Seeding and planting tests of northern red oak in Wisconsin

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AG a Cb Flan ys FOREST SERVICE
~ RESEARCH PAPER LS-7

APRIL 1964
OREST SERVICE
E iC!

SEEDING and PLANTING TESTS
of NORTHERN RED OAK
in WISCONSIN

HAROLD F. SCHOLZ

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was conducted on the Hardies Creek Timber Harvest
Forest in southwestern Wisconsin. This 53-acre property, owned by the
State of Wisconsin, is one of 10 timbered areas under the cooperative
management of the U.S. Forest Service, the Wisconsin Conservation De-
partment, and the University of Wisconsin Extension Service.

Of the many people who have worked on this project over the years,
special acknowledgment is due Dr. J. H. Stoeckeler and the late Harold
C. Bell of the Lake States Forest Experiment Station, and Eric P. Jensen
of the Wisconsin Conservation Department.

U. S. Forest Service
RESEARCH PAPER LS-7
April 1964

Seeding and Planting Tests
of Northern Red Oak in Wisconsin

HAROLD F. SCHOLZ
Research Forester

Lake States Forest Experiment Station
M. B. Dickerman, Director

Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture

CONTENTS

EN RODUOC TIO IN aceuty. octets Seelam siecle cos seal eee eee

ESTABLISHMENT METHODS 4. ce's ae st et ee ee ee
DirectsSeedings Face sun wiwn eects te ee ee eee
Plantings of 1-0 and 2-0 Nursery Stock .................0005.

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Direct peed gs. cc aoceas ences eres eae eek eee eee ee
Plantinss ‘of Nursery stocks. 4.902 sce eee ee eee

SURVIVAL AND GROWTH AFTER THE YEAR OF
BOLABUISHIVIBING «2 te os we eee ie cue te gee

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SWINMINUARY cain lec oie et eee elena dais eee 2

INTRODUCTION

Much more must be learned about the sil-
vicultural management of the mixed-oak for-
ests of the Lake States region. This is particu-
larly true when an overstory of northern red
oak is to be replaced by a new crop of the
same species.

Recent studies show that the small-block
clear cut and the shelterwood system both
hold promise for regenerating oak woodlands
in Wisconsin.’ ? These preliminary tests indi-
cate that enough seedlings of northern red
oak (Quercus rubra L.) and other desirable

hardwoods exist to restock the stand, provid-
img they can force their way through a tangle
of competing herbaceous plants and shrubs.

The final evaluation of these two cutting
methods cannot be made for another 10 to
15 years. They may or may not provide ade-
quate natural regeneration of the more desir-
able tree species. In the meantime, the possi-
bility of obtaining northern red oak reproduc-
tion by artificial methods is being studied.
This paper reports some early results of re-
cent tests.

ESTABLISHMENT METHODS

Direct Seedings

Direct seeding is one way to keep north-
ern red oak in the mixed hardwood forests of
Wisconsin. Under certain conditions such
seedings can be quite successful.

In order to test the feasibility of regener-
ating this species by planting acorns, 1,250
seed spots were established on a forest clear-
ing in the spring of 1952. Of these seed spots,
500 were fenced against rabbits; 250 of them
were also protected with cylindrical screens*
to prevent squirrels, chipmunks, gophers, and
mice from eating the acorns. The other 750
seed spots had no protection.

The test was made on the Hardies Creek
Timber Harvest Forest. Three acorns were
planted 1 to 2 inches deep in the mineral soil
of each seed spot. This seed had been collect-

1 Scholz, Harold F., and DeVriend, A. J. Natural
regeneration on a 2-acre mixed-oak clear cutting
5 years after logging. U.S. Forest Serv., Lake
States Forest Expt. Sta., Sta. Paper 48, 11 pp.,
illus. 1957.

2 Scholz, Harold F. Present status of oak manage-
ment in Wisconsin. Iowa State Univ. Jour. Sci.
34: 649-660. 1960.

3 Stoeckeler, J. H., and Scholz, H. F. A cylindrical
screen for protecting direct seedings of forest
tree species. Jour. Forestry 54: 183-184. 1956.

ed on the same Forest during the 1951 season
and was stratified in sand over winter so that
it would not dry out or freeze.

Plantings of 1-0 and 2-0 Nursery
Stock

Only a portion of the acorns collected in
1951 was used for the direct-seeding tests the
following spring. The balance of this stratified
seed was sown in beds at the Hugo Sauer
Nursery in Rhinelander, Wis. The resulting
stock thus became available as 1-0 and 2-0
seedlings in 1953 and 1954 respectively.

