vesicles, the seminal funnel being in intimate contact with 
the testes. The other contents of the vesicles are sperms 
and trophocytes in various stages of development. The 
mesenterial wall forms a dense membrane, and is further 
supported by the presence of muscle-fibres, mostly irregu- 


518 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


larly disposed. The sperm-ducts are led off from the inner 
margins of the vesicles and are short, spirally coiled tubes, 
hidden by the lobate sacs themselves and the nephridia. 
Each duct enters the spermiducal gland near its anterior 
base. The prostate gland of each duct is long, whitish, 
soft in texture, pear-shaped or nearly cylindrical, readily 
comes to view on opening the worm, and is attached to the 
body-wall at the posterior face of septa 9/10 and 10/11. 
In microscopic preparations, the gland is seen to be com- 
posed of short club-shaped glands and~circular muscle- 
fibres with the cubical epithelial lining. The atrial papille, 
developed more prominently in connection with the anterior 
male apertures, consist of an outer cuboid cell-layer and two 
sets of muscle-fibres derived from the body-wall. They are 
free from glandular bodies. 

There can be little doubt that this species of Drawida is 
the most archaic of the known species, in possessing a more 
complete holoandric sexual apparatus than even D. somavar- 
patana, and indeed these two species render the generic 
character of the reproductive organ of the group, at least 
in one of their aspects, less universally applicable. 

The ovaries are whitish-looking delicate bodies hanging 
from the anterior face of septum 10/11 without being 
contatned in any specialized ovarian chamber. A greater 
part of the ovary lies in the sac, which is slender, constricted 
by septa 11/12 and 12/13, occupying nearly three somites, and 
lying over the first two gizzards. An entire sac examined 
under the low power of the microscope, even without much 
clearing, shows oocytes in different stages of maturation. 
I have not been able to make out an oviduct in any of the 
six examples investigated, and the chamber of somite 11 
perhaps acts as a provisional chamber for the reception and 
extrusion of ova. 

The spermathecal apparatus of this species approaches the 
condition met with in Megascoler. There is not any well- 
marked ampulla, possessing a structure comparable with 
that of the other species described in this paper. The duct 
has a slight dilatation which lies on the posterior face of 
septum 7/8 between the heart and the secondary vascular 
commissure, and is thas ventral in position to the dorsal 
vessel and the cesophagus. The duct is thin and spirally 
coiled ; it penetrates septum 7/8 and enters the base of the 
atrial vesicle on its inner margin. The duct and its 
dilatation do not differ structurally, and hence an ampulla in 
the true sense of the term does not occur in this species, 
which, so far as I know, is the solitary example of the genus 


some new Species of Drawida. 519 


in this respect. The atrial or copulatory pouches are large, 
flattened antero-posteriorly, slightly bifid at the top. They 
occupy the greater portion of somite 7, in close relation with 
the lateral longitudinal vessel. The cavity of the pouch is 
narrow and irregular, and is lined by a columnar layer 
of glandular cells with large nuclei at the base. The cavity 
extends right up to the bifid ends of the pouch. The layer 
of circular muscles and the external layer of cells form a 
dense investment, which accounts for the compact texture of 
the organ. In sectional preparations the cavity was found 
full of granular material, some staining deeper than others, 
composing sperma and a mucous base. 

Here is further evidence in support of my view that the 
atrial pouch, wherever one is present in Drawida, acts as a 
magazine of sperma, besides discharging a secondary 
secretory function. 

The Nephridial System, which is meganephric, is not 
distinguished by any of the characters described in con- 
nection with D. somavarpatana. 

The Nervous System and Sensory Organs do not call for 
any comments. The latter are filiform cells associated with 
the perception of movement, occurring largely on the 
prostomium and anterior somites. 

Remarks.—I am unable to state precisely the nature of 
the function of the thick cutaneous humour, which is 
probably protective. At the time of collecting, which was 
after a slight drizzle in the morning, the worms weré found 
either crawling about or climbing dense herbage, from which 
most of my specimens were taken. 

Locality. Bhagamandala, 4000 ft., Coorg, S. India. 

Type in the British Museum. Syntypes in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, and the Central Co lege, Bangalore, and 
Hamburg Zoological Museum. 


Drawida elegans, sp. n. 


External Characters — Length of preserved specimens 
135 mm.; fully stretched live specimen 155 mm. ; maxi- 
mum diameter in the preclitellar region 7 mm. and behind 
5mm. Number of segments 200. The preclitellar somites, 
which are strongly telescoped, are three times as long as the 
postclitellar ones. All the segments bear annular ridges, on 
which the setz are placed. ‘These ridges are inconspicuous 
on the hinder somites, which become extremely short in 
front of anus. 

Prostomium long and prolobous. 


520 Mr. ©. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


Setze are small and closely paired in the anterior two- 
thirds of the body, while those behind are slightly larger 
occasionally. First somite free. aa=dc or broader in the 
preclitellar region ; im the postclitellar region aa=2/3 be. 

Dorsal pores present, commencing behind the clitellum. 

Clitellum is definitely marked, extending over segments 
10-13. 

The genital markings are either completely absent or may 
comprise short segmental grooves and thickenings in front 
and behind the genital orifices, which may be connected by 
these grooves, as in some examples in the collection. Ina 
few immature forms a faint dome-shaped swelling is present 
between and in front of the female apertures, which in some 
cases may be connected with the male pores by compara- 
tively shallow grooves. Occasionally au oval thickening 
marked whitish surrounds the spermathecal opening. In 
some specimens which are fairly mature, there are slightly 
raised, thick, white patches on somites 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 
without any genital significance, confined either to the 
ventral or dorsal surface of the body-wall; such white 
patches on the contiguous segments become confluent, and 
do not iu any case occupy more than 1/3 of the body- 
diameter. 

Spermathecal apertures in groove 7/8 in seta-line ed. 

Male openings in intersegmental groove 7/8 are trans- 
verse slits, surrounded by two swollen lips and are halfway 
between dc. Atrial papille occasionally project through 
the apertures. 

Female orifices inconspicuous in furrow 11/12 on seta- 
line a. 

Nephridial openings large in seta-line d. 

The colour of this species of earthworm is very widely 
- variable. Most specimens in the living condition were bright 
pink with milk-white or olive-green on the posterior one- 
third of the body. Occasionally the pink was replaced by 
a pale violet or saffron-yellow with the same colour-mark- 
ings as in the first case. In the preserved specimens the 
pink and white entirely fade, but traces of the other colours 
are retained. 

Internal Anatomy.—In the larger worms the skin, specially 
in the preclitellar and hinder regions of the body, is very 
thick and is almost leathery, due to the development of the 
muscles and a peculiar form of connective-tissue fibres. In 
the macerated stained preparations of the skin, some of 
these fibres which lie above the circular muscles possess a 
beaded structure, showing their multicellular origin, Others 


some new Species of Drawida. 521 


are wavy and are disposed longitudinally—a fibre extending 
over more than two somites. The wavy fibres are not 
granular, while the cells included in the beaded variety, 
which is an incipient fibre, are deeply stained (hemato- 
xylin). It is to these fibres that the toughness of the skin- 
texture and its considerable elasticity are due. In sections 
of the skin obtained from the posterior white portion, the 
occurrence of large cubical cells with considerably thick 
walls, either empty or full of a deeply staining mass, forms 
a conspicuous feature. ‘The granular mass is the coagulated 
mucus whose presence accounts for the milk-whiteness of 
this region of the body. In the specimens in which the 
preserving fluids have thoroughly dissolved the lipochrome 
pigments and the mucus of the cells, the skin, chiefly in 
the anterior region, becomes transparent, through which the 
reproductive organs, the nerve-cord, and the subneural 
vessel can be seen. But the opacity of the skin in the 
posterior part is due to the inaccessibility of the mucous 
cells to the solvent action of spirit, for the superficial 
epidermal cells in this region form a fairly thick corium. 
Septa 5/6-8/9 are very muscular, about three times as 
thick as the skin, are shifted backwards about the distance 
of three somites, and are telescoped into each other. In 
consequence of the backward deflection of septum 8/9 ex- 
tending as far behind as somite 11, septa 9/10, 10/11 are 
absent or are only imperfectly developed. In the region of 
the gizzards, a fusion of septa 13/14 and 20/21 may take place 
in some mature forms, and only imperfectly so in others. 
The succeeding septa are tender up to somite 120, when 
they again become as thick as or thicker than the skin. 
Septa 11/12 and 12/13 form an imperfect ovarian chamber. 
There are generally four, occasionally five, hard-walled 
yellow gizzards, occupying somites 13-21, Each gizzard is 
very large and muscular, taking up two segments, and the 
softer annuli between them are very greatly developed. 
These are followed by a series of 3 to 6 softer gizzards, 
smaller than the anterior ones, placed in segments 22 to 80; 
thus each of these secondary ones also taking up a segment. 
The alimentary canal is thin and is without a typhlosole, and 
behind segment 120 the intestine becomes conspicuously 
white and thick-walled. In transverse sections the lumen 
of the intestine appears as a narrow vertical slit, the walls 
touching one another. The intestinal wall in this region is 
composed of very greatly developed circular muscles, with 
radiating bundles of the same tissue, which in the inter- 
segmental constrictions pass into the septa. Scattered 


522 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


throughout the wall are oval cells, which form a definite 
layer on the outer surface; each cell contains a deeply 
staining protoplasmic mass and a central nucleus. Such 
cells occur over the entire intestinal wall behind the 
gizzards, The cavity of the intestine is lined by a double 
layer of chloragogen and columnar cells. The latter are 
irregular in outline, producing a jagged appearance on the 
inner surface, Judged from the nature of the occurrence 
and distribution of the oval cells, a great many of them are 
found in the muscles of the body-wall, it is possible to infer 
that they are associated with the absorption and trans- 
mission of food. 

Alimentary appendages are present ; those on the softer 
gizzards are extremely vascular. The vessels of these 
appendages are derived either from the dorsal vessel or from 
the supraintestinal trunk. 

The last heart is in somite 10. The dorsal vessel over the 
gizzards and anteriorly is considerably stout, and follows a 
more or less zigzag course. The most anterior heart is in 
segment 6. In the majority of forms in my collection there 
is a supra-intestinal vessel. The phenomenon of opacity is 
common to the dorsal vessel and the last hearts. Secondary 
commissures are only rarely present, as the occurrence of the 
lateral longitudinal vessels is arbitrary. A supra- and an 
infraneural vessel is present, the latter together with the 
nerve-cord is visible through the transparent skin. The 
distribution of the vessels is. similar to the plan described 
in D. somavarpatana. 

The testis-sacs depend from the remains of septum 9/10, 
and occupy segments 10 and 11. Lach sac is an irregular 
oval body, more or less attached to the dorsal vessel and the 
hearts by the mesenterial wall. Its histological structure 
and arrangement of testis-cells and funnel are identical with 
those of the anterior pair of vesicles described in D. soma- 
varpatana. In the testis-sac the position of the funnel 
is easily made out from the area of iridescent shimmer on 
its wall. 

The sperm-duct leads off from the posterior ventral 
margin of the sac, and forms a dense matted structure 
adhering to the wall of the vesicle, which it partly covers. 
The duct, which when in the matted condition occupies 
nearly three somites, is fairly thick, due to the large 
development of the circular muscles around the internal 
ciliated epithelium, and when uncoiled is over 65 to 70 mm. 
long. The duct enters the prostate at its apex, which is 
slightly indented. 


some new Species of Drawida. 523 


The spermiducal gland, or the prostate, is a large pyriform 
organ sessile on the body-wall, its vertical axis being twice 
or slightly more than twice its antero-posterior diameter. 
In some specimens the glandular part with its club-shaped 
cells is really confined to the ental and ectal divisions, while 
the rest of the wall is composed of a few muscle-fibres and 
cubical epithelial cells, thus converting the glandular struc- 
ture into a vesicle in which the sperm-duct lies in several 
coils. The atrial papillz are comparatively small. 

There is an ovarian chamber, i.e. segment 11 remains 
closed on opening the worm, though sometimes the sides 
may rupture on stretching the animal. ‘The ovisac, which 
looks rather like the pistil of the pea, protudes from this 
chamber into segments 12 to 14. The ovary is enclosed in 
the sacs, which lie over or on the sides of the first two 
gizzards, There is no oviduct, but the side-walls of the 
ovarian chamber approximate so as to form separate ovarian 
conduits. The female aperture is small in all the forms 
investigated. 

The spermathecal ampulle (Pl. XV. fig. 3c) are lodged in 
depressions on the posterior face of the fat septum 7/8, and 
are completely hidden by the equally thickened posterior 
septum. Sometimes the depressions for the lodgement are 
absent. The two ampullz are close together, being separated 
only by the dorsal vessel. In shape they are subspherical and 
are whitish-looking. In the teased preparations the contents 
were only a coagulated albuminous mass easily dissolved by 
alcohol and acetic acid. The microscopic structure of the 
ampulla is identical with that of the similar structure of 
D. somavarpatna. The spermathecal duct is fairly thick 
and lies in a few coils in the large cavity of somite 8, and 
penetrates the septum 7/8 at the base, and follows the some- 
what tortuous course in the hinder part of somite 7. It 
enters the atrial pouch at its apex, which it fairly deeply 
pitted. The vesicle is a large, strongly muscular, pear- 
shaped gland fixed to the body-wall by the narrow end. It 
lies fore and aft to the long axis of the body. The sides 
of septum 6/7 are greatly hollowed out for the reception of 
these glands, in which the duct opens out into a large sac. 
In the fully mature forms the atrial pouch looks like a 
barrel with spiral hoops of muscle-bands, which form a con- 
spicuous external feature. The glandular portion in such a 
case is confined to the two ends of the organ. The cavity 
of the vesicle is composed of a lining membrane (Pl. XVIII. 
fig. 10 d), whose cells are much larger than than those of the 
duct, and by their greatly irregular arrangement give rise to 


524 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


recessesin thechamber. Surrounding thisinternal membrane 
is amass of subspherical cells, which on account of mutal pres- 
sure may assume an oval shape. These and the lining cells 
stain deeply, and the nucleus in them is large and centrally 
placed. A few of these surrounding spherical cells look 
empty in sections, having previously discharged their contents 
into the vesicular chamber. None of these glandular cells 
possess any ductules. In the more mature forms, in which 
the muscles of the pouch are gathered into spiral hoops, the 
internal cavity is disposed into a slight spiral form, and in 
those forms in which the muscles are not so aggregated 
they form a close and continuous investment, which accounts 
for the very tough character of the whole organ. The outer 
membrane of the pouch is composed of numerous layers of 
cubical cells, those at the surface being almost flat. The 
protoplasm of these cells is granular, and the nucleus stains 
deeply. The blood-vessels run in all directions in the 
substance of the gland, and in the transverse section they 
appear cut across and also lengthwise. The whole wall is 
further impregnated by a mass of white granular substance 
of an albuminous nature, staining with hematoxylin and 
derived from the glandular cells. It is the presence of these 
bodies which gives a milky-white shimmer and opacity to 
these organs, which become almost transparent on dissolving 
them. 

The nephridial system of this species of Drawida is 
remarkable. The nephridia in the hinder region of the 
body, where the alimentary canal becomes thicker, give off a 
duct from the third lobe, which opens into the intestine. 
The tubules from the two nephridia in any segment in this 
region have a separate opening. ‘Thus each nephridium 
opeus outside on the seta-line cd, as well as into the in- 
testine. More anteriorly, the nephridia seem to have a 
similar secondary opening into the intestine, at least into the 
gizzards, but I have not succeeded in finding out if all the 
nephridia have an intestinal opening. Depending from 
the third lobe, close to the point where a vascular twig from 
the subiutestinal vessel enters it, is an accessory lobe, more 
or less sacculated, containing ates bluish spherical homens 
which he on either side of the non-ciliated wide duct. 
Possibly these bodies are concretions of waste matter. These 
accessory lobes are absent from the more anteriorly placed 
nephridia. In addition to the meganephridia, each somite 
contains a pair of integumentary nephridia also. These are 
composed of a much convoluted glandular tubule attached 
to the peritoneal wall, being separated from its fellow on the 


some new Species of Drawida. 525 


opposite side by the dorsal and ventral mesenteries. They 
occur throughout in all somites, except the first three 
anterior ones. The lobes of the integumentary nephridia 
are whitish-looking mushroom-like structures composed of 
twisted tubules, aud are placed on the seta-line cd, where 
they open along with the meganephridia. The lobes of the 
integumentary nephridia are a characteristic feature of the 
internal surface of the body-wall in the opened specimens. 
I am not quite sure whether there are two independent 
nephridiopores, and I have not succeeded in making out 
how the integumentary tubule opens outside. The integu- 
mentary nephridium has not a funnel-like nephrostone, 
which, however, is represented by a simple dilatation of the 
inferior limb in the mid-ventral line. The ductules of the 
integumentary nephridia are absolutely narrower than those 
of the meganephridia. 

The nervous system and sensory organs do not call for 
any further remark than that the latter are in every respect 
like those of D. somavarpatana. The nervous system is 
more highly organised than in the case of the two foregoing 
species described here. 

Locality. Bhagamandala, 4000 ft., Coorg, S. India. The 
type is in the British Museum ; syntypes with Prof. Dr. 
W. M. Michaelsen, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and in 
the Central College, Bangalore. 


Drawida modesta, sp. nu. 


External Characters.-—Length 72 mm., diameter in the 
preclitellar region 6 mm. and in the postclitellar part 
44 mm.; number of segments 221, those of the middle and 
the hinder part of the body are very short. 

The setze are moderately large, closely paired, aa=be. The 
first somite is free from sete. dd is less than half the 
circumference. 

Prostomium very small and prolobous. 

No dorsal pores. 

Clitellum well-marked over segments 10-13. The genital 
markings are simple. The ventral part of somite 7, between 
the spermathecal openings, is hollow, terminating on either 
side anteriorly in a conspicuous oval grey glandular lobe of 
skin, a feature which I have not noticed in any other species 
of Drawida with which I am acquainted. Around and 
between the male orifices is a fairly deep oval groove. A 
similar marking of grooves is present around the female 
pores also. On somites 9 and 8 there are faint circular 


526 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


markings in the line of genital pores. The male apertures 
with thick lips are large transverse slits in the furrow 10/11, 
extending nearly over half aa and outwardly nearly over 
half dc. The slit is straight, and the depression surrounding 
it is confined to the posterior half of somite 10. The female 
orifice is as large as the male opening, situated externally to 
seta-line bd. 

Hach of the female pores extends inwards as far towaris 
the median line as the male orifices do. The lips are 
swollen. The body-wall in the mid-ventral line between 
the depressions surrounding the genital pores is raised in 
the form of a ridge. The spermathecal pores are large, slit- 
like, curved openings in line with the male pores, the chief 
convexity being directed posteriorly. In front of each slit 
is the already noticed glandular oval thickenings of the skin. 
The nephridial pores are placed on seta-line ed. 

The colour of live specimens was distinguished by a grey 
clitellum, the preclitellar portion was a mixture of yellow 
and brown. ‘The rest of the body was deep yellow with 
blotches of brown. In the preserved specimen the yellow 
is present only poorly. 

Internal Anatomy.—The skin is very tough and leathery, 
and in point of histological structure is like the skin of the 
foregoing species, D. elegans. 

Additional internal circular muscles in the genital somites 
are present. 

Septa 5/6-8/9 are very thick; the posterior face of septa 
7/8 and 8/9 bear deep annular grooves with corresponding 
ridges on the opposite surface. Septa 9/10 and 10/11 are 
extremely tender or have atrophied. Subsequent ones are 
excessively thin. 

There are two gizzards occupying somites 10-14. The 
anterior is soft-walled, occupies 14 segments, and the 
posterior is large, thick-walled, taking up 33 segments. 
The alimentary appendages are few and fairly large. 

In regard to structure and disposition of vessels, the 
circulatory system of this species is similar to those of 
D. somavarpatana. 

The testicular sacs are very large, and, instead of depending 
from the posterior face of septum 9/10, are attached to the 
body-wall. This is the first example of Drawida in which 
a sessile seminal vesicle is reported. Hach vesicle has 
convex outer surface, the anterior and posterior faces are 
either bevelled or are hollow, and the inner margin, which is 
a narrow ridge, is transversely ribbed. In cross-section it is 
like the sector of a circle with the radii bent in. The length 


some new Species of Drawida. 527 


of vesicles is greater than their breadth by about a fourth, 
and they occupy more than 24 segments (9, 10) and nearly 
the whole of 11. The sacs, which are visible through the 
transluceut skin, are attached to the body-wall on the 
ventro-lateral line, external to the prostates, and round 
the base of attachment there is a furred white membrane 
which represents the remnants of septum 9/10. Septum 8/9 
is also deflected backwards over the testicular vesicles, 
forming an additional external investment. The testis is 
a large mushroom-like organ placed about the middle of the 
vesicle. The funnel is closely attached to it, and the position 
of the former is externally marked on the inner ridged 
portion of the vesicle by a rectangular iridescent area, from 
which the sperm-duct leads off. In the first part of its 
course the duct is spirally twisted, and runs inwards. It 
doubles backwards, and is entangled in the mass of tubules 
belonging to the nephridial lobes, blood-vessels, and muscle- 
fibres. ‘lhe duct enters the prostate on its posterior face. 
The spermiducal gland is a white, cushion-like, spherical 
body, sessile on the body-wall in segment 10 close to the 
base of septum 10/11. In point of microscopic structure, 
the gland is in every detail like that of D. somavarpatana. 
The atrium is without a papilla. 

The ovisacs are of considerable size, extending backwards 
up to somite 14 and overlapping the gizzards in the mid- 
dorsal line. On opening the worm, the contents, a mass of 
yellow yolk, tumbled out; the wall of the sac, being exces- 
sively thin, ruptures on the addition of the slightest pressure. 
When examined microspically the yellow spherules were 
found to form a dense covering for the very large ovum. 
I have not been able to make out what the ovary is like. 
The oviduct is large and convoluted, and its mouth com- 
mences at the point of the non-fusion of septa 10/1] and 
11/12, which, however, adhere everywhere, forming a kind of 
spacious chamber. The stem and the greater part of the 
sac, together with the oviduct, are included in this chamber. 
The duct opens at the base of the posterior face of 
septum 11/12. 

The ampulla of the spermathecal apparatus is situated 
over the nephridial arch on the posterior face of septum 7/8, 
to which, however, it is not attached. It is subtriangular 
in shape, the apex being directed inwards, the anterior 
and posterior faces converging towards the ventral ridge. 
Thus in vertical section also the ampulle are triangular. 
They are conspicuously white and nestle in the septal grooves, 
and overlap the hearts and the dorsal vessel. From the 


528 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


middle of the ventral ridge is given off the large duct, whose 
coils are hidden by the ampulle, the nephridia, and the 
hearts, which are exceedingly thick-walled and large. The 
duct enters the atrial pouch at its summit; the pouch itself 
is imbedded in the septal wall 7/8 (Pl. XV. fig. 2D). Conse- 
quently the duct does not penetrate it. The pouch is cylin- 
drical and thin-walled, into which the duct opens out into a 
large chamber, The microscopic structure of the pouch is 
in every detail like that which is met with in the ectal end of 
the atrial pouch of D. somavarpatana already described. In 
the preparations of the pouch and the ampulla I did not find 
any sperma. 

Nephridial System meganephric. The nephrostome has a 
secondary funnel. None open into the intestine, except the 
anterior ones in the pharyngeal region. 

The nervous system is ‘highly organized, like that of 
D. elegans. . 

Locality. Moornad (Hill valleys, 3500ft.), Coorg, S. India. 

The type is in the British Museum; syntype in the 
Central College, Bangalore. Only two specimens are 
included in the Collection. 


Drawida paradowa, sp. n. 


External Characters—Length 90 mm.; preclitellar dia- 
meter 5 mm.; postclitellar diameter 4 mm.; number of 
segments, 152. Preclitellar somites telescoped and twice 
as large as the postclitellar ones. No secondary annulations. 

Prostomium very large and prolobous. 

Setze are small, closely paired ; aa=be generally through- 
out, though in some specimens aa is less than bc in the 
anterior somites ; dd=+4 circumference of body. The seta- 
lines are distinctly marked by broad longitudinal grooves, 
produced apparently by the muscle-bundles slightly diverg- 
ing from one another, The setal bases are surrounded by 
conspicuous, white, papilla-lke elevations, having the same 
microscopic structure as those described under D. soma- 
varpatana. 

‘he limits of the clitellum are indefinite, but yet can be 
marked by the slight thickening of the body-wall of 
somites 10-13. 

Dorsal pores are present, and commence from behind the 
clitellum from somite 14 or possibly 15. 

No genital markings. 

Spermathecal and female apertures not visible. The male 
orifice is equally indistinct in the majority of forms 


some new Speetes of Drawida. 529 


examined, and only in a few appear as curved slits in the 
furrow 10/11 external to seta-line @, 

Nephridial pores on seta-line d. 

The colour of these forms at the time of capture was a 
deep chocolate anteriorly and greenish brown over the 
posterior half of the body. In the spirit-specimens the 
chocolate is rendered into a pale violet or mauve, and the rest 
of the body is pale brownish. 

Internal Anatomy.—The first recognisable septum is 2/3, 
and is broken up laterally. Septa 3/4 and 4/5 have the 
same ill-defined lateral walls, their place being taken by 
powerful muscles, which form part of the pharyngeal mus- 
cular system. Septa 5/6-8/9 are thick. The succeeding 
ones are tender. 

The pharynx is muscular and occupies four somites (2-5). 
The retractor muscles, which connect the pharynx to the 
parietes, bear masses of glandular cells in somites 3-5 nearer 
to their pharyngeal ends. In the species of Drawida de- 
scribed and others to which reference is made in this paper as 
having been subjected to investigation, I have noticed the 
presence of white glandular masses of cells on the posterior 
face of septa 2/34/53. Examined microscopically, the masses 
are seen to be composed of spherical cells mainly aggregated 
round the septal vessels, and may be therefore looked upon 
in the nature of blood-glands, though in a very incipient 
condition of development. I have not been able to detect 
any ductule issuing from these septal blood-glands, nor from 
the gland-masses aggregated on the muscle-bands of this 
species. In segment 5, however, of D. paradoxa are found 
masses of distinct glandular lobes, white, more or less 
flattened, and closely applied to the dorsal and lateral 
phary ngeal wall, completely hidden by the forward deflection 
of the septum 5/6. When an entire gland is removed with 
its connections, cleared, and Exauiined! a ramifying system 
of canalicules, which obviously drain the cellular secretion, 
may be detected. The cells themselves are large spherical 
bodies full of granular cytoplasm, with a distinct, centrally 
situated, large, rounded nucleus. A few muscle-fibres con- 
stitute the matrix of these glands, which have no relation 
with the septum. In the sectional preparations the discrete 
openings of these glands into the pharynx and a glandular 
pharyngeal epithelium, having essentially a cytological struc- 
ture similar to the glands, are detectable. There can be 
little doubt as regards the glandular pharyngeal epithelium 
discharging a digestive function, and in that case the glands 
in somites 5 and those on the pharyngeal muscle-band may 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 34 


530 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy 0) 


be simply water-conserving organs. Unfortunately, there 
was not an opportunity to do any experimental work on the 
physiology of these organs. 

There are three bigger gizzards occupying somites 12-14, 
the first one softer and more conically built, and the hinder 
two firm and spherical. The fourth gizzard in somite 15 is 
just half the size of the spherical one in front, and is hidden 
from view. The wall of the intestine in somites 16-17 is 
very muscular, and simulates the appearance of gizzards. 
Enteric appendages are conspicuously developed, as in 
D. somavarpatana aud D. elegans, and the number of digi- 
tate lobes present in any appendage may reach about 20, 
some of which at any rate are in an incipient stage of 
development. The one feature about these appendages 
which requires mention is the fact that these lobes become 
in some forms enveloped in a distinct peritoneal membrane, 
which passes over the dorsal vessel, thus becoming organised 
into a lobate gland. 

The dorsal vessel in somites 5-17 is greatly thickened, 
and follows a greatly tortuous course in somites 12-17. 
The last heart is in segment 9; occasionally an additional 
one in segment 10. There is a subneural vessel. 

The testicular sacs lying in segments 9-10 are large, 
spherical, opaque bodies. rather greyish, covered over dorsally 
by the backward detlection of septum 9/10 (Pl. XV. fig. 3c). 
hey meet over the dorsal vessel in the median line. From 
the inner lower border of each vesicle is given off the spermi- 
duct, which is large, lying in two most intricately coiled 
masses, each nearly as large as the testicular sac itself. 
These spermiducal masses lie on the sides of, in close contact 
with, the sacs and below the esophagus. From the subceso- 
phageal mass the coiled vas deferens issues to meet the pro- 
state, which is engrafted on asecond testicular sac. The testis 
of the spherical vessels is attached to their ower inner border, 
closely adherent to the funnel, whose position is easily 
detected by the iridescent or golden-yellow area from which 
the muscles of the sacs radiate. The engrafted prostate 
surrounds the second tubular vesicles on the top and the 
anterior and posterior margins, the sides being free, and 
extending ventrally only up to the point where the thicker 
second vas deferens commences. The spermiduct belonging 
to the spherical vesicle enters the engrafted prostate at 
about half its height anteriorly. The cylindrical vesicle 
pushes backward the septum 10/11 by about the length of 
nearly two somites, and is encapsuled by it and two other 
posterior septa. Owing to the prostates the entire structure 


some new Species of Drawida. 531 


is flat. From below, a stout bent tube, the second vas 
deferens, is given off and is inserted into the upper end of 
the posterior division of the sessile prostates. In the 
sectional preparations the histological elements composing 
the sessile prostates are also met with in those of the spermi- 
ducal gland surrounding the tubular vesicle, in which the 
arrangement of the second testis is same as what has been 
described in the similar organs of D. somavarpatana. The 
coiled vas deferens of the spherical vesicles enters the tubular 
vesicle, and below this point the cells of the lining membrane 
of the latter lose all the character of spermatocytes and 
rather resemble those of spermiduct itself. Near the ental 
end of the second tubular sacs the sperm parent-cells are 
found in various stages of division. 

The arrangement of the male reproductive apparatus of 
tlis species is very like that of D. somavarpatana, but ouly 
with such differences as have been indicated above. Strong 
broad bands of muscles connect the second pair of vesicles 
to the body-wall on both sides, such as have not been 
observed in any other species. This mode of attaching 
accounts for the difficulty of erecting the sacs for the 
purpose of examination. 

The egg-sacs, which lie over the first gizzard, are shifted 
backwards by the length of two somites. They are slender 
tubular structures, mainly composed of yolk-platelets ; the 
ovaries, which are tufted organs, are attached to the stem of 
the sacs. Septa 10/11 and 11/12 are juxtaposed, but do not 
fuse, aud the ceelomic chamber of segment 11 is nearly a 
shut cavity in which a coiled glandular oviduct lies, whose 
funnel is indistinguishably situated in the ovarian mass, 

The ampulla of the spermathecal apparatus is small, 
oval, being situated on either side of the dorsal vessel in 
somite 8, only loosely attached to the posterior face of 
septum 7/8. The duct is thin and is only moderately coiled. 
It runs outwards, penetrates the septum 7/8 considerably 
over the ventral body-wall; the greater part of its further 
course lies in the thickness of this septum, which it leaves 
at the base for insertion dorsally into the anterior lobe of 
the copulatory pouch. The pouch is double-lobed, with a 
median constriction dividing the organ into unequal anterior 
and posterior parts (Pl. XY. fig. 2). The whole pouch lies 
in segment 7, and pushes backwards considerably over half 
a somite the septum 7/8. The cavity of the pouches is 
divided into a number of incomplete horizontal compartments 
with ridges, which, though runuing round the inner wall of 


the lobes, are discontinuous. In sectional preparations the 
34* 


532 Mr. C, R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


ridges appear to be composed of a cord of small spherical cells 
with longitudinally disposed muscle-fibres, the whole of the 
ridge being compactly held by a thin cuticular pellicle. 
The entire pouch perhaps represents the greatly modified 
atrial tubules of Moniligaster perrieri—a view which in some 
measure receives support from the fact that these ridges are 
canalised in the case of forms which are just developing the 
spermathecal apparatus, and the peritoneal wall encapsuling 
them is still thin and devoid of muscle-fibres (Pl. XVIII. 
figs. 10k & 107). The more complete organisation of the 
peritoneal investment into the atrial pouch must synchronise 
with the degeneration of the tubes into incomplete ridges. 
The Nephridial System.—The vesicle in this species is non- 
glandular, unlike the other examples described in this paper, 
and hence has the same structure as that described im 
D. grandis (Pl. XVI. fig. 5).. It is quite transparent, being 
composed of a few circularly disposed muscie-fibres, and, in 
the case of anterior somites in the front of the clitellum and 
even in some examples behind it, the vesicle opens by a broad 
circular aperture into the respective coelomic chamber. <A 
glandular vesicle is not, however, uncommon even in this 
species. and then they are white and perfectly opaque. The 
nephridial lobes and their relation to the other structures 
are so different in this and the other species described in 
this paper from the figure of D. grandis given by Bourne 
(pl. xxvil. fig. 42, Q. J. M. Sci. vol. xxxvi.), that a few words 
respecting the renal organs will not be inappropriate here. 
The two vesicles form nearly a complete ring round the 
alimentary canal, almost meeting dorsally, but extending 
only halfway veutrally below the intestine. From the lower 
half of its stem is given off the slightly coiled muscular duct, 
which runs outwards to open on the seta-line cd. Among 
the glandular lobes we recognize the twisted and the looped 
ones. ‘There are two of the former kind, one being longer 
than the other, both ventral to the alimentary canal, aud the 
Jonger twisted lubes on each side are ouly separated by 
the nerve-cord. ‘There are three looped lobes: two of them 
are in close relation to the sides of the alimentary canal on 
the inner side of the vesicle, and the third more or less 
attached to the muscular tube, and hence on the outer side 
of the vesicle. The funnel-tube enters the main glandular 
mass at the poimt where the inner looped and the twisted 
lobes diverge, and the duct of the funnel-tube also divides, 
entering respectively the two main divisions of the nephridial 
structure. In regard to the histological structure of the 
different parts, excepting the nephrostome, which is same as 


some new Species of Drawida. 933 


in D. somavarpatana, the nephridia of this species do not 
differ, from those of D. grandis, of which we have a most 
elaborate account by Bourne. 

The Nervous System.—Both the cord and the esophageal 
nerve-mass show the same disposition of the histological 
elements discussed under D. somavarpatana, and perhaps the 
only feature which distinguishes D, paradowxa is the absence 
of the large spherical central cells occurring in the internodes 
of the nerve-cord and also in esophageal nerve-mass.. This 
primitive character of the nervous system, associated with the 
presence of two pairs of testicular vesicles in two speciessof 
Drawida, is a morphological fact worth calling attention to. 

Locality. Madapur (Coorg, S. India), Hill forests, 3500 ft. 
Type in the British Museum, syntypes, with Prof. Dr. 
Michaelsen, Hamburg, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 
and the Central College, Bangalore. 


REFERENCES TO LITERATURE. 
Buat, K. N. Coe “On ‘the Nephridia of Indian Earthworms.”’ 
.J.M.S ae 8.) vol. Ixiv. part i. 

Bepparp, F. E. (1886.) ““ Notes on some Earthworms from Ceylon 

and the Philippine Islands.” Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (5) vol. xvii. 
OO: 

—. (1888.) “Preliminary Note on the Nephridia of Pertcheta.” 

Proce. Roy. Soc. vol. xlii. p. 309, 

» (1895,) ‘A Monograph of the Order Oligocheta.’ Oxford. 

Benuam, W. B. (1891.) “The Nephridium of Zembricus and its 
Blood- -supply; with Remarks on the Nephridia in other Cheetu- 
poda.” Q. J. M.S. (n. s.) vol. XXXxii. p- 298. 

—. (1893.) “On Moniliyaster indicus.” Q.J. M.S. (n.s.) vol. xxiv. 

. 861, 

Bachinee A.G. (1886.) “Preliminary Notice of Karthworms from the 
Nilgiris and Shevaroys.” P. Z. 5. p. 662. 

—. (1891.) “On Meguscolex ceruleus Temp. from Ceylon; together 
with a Theory of the Course of the Blood in Earthworms.” 
Q. J. M.S. (n. s.) vol. xxxii. p. 49. 

——. (1894.) “On Moniligaster grandis, A. G. B., from the Nilgiris, 
S. India, together with es of other Species of the Genus 
Moniligaster.” Q. J. M.S. (nu. s.) vol. xxxvi. p. 807. 

——., (1894.) “On certain Points in the Development and Anatomy 
of some Earthworms.” Q. J. M.S. (nu. s.) vol. xxxvi. p. 11. 
Dauteren, U., and Kepner, W. A. (1908.) ‘£ Principles of Animal 

Histology.’ New York. 

Lanxesrer, KH. R. (1864.) “The Anatomy of the Earthworm.” 
Q. J. M.S. (nm. 8.) vol. iv. p. 258. 

Micuarisen, W. (1897.) “ Die aS alaie Ceylons.” Jahrb, 
Inst. Hamburg, xiv. Beih. 2, p. 157. 

—. (1900.) ‘Oligocheta (Das eensicly? 

—. (1907.) “ Neue Oligochiten von Vorder—Indien, Ceylon, Birma 
und den Andaman-Inseln” Jahrb, Anst. -Hamburg, xxiy. 

Beib. 2, p. 189. 

——, (1910.) “Die Oligochatenfauna der Vorderindisch-ceylonischen 

Region.” Abh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, xix. Band. 5 Heft, 


534 Mr. C. R. Narayana Rao on the Anatomy of 


Rarr, J. W. (1910.) “Contributions to our Knowledge of Victorian 
Earthworms. The Alimentary Canal.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 
vol. xxii. p. 244. 

SrrpHEnson, J. (1914.) “ Zoological Results of the Abor Expedition, 
Oligocheta.” Tec. Ind. Mus. vol. viii. p. 865. 

——. (1915.) “On some Indian Oligocheta, mainly from Southern 
India and Ceylon.’”’ Mem. Ind. Mus. vol. vi. p. 35. 

—. (1916.) “Ona Collection of Oligocheta belonging to the Indian 
Museum.” Ree. Ind. Mus, vol. xii. p. 299. 

—. (1917.) “On a Collection of Oligochzta from various Parts of 
India and Further India.” Ree. Ind. Mus. vol. xii. p, 353. 
Sweer,G. (1900.) “On the Structure of the Spermiducal Glands and 

© Associated Parts in Australian Earthworms.” Journ. Linn. Soe., 
Zool. vol, xxviii. p. 109. 
THapar, G.S. (1918.) “The Lymph-glands in the Genus Pheretima, 
with a Note on the Ceelomic Organ of Beddard.” Rec, Ind. Mus. 
vol. xv. p. 69. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PLATE XV. 


Fig. 1 A,B,C, D, and E represent the genital markings and orifices 
of D. somavarpatana, D. scandens, D. elegans, D. modesta, 
and D. paradoxa, respectively. 

Fig. 2 A,B, C, D, and E are the spermathecal apparatus of the species 
in the same order as in fig. 1. The atrial pouch in fig. D is 
contained in the septal wall 7/8. The pouches are cleared in 
acetic acid, so as to show the nature of the internal cavity. 

Fig. 3 a, b, ¢ represent the dissections of D. somavarpatana, D. 
scandens, and D. paradoxa. The septal deflections in the 
genital somites are a marked feature. 


Prats XVI. 


Fig. 4, The left half of two somites’ length of alimentary canal of young 
D. paradoxa, The anterior division shows the development 
of an enteric appendage and the second half contains a fully- 
developed appendage. A few of the multiplying cells have 
migrated to the tips of the muscle-fibres. The reflected 
membrane on the base of the appendage in the second half of 
the figure is the outer connective-tissue wall of the dorsal 
vessel. 

Fig. 5. An entire nephridium of D. paradora: at points a, b, and c the 
structure of the vesicle and the different lobes is indicated in 
optical section. 

Fig. 5a. An entire nephrostome of D. somavarpatana, examined in 
glycerine. ‘The secondary funnel is provided with stiff cilia. 

Fig. 6. Transverse section of the nerve-cord of D. somavarpatana. 

Fig. 6a. A length of one-half of the nerve-cord of the same species, 
washed in silver nitrate and stained in methylin-blue, 
illustrating the mode of dendritic connections. Hach nerve 
is composed of 8 to 10 fibres, of which only two are shown in 
the figure. The relative positions of the different nerve-cells 
and their dendritic connections have been drawn through 
Spencer Lens camera lucida, x 75. 


Prep Ahi bate be ae 


RAO. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Vol.VH, Pl. XV. 


C.R.N. del. 


RAO. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 8S. 9, Vol. VI. Pl. XVI. 


> 
v3¢ 


CreiNedel: 


RAO. Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. 8. 9. Vol. VI. Pl. XVI 


3 


C.R.N. del. 


RAO. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Mist. S. 9. Vol.VI. Pl. XVII 
y 
ie Be 


# 


Q- 


some new Species of Drawida. 535 


PratE XViIE 


Fig. 7. Vertical section of skin of D. somavarpatana through the seta- 
follicle, showing the group of tall sensory cells which form 
the white papillze round the seta (ad), 

Fig. 8. Vertical section through prostomium of D. somavarpatana, 
showing groups of two kinds of sensory cells. The nerve- 
ae in both preparations have been picked up by methylin- 

lue. 

Fig. 9. Vertical section of skin of D. scandens. 

Fig. 10. Transverse section of the egg-sac of D. somavarpatana. 

Fig. 10a, A teased preparation of the spherical testicular vesicle of 
D. somavarpatana. 

Fig. 10. Transverse section of the tubular testicular sac of D. somavar- 
patana. 


PrLrate XVIII. 


Fig. 10 c. Vertical section of the double testicular sac of D, scandens, 
showing their attachment to the septum 9/10. 

Fig. 10d. A sectional preparation of the ampulla of D. elegans. 

Fig. 10e. An entire ampulla of D. scandens, cleared and stained 
(hematoxylin). 

Fig. 10 f. Transverse (a portion) section of the ectal end of the atrial 
pouch of D. somavarpatana. 

Fig. 10 g. Section across the ental end of the same. 

Figs. 10 4, 102. Section (a portion) across the atrial pouches of an adult 
and a young DV. paradova; in the latter the ridge appears 
as a tube, the canal of which is obliterated in the former. 

Fig. 107. A portion of the transverse section of the prostate of 
D. somavarpatana at the ectal end. 


Lettering. 


amp., ampulla; amp.c., ampulliform mucous cells; a.s. albumin 
space; at., arterial twig; 0.¢., basement-tissue; 6.v., blood-vessel; e.c., 
ccelomo- and hemocytes; c.c.’, central cell; ¢.ep. and c.mes., ccelomic 
epithelium; c.g., cutaneous gland; e.m., circular muscle-tibres ; c.m.', 
membranous capsule; c.p. and cut., cuticular layer; cl.ov., ovarian 
chamber; ch.,chitinous layer ; ch.’, chromation fibres ; cop.p., copulatory 
pouch ; cor., cortical layer; d., dendrites; d.p., dorsal pore; d.v., dorsal 
vessel ; ¢.s., exg-sac ; em., epithelial membrane ; en.a., enteric appendage; 
ep.c., epithelial cells; f., funnel; f’, fibrille ; fc, filiform cells (associated 
with the sense of movement); f.o., female opening; /f¢., funnel-tube ; 
g.mus., genital muscle; giz., gizzard; g.f., giant fibres; g/.c., club-shaped 
cells; gl.ep., glandular epithelium; gr. and gr.m., granules and granular 
matrix; z.c., undifferentiated cells; 7., intestinal wall ; i./., inner looped 
lobe; f.s., hayaline space; /.m., lining membrane of seta-follicle; 1.4.2. 
longer twisted lobe; m. and m.f., muscles; m.c., marginal cell; mg.f,, 
marginal nerve-fibres ; .7., muscles of the intestine ; m., layer of mega-~ 
cytes (trophocytes) ; m.m., metamorphosing muscles arranged like the ribs 
of a fan; m.o., male opening; m./., muscular tube; mf.c., motor cells; 
m.w., mesenterial wall; »., nuclei of syncytial cells; n.e., nucleolus ; 
n.p., nucleoplasm ; o/., incipient trophocytes ; op.c.g., opening of cuta- 
neous gland ; of¢/., outer looped lobe; ov., ova and ovary ; ovd., oviduct ; 
out.ep., outer epithelial cells; p., perceptory processes; p.c., sensory 
processes of tactile cells; p.c.’, proliferating peritoneal cells ; p.c.", paired 


536 Mr. O. Thomas on 


cells; per., peritoneum; pyr.c., pyramidal cells; s.c., sensory cells; 
s.d.g., spermiducal gland (prostate); sep., septum 7/8; sept. and 
sept.m., septal membrane ; sf, secondary funnel ; s.f.’, seta-follicle; sh., 
connective-tissue sheath round the dorsal vessel; s.0., spermathecal 
opening; sp.5., sperm-blasts; sp.c., spherical cells; sp.d., spermiduct ; 
sp.m., sperm-morula ; sp.s., sperm-sac; st./., shorter twisted lobe ; ¢.6., 
tigroid bodies; tc., testis-cells; v., vesicle ; y.c., yolk-cells; y.sp., yolk- 
p atelets. 


LI.—Notes on the Species of Notomys, the Australian 
Jerboa-rats. By OLDFIELD ‘l'HOMAS, 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE interesting jerboa-rats forming the genus Votomys have 
long been in a state of considerable confusion as regards the 
species that exist, or, rather, have existed; for it is to be 
feared that few of them still survive, except in the centre 
and north of the continent. 

When Central Australia was being explored under the 
direction of Prof. Baldwin Spencer, a certain number of 
specimens were obtained, and Mr. Waite published some 
valuable notes on these*. He formed on them the groups 
Podanomalus and Thylacomys (which he afterwards renamed 
Ascopharynz) ; but, as I have elsewhere T shown, these names 
should be merged in the earlier Notomys of Lesson. 

The throat-pouch described by Mr. Waite appears to be 
present in most if not all of the species, and would seem to 
be a skin-gland, such as many rodents, bats, and marsupials 
possess in a similar situation. Its use is probably of a 
sexually attractive nature, and I cannot at all accept the 
suggestion of Mr. Waite that the pouch might be of use for 
storing food, as is the case with the American Geomyide and 
the European Hamsters. Its structure and general appearance 
seem to me to preclude any such possibility. 

The two main causes of the confusion that exists as to the 
species are, firstly, the publication by Gray of several names 
without descriptions, and, secondly, the fact that Gould, who 
had an excellent huntey’s knowledge of the forms dealt with, 
knew nothing and gave no descriptions of the skulls, by 
which alone the species can be satisfactorily determined. 

The following notes are based on a study of the series in 
the British Museum, which contains specimens obtained by 

* P. Roy. Soe. Victoria, (2) x. pt. i. p. 117 (1898). 
+ Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (7) xvii. p. 83 (1906), 


the Australian Jerboa-rats. 5ot 


Sturt, Mitchell, and the earlier explorers, but, sad to say, 
comparatively few recent examples, as these interesting 
animals seem to have become very rare, if not altogether 
extinct, in the more inhabited parts of Australia. The types 
of all the species, except mitchellt and, if a Notomys, conditor’, 
are in the Museum collection. 


1. Notomys longicaudatus, Gould. 
Hapalotis longicaudata, Gould, P. Z.S, 1844, p. 104; id. Mamm, Austr. 
iii, pl. viii. (1845). 

Largest of genus; hind foot about 45 mm. ; skull about 
39 mm. 

The usual dull brown aboveand greyish below. Tail very 
Jong, well tufted. Skull large, heavy, with large well-open 
palatal foramina and large bulle. Upper molar series 
6°5 mm. 

Hab. Western Australia. Typical specimens from Moore’s 
River, collected by Gilbert for the Gould Collection, A 
third specimen received in the Tomes Collection. 


Type (lectotype). Female. B.M. no. 44. 7. 9. 15, 


2. Notomys sturti, sp. n. 


A long-tailed species, rather smaller than N. longicaudatus. 

Proportions about as in dongieaudatus, though the feet are 
relatively larger. Colour apparently about as in that species, 
but the only specimen has had the distal part of the fur 
singed off, so that the exact shade cannot be described. Feet 
very slender. 

Skull apparently similar to that of N. longicaudatus, but 
smaller in all dimensions. There is, however, no evidence as 
to the size of the bulle. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— 

Head and body 182 mm.; tail 200; hind foot 45, 

Skull: back of frontals to tip of nasals 25°6 (in NV. longi- 
caudatus 28°5); nasals 13:8; interorbital breadth 6°5; 
palatilar length 16°3; palatal foramina 8x 2°3; upper molar 
series 5'8. 

Hab. Interior of New South Wales in the Lower Darling 
region. ‘Type “captured in the Coonbaralba Range about 
85 miles from Laidley’s Pouds.” This would appear to be 
in what is now Farnell Country. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 46. 5.14.43. Collected 
July 1845, and presented by Capt. Charles Sturt, in whose 
honour | have thought it might suitably be named. 


538 Mr. O. Thomas on 


This interesting specimen is one of the remains of Capt. 
Sturt’s famous expedition of 1844-45 into Central Australia. 
Rats of this genus are frequently mentioned in the course of 
his Narrative,’ and were said to be then excessively common. 
But I have not been able to find any reference which can be 
certainly assigned to this particular animal. 

The species is readily recognizable by its long tail and 
other resemblances to N. longicaudatus, combined with its 
markedly smaller size. 

“ A rat like a diminutive kangaroo, called Talamba by the 
natives.”—C. Sturt. 


3. Notomys gould’, Gould. 


The synonymy of this species almost defies elucidation, 
owing to Gould’s misdeterminations, to Gray’s publication of 
names without descriptions, and to the belated publication 
of the plates of the ‘ Hrebus’ and ‘ Terror’ in 1875, though 
they were quoted by other authors farearlier. The following 
appears to be an approximation to the truth :— 

Hapalotis gouldi, Gray, Grey’s Journ. ii., Appendix, p. 404 (1841) 


(nomen nudum). 
Id. List Mamm. B.M. p. 116 (1843) (nom. nud.). 


Hapalotis mitchell, Gould, Mamm. Austr. ili. pl. ix. (1845), W. Aus- 
tralia; nec Dipus mitchell, Og. Specimen B.M. no, 7. 1. 1. 1385 
received with the ‘l’omes Collection. 


Hapalotis gouldi, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 127 (nom. nud.). 

Id. Mamm. Austr, 111, Introduction, p. xxxv (1863). “ H. gouldi 
of Gray will be the correct designation of the animal I have 
called H. mitchelli.” 

Hapalotis richardsoni, Gray, Voy. ‘ Erebus’ and ‘Terror,’ Mammals, 
p. 12d, pl. xxviii, fig. 2 (1875). Swan River. Type, B.M. 
no. 48. 8. 21. 3. 

Notomys gouldi, Thos, P. Z. 8. 1906, p. 767. 


Hab. Western Australia (Salt R., Dwaladine, Stockpool, 
Albany). 

Type, Beno. Feil bkeo. 

Size rather small; hind foot about 36 mm.; skull attaining 
32-5 mm. in greatest length. Palatal foramina and choane 
harrow. 

The common West-Australian species, found in some 
numbers there by Shortridge in 1906. 


4. Notomys macrotis, sp. n. 


Hapalotis macrotis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. B.M. p. 171 (1862) 
(nom. nud.); Gould, Mamm. Austr. i., Introd. p. xxxv (1863) (nom. 
nud.). 


Very similar to WV. gouldi, but larger, the hind foot about 


the Australian Jerboa-rats. 539 


40 mm., the skull some 2 or 3 mm. larger than in that 
animal. Fur rather coarser. Colour apparently similar. 
Interorbital space comparatively broad. Palatal foramina 
large, open, about 2°6 mm. in breadth as compared with 18 
in gouldi. Choane also markedly broader, nearly 3 mm, in 
breadth. Orthodont ; incisive index of type 68°. 

Dimensions of type: _ 

Head and body (as aaivalls stuffed) 118 mm.; tail (im- 
perfect) ; hind foot 40°5 ; ear 26. 

Skull: upper length from back of parietals 30; length of 
nasals 125; interorbital breadth 6:1; palatilar length 14; 
palatal foramina 6°5 x 2°6 ; upper molar series 5°5. 

Hiab. “Interior of Western Australia, on Moore’s River.” 

Type. Adult skin with imperfect devil. B.M. no. 44.7.9. 14, 
the skull formeriy registered as 44.10.15. 2. Collected by _ 
Jolin Gilbert, and received with the Gould Collection. 

This species was rightly distinguished by Gray from 
LV. gouldi, but never described. I use, however, the suitable 
name he selected for it. 

It is readily distinguishable by its large and open palatal 
foramina, 

Two specimens of it are in the Museum. One, the type, 
has its skull comparatively perfect, the back of the brain-case 
only being gone. In the other, a skin also received in the 
Gould Collection, the middle portion of the skull is alone 
present, but this is enough to show the characteristic palatal 
foramina and choane. 


5. Notomys mitchelli, Og. 
Dipus mitchelli, Ogilb. Trans. Linn, Soc. xviii. p. 180 (1841). 


Size comparatively small, the hind foot abont 33 mm., the 
skull about 30 mm. in total length. Colour fawn above, 
whitish below. Tail long, pencilled, bicolor. 

Skull of average Murine proportions. Palatal foramina 
rather small. Choane not specially widened. Bulle rather 
large. Incisors markedly opisthodont, the incisive index 
about 54°, 

Hab. Interior of Australia, ranging over a wide area from 
the Northern Teritory (Alroy), through Central Australia 
(Killalpanima, Lake Eyre), to Western New South Wales. 
Type-locality Reedy Plains, near the junction of the Murray 
and Murrumbidgee. 

Type in the Sydney Museum. 

‘The common species over the greater part of Central and 
Northern Australia. Distinguished by its opisthodont incisors 
and narrow choane. 


540 On the Australian Jerboa-rats. 


The following appears to be (or, more probably, to have 
been) a definable subspecies of NV. mitchelli :— 


5a. Notomys mitchelli macropus, subsp. n. 

Essential characters of true mitchell, but the feet longer 
and the fur longer and thicker; hairs of back about 8-9 mm. 
General colour more bluey-grey, not so brown as in mitchell; 
the type, however, considerably faded. Under surface whitish 
with slaty bases. Feet more thickly haired than in mitchell, 
white. ‘Tail well-haired, pencilled, prominently bicolor. 

Skull of type, so far as remains, as in mitchell. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— 

Head and body 120 mm.; tail 153; hind foot 37; ear 
(wet) 26. 

Skull: nasals 11°33; interorbital breadth 5:1; palatilar 
length 14; palatal foramina 6°2 ; upper molar series 5:1. 

Hab. South Australia—believed to be Kangaroo Island. 

Type. Adult. B.M. no. 55. 12. 34. 361. Collected by 
Dr. J. B. Harvey, who then lived in Kangaroo Island, and 
presented by him in 1841 to the Zoological Society’s Museum. 
One specimen only. 


6. Notomys aquilo, sp. n. 


A small pale species with thin fur. 

Size slightly less than in mitchell. Fur thin, poor, not 
woolly. General colour pale sandy brown above, white 
below, the hairs white to their bases. A well-marked neck- 
gland present in the type. Feet thinly haired, flesh-coloured. 
T'ail sandy brown, not conspicuously bicolor proximally. 

Skull delicately built.  Interorbital region flat, more 
parallel-sided than usual, less quickly broadening posteriorly. 
Lacrymal bones unusually large in the type, though this may 
be mainly due to age. Palatal foramina fairly large, well 
open. Anterior end of mesopterygoid fossa narrow, parallel- 
sided. Molarssmall. Incisors more or less orthodont, index 
of type 70°. : 

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— 

Head and body 108 mm.; tail (imperfect); hind foot 
(wet) 35; ear (wet) 16. 

Skull: back of parietals to front of nasals 26°3 ; nasals 11-2; 
interorbital breadth 5°2; palatilar length 13:2; palatal 
foramina 5°8; breadth of mesopterygoid fossa anteriorly 1°6 ; 
upper molar series 5. 

Hab. Cape York, N. Queensland. 

Type. Old male with worn teeth. B.Ms mos67, 971i 
Purchased of the dealer Higgins; collected by J. T. Cockerell. 


On Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum. 541 


This small northern species has the orthodont incisors of 
cervinus and the narrow choanee of mitchelli, but is clearly 
distinct from both. It seems to be the only Notomys that 
occurs on the eastern coast of Australia, all the others being 
from west of the Dividing Range. 


7. Notomys cervinus, Gould. 
Hupalotis cervinus, Gould, P, Z. 8. 1851, p. 127. 


Size small; colour usually pale. Skull of about the size of 
that of N. mitchell, but the palatal foramina larger and more 
open, the mesopterygoid fossa broader anteriorly, the bull 
smaller and the incisors orthodont, index about 73° to 77°, 
those of N. mitchellé being decidedly opisthodont. 

Hab. The desert-region of Central Australia. Type from 
about 29° 6’ S., 141° E. 

Type (lectctype). B.M. no. 53.10.22.7. Collected 26th 
March, 1845, by Capt. Charles Sturt. From the Gould 
Collection, 

This species and YY. mitchelli occur together over a large 
area of Central Australia, and are often found in the same 
localities. 


Finally, Gould’s ‘‘ Hapalotis conditor” is possibly a 
member of this genus, but there is no specimen of it in the 
British Museum, and species belonging to several genera 
were included in what he called “ //apalotis.” 

There is, however, the skull of a quite distinct Notomys in 
the collection, but, pending the discovery of any authentic 
specimen of conditor, I will neither definitely assign it to that 
species, nor, on the other hand, describe it as new. 


Fos Arthropods in the British Museum.—V Il. 
By 'l’. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado. 


A New lot of Burmese amber, presented to the Museum by 
Mr. Swinhoe, contains only one insect which I am prepared 
to describe, though there is a very interesting Psychodid fly 
which I hope Mr. Edwards will find time to investigate. 
The one insect is, however, of unusual interest, being a bee. 
It is closely allied to a species occurring in Sicilian amber, 
which is Middle Miocene. ‘lhe other fossils now described 
are from the Gurnet Bay Oligocene. 


542 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods 


HEMIPTERA. (HETEROPTERA.) 
Celantia (?) seposita, sp.n. (Tingidide.) (Fig. 1.) 


Tegmina or elytra rather narrow, 2.9 mm. long, formed 
nearly as in Celantia vagans, Distant, but with the anterior 
costal region flattened, with one less row of cells. As pre- 
served it is reddish, but this may be due to an iron stain. 


Fig. 1. 


Celantia(?) seposita, sp. n. 


Gurnet Bay Oligocene, Isle of Wight, Hooley 134. 

Hooley 572 is the same species. 

This is not like any British species of to-day, and while it 
probably is distinct from the Oriental genus Celantia, the 
differences are rather insignificant. 

Tingis quinquecarinata, Berendt, from Baltic amber, is 
entirely different. It does not appear to belong to the 
Florissant genus Eotingis, to which it has been referred. 
The tegmina agree in character with those of the genus 
Phatnoma, Fieber, but the thorax differs. 


Lygeites amabilis, sp.n. (Lygeide.) (Fig. 2.) 
Tegmen somewhat over 2 mm. long, beautifully marked, 
as shown in the figure. ‘The corium has white marks on a 
black ground; the membrane is light reddish brown, with 
four curved, broad, white lines. 
Gurnet Bay Oligocene, Isle of Wight, Hooley 1398. 
I place this in Lygeites, a name devised for fossil Lygeids 
of uncertain generic position, because I do not like to propose 
a new genus from the tegmen alone. The markings on the 


in the British Museum. 543 


corium show a certain resemblance to those of Polyerates, 
while those on the membrane can be seen suggested, much 
more faintly, in Ligyrocoris. 


Lygeites amabilis, sp. n. 


There is a slight superficial resemblance to the Reduviid 
eenus Prostemma, species of which I saw in the British 
Museum. 

— Similar markings on the membrane are faintly shown in 
Zeridoneus costalis (Van Duzee). 


Lygeites acourti, sp.n. (Lygewide?.) (Fig. 3.) 


Width 4 mm.; length of scutellum 3°2 mm.; base of 
scutellum to apex of membrane 7°5 mm. 

Scutellum coarsely but not very densely punctured, the 
punctures on disc more or less in transverse rows, those near 


Lygeites acourti, sp. n. 


the sides denser and coarser; a pair of oblique, more or less 
semilunar, pale bands, their concave faces directed toward 
lateral margins ; corium punctured, with inner margin, next 
to scutellum, pallid ; several more or less evident round pale 
spots, a pair at each side of apex of scutellum, nearly midway 
between it and outer margin; one in middle line, nearly 


2 mm. beyond end of scutellum ; one on each side, laterad of 


544 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell on Fossil Arthropods 


and a little posterior to’ this ; and one marginal. The mem- 
brane is dark, with fine parallel veins connected by cross- 
veins. 

Gurnet Bay Oligocene (Brodie collection). I. 8658. 

The scutellar markings recall those of Gdancala dorsalis 
(Say), but what can be seen of the membrane suggests a 
Coreid rather than a Lygeid. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


Meliponorytes (?) devictus, sp. n. (Meliponide.) 
(Fig. 4.) 

? .—Length about 5:7 mm. 

Robust, black, the abdomen brownish, mandibles ferrugi- 
nous ; anterior tarsi and smal] joints of the others ferruginous. 
Hyes red, not hairy; head broad; ocelli large and distinet, 
in a curve on vertex ; antennee considerably below middle of 
eyes, 12-jointed, scape long, curved; second joint moderately 
elongate ; flagellum thick, rather short; mesothorax elevated, 
distinctly gibbous in front ; scutellum convex, with a poste- 
rior projecting edge; head and thorax almost hairless, but 


Meliponorytes (?) devictus, sp. n. Hind leg. 


there are scanty hairs on thorax above and rather long hairs 
on apical part of scutellum ; femora robust ; tibia robust, the 
posterior ones broadened and flattened, but less so than in 
Trigona ; hind basitarsi large ; abdomen short and obtuse, 
not hairy. Wings clear hyaline, with very large pale ferru- 
ginous stigma; marginal uervure apparently failing to reach 
wing-margin. Claws simple, pulvilli distinct. 

In a bead of clear pale Burmese amber from the Hukong 
Valley, received from Mr. R. C.J. Swinhoe. Brit. Mus. 
In. 20702. 

The details of the venation cannot be seen until the amber 
is suitably cut, but the insect appears to agree very well with 


in the British Museum. 545 


the genus JMelipencrytes, Tosi, from Sicilian amber. It is 
larger than AZ. succini, Tosi, and the stigma is more robust 
(less lanceolate), but the structure of the head, anterior legs, 
thorax, and many other features agree. The upper section 
of the basal nervure is directed downward as in JZ, succint. 
One hind tibia is surrounded by a whitish mass, which may 
have been pollen. The abdomen shows no trace of a ventral 
scopa. ‘Tle cutting-edge of tle mandibles appears to be 
quite simple. 

This bee can be regarded as directly ancestral to modern 
Trigona, which abounds to-day in the tropics of both hemi- 
spheres, 


Polybia oblita, sp. n. (Vespide.) (Fig. 5.) 


Thorax a little over 5 mm. broad ; anterior wing, from 
base to stigma, 14 mm.; length of basal nervure 8 mm.; 
length of hind wing about 12 mm. 

Venation «as shown in figure. 


Fig. 5. 


Polylia oblita, sp. nu. 


Oligocene of Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight (a’ Court Smith). 
On a piece of rock, about 5 mm. from a fragment of Zypha. 
Brit. Mus. In. 20530, and the reverse In. 17166. 

The acute basal angle of first submarginal cell and the 
distinct arching of anal cell of hind wing indicate Polybia 
rather than Polistes. It is much larger than P. anglica, 
Ckll., already described from Gurnet Bay. 


ERRATA. 


In the fifth paper of this series [Ann. & Mag. N. H. (9) 
vii. 1921, p. 24] the smaller figure under Rhodites vetus is 
from a recent insect, and shows the morphology of the sub- 
marginal cell. In some of my earlier papers on the Gurnet 
Bay fossils I cited the British Museum numbers without the 
]. or In., which in every case should be prefixed. 


~ 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 30 


546 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


LITI.—New or little-known Tipulide (Diptera).— VII. Aus- 
tralasian Species. By Cuaries P. ALexanper, Ph.D., 
Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. 


Tue species of crane-flies discussed in this instalment are 
mainly from North Queensland, and were received through 
the kindness of Mr. Alan P. Dodd and Dr. James F. 
Illingworth. Mr. Edwards has sent me for study a few 
specimens from Fiji, presented by the Imperial Bureau of 
Entomology, and a few additional species from Tasmania. 
I am very deeply indebted to the above-named gentlemen 
for the privilege of studying these specimens. ,The types are 
preserved in the collection of the writer, except where stated 
to the contrary. 


Dicranomyia (Thrypticomyia) microstigma, sp. nu. 

General coloration dark brown ; vertex silvery grey ; legs 
dark brown, the tarsi white, the basal third of the metatarsi 
dark brown ; wings nearly hyaline, very slightly darkened 
apically ; stigma very small; Se short, Sc, terminating a 
distance before the origin of Rs that is approximately as 
long as the basal deflection of Cu. 

Female.—Length about 5°5 mm. ; wing 5 mm. 

Rostrum obscure yellowish testaceous ; palpi dark brown. 
Antenne dark brown, the terminal pedicels of the flagellar 
segments conspicuous, nearly one-half as long as the basal 
enlargement. Head with the vertex clear silvery grey. 

Mesonotum brown, the humeral regions and _ lateral 
margins of the prescutum slightly paler. Pleura obscure 
brownish yellow. MHalteres elongate, brown. Legs with 
the coxze and trochanters testaceous ; femora and tibize dark 
brown; tarsi white, the basal third or slightly less of the 
metatarsi dark brown. Wings nearly hyaline, the apex 
beyond cell Ist Md, very faintly clouded; stigma small, 
brown ; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc very short for a 
mhember of this subgenus, Sc; ending far before the origin 
of Rs, the distance being as long as or longer than the basal 
deflection of Cu, ; Sco some distance from the tip of Se,, the 
latter alone from one-half to two-thirds the basal deflection 
of Cu,; Rs strongly arcuated to subangulate at origin ; 
supernumerary cross-vein in cell Sc, rather indistinct, slightly 
variable in position ; inner end of the elongate cell Tet M, 
about in alignment with the inner end of cell Rs; ; cell 
lst M, about as long as the longest veins issuing from it; 
basal deflection of Cu, beyoud mid-length of cell lst My. 


—* 


——— 


new or little-known Tipulidee. DAT 


Abdominal tergites dark brown; sternites greenish 
testaceous, 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 2° , Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet, 
April 1921 (A. P. Dodd). 

Paratype, 2, Gordonvale, March 1921 (A. P. Dodd). 

“ Holotype on tree-trunk ; paratype on spider-web.”’ 


Dicranomyia whitei, sp. nu. 

General coloration dark brownish black, the thoracic 
pleura pruinose; wings nearly hyaline, the stigma con- 
spicuously dark brown ; Sc; ending a short distance beyond 
the origin of Rs; abdomen dark brown, this colour including 
the hypopygium. 

Male.—Length about 6°5 mm. ; wing 8 mm. : 

Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antenne 
brownish black throughout; flagellar segments oval, be- 
coming more elongate toward the end of the organ. Head 
brownish grey. ; 

Thorax very deep, the mesonotum unusually convex and 
gibbous. Mesonotal prescutum dark brownish grey, with- 
out distinct stripes, the median area more brownish, these 
passing into grey on the sides of the sclerite ; remainder of 
the mesonotum more pruinose. Pleura dark with a grey 
pruinosity. Halteres not unusually elongated, dark brown, 
obscure yellow at base. Legs with the coxe brown ; tro- 
chanters obscure yellow; remainder of the legs broken. 
Wings nearly hyaline ; stigma conspicuous, dark brown ; 
veins dark brown. Venation: Se, ending a short distance 
beyond the origin of Rs, Sc, far from the tip of Sc,, the 
latter alone only a little shorter than the basal deflection 
of Cu,; Rs gently arcuated,.about twice the deflection of 
R,,,; cell lst M, closed; basal deflection of Cu, at the 
fork of M. 

Abdomen dark brown, including the hypopygium. Male 
hypopygium with the ventral pleural appendage very large, 
dark brown, the rostriform appendage on the inner face 
reddish brown, provided with two spines; dorsal pleural 
appendage comparatively small, gently arcuated, terminating 
in a long straight point, 

Hab. Tasmania. 

Holotype, 3, Mangalore, September 25,1912 (A. White). 

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural 
History). 

This species is dedicated to the collector, the late Mr. 
Arthur White. 

30* 


548 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


Dicranomyia cairnensis, sp. n. 


Mesonotal przscutum obscure yellow, the median area 
broadly shiny brownish black ; a dorsal brown pleural 
stripe; wings tinged with brown; stigma a little darker 
brown, small, subcireular; Sc long, cell lst M, closed. 

Male.—Length (excluding head) 4 mm.; wing 5 mm. 

Head broken in the type. 

Mesonotal preescutum shiny obscure yellow, the median 
area broadly shiny brownish black ; remainder of the meso- 
notum crushed in the type, appearing to be almost uniform 
brown, the scutellum a little paler. Pleura whitish testa- 
ceous, the dorsal region infuscated to produce a brown, 
dorsal, longitudinal stripe. Halteres brown. Legs with 
the coxee and trochanters pale whitish testaceous ; femora 
dark brown ; remainder of the legs broken. Wings with a 
strong brown tinge; stigma small, subcircular, dark brown ; 
veilus dark brown. Venation: Se long, Sc; ending about 
opposite four-fifths the length of the long Rs, Sc. at its 
extreme tip; Rs arcuated at origin ; cell lst M, relatively 
small, closed, pentagonal ; basal deflection of Cu, immedi- 
ately before the fork of M. 

Abdomen dark brown, the sternites a little paler. Male 
hypopygium with the pleurites moderately stout, the pleural 
appendage of each side produced proximad into a long, 
slender, chitinized arm, the tips decussate across the median 
line ; penis-guard yellow. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 3, Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet, 
April 1921 (A. P. Dodd). 

«« Ex scrub.” 

Dicranomyia cairnensis bears a considerable resemblance 
to D, sedata, Alex. (North Queensland), differing chiefly in 
the wing-pattern and structure of the hypopygium. 


Dicranomyia amicula, sp. n. 


General coloration pale brownish yellow; legs light 
yellow, the terminal tarsal segments darkened; wings nearly 
hyaline, stigma pale brown; Sc long; cell lst M, open by 
the atrophy of the outer deflection of M3. 

Female.—Length 3°6 mm.; wing 4°2 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi light brown. Antenne brown ; 
flagellar segments oval. Head grey. 

Mesonotum obscure yellow, the median area of the pre- 
scutum brown; scutum and postnotum sparsely pruinose ; 


new or little-known Tipulidee. 549 


scutellum yellowish apically. Pleura whitish, more plum- 
beous on the mesepisternum. Halteres pale, the knobs a 
little darker. Legs with the cox and trochanters pale ; 
remainder of the legs light yellow, only the terminal tarsal 
segments infuscated. Wings nearly hyaline ; stigma short- 
oval, pale brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc long, 
Se, ending about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs, Sc, 
close to its tip; Rs straight, slightly bent near the extreme 
base ; cell 1st M, open by the atrophy of the outer deflec- 
tion of M;; basal deflection of Cu, about one-third its length 
beyond the fork of M/. 

Abdomen light brown; sternites more yellowish. Ovi- 
positor with the valves yellowish horn-colour ; bases of the 
sternal valves conspicuously blackened. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 2 , Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet, 
April 1921 (4. P. Dodd), 

hie scrub,” 


Dicranomyia opima, sp. n. 


General coloration dark brown; mesonotal prescutum 
light clove-brown ; pronotum and a narrow dorsal pleural 
line yellow ; front and anterior part of vertex silvery; wings 
faintly tinged with brown, heavily spotted with dark brown; 
Se very long. 

Male.—Length 4-5 mm. ; wing 4°8-6 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown 
throughout ; basal flagellar segments large, nearly globular, 
the segments gradually passing into oval-cylindrical toward 
the end of the organ; verticils long and conspicuous. Head 
brown ; front and anterior part of vertex conspicuously 
silvery white. 

Pronotum conspicuous light yellow. Mesonotal pre- 
scutum clear light clove-brown without markings, the lateral 
margins narrowly light yellow; remainder of mesonotum 
dark brown. Pleura dark brown, this including the pro- 
pleura ; dorsal pleural region narrowly yellow. Halteres 
dark brown, the base of the stem yellow. Legs with the 
fore coxz brown ; mid-coxz brown, the tips slightly yellow- 
ish; posterior coxe yellow ; trochanters yellowish testa- 
ceous; remainder of the legs brown. Wings with a faint 
brown tinge, heavily marked with dark brown as follows: a 
blotch before the pale arcular region ; bases of cells R and 
M occupied by a large blotch; large areas at origin of Rs, 
tip of 2, and at the ends of the anal veins ; a conspicuous 


550 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


band across the wing along the cord, extending from the 
end of vein Se to the end of Cu,; outer end of cell lst M, 
similarly seamed; wing-tip broadly darkened; a similar 
brown seam along vein Cu; veins dark brown. Venation: 
Se very long, Sc, ending beyond the fork of Rs, Sco at tip of 
Sc,; Rs very strongly arcuated at origin; r from one to one 
and one-half times its length from the tip of R,; cell 1st 
M, relatively large, closed; basal deflection of Cu, at the 
fork of M@; Cu, from two-thirds to four-fifths of the basal 
deflection of Cu,;; anal veins strongly curved proximad 
at tips. 

Abdominal tergites dark brownish black ; sternites black, 
the segments ringed caudally with yellowish or greyish; 
hypopygium dark. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 8, Gordonvale, Cairns District, January 1921 
(A. P. Dodd). 

Paratopotypes, 4 3 3. 

“On fungus in scrub.” 

Dicranomyia opima belongs to the peculiar group of the 
genus typified by the West African D. recedens, Alex., and 
D. recurvans, Alex., and the Sumatran D. trigonia (Edw.), 
The collector’s notes would suggest that the larve might be 
found in fungi. 


Limnobia emacerata, sp. n. 


General coloration yellow; thoracic pleura with a con- 
spicuous, longitudinal, brown stripe; legs brownish yellow 
throughout ; wings with a faint grey “tinge, stigma sub- 
circular, dark brow n; abdominal segments yellow, the apical 
half of the tergites dark brown; hypopygium yellowish. 

Male.— Length 5 mm. ; wing 6°3 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi yellow. Antenne dark brown through- 
out, flagellar segments oval. Head greyish brown; eyes of 
male large. 