Six hundred 1-0 trees, averaging 5.3
inches in total height, were planted in 1953
on a forest opening adjacent to the one where
the direct seedings had been made a year
earlier, and in 1954 two plots of 2-0 stock with
an average total height of 9.5 inches* were
also established on the Forest. One of these,
involving 268 seedlings, was planted in a part
of the stand that had been clear cut a few
years earlier. The second one, comprising 306
trees, was planted on abandoned agricultural
land. Both the 1-0 and 2-0 nursery stock were
hand-planted, using mattocks and the hole
method, in 18- by 18-inch scalps (fig. 1).

4 These averages are based upon a 120-tree sam-
ple for 1-0 stock and a 116-tree sample for 2-0
stock.

FicurE 1. — Planting northern red oak seedlings with the mattock-and-hole method.

INITIAL SUCCESS

Direct Seedings

At the end of the first growing season,
one or more northern red oak seedlings oc-
cupied 806 of the 1,000 seed spots that were
open to possible depredations by rodents. If
a minimum of one tree per spot is considered
satisfactory stocking, the seeding was 81 per-
cent successful. One or more small oak trees
were also established on 237, or about 95 per-
cent, of the spots screened against rodents.

Actually, the losses caused by animals
were less than anticipated. In earlier tests on
the same area, the success ratio for screened
as compared to unscreened seed spots was
about 1.6 to 1.0. The difference between the
two treatments was substantially smaller in

2

1952, being in the ratio of about 1.2 to 1.0.
Losses due to rodent depredations were small
enough in both instances to raise a question
as to whether screening costs can be justified
in terms of the added benefits. However, such
losses might be more serious on large-scale
seedings, especially in years when acorns
generally are in short supply. This point mer-
its further study.

Plantings of Nursery Stock

There was no first-year mortality for
either the 600 1-0 northern red oak seedlings
planted in 1953 or the 574 2-0 trees planted
in 1954. This does not mean that they all
escaped damage, but merely that none were
killed.

SURVIVAL AND GROWTH AFTER
THE YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT

The post-establishment mortality that oc-
curred in the 1952, 1953, and 1954 seedings
and plantings was primarily the result of com-
petition from other vegetation or of animal
damage. Except where corrective measures
were taken, these factors also retarded the
height growth of the young oak. Insect and
disease losses were minor.

Effect of Competition

Northern red oak seedlings of natural
origin frequently are killed or held back by
overtopping herbaceous vegetation and woody
shrubs.°

The seeding and planting tests in this
study show that artificially regenerated oak
is affected in the same way. Not only are
some trees killed by too much shade, but also
the height development of many others is
restricted. The importance of shade is dem-
onstrated as follows:

Each year from 1952 to 1959 the shrubs
and herbaceous plants were cut (‘‘weeded’’)

5 Scholz and DeVriend, 1957; see footnote 1. Also
Scholz 1960, see footnote 2.

to within 2 or 3 inches of the ground on the
same alternate 5-row strips of the direct-seed-
ed area. This treatment was also used on the
open-forest sites that had been planted with
1-0 and 2-0 northern red oak nursery stock.
Nothing was done to eliminate or modify the
natural vegetative cover on the adjacent
check areas.

When all of the trees were 10 years old
from seed (at the end of the 1961 growing
season) there was a clear indication that both
survival and height growth were better on
weeded than on unweeded strips (table 1).
The data also show that 1-0 stock made better
height growth but showed poorer survival
than 2-0 stock. Some of these differences are
very striking when viewed on the ground, but
their statistical significance could not be de-
termined because of the unreplicated charac-
ter of the study.

The principal shrubs on the Hardies Creek
Timber Harvest Forest area are gray dogwood
(Cornus racemosa Lam.), raspberry (Rubus
strigosus (Michx.) Maxim), blackberry (R.
allegheniensis Porter), and prickly gooseber-
ry (Ribes cynosbati L.). As long as there is

TABLE 1. — Survival and height growth of northern red oak
in weeded and unweeded strips

Survival of Ist yr.
stocking after—

Character of planting

Average total height
of all seedlings

and treatment

5th yr. 10th yr. 5th yr. 10th yr.
of age of age of age of age
Percent Percent Inches Inches
Direct seedings!
Weeded trees (20 rows) 79 74 2 74
Unweeded trees (20 rows) 74 68 15 50
1-0 nursery stock?
Weeded trees (10 rows) 88 84 28 100
Unweeded trees (10 rows) 80 56 14 63
2-0 nursery stock?
Weeded trees (5 rows) 97 95 22 75
Unweeded trees (5 rows) 98 94 lef, 47

1 Total trees at the end of the first year (1952) were: weeded, 843;
unweeded, 765
2 Total trees at the end of the first year (1953) were: weeded, 200;
unweeded, 200.
3 Total trees at the end of the first year (1954) were: weeded, 129;
unweeded, 139. These totals do not include the 2-0 trees that were
planted on abandoned farmland.

a sparse-to-moderate stocking of these
“brush” species they do not seem to inhibit
the development of forest regeneration too
drastically. However, when any of them form
dense colonies, the seedlings of northern red
oak and other tree species find survival diffi-
cult.

There is no way of determining, at this
time, whether the somewhat suppressed trees
in the unweeded rows eventually will be over-
topped by the more vigorous oak in the weed-
ed strips. If this happens, it may be necessary
to reassess the benefits of weeding in terms
of growth potential as well as survival.

Blackberry probably offers the most dan-
gerous competition to a young stand. In an
unweeded, 5-row strip of the direct-seeded
area, all except 11 percent of the northern
red oak trees that were present in 1952 had
disappeared by 1961 in one of these bramble
patches. The survival was 67 percent of the
first-year stocking in an adjacent weeded
strip. The corresponding 1961 survival values
for 1-0 nursery stock were 30 percent when
the young trees had to compete with dense
thickets of brush and 98 percent where such
shrubs were controlled by annual weedings.

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so

The old-field planting of 2-0 stock was
characterized by excellent survival (95 per-
cent 8 years after planting) but poor form
(fig. 2) and rather disappointing height
growth. Apparently, the small trees were in-
hibited by the heavy sod of bluegrass and
weeds which occurs on this area. Whatever
the cause, the 10-year-old oak (in 1961) aver-
aged only 37 inches tall. The same lot of nurs-
ery stock did much better on an open-forest
site. There it averaged 47 inches and 75 inch-
es tall on unweeded and weeded strips, re-
spectively (table 1). Additional study is
needed to determine how form and growth
rate in plantings of small oak can be improved
on old fields and abandoned pastures.

Animal Damage

Data from the 10-year regeneration tests
suggest that animal damage to small oak
seedlings is cyclic. Most of it occurred during
two winters, those of 1954-55 and 1955-56.
Complete records of all injured and uninjured
trees were kept during the latter year. A sum-
mary of these data shows that 67 percent of
1,379 trees under observation was damaged
to some degree by rodents, deer, or mechani-
cal factors (table 2).

FicurE 2. — The 10-
year-old northern red
oak trees on _ this
open, soddy, old-field
site are characteris-
tically limby and
multiple-stemmed.

TABLE 2. — Animal damage comparison in fenced and unfenced
seed spots—winter of 1955-56

Category

Area unfenced or
fenced only to
exclude deer
(750 seed spots )

Area with rabbit-proof
fence, excludes all
animals except mice
(500 seed spots )

Undamaged trees
Damaged trees:
By rabbits only!
By mice only!
By both mice and rabbits!
By deer
Non-animal (mechanical injury,
disease, insects, etc. )

Total

No. Percent No. Percent
130 19.3 ByAl 45.6
228 Bx3} (8)
158 23.4 379 53:6
140 20.7
3 2 0.4
16 2.4 4 0.6
675 100.0 704 100.0

1 There is no particular problem in identifying these two kinds of animal
damage. Rabbits clip the twigs and stems with a clean, slanting cut, whereas
mice girdle the bark and wood with a series of undulating bite-marks.

to

Only 20 out of 30 rows of seed spots were subject to deer damage, but even

on an adjusted basis it is very doubtful whether this kind of injury would

exceed 1 percent.

It is evident from table 2 that rabbit dam-
age can be eliminated in new seedings and
plantings of oak by the proper type of fence
(fig. 3). However, there is some question
whether this added expense can be justified
in terms of ultimate benefits. True, rabbits
killed some of the small oaks and slowed the
growth of many more. However, of greater
importance is the fact that most of the trees
recovered quickly, though they were top-clip-
ped, side-clipped, or even cut back to the
ground.

The actual height difference between
fenced and unfenced trees amounted to 16
inches at the end of 10 years (fig. 4). On the

area subject to animal injury, the small trees
averaged 54 inches tall. Where rabbits were
kept out by a fine-mesh woven wire fence, the
oak seedlings had an average total height of
70 inches. It is doubtful, though, that this
extra margin of growth spells the difference
between success and failure. For, by 1961,
even on that part of the seeding subject to
rabbit injury, 45 percent of the trees were
4.5 to 14.0 feet tall and another 33 percent
were in the 2.0 to 4.5-foot range. While
some of these juvenile oaks may be damaged
further by animals or competing vegetation,
it seems reasonably certain that the majority
will survive.