Mesonotal prescutum yellow, the median area behind a 
little darkened ; scutum yellow, the scutal lobes suffused 
with brown; remainder of mesonotum yellow. Pleura 
yellow with a conspicuous, brown, longitudinal stripe begin- 
ning at the cervical sclerites, passing above the fore coxe and 
beneath the halteres to the base of the abdomen. Halteres 
pale, the base of the knob a little infuscated, the apices of 
the knobs conspicuously yellow. Legs with the coxe and 
trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs pale brownish 
yellow. Wings with a faint grey tinge; stigma subcircular, 


new or little-known Tipulide. 551 


dark brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Se long, Sc, 
ending about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs, Sc, at the 
tip of Sc,; Rs long, gently arcuated; r at the tip of R,; 
cell lst M, elongate, slightly widened distally ; m and the 
outer deflection of M3 subequal; basal deflection of Cu, a 
short distance beyond the fork of M ; Cuz a little shorter 
than the basal deflection of Cu. 

Abdominal tergites with the basal half of the segments 
obscure yellow, the apical half dark brown to give the organ 
an annulated appearance; sternites somewhat similar, but the 
colours less distinct; hypopygium and penultimate segment 
yellowish. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 3, Gordonvale, Cairns District, February 1921 
(A. P. Dodd). 

** Ex leaf in scrub.” 


Limnobia semiermis, sp. 0. 


General coloration yellow; mesonotal prescutum with 
three brown stripes; femora hght brown with a darker 
brown subterminal ring; wings subhyaline; stigma elongate, 
brown; Se long; abdominal segments- brown, the apical 
fourth of each segment yellow. 

Male.—Length 6°38 mm.; wing 8 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennz with the basal 
segment dark brown basally, the apical half pale brown 
flagellar segments dark brown, short-oval, each segment 
clothed with conspicuous white pubescence. Front narrow, 
light cream-yellow; vertex wea and obscure yellow 
interspersed. 

Pronotum yellow, dark brow medially. Mesonotal pre- 
scutum obscure yellow with three dark brown stripes; re- 
mainder of mesonotum brownish testaceous. Pleura yellowish 
testaceous, indistinctly variegated with darker. Halteres 
pale. Legs with the coxz and trochauters yellow; femora 
yellow basally, gradually passing into light brown; a con- 
spicuous brown subterminal ring preceded by a very indistinct 
pale annulus, the extreme tips very narrowly yellow; tibiz 
and tarsi light brown; posterior tibiz longer than the tarsi. 
Wings subhyaline, cells C and Se indistinctly yellow; 
stigma large, elongate, brown; origin of Rs and the cord 
very indistinctly seamed with pale brown; veins brown. 
Venation: Se long, S, ending nearly opposite 7r—-m, S, a 
short distance from the tip of 8,; Rs gently arcuated; r at 
tip of Jt, strongly angulated near mid-length ; deflection of 


aya) Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


R,,5 about equal to m; cell lst M, elongate, rectangular ; 
m arcuated, longer than the outer deflection of M;; basal 
deflection of Cu, at about two-fifths the length of cell lst Mg. 

Abdominal segments dark brown with about the apical 
quarter of each conspicuously yellow; hypopygium yellow. 
Male hypopygium armed with four partly chitinized appen- 
dages, the genital chamber open. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holatype, 3, Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 fect, 
April L921 (4. P. Dodd). 

‘ix leaf in scrub.” 


Limnobia (?) dactylolabis, sp. n. 


Antenne black; mesonotal preescutum obscure orange ; 
pleura whitish testaceous with two narrow brown longi- 
tudinal stripes; wings hyaline, stigma oval, dark brown; 
Sc, ending before mid- length of Rs ; ; cell Ls¢ M, closed; male 
hypopygium with a single pleural appendage appearing as a 
long, slender, curved, blackened rod. 

Male.—Leneth about 4°6 mm.; wing 5:2 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. “Antenne moderately 
elongate for a member of this genus; first segment pale, 
remainder of organ black ; flagellar segments oval with a 
short, shiny pedicel. Head brownish orange, darker 
adjoining the margin of the eyes. 

Pronotum orange-brown. Mesonotal prescutum obscure 
orange, unmarked; remainder of the mesonotum orange- 
brown. Pleura whitish testaceous with two narrow, brown, 
longitudinal stripes, the more dorsal passing beneath the 
root of the halteres, the ventral stripe occupying the sides of 
the mesosternum and extending from fore to the middle 
cox. Halteres long and slender, dark brown, the base of 
the stem paler. Legs with the coxe testaceous, the outer 
faces slightly infumed; trochanters testaceous; remainder 
of the legs broken. Wings hyaline; stigma small, oval, 
dark brown; veins dark brownish black. Venation: Se 
moderately long, Sc, ending before mid-length of Rs, Sc, 
some distance from its tip, S; alone about two-thirds the 
basal deflection of Cu,, a little longer than the first section 
of M,,,; fs long, strongly arcuated at origin; r at tip of 
A, and near two-fifths the length of R,,3; cell 1st M, closed, 
rather small, pentagonal ; basal deflection of Cu, at, or a 
short distance before, the fork of M; vein 2nd A close to 
the wing-margin, cell 2nd A being linear. 

Abdominal segments dark brown, paler caudally; basal 


new or little-known Tipulide. 553 


sternites more extensively pale. Male hypopygium with the 
pleurites broad-based, narrowed apically; a single pleural 
appendage that is longer than the pleurite, appearing as a 
pale broad base that narrows into a long, slender, black rod 
that is bent proximad. On the inner face of each pleurite 
is a small blunt lobe set with abundant sete. 

Hab. Fiji. 

Holotype, 3, Mountain, Lattoka, 11. 4. 1920 (Hl. Green- 
wood). 

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural 
History). 

Limnobia (?) dactylolabis is an aberrant member of the 
genus, and might well be considered as representing a 
distinct subgeneric group. 


Limnobia (2) teucholabina, sp. n. 


Head yellow; antenne obscure yellow, four intermediate 
flagellar segments dark brown ; mesonotal preescutum with 
three confluent obscure orange-yellow stripes; pleura dark 
brown; legs yellow, femora narrowly tipped with white and 
with a broad brown subterminal ring; wings subhyaline, 
sparsely spotted with brown, this including a series of spots 
along the margin at the ends of the longitudinal veins; Sc 
long, Sc, at the tip of Sc. 

Female.—Length 3°8 mm.; wing 4°3 mm. 

Rostrum a little pronounced, about two-thirds the 
remainder of the head ; rostrum and palpi black. Antenne 
apparently with fourteen segments ; basal flagellar segments 
obscure yellow, terminal two or three segments yellow, the 
four intermediate segments before this yellow apex con- 
spicuously dark brown. Head bright yellow, the centre of 
the vertex shrunken, apparently slightly darker in colour. 

Pronotum pale yellow. Mesonotal preescutum with three 
confluent obscure orange-yellow stripes, narrowly margined 
laterally with silvery ; humeral region and lateral margins 
obscure yellow; scutum obscure testaceous, the centres of 
the lobes brown ; scutellum obscure yellowish testaceous ; 
postnotum pale with two dark spots at the posterior margin. 
Pleura dark brown. Halteres brown, the knobs broken. Legs 
with the coxze dark brown, tlie tips conspicuously whitened; 
trochanters white ; femora yellow, the tips rather narrowly 
but conspicuously white ; a broad dark brown subterminal 
ring, about four times as broad as the pale apex ; tibie and 
tursi yellow, the terminal tarsal segments darkened ; tarsal 
claws long, simple ; empodia distinct. Wings subhyaline, 


554 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


sparsely spotted with brown ; a conspicuous brown area at 
the stigma, continued caudad along the cord as a seam ; 
a brown seam at m3; conspicuous brown spots at the wing- 
margin at the ends of veins R,,3, Ry,5, My, Mz, Cu, Cus, 
and the anal veins ; small brown spots at arculus, origin of 
Rs and Scy; veins pale yellow, brown in the infuscated areas. 
Venation: somewhat as in the genus Yeucholabis; Sc long, 
Sc, ending a little beyond mid-length of Rs, Sc, at the tip of 
S,; Rs long, gently arcuated; + about its length beyond 
the fork of Rs; R, beyond it about one-half of 7; deflection 
of R,,; feebly angulated at mid-length; R,,; and R,,; 
diverging at wing-margin, so cell R, is trumpet-shaped ; cell 
lst M, very long, longer than Rs or any of the veins beyond 
it; m less than one-half the outer deflection of M;; r—m on 
M,,, about its own length beyond the fork of M; basal 
deflection of Cu, just beyond the fork of M. 

Abdomen dark brown, the subterminal tergites con- 
spicuously yellow. Ovipositor with the valves yellow, 
flattened, upcurved to the acute tips. 

Hab. Fiji. 

Holotype, 2, Mountain, Lautoka, 11. 4.1920 (H. Green- 
wood). 

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural 
History). 

Limnobia (?) teucholabina is a species of very doubtful 
eenerie position. The type-specimen is a female in indif- 
ferent condition. Mr. Edwards had arranged the fly in the 
genus Teucholabis, which it resembles in a rather striking 
manner, but there seem to be but fourteen antennal segments. 
Until more material is available, it seems best to place this 
very interesting fly as an aberrant Limnobia, with the indi- 
cation that it will probably be found to represent a new 
generic or subgeneric group when more specimens come to 
hand. 


Libnotes subequalis, sp. n. 


General coloration yellow, pronotum and mesonotal pre- 
scutum with a median darker stripe ; tips of femora pale ; 
wings greyish yellow, the costal and stigmal regions more 
strongly yellowish; Rs short, straight, in alignment with 
the remaining elements of the cord; abdominal tergites 
bicolorous. 

Male.— Length 8 mm. ; wing 9 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne dark brown. Head 


a 


t 


new or little-known Tipulide. D956 


~ 


dark brown, narrowly yellowish silvery adjoining the margin 
of the eyes. 

Pronotum yellow, dark brown medially. Mesonctal 
preescutum with a narrow brown median stripe, the lateral 
margins broadly obscure yellow ; remainder of mesonotum 
sunshiny yellowish brown. Pleura reddish yellow. Halteres 
yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxe and 
trochanters testaceous ; femora brownish testaceous, passing 
into a darker subterminal ring, the apices narrowly obscure 
yellow; tibiz and tarsi brown, the terminal segments of the 
latter darker. Wings greyish yellow, cells C, Sc, 1st Sc, 
2nd Sc,, 1st R,, and along vein Cu strongly yellowish ; 
stigma and a seam along the supernumerary cross-vein in 
cell Sc, strongly seamed with brown; an indistinct and 
narrow infuscation along cord; veins brown. Venation : 
Sc short, Sc, extending to just beyond the fork of Rs, Sc, a 
short distance from the tip of Sc,, beyond the origin of Ks ; 
a supernumerary cross-vein in cell Sc, more than its length 
before 7; the veins forming the cord (Rs, deflection of Ry, ;, 
r—m, and deflection of M,,. all subequal in length) ; veins 
R,,3 and R,,; both turned strongly caudad beyond two- 
thirds their length; cell lst M, elongate, subrectangular ; 
m about one-half longer than deflection of M3; basal de- 
flection of Cu, before mid-length of cell lst M,. 

Abdominal tergites indistinctly bicolorous, the basal half 
of each segment dark brown, the broad caudal margin 
obscure yellow; sternites obscure brownish yellow. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, , Green hills near Cairns, December 7, 1920 
(J. F. Illing:corth). 

“In scrub on leaves near stream.” 

LIibnotes subequalis is closest to L. samoénsis, Alexander 
(Samoa), differing chiefly in the venational details, 2. e., the 
longer Sc,, short and straight Rs, position of the supernu- 
merary cross-vein in cell S¢e,, the small cell Ist A, and the 
stronger caudal deflection of the branches of the sector. 


Amphineurus minusculus, sp. ua. 


Size small (wing, ¢, under 4 mm.); head grey; thoracic 
pleura with two broad, brown, longitudinal stripes that 
enclose a slightly wider light grey area; knobs of the 
halteres whitish; femora and tibiz yellow ; wings tinged 
with brown, the macrotrichiz white and dark brown. 

Male.—Length 3-5 mm. ; wing 3°8 mm. 


556 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennz comparatively short 
for a member of this group, if bent backward not attaining 
the wing-root ; scapal segments brown, basal flagellar seg- 
ments obscure yellow ; intermediate segments indistinctly 
bicolorous, the basal half of eaeh segment being infuscated ; 
terminal flagellar segments uniformly infuscated; flagellar 
segments subcylindrical. Head dull grey. 

Mesonotum light greyish brown, unmarked. Pleura 
clear grey, bordered above and beneath by a broad, dark 
brown, longitudinal stripe, the dorsal stripe beginning at the 
cervical sclerites, passing above the root of the halteres to 
the abdomen; ventral stripe occupying the sides of the 
mesosternum ; the dark stripes only a little narrower than 
the grey stripe enclosed. Halteres dark brown, the base of 
the stem yellowish, the knobs whitish. Legs with the coxe 
pale, the basal half infuscated ; trochanters yellowish testa- 
ceous ; femora and tibiz yellow, the femoral bases a little 
darkened ; tarsi brown. Wings with a strong brown tinge, 
the stigmal region darkened; veins brown ; macrotrichize 
on wing-surface mostly pale, those along the cord, at origin 
of Rs and less distinctly elsewhere on wing dark brown, the 
effect produced being a very indistinct mottling. Venation: 
Se, ending opposite 7, Sc, immediately beyond the origin of 
Rs; R,,3 at a marked angle to the end of Rs, about twice 
as long as the deflection of R,,;; 7 immediately hefore the 
fork of Ro, 3. 

Abdomen light brown, the lateral margins of the tergites 
broadly and conspicuously velvety black; sternites pale 
brownish yellow. Male hypopygium large and complicated. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 8, Kuranda, Cairns District, altitude 1100 feet, 
April 1921 (A. P. Dodd). 


“ Bx scrub,” 


Gnophomyia gloria, sp. n. 


General coloration black with steel-blue reflections ; head ~ 


and thoracie pleura with a blue-grey bloom; legs dark 
brown, the bases of the tarsi yellow; wings dark brown, 
cross-banded with whitish hyaline, the extreme wing-tip 
narrowly darkened ; cell 1st M, sessile to short- petiolate. 

Male.—Length 4 4-5 mm.; wing 4°7-5 mm. 

Female.—Leugth 5°4-6:2 mm. ; wing 4°8-5°5 mm. 

Coloration generally similar in the two sexes, in this 
respect differing from the two other members of this group, 
G. jascipennis (Thoms.) and G. cyanoceps, Alex. 


new or little-known Tipulidee. 557 


Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antenne dark 
brown, first scapal segment pruinescent above; second 
scapal segment elongate-pyriform, pale basally. Head with 
a clear blue-grey pruinosity. 

Mesonotum black with brilliant steel-blue reflexions. 
Pleura with a shimmering blue-grey pruinosity. Halteres 
dark brown. Legs with the cox black, sparsely pruinose ; 
trochanters obscure yellow ; femora and tibiz dark brown, 
the former pale basally ; first and second segments of the 
tarsi obscure yellow, narrowly tipped with dark brown ; 
remainder of the tarsi dark brown. Wings dark brown, 
conspicuously cross-banded with whitish hyaline, these pale 
areas arranged as follows: Wing-base to the level of the 
arculus ; a large quadrate area in cells & and J before the 
origin of Rs, together with a similar but smaller isolated 
area near the outer end of cell 2nd A; a conspicuous band 
immediately before the cord, this extending entirely across 
the wing, although more yellowish in cell Sc,, of nearly 
equal width throughout ; the terminal band is lunate with 
the convexity lying distad, this band being close to the 
wing-apex, extending from cell R, through cell J/;; wing- 
tip in cells Ry, R3, R;,and 2nd Af, narrowly darkened; veins 
dark, paler in the white areas. Venation: Sc, ending about 
opposite mid-length of Rs, Sc, some distance from the tip of 
Sc,; Rs long, almost straight ; R,,3 about twice r—m ; cell 
Ist M, closed, comparatively small, rectangular; m very 
short to lacking, so cell 2nd MM, is narrowly sessile to short- 
petiolate ; basal deflection of Cu, at near two-fifths the 
length of cell lst My. 

Abdomen black with conspicuous blue and purple re- 
flexions. Valves of the rather elongate ovipositor reddish 
horn-colour. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 3, Gordonvale, Cairns District, February 1921 
(A. P. Dodd). 

Allotopotype, 2. 

Paratopotypes,6 g 9 January 1921,4 3 9 February 1921. 

“On foliage along edge of stream.” 


Gonomyia (Leiponeura) terre-regine, sp. nu. 


General coloration dark brown, variegated with yellow ; 
thoracic pleura striped brown and white; legs brown; wings 
rather broad, strongly tinged with greyish; Se long, Sc, 
near tip of Sc,; cell lst M, closed ; male hypopygium with 


558 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


two fleshy pleural appendages; gonapophyses and _ penis- 
guard forming a complicated mass that projects beyond the 
level of the pleural appendages. 

Male.—Length about 4 mm.; wing 4 mm. 

Rostrum whitish ; palpi brown. An‘enve dark brown ; 
flagellar segments elongate, clothed with a long erect 
pubescence and a few long verticils. Head dark grey. 

Pronotum white. Mesonotal prescutum dark brown 
with a sparse pollen ; scutal lobes dark brown, the median 
area and caudal margin of the lobes yellow ; scutellum dark 
brown anteriorly, broadly margined with light yellow; 
postnotum dark brown, sparsely. pruinose. Pleura with a 
broad white ventral stripe ; a conspicuous greyish-brown 
area on the mesepisternum, the mesepimeron pale. Meso- 
sternum brown, sparsely pruinose. Halteres pale brown, 
the extreme base of the stem paler. Legs with the coxz 
obscure yellow, the fore coxe and base of middle coxe 
darker ; trochanters brownish testaceous ; remainder of legs 
brown, the tips of the femora indistinctly darker. Wings 
rather broad, strongly tinged with greyish, the stigma very 
faintly indicated; veins brown. Venation: Sc of moderate 
length, Se; extending to about opposite two-fifths the length 
of the long sector, Se, a little more than its own length 
from the tip of Sce,; Rs long, straight, with four macro- 
trichize, only the extreme base arcuated; cell A; trumpet- 
shaped ; cell lst MM, closed ; basal deflection of Cu; imme- 
diately before the fork of J. 

Abdomen dark brown ; sternites paler. Male hypopygium 
with the pleurites stout, the caudo-lateral angles produced 
caudad into stout fleshy lobes; two pleural appendages, 
both pale; the largest appendage is fleshy, a little longer 
than the pleural lobe but more slender, the surface with a 
few strong setz, the tip with a very strong and powerful 
bristle ; second pleural appendage small, triangular or 
conical in outline. Penis-guard and gonapophyses forming 
a large complicated mass that projects beyond the level of 
the pleural appendages, the guard curved, the extreme tip 
running out into a spine, the apophyses forming a large 
shield at the apex, the angles produced laterad into obtuse 
triangular points. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, 3, Gordonvale, September 1920 (4A. P. Dodd). 

* Ex scrub, ¢ 

Gonomyia terre-regine is closest to the type of the sub- 
genus, G. (L.) skuset, Alex. (gracilis, Skuse, preoccupied), 
differing in the small size and broad wings. 


——— 


——————— 


or 
pte) 


new or little-known Tipulide. ay 


Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) media, sp. n. 


Male.—Length about 6 mm.; wing 5°3 mm. 

Belongs to the group of T. trentepohlig, in most of its 
characters intermediate between trentepohlie (Wied.) and 
speiseri (Edw.). 

Mesonotum shiny brownish yellow without distinct darker 
markings. Wings with the cord distinctly seamed with 
brown, this not including the extreme base of Rs or the 
base of cell Ist R, as in speiseri; cells C and Sc, together 
with their veins, yellow. Wing-apex darkened, this in- 
cluding the entire cell A, as in speisert and the distal part 
of cell 2nd R,; cells R;, R;, and M, of a slightly paler shade 
of brown, but still plainly infuscated. Petiole of cell R; 
indistinctly seamed with brown, dividing the broad yellow 
anteapical cross-band. Venation: ARs shorter than the 
deflection of Ry, >. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, & , Gordonvale, Cairns District, February 1921 
(A. P. Dodd). 

Paratopotype, 3, January 1921. 

‘On foliage in scrub.” 


Lechria sublevis, Alexander. 


1920, Lechria sublevis, Alexander; Mem. Queensland Mus. vol. vil. 
pt. 1, pp. 54, 55. 


This interesting species was based on alcoholic material. 
The following details of coloration may be added from a 
series of five dried specimens [Gordonvale, North Queens- _ 
land, January 1921 (4. P. Dodd); resting on trunks of 
Eucalyptus in forest]. Head and thorax with a clear blue- 
grey pruinosity, more brownish on the mesonotal preescutum, 
Femora yellow, the tips conspicuously and abruptly dark 
brown. Abdomen bicolorous, the segments dark brown 
basally, yellowish ochreous apically. This small series 
shows the following considerable range in size :— 

Male.—Length 5:2-5°5 mm.; wing 6°5 mm. 

Female.—Length 6°5-3 mm. ; wing 6-4-8 mm. 


Genus Limnoruiia, Macquart. 
PARALIMNOPHILA, subgen. nov. 


Antenne with sixteen segments, the basal segments of the 
flagellum slightly enlarged at apex. Coxe large; legs and 
tibial spurs bicolorous. Prosternum between fore coxe very 


560 Dr. C. P. Alexander on 


narrow. Wings with arculus semiobsolete; AR, conspi- 
cuously arcuated before tip ; basal deflection of Cu, at or 
before the fork of 1; 2nd Anal vein sinuous. 

Type of the subgenus :—Limnophila leucopheta, Skuse 
(Australia). 

This new group is apparently related to Dactylolabis, 
Osten-Sacken, but shows some affinities with Pseudolimno- 
phila, Alexander. The discovery of the male sex will be of 
interest. 


Limnophila (Paralimnophila) leucopheta cairnensis, subsp. n. 


Female.—Length 10 mm.; wing 8°7 mm. 

Similar to L. leucopheta, Skuse, differing as follows :— 

Size slightly smaller, Pronotum and humeral region of 
preescutum yellowish. Thoracic pleura largely dark brown. 
Wings pale yellowish subhyaline, the costal cell brown, more 
yellowish at the tip; cell Sc largely yellowish ; veins and 
cells conspicuously clouded with brown, distributed as 
follows :—Two subhyaline areas in cell R before the origin 
of Rs, these a little smaller than the dark area between; a 
pale area before the stigma; cell lst M, pale. Venation : 
Sc, extending to just beyond the fork of R,,3, Sc, some 
distance from the tip of Sc,, lying far before the fork of Rs, 
Sc, alone longer than the basal deflection of Cu,; R, 
arcuated opposite 7; 7 about twice its length before the tip 
of R, and on R, a distance about three times R,,3 ; Rs very 
long; R,,, shorter than the basal deflection of R,,;; cell 
lst M, very small; basal deflection of Cu, before the fork 
of M a distance about equal to r—m. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Holotype, ° , Babinda, November 10, 1920 (J. F. Iiling- 
worth). 

<“On scrub leaves.” 

It is probable that more material will give the present 

form full specific rank. 


Gynoplistia claripennis, sp. 0. 


General coloration shiny coal-black ; thoracic pleura grey 
pruinose ; femoral bases broadly yellow ; a broad yellowish- 
white ring before the tips of the posterior tibize; wings 
hyaline, stigma brown ; a faint brown cloud along the cord 
and at the wing-tip ; hypopygium black, concolorous with 
the remainder of the abdomen. 

Male.—Leugth 8°7 mm.; wing 8:3 mm. 

Head, with appendages, black. Antennz with seventeen 


~ 


new or little-known Tipulide. 561 


segments, all flagellar segments but the terminal two being 
pectinate, 

Mesonotum shiny black. Pleura black, grey pruinose. 
Halteres obscure brownish yelllow, the knobs dark brown. 
Legs with the coxz black, greyish pruinose; trochanters 
black ; remainder of the legs black, the femoral bases 
broadly yellow, on the fore legs including about the basal 
half, on the posterior legs including about the basal two- 
thirds; a broad yellowish-white ring before the tip of the 
tibia. Wings hyaline; cell Sc yellowish; stigma brown ; 
a very faint brown clouding along the cord; wing-tip 
indistinctly darkened; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc 
long, Se, ending opposite the fork of Rs, Sc, at the tip 
of Sc,; Ks long, strongly arcuated at origin ; /,,3 short, a 
hittle longer than 7-m; cell M, present; petiole of cell M, 
about equal to the basal deflection of Cu,, the latter at 
about one-third its length beyond the fork of M. 

Abdomen shiny black, including the hypopygium. 

Hab. Tasmania. 

Holotype, 3, Mt. Wellington, altitude 1300-2300 feet, 
January 15—February 6, 1913 (R. L. Turner). 

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural 
History ). 

Gynoplistia dodd2, sp. n. 

Antenne with twenty-four segments, all flagellar segments 
except the terminal two with long flabeilate branches, basal 
three branches directed outward ; tarsi black ; wings grey, 
marked with dark brown; abdomen black, cross-bauded 
with orange-yellow ; a subterminal black rig; hypopygium 
orange. 

Male.—Length 85 mm.; wing 8:4 mm. 

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne of the male large 
with very long flabellate pectinations; flagellum with twenty- 
two segments, of which all but the terminal two are pectinate; 
pectinations of the basal three segments directed outward 
(as in G. vilis); longest pectinations about one-half the 
length of the entire antenna ; the 21st flagellar segment has 
a small spur near mid-length; scape and basal flagellar 
segments obscure yellow, the terminal segmeuts and all the 
pectinations black. Head broad, dark brown. 

Mesonotum and pleura brownish yellow without distinct 
markings. Halteres short, yellow, the knobs dark brown. 
Legs with the coxze and trochanters yellow; femora yellow 
with a broad (1°5 mm.) black subterminal ring, the extreme 
apex pale ; tibiz black, the extreme base pale; tarsi black. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 36 


562 On new or little-known Tipulide. 


Wings with a faint grey tinge, marked with dark brown ; 
cell Sc brown ; a faint brown cloud in the base of cell R; 
a conspicuous quadrate area at the origin of Rs; a broad 
band occupying the space between the ends of vein Sc, and 
R,, extending caudad to cell 1st M,; both ends of cell lst M, 
and the basal deflection of Cu, broadly seamed with brown ; 
wing-apex broadly but indistinctly darkened, this coloration 
continued around the wing-margin into the anal cells ; 
veins dark brown. Venation: Rs strongly angulated at 
origin, and more than twice its length from tip of R; ; inner 
end of cell R; far proximad of cell R; ; cell lst M/, relatively 
small, roughly quadrate in outline; basal deflection of Cu; 
@#t near three-fourths the length of cell lst Mg. 

Abdominal tergites black, the extreme base of each 
segment narrowly, the apex more broadly, orange-yellow ; 
segments 6 and 7 entirely black; hypopygium orange; 
sternites obscure brownish yellow, the sixth and seventh 
segmeuts black. 

Hab. North Queensland. 

Helotype, &, Yungaburra, Cairns District, altitude 
2500 feet, April 1621 (A. P. Dodd). 

‘On leaf in scrub.” 

This very distinct Gynoplistia is dedicated to the collector, 
Mr. Alan P. Dodd, to whom I am indebted for many 
interesting Tipulidee from North Queensland. 


Ctenacroscelis fijiensis, sp. 0. 

General coloration yellow, heavily marked with brown ; 
antennal flagellum fulvous ; thoracic pleura variegated with 
brown; a pale dorso-pleural stripe continued caudad across 
the postnotum ; femora with a conspicuous yellow sub- 
terminal ring, the tips broadly dark brown. 

Female.—Length about 21 mm. ; wing 23 mm. 

Frontal prolongation of head obscure yellow above, the 
sides darker brown ; palpi dark brown, Antenne short ; 
first scapal segment brown; second segment light yellow; 
flagellum fulvous. Head dark brown, narrowly yellow 
adjoining the inner margin of the eyes; vertical tubercle 
brown, margined with yellow. 

Pronotum dark brown, narrowly yellowish medially. 
Mesonotal przescutum obscure yellow, this colour almost 
entirely hidden by conspicuous brown stripes ; intermediate 
pair almost confluent; sublateral stripes elongate but con- 
siderably constricted on the outer margin opposite the 
pseudosutural fovez, the anterior ends confluent internally 
with the intermediate stripes; lateral margins of preescutum 


———— Oe 


On new Mammals from East Africa. 563 


of a darker brown than the four discal stripes, deflected 
strongly proximad at the pseudosutural fovee, their anterior 
ends coufluent with the sublateral stripes; extreme lateral 
aud anterior margin of preescutum pale; scutal lobes dark ; 
scutellum pale basally, the caudal margin dark; postnotum 
with a basal dark triangle, the apex directed backward, 
followed posteriorly by a pale yellow transverse stripe ; 
caudal margin of postnotum narrowly darkened. Pleura 
grey, conspicuously variegated with brown, this not appearing 
as a distinct dorso-pleural stripe as in C. conspicabilis; a 
conspicuous light yellow dorso-pleural stripe passing beneath 
the wing-root across the postnotum as described above. 
Halteres broken. Legs with the coxe grey ; anterior coxze 
with two longitudinal brown lines; mid- and hind coxe 
with a single conspicuous brown blotch; trochanters yellow; 
femora brownish yellow, the apices broadly dark brown; a 
broad, couspicuous, yellow subterminal ring; tibiz and 
tarsi brownish yellow. Wings with a strong brownish 
suffusion ; stigma brown; a brown cloud at the fork of Cu 
and at r—-m; veins brown. Venation as in the genus; the 
tip of R; bent strongly cephalad, so that cell As is abruptly 
widened outwardly. 

Abdomen with the tergites dark brown, the lateral and 
caudal margins very narrowly pale yellow. Ovipositor with 
the valves horn-coloured. 

Hab. Fiji. 

Holotype, 2 , Labea, October 1914 (R. Veitch). 

Type in the collection of the British Museum (Natural 
History). 

Ctenacroscelis fijiensis differs from the Australian C. con- 
spicabilis (Skuse) in the stouter and differently coloured 
legs, the fulvous antenne, and the pale dorso-pleural stripe 
that continues caudad across the mesonotal postnotum. 


LIV.—On some new small Mammals from East Africa. 
By P.S. Kersuaw. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Elephantulus ocularis, sp. n. 


A member of the rufescens group, with sternal gland, 
bicoloured short-haired tail of moderate length, and short 
sleek fur. 

Colour of the head and back light fawn, between “ ecru- 


drab” and “ vinaceous cinnamon’ (Ridgway), similar to 
36 


“ee 


564. Mr. P. S. Kershaw on new 


revotli and deserti, but lacking the pinkish tone of those 
species. There is none of the red tint of rufescens and 
pulcher, which are its nearest northerly neighbours. Paler 
on the sides. ‘he transition to the white of the under 
surface is less abrupt than in rufescens and its allies. White 
maikings round the eye very large and conspicuous, and 
interrupted posteriorly by a streak of “ mummy-brown.” 
The white colour above the eye measures horizontally 23 mm., 
and vertically at the widest part behind the eye 4°7 mm. 
There is a white tuft at the base of the ear and a cinnamon 
patch behind it. Under surface in the type white, with 
slaty bases to the hairs except in an area between the thighs 
about 25 mm. longitudinally, where the bases of the hairs 
are white. This slaty colour is a variable character, strongly 
marked in some specimens and almost wanting in others, 
while in one (out of thirteen specimens examined) the hairs 
are white to their bases on the whole of the under surface. 
In all cases the hairs in the area mentioned between the 
thighs are white to their bases. ‘There is a small white 
patch of hairs visible from above on each side of the tail. 
Below the tail a large triangular naked patch, the apex pointing 
downwards, larger in the females than in the males. In the 
type this patch measures from root of tail to apex of triangle 
18 mm., and about 14 mm. across at its broadest part. Tail 
clothed with brown hairs above and white hairs below. Of 
the specimens examined, nine have the tail shorter than the 
head and body, three have it longer, and in one specimen the 
lengths are equal. The difference, in any case, is never 
ereat—little more than 10mm. Feet in the type white, with 
a suspicion of buff. This buffy tint is stronger in certain 
specimens. 

Skull and teeth as in rufescens. 

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 140 mm.; tail 130; hind foot 32; 
ear 23. 

Average of twelve adult specimens (all from the type- 
locality) :— 

Head and body 130 mm.; tail 130; hind foot 33; 
ear 23. 

Skull: greatest length 35°8 mm.; condylo-incisive length 
33°53; basal length 31°2; nasals, length 13°5 ; interorbital 
breadth 6°4 ; zygomatic breadth 20°7; length of upper tooth- 
row 18:2, of lower (to tip of incisor) 16°5. 

; Type-locality. Dodoma, Tanganyika Colony, 36° 10’ E., 
6°. 5'-8. 
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 20. 9.5.10. Collector’s 


Mammals from East Africa. 565 


number 649. Collected by Mr. A. Loveridge on 7th De- 
cember, 1918, and presented to the British Museum by Lord 
Swaythling. 

Heller * treats all the forms in the rufescens group with 
the large chest-gland as subspecies of rufescens. ‘The external 
characters of ocularis—notably the large and conspicuous 
white markings about the eye—and the large bare patch in 
the sacral region fully entitle it, in my view, to rank as a 
species. 


Taterona swaythlingi, sp. n. 


A long-tailed species, with small dark tail-tuft and small 
bullee. 

The colour of the dorsal region is fawn, finely grizzled 
with black almost exactly as in 7. lobengule. ‘There is more 
black on the face and round the eyes, however, and the tail is 
of the vicina type, 7. e., black or very dark brown on the 
upper surface through its entire length, with a small tuft at 
the extremity. Under surface fawn-coloured, generally 
without trace of white hairs, though these are present in one 
or two specimens examined. Under surface and feet white. 

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 130 mm.; tail 166; hind foot 35; 
ear 21. 

The average measurements of fifteen specimens are :— 

Head and body 134 mm.; tail 164; hind foot 35; 
ear 21. 

Skull: greatest length 40°5 mm. ; condylo-incisive 35-2; 
condylo-basal 36°4; basal 34°53; basilar 31 ; condylo-basilar 
32:4; palatal 21:5; palatilar 17°15; anterior palatal fora- 
mina 8-0 ; posterior 1°6 ; space between anterior and posterior 
palatal foramina 3°6; zygomatic breadth 20°7; breadth of 
brain-case 17:0; interorbital breadth 7:2; nasals 17-2; 
bullze 10:0; upper molar series 6. 

The dorsal aspect of the skull is flattened. Grooves of 
incisors well marked. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.9. 5.31. Original 
number 394. Collected by Mr. A. Loveridge on 25th Nov- 
ember, 1918, and presented to the British Museum by Lord 
Swaythling. 

Type-locality. Morogoro, 150 miles west of Dar-es-Salaam. 

T. swaythlingt has points in common with both 7. vicina 
from the Kenya Colony and 7, lobengule from Matabeleland. 
It agrees with the former in the character of the tail, in the 


* Smithsonian Misc. Coll. vol. Ix. no. 12, p. 11 (Nov. 4, 1912), 


566 Mr. P. S. Kershaw on new 


dark face-markings, and in the length of the posterior palatal 
foramina, but differs in lacking the reddish body tint with 
black washing of wzcina, and in possessing small bullee. 
With 7. lobengule it agrees in body-colouring, but differs in 
tail and face-markings and in the length of the posterior 
palatal foramina, which in lobengule, as in all the southern 
forms, are very short. 


Taterona tabore, sp. n. 


A grey Taterona, with less ochraceous colour than in any 
species hitherto described. Tail equal in length to head and 
body, and untufted. Bullee large. 

General colour of back mouse-grey, tinged with buff. 
Sides clay-colour. Colour of head no darker than back. 
Hairs of under surface with slaty bases as in liodon, except 
in the sacral region, where they are white throughout. This 
slaty colour is strongly marked, and gives a dirty greyish- 
white appearance to the under surface, very different from the 
pure shining white of most species of Taierona, Hands and 
feet white. ‘l'ail greyish brown above, white below, untufted, 
and with no black hairs. The average length of the tail in 
six specimens examined 1s exaetly equal to the length of the 
head and body. 

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 140 mm.; tail 130; hind foot 32; 
ear 21. 

Skull: greatest length 39 mm.; condylo-incisive 36°5 ; 
basilar 31°5 ; condylo-basilar 34; palatilar 18°2; anterior 
palatal foramina 7-2 ; ; posterior 1° 0; space between anterior 
and posterior palatal foramina 5° OF ‘interorbital breadth i; 
bullae 12°0 ; upper molar series 7° 0. 

Dorsal aspect of skull convex, not flattened. Groove of 
incisors well marked. 

Type. Adult male. B.M, no, 21. 9.5.14. Original number 
585. Collected by Mr. A. Loveridge on 10th December, 1913; 
and presented to the British Museum by Lord Sway thling. 

Type-locality. Tabora, 5° 8., 32°40’ E., in the Tanganyika 
Colony. 

The predominance of grey colouring both above and below 
in itself separates 7. tabore from all other species of the 
genus. 7. liodon, which shares with J. tabore the distinc- 
tion—rare in this genus—of having slaty bases to the hairs 
of the under surface, is at once distinguished by the slight 
almost imperceptible grooving of the incisors. 


Mammals from East Africa. 567 


Taterona cosensi, sp. n. 


A species with long untufted tail and short posterior palatal 
foramina, 

Colour above ochraceous buff modified by black. Belly- 
hairs white to the base. Feet white. Tail short-haired, 
brown above, white below, with none of the long black hairs 
of more northern forms. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 20.6.10.44. Collector’s 
number 1071. Collected by Mr. H. H. Swinny on 10th July, 
1919, and presented to the British Museum by Col. G. P. 
Cosens, 

Type-locality. Vihingo, near Ruvu Station, on the railway 
some 40 miles inland from Dar-es-Salaam. There are to 
hand eight specimens from the type-locality and six from 
Kisserawe Mission between Ruvu and Dar-es-Salaam. 

Measurements of the type (taken in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 158 mm.; tail 179; hind foot 35: 
ear 21. 

Average measurements of thirteen specimens :— 

Head and body 158 mm.; tail 173; hind foot 344; 
ear 20°7. 

Skull: greatest length 43:4 mm.; condylo-incisive 39:2 ; 
condylo-basal 39°7; basal 37:1; basilar 33°5; condylo- 
basilar 35°8 ; palatal 23°7 ; palatilar 20°3; anterior palatal 
foramina 8°53; posterior 1°5; space between anterior and 
posterior palatal foramina 5:0; zygomatic breadth 22°7 ; 
interorbital breadth 7°2; breadth of brain-case 17°5; nasals 
on median line 16:9; bulle 12:0; length of upper molar 
series 7-0. The average condylo-incisive length of the skulls 
of eleven adult specimens is 38°3 mm. 

Dorsal aspect of skull flattened. Groove of incisors well 
marked. 

T. cosensi is externally in colour and appearance very like 
T. inclusa from the Gorongoza District of Portuguese East 
Africa, but is distinguished from that species by the much 
smaller hind foot and the large swollen bullee. 


Since the late Mr. R. C. Wroughton wrote his monograph 
on the genus Tatera* a large number of skins and skulls of 
the African genus Taterona have been added to the British 
Museum collection. In the preparation of the present paper 
I have gone through all this material, and take this oppor- 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Fist. (7) xvii. p. 474 (May 1906), 


568 Mr. P. S. Kershaw on new 


tunity of putting on record some conclusions I have 
reached :— 

(1) Yaterona can be divided into forms with tufted and 
forms with untufted tails. The former are either heavily 
tufted, as in the Asiatie genus Tatera, e. g., Taterona nigri- 
cauda, or slightly tufted, e. g., 7’. vicina. 

(2) The tufted forms are all, with one exception (7. guinee, 
from Gunnal, in Portuguese Guinea), confined to North-east 
Africa. These are all to the north of a line drawn from 
Mombasa to Morogoro, and thence to Muansa on the south 
shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and of a line drawn from the 
north-east corner of that lake to Mt. Elgon, and thence to 
the Nile at the northern extremity of Lake Albert. The 
untufted forms are found all over Africa except the north- 
west, and share North-east Africa with the tufted forms. 

(3) In the untufted forms the posterior palatal foramina are 
short and in the tufted long. This is what we should expect 
to find, since, in the heavily tufted Tatera of Asia, the 
posterior palatal foramina are very long. In Tatera persica 
they are almost as long relatively as in Taterillus. Where 
the posterior foramina are long, the space between the anterior 
and posterior foramina is short, and vice versd. In thie 
untufted forms, of which there are thirty-one type-specimens 
in the British Museum, this space measures anything from 
3 to 5 mm., except in nigrita from Uganda, where it measures 
26mm. In the tufted forms, of which the Museum possesses 
six type-skulls, it measures 2°5 to 3 mm., except in the 
remote guinew (3°5 mm.) and in swaythling?, the southernmost 
form (3°6 mm.). pe 

I have treated as ‘‘tufted” in this paper 7. robusta, ma- 
cropus, nigricauda, vicina, mombase, phillips:, umbrosa, 
shoana, pother?, guinee, and swaythlingi, and as ‘ untufted ” 
all the other forms, ignoring the subgenus Gerbi/liscus. 

Vide also on this subject Hinton and Kershaw, Ann. & Mag. 


Nat. Hist. (9) vi. p. 98 (July 1920). 


Rattus pernanus, sp. n. 


Among a collection of skins sent by the Nairobi Museum 
in the Kenya Colo:iy to the British Museum recently for 
identification, there are two of a attus, which requires 
description as a new form :— 

Type. Young adult male. B.M. no, 21.9.6.15. Original 
number 34. Collected by Mr. R. B. Woosnam on 3rd Nov- 
ember, 1912, and presented to the British Museum by the 


Nairobi Museum. 


Mammals from East Africa, 569 


Type-locality. Amala River (also called Mara River), 
which rises at Kabalolot Hill in the Sotik, Kenya Colony, 
and enters Lake Victoria Nyanza in the Tanganyika Colony 
ab 1° 30° S., 34° EE. 

Description.—This is a dwarf form of Rattus, in size a 
trifle smaller than Mus musculus. The type measures :— 
Head and body 76 mm.; tail 65; hind foot 15; ear 14. 
The measurements of the other specimen are about the same. 
The hair is soft and long, about 10 mm. in length on the 
back. Colour very similar to that of Rattus coucha panya. 
The sides and flanks are a rich brown, between “mummy ” 
and “ Prout’s”’? (Ridgway); the back darker, owing to the 
hairs being tipped with black or dark brown; hairs of the 
under surface slate-grey with white tips, resulting ina general 
pearl-grey colour. There is a fairly well-defined tawny- 
ochraceous stripe dividing the colours of the upper and under 
surfaces. Tail shorter than head and body, thickly clothed 
with short appressed hairs, longer on the terminal third, and 
forming a perceptible pencil at the tip. Colour of tail brown 
on the proximal two-thirds, and black clothed with whitish 
hairs on the distal portion ; lighter below. Feet and hands 
white. Large white spot behind the ear. 

Skull: total length 23:3 mm.; condylo-incisive length 21 3; 
greatest breadth (at posterior of zygomata) 12:0; breadth of 
brain-case 10°35 length of nasals on median line 8°8 ; inter- 
orbital constriction 4, 

The palatal foramina extend back to about the middle of 
the anterior central cusp of m!; m! equal in length (1°8 mm.) 
to m* and m® combined. The incisors and molars are typical 
of Rattus (as distinct from Mus), there being no distortion of 
the first lamina of m* nor any subapical notch in the upper 
incisor. 

‘The two specimens received of this interesting diminutive 
rat are both males, so that it is not possible at present to give 
the mammary formula. The indications are that it will prove 
to belong to the subgenus Mastomys, since it has little in 
common with the other African subgenera of Rattus. In 
general appearance it is like a dwarf FR. (Mastomys) coucha, 
and the propeition of tail to body—about 85 per cent.—is 
characteristic of the multimammate rats. Practically all the 
small mouse-like African rats belong to the subgenus Pra- 
omys, all the known species of which have very long tails. 

-The teeth of the type are not much worn, and show that 
the specimen, though adult, is young. Thus, the measure- 
ments given may prove to be on the small side. 


570 Dr. C. W. Andrews on a Theropodous 


LV.—A new [Hedgehog from the Island of Djerba, Tunis. 
By OLprieLD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


By the kind intermediation of Dr. Hartert, the British 
Museum has received, as a donation, from Mons. Blane, the 
well-known naturalist of Tunis, a number of small mammals 
from that still little-known country. 

Among these there are examples of the following new 
form of hedgehog :— 


Paraechinus deserti blancalis, subsp. n. 


Lssential characters as in true desert?, but with a greater 
amount of white. Under surface almost wholly white, a 
small area in the inguinal region alone brown ; in desert? the 
lower surface is prominently brown as far forward as the 
sternum. Ears whitish behind, with scarcely any brown on 
them. Limbs also with less white, the terminal brown only 
commencing on the wrists and ankles, while in deserti the 
forearms and legs are also brown. 

Skull as in desert@. 

Condylo-basal length of skull 46 mm.; zygomatic breadth 
28 ; upper tooth-series 21°7. 

Hab. Island of Djerba, S.E. Tunis. 

Type. Adult female. B.M.no. 20.5.4.5. Original num- 
ber 86. Presented by Mons. Blane of Tunis. Five speci- 
mens examined. 

No doubt very closely allied to the desert: of the mainland, 
bu! distinguishable by its less brown underside. 


LVJ.—On some Remains of a Theropodous Dinosaur from the 
Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, By Cuantes W. ANDREWS, 
D.Se., F.R.S. (British Museum Natural History). 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Remains of Theropodous Dinosaurs in deposits of Liassic age 
are of extreme rarity. Lydekker has described and figured 
(Catal. Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. pt. 1. (1888) p. 173, fig. 28) 
a tooth from the Lower Lias of Lyme Kegis, which he 
doubtfully refers to the Triassic genus Zanclodon. Later, 
Dr. Smith Woodward gave an account with a figure (Ann. 
& Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i. (1908) p. 257) of a small 
slender right tibia from the Lower Lias of Wilmcote, 
Warwickshire. ‘This he regards as belonging to a hghtly- 
built and active Megalosaurian Dinosaur, pointing out that 


— 


Dinosaur from the Lower Lias. 57a 


the great development of the anterior ascending process of 
the astragalus shows clearly that this Liassic type is more 
nearly related to the Jurassic members of the group than to 
those from the Trias. Dr. von Huene (Paleont. Abhandl. 
Suppl. 1, Lief. 5 (1908), p. 326) agrees with this view, and 
goes so far as to refer the animal to the genus Megalosaurus. 

These two specimens seem to be the only Megalosaurian 
remains known up till now from the Lower Lias—at least, 
of this country. 

Recently Mr. S. L. Wood has obtained from the Lower 
Lias of Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, portions of the 
pelvis, an imperfect left femur, and part of a vertebral 
centrum of a small Theropodous Dinosaur: these specimens 
form the subject of the present note. 

The pelvis is represented by (1) the anterior portion of 
the left ilium, with which is united the proximal end of the 
pubis ; (2) the acetabular region of the right illum, with 
which are united portions of the proximal ends of the 
pubis and ischium; (3) the posterior end of the right 
ilium, the precise position of which in relation to the 
anterior portion can only be approximately determined, 
The femur belongs to the left side and is imperfect at both 
ends. The vertebra is represented only by about half the 
centrum and part of the neural arch; it probably belongs to 
the dorsal region. 

The ifium (fig. 1), so far as preserved, is very similar to 
that of Megalosaurus bucklandi. Its anterior portion (a.l.) 
forms a broadly rounded lobe, the outer surface of 
which is gently concave externally ; the bone in this 
region is very thin, with a slightly thickened upper 
border, the surface of which is somewhat roughened for the 
attachment of muscle. The anterior lobe is separated from 
the relatively massive pubic process (p.p.) by a much 
narrower preacetabular notch (p.n.) than in Megalosaurus, 
aud more nearly similar to what is seen in Ceratosaurus, in 
which, however, the pubic process is less massive. ‘I'he 
narrowness of this notch seems to be due partly to thie 
relatively large size of the pubic process and partly to its 
being directed more forwards and less downwards than iu 
the other forms referred to. The pubic process is tri- 
angular in section, the ventral (acetabular) surface (acet.) 
being deeply concave from side to side. This concavity is 
continuous with the rest of the acetabular sur‘ace of the 
ilium, the outer edge of which forms a prominent and sharp- 
edged lip, which increases in width towards the point of 
union with the ischium. The anterior end of the pubic 


572 Dr. C. W. Andrews on a Theropodous 


process unites with the pubis in a slightly convex surface. 
Behind the acetabulum the ilium unites with the ischium, 
but the details of the suture are not clear. The posterior 
fragment of the right ilium (p./.) narrows gradually towards 
its posterior end, which is gently convex, being some- 
what thickened and roughened for the attachment of a 
muscle, probably the ilio-caudal. The outer surface is 
concave from above downwards, while on the inner face 
there is a thickened and downwardly-reflected flange running 
down from the postero-superior angle to the base of the 
ischial process. The inner face of this flange is roughened, 
and no doubt united with the posterior part of the sacrum. 


Pelvis of Sarcosaurus woodi from the left side, partly restored from the 
right side. 4 nat. size. acet., acetabulum; a./., anterior lobe 
of ilium; f., foramen in (?)ilium; ¢sc., ischium; 0.7., obturator 
notch ; p./., posterior lobe of ilium; p.z., preacetabular notch; 


p.p., pubic process of ilium ; pu., pubis; s., suture between ium 


and pubis. 


The Pubis (fig. 1).—The proximal ends of both pubes are 
preserved, that of the right side being the more complete. 
This bone, which seems to have been larger in proportion to 
the ilium than in later forms, unites to the pubic process of 
the ilium in a slightly concave suture; below this it bears 
on its posterior face a triangular surface, which forms the 
anterior wall of the acetabulum (acet¢.) ; beneath this again 
there is a short process, separated from the acetabulum by 
a distinct notch and curving backwards to unite with the 
pubic process of the ischium in a flat suture, triangular in 


SS ee eee 


Dinosaur from the Lower Lias. 573 


outline, the lower border being thin and sharp. Anteriorly 
the ischial process of the pubis is limited by a large and 
well-defined obturator notch (0.2), which, when the bone 
was unbroken, may have been a closed foramen, though this 
does not seem likely. Distal to this notch, and separated 
from it by the prominence forming its anterior border, the 
shaft of the pubis narrows very rapidly and becomes com- 
pressed from above downwards ; this region is strengthened 
by a ridge on its inner side continuous with the anterior 
border of the obturator notch. The distal portion of the 
bone is wanting on both sides. 

The Ischium (fig. 1, ise.) —This bone is represented on 
the right side by some fragments of its proximal end. A 
portion of the pubic process is present: this forms the lower 
border of the acetabulum. It thickens towards the junction 
with the pubis; its ventral edge is thin and sharp throughout. 
The relation of the ischium to the ilium is obscure ; there 
does not seem to have been a definite ischial process on the 
ilium. Immediately behind the acetabulum there is a deep 
rugose pit, from which a foramen (f.) penetrates to the 
inner face of the bone. It is doubtful whether this pit is 
borne by the ilium or the ischium, but it seems to correspond 
in position with the rugosity on the ischium of Ornitholestes 
figured by Gregory and Camp (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
vol. xxxvili. (1918) pl. xlvi.), and regarded by them as 
serving for the origin of the flexor tibialis internus (semi- 
membranosus) muscle. 

The Femur (fig. 2, A, B).—The femur of the left side was 
found associated with the pelvis, but, unfortunately, it is 
badly preserved. The head is broken away, as also is the 
end of the fourth trochanter. The distal end is much 
crushed, and the condyles are wanting. The bone, as a 
whole, is rather strongly curved, the convexity being in 
front. The middle part of the shaft is nearly cylindrical, 
but tends to widen out towards the ends, particularly 
distally. The summit of the bone, just external to the 
fractured surface which marks the loss of the head, bears a 
shallow pit (p.), beneath which on the outer side of the 
bone there is a narrow flat surface running down to the 
trechanteric shelf (t.s.), described below. The anterior face 
of the upper end is also nearly a flat surface, terminating 
below in the notch formed by the peg-like anterior (great) 
trochanter (g.é7.).. From the base of this projection a 
shelf-like surface (¢.s.) runs back to the posterior border of 
the bone. From the base of the trochanter a strong 
roughened ridge runs down the shaft towards its inner 


574 Dr. C. W. Andrews on a Therspodous 


border, probably reaching the upper angle of the inner 
condyle, but the distal portion is incomplete. The fourth 
trochanter (4¢r.) forms a very prominent ridge on the 
upper part of the posterior face of the shaft ; on its inner 
side there is a large, slightly concave roughened area for the 
attachment of muscle, The lower end of this trochanteric 
ridge is at about the middle of the shaft. As already 
mentioned, the distal condyles are wanting, but it can be 
seen that, even allowing for expansion due to crushing, the 
distal articulation must have been a fairly wide one. The 
walls of the bone are relatively very thin, the central 


A. Upper end of femur of Sarcosaurus wood?, from inner side ; B, Ditto 
from outer side; C, Anterior face of imperfect dorsal vertebra. 

: ee ; | : : 
3 mat, size. a.z., anterior zygapophysis; d.p., diapophysis; 
g-tr., great (anterior) trochanter; x., broken surface of neck of 


femur; .c., neural canal; p., pit at upper end of femur; t.s., 
trochanteric shelf; 4 ¢7., fourth trochanter (imperfect). 


cavity being large ; thus in the middle of the shaft, where 
its diameter is about 35 mm., the thickness of the bony 
wall is only between 4 and 5mm. Towards the proximal 
end of the bone a fracture shows that the central cavity 
was divided up by irregular septa of bone. | 

The anterior half of a vertebra (fig. 2, C), apparently 
from the posterior dorsal region, is preserved. The neural 
arch, with part of one of the diapophyses and the anterior 
zygapophyses are present, but the neural spine is wanting. 
The anterior face of the centrum is very slightly concave. 
Its upper border beneath the neural canal (7.c.) is nearly 


Dinosaur from the Lower Lias. 57a 


straight ; its height is about equal te its breadth. The 
border of the articular face forms a sharp edge, behind which 
the centrum contracts very rapidly in diameter; beneath 
the pedicle of the arch tke sides of the centrum are excavated 
by a fairly deep elongated fossa. The anterior zygapophyses 
(a.z.) are small, and project very little in front of the 
anterior face of the centrum, their articular faces look 
directly upwards. The diapophysis (d.p.), which is only 
partly preserved on one side, projects upwards, making an 
angle of about 45 degrees with the vertical plane. The 
postero-ventral face of the diapophysis seems to have been 
concave. There may have been a small parapophysial facet. 

The enlargement of the anterior lobe of the ilium sharply 
differentiates this Dinosaur from the Triassic Theropods. 
This expansion seems to be the consequence of the necessity 
for a larger surface for the attachment of the ilio-femoralis 
externus muscle, the enlargement of which, as von Huene 
has pointed out, is probably due to the adoption of an 
upright bipedal mode of progression. This muscle is 
inserted distally upon the great trochanter of the femur, 
but, although this is better developed than in the Triassic 
forms, it does not form the prominent flange of bone usual 
in most of the later types *, but remains small and peg-like; 
in this respect the present species occupies an intermediate 
position between the Triassic and later Jurassic forms, such 
as might have been expected from the horizon at which it 
occurs. The development of the anterior process of the 
astragalus deduced by Dr. Smith Woodward from the 
structure of the tibia, described by him and referred to above, 
is no doubt correlated with the change in the mode of 
progression. 

The relatively large size of the pubes and probably of the 
ischia seems to be a primitive character. 

The Dinosaurian remains above described certainly belong 
to a member of the Megalosauride, but at the same time 
differ so considerably from the corresponding bones of 
Megalosaurus itself that it seems necessary to refer the 
species to a new genus, for which the name Sarcosaurus is 
suggested, the specific name being Sarcosaurus woodi, in 
honour of the discoverer, Mr. S. L. Wood. Probably the 
tibia described by Dr. Smith Woodward is referable to the 
same species. 

* In Ceratosaurus the trochanter appears to have been considerably 


smaller than in Anthrodemus (Allosaurus) or Megalosaurus, but, never- 
theless, is larger than in the present species. 


576 Dr. D. Keilin on the 


The dimensions (in centimetres) of the specimens are :— 


Height of anterior lobe of tlium ...5.3:.4...5.30.00... 70 
Height of the proximal end of the pubis .............. 6:0 
Width of the proximal end of the pubis (from within 
OULWASIOR) 9 ee catch ale alates Pees oa 27 
Greatest width of the acetabular cavity (from within 
outwards) i. Pack, °6 ek oes etere, eee Mh arte(etid 3°7 
Length of the femur, so far as preserved ...........00. bL5 
Diameter of the middle of the shaft of the femur ...... 3°6 
Width of the anterior face of vertebral centrum ........ 4-0 
Heizht of the anterior face of vertebral centrum........ 40 


LVII.—On the Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz 
(Diptera, Nematocera, Ceratopogonide), with some 
Remarks on the Parasites and Hereditary Bacterian 
Symbiont of this Midge. By D. Kern, Se.D., Beit 
Memorial Research Fellow (Quick Laboratory, University 
of Cambridge). 


[Plates XIX. & XX.] 


CONTENTS. 
Page 
I, Habitat of the Larva of Dasyhelea obscura .........+000- 576 
Il, Eggs and Oviposition:..,; ..bis%,. «/sa'ss9\2l+ ois ce ee ee 577 
TED, Mae are aii craie wpsialais ois ous ar 0 ek 23 6.550 350 oo er 578 
(a) Head; (6) Thorax; (c) Abdomen; (d) Internal Organs. 
TV. Pupa ey ei ti kein, eee aire oe teh ke baits cet 582 
V. Larve of other Species of Dasyhelea, recorded by various 
ANMGHOPE Ss is dislas arapeale'sgforépend gle eisleile eat cee eee 585 
VI. Predaceous Dipterous Larve living upon the Larve and 
Pups of Dasyhelea obscura... 54.2: 1-6-2 one ee 2 «Soon 
VII. Parasites of Dasyhelea Larva ..45.23 ...5... 520s eee 2.) Og 
VIII. Hereditary Bacterian Symbiont of Dasyhelea obscura...... 588 
DX: References . . si. )e 2 win alate onjeavis pee oe aia gee 588 
XK; Bxplanation of the Plates... 24.010 ««egsneeee as iawen 589 


I. Hapirat of tHE Larva or DASYHELEA OBSCURA. 


Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, is a very common midge, the 
early stages of which are almost always found in the decom- 
posed sap filling the wounds of elm trees. The material 
which was used for the present study was obtained from a 
wound of an elm tree standing on the Caius College ground 
at Newnham (Cambridge) and facing Church Rate Walk. 
In addition to Dasyhelea larvee, the decomposed sap of this 
wound contained the larve and pupz of several other 
Diptera: (1) Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop., (2) Mycetobia 


Life-history of Dasyhelea obsenra, Winnertz. 577 


pallipes, Meig., (38) Systenus adpropinquans, Loew., (4) S. 
scholtzii, Loew., (5) Aulacogaster rufitarsis, Meig., (6) Phaonia 
cincta, Zett., and (7) an undetermined Syrphid larve closely 
allied to the genus Ceria. This wound was also visited by 
the predaceous larve of two Staphylinidz *—one belonging 
probably to the genus Quedius sp. (subfamily Staphylinine), 
the other being possibly a Thamiarea sp. (subfamily Aleo- 
charine). 

Finally, the whole surface of the decomposed sap of this 
wound, and especially its solidified portions, was covered by 
myriads of a mite, Hericia hericia, Kramer (‘Tyroglyphide), 
in all the stages of its development. 

The larvee of Dasyhelea were also common in a similar 
wound of a horse-chestnut tree standing on the ground 
between the School of Agriculture and the Downing College 
grounds, and Mr, W. F. Edwards has kindly communicated 
to me the following unpublished records concerning the 
various breeding-places of this midge :— 

(1) J. E. Collin bred it with Culicoides varius, Winnertz, 
and Culicoides fascipennis from débris of a chestnut tree 
(Snailwell, Cambs), 

(2) F. Jenkinson reared them from elm sap (Logie, Elgin 
and Cambridge). 

(3) F. W. Edwards himself obtained D. obscura: (a) with 
Rhyphus fenestralis from the decaying roots of Angelica 
(Knebworth, Herts), (2) from running sap of an oak, (c) with 
Mycetobia pallipes, Systenus sp., and an undetermined Syrphid 
from running sap of hornbeam, and, finally, (d) with Rhy- 
phus fenestralis and Mycetobia from stagnant water in a hole 
in an oak tree (Epping Forest). 

To find the early stages of Dasyhelea obscura it is sufficient 
to collect a small quantity of semifluid exudate filling the 
wound of an elm tree, to stir it in a petrie-dish with a little 
tap water, and leave it for an hour or more to settle. 
Examined under the binocular microscope, the eggs, larvz, 
and pups of Dasyhelea are very easily detected on the 
bottom of the dish. 


II, Eaes ano Ovivosition. (PI. XIX. fig. 4, and text-fig. 1.) 


The female seems to oviposit only once in her life, and 
the eggs, about 120 in number, are laid simultaneously 
upon the solid particles sticking out from the exudate or 
upon the moistened edges of the wound. 

* The identification of these larve I owe to the kindness of 
Mr. K. G, Blair of the British Museum. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 37 


578 Dr. D. Keilin on the 


Each egg is surrounded by a gelatinous layer, and they are 
all embedded in a common gelatinous mass, somewhat 
similar to that of various Chironomids or Rhyphids (Rhyphus 
and Mycetobia). The egg is of a very dark brown colour 
and of a peculiar shape, which to my knowledge has not 
yet been encountered in any other insect. It is of elongate 
oval shape, 500 w long and 75 win diameter, and sharply 
bent in its middle so that its two branches come almost into 
contact. The embryo and the young larva have the same 
curvature as the egg. When the larva hatches, the egg is 
split at one end, corresponding to the anterior and dorsal 
side of the enclosed larva, and the two edges of the split 
roll up externally, leaving a triangular opening through 
which the larva escapes. 


Text-fig. 1. 


A small portion of an egg-mass of Dasyhelea obscura, showing the eggs 
(a) before and (4) after the hatching of the larve; the gelatinous 
mass covering the eggs is not represented in the figure. 


III. Larva. 


The larva when it hatches from the egg is 0°7 mm. long; 
it grows, undergoing several moults,and when ready to 
pupate it reaches 4 to 5 mm. in length and 0°2 to 0°3 mm. 
in diameter. The movements of the larva are very slow; 
it does not swim, and, when immersed in water, it crawls very 
slowly on the bottom of the dish, bending and unbending 
its body. The latter is composed of a head, 3 thoracie and 
8 abdominal segments, the last abdominal segment being 
double (Pl. XIX. fig. 8). 


———————— OO ,.,Lllc Ce emcee Or Oe 


Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 579 


(a) The Head. 


The head of the larvais of a dark brown colour, triangular 
in shape, 830% long and 175 wm wide in its basal portion 
(Pl. XIX. fig. 1). Examined from the dorsal side, it shows 
clearly the suture which marks the dorsal plate or clypeus, 
which, in the skin cast at the moults, is very easily separated 
from the rest of the head, and then shows two pairs of short 
sensory hairs emerging from the edges of its anterior 
portion (text-fig. 2,B, 7 and 9). The head bears a definite 
number (14 pairs) of sensory hairs and pits, the distribution 
of which is shown in fig. 1 (Pl. XIX.). 

The eyes are heavily pigmented and crescent-shaped. 


Text-fig. 2. 


B 
A, mandibule of the larva of D, obscwra; B, its clypeus. 


The antenne (a and Pl. XIX. fig. 5) are very small and 
situated near the anterior end of the head; they are com- 
posed of a basilar segment bearing a special sensory organ 
corresponding to the bell-shaped papille of the antenne 
of many other Dipterous larvee. The basal segment shows, 
moreover, a short protuberance provided with four cylindrical 
papille. 

The labrum, which follows the clypeal plate, is very short. 
Its dorsal side (PI. XX. fig. 10) shows a pair of sensory hairs 
and a pair of sensory circular pits. The ventral side is of a 
more complicated structure (Pl, XIX. fig. 2); it is provided 

37% 


580 Dr. D. Keilin on the 


with 4 pairs of sensory cireular papillae, followed by 3 pairs 
of ordinary sensory hairs, one pair of pectinate hairs, one 
pair of short conical papillze, one single median transparent 
papilla, and, finally, a median soft protuberance covered with 
short chitinous hairs. Viewed by transparency the labrum 
shows also a strongly chitinized structure, which serves for 
the attachment of the labral muscles. 

The maaille (P|. XIX. fig. 3) are very flattened and reduced 
almost to a group of sensory organs, comprising (a) a cir- 
cular papilla, (4) a sensory hair, (¢) a pit with 3 to 4 cylin- 
drical papille, followed’ by (d) an ordinary circular papille 
and (e) a protrusible vesicle bearing 3 to 4 small papillee. 

The mandibles (text-fig. 2, A, and Pl. XIX. fig. 1,m.) are 
very strongly chitinized and provided with 4 teeth, 3 of 
which are clearly visible from the side. 

The labium (text-fig. 3) has the form of a chitinous plate 
ending in 17 to 19 teeth. 


Text-fig. 3. 


Dasyhelea obscura: labium of the larva, seen ventrally. 


The hypopharynx is very well seen by transmitted light 
as avery dark transverse chitinous sclerite occupying the 
central portion of the head capsule (Pl. XIX. fig. 1,/.). Its 
structure is much more complicated than was described by 
Goetghebuer (1914, p. 182, pl. ii. fig. 2) in a closely-allied 
species of Dasyhelea. It does not form one solid chitinous 
plate as represented by this author, but is composed of the 
following four independent sclerites (Pl. XIX. figs. 6 & 7) :— 
(1) A ventral triangular plate (v.) with its lateral edges 
strongly chitinized and showing two ventral projections : one 
near the base of the triangle and another near the anterior 
angle of it, against the opening of the common duct (s.) of 
the salivary glands. The basal portion of the ventral sclerite 
forms a striated ridge (r.) from which originate numerous 
brown setze directed backwards. ‘The surface of this sclerite 
when examined ventrally shows four successive zones: 
(a) clear zone which receives the salivary duct, (6) an uni- 
formly pigmented zone, (c) finely granulated zone, and (d) 
a more roughly granulated zone. 

(2) The dorsal sclerite (d.) is very strongly chitinized and 
of almost quadrangular shape; it also bears posteriorly a 


Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 581 


series of long sete of brown colour, which in places are 
superposed with the setz of the ventral sclerite. : 

(3, 4) Two lateral wing-like sclerites (/.) are articulated 
with the dorsal sclerite and serve for attachment of well- 
developed muscles. They are not evenly chitinized, and 
show clear and dark patches of chitin. The whole structure 
is connected with labium by means of two forked chitinous 
rods (rd.), which lie in the lateral walls of the buccal cavity. 
It is difficult to say, at present, if all the above-described 
sclerites form the hypopharynx, or if the latter is formed 
only by the ventral plate. This can only be settled by a 
comparative study of this structure in several other species 
of Dasyhelea and the closely-allied genera like Culicoides and 
Forcipomyia. 


(b) The Thorax. 


The thorax is composed of 3 segments of brownish colour ; 
the latter is due to the brown granules filling the peripheral 
fat body-cells which line the hypodermis ; clear unpigmented 
spaces remain only in the areas occupied by the imaginal 
discs of wings, halteres, and legs. The segments are fur- 
nished with a series of sensory hairs and pits, among which 
special attention must be given to the 6 groups of ventral 
sensory organs representing the remains of the thoracic legs 
of Dipterous larvee. Hach sensory group (PI. XX. fig. 16) is 
composed of two long hairs and 2 pits connected with the 
imaginal discs of thoracic legs. 


(c) The Abdomen. 


The 7 first abdominal segments show a brownish colo- 
ration, due to the underlying fat body-cells, which, being 
more or less regularly distributed, produce a pigmented 
pattern characteristic of this larva (Pl. XX. fig. 9). These 
segments bear also a few sensory hairs and pits. The last 
abdominal segment is double; its anterior portion differs 
very little from the previous 7 abdominal segments, while 
its posterior portion has a very characteristic structure, which 
will be described below. It bears posteriorly the anus and 
a series of strong chitinous hooks bent anteriorly. Hight of 
these hooks, disposed in 2 groups of 4, are ventral (Pl. XX. 
fig. 13), while 2 pairs of similar hooks are dorsal in position 
(Pl. XX. fig. 12). Two small conical soft papillz are seen 
among the hooks on the ventral sides. Laterally and close 
to its anterior boundary this segment shows two transverse 
elliptical transparent prominences (Pl. XX. fig. 11, p.). The 
space between the large hooks show a few rows of small 
dark hooklets or spines bent anteriorly. By pressing a 


582 Dr. D. Keilin on the 


living larva between the slide and a cover-glass, four bifid - 
transparent papillae make their appearance from the anal 
opening. When completely everted from the larval body 
these papille are seen to arise in pairs from two large 
transparent vesicular bodies (Pl. XX. fig. 14). These pro- 
trusible papille (rg.) are homologous with the rectal gills of 
other Chironomid larvee. In most cases when the larve are 
under observation, the rectal gills and the 6 pairs of hooks 
are retracted inside the body of the larva. 


(d) Internal Organs. 


Alimentary Canal.—The pharynx is followed by the ceso- 
phagus, which in the 8rd thoracic segment enters the 
proventriculus. The mid-gut is a straight cylindrical tube. 
The two pairs of Malpighian tubes arise at the junction of 
mid- and hind-gut, the anterior pair being long while the 
posterior pair is short. There is no intestinal ceca. The 
salivary glands are well developed and extend from the 2nd 
thoracic to the 6th abdominal segment. The cells of these 
glands sometimes show in their protoplasm needle-shaped 
crystals, the nature of which I was unable to determine. 

The nerve system is composed of cerebral ganglia and 10 
pairs of ganglia of the ventral chain, the last being double 
and composed of two pairs (10th and 11th) fused together. 

The respiratory system is apneustic, with the trachez and 
especially the peripheral thoracic and the rectal well 
developed. The remains of the 10 pairs of non-functional 
spiracles are connected with the main tracheal trunks by 
means of 10 pairs of filaments without any lumen. The 
vestiges of spiracles are found in the pro- and metathoracic 
and in the 8 abdominal segments. 

The fat-body, in addition to the peripheral sub-hypodermic 
pigmented cells, comprises two longitudinal perivisceral 
bodies devoid of brownish excretory granules. 


IV, Puesw 


The pupa is completely free from the larval cuticle. It is 
2°3 mm. long and of a brown colour. It becomes dark, 
almost black, when the imago is almost completely formed, 
but this coloration is due to the early pigmentation of the 
hairs of the imago seen through the transparent cuticle of 
the pupa. 

The main characters of the pupa, which are of taxonomic 
value, are shown in figs. 15 to 21 (Pl. XX.). Each wing of 
the pupa bears near its terminal portion a small knob-like 
protuberance (p.w., fig. 15, Pl. XX.). Two pairs of legs are 


Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 583 


superposing one above the otlier, while the third pair (J. 3) 
is curved and lies beneath the wings. 

The respiratory tubes or horns (Pl. XX. fig. 15, p.h., and 
fig. 21) show numerous scale-like triangular plates and bear 
from 21 to 22 respiratory papillae. The abdominal segments 
are divided, each by a row of dark strongly chitintzed hooks 
and plates, into two portions, anterior and posterior (Pl. XX. 
fig. 19). The hooks grow in size near the lateral sides of 
the segments, and become flattened and almost scale-like 
near the dorsal and ventral median lines. Each hook or 
scale bears a sensory hair arising from a small circular pit 
(Pl. XX. figs. 17 & 18). In front of the row of hooks the 
dorsal side of each abdominal segment shows 2 more or less 
clitinized spots and, more laterally, 2 short sensory papille. 

The whole surface of the abdominal segments is covered 
with short hooklets or scale-like projections. 

The last abdominal segment shows veutrally a longitudinal 
split and dorsally four pairs of strongly chitinized papille, 
two of which are provided with sensory hairs (Pl. XX. fig. 20). 

The pupal stage is of a very short duration—-six or seven 
days only. 


V. Larva oF oTHER Species or DasyHELEdA, RECORDED BY 
vakrious AUTHORS. 


The genus Dasyhelea is composed of several species, some 
of which are difficult to identify as there still remains 
some confusion about their nomenclature. 

Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum, has kindly 
supplied me with the following list and synonymy of a few 
species of Dasyhelea, the early stages of which have been 
recorded and in some cases described :— 


. Dasyhelea flavifrons, Guérin, 1833. 
. Dasyhelea dufourt, Laboulbéne, 1869. 
. Dasyhelea hippocastani, Mik, 1888. 
. Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, 1852. 
D. homocera, Wiefter, 1919. 
5. Dasyhelea obscura, var. goetghebueri, Kieffer. 
D. versicolor, Goetghebuer, 1914 and 1920, 
D, goetghebuert, Kieffer, 1919. 
D. brevitibialis, Goetghebuer, 1919. 
6. D. versicolor, Winnertz, 1852. 
D. sensualis, Weffer, 1919. 
D. bilineata, Goetghebuer, 1920. 
7. Dasyhelea halophila, Kieffer, 1911. 
8. Dasyhelea coarctata, Kieffer, 19138, 1914, 
9. Dasyhelea diplosis, Kieffer, 1918, 1914. 
10. Dasyhelea longipalpis, Kieffer, 1913, 


He 09 2D 


584 Dr. D. Keilin on the 


1. Dasyhelea flavifrons, Guérin, 1833. 


This midge was bred by Guérin from pupe found in the 
decomposed sap of an elm tree (in Paris). In his paper he 
gives a figure of the pupa (pl. vii. fig. 2, e), which unfortu- 
nately does not convey a single character of taxonomic 
importance. 

The same species was also bred by Dr. Sharp from beech- 
tree sap in the New Forest, and by F. W. Edwards from 
horse-chestnut tree sap at Sidmouth. Through the kindness 
of Mr. F. W. Edwards, I was able to examine a few larvee 
and pup of this species, and to compare them with those 
of D. obscura, Winnertz. The character of the larva of 


Text-fig. 4. 


Dasyhelea flavifrons ; A, rectal gills; B, respiratory prothoracic horns, 


D. flavifrons which enables one to differentiate it most 
readily from D. obscura is in the structure of its rectal 
gills. As text-fig. 4, A, shows, the 8 terminal branches in 
D. flavifrons are much longer than those in D. obscura (cf. 
Pl. XX. fig. 14). The prothoracic horns of the pupa in 
D. flavifrons (text-fig. 4,B) each bear only 13 spiracular 
papillz instead of 21-22, as is the case in D. obscura. 


2. Dasyhelea dufouri, Laboulbene, 1869. 


The larvee and pupz of this species were discovered by 
Laboulbéne (1869) in the thick sap filling the wounds of 
elm trees in Paris: his descriptions of larva and pupa are, 
however, very incomplete, and do not contain any characters 
of use in the identification of this species. 


Lije-hisiory of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnerte. 585 


3. Dasyhelea hippocastani, Mik, 1888. 


This species was reared by Mik (1888) from larvee and 
pupze found in ulcerating wounds of sculus hippocastanum. 
Unfortunately the larvee and pupe are very insufficiently 
described and figured. 


4. Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, 1852. 


The eggs, larvee, and pupe of this species are for the first 
time described in the present paper. 


5. Dasyhelea obscura, var. goetghebueri, Kieffer. 


According to F. W. Edwards, the larvee and pupz of this 
species were described by Goetghebuer (1914) under the 
name of Culicoides versicolor, Winnertz. From Goet- 
ghebuer’s description and figures it appears that the larve 
and pupze of this species differ in many respects from 
those of D. obscura. 


(a) The number of post-abdominal hooks of the larva in 
Goetghebuer’s species is 14, while in D. obscura 
there are only 12. 

(6) The rectal gills are more elongated and of a type 
similar to those of D. flavifrons (cf. text-fig. 13). 

(c) The prothoracic horns of the pupa show the scales 
only in their middle portion, and the number of 
papillz is reduced to about 12, while in D. obscura 
it is 21 to 22. 

These differences show that the species described by 
Goetghebuer under the name of C, versicolor cannot be 
regarded as a mere variety of obscura, but has to be separated 
as a new species; it would be better to reserve for it the 
specific name of D. goetyhebueri, already given to it by 
Kieffer (1919). 


6. Dasyhelea versicolor, Winnertz, 1852. 


This midge has been reared by Miss Stow from humus 
surrounding the roots of Spireaulmaria (Grantham, Lines), 
and by F. W. Edwards from the scum on the surface of an 
aquarium (Hitchin, Herts). The pup of this species which 
I have received from Mr. F. W. Edwards differ very little 
from those of D. obscura. All I can say at present is that 
the few pupze of D. versicolor which I have examined are 
more strongly chitinized, that the 3 medio-dorsal spots of 
the abdominal segments are more prominent, and that the 
scales and hooks covering the abdominal segments are 
more developed than is the casein the pupe of D. obscura. 


586 Dr. D. Keilin on the 


7. Dasyhelea halophila, Kieffer, 1911. 


This species represents the type of the genus Dasyhelea. 
The larvee and pupze of this midge were for the first time 
found and described by Rhode (1912, pp. 24-26, quoted by 
Rieth, 1915). According to Rieth (1915) the larve and 
pupee of D. halophila were found by Prof, Steuer-Insbruck in 
a rock-pool at Manera Bay near Ragozniea (Sabenico), and 
also in rock-pools at Scoglio Mulo. The larva is 5 to 
6 mm. long; the head is of a light brown colour and is about 
twice as long as broad ; the post-abdominal hooks are brown 
and only slightly curved. The pupa is 4 to 5 mm. long; 
the prothoracie horns are covered with triangular plates. 
The forked post-abdominal protrusions are bifurcated (see 
his text-figs.: 46, 48-50, 52, 53, 62, & 64). 


8. Dasyhelea coarctata, Kieffer, 1913-1914, 


According to Rieth (1915) the larva of this species was 
found by Dr. Martin Hasper in a river at Monte San 
Bernardo, near Ligano. ‘The larva is6 to 7 mm. long and 
similar to that of halophila. The pupa is 5 to 6 mm. long. 


9. Dasyhelea diplosis, Kieffer, 1913, 1914, 


According to Rieth (1915) the larve and pup of this 
midge were found by A. Thienmann in Westfalia, in 
incredibly high numbers between the filamentous Alge. 

The salt content of this water varied from 7-219 g. to 
13:485 g. per ]., and at the end of May the pupze of this fly 
were found in another pool with salt content 61°83 g. per 1. 
The larva and pupa of D. diplosis have been described and 
figured by Rieth (1915, figs. 45, 47,51, 54, 61, 63, & 65, A). 
The larva is 6 to 7 mm. long, white and opaque ; the post- 
abdominal hooks are transparent, short, and markedly 
curved. The head is long, only one and a half times the 
width. The pupa is 5 to 6 mm. long; the respiratory pro- 
thoracic horns are devoid of scales, but are annulated along 
two-thirds of their posterior portion, The forked protru- 
sions of the last abdominal segment of the pupa are short 
and simple. 


10. Dasyhelea longipalpis, Kieffer, 19138. 


According to Rieth (1915) the larve and pupe of this 
species were found by R. Schmidt upon the filamentous 
Algee in a pool containing salt water. Similar pup were 
found by N. von Hofsten in Mistermyre, in Gotland Island, 
and in the pools of Horstel (with salt content 28°890 per 1.). 


Life-history of Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 587 


The pupze of this species (see Rieth, pp. 424-425 and figs. 
60 & 65) are 3 to 4mm. long; the prothoracic horns are 
ribbon-like and throughout their length show a spiral 
structure. The post-abdominal forked protrusions are short 
and simple. 

Finally, it can be added that several species of Dasyhelea 
have been reared by Carter, Ingram, and Macfie (1920) in 
the Gold Coast, Africa, from the rot-holes in various trees, 
“such as the flamboyant, the silk cotton, the mango, a 
species of Cynometra, etc..... from partly decomposed 
roots or bases of banana stumps, and from the rotted wood 
at the sides and ends of canoes” (p. 202). The larvee and 
pupee observed by these authors still await description, but 
from the account of their behaviour it follows that they are 
very similar to those of Dasyhelea obscura. 


VI. Prepaceovus Diererous LARV# LIVING UPON THE 
Larva AND Pur or DasyHELEA OBSCURA. 


The larve and pupe of D. obscura are destroyed in 
great numbers by the three following species of carnivorous 
Dipterous larve :— 


1. Phaonia cincta, Zett. (Anthomyide, see Keilin, 1917, 
pp- 8362-375). 

2. Systenus adpropinquans, Loew (Dolichopodide). 

8. Systenus scholtzii, Loew (Dolichopodide), 


VII. Parasites oF Dasyyerea Larvae. 


The following is the list of the parasites which I have 
found in the larve of D. obscura :— 


Fungi. 

1. Monosporella unicuspidata, Keilin, 1920.—A parasitic 
yeast invading the whole body-cavity of the larvee and des- 
troying them before they succeed in pupating. The parasite 
is characterized by having the asci with only one acicular 
spore. There is only one other species of this genus: 
M. bicuspidata, Metchnikoff, discovered by Metchnikoff 
(1884) in Daphnia magna. 


Sporozoa. 


2. Allantocystis dasyhelet, Keilin, 1920.—An intestinal 
eregarine with elongated sausage-shaped cysts, living in the 
mid-gut of the larva between the peritrophic membrane and 
intestinal epithelium. This gregarine does not seem fatal to 
its host. 


588 Dr. D. Keilin on the 


3. Microsporidia.—-The alimentary tube and the salivary 
glands of the larve are sometimes invaded with a micro- 
sporidian parasite, which will be dealt with separately. This 
parasite destroys the epithelial cells of the organs, and 
appears to kill the larve before they succeed to pupate. 


4, Helicosporidium parasiticum, Keilin, 1921, represents a 
completely new type of Protist which invades the fat-body, 
nerve-ganglia, and body-cavity of the larvee. This parasite 
is very pathogenic and destroys a good number of Dasyhelea 
larvee. 

5. The perivisceral fat-body of the larva on two occasions 
showed the presence of a parasitic body resembling the 
trophic stage of a gregarine. ‘This parasite will be described 
separately. 


Nematoda. 


6. In a few cases the larva of Dasyhelea contained a 
female of a nematode worm lying in the body-cavity. This 
nematode, of which I only "know the females, seems to 
belong to ‘the family of Mermithide. 


VIII. Herepitrary Bactertan SyMBIONT OF 
DASYHELEA OBSCURA, WINNERTZ. 


All the larve of Dasyhelea obscura contain in their thorax 
four large bodies completely filled with bacteria. These four 
masses of bacteria grow with the larva and pass into the 
pupa and the adult fly. They are then transmitted to the 
eggs, and the small Jarvee which hatch from the eggs already 
show the four bodies with bacteria in the perivisceral cavity 
of their thoracic segments. The complete account of this 
hereditary bacterian symbiont will be given in a separate 
paper. 


IX. REFERENCES. 


Carter, H. F., Ineram, A., & Mac¥Fir, J.W.S. (1920). ‘ Observations 
on the Ceratopogonine Midges of the Gold Coast, with Descrip- 
tions of new Species.—Parts I.-IL.” Ann. of Trop. Medic. and 
Parasitology, vol. xiv. pp. 187-274, pls. iv.—vi. 

Epwarps, F. W. (1921). MS. notes, see pp. of this paper. 

GoETGHEBUER, M. (1914). “Contribution a étude des Chironomides 
de Belgique.” Annales de Biologie Lacustre, vol. vii. pp. 165- 
229, pls. v.-vil. 

Gufry, F. E. (1833). “ Notice sur les Métamorphoses des cératopogons 
et description de deux espéces nouvelles de ce genre, découvertes 
aux environs de Paris.” Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. vol. ii., see 
pp. 165-167, pl. viil. 


Life-history of Dasylelea obscura, Winnertz. 589 


Keitin, D. (1917). ‘Recherches sur les Anthomyides & larves carni- 
vores.” Parasitology, vol. ix. pp. 825-450, pls. v.-xv. 

—— (1920). “Ona new Saccharomycete, Monosporella unieuspidata, 
gen. n. nom., n. sp., parasitic in the Body-cavity of a Dipterous 
Larva (Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz).” Parasitology, vol. xii. 
pp. 85-91. 

—— (1920), “On Two new Gregarines, Allantocystis dasyhelet, n.g., 
n. sp., and Dendrorhynchus systeni, n g., 0. sp., parasitic in the 
Alimentary Canal of the Dipterous Larve, Dasyhelea obscura, 
Winn., and Systenus sp.” Parasitology, vol. xii. pp. 154-158, 


Lx 
oo (192i). “On the Life-history of Helicosporidium parasiticum, 0. &., 
n. sp.,a new Type of Protist parasitic in the Larva of Dasyhelea 
obscura, Winnertz (Diptera Ceratopogonide), and in some other 
Arthropods.” Parasitology, vol. xiii. pp. 97-113, pls. iv.—vi. 
TasouLspkne, A. (1869). ‘ Histoire des métamorphoses du Cerato- 
pogon dufowrt.” Ann, Soe. Ent. Fr. 4£ série, vol. ix. pp. 157-166, 


. vil. 

Mix, J. (1888). “Zur Biologie von Ceratopogon, Meig., nebst Berschrei- 
bung einer neuen Art dieser Gattung.” Wien, Ent. Zeit. 
vol vii. pp. 183-192, pl. il. 

Riery, J. Tu. (1915). “ Die Metamorphose der Culicoidinen (Cerato- 
pogoninen).” Archiv fiir Hydrobiologie, Supplement-Band ii, 
pp. 3877-442. 


X. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
[All the figures concern Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. ] 


PuatE XIX. 
Fig. 1. Head of a full-grown larva, seen from the side: an., antenne ; 
cl., clypeus; ’., hypopharynx; /., labium; M., maxille ; 
m., mandibles; s., duct of, salivary glands; 1-14, fourteen 
pairs of sensory organs. 


Fig. 2. Labrum, seen from the ventral side. 

Fig. 3. Maxilla, seen from the side. 

Fig. 4. Egg taken out of the uterus of the 2, showing the gelatinous 
layer with small chitinous rods surrounding it. 

Fig. 5. Antenna of the larva. 

Fig. 6. Hypopharynx, seen ventrally: J., lateral wing-like processes ; 


r., posterior ridge of the ventral plate; rd., lateral bifurcated 
rods connecting the hypopharynx with the labium; 
s., salivary duct ; v., ventral plate. 

Fig. 7. Hypopharynx, seen laterally: d., dorsal plate; 0., cesophagus; 
other letters as in fig. 6. 

Fig. 8. Larva, full-grown, seen laterally. 


PuaTE XX. 
Fig. 9. Abdominal segments of the larva, showing the characteristic 
pigmented pattern. 
Fig. 10. Labrum, seen dorsally. 
%g. 11. Posterior end of the larva, seen laterally, showing the hooks, ., 
and the lateral protuberance, p. 
Fig. 12. as end of the larva, seen dorsally, showing 2 pairs of 
hooks. 
Fig. 13. ey end of the larva, seen ventrally, showing 4 pairs of 
hooks, 


590 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from 


Fig. 14. Posterior segment of the larva, showing the protruded rectal 
{ gills, 7.9. 

Fig. 15. Anterior portion of the pupa, seen ventrally: 7.8, the third pair 
of legs; p.k., prothoracic respiratory horns; p.w., terminal 
protuberance of the wings. 

Fig. 16. Sensory vestigial remains of thoracic legs of the larva. 

Figs. 17 & 18. Abdominal hooks, with sensory hairs of the pupa. 

vy. 19, Abdominal segments of the pupa, seen dorsally. 

Fig. 20, Posterior abdominal segment of the pupa. 

Fig. 21. Respiratory prothoracie horns, showing the spiracular papille. 


LVIII.—Some undescribed Rhapalocera from Mesopotamia 
and N.W. Persia ; and uther Notes. By N. D. Ritey. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Tue following notes are based on the very rich material 
brought from Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia by Lt.-Col. 
H. D. Peile, 1.M.S., F.E.S. Col. Peile is to be congratu- 
lated highly on the excellent condition of the specimens, 
the fullness of the data, and on the number of species 
obtained, often under conditions not at all conducive to 
entomological enthusiasm. The Museum also is greatly 
indebted to him for the generosity with which he has pre- 
sented not only the types of all the forms, but also “as 
many as we want of everything else.” 

Col. Peile hopes shortly to publish in the Journal of the 
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. a fuller account of the Rhopalocera 
of the regions in which he collected, and to figure the 
majority of the new forms. Fuller particulars as to dates 
and localities, &c., will be found therein. Only those speci- 
meus of the species mentioned below, which have been 
incorporated in the General Collection of the Museum, are 
referred to here. 


Pieride. 
1. Euchloé ausonia persica, Verity. 
Rhop. Pal. p. 178 (1908). 
73,7 2, Fathah, R. Tigris, 19-30, ii. 1920. 
Verity says of his type specimen : ‘‘ La tache apicale, peu 
étendue, mais trés noire et 4 limites trés nettes, rappelle 


plutdt celle de belemia, tandis que le trait discoidal trés 
réduit, trés droit et aussi éloigné de la cote que chez falloui, 


KEILIN Ann. § Mag. Nat. st. S. 9. Vole Vale PL, XX 


D. Keilin del. 
Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 


KEILIN. Ann, § Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 9. Violls WIIIE IAL POE 


D. Keilin del. 


Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz. 


RAL ne 


$ 


Re Ce a NO aye ee bes ta ca : 


‘ , _’ 5 
Soya Rs 
7 24 \ , Pear 1: ons 
7 ' oy faa Wes tees 
; : ‘ Ph re 


Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 591 


aun aspect qu’on ne retrouve chez aucun autre Luchloé ; 
ce trait a la méme ampleur sur les deux surfaces.” 

This description fits exactly the specimens collected by 
Col. Peile, but its application by Verity to the specimens 
from Schahrud in the B.M., which he figures at plate 67, 
figs. 81 & 82, seems, in view of this additional material, 
no longer justifiable. The two features on which he lays 
stress are the sharp definition of the inner edge of the apical 
patch and the reduction of the size of the discoidal spot. 
In the Schahrud specimens the former is very broad and 
diffuse, the latter large and almost quadrate, in both sexes. 
This race from N.I. Persia may well be called verrryt, sp. n.. 
the types being the g and ¢? in the B.M. figured by Verity, 
and persica, Ver., be restricted to the race from Western 
Persia, Kurdistan, &c. 

B.M. types No. Rh. 161, ¢ 12.5: 78; 162, 9, 15.5. 71, 
Christoph. ex Coll, Elwes, Shahrud, N.H. Persia. 


2. Zegris eupheme dyala, Peile. 
Entomologist, liv. p. 151 (1921). 


26 6, 26 2, Kizil-Robat, L. bank of R. Dyala, 10. iii. 
G6. iv. 919. 

Resembles the f. ¢schudica in the whiteness of the apical 
area of the underside of the forewing, but can at once be 
separated from it by the far greater reduction in the extent 
of the green mottling of the underside of the hindwing. 
The orange patch is usually much smaller, and the grey 
apex very much blacker, than in f. menestho. 

There are three pairs of typical ¢schudica in the B.M. 
from S. Russia, and all of them agree far better with 
Herrich-Schiaffer’s figure of tschudica than do these speci- 
mens from the R. Dyala. I suspect that the male mentioned 
by Le Cerf (Ann. @Hist. Nat. ii. (2) p. 29, 1918), taken 
at Danah-Kouh in March 1903, is referable to this race 
rather than to true /schudica. 

B.M. types No. Rh. 163, 3, 23.38.19; 164, ?, 15.3.19, 
Kizil-Robat. 


2a. Zegris eupheme tigris, subsp. n. 


13 6,4 ¢, Fathah, R. bank R. Tigris, 18. iii—5. iv. 20. 
This race, like the preceding, comes very close to 
tschudica, H.-S. It can, however, be separated at once 
from that form by the yellowness of the apical area of the 
underside of the forewing, this area being, in Herrich- 
Schiiffer’s figures (Schmett. Eur. ff. 449-353), white, with 


592 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from 


the exception of the extremes of the inner edge; uniformly 
yellow in éigris. The mottling of the underside of the hind- 
wing also has considerably more yellow in its composition 
than is the case in true tschudica. 

Two males approach menestho in the richness of the under- 
side coloration ; one approaches dya/a in the poverty of it. 
The extent of the orange in the apical patch of the forewing 
above is, on the average, appreciably greater than is the case 
in dyala., 

B.M. types No. Rh. 165, ¢, 25. 3.20; 166, 2, 30.3. 20, 
Fathah. 


Satyride. 
3. Pararge megera iranica, subsp. n, 


2 8, Kaizil-Robat, Mesopotamia, 23.3.19; 3 ¢, 6 9, 
Karind Gore and Harir, 13. vii.—16. viii. 18, N.W. Persia. 

Underside of the hindwing lighter and more yellowish 
than in true /yssa, Bois., in that respect agreeing with 
Herrich-Schaffer’s description of megerina. Herrich- 
Schiffers states, however, that the upperside of his 
megerina is that of Hiibner’s fig. 914, i.e. /yssa. ‘The upper- 
side of iranica 1s more that of Staudinger’s ¢ranscaspica, i. e. 
with the much obscured hindwing, but the underside of 
the hindwing is much darker than in that form. The 
specimens are all rather smaller than the ¢ranscaspica and 
lyssa in the B.M. 

B:M. types!No. Rh.:167, ¢, 11.7. 183 168) 9s ae 
Harir. 

In addition there are in the B.M. one pair from Dizful, 
Persia, and a further pair from Teheran which belong to 
this race. A pair from Gulek, Taurus, though much larger, 
agree in all other respects. It is probable, too, that the 
specimens mentioned by Le Cerf (/.c. p. 41), from Persia, 
should be referred to tranica. 

The name megerina seems only tenable for the form of 
lyssa with a yellower underside to the hindwing. The 
“ differences”? given by Herrich-Schaffer for separating it 
are characteristics which apply equally to any form of 
meyer a. 


4, Satyrus persephone, Hiibn. (anthe, Ochs.), and 
5. Satyrus enervata, Staud. 


As there seems to be some confusion as to whether 
enervata is a seasonal form or a geographical race of 


Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 593 


persephone, it may be as well to mention that not only, as 
its name implies, does it lack the white veining of the 
underside of the hindwing, but also its genitalia differ from 
those of persephone, and it has across the bases of areas 1d 
(part) to 3 of forewing above in the male a prominent black 
sex-mark, 

These seem sufficiently good grounds for maintaining it 
as a good species. 


6. Epinephel: telmessia pallescens, Butler. 


Epinephele pallescens, Butler, Cat. Sat. B.M. p. 65 (1868). 

LE. telmessia var. oreas, le Cerf, Ann. d’Hist. Nat. 11. (2) p. 46 (1913), 

N.W. Persia, Karind Gorge, 13. 7.18, 2 9; Paitak, 
6. 3.18, 1 9; Harir, 10.8. 18,19. 

There seems little doubt that Le Cerf unfortunately over- 
looked Butler’s description of padlescens, and that his oreas 
is the same thing. 


7. Epinephele lupinus cunTRALIS, subsp, ni. 


15 fg, 15 3, from Kizil-Robat, Jebel Hamrin; Sulei- 
manyeh, Kermanshah, Harir, and Karind, iv., v., vi., vil, 
vill., & ix. 1918 & 1919. 

Staudinger’s description of “ /. lycaon var. intermedia” 
runs as follows :—‘‘ The almost universally common species 
E. lycaon is a species very variable as to size, nature of hair- 
scales, colour, etc. The large examples from S.K. Kurope 
with the forewing in the male more lightly covered with 
long hairs was described long ago as var. /upinus, Costa. In 
the lower-lying (hotter) districts of Asia and Asia Minor as 
well as in S. Russia (according to Alphéraky) an inter- 
mediate form occurs which I call intermedia. Specimens 
are much larger than typical German /ycaon and almost as 
densely hairy as the still larger dupinus, but darker and mostly 
with a broader (shorter) androconial stripe (or, rather, patch) 
on the forewing. Also on the underside of the hindwing 
they are almost always much lighter (more greyish-white) 
than lycaon, especially examples from Samarkhand, almost 
like typical dwpinus. I have this var. intermedia from 
Samarkhand, Margelan; also one specimen each from 
Saison and Lepsa (presumably taken in other hotter dis- 
tricts) I must include with them. In the same way 
examples from Amasia and Achal Tekke District would be 
best included here, although the Amasia specimens are 
darker on the underside.” 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 38 


594 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from 


From this typical Staudinger description it at least 
appears that true intermedia is the Samarkhand, Margelan 
race. Hence Turati’s margelanica wust fall as an absolute 
synonym of intermedia. In Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, and 
Western Persia occurs a race somewhat similar to intermedia, 
but characterized by its smaller size, greyer appearance (the 
females particularly being very dark above, with very little 
orange as a rule), and the greater uniformity of the markings 
of the underside of the hindwing, the banded appearance 
of intermedia being absent, or almost so, in the majority of 
specimens. This may be kuown as cenTRALIs, subsp. n. 
(types: B.M. types No. Kh. 169, ¢, 6.5. 19-7 eee 
7.5. 19, Kizil-Robat, L. bank of R. Dyala, H. D. Peile). 
Somewhat similar, but characterized by a very much darker 
underside to the hindwing, larger size, longer and yellower 
hair-scales occupying a more extensive area, is the Asia 
Minor race (caprus, subsp. n., B.M. types No. Rb. 171, ¢, 
1.7.18; 172, 9, 24. 6. 18, Kedos, NV. V. L. Rabo) aus 
race is very intermediate between /upinus and centralis in ajl 
respects. It is also in the B.M. from Brussa, Kilishlar, 
Gulek, and Yozgat, and, according to Staudinger, occurs at 
at Amasia. Finally, the race from Cyprus may be men- 
tioned. It represents the extreme in depth of coloration in 
both sexes above and below, with the only exception of the 
male of mauritanica, Oberth., which is blacker above. The 
female has, by comparison, an almost sooty appearance 
above and the yellow markings are of a very deep shade 
(=cyPrRiaca, subsp. n., B.M. types, No. Rh. 173, ¢ , 25.5. 09; 
174, 2,9. 5. O09, Nicosia, Cyprus, J. A. Bucknill). 


Nymphalide. 
8. Melitea trivia persea, Koll. 


12 6,3 2, 16.3. 19-3. 4.19, Kizil-Robat. Spring brood. 

23,4 9, 27 & 28.6.18, Jebel Hamrin, L. bank R. 
Dyana. Summer brood. 

1 6, Fathah, Jebel Hamrin, 19. 6. 20. Summer brood, 


9. Melitea dedyma casta, Koll. 


1 Go, 1 9, 1208/4987 Hari: N,W.. Persia: 

As Kollar’s original descriptions of M/. casta and persea 
are not usually very accessible, the following transcripts 
may be of use :— 


Denk. K.-K. Akad. Wissen. Wien, 1. p. 50 (1850). 


Se 


~ 


Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 595 


Melitea casta. Wings above fulvous, the costal strigze 
of forewing and a broad [repanda] submarginal fascia 
common to both wings, and the margin itself, black ; fore- 
wings below with an irregular macular black fascia ; hind- 
wings pale yellowish, with two very pale yellowish bands, 
the broad stripes and the series of black marginal spots less 
distinct. 

Bap. Is /-1AU. 

Next to M. didyma, from which, however, it differs most 
in that the wings above have fewer black bands and spots, 
and that the bands of the underside of the hindwing have 
almost disappeared. 

Melitea persea. Wings above fulvous; forewings with 
three black macular bands, hindwings two; below, the 
apex of the former and the whole of the latter pale yellow, 
the macular bands of the forewings below conforming with 
those of upper surface, the hindwings with two pale fulvous 
bands and black lunules and spots. 

Exp. alar. 17’, 

Similar to the preceding, but the markings of the hind- 
wings on the underside, which in casta are very similar to 
didyma, in this manfestly differ and come closer to M. didyma 
[sic !], from which, however, it ought to be separated, owing 
to the failure of the black spots, especially at the bases of 
the wings. 

Taking these two descriptions together, remembering that 
Kollar also records M. phoebe from the same locality, and 
assuming, I think with perfect justification, that the passage 
in the above paragraph in italics must refer to some other 
species, not d/dyma, it seems reasonable to suppose that 
casia must be the Persian race of didyma and persea that of 
trivia. This view is much strengthened by the material in 
the B.M. 

A character which may be found of some use in separating 
these two species is the position of the black marks in areas 
2 and 8 of the hindwing underside, between the orange 
bands. ‘These markings are generally, in each area, three 
in number, and in frivia the middle one is nearer the distal 
one, in didyma nearer the proximal one. 


10. Polygonia egea, Cram., f. egea. 
Karind Gorge, 13. 7. 18, 17. 7. 18, & 12.8. 18, each 1 ¢@. 
f. j-album, Esp. 
Karind Gorge, 14. 7. 18, 17. 7. 18, each 1 ¢. 


596 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from 


11. P.lygonia c-album, Linn., f. hutchinsonii, Robson. 


Karind Gorge, 12. 8.18, 1 ¢. 

It will be noticed thateall three forms mentioned above 
were taken at the same locality within a week. 

It may be of interest here to publish a note on the 
Central Asiatic forms of this genus made by M. Andre 
Avinoff shortly before the war and left at the B.M.; it 
should help to clear up the muddle which surrounds 
P. interposita, Staud. It runs :—“ Polygonia egea (tri- 
angulum) is found in Europe; in the south begins, from 
Caucasus, to get darker and gradually runs into the form of 
Central Asia. It is not the interposita of Staudinger, as the 
interposita is the c-album form with some character of egea 
(I saw the type and studied the form by the Turkestan 
material). Grum-Grshmailo gave the name undina (Rom. 
Mem. iv. p. 424) to the egea of Turkestan, but he was not 
quite right on the distribution (all he says about Osch and 
Margelan). In reality undina goes to Chitral by Bokhara 
and flies with interposita. The series of the B.M. contain 
both species ; egea does not go to the south. Jnterposita is 
darker in Chitral, Goorais, Thundiani (cognata), and brighter 
and less dark in the South Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim to 
Ta-Tsien-Lu), where it is agnicula (tibetanus, Kiwes). Inter- 
posita is very near to c-album, but it may be a distint species.” 

From this, the series in the B.M., and indeed from 
Staudinger’s original description (Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1881, 
p. 286), it is evident that interposita has nothing to do with 
egea, although almost invariably associated with it by 
authors. Staudinger’s description certainly is discursive to 
a degree, but it is obvious he regarded interposita as a closer 
ally of e-a/bum than of egea. What has hitherto been 
generally known as interposita must in future go by the 
name undina, Gr.-Gr. 

The position in the Himalayas seems to be that there are 
three species, represented in the B.M. as follows :— 


1. P. egea undina, Gr.-Gr., from Chitral and Hunza. 

2. P. c-album cognata, Moore, » Thundiana, Kulu, Nandar, 
Simla, and Chumpur. 

3. P. interposita interposita, Staud., ,, Chitral, Ladakh, Kylang, 
Kulu, Goorais, Pangi, 
Dugi, Goolmurg, and 
Gurwhal. 

3a. P. interposita agnicula, Moore ,, Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet to 

(tibetanus, Elwes). Ta-Tsien-Lu. 


It may be as well here to correct a further error, for 


Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 597 


which Stichel (in Seitz, Macrolep. Pal. 1. p. 208) appears to 
be responsible, with regard to the Japanese forms of c-album. 
Fentoni, Butler, is not a synonym of hamigera, Butler ; it 
is an older name than lunigera, Butler, for the form with 
the light brown underside. Lunigera was based on a 
specimen of this form with slightly narrower forewings and 
more melanic upperside—an extreme of the form, in fact. 


Lycenide. 


12. Lycena dama Karinba, subsp. n. 


73,7 2, 14.7.18.-9. 9. 18, Harir, Karind, and Karind 
Gorge, N.W. Persia. 

Differs from L. duma, Staud. (Iris, iv. p. 234), in that the 
discal series of spots on the underside of hindwing is always 
complete, although the spots composing it are minute. The 
marginal and submarginal markings also are more fully 
developed. In the female the veins on the upperside are 
conspicuously darker. 

Le Cerf (Ann. d’Hist. Nat. 11. (2) p. 69) records one 
female, under the name dama, from Deh-Tchechma, 
Arabistan. Persia. This should probably be referred to 
L. dama karinda, typical dama being only known from 
Malatia. 

peo. types .No-Rh..175,.g 32176, 2 , 16) 7718; Karimd 
Gorge. 


13. Lycena damone vAMAttis, subsp. n. 


12 g,12 2, Karind Gorge and Harir, 13. 7. 18-9. 8. 18. 

Nearest the var. verves, Staud., in colour and in that the 
hindwing underside is entirely devoid of any trace of the 
longitudinal white stripe, but differs constantly in its much 
larger size (30 mm. and more as against 23-24 mm. in 
‘ erves), aud in being entirely devoid of any trace of basal 
green scaling on the underside of both wings. The upperside 
coloration of the male is perhaps a shade paler and brighter 
than in typical verves, and the hind-marginal orange lunules 
in the female more pronounced. The general coloration of 
the underside in the male is lighter, more greyish, less 
brown than in werves; in the female of a more yellowish 
brown. ‘The discoidal spot on the forewings is anteriorly 
more acute than in any xerves examined, 


B.M. types, No. Rh, 177, d:,. 13. 7. 18+ 178, 2, 16. 7..18, 
Karind Gorge. 


598 Mr. N. D. Riley on Rhopalocera from 


14. Lycena peilei, Beth. Baker. 
Entomologists’ Record, xxxiii, p. 63 (1921). 
B.M. types No. Rh. 179, ¢.; 180, 9, 17. 7. 18; Karima 


Gorge. 
15. Heodes thersamon KuRvistanica, subsp. n. 


18 g,18 9,15. 7. 18-14, 9. 18, Harir, Karind Gorge, and 
Kermanshah, 

These specimens, especially the September ones, are 
characterized by their small size and the lack of any fiery 
tinge in their coloration. They are also a much more 
yellow- gold even than usaal in European thersumon, though 
not nearly so golden as ochimus. 

The underside coloration is more uniform than in typical 
thersamon, the hindwing ground-colour approaching that of 
the forewing, and the dark spots are much reduced in size. 
The hindwing tails are comparatively long. 

Var. persica, Bienert, was described from N.E. Persia. It 
can at once be separated from kurdistanica by its large size, 
its fiery reddish-golden colour, and its dark border. 

B.M. types No. Rh. 181, ¢, 19. 8. 18; 182, 9, 20. 8. 18, 
Harir. 


16. Aphneus epargyros MARGINALIS, subsp. n. 
26,6 9.6 & 7.8.18, Paitak; 2 3, 1. SiS tei 


manyeh. 

Differs from typical epargyros (as represented in the B.} 
by 13 males and 8 females from Persia, Turkestan, &c.), 
which was described by Eversmann from the Aral Sea area, 
by its much smaller size, darker ground-colour, and the 
great increase in the size of the black markings above. The 
submarginal band of the forewing so wide as to join the 
marginal line, thus forming a broad black band which, poste- 
riorly, joins the median transverse band. ‘he triangular 
patch of ground-colour so enclosed is nearly half filled by four 
spots between vein 4 and the costa. The black markings of 
the hindwing are correspondingly larger. 

On the underside the ground-colour is greenish grey, not 
silver-grey as in typical epargyros, and the irregular blotches, 
which in epargyros are ochreous, are similarly slightly 
greenish. The blotches themselves are more rounded, 
neater, and the whole underside has a more delicate appear- 
ance than in typical epargyros. 

B.M. types No. Rh. 183, ¢ ; 184, ?, 6. 8. 18, Paitak. 

N.B.—Since its description by Eversmann in 1854, 


Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia. 599 


epargyros has always been regarded as a synonym of 
acamas, Klug, which it is not, as the original descriptions 
and figures clearly prove. Acamas always has the base of 
the forewing as far as the origin of vein 2, and usually the 
whole (or greater part) of proximal half of hindwing, grey ; 
in epargyros the yellow ground-colour extends right up to 
the base of the wings. In epargyros any lighter yellow area 
on the forewing is confined to area 6; in acamas these 
lighter areas are sometimes white, and may extend into the 
cell and areas 5 and 4. But the readiest means of separating 
tle two species is by the shape of the submarginal band 
of the forewing below. In acamas this is an even band (or 
comparatively so) with a straight inner edge, or bordered 
internally by a series of narrow straight lines; in epargyros, 
as stated very clearly by Hversmann, it is made up of a 
series of decided crescents, their convex sides inward. 

Typical acamas can be separated from its better-known 
Indian form hypargyros by its brighter colour and its much 
less heavily marked upperside, and also by the underside 
markings, which are cloudier than in hypargyros. It appears 
to be coufined to Syria and Arabia, and has a softer general 
appearance than its Indian form. 

Swinloe’s figures of A. acamas in Lep. Ind. pl. 734 are 
misleading. Figs. 1 and 1 6 are from a male of dA. epar- 
gyros of the typical form from Persia ; fig. 1 @ is from an 
apparently very dry form of A. acamas hypargyros from 
Chaman. Both specimens are in the B.M. 


17. Zephyrus quercus LONGICAUDA, subsp. un. 
13 6,13 2,138. 7. 18-7. 8. 18, Paitak, Harir, and Karind 


Gorge. 

A well-marked local race. It is distinguished from the 
typical European guercus most readily by its generally 
rather larger size, the brighter and more brillant colour of 
the upperside of the male, and the great increase in the 
length of the tails. These measure 3-4 mm. consistently, as 
against 1-2 in European specimens. On the underside the 
general coloration is much lighter grey and the transverse 
white bands much straighter. The submarginal markings 
of the forewing below, with the exception of those in areas 
14 and 2, which are large, dark, and prominent, are almost 
absent. The anal lobe of the hindwing is much larger than 
in typical guercus, and the black spot which covers it twice 
thie size. 


600 On some undescribed Rhopalocera. 


B.M. types No. Rh. 185, ¢, 186, 2, 16. 7. 18, Karind 
Gorge. 

Three males and two females, one of the latter a beautiful 
example of ab. bellus, Gerhard, taken at Suwarra by Capt. 
Aldworth in early July 1919, and one male from Lenkoran, 
30. 6. 74, ew coll. Christoph., all of which are in the B.M., 
are also referable to longicauda, 


18. Strymon MARCIDUS, sp. 0. 


19 ,15..7. 18, Harir, B.M. type No. Rh. 18722 

19, 16.7. 18, Karind Gorge. 

2. Upperside, both wings:—Dark brown, immaculate, a 
fine darker auteciliary line more conspicuous on the hind- 
wings, cilia whitish, especially on the hindwings. Hind- 
wing: Anal lobe yellowish, and some yellowish scaling 
close to margin in areas 14 and 2. Underside, both wings :— 
Pale yellowish grey, cilia of same colour, preceded by a 
very fine darker marginal line, which is separated from 
a very indistinct submarginal shadowy dusky band by only a 
narrow white line. Forewing: A band of white linear spots 
runs from costa to vein 1, the spots being limited by the 
veins and inwardly margined with black, the band following 
almost exactly the curve of the hind margin; the lowest 
spot, in area 1 4, is characteristic, being crescentic, the con- 
cave side facing outward, and as fully developed as the other 
spots in the series. Hindwing: The transverse band is 
similar to that of the forewing, but slightly broader and less 
interrupted ; it follows almost exactly the curve of the hind 
margin, and in areas lc, 2, and 3 is composed of V-shaped 
spots, the apex directed inward. There is also a sub- 
marginal series of spots, of which that in area 2 is large and 
black, inwardly bordered with yellow, black, then white; 
those in areas 3, 4, and 5 are small, black, ringed with paler, 
diminishing in size so that the one in area 5 is barely trace- 
able. Anal lobe black, with some whitish and yellowish 
scaling above it which merges into the last spot of the 
transverse white band. Between anal lobe and the large 
spot in area 2 there is black and bluish-grey scaling, the 
exact nature of which, however, cannot be stated, as the 
bulk of this area in both specimens is completely missing. 

Length of forewing: 16 mm. 

Comes near S. abdominalis, Gerhard, but the different 
contour of the transverse band of underside and the 
absence of the dark marks at anal angle of forewing 
beneath readily separate it from that species. 


THE “ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


(NINTH SERIES. } 


No. 48. DECEMBER 1921. 


LIX.— On some Dipterous Larve infesting the Branchial 
Chambers of Land-crabs. By D. Keri, Se.D., Beit 
Memorial Research Fellow (from the Quick Laboratory, 
University of Cambridge). 

To the great variety of conditions under which Dipterous 

larve of different kinds are found, Baylis (1915) * has added 

an interesting record by his discovery of a novel habitat, 
namely, within the branchial chambers of certain land- 
crabs, 

The record is as follows :— 

(1) Of three specimens of a land-crab—Cardiosoma hirtipes 
—from the Admiralty Islands (‘ Challenger’ Collection), 
two were found to contain Dipterous larve within their 
branchial chambers. 

(2) A fragment of a Dipterous larva was found adhering 
to the external surface of an example of the same species 
from Christmas Island, near to the lateral opening of the 
gill-chamber. 

(3) Two small Dipterous larve were found in the branchial 
chamber of one of three specimens of a _ land-crab — 
Gecarcoidea lalandii—trom Christmas Island (collected by 
Dr. R. Kirkpatrick). 

* Baylis, H. A. (1915), “ A parasitic Oligocheeta and other Inhabi- 
tants of the Gill-chamber of Land-crabs,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
ser. 8, vol. xv. pp. 878-383. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 39 


602 Dr. D. Keilin on 


Mr. F. W. Edwards has suggested that the specimens 
probably belong to the subfamily Hristaline. 

In his note Baylis expresses some doubt as to whether or 
not these larve can be actually parasitic ; he believes it is 
possible that the larvee may have been living in the decaying 
matter upon which the crabs feed, or that they frequent the 
water of streams into which the crabs may go, but, whether 
their presence in the branchial chambers of their hosts is 
accidental or not, ‘‘they would appear to have thriven there, 
and it is suggested as at least a possibility that they derived 
sustenance from the blood of the crabs, their clitinous 
‘jaws’ enabling them to puncture the epithelium of the 
gills or of the vascular lining of the chamber” (p. 380). 

Mr. F. W. Edwards has kindly invited me to examine 
these larve discovered by Baylis, in order that, by com- 
parison with other Dipterous larvee, their true systematic 
position might be determined, and an explanation found, if 
possible, for their preseuce_in the gill-chambers of their 
hosts. The results of my investigation are embodied in this 
communication. 

Mr. Edwards sent me two tubes of material, the contents 
of which, for convenience in the following descriptions, I 
shall designate by the letters A and B respectively. The 
first tube contained larve from the branchial chambers of 
Cardiosoma hirtipes (Admiralty Islands), while the second 
tube contained a single larva from Gecarcoidea lalandii 
(Christmas Island). 


Description of Larve A, from the Branchial Chambers 
of Cardiosoma hirtipes. 


The tube contained two small and two large larve, all 
being already in the third stage of development. In each 
case the body is very elongate, and furnished posteriorly 
with a long respiratory siphon. The large larve (figs. 1 
aud 2), with completely evaginated siphons, attain a length 
of 19 to 22 mm., while their diameter at the widest part is 
only 0°77 to 1 mm. In common with other Cyclorhaphous 
Diptera, the body comprises a small head, three thoracic, 
and eight abdominal segments. The head, or pseudocephailon, 
resembles in structure that of all the larve of the Cyclorhapha 
(fig. 3) ; itis a small, soft, bilobed segment which can be 
retracted into the thorax, and is furnished with four pairs 
of sensory organs: (a) the bell-shaped antenne ; (6) mazil- 
lary palps, composed of several small papille ; (¢) special 
sensory organs, similar to those previously described by me 


some Dipterous Larve. +» 603 


(1915, pp. 1738-177 *), and which are present in all Cyclo- 
rhaphous larve; and (d) labial palps in the form of small 
conical protrusions, each of which bears a single circular 
papilla. The ventral surface of the head-lobes is raised in 
several rows of rib-like projections, armed with strongly 
chitinised, bifid, reflexed hooks. Each of the three thoracic 
seynents bears on its anterior part several smuous rows of 
small hooklets and a definite number of sensory hairs and 
pits. The vestigial remains of the thoracic legs are repre- 
sented by six groups, each consisting of three small sensory 
hairs. The prothoracie segment bears the pair of well- 
developed anterior spiracles. The first seven abdominal 
segments are twice as long as broad ; they present a doubied 
appearance, owing to the conspicuous zone of articulation, 
where the segments are telescoped into each other. Each 
segment bears at its anterior border several sinuous rows 
of small reflexed hooklets. On the ventral surface of the 
eighth and last abdominal segment is the anus, which divides 
the segment into an anterior portion resembling that of the 
preccding abdominal segments and a posterior portion 
which is prolonged into the respiratory siphon. ‘The 
proximal portion of the siphon resembles the corresponding 
portion of an ordinary abdominal segment ; it becomes 
narrower posteriorly, forming an intermediate portion which 
is covered with small, forwardly-directed hooklets. The 
terminal portion of the siphon is slender, rigid, and tubular, 
and bears the pair of postadonmal spiracles at its 
extremity. 

The respiratory system of this larva is amphipneustic ; 
two pairs only of functional spiracles are present—the pro- 
thoracic and the postabdominal pairs. The prothoracic 
spiractes (fig. 3, s) comprise eight elongated papille which, 
by meaus of a well- developed felt- chamber, communicate 
with the two lateral tracheal trunks. The postabdominal 
spiracles (fig. 4) are situated at the extremity of the respi- 
ratory siphon, and, on account of the tip of the latter being 
bifurcated, are separated from one another by a fairly deep 
groove. ach spiracle appears to possess three spiracular 
clefts, surrounded by long divergent hairs. ‘The felt- 
chamber, through which the spiracles communicate with the 
tracheal-trunks, is very long and narrow. 

The bucco-pharyngeal organ (fig. 3) shows the structure 
typical of all the Cyclorhaphous Diptera ; it is comprised of 

* Keilin, D. (1915). Recherches sur les larves de Diptéres Cyclo- 
rhaphes,” Bull, Scient. de la France et Belg gique, 7° série, vol, xlix. 


pp. 15-192. v 
39% 


604 . Dr. D. Keilin on 


‘ww g 


Larva A: Figs. 1 and 2.—Full-grown larvee, seen laterally. Fig. 3.— 
Anterior portion of the larva, showing the thoracic segments, the 
head or the pseudocephalon, and the bucco-pharyngeal armature : 
a, antenna; b, maxillary palps; c, ventral sensory organ; d, labial 
palp ; 2, hypopharyngeal sclerite; 7, intermediate sclerite ; /, lateral 
hooks; p, basilar or pharyngeal sclerite ; s, prothoracic spiracles. 
Fig. 4.—Posterior end of the siphon, showing the postabdominal 
spiracles. The scale represents only the magnification of the 
figs. 1 and 2. 


some Dipterous Larve. 605 


three main portions :—(1) the basal or pharyngeal sclerite 
(p), the lateral parts of which are strongly chitinised, while 
the ventral part, which forms the floor of the pharynx, is 
thin, transparent, and thrown into longitudinal ridges which 
project into the pharyngeal lumen; (2) the intermediate 
sclerite (i), in the form of an H, its anterior space being 
occupied by a hypopharyngeal sclerite (h); (3) the /ateral 
hooks (l), which are well developed and each provided with 
a single tooth only. 


Description of Larva B, from the Branchial Chamber 
of Gecarcoidea lalandil. 


The single specimen of this larva which I have been able 
to examine is in the second stage. It measures 2°3 mm. by 


Larva B: Fig. 56.—The larva seen laterally. Fig. 6.—Prothoracie 
spiracle during the moulting. Fig. 7.—Postabdominal spiracles. 
Fig. 8.—Bueco-pharyngeal armature. The scale represents only the 
magnification of fig. 5. 


0°25 mm. Its body also is comprised of a smali pseudo- 
cephalon, three thoractc, and eight abdominal segmeuts 
(fig. 5). The anterior and posterior margins of each seg- 
ment bear several sinuous rows of small hooklets. The last 


606 Dr. D. Keilin on 


abdominal segment is prolonged beyond the anus so as to 
form a respiratory siphon similar to, but much shorter than, 
that of larve A. The larva is amphipneustic ; the pro- 
thoracic spiracles (fig. 5) protrude slightly externally and 
show traces of the spiracular papille, whose number I could 
not determine. As in Larve A, the respiratory siphon is 
bifurcated at its extremity, and, in consequence, the post- 
abdominal spiracles are separated by the groove of the 
bifureation (fig. 7). The bueco-pharyngeal armature of this 
specimen resembles that of Larve A, but the sclerites are 
relatively more slender (fig. 8). 


The Systematic Position of Larve A and B. 


As already mentioned, these larvee had been associated by 
Mr. F. W. Edwards with the Eristaline (Syrphide). He 
supplied, moreover, the following information (see Baylis, 
p. 379) :—* Dipterous larvee from Cardiosoma hirtipes.— 
These Jarve are evidently Syrphide, and apparently belong 
to the subfamily Eristaline ; they differ from Hristalis in 
the more elongate form and the lack of any obvious 
separation into ‘ body’ and ‘ tail.’ 

“‘ Larvee from Gecarcoidea lalandit.—These are also Syr- 
phide, but in the present state of our knowledge it is 
impossible to assign them definitely to any subfamily. 
They appear to lack the extensile < tail? of Eristalis.” 

The foregoing remarks show that Edwards was guided in 
his identifications solely by the general conformation of the 
body. and especially by the presence of a well-developed 
posiabdominal respiratory siphon. Asa matter of fact, the 
resemblance between larve A and an Eristaline larva is 
most remarkable. It must be remembered, however, that 
tlhe possession of a postabdominal siphon is merely evidence 
of the fact that the larva inhabits a fluid or semi-fluid 
medium, and the greatest caution must be exercised before 
making use of it as acharacter for the purpose of systematic 
classification. A well-developed postabdominal respiratory 
siphon is known to exist in many totally different groups of 
D.pterous larve, e.g., Ptychopteridie, Psychodide, Culicide, 
Stratiomyide, Phoridee, Eristalinze (Syrphide), Antho- 
myidee, Ephy dride, Drosophilhide, and others. 

‘Being Sse y interested in the structure of Eristaline 
larvee, I have had occasion to examine many examples of 
this subfamily, and, from my knowledge of their morpho- 
logy, Iam forced to the conclusion that the larve under 
consideration have no affinity whatever with the Eristaline, 


« some Dipterous Larve. 607 


nor indeed with the Diptera Aschiza in general. For the 
purpose of comparison, I tabulate below some of the more 
important differences between Eristaline larvee and these 
examples from the gill-chambers of crabs :— 


Eristaline larve. Larve A and B. 


(1) Siphon not bifurcated, posterior (1) Siphon bifurcated, posterior 
spiracles adjacent. spiracles separated. 

(2) Prothoracic spiracles of small (2) Prothoracic spiracles well de- 
size. veloped in larve A, larva B 
: is in the second stage only. 

(5) Antenna and maxillary palp (8) Antenne and maxillary palp 


united to form a single sen- distinctly separated. 
sory organ. 

(4) Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus (4) Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus 
exhibiting a snecial struc- of the ordinary type common 
ture, quite different from the to all Cyclorhapha Schizo- 
type usually found in Diptera phora. 

Cyclorhapha. 


All this shows that the resemblance between the larvee 
A and B and the Syrphid larva is only a superficial one—it 
is nothing more than a case of convergence. 

The question now arises: What is the correct systematic 
position of these larvee ? 

In the existing state of our knowledge of the larve of 
Cyclorhaphous Diptera, it is always difficult, and often 
impossible, to determine even the family to which a parti- 
cular example belongs. Nevertheless, the structure of the 
head, mouth-parts, and spiracles indicate, first of all, that 
the larve A and B belong to the Diptera Cyclorhapha 
Schizophora. ‘They appear to show a close affinity with the 
the family Ephydridee—this for the following reasons :— 

(1) Larve of the Ephydridz, like larvae A and B, are 
always provided with postabdominal respiratory siphons. 

(2) In this family the siphon is always bifurcated as in 
larvee A and B. 

(3) The prothoracie spiracles are well developed in the 
Saprophagous Ephydrid larvee, similar to those of larva A. 

(4) The mouth-parts of larvee A and B are of the Ephydrid 
type. 

z (5) The ventral surface of the head in Ephydrid larvee, as 
in Jarva A, is furnished with plates and dentate scales. 

(6) Several species of Ephydrid larvee are known to occur 
in salt or brackish water. 

It is, therefore, highly probable that the larve A and B, 
discovered by Baylis, belong to the family Ephydride, or, 
at least, are very closely allied to that family. 


608 Mr. O. Thomas on , 


As to whether or not these larvee are parasitic in their 
habitat is a matter of some doubt. It is probable that they 
live in salt or brackish water, and that their presence in tlie 
branchial chambers of crabs is purely accidental. The 
structure of their bucco-pharyngeal organs, and especially 
their possession of well-developed longitudinal pharyngeal 
ridges, show that they are, to some extent at least, sapro- 
phagous (see Keilin, 1915, l. ce. pp. 127-132). They pro- 
bably feed on the detritus of variable nature, which they 
find in the branchial chamber of crabs, but it cantiot be 
denied that they may also obtain food, in the form of blood or 
mucus, from the gills of the crab, by inflicting wounds with 
their well-developed lateral hooks and the dentate process 
on the veutral surface of the head. 


LX.—On a further Collection of Mammals from Jujuy 
obtained by Sr. E. Budin. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Durina April, May, and June of this year Sr. E. Budin 
returned to the region where his first collection had been 
made in 1913, as he knew of a number of species which he 
had not succeeded in obtaining, and of which he wished to 
procure examples. 

In this respect he was exceedingly successful, as the 
present collection, consisting of one hundred and seventeen 
specimens, included examples of no less than five new species, 
besides nice sets of various other forms which had been 
previously obtained by him in this and neighbouring provinces. 

How much Sr. Budin has contributed to our knowledge 
of the mammalogy of this region is shown by the fact that of 
twenty-two species in the present collection no less than fifteen 
have been now or previously discovered by him, while of the 
thirty others from Jujuy sent in earlier collections he was the 
discoverer of eighteen, so that he is the first captor of no less 
than thirty-three of the known mammals of Jujuy. 

Of the collection now dealt with the most interesting are 
the squirrel, never obtained before in the Argentine *, and 
the Neotomys, a swamp-rat congeneric with a Peruvian 
species, and a very striking addition to the fauna of Jujuy. 


* Though recorded, on the evidence of natives and of gnawed nut- 
shells, by Matschie, SB. Ges. Nat. Fr. 1894, p. 61. 


=” ~~ 


Mammals from Jujuy. 609 


The three lvealities at which the specimens were obtained 
Wel. 
Alfarcito.—2600 metres altitude, situated about 15 km. 
' N.E. of Maimara, the place where Sr. Budin first 
collected. 

Sierra de Zenta.—Altitude 4500 m., a range of mountains 
running north and south along the eastern edge of the 
Tilcara Department. 

Higuerilla.—2000 m., in the Department of Valle Grande, 
about 10 km. east of the Zenta range and 20 km. of 
the town of Tileara. 


1. Pseudalopea culpeus, Mol. 


g. 1410. Alfarcito, 2600 m. 
Q. 1455. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m. 


2. Conepatus ajax, Thos. 
&. 1411. Alfarcito, 2600 m. 


3. Sciurus (Mesosciurus) argentinius, sp. n. 

gi. 1496; 1506, 1516; 2. 1495, 1504, 1512, .1513.- Hi- 
guerilla, 2000 m. 

A yellow-bellied squirrel with a strong resemblance to 
S. hoffmanni and griscogena of northern S. America. 

Size about that characteristic of Allen’s dfesoscturus. Fur 
rather short. and coarse, hairs of back (winter) about 11- 
12 mm. in length. General colour above buffy olivaceous 
brown, approaching “* Dresden brown,” the colour quite like 
that of many specimens of true hoffmanni. Under surface 
clear ‘ ochraceous buff,” the hairs this colour to the roots ; 
demarcation on sides rather sharply defined. Eyes with 
their upper and lower lids buffy. ars rich reddish (near 
“‘ vinaceous tawny’), a patch behind them cinnamon-buff. 
Hands and feet strong buffy, like belly. ‘Tail broadly 
washed with strong buffy or ochraceous buffy to the tip, the 
hairs mostly black at base, then buffy, with a black sub- 
terminal band and buffy tip. No tendency toa blackish tail- 
tip, the terminal hairs being the most broadly washed with 
buffy of all. 

Skull of about the size of that of S. hoffmanni, but it is 
less bowed and convex above, and (perhaps as a consequence ) 
the incisors are rather more directed forwards (index 57°-90°, 
as compared with 80°) than in other members of the group. 


610 Mr. O. Thomas on 


Dimensions of the type (measured by collector) :— 

Head and body 189 mm.; tail 195; hind foot 47:5; 
ear 27. 

Skull: greatest length 51:5; condylo-incisive length 47; 
zygomatic “breadth 30; nasals 16 x 7°8 ; interorbital ‘breadth 
17-4; upper cheek-tooth series 8°6. 

Hab. as above. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.11.1.8. Original 
number 1504. Collected 15th June, 1921. 

The capture of this squirrel by Sefor Budin is of great 
interest, for, although an animal believed (and, we now know, 
rightly believed) to be a squirrel was recorded for Jujuy by 
Matschie, no determinable specimens have previously been 
obtained, and the nearest. locality to the present hitherto 
certainly known for them is Northern Bolivia (Sta. Cruz de 
la Sierra). And even there the squirrel is of the “ Lepto- 
scturus” group, the nearest localities for Mesosciurus being 
Peru and Colombia. And the species most like the present is 
the S. griseogena, far away in Venezuela. 

Besides the difference in the locality and the absence of 
any blackening of the tail-tip, S. argentinius is distinguished 
by its conspicuously reddish ears,*a character not known in 
any of its allies. 

Dr. Allen’s great paper on 8.-American squirrels being 
naturally the chief work of reference about them, I pro- 
visionally use his “ Mesosciurus” as a subgenus, but T should 
very much doubt if it ought to be considered subgenerically 
distinct from the far-earlier Guerlinguetus, and should in any 
case not recognize either Guerlinguetus or Mesosciurus as a 
eenus dinuaee from Seturus, with which teeth, penis-bone, 
and general structure all fully agree. 

In connection with this squirrel I should like to express 
my serse of the great loss science has sustained in the death 
of Dr. Allen, who had worked so much at this group. Both 
personally and by correspondence he has been one of bid 
most valued fiiends and helpers, and the loss of so enthu- 
siastic a worker makes a sad gap in the ranks of mammalogists. 

Sr. Budin says of this squirrel :—‘ Native name ‘ Nuecero’ 
(which means walnut-eater). I lave had much pleasure in 
obtaining these animals which I have long wished to send. 
They live among the walnut-trees, and I have had an oppor- 
tunity of seeing one go into a hole made by the large wood- 
pecker (Campop hilus leucopogon), where it had its nest. 
They are rare and difficult to see, as at sight of an enemy 
‘they remain perfectly still, and are then almost invisible 
among the branches. All those sent were shot, as I have 
found it impossible to trap them.” 


Mammals from Jujuy. 611 


4. Oryzomys sp. 


f. 1462, 1476, 1494; 2. 1471, 1474, 1483, 1498, 1502. 
Higuerilla, 2000 m. 


5. Andinomys edax, Thos. 


o. 1414,1417. Alfarcito, 2600 m. 
6. 1429; 2. 1432. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m. 


6. Phyllotis nogalaris, sp. 0. 


6. 1472, 1485. Higuerilla, 2000 m. 

A large species of rather dark colour. 

Size large, only exceeded by Ph. magister. General colour 
of the usual grizzled greyish, but darker than usual, about 
as in dark specimens of Ph. tucumanus. Under surface dull 
whitish, slightly tinged with buffy, which may form a definite 
patch on the chest. Ears rather smaller than usual, dark 
brown. Hands and feet white. Tail long, blackish above 
and at the end, dull white for the proximal half below. 

Skull nearly as large as that of magister, its upper outline 
evenly convex, the middle part of the skull high. Inter- 
orbital region very narrow, with well-marked vertically pro- 
jecting edges, which add to the vertical height of the skull ; 
these, however, have no resemblance to the divergent hori- 
zontal beads characteristic of the genus Graomys. Zygomatic 
plate with sharply cut straight front edge. Bulle propor- 
tionately rather small. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body: 147 mm.; tail 164; hind foot 30; 
ear 23. 

Skull: greatest length 35; condylo-incisive length 32:5; 
zygomatic breadth 19 ; nasals 14°5 x 5; intertemporal breadth 
3°3 ; breadth of brain-case 15 ; height of crown from alveolus 
of m* 10°6; palatilar length 16; palatal foramina 8:5 ; 
upper molar series 5. 

Hab. as above. 

Type. Adultmale. B.M. no. 21.11,1.22. Original num- 
ber 1472. Collected 29th May, 1921. 

Distinguishable by its size and comparatively dark colour. 

“Rata de los nogales.’—I call it this because it was only 
found where there are nogales (= walnuts).—Appears to be 
rare.’ —L, B. 


7. Phyllotis ricardulus, Thos. 


6. 1407, 1412 ; 2. 1415, 1420, 1424. Alfarcito, 2600 m. 
g. 1454. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m. 


612 Mr. O. Thomas on 


8. Euneomys (Auliscomys) leucurus, Thos. 
?. 1428, 1443, 1445. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m. 


The type came from La Lagunita, Maimara, in the near 
neighbourhood of the present locality. 


9. Neotomys vulturnus, sp. n. 


3. 1452; 9. 1427, 1430, 1434, 1435. Sierra de Zenta, 
4500 m. 

Paler and with rather longer tail than ebriosus. 

Size and general essential characters apparently quite as in 
ebriosus. Fur long and fine, ordinary hairs of back about 
12 mm. in length, overlapped by fine long piles attaining 
24mm. General coloura fine grizzled mixture of grey and 
buffy, almost as in pale forms of Sigmodon, the fore back 
more grey, the rump becoming more and more buffy, and 
culminating in a rich ochraceous patch at the base of the tail. 
Sides greyer. Under surface slaty grey, finely washed with 
whitish. Chin and interramia white. Muzzle with a 
prominent patch of rich ochraceous. Ears brown, a few hairs 
on and around them buffy. Hands and feet with pale buffy 
metapodials and white digits. ‘Tail longer than in ebriosus, 
brown above, buffy on sides, dull whitish below. 

Skull apparently quite as in ebriosus. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 155 mm.; tail 73; hind foot 22°5 ; 
ear 18. 

Skull: greatest length 30; condylo-basal length 27-6; 
zygomatic breadth 17; nasals 12-2 x6 ;‘interorbital breadth 
3:1; palatilar length 12°6; palatal foramina 6°95; upper 
molar series 6. 

Hab. as above. Two specimens were previously obtained 
by Sr. Budin at Lagunita, Maimara, 4300 m. 

Type. Old female, B.M. no. 21.11. 1. 34, Original num- 
ber 1427. Collected 6th May, 1921. 

The discovery of Neotomys in Jujuy.is very unexpected, 
as its only known locality has hitherto been Central Peru, 
where Kalinowski got the type, a spirit-specimen, and P. O. 
Simons, shortly afterwards, obtained a skin. The Jujuy 
animal is remarkably like that of Peru, differing only in 
having a longer tail and a paler general colour, while the 
greyish fore back is less strongly distinguished from the 
buffy rump, and the under surface is a duller grey, less 
whitened on the sides of the belly, and without the dark 
brownish sternal band which is present on the skin sent by 


Mammals from Jujuy. 613 


Mr. Simons. Altogether the differences do not amount to 
very much; but, in view of the wide difference in locality, I 
consider it best for the present to distinguish vulturnus as 
species rather than subspecies. 

The mamme of Nevtomys, which I was not able to record 
originally, are 2—2=8 in number. 

“Not very abundant, and generally isolated from other 
rodents. More or less aquatic, living on the banks of 
streams and marshes, and one was caught among reeds on a 
little islet ina lake. Have their holes under isolated rocks 
on level ground, and are not found among the stony hills.’— 


BoB 


10. Akodon jucundus, Thos. 
3. 1448; ¢. 1442. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m. 


11. Akodon cenosus, 'T hos. 
g. 1459, 1463, 1477, 1479, 1480, 1491, 1500, 1507; 
9. 1499, 1509. 


“ Lives in humid soil, making its holes at the roots of the 
trees.”"—H. B. 


12. Bolomys albiventer, Thos. 


g. 1401; ¢. 1406. Alfarcito, 2600 m. 


3. 14338, 1487; 92. 1440, 1447. Sierra de Zenta, 
4500 m. 


13. Chreomys bacchante sodalis, Thos. 


G. 1425, 1438; ¢. 1426, 1436, 1441. Sierra de Zenta, 
4500 m. 

The further series of this most beautiful Akodont bears out 
the distinction of sodalis from true Bolivian bacchante by the 
greater paleness of its general colour. 


14, Hypsimys deceptor, sp. n. 


SB. 1458, 1460, 1464, 1469, 1478, 1486, 1487, 1488, 
1489, 1492; 9. 1461, 1470, 1482, 1490,1501. Higuerilla, 
2000 m. 

A species larger than H. budint, and strikingly like 
Akodon sylvanus externally. 

Size considerably larger than in H. budini. General 
appearance almost precisely as in Akodon sylvanus. Fur fine 
and soft, hairs of back about 10 mm. in length. General 


614 Mr. O. Thomas on 


colour above dark, finely grizzled olivaceous, rather lighter 
on sides. Under surface dull olivaceous grey, the hairs 
slaty basally, with buffy or dull whitish tips, a few hairs in 
the inguinal region more strongly buffy. Chin prominently 
white, the hairs white to the roots, this being the only 
external difference in colour from A, sylvanus. 

Skull of the usual Akodont general shape, hardly so slender 
as in H, budini, and considerably larger than in the latter. 
Anterior edge of zygomatic plate decidedly slanted, much 
more so than in most Akodons, though, as it happens, some 
specimens of A. sylvanus have their plate more slauted than 
is normal in the genus. Palatal foramina large, well open, 
reaching nearly to the level of the middle of the large md. 
Bulle rather large, decidedly Jarger than in HZ. budind or 
A. sylvanus. 

Incisors fairly orthodont. Molars, as in H. budini, very 
hypsodont, much larger than in that species. Front of m! 
without trace of anterior central groove. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 114 mm.; tail 86; hind foot 24; 
ear 16°5, 

Skull: greatest length 80; condylo-incisive length 27°7 ; 
zygomatic breadth 15; nasals 11°3 ; interorbital breadth 4°6 ; 
breadth of brain-case 13-2 ; ; zygomatic plate 2°7; palatal 
foramina 7°3; upper molar series 5. 

Hab. as above. 

Type. Adult, but not old, male. B.M. no. 21. 11. 1. 66. 
Original number 1488. Collected 9th June, 1921. 

‘This is a very interesting vole-mouse on account of its 
striking resemblance to a nornial Akodon, and especially to 
A. sylvanus, which is found in Jujuy only some 100 km. to 
tlhe east,and may very likely occur in the close neighbourhood 
of the present animal, Externally it is practically impossible 
to distinguish the two, except by the presence in the Hypsimys 
ofa prominent white chin-spot—though even in the Akodon 
there is a slight lightening in this region. 

The teeth, however, are distinctly those of Hypsimys, and 
confirm my distinction of the genus, while the slanting front 
edge of the zygomatic plate is a further character common 
to both species of Hypsimys. From I. budini, H. deceptor is 
readily distinguishable by its larger size and longer tooth-row. 

“Dark Akodon, with a white chin, which ‘I do not re- 
member to have sent. Lives in holes, very open and visible, 
at the foot of the trees in thick damp woods.”—E£. B. 


Mammals from Jujuy. 615 


15. Oxymycterus akodontius, sp. n. 


3. 1465, 1515 (both slightly immature). Higuerilla, 
2000’. 

A dark-coloured species very like a large blackish Akodon. 

Size about as in O. paramensis. General colour very dark, 
closely resembling that of some of the dark Akodonts, such 
as Hypsimys deceptor, though the colour is even blacker, less 
olivaceous. Back dark blackish brown, finely ticked with 
buffy, sides slightly lighter. Under surface dark slaty brown, 
washed with buffy, the buffy more prominent than on the 
upper su:face, but far less than in most of the species of the 
present genus. Hands, feet, and tail blackish brown, darker 
than in Akodonts, the last-uamed organ comparatively short. 

Skull very similar to that of O. paramensis, but the brain- 
case is larger and the muzzle more slender, with the super- 
cilious upturn of the tip of the nose particularly well marked. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 116 mm.; tail 79; hind foot 26; 
ear 18°5. 

Skull: greatest length 31; condylo-incisive length 27; 
zygomatic breadth 13°35; nasals 11°2x33; interorbital 
breadth 6; breadth of brain-case 13°7 ; palatal foramina 6:2 ; 
upper molar series 5. 

Hab, as above. 

Type. Young adult male (teeth in position, but unworn). 
B.M. no. 21. 11.1. 72. Original number 1465. Collected 
8th May, 1921. 

This Hocicudo is quite without the rufous or ochraceous 
coloration of most species of OUxymycterus, being a daik 
finely grizzled blackish, as in many of the dark-coloured 
Akodont forms. 

“ T cauglit five specimens of this Hocicudo, but could only 
save two, as the others were eaten by rats and their skulls 
totally destroyed. When rats attack a dead specimen they 
always commence by eating the brain. One of tlrese speciinens 
was cauglit in a ‘l'uco-tuco hole. I have observed both these 
animals dig their holes like the Yeorus of the south, making 
small hillocks of earth over them. ‘he burrows are round 
and clearly visible. Hocicudos live in humid places among 
the hills, in the thickest parts of the woods. 

“These specimens appear to be less rufous than those 1 
obtained at Leon, Jujuy, and are probably a different species.” 


[The Leon Owymycterus was recorded as O. paramensis. |— 
EL. B. 


616 On Mammals from Jujuy. 


16. Octodontomys gliroides, VOrb. 


3. 1403, 1408, 1419; 9. 1402, 1404, 1422. Alfarcito, 
2600 m. 


L7. Abrocoma cinerea, Thos. 


3. 1431, 1450. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m. 

This, the first of the Argentine species of Abrocoma to be 
discovered, was previously only known from the type- 
specimen, obtained by Sr. Budin in 1919 at Casabindo, about 
100 km. to the west. 

“Lives among the rocky volcanic mountains; is very 
difficult to capture, as other rodents constantly spring the 
traps set for it, and all efforts to obtain further examples were 
without result.””— 7, B 


18. Ctenomys budini, Thos. 

¢. 1451, 1456; 9. 1453. Sierra de Zenta, 4500 m. 

S. 1457, 1467; 92. 1456, 1475, 1493, 1503, 1508. 
Higuerilla, 2000 m. 

“‘T hope that in these Tuco-tucos you will find a new sub- 
species, as it seems to me impossible that the same form 
should occur on the bare sandy heights of the Sierra de Zenta 
and the low damp vegetable soil on which those of Higuerilla 
were found.” —Z. B. 

But the original budint was found at the same altitude as 
the Sierra de Zenta specimens, so that the latter are no doubt 
typical budini. Those from Higuerilla are a shade darker in 
colour, as is natural, and appear to approximate more to the 
low country woodland forms sylvanus and utibilis. 


19. Lagidium tucumanum, Thos. 
2. 1405 (immature). Alfarcito, 2600 m. 
Quite of the greyish colour of the Maimara specimens, uot 
yellow as in L. vulcani from Casabindo. 


20. Galea comes, Thos. 
gd. 1416, 1423; 2.1413, 1418, 1421. Alfarcito, 2600 m. 
g. 1444; 9. 1436, 1439, ‘1449. Sierra “de Aenta 
4500 m. 
“Tu stony places.”—E. B. 


———— Ee 


On the Masked Civets of Western China. E17 


21. Marmosa eleyans sponsoria, Thos. 

3. 1468, 1473, 1484,1497; 9. 1481,1505. Higuerilla, 
2000 m. 

I am inclined to suppose that sponsoria should not have 
been separated from cinderella, but will not definitely suppress 
the name until a better series is available from ‘Tucuman, 
the type-locality of the latter. 


22. Marmosa elegans pallidior, Thos. 
?. 1409 Gmm.). Alfarcito, 2600 m. 


LXI.—The Masked Civets (Paguma) of Western China. 
By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


TuE British Museum has received two examples of Paguma 
from Yunnan, collected by the Rev. W. N. Fergusson, and 
these I find to be nearly allied to the form from Burma and 
the Shan States, described by Wroughton as Paguma larvata 
intrudens *, 

This latter is an animal larger than the South and Eastern 
China P. larvata, but I find that two specimens from Western 
China (Sui-ling, Chung-king, and Ichang) are also of thie 
same comparatively large size, as is that from Yunnan, so 
that it is evident that the Pagumas of the Upper Yang-tze 
and of the Shan States are all consistently larger than true 
P, larvata. 

Inter se, however, these large Pagumas seem divisible 
into three races, which might be treated as subspecies, as 
follows :— 


1. P. 1, intrudens, Wroughton. 


General colour duller, browner. Suborbital white patch 
large. White of nape at a maximum, passing down to or 
past the withers. Tail black terminally for about 16 inches, 

fab. Burma and Shan States. 


2. P. 1. yunalis, subsp. n. 
General colour brighter, warmer, the ends of the hairs 


* Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. xix. p, 793 (1910). 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 40 


618 Mr. O. Thomason 


almost ochraceous. Suborbital patch small, a mere vague 
streak. White of nape barely reaching withers, well defined, 
more or less surrounded by black. Distal foot of tail black. 
Skull 120 mm. from occipital crest to gnathion. 

Hab. Yunnan. Type from Yen-yuen-sien. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 21.10.15.1. Collected by 
the Rev. W. N. Fergusson. 

3. P. 1. rivalis, subsp. n. 


General colour pale, the ends of the hairs buffy or buffy 
whitish. Suborbital patch large, prominently white, extend- 
ing practically up to the eye. Nape-patch irregular, whitish, 
not surrounded by black, and not extending to the withers. 
End of tail (about 8 inches in the Chung-king specimen) 
above black. 

Hab, Yaug-tze from Chung-king to Ichang ; type from 
Ichang. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no, 2.6.10.16. Presented by 
F. W. Styan, E-q. 

It is probable that these large western Pagumas should be 
specifically separated from the smaller ones of Eastern and 
Southern China, but owing to the absence of good skulls I 
prefer to leave this question open for the present, and treat 
them all as subspecies of P. larvata. 

I am notin a position to check Prof. Matschie’s distinction * 
of the Canton form as P. reevesi, but I may note that Reeves’s 
specimen, the type of the latter name, is still in the British 
Museum, No. 81a. 


LXII.—On Three new Australian Rats. 
By OLDFIELD ‘l'HOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) - 


ARISING out of the recent gift to the British Museum by 
Prof. Wood Jones of some South-Australian Muridee, I have 
had occasion to look at several of our Australian rats, and 
now find the three following forms to need description :— 


Leporillus jonesi, sp. n. 


Near L. apicalis, but larger and with shorter ears. 
Size, es gauged by skull and foot, decidedly larger than in 


* Vilchner Exped., Mamm. p. 183 (1907). 


new Australian Rats. 619 


apicalis. Fur rather thin and poor, not so thick and woolly 
as in apicalis, hairs of back about 17 mm. inlength. General 
colour above dull brown (not far from “ Saccardo’s umber”), 
the withers tending more towards buffy. Under surface 
slaty grey broadly washed with drabby whitish, the sides of 
the belly more strongly drabby. Ears shorter than in apicalis, 
dark brown. Hands with the metatarsals dark brown, the 
digits lighter. Feet with the ankles, outer side of the 
metatarsals (inner in made-up skin), and proximal part of 
the digits brown, the inner portion of the metatarsals, and 
the tips of the digits white. Tail well haired but not tufted, 
brown above, dull whitish below, throughout its length. Not 
whitened at tip, as is also the case with apicalis, the original 
description notwithstanding. 

Skull larger and stouter than in apicalis. Muzzle broad 
and heavy. Interorbital region broad, with comparatively 
sharp-angled edges. Zygomatic plate more projected for- 
wards. Palatal foramina shorter, not reaching the level of 
m', Bulle rather large—these organs not present in the 
available specimens of apicalis. 

Incisors rather slender, not thicker than in apicalis, but 
meeting each other at a wider angle, owing to the greater 
breadth of the muzzle. Molars larger than in apicalis, but 
apparently of similar structure—much worn down in the 
type. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin) :— 

Head and body 195 mm.; tail 178 (not quite perfect) ; 
hind foot 48 ; ear (dry) 24. 

Skull: greatest length 48; condylo-incisive length 46 ; 
zygomatic breadth 23:5; nasals 18 x6; interorbital breadth 
5°7; breadth of brain-case 18°5 ; zygomatic plate 6; palatilar 
length 13°6; palatal foramina 8°8 x 3°8 ; bulla 7°85; upper 
molar series 9°3. 

Hab, Frankliu’s Is!and, Nuyts Archipelago, 8S. Australia. 

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 21. 7. 3. 2. Collected 
23rd November, 1920, and presented by Professor F. Wood 
Jones. An immature specimen also examined. 

This fine rat forms a very interesting discovery, as it 
represents a second species of the rare genus Leporillus, 
hitherto only known by the two examples of JZ. apicalis in 
the British Museum, tle latter species being in all probability 
killed out on the mainland, and I have great pieasure in 
connecting with it the name of its captor and donor, Prof. 
Wood Jones, to whom also we owe the modern specimen of 
Rattus greyi vecently referred to in a previous paper. 

Although Gould had in his collection two specimens of 

40* 


620 Mr. O. Thomas on : 


L. apicalis, both of which we now have, he seems only 
to have done his describing from one of them (B.M. no. 
53. 10. 22. 14)—the worst of the two, young, and with an 
imperfect tail. Probably from memory, and_ certainly 
wrongly, he stated that the species had a white-tipped tail, 
but his overlooked second specimen—adult, with nearly 
perfect skull and quite perfect tail (B.M. no. 53. 10. 22. 14) 
—has the latter organ uniformly blackish or brownish above 
and dull white below, and there is no indication of the white 
tail-tip found in so many Australasian Muridee. 

When first making the genus Leporillus, I assigned 
“ Hapalotis”? murinus to it as a second species, but have 
since come to the conclusion that that animal should be 
referred to Pseudomys, in which genus it is probably synony- 
mous with Ps. australis. 


The Long-haired Rat of Central Australia. 


In his ‘ List of Mammals in the British Museum’ (1848) 
Gray cited two rats from the Liverpool Plains, New South 
Wales, under the name of Pseudomys greyi—a name, however, 
which is doubly invalid, being a. nomen nudum and there 
having been already a A/us (= Rattus) greyi in existence. 

These specimens I formerly assigned to Gould’s Mus 
longipilis (= villosissimus, Waite), a species stated to have 
been collected on the ‘‘ Expedition to the Victoria River.” 
As may be gathered from the Diary of the Expedition*, the 
Victoria River was the same as the Barcoo, or Cooper’s 
Creek, which runs into Lake Eyre, Central Australia. It is 
therefore in very much the same region as that in which 
Mr. Waite’s specimens were obtained, and is in the same 
faunal area as Alexandria Station, Northern Territory, where 
our large series of villosisstmus was captured by Mr. Stalker f. 

Compared with these latter, the Liverpool Plains examples, 
in spite of their considerable geographical distance, prove to 
be so similar that I should consider them as being of the 


same species, but would propose subspecific distinction for 
them :— 


Rattus villosissimus profusus, subsp. n. 


Size rather less than in average villosissimus. Fur exces- 
sively long, even longer than in villosissimus, and much 
thicker and softer, quite different from the comparatively 


* J. Geog. Soc. xxii. p. 228 et segg. (1852). 
+ PB, Z. 8S. 1906; p. 537, 


‘ 


i. . ASE 


ee ee eee ee 


new Australian Rats. 621 


harsh coat of that animal; the ordinary hairs over 22 mm. 
in length, and the longer piles attaining over 50mm. General 
colour browner and more strongly buffy than in the compara- 
tively greyish villosissimus ; hairs of under surface slaty at 
base, broadly washed terminally with yellowish white. 

Tail more thickly hairy, the scales almost hidden by the 
hairs. 

Skull as in villosissemus. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body (skin) 185 mm, ; tail —3; hind foot 33. 

Skull: tip of nasals to back of interparietal "38: 4; nasals 15; 
interorbital breadth 4°8 ; breadth across parietal ‘ridges i6' 
palatal foramina 8°43 upper molar series 7°5. 

flab. Liverpool Plains, New South Wales. 

Type. Adultmale. B.M.no. 41.1262. Gould Collection. 
Three specimens originally, but one given away in exchange 
in 1858. 

R. villosissimus is a native of the hot central region of 
Australia, while this much thicker-coated form represents 
(or used to represent) the species in the colder highlands of 
New South Wales. 

It is to be noted, however, that the Victoria River Expe- 
dition actually passed through the Liverpool Plains on the 
way to that River, and I have therefore thought it wise to 
consult the authorities of the Sydney Museum as to the 
characters of Gould’s type. In answer, Mr. Troughton has 
been good enough to give me such particulars about that 
animal that there can be no doubt that it really was the 
Central Australian and not the Liverpool Plains form which 
Gould described and Waite renamed. 

In size of skull A. villosissimus is one of the most variable 
species known to me, for in the fine series obtained at Alex- 
andria examples, all fully adult, are to be found ranging from 
36 to 44 mm. in total length—a variation only equalled in 
R. norvegicus. The bullee also vary greatly—from 7:5 to 
9°2 mm. in length,—but, on the whole, it is an animal with 
comparatively large bulla. It is unfortunate that the bull 
have not been preserved in the specimens of profusus, but, 
being a native of a less desert area, it would probably have 
had smaller bullee. 


Pseudomys australis oralis, sp. n. 


Closely allied to true australis, but rather larger, with 
longer softer hair. Colour of the same dark grey above, 
lower surface washed with yellowish white, without the 


622 Mr. O. Thomas on 


brown tone usually found in australis. Ears short, as in 
australis, not as in auritus, 

Skull longer than in australis, the interorbital region longer 
and narrower, and more sharply square-edged. Palatal 
foramina proportionally shorter, not or scarcely penetrating 
between the molars, while in australis they reach to the level 
of the middle of m*. ‘Teeth averaging larger, though there 
is some variation in this respect. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— 

Head and body (no doubt stretched) 165 mm. ; tail 139 ; 
hind foot (wet) 32 ; ear (wet) 20. 

Skull: tip of nasals to back of interparietal 34; condylo- 
incisive length 31:5 ; zygomatic breadth 17°7; nasals 14 ; 
interorbital breadth 3:6 ; breadth of brain-case 16 ; palatal 
foramina 7°5 ; upper molar series 6°7. 

Hab. Coast region of New South Wales. A specimen in 
Liverpool Museum from the Hastings River (Gould Coll.). 

Type. Young adult. B.M. no. 47, 1.20.2. Purchased 
of Pamplin. 

The rats variously termed Pseudomys, Mus, or Hapalotis 
australis, murinus, and lineolatus 1 believe to be all one 
species, and they certainly all come from one region—namely, 
that of the Darling Downs and Liverpool Plains, on the 
"western side of the great dividing range. The present form, 
on the other hand, as shown by a specimen (no. 409) in the 
Liverpool Museum, occurs, or, at least, used to occur, on the 
coast to the east of the range, that individual having been 
collected on the Hastings River. The type, in the British 
Museum, is quite like the Liverpool specimen in the peculiar 
lengthening of the middle part of the skull and the compara- 
tively short palatal foramina, the two specimens apparently 
representing a definable geographical race. 


LXILL.—New Hesperomys and Galea from Bolivia. 
By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE British Museum owes to the generosity of the Marquis 
de Wavrin a further small collection of mammals obtained 
during. his S.-American expedition—this time from the 
Parapiti region of Eastern Bolivia, south of Santa Cruz de 
la Sierra. With the exception of the mammals obtained by 


new Hesperomys and Galea from Bolivia. 623 


Mr. Bridges at Santa Cruz some seventy-five years ago, and 
a few odd specimens collected by Herr Steinbach, almost no 
collections have been made in this area, so that all those 
sent. by the Marquis de Wavrin are very acceptable, and the 
occurrence of these two new ones was quite to be expected. 


Hesperomys muriculus, sp. n. 


A comparatively large dark species, rather like Mus 
musculus. 

General size about as in 7. musculinus, General colour 
dark mouse-grey, the tips of the hairs inconspicuously buffy. 
Under surface soiled greyish, the hairs slaty at base and 
washed terminally with dull whitish, far less white than in 
other species. Proectote of ears blackish, with buffy edges, 
metentote buffy brown; no white ear-patch. Hands and 
feet grey. Tail about as long as the body without the head, 
dark grey above, rather lighter below. Number of mammze 
not known. 

Skull of the usual shape, the adult with very well-deve-. 
loped supraorbital ledges. 

Dimensions of the type (measured i in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 89 mm.; tail 69 ; hind foot 20; ear 16. 

Skull: greatest length 25°3 ; condylo-incisive length 24 ; 
zygomatic breadth 13°2 ; nasals 10, interorbital breadth 4:2 ; 
breadth of brain-case on ridges 10; palatilar length 10:3 ; 
palatal foramina 6 ; upper molar series 4°1. 

Hab. 8.E. Bolivian lowlands. Type from San Antonio, 
Parapiti, on 20° S., about 250 km. south of Santa Cruz de la 
Sierra. Alt. 600 m. 

Type. Adult male. B.M.no. 21.11.6.12. Original num- 
ber 75. Oollected 7th February, 1921, and presented by the 
Marquis de Wavrin. 

This very distinct little species, found in company with, 
and almost mistakeable for, Mus musculus, is represented in 
the Marquis de Wavrin’s collection by four skins and two 
extra skulls. The species is readily recognizable by its com- 
paratively dark colour. 

“Trapped in a house surrounded by bush.”— IV. 


Galea boliviensis demissa, subsp. n. 


General essential characters as in true boliviensis of the 
high Andean plateau, but the skull with certain differences 
in detail. 

Skin no doubt as usual, but no specimen has been sent. 

Skull longer and proportionally narrower than in boliviensis, 


624 Messrs. G. K. Gude and B. B. Woodward on 


the zygomata less boldly thrown out, especially anteriorly. 
Upper outline less strongly bowed. Muzzle longer, the 

nasals longer and more parallel-sided, less contracted in 
front and behind. Interorbital region ‘with its edges more 
openly concave, the strong back-to-back concavities of 
the orbital edges far less abruptly contrasted. Brain-case 
narrower. Choanze deeply and sharply V-shaped, instead of 
heing more or less irregularly rounded. Bulle as in 
boliviensis. 

Incisors rather less strongly bevelled off laterally, this 
iesulting in a different curvature of the cutting-edge. 

Dimensions of the type (those of the animal recorded by 
the collector on the label of the skull) :-— 

Head and body 232 mm.; hind foot 36; ear 21. 

Skull: median upper length 53°3 ; condylo-incisive length 
49; zygomatic breadth 81:2; nasals 18°3 x 7°3 ; interorbital 
breadth 12; breadth of brain-case 20°7 ; palatilar length 23°5 ; 
length of bulla 12° 5; upper molar series (crowns) 11°7. 

Hab. Lowlands of 8.B. Bolivia. Type from San Antonio, 
Parapiti, Bolivia. Alt. 600 m. 

Type. Adult skull (female). B.M. no. 21. 11. 6. 20. 
Original number 64. Collected 18th January, 1921, and 
presented by the Marquis de Wavrin. A younger skull also 
examined. 

Believing it to be a common and well-known animal, the 
Marquis did not send a skin of this cavy, but its skull shows, 
as might be expected, sufficient differences from that of the 
true Galea boliviensis of the high Bolivian plateau (altitude 
3000 to 4000 mn.) to indicate that the lowland form is different 
subspecifically. The skull-differences are very similar in 
type to those which I found in the genus Caviella to charac- 
terize the different subspecies of C. australis. 


LX1IV.—Some Emendations to their Recent Paper “On 


Helicella, Férussac.’ By G. K. Gupz, F.Z.S., and 
Bab. Woopwarp, F.L.S. 


Ir has been pointed out to us that some regrettable oversights 
occur in our paper “On Helicella, Férussac” ( Proe. Malac. 
Soc. xiv., Oct. 1921, pp. 174-190), which it is desirable to 
rectify without loss of time. 

In the multitude of changes and rearrangements entailed 
in preparing the paper it was not observed that under the 


their Recent Paper “‘ On Helicella, Férussac.” 625 


“Subgenus Capillifera, Honigmann, 1906” (p. 179) there 
had been included (p. 180) “Section 4: Perforatella, Schiiiter, 
1838.” The latter will, therefore, become the name for the 
subgenus, Capillifera being reserved, as before, for section 1. 
Similarly, the “Subgenus Jacosta, Gray, 1821” (p. 183) and 
“ Genus //elicopsis, Kitzinger, 1833” (p. 181) must exchange 
rank. 

_ Monachella, proposed by us (p. 179) in lieu of Monacha, 
proves to be preoccupied for Aves (Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. 
Genova, vi. 1874, p. 82). We now propose to substitute for 
it Monachoides. 

Trochoidea, Brown, 1827, was referred to by us in a note 
(p. 183), when pointing out that it had been improperly 
employed tor Helix elegans, Gmelin, under the erroneous 
belief that that species was a synonym for the Trochus 
terrestris of Pennant. The latter, however, was undoubtedly 
the same species as the Helix fulva of Miiller. It has, there- 
fore, been suggested to us that Brown’s Trochoidea should 
have appeared in the synonymy under Petasina, Beck, 1847 
(p. 177). We think it should not, as will become apparent 
trom the following succinct history of the name :— 

Pennant, in 1777 (Brit. Zool. iv. 8vo ed. p. 127, fig. 108), 
described and figured under the name of Tvrochus terrestris a 
shell that was undoubtedly the Hel¢z fulva of Miiller. DaCosta, 
1778 (Hist. Nat. Test. Brit. p. 35), described but did not 
figure a “ Trochus terrestris, Listeri,” which is also obviously 
the Z/. fulvu, Mill. Lister, of course, gave no such name, 
but his ‘‘ Buccinum parvum, sive trochilus sylvaticus,” &c., 
is evidently the same thing. Montagu, in 1803, introduced 
confusion in‘o thecase. On the one hand (Test. Brit. p. 287), 
he gave Trochus terrestris, citing Pennant as above and also 
Lister’s (Hist. Conch.) t. 61. fig. 58, which is clearly the 
H. elegans of Gmelin. On the other hand (op. cit. p. 427, 
pl. xi. fig. 9), he created Helix trochiformés, under which he 
cited Da Costa’s “ Trochus terrestris, Listeri,” and reference 
to Lister’s “ Hist. Anim. Angl.,” adding Helix trochulus, 
Miille*; which, however, is now held to be the young form of 
Ena obscura. Brown, in 1827, followed in Montagu’s foot- 
steps, for he has (Illust. Conch. Gt. Brit. pl. xl. fig. 2) the 
Heliz trochiformis, Mont., which is manitestly Miiller’s fulva, 
and also his own Trochoidea terrestre (op. cit. pl. xli. figs. 80 
& 81), cited as of Montagu (not as of Pennant direct), whilst 
his accompanying figures are evidently inventions, for they 
were not taken either from Pennant or from Lister’s “ Hist. 
Conch.,” nor do they resemble either fulva or elegans. In 
the second edition of his work Brown (p. 46, pl. xvii. fig. 2) 


626 On a supposed new Genus and Species. 


changed the name of the former to HZ. fulva, whilst no allusion 
to the latter appeared in the text; but in the explanation of 
the plate, now renumbered xiv., figures 80 and 81 are called 
Heliz fulva. Brown had, therefore, seen and recanted his 
error, but to avoid spoiling his plate refrained from erasing 
the figures 80 and 81. 

Despite the yet further complication introduced by Gray in 
1847 (Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 173) when he made “ Trochidea 
[sic], Brown, 1827,” a subgenus of Theba, and cited as type 
“ Flelix elegans,” we consider that Brown’s Trochoidea cannot 
be taken to refer definitely to either H. fulva or H. elegans, 
and should be allowed to disappear from mollusean literature. 


LXV.—Preliminary Account of supposed new Genus and 
Species. By the Rev. THomas R. R. Sressrne, M.A, 
HAS: 


Problemacaris spinetum, gen. et sp. n. 

Though preliminary descriptions are, as a rule, objection- 
able, the present instance is justified by the fact that the full 
account, with the illustrations already prepared, cannot hope 
for early publication. 

For the genus, it may be said that it belongs to the 
Carides in Borradaile’s ‘ Classification of the Decapod Cius- 
tacea,’ 1907, without exactly fitting any of his subdivisions. 
It appears to be an oversight in the Classification that the 
Pandaloida have the wrist of the second legs “ divided into 
two or more joints,” while the “ Thalassocarinz,” a subfamily 
of the Pandalide, have the “second wrists undivided.” 
Borradaile’s further ‘ Notes on Carides’ in 1915 do not 
allude to this ambiguity, nor is it explained in the additional 
notes (Tr. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi? 1917). 

The name adopted for the new genus refers to the obscurity 
of its place in classification, and the specific name alludes to 
the multiplicity of conspicuous spines in many parts of the 
organism. The palpless mandibles have the cutting-edge, 
spine-row, and a molar-edge ina continuous line. Flagellate 
exopods are present on all appendages from first maxillipeds 
to at least the fourth pereopods. Third maxillipeds slen- 
derly pediform. First and second perzeopods with small 
chele and undivided wrist. 

This form, while evidently distinct, superficially invites 
comparison with Thalassocaris stimpsoni, Bate (‘ Challenger’ 
Macrura, pl. exvii.), noted by Balss as a larval form of some 
unknown genus. Suggestions as to these obscurities will be 
welcome. 


On Two new Species of Slow-Loris. 627 


LXVI.—T wo new Species of Slow-Loris. 
By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Nycticebus tncanus, sp. n. 


A uniformly ashy-grey species. 

Size comparatively large, approaching that of WV. benga- 
lensts and cinereus. General colour uniform grey (a little 
darker than “ pale ventral grey”), tlie body not contrasted 
brown or rufous as compared with the head. It is true that 
the head is lighter—whitish grey,—but it is not strongly 
contrasted with the colour of the body. On the posterior 
back and rump there isa little brownish, but scarcely affecting 
the general colour. Sides and under surface uniformly grey. 
Median rufous-brown line well-marked, commencing on the 
occiput and running down to the rump. Face white. Eye- 
rings brown. Ears reddish brown. Arms and legs grey 
like body ; hands and feet dull white. 

Skull of the comparatively large size found in WN. benga- 
lensis and cinereus, but the zygomata not so widely spread. 
Sagittal crests, in an old female, not meeting on the crown. 
Postorbital bar broad. Teeth about as in cinereus, smaller 
than in bengalensis. Four upper incisors. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on skin) :— 

Head and body 335 mm.; hind foot (wet) 70. 

Skull: greatest length 67; zygomatic breadth 43°5; 
breadth of postorbital bar 4:7; breadth between coronal 
ridges 5 ; mastoid breadth 37:7; palatal length 25°3 ; front 
of canine to back of m? 24. 

Hab. Lower Pegu. Type from Kyeikpadein. 

Type. Old female. B.M. no. 81.12.2.1. Collected 
27th August, 1879. Presented by E. W. Oates, Esq. One 
specimen. 

This animal is probably most nearly allied to N. cinereus, 
the Siamese Slow-Loris, but differs by the absence of the 
brown coloration on the back and sides, the whole animal 
being a comparatively uniform grey, apart from the usual 
dorsal stripe. 


Nycticebus ornatus, sp. n. 


A rather small species, with strongly contrasted lead- 
markings. 


628 On Two new Species of Slow-Loris. 


Fur very long, soft and fine, far softer and finer than in 
NV. coucang. General colour greyish washed with dark buffy. 
Dorsal stripe blackish, continued forwards on to the crown, 
where it meets four blackish lines which rise from in front 


of the ears, and from the black orbital rings on each side, the - 


spaces between these lines contrasted whitish. ‘Temporal 
area and sides of neck prominently whitish, in marked con- 
trast to the black mesial band. Hands and feet dull buffy 
whitish. 

Skull rather small. Upper incisors two. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 290 mm.; hind foot 72; ear 23. 

Skull: greatest length 58; zygomatic breadth 38; front 
of canine to back of m?® 21. 

Hab. W. Java. Type from Batavia. 

Type. Female with basilar suture not quite closed. B.M. 
no. 9.1.5. 34. Original number 1371. Collected 21st 
February, 1908, by G. C. Shortridge. Presented by W. E. 
Balston, Esq. One specimen from the type-locality, and 
another, very similar, said to be from “ Sumatra,” coll. 
Raffles, but this cannot be implicity trusted. 

This is, no doubt, the animal considered as javanicus by 
Stone and Rehn and by Lyon in their respective papers on 
the genus, andalso the variety C” of Blyth. But it would 
seem not to be the real javanicus of Geoffroy, whose descrip- 
tion is evidently based on one of the ordinary Malayan forms 
without contrasted head-markings, which it is impossible to 
believe that author would have omitted to mention. More- 
over, there is in the Museum one of Horsfield’s Java specimens 
which does agree with Geoffroy’s description, and this I con- 
sider to be the real javanicus. ‘This Horsfield specimen is a 
uniform reddish brown, with inconspicuous face-markings 
and a brown dorsal stripe—in fact, very like specimens of 
malaianus,—and thus agrees precisely with the description 
of javanicus. Whether it really came from Java I cannot be 
certain, but the island is quite large enough to contain two 
different forms of the genus. 

Furthermore, I believe this Horsfield specimen of javanicus 
represents the true original coucang, Bodd., which, as shown 
elsewhere (J. Bombay. Soc. Nat. Hist.), is certainly not the 
Bengal and Assam form, as commonly asserted, but one of 
the Malayan species. NV. javanicus should therefore be con- 
sidered as a synonym of N. coucang. 


Mr. F. W. Edwards on Formosan Culicidee, 629 


LX VII.—H. Sauter’s Formosan Colleetions: Culicide. 
By F. W. Epwarps. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Durine the past summer I received for identification from 
Dr. Walther Horn (Berlin-Dahlem) a number of Formosan 
mosquitoes collected by Herr H. Sauter. The chief interest 
of the collection lay in two new species of Megarhinus (sub- 
genus Toworhynchites) which it contained, and which are 
described below. Since little has been recorded concerning 
the mosquitoes of Formosa, a list is given of the other species 
contained in the collection, Additional specimens collected 
by Herr Sauter were subsequently received from the Budapest 
Museum through Mr. F. V. Theobald ; the records of these 
are included in the list, and are distinguished by an 
asterisk :— 


Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus (Pall.).—Toyen, Macuyama, 
Anping, *Takao. Range of variation considerable, but 
all of the typical Chinese form (rather light-coloured 
body, narrow tarsal rings, fringe-spot usually present, 
palpal rings moderately distinct). 

Anopheles (Myzomyia) subpictus, Grassi.—*Takao. 

Armigeres (Armigeres) obturbans (Walk.).—Taihoku, Choso- 
kei, Macuyama, *T'ainan. 

Armigeres (Leicesteria) annulitarsis, Leic.—Macuyama, 
Kankau. 

-Aédes (Stegomyia) argenteus (Poiret) (S. fusciata, F.).— 
Anping, *Takao. 

Aédes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse).—Macuyama, Hokuto, 
‘Taihoku. 

Aédes (? Skusea) amest (Ludl.).—*Takao, 1 2. 

Aédes (Ecculex) vexans (Mg.).—* Takao, 1 ¢. 

Teniorhynchus (Mansonioides) uniformis, 'Theo.—Taihoku, 
Hokuto, *Takao. 

Lutzia concolor (Theo.).—Macuyama. 

Culex mimeticus, Noé, var—Macuyama. No basal arm to 
tenth sternites; last joint of male palpi with the tip 
rather more broadly pale than in the European form. 
Specimens of this variety are in the British Museum 
from Formosa (Shiraki), Hong Kong (Macfarlane), aud 
India (Howlett, Fletcher). 

Culex whitmoret (Giles).—Tvyen district, Sanshikyaku. 

Culex biteniorhynchus, Giles.—Macuyama, Daitotei, Choso- 
kei, Sanshikyaku. 


630 Mr. F. W. Edwards on Formosan Culicide. 


Culex sitiens, Wied.—* Takao. 

Culex vishnui, Theo.—Taihoku, Daitotei. 

Culex triteniorhynchus, Giles—Macuyama, Daitotei, San- 
shikyaku, * l’akao. 

Culex futigans, Wied.—A large number. 

Culex fuseocephalus, Theo.—Hokuto, Sanshikyaku. 

Culex (Lophveeratomyia) rubithoracis, Leic.—Taihoku. 

Rachionotomyia sp. (2? bambusa, Yam.).—* Polisha. 


Megarhinus manicatus, sp. 0. 


9. Head clothed mostly with dark bronze-coloured scales ; 
a silvery-white rim round the eyes. Proboscis and palpi with 
purple scales, the latter slender, reaching to the base of the 
fifth flagellar joint. Torus black, with white pollinosity. 
First flagellar joint without scales. Thorax: prothoracie 
lobes with greyish-silvery scales only. Proepimera for the 
most part silvery-scaled, but some purple scales on the upper 
part. Mesonotum rubbed, the remaining scales nearly all 
metallic green, except on the scutellum, where they are 
coppery golden. Pleure largely covered with silvery scales, 
with a slight golden tinge in some lights. Abdomen clothed 
with bluish-purple scales above ; sides of the tirst tergite and 
small lateral basal patches on the succeeding tergites shining 
white. No lateral scale-tufts, but the eighth segment with 
rather long and dense terminal golden bristles. Venter 
mostly golden ; sternites 4 and 7 almost entirely purple, the 


remaining sternites with. a narrow median purple stripe. 


Legs purple-scaled ; femora golden beneath almost to the 
tips; front and mid tibie with indications of a golden stripe 
on the outer or hinder side. All the tarsi with a broad 
creamy-white ring, which on the front and mid legs includes 
the tip of the second joint, the whole of the third and fourth, 
and the base of the fifth, but on the hind legs includes only 
the fourth joint and the extreme tip of the third ; in addition, 
the first tarsal joint of the middle and hind legs has a distinet 
though rather narrow creamy-white ring; fifth tarsal joint 
on all legs mostly blackish. Wings with brownish membrane 
and a distinctly darker brown cloud over the cross-veins. 
Wing-scales small and thinly spread, wings thereforeappearing 
almost bare. Longitudinal portion of tle bent rm cross-vein 
of the same length as the vertical portion; the m—cu cross- 
vein slightly external to the vertical portion of r-m. Stem 
of halteres orange; knob dark, clothed with golden scales. 
Wing-length 7°5 mm. 
Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu, v. 1914 (77. Sauter). 


Mr. F. W. Edwards on Formosan Culicidee. 631 


Megarhinus aurifluus, sp. n. 


&. Head: scales mostly greenish ; a paler rim round the 
eyes. Proboscis dark blue on the stout portion, more coppery 
on the slender portion. Palpi distinctly four-jointed, the 
first joint the shortest; fourth joint scarcely half as long 
again as the third ; scales dark blue, a narrow creamy ring 
at the tip of the first joint and a second just before the tip 
of the second joint. Antenne only moderately stout, the 
joints distinctly swollen in the middle; torus clothed with 
small white scales ; second joint with a few dark green scales, 
less than twice as long as the third. Thorax: prothoracic 
lobes, proepimera, and sides of mesonotum with light 
metallic-green scales (iniddle of mesonotum rubbed). Pleura 
with light golden scales. Abdomen clothed above with 
metallic-green scales towards the base, the colour shading 
through blue to violet at the tip; a lateral pale golden stripe 
which broadens out somewhat in the middle of each segment, 
and on the fifth in one specimen forms an almost complete 
but narrow transverse band. Sixth segment laterally with 
some golden hairs on the basal half, apical balf with dense 
black hair-like seales ; seventh and eighth segments laterally 
with long, dense, golden, hair-like scales. Venter almost 
entirely blue, the fifth and sixth sternites with lateral golden 
patches, which are broadest on the posterior margin and do 
not quite reach the base. Legs dark blue ; hind femora light 
golden towards the base, except dorsally ; middle tibize more 
or less conspicuously golden on a considerable area a little 
beyond the middle, tle same coloration being slightly indi- 
cated in the hind tibiew of one specimen. Front tarsi with a 
white ring embracing the apical third of the first and the 
whole of the second joint ; mid-tarsi with a white ring at the 
base of the first joint, the whole of joints 2-4 white; hind 
tarsi with one rather narrow whitish ring situated at the base 
of the second joint. Wengs with most of the veins dark- 
bordered, especially those towards the costa; scales fairly 
conspicuous on costa, subcosta, and radial veins. Longitu- 
dinal portion of r-m quite twice as long as the vertical 
portion ; m—cu variable in position. Wing-length 8-12 mm. 

9. Palpi slender, purple-scaled, reaching to base of fifth 
flagellar joint. First flagellar joint with a few golden scales 
towards the base. Yellowish transverse band on fifth abdo- 
minal tergite complete. Venter much rubbed, but evidently 
much more extensively yellow than in the male. Front legs 
with the femora pale golden posteriorly, the white ring em- 
bracing more than half of the first tarsal joint. Mid-legs 


632 Mr. ©. T. Regan on the Cichlid Fishes of 


missing. Hind legs with the tibiz conspicuously golden 
beneath beyond the middie; first tarsal joint pale golden 
beneath and at the sides on the basal third, second tarsal 
joint with a white ring as in the male. Wing-length 8 mm. 

Formosa: Toa Tsui Kutsu, v. 1914, 1 9; Kankau, 1912, 
2 g; and Toyenmongai, 1 ¢. (//. Sauter) ; also 1 ¢ without 
definite data. Co-types in the Berlin-Dahlem Museum, the 
Budapest Museum, and the British Museum. 

This is apparently the species which Theobald described 
‘as M. splendens, Wied., in 1901. Although I have not seen 
the specimen on which this description is based, it is evident 
that the determination was erroneous, since Wiedemann states 
that the tufts of the seventh abdominal segment in lis species 
are blackish. Through the kindness of Dr. H. Zerny, of the 
Vienna Museum, I have recently been able to examine 
Wiedemann’s type ¢ of Al. splendens. It proves to be iden- 
tical with J/. regius (Tennent), as might be supposed from 
the description. 


LXVIII.—The Cichlid Fishes of Lakes Albert Edward and 
Kivu. By C. Tate Reean, M.A., F.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


ONLY two or three species of Cichlide are known from Lake 
Albert, and these have also been found in the Balr-el-Gebel. 
Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu appear to have a more 
interesting Cichlid fauna, each possessing a number of peculiar 
forms of Haplochromis, which appear to be more nearly 
related to species found in Lake Victoria than to those of 
the Nile. 


Synopsis of the Genera. 


I. Scales cycloid; pharyngeal apophysis formed by parasphenoid alone. 
1. Tilapia. 
II. Scales more or less distinctly ctenoid; pharyngeal apophysis 
formed by parasphenoid in middle and basioccipital at sides. 


Teeth conical, or outer bicuspid and inner tricuspid. 2. Haplochromis, 
An outer close-set series of enlarged teeth, with 

strongly incurved, flattened, rounded crowns, 

followed by 2 series of minute tricuspid teeth.. 3. Schubotza. 


Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. 633 


1. Tinapia, A. Smith, 1540. 


Scales cycloid. Teeth in several series, the outer usually 
bicuspid, the inner tricuspid. 


Africa and Syria. 


1. Tilapia nilotica, Linn. 
Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 162, fig. 106. 


This species extends from the Nile through Lakes Albert, 
Albert Edward, and Kivu to Tanganyika. 


2. Tilapia eduardiana, Bouleng., 1912. 
Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish, iii. p. 166, fig. 107. 


Lake Albert Edward watershed of Mount Ruwenzori and 


Lake Gangu. 
Closely related to 7. vardabilis of Lake Victoria. 


2. Hapitocuromis, Hilgendorf, 1888. 


Seales ctenoid. ‘Teeth in 2 or more series, conical, or 
outer bicuspid and inner tricuspid. 


Africa and Syria. 


Synopsis of the Species. 


I. Albert Edward species. 
A. Jaws equal or lower feebly projecting. 
1. 7 to 9 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 
1. schubotz. 
2. 9 to 12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch, 
Kye 33 in head (in specimens of 80 to 90 mm.) ; 
maxillary not reaching eye .............. 2. pappenheimt. 
Eye 3 in head (in a specimen of 80 mm.); scales 
on chest very small, 8 between pectoral and 
( ELTAG LOE AS Oe COm Seno olen POOr Iocan 3. eduardit. 
Eye 23 in head (in a specimen of 80 mm.); scales 
ou chest moderate, 4 between pectoral and 
BPiyate ITI =) ofele vee eiiatata erelats (sive ats\'e alchavelers 4, nigripinnis, 


B. Lower jaw distinctly projecting........ 5. squamipinnis. 


II. Kivu species. 
A. Jaws equal or lower feebly projecting. 

1. Teeth in 3 to 5 series, 40 to 60 in outer series of upper jaw (in 
specimens of 75 to 120 mm.) ; 7 to 9 gill-rakers on lower part 
of anterior arch. 

Pectoral reaching vent, origin of anal, or a little 
[Poy CONES ote oo nent a ean Maret 6. graueri. 
Pectoral reaching middle of anal .............. 7. adolphi-frederici. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol. viii. 41 


634 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Cichlid Fishes of 


2 Teeth in 4 to 8 series, 40 to 70 in outer series of upper jaw (in 
specimens of 75 to 115 mm.); 9 to 11 gill-rakers on lower 


part of anterior‘arch .)....2 one, ape 8. astatodon. 
. Teeth in 3 or 4 series, 36 in outer series of upper jaw (in 
specimens of 120 to 125 mm.) ...... 9. paucidens. 
LB. Lower jaw distinctly projecting........ 10. vittatus. 


1. Haplochromis schubotzi, Bouleng., 1914. 


Tilapia martini (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr Fish. ili. p. 239. 
Haplochromis schubotzi, Bouleng. t. c. p. 288, tig. 196. 
Haplochromis angustifr ons, Bouleng. ¢. ¢. p. 292, tig. 198. 
Pelmatochromis spekti (part.), Bouleng. t. & p. 416; 


Depth of body 22 to 24 in the length, length of head 24 to 
3}. Snout from shorter than to a little longer than diameter 
of eye, which is 22? to 32 in length of head, greater than 
preorbital depth, equal to or greater than depth of cheek ; 
interorbital width 4 to 5 in length of head. Jaws equal or 
lower slightly projecting ; maxillary about reaching vertical 
from anterior edge of eye ; teeth conical or cuspidate, in 3 or 
4 series, 36 to 60 in outer series of upper jaw. 3 or 4 series 
of scales on cheek. 7 to 9 gill-rakers on lower part of ante- 
rior arch. Pharyngeal teeth small. 381 to 33 scales in a 
longitudinal series, 5 to 7 from origin of dorsal to lateral line. 
Dorsal XIV-XVI 9-10; last spine 2 to $ length of head. 
Anal JII 8-9 ; third spine 4 to 2? head. Pectoral as long as 
or a little shorter than head, reaching anal. Caudal truncate. 
Caudal peduicle 1} to 13 as long as deep. Females silvery 
white; males often ereyish, sometimes with indistinct cross- 
bars, usually with 2 bars across snout, 1 below eye, 1 on 
occiput, end 1 on nape, pelvic fins blackish, and ocelli on 
anal. 

Lake Albert Edward. 

Thirteen specimens, 70 to 1385 mm. long. 


2. Haplochromis pappenheim?, Bouleng., 1914. 
Tilapia pappenheimi(part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p, 282, fig. 168. 
Depth of body 34 to 34 in the length, length of head 5} 


to 34. Snout as ine as diameter of eye, which is 34 s 
Jen etl of lead, 13 depth of preorbital, greater than depth of 
cheek, equal to interorbital width. Jaws equal or lower 
slightly projecting ; maxillary not extending to below eye; 
teeth cuspidate, in 2 or 3 series, 46 in outer series of upper 
jaw. 3 or 4 series of scales on cheek. 9 to 11 gill-rakers on 
Jower part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth small. 33 
scales in a longitudinal series, 6 or 7 from origin of dorsal to 


Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. 635 


lateral line, 5 or 6 between pectoral and pelvic fins. Dorsal 
XV-XVI 9-10; last spine 2 length of head. Anal III 8-9; 
third spine 4 to 2? head. Pectoral nearly as long as head, 
reaching vent or anal fin. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 
1} to 12 as long as deep. Silvery ; dorsal greyish; caudal 
spotted. 

Lake Albert Edward. 

Four specimens, 80 to 90 mm. long. 


3. Haplochromis eduardit, sp. n. 
Tilapia pappenheimi (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 232. 


Depth of body 3 in the length, length of head 3. Snout 
shorter than diameter of eye, which is 3} in length of head, 
twice depth of preorbital, greater than depth of cheek ; inter- 
orbital width 4 in head. Jaws equal; maxillary extending 
to below anterior edge of eye ; teeth cuspidate, in 3 series, 
45 in outer series of upper jaw. 3 series of scales on cheek. 
11 or 12 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Pha- 
ryngeal teeth small. 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 from 
origin of dorsal to lateral line, 8 between pectoral and pelvic 
fins. Dorsal XV 9; last spine nearly 4 length of head. 
Anal III 9; third spine 2? head. Pectoral nearly as long as 
head, reaching anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 
13 as long as deep. Greyish, with bars across upper part of 
head and one below eye; two blackish blotches on basal part 
of spinous dorsal ; pelvics blackish; oeelli on anal fin. 

Lake Albert Edward. 

A single specimen (¢), 80 mm. long. 


4, Haplochromis nigripinnis, sp. n. 
Tilapia pappenheimi (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr, Fish, ili. p. 232. 


Depth of body 34 in the length, length of head 3. Snout 
shorter than diameter of eye, which is 2? in the length of 
head, 24 depth of preorbital, greater than depth of cheek ; 
interorbital width 44 in length of head. Jaws equal ; max- 
illary extending to below anterior } of eye; teeth cuspidate, 
in 2 series, 60 in outer series of upper jaw. 3 series of scales 
on cheek. 11 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 
Pharyngeal teeth small. 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 
4 or 5 from origin of dorsal to lateral line, and the same 
number between pectoral and pelvic fins. Dorsal XVI 9; 
last spine nearly $ length of head. Anal III 9; third spine 
as long as last dorsal. Pectoral a little shorter than head, 
reaching vent. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 13 as 

41* 


636 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Cichlid Fishes of 


long as deep. Greyish ; vertical and pelvic fins blackish, 
the dorsal pale at the base. 

Lake Albert Edward. 

A single specimen (¢), 80 mm. long. 


5. Haplochromis squamipinnis, sp. n. 

Pelmatochromis spekit (part.), Boulenger, Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 417 

(1915). 

Depth of body nearly equal to length of head, 2% in length 
of fish. Head 21 as long as broad; upper profile sliglitly 
concave. Snout 14 diameter of eye, which is 4} in length of 
head, greater than preorbital depth, less than depth of cheek ; 
interorbital width 42 in length of head. Maxillary ex- 
tending to vertical from anterior margin of eye; lower jaw 
projecting ; teeth conical, 4 series in upper jaw, 3 in lower, 
60 in outer series of upper jaw. 5 series of scales on cheek ; 
10 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch ; pharyngeal 
teeth slender. Dorsal XV 10; last spine longest, } length 
of head; longest soft rays } length of head. Anal III 9; 
third spine stronger and nearly as long as last dorsal. Series 
of small scales on basal part of posterior half of dorsal and 
anal, between the rays. Pectoral 4 length of head, reaching 
origin of anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal peduncle 14 as 
long as deep. 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 trom 
origin of dorsal to lateral line. Silvery; back darker ; 
vertical fins dusky ; caudal with some clear spots ; anal with 
2 ocelli posteriorly. 

Lake Albert Edward. 

One specimen, 170 mm. in total length. 


6. Haplochromis graueri, Bouleng., 1914. 


Tilapia burtont (part), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 217. 
Haplochromis angustifrons, vax. gracilior, Bouleng. t. c. p. 298. 
Haplochromis grauert, Bouleng. t. ¢. p. 298, fig. 202. 

Depth of body 22 to 34 in length, length of head 22 to 3. 
Snout from a little shorter to longer than diameter of eye, 
which is 3 to 4 in length of head, greater than depth of pre- 
orbital or cheek ; interorbital width 4 to 4% in length of head. 
Jaws equal or lewer slightly projecting ; maxillary extending 
to below anterior edge of eye or not quite so far; teeth 
cuspidate or conical, in 3 to 5 series, 40 to 60 in outer series 
of upper jaw. 3 or 4 series of scales on cheek. 7 to 9 gill- 
rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth 
small. 82 to 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 5 or 6 from 
origin of dorsal to lateral line. Dorsal XIV-XVI 9-10; 


Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu. 637 


last spine 4 to 3 length of head. Anal III 8; third spine 4 
to} head. Pectoral nearly as long as head, reaching vent, 
origin of anal, or a little beyond. Caudal truncate. Caudal 
peduncle 13 to 12 as long as deep. Silvery or brownish ; 
an opercular spot ; soft dorsal and caudal sometimes spotted ; 
males with a bar below eye, blackish pelvic fins, and ocelli on 
anal, 

Lake Kivu. 

Twelve specimens, 75 to 120 mm. long. 

The caudal fin is broken into a rounded shape,in the largest 
specimen. 


1. Haplochromis adolphi-frederici, Bouleng., 1914. 
Tilapia adolphi-frederici, Bouleng. Cat. Afr, Fish. iii, p. 220, fig, 143. 
Apparently differs from H. grauert in the longer pectoral 

fin. The coloration is of the “ bicolor” type, irregular black 
bars extending on to the vertical fins ; but I have found in 
the Lake Victoria Cichlide that this occurs in individuals of 
several species. 


8. Haplochromis astatodon, sp. n. 
Tilapia burtoni (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish, iii. p. 217. 


Depth of body 23 to 3 in the length, length of head 3 to 33. 
Snout nearly as long as or a little longer than diameter of 
eye, which is 34 to 32 in length of head, greater than pre- 
orbital depth, nearly equal to depth of cheek; interorbital 
width 33 to 3? in length of head. Jaws equal anteriorly or 
lower slightly projecting; maxillary extending to below 
anterior edge or anterior } of eye; teeth cuspidate, in 4 to 8 
series, 40 to 70 in outer series of upper jaw, the bicuspid 
teeth very variable in form, the cusps nearly equal in some 
Specimens, in others the posterior cusp reduced and the 
anterior cusp long, oblique, and curved inwards, the teeth 
approaching the Bayonia, Hemitilapia, or Schubotzia types. 
3 or 4 series of scales on cheek. 9 to 11 gill-rakers on lower 
part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth small. 30 to 32 
scales in a longitudinal series, 5 or 6 from origin of dorsal to 
lateral line. Dorsal XIV-XVI 8-9; last spine from less 
than 2 to 3 length of head. Anal IIT 8-9; third spine as 
long as or a little shorter than last dorsal. Pectoral a little 
shorter than head, not reaching anal. Caudal truncate. 
Caudal peduncle as long as or a little longer than deep. 
Body with or without cross-bars ; an opercular spot and a 
bar below eye. 

Lake Kivu. 

Fifteen specimens, 75 to 115 mm. long. 


638 Mr. C. T. Regan on Cichlid Fishes. 


9. Haplochromis paucidens, sp. 0. 
Tilapia burtoni (part.), Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 217. 


Depth of body 23 to 24% in the length, length of head 34. 
Snout slightly longer than diameter of eye, which is 32 in 
length of head, greater than preorbital depth, equal to depth 
of cheek ; interorbital width 33 to 32 in length of head. 
Jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary extending to below anterior 
edge of eye; teeth in 3 or 4 series, 36 in outer series of 
upper jaw, the anterior conical and rather strong. 3 or 4 
series of scales on cheek. 9 gill-rakers on lower part of 
anterior arch. Middle pharyngeal teeth slightly enlarged, 
subconical. 382 or 33 scales in a longitudinal series, 7 from 
origin of dorsal to lateral line. Dorsal XV 10; last spine 
nearly 4 length of head. Anal III 9; third spine 2 head. 
Pectoral 4 length of head, not reaching anal. Caudal trun- 
cate. Caudal peduncle 13 as long as deep. Dark cross-bars 
on body ; 2 bars across snout and 1 below eye ; an opercular 
spot ; soft dorsal and caudal spotted. 

Lake Kivu. 

Two specimens, 120 and 125 mm. long. 


10. Haplochromis vittatus, Bouleng., 1901. 
Paratilapia vittata, Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish, iii, p. 380, fig. 221. 


Depth of body 3 to 34 in length, length of head 23 to 2. 
Snout 14 to 12 diameter of eye, which is 4 to 44 in length of 
head, greater than preorbital depth, about equal to depth 
of cheek ; interorbital width 5 in length of head. Lower 
jaw projecting ; maxillary extending to below anterior edge 
of eye ; teeth conical, in 3 or 4 series, 40 to 60 in outer series 
of upper jaw. 3 to 5 series of scales on cheek. 8 to 11 gill- 
rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Pharyngeal teeth 
slender. 83 scales in a longitudinal series, 6 from origin of 
dorsal to lateral line. Dorsal XV-XVI 8-10; last spine 4 
to 2 length of head. Anal III 8-9 ; third spine as long as or 
a little shorter than last dorsal. Pectoral 2 length of head, 
reaching vent or origin of anal. Caudal truncate. Caudal 
peduncle 14 to 14 as long as deep. A dark lateral stripe and 
another above upper lateral line. 

Lake Kivu. 

Four specimens, 80 to 125 mm. long. 


On a new Genus of Coccide, 639 


3. SCHUBOTZIA, Bouleng., 1914. 


Seales ctenoid. A close-set series of enlarged teeth, with 
strongly incurved, flattened, rounded crowns, followed by 2 
series of minute tricuspid teeth. 


Lake Albert Edward. 


Schubotzia eduardiana, Bouleng., 1914. 
Schubotzia eduardiana, Bouleng. Cat. Afr. Fish. iii. p. 500, fig. 347. 


Near Haplochromis schubotzt, differing especially in the 
dentition. 
Total length 95 mm. 


LXIX.—On anew Genus of Coccidee from the Indian Region. 
By E. E. Green, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


CRIBROLECANIUM, gen. nov. (subfamily Lecaniine). 


Adult female with rudimentary limbs and antenne. Spi- 
racles communicating with the surface by means of a broad 
enclosed channel, the sides of which are studded with short 
glandular ducts. Dorsum with numerous, densely chitinous, 
perforated plates, arranged in more or less symmetrical series. 
Anal operculum surrounded by a densely chitinous area, 
Anal ring with ten or more setee. 

Nymph similar to adult, but with the limbs and antennze 
still more rudimentary. Anal operculum not surrounded by 
a densely chitinous area. 

Larva with fully developed limbs and antenne. Dorsum 
with series of clustered pores in place of the cribritorm plates. 

Male not observed in any stage. 

Type, formicarum. 


Cribrolecanium formicarum, sp. 0. (Figs. 1 & 2.) 


Fully matured adult female dark castaneous ; subcircular, 
strongly convex, almost hemispherical; densely chitinous. 
At this stage of development the structural characters are 
obscured by the heavy chitinization, but the dorsum is seen 
to be studded with small translucent pores, interspersed with 
definite denser areas upon which the pores are more closely 
crowded. Other characters can be observed more clearly by 


640 Mr. E. E. Green on a new Genus of 


an examination of the early adult insect. Diameter of fully 
developed insect 4 to 5 mm. 


Fig. 1. 


o 


Cribrolecanium fornucarum, sp. 0. 


a. Early adult female: opt. sect. x 30. 
b. Antenna. x 450. 

ce. Posterior spiracle. X 130. 

d. Pores surrounding spiracle. x 450. 
e. Cribriform plate. x 220. 

f. Anterior limb. x 450. 

g. Partof margin. X 220. 

h. Marginal spines. x 460. 


Early adult female (fig. 1, a) pale purplish brown ; broadly 
ovate, narrower in front. Derm (after treatment with boiling 


Coccidee from the Indian Region. 641 


potash) soft and colourless, except on well-defined circum- 
scribed areas, Antenna (fig. 1, ) rudimentary, without 
definite segmentation; some longish stout setee on the apex 
and sides. Legs (fig. 1, /) minute and rudimentary, con- 
sisting of a broad basal segment, representing the combined 
coxa and femur, and a narrower tibio-tarsal segment sur- 
mounted by a well-developed claw ; both ungual and tarsal 


Fig. 2. 


Cribrolecanium formicarum, sp. n. 


a. Anterior leg of nymph. x 450. 

6. Posterior stigmatic area of nymph. x 1380. 

c. Larva: opt. sect. x 50. 

d, Larva: group of pores. x 450. 

e. Larva: antenna, xX 220. 

f. Larva: stigmatic spines and marginal sete. x 450, 


digitules are present, the former slightly expanded at their 
distal extremities. Buccal apparatus large and conspicuous. 
Spiracular channels closely studded with tubular ducts of the 
form shown in fig. 1,d; the channel usually curved and 
opening on the venter at a considerable distance within the 
margin of the body. Dorsum witha subdorsal and sublateral 


642 - Mr. E. BE. Green on a new Genus of 


series of densely chitinous, rounded, perforated plates 
(fig. 1, e), varying in size and form. Derm closely studded 
with minute pores, and with scattered, larger, thick-rimmed 
pores; also with scattered spiniform sete. Valves of anal 
operculum together forming an oval, the base and outer edge 
of each valve describing an uninterrupted curve; the whole 
surrounded by a broad, densely chitinous zone, which is 
irregularly perforate around its inner margin. Anal ring 
with at least ten stout setee. Stigmatic clefts shallow, without 
specialized stigmatic spines. Margin of body with a close 
fringe of strong spines (fig. 1, g, 4), which are interrupted 
only at the stigmatic clefts. 

Nymph very similar to the early adult insect, but distin- 
guishable by the absence of a denser chitinous area surrounding 
the analaperture. Antenneeand limbs still more rudimentary, 
the latter (fig. 2,a) being without definite claw or digitules. 
Cribriform plates as in the adult. Spiracular channels 
opening directly on to the margin at the stigmatic clefts 
(fig. 2, 6). Marginal spines similar to and as large as those 
of the adult insect. No stigmatic spines. Anal ring with 
eight setee. 

Larva (fig. 2, ¢) with well-developed limbs and antenne. 
The cribriform plates of the adult nymph are replaced by 
small groups of relatively large pores (fig. 2, d), interspersed 
with which are some isolated pores of a similar structure, 
Margin of body with simple, short, curved setee. Stigmatic 
clefts with two stout spines (fig. 2, 7), of which the anterior 
one is lanceolate and acuminate, while the posterior one is 
clavate and obtuse. Anal ring with six sete. 

Length 1 mm. 

Peradeniya, Ceylon. 

In hollow branches of Stereospermum chelonioides ; asso- 
ciated with ants (Cremastogaster sp.). The branches had 
originally been tunnelled by some boring larva (probably of 
a Longicorn beetle), and had subsequently been occupied by 
the colony of ants. 


Cribrolecanium radicicola, sp.n. (Fig. 3.) 


Fully mature adult female, pale fulvous (dried examples) ; 
rather broadly ovoid (fig. 3, a), moderately convex, the 
medio-dorsal area raised sharply into a broad rounded carina; 
derm soft and wrinkled, not densely chitinous. Antenna 
(fig. 3, 2) small and rudimentary, but distinctly 4- or 5-jointed, 
the joints separated from each other by broad bands of softer 


Coccide from the Indian Region. 643 


tissue, the narrow basal joint often incomplete. Legs 
(fig. 8, 6) small and rudimentary, but relatively stout; 
coxa represented by an irregular narrow band, which is often 


Fig. 3, 


Cribrolecanium radicicola, sp. 0. 


a. Adult female. x 30. 

b. Adult female: anterior leg. x 450. 

ce. Adult female: cribriform plates. x 220, 
d. Adult female: antenna. x 480, 

e. Nymph: anterior leg. x 480. 


incomplete ; femur, tibia, and tarsus all distinct, as broad as 
or broader than long; claw strongly developed, approxi- 
mately equal in length to the tarsus; ungual and tarsal 
digitules slender, gradually dilated towards the extremity. 


644 Mr. R. Gurney on some 


Spiracular channels broad, opening directly on to or close 
to the margin, closely studded with tubular ducts. Dorsum 
with irregularly disposed series of small, densely chitinous, 
ceribriform plates (fig. 3, ¢) varying in size, form, and number 
of pores, but always much smaller and less conspicuous than 
those of formicarum, each plate with a narrow, sharply defined, 
paler outer border. Derm of dorsum with smaller and larger 
pores (the latter thick-rimmed) and with transverse series of 
spiniform sete, which are larger and more numerous on the 
abdominal segments. Anal operculum surrounded by a 
densely chitinous zone, sprinkled with small pores and larger 
ovoid lacune. Anal ring with sixteen (or more) stout sete. 
Margin of body without fringe of spines or sete. Stigmatic 
clefts obscure, without stigmatic spines. 

Length of average examples 2°5 mm. 

Nymph very similar to the adult, but smaller and flatter, 
and without a denser chitinous area surrounding the anal 
aperture. Antenna 5-jointed, the basal joint in the form of 
a narrow band, second joint largest. Legs (fig. 3, e) reduced 
to conical points, with obscure traces of partial segmentation ; 
with a minute apical claw. Cribriform plates as in adult, but 
often less strongly chitinized. Anal ring with ten setee. 
Spiracular channels opening directly on to the margin. No 
stigmatic spines. No marginal spines or sete. 

Larva not observed. 

Coimbatore, India. 

On roots of Cassiasp. Coll. T. V. Ramakrishna (no. 204), 
Sut et ESA be 


LX X.—Some new or rare British Crustacea. 
By Rospert Gurney, M.A. 


1. Canthocamptus echinatus, Mrazek. 


In July 1919 a few specimens of a species of Canthocamptus 
resembling C. echinatus were taken at Flordon Common near 
Norwich, but I was unable at the time, with the scanty 
material available, to determine its identity with certainty, 
and I was unable to find the species again on a second visit 
to the spot. In 1920 the same form was found in considerable 


new or rare British Crustacea. 645 


Canthocamptus echinatus, Mrazek. 


Fig. 1.—Male dorsal view, showing arrangement of cilia on cuticle. 
Fig. 2.—First antenna of female. 


646 Mr. R. Gurney on some 


number in Sphagnum-moss on Buxton Heath, and a careful 
comparison with Mrazek’s description leaves no doubt that 
my provisional identification was correct. The specimens 
differ in some small details from Mrazek’s description, and, 
as the species has not previously been found in Britain, some 
description and figures may prove useful to others. 

‘he species was described by Mrazek in 1893 from speci- 
mens taken in Bohemia, and in 1894 Schmeil recorded the 
occurrence in Switzerland of a variety, which he named 


Fig. 3. Fig. 4. 


5 


Frys gu * x 
AV ALN Se es A! 
\ —————— 
i oe 
: d rates 
A oh } iC Yo: 
=o } ’ \y XS 
Ye . Ss f iY \ ' i 
H } 
| 
| 


Canthocamptus echinatus, Mrazek. 


Fig. 3.—First leg of female. 
Fig. 4.—Third leg of male. 


var. luenensis, differing from the type only in the possession 
of an additional seta on the basal joint of the fifth foot of the 
female. This var. lwenensis has been found by others in 
Switzerland, in the Dauphiné Alps and at Lunz in Austria, 
but the typical form has not been met with again, neither 
has any description of the species been published other than 
that of Mrazek. 


new or rare British Crustacea. 647 


The segments of the body are not toothed, but are charac- 
terized by the possession of numerous transverse groups of 
hairs or spinules on the dorsal surface of the two last thoracic 
and first three (or four in male) abdominal segments (fig. 1). 
Such dorsal rows of delicate hairs are also found in C. crassus, 
C. pilosus, and other species, but they are more conspicuous 
in C. echinatus, which owes its name to their presence. 


Fig. 5. 


Canthocamptus echinatus, Myazek. 


Fig. 5.—Fifth lee of female 
Fig. 6.—Fifth leg of male. 


As regards the appendages, my own specimens agree with 
those of Mrazek, with the following exceptions :— 

(1) First pair of legs: The agreement in general form is 
complete, but the first joint of the inner branch bears a short 
seta which is not shown in Mrazek’s figure. 

(2) Fifth leg of female: The basal joint bears six sete 
instead of five, as is also the case in the var. lwenensis. In 
other respects the agreement is close. 

(3) Fifth foot of male: Here there is no difference in the 
number of sete, but their relative length is not the same as 
that shown by Mrazek. The two strong spines of the basal 


648 Mr. R. Gurney on some 


joint are somewhat variable, the outermost being sometimes 
scarcely more than half as long as the inner one, as figured 
by Mrazek, but usually it is about two-thirds of the length, 
as in var. (uenensis. In the second joint the innermost seta 
is long and slender, as in var. luenensis, whereas Mrazek figures 
it as a minute spine. 

I have met with this species in three localities in Norfolk 
—namely, Flordon Common near Norwich, Buxton Heath 
(Hevingham), and Holt Lowes. At Flordon it was found in 
calcareous mud from a pool, nearly dry, but in the other two 
places it was living in Sphagnum-moss, and it is probably to 
be regarded as a species preferring Sphagnum and water in 
which Desmids occur. 

The resemblance between this form and C. praegert, 
Scourfield, which Mr. Scourfield has recently described from 
a single female taken on Clare Island *, is very close, but the 
form of the furcal rami and the presence of hairs instead of 
spines on the anal operculum in C. praegeri, together with 
the divergence of the fureal sete, sufficiently separate the 
two species. 


2. Canthocamptus webert, Kessler. 


Kessler, Zool. Anz. xliv. 1914, p. 474; Thallwitz, Zool. Anz. xlviii. 
1917, p. 159. 


A few specimens of this rare species were found in July 
and August 1920 in pools on Newton St. Faith’s Common 
near Norwich. There were at that time many small pools 
an inch or two deep with Sphagnum growing round the 
edges, and in most of them Moraria brevipes, Sars, was 
abundant, but C. weberd was only found in one or two of the 
pools in which the bottom was covered with a thin felt of the 
liverwort, Gymnocolen inflata. The few specimens observed 
were obtained by squeezing this liverwort. These pools 
occupy depressions in the heather-covered common, and are 
generally dry in summer. The summer of 1920 being parti- 
cularly wet and cold the pools remained supplied with water 
throughout July and August, whereas in 1921 nearly all 
were entirely dry in May and C. webert was not to be found. 

C. weberi is an exceedingly small species, °38 mm. long, and 
very closely resembles C. typhlops, Mrazek. It was described 
by Kessler in 1914 from specimens taken in moss in North 


* Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. xxx. 1912, p. 14. 


new or rare British Crustacea. 649 
Saxony, and, so far as I am aware, it has not been taken 
elsewhere. 

The points of difference between C. typhlops and C. weber: 
have been very carefully described both by Kessler and 
Thallwitz, and the latter has gone fully into the relation 
between these two species and C. zschokkei and C. pygmeus, 
to which they seem to be related. 

The most striking characteristic of the species is the form 
of the anal operculum, which bears three, or occasionally 
two, very large spines. These spines in C. typhlops are 
stated by Mrazek to be actually prolongations of the oper- 
culum itself, whereas in C. weberi, according to Kessler, 
they are spines set on the operculum in the usual way. 
Although my specimens belong unquestionably to C. weberi, 
I have not seen in any case any line of division between 
‘spines and operculum, and am therefore of opinion that this 
difference is more apparent than real. Thallwitz mentions 
that in one specimen of C. typhlops the outer spines appeared 
to be distinctly divided from the operculum. 

I have compared my specimens with the descriptions of 
Kessler and Thallwitz, and find the agreement between them 
and the specimens from Saxony to be complete in every 
detail, with the exception of the opercular spines as mentioned 
above. 


3. Canthocamptus cuspidatus, Schmeil. 


Taken in Sphagnum-moss at Holt Lowes in Norfolk in 
June 1921, in company with C. echinatus and Moraria 
brevipes. 

C. cuspidatus is a widely distributed species, but is charac- 
teristic of mountainous or northern regions. It has been 
found in various parts of Scotland, but not hitherto in any 
part of England, and its occurrence in Norfolk is therefore of 
rather special interest. 

The locality in which it was found is a fold in the gravelly 
slope bounding the valley of Holt Lowes, at the head of 
which are springs the water from which trickles through beds 
of Sphagnum or supplies small shallow pools in the moss. 
‘I'he conditions are exceptional for this county, and approxi- 
mate to those natural for the species. It is probably no more 
than a coincidence that the characteristically northern orehid 
Goodyera repens grows in the immediate neighbourhood of 
Holt Lowes. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 9. Vol, viii. 42 


650 Editorial Note. 


4, Leander longirostris (Milne-Edwards). 
Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, ii. 1837, p. 392. 


In some notes on the Crustacea of the Hast Norfolk rivers, 
published in 1907*, I recorded the occurrence of Leander 
squilla in one of the Broads over 20 miles from the sea, and 
the same species has from time to time been taken since then 
at various points in these rivers, while it is known to be 
abundant at times in Breydon Water and in Oulton Broad. 
Having recently had occasion to re-examine my old specimens, 
and to compare them with a number recently taken from 
Breydon Water, it at once became evident that my original 
identification was not correct. The work of Stanley Kemp f 
and of De Manf has now made the identification of the 
European species of Leander comparatively easy, and there 
can be no doubt that this Norfolk prawn is really L. longi- 
rostris, M.-Edw., a species which has not hitherto been 
recorded as British. It is common in the rivers Bure and 
Waveney, and probably also in the Yare, and prefers water 
of low salinity. It is known on Breydon as the “Jack 
Shrimp,” and is regarded as a freshwater species, since it 
is most abundant when the water is least salt. It is not 
found in the sea nor anywhere on the coast of Norfolk, its 
place being taken in the salt-marshes from Hunstanton to 
Cley by Leander squilla. 

I have been able to obtain most of the stages of the larval 
development both of L. longirostris and also of L. squilla, 
but there are certain points with regard to life-history and 
distribution which require further investigation and_ to 
deserve more detailed treatment on a later occasion. 


Epriror1aL Norte. 


Tux Editors desire to draw the attention of Contributors to the 
Recommendation of the British Association Committee on Zoological 
Bibliography and Publication that the ordinal (or class) position of 
a group treated in any paper should be clearly given in the title or 
in parentheses following the title. It is felt in many quarters that 
the value of papers appearing in these pages would be much in- 
ereased if this course were more generally followed, and an appeal 
is therefore made to Authors to adopt the Recommendation. 


* Trans. Norf. & Nor. Nat. Soc. viii. p. 481. 
+ Fisheries, Ireland, Sci. Invest. 1908, i. 1910, p. 127. 
t Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Vereen. xiy. 1915-16, p. 117. 


651 


INDEX tro VOL. VIII. 


ABROCOMA, new species of, 216. 

Achvea, new species of, 15. 

Alexander, C. P., on new or little- 
known Tipulidee, 161, 309, 546. 

Amphineurus, new species of, 555. 

Amphipoda, notes on, 116. 

Andrews, C. W., on a Theropodous 
Dinosaur from the Lower Lias, 
570. 

Aphneeus, new species of, 598. 

Arcyptere, new, 369. 

Asilinee, new, 175. 

Attatha, new species of, 18. 

Aulacobothrus, new species of, 370, 

Austen, HK. E., on the prey of the 
yellow dung-fly, 118. 

Azanus, new species of, 208. 

Bactridothrips, new species of, 397. 

Bagnall, RK. 8., on new Thysanoptera, 
393. 

Batracharta, new species of, 28. 

Berry, 8., on a new Neotreme Bra- 
chiopod from California, 210; on 
some Japanese Cephalopods, 351. 

Bibliographical notice, 447, 

Blenina, new species of, 8. 

Blosyris, new species of, 29, 

Brachiopoda, new, 210, D 

Brevicosta, characters of the new 
genus, 254, 

Calolimnophila, characters of the 
new subgenus, 315. 

Campion, H., on Odonata from New 
Caledonia, 33; on some dragonflies 
and their prey, 240. 

Carea, new species of, 13. 

Celantia, new species of, 542. 

Cephalodiscus densus, on specimens 
of, 438. 

Cephalopoda, notes on, 351. 

Champion, G. C., on species of Laius 
from the Malayan Region, 193 ; 
on South-African species of Me- 
lyris, Fabr., 353; on the African 
species of Hedybius, Er., 449, 


Chilton, C., on abnormal antennae 
in the Crustacea Amphipoda, 116. 

Chubb, C., on new forms of South- 
American birds, 444. 

Coccidee, new, 639, 

Cockerell, T. D. A., descriptions and 
records of bees, 359; on fossil 
Arthropods in the British Mu- 
seum, 541. 

Ceelacanth fish, on the, 320. 

Coleoptera, new, 198, 449; notes on, 
353. 

Conepatus, new species of, 221. 

Conilurus, new species of, 431, 

Conosia, new species of, 315, 

Crania, new species of, 210. 

Cribrolecanium, characters of the 
new genus, 639, 

Crustacea, new, 644. 

Cryptotis, new species of, 354. 

Ctenacroscelis, new species of, 111, 
562. 

Ctenomys, new species of, 218. 

Culicide, new, 629. 

Curculionide, new, 145. 

Dicaiothrips, new species of, 399. 

Dicheetomyia, new species of, 421. 


* Dicranomyia, mew species of, 161, 


310, 546, 

Diptera, new, 67, 99, 161, 225, 546, 
576. 

Dipterous larve, notes on, 601. 

Dolichopeza, new species of, 170. 

Drawida, new species of, 497. 

Editorial note, 650, 

Edwards, F. E., on Formosan Culi- 
cidee, 629. 

Edwards, F. W., on Eriocera in the 
British Museum, 67 ; on new and 
little-known Tipulide, 99, 

Klzodes, new species of, 21. 

Iilaphrothrips, new species of, 398, 

Elephantulus, new species of, 563. 

Kimmesina, characters of the new 
genus, 423, 


652 IN DEX. 


Epinephele, new species of, 593. 

Eremnus, new species of, 145. 

Hriocera, new species of, 81, 519. 

Fuspilaria, characters of the new 
genus, 228. 

Eutelia, new species of, 6. 

Kvotomys, new species of, 128, 

Faureia, characters of the new 
genus, 389. 

Freshwater sponge from New Zea- 
land, note on a, 400. 

Galea, new species of, 623. 

Geological Society, proceedings of 
the, 143, 223. 

(seranomyia, new species of, 101. 

Gnophomyia, new species of, 556. 

Gonomyia, new species of, 311, 557. 

Green, E. E., on a new genus of 
Coccide, 639. 

Grisonella, new species of, 213, 215. 

Gronops, new species of, 150. 

Gude, G. K., and Woodward, B. B., 
on their recent paper “On Heli- 
cella, Férussac,” 624. 

Gurnery R., on some new or rare 
British Crustacea, 644. 

tynoplistia, new species of, 560, 

Halictus, new species of, 361. 

Haplochromis, new species of, 635. 

Hedybius, new species of, 457. 

Helius, new species of, 103, 

Heodes, new species of, 598, 

Herpestes, new species of, 134. 

Hesperomys, new species of, 623, 

Heteroptera, new, 542. 

Hinton, M. A. C., on a new bank- 
vole from Esthonia, 128; on the 
klipspringers of Rhodesia, An- 
gola, and Northern Nigeria, 129. 

Hulodes, new species of, 27. 

Hydromys, new species of, 429. 

Hylophilodes, new species of, 12. 

Hymenoptera, new, 351), 544, 

Hyposomus, new species of, 157. 

Hypsimys, new species of, 613. 

Hypsobia nosophora, on the anatomy 
of, 401, 

Idiohelina, characters of the new 
genus, 258. 

Idiopygus, characters of the new 
genus, 229. 

Illops, new species of, 452. 

Isosticta, new species of, 38. 

Jaculus, new species of, 441. 

Keilin, D., on the life-history of 
Dasyhelea obscura, Winnertz, 576 ; 
on some Dipterous larvze, 601. 


Kershaw, P. S., on some new mam- 
mals from East Africa, 563. 

Kirkpatrick, R., on a freahwater 
sponge from New Zealand, 400; 
on Oculinaria australis, Gray, 
494, ; 

Lagidium, new species of, 219. 

Laius, new species of, 195. 

Lasiodora, on the genus, 337. 

Lathy, P. I. on new species of Ly- 
ceenide from Madagascar, 208. 

Lecteria, new species of, 312. 

Leporillus, new species of, 618. 

Libnotes, new species of, 554, 

Limnobia, new species of, 550. 

Limnophila, new species of, 104, 318, 
560. 

Limnophora, new species of, 422. 

Lithacodia, new species of, 6. 

Lophoruza, new species of, 5. 

Lowe, P. R., on a new willow- 
titmouse from Northern Italy, 
443, 

Lycena, new species of, 597. 

Lyczenesthes, new species of, 208. 

Lycznida, new, 208. 

Lygzites, new species of, 542. 

Maceda, new species of, 13. 

M‘Intosh, Prof., on notes from the 
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An- 
drews, 290. 

Malloch, J. R., on exotic Muscaride, 
225, 414, 

Mammals, new, 128, 129, 134, 136, 
139, 140, 212, 214, 221, 354, 357, 
425, 440, 441, 442, 536, 568, 570, 
608, 617, 618, 622, 627. 

Marine Polycheta, recent additions 
to, 290. 

Marshall, G. A. K., on new Cureu- 

. lionidz from South Africa, 145. 

Megachile, new species of, 364. 

Megarhinus, new species of, 630. 

Megathrips, new species of, 395. 

Meliponorytes, new species of, 544. 

Mello-Leitéo, Dr., on the genus 
Lasiodora, C. Koch, 337. 

Mereschkovsky, C., on diagnoses of 
some lichens, 246. 

Metaphya, new species of, 64. 

Microlarinus, new species of, 155. 

Molophilus, new species of, 104. 

Monodelphis, new species of, 441. 

Muscaride, new, 225, 414. 

Myiospila, new species of, 237. 

Neotomys, new species of, 612. 

Noctuide, new, 1. 


a 


oF 


INDEX. 


Notodelphys, characters of the new 
genus, 137. 

Notogronops, characters of the new 
genus, 153. 

Notomys, new species of, 537, 

Nycticebus, new species of, 627. 

Octomys, new species of, 217. 

Odonata, new, 33. 

Oligocheeta, new, 496. 

Oreotragus, new species of, 151. 

Ormosia, new species of, 103, 

Oryx, new species of, 209. 

Oryzomys, new species of, 356, 

Oxymycterus, new species of, 615. 

Pachycarus, characters of the new 
genus, 335. 

Paguma, new species of, 617. 

Papuaia, characters of the 
genus, 422, 

Paraechinus, new species of, 570. 

Paralimnophila, characters of the 
new subgenus, 559. 

Parallelia, new species of, 17. 

Pararge, new species of, 592. 

Pegomyia, new species of, 236, 424. 

Phaonia, new species of, 235, 414. 

Phascogale, new species of, 358, 

Philhedonus, new species of, 489, 

Philodicus, new species of, 179. 

Phorenula, new species of, 377. 

Phyllotis, new species of, 611. 

Physothrips, new species of, 398, 

Piranga, new species of, 446, 

Pisces, new, 632. 

Platyja, new species of, 27. 

Plumulites, new species of, 125, 

Plusia, new species of, 24. 

Peecile, new species of, 444. 

Pogonomyia, new species of, 235, 

Polybia, new species of, 545. 

Polycheta, recent additions to ma- 
rine, 290. 

Problemacaris, characters 
new genus, 626, 

Proechimys, new species of, 142. 

Promachus, new species of, 175. 

Promops, new species of, 139, 

Prosopis, new species of, 363. 

Prostethophyma, new species of, 
375, 

Prout, Miss A. E., on some Noctuide 
in the Joicey Collection, 1. 

Pselliophora, new species of, 105. 

Pseudochirus, new species of, 357, 

Pseudolimnophila, new species of, 
316. 

Pseudomys, new species of, 621. 


new 


of the 


653 


Pterocanthus, characters of the new 
genus, 418, 

Pygophora, new species of, 259. 

Rao, C. R. N., on the anatomy of 
some new species of Drawida, 496. 

Rattus, new species of, 426, 568, 
620. 

Regan, C. T., on the Cichlid Fishes 
of Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu, 
632. 

thesalides, new species of, 31. 

Rthopalocera, new, 590, 

Ricardo, Miss G., on South-African 
and Oriental Asilinz, 175. 

Ridewood, W. G., on specimens of 
Cephalodiscus densus, 433. 

Riley, N. D., on Rhopalocera from 
Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia, 
590. 

Risoba, new species of, 9. 

Robson, G. C., on the anatomy and 
affinities of Hypsobia nosophora, 
401. 

Rothschild, Lord, on two new races 
of Oryx, 209. 

Safia, new species of, 19. 

Saltator, new species of, 445, 

Sciurus, new species of, 609, 

Scylline, new, 369. 

Serrodes, new species of, 30. 

Spilaria, new species of, 227, 418. 

Spilopteromyia, characters of the 
new genus, 422, 

Stebbing, Rey. T. R. R., on a sup- 
posed new genus and species, 626. 

Stictoptera, new species of, 7. 

Strymon, new species of, 600, 

Sturnella, new species of, 444. 

Sylvilagus, new species of, 442. 

Synthemis, new species of, 55, 

Taterona, new species of, 565. 

Thomas, O., on the geographical 
races of Herpestes brachyurus, 
134; on a new genus of opossum, 
136; ; on a new bat from Peru, 139 ; 
on spiny rats from South-eastern 
Brazil, 140; on the “ Huron” of 
the Argentine, 212; on mammals 
from San Juan, Western Argen- 
tina, 214; on two new Argentine 
forms of skunk, 221; on new 
Cryptotis, Thomasomys, and Ory- 
zomys, 304; on a new Pseudo- 
chirus and Phascogale, 357 ; notes 
on Australasian rats, 425; on the 
jerboa of Muscat, 440 ; on a new 
short-tailed opossum from Brazil, 


654 


441; on a new cotton-tail from 
Colombia, 442; on the Australian 
jerboa-rats, 536; on a new hedge- 
hog from the island of Djerba, 
Tunis, 570; on mammals from 
Jujuy, 608 ; on the masked civets 
of Western China, 617; on three 
new Australian rats, 618; on new 
Hesperomys and Galea from Bo- 
livia, 622; on two new species of 
. slow-loris, 627. 

Thomasomys, new species of, 355. 
Thysanoptera, new, 3938. 
Tipula, new species of, 106, 174. 
Tipulidee, new, 67, 99, 161, 309. 


INDEX. 


Trentepohlia, new species of, 165, 559. 

Trupheopygus, characters of the new 
genus, 225, 

Uvarov, B. P., on South-African 
grasshoppers, 369. 

Watson, D. M.S., on the Coelacanth 
fish, 320. 

Withers, T. H., on the “ Cirripede ” 
Plumulites, 123. 

Woodward, B. B., see Gude, G. K, 

Xenotipula, characters of the new 
genus, 171. 

Zale, new species of, 20. 

Zegris, new species of, 591. 

Zephyrus, new species of, 599. 


END OF THE EIGHTH VOLUME, 


PRINTED BY 


TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 


RED LION COURT, FLELT STREET. 


QH The Annals & magazine of 
Z natural history 


PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE 
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET 


UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY 


ee Ea catncoaicles 
Se ee ATE 


ee et AOD 


PAA POO LES