DISCUSSION

Preliminary field tests are encouraging,
for they give considerable assurance that the
mixed-oak forests in Wisconsin can be regen-
erated artificially with this valuable timber
tree if the need arises. The choice of methods
— direct seeding or planting nursery stock —
will depend upon personal considerations,
comparative costs, and the availability of
nursery facilities, among other things.

Shrubs and herbaceous vegetation killed
some of the young oaks in the test and retard-
ed the height growth of many others. Yet,
these losses were reduced and the average
height growth was stimulated by the simple
expedient of annual weedings which cut the
competing plants back to within 2 or 3 inches
of the ground.

While some problems were encountered

5

AVERAGE HEIGHT (Inches)

70

60

wn
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FIGURE 3. — The combination of fencing materials shown here protected a direct seeding of
northern red oak from rabbits. It also kept out deer.

1952

1954

1956
YEAR

1958

1960

during these tests, in every case counter-
measures could have been taken that would
have assured a higher level of success. For
example, squirrels, chipmunks, and mice de-
stroyed the acorns in many seed spots. But
these losses were virtually eliminated when
the spots were protected with hardware-cloth
cylinders.

Likewise, rabbits cut back the tops and
lateral branches of many of the small north-
ern red oak on areas that were not fenced.
Mice girdled and side-clipped the twigs of
other seedlings, but these tiny rodents can
be controlled by trapping or poisoning. In
a few cases, deer ate the tops of seedlings,
but such damage, like that caused by rabbits
can be eliminated by properly constructed
fences.

FicureE 4. — Rabbit damage comparison. Average
height growth of fenced and unfenced northern
red oak seedlings. Weeded and unweeded areas
combined. The numbers along the trend lines
indicate the number of living trees at the time
of measurement.

When these various problems require
further study, formal experiments can be
designed to investigate them. In the mean-
time, the results obtained from the 10-year
tests on the Hardies Creek Timber - Harvest
Forest will be helpful to the practicing forest-
er in southern Wisconsin or elsewhere in the

mixed-oak forest region. There is now fairly
good assurance that northern red oak can be
maintained as a key species in this hardwood
complex. Natural regeneration is preferable,
but if the need arises this particular oak can
be kept in these stands by direct seedings or
by planting 1-0 or 2-0 nursery stock.

SUMMARY

1. A series of regeneration tests, involv-
ing direct seedings of northern red oak and
out-plantings of 1-0 and 2-0 nursery stock of
the same species, is in progress on the Hardies
Creek, Timber Harvest Forest in southwestern
Wisconsin.

2. There were some depredations of
acorns by rodents in direct seedings. These
losses were reduced somewhat by protecting
the seed spots with hardware-cloth cylinders.
Eighty-one percent of the unprotected spots
were stocked with one or more seedlings at
the end of the first growing season, compared
to 95 percent for screened spots. There is,
thus, a question whether the added benefits
of using the screens are worth the extra cost.

3. Overtopping shrubs and herbaceous
vegetation had an adverse effect upon seed-
lings and nursery stock. When this competing

cover was cut back annually to within 2 or 3
inches of the ground, both the survival and
total height of the released trees were better
than on adjacent unweeded check strips.

4. During two out of nine winters, exten-
sive damage was done to both seeded and
planted northern red oak by rabbits and mice.
Deer also nipped the tops of a few trees.
While animal damage caused some mortality,
its chief effect was to set the trees back for a
year or two and reduce their average total
height.

5. When all the factors of success and
failure are evaluated, one must conclude from
these 10-year artificial regeneration tests that
it is perfectly feasible to maintain northern
red oak in the mixed-oak forest type by direct
seedings or by planting nursery stock, if nat-
ural regeneration proves inadequate.

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SOME RECENT PAPERS
IN THE LAKE STATES STATION SERIES

Station Papers:

Proceedings of the Fifth Lake States Forest Tree Improvement Conference.
Sta. Paper 98, 42 pp. 1962.

Three Growing Stock Density Experiments in Minnesota Red Pine — A
Progress Report, by Robert E. Buckman. Sta. Paper 99, 10 pp., illus.
1962.

Identification of Conifer Insects by Type of Tree Injury, Lake States, by
H. J. MacAloney and D. C. Schmiege. Sta. Paper 100, 41 pp., illus. 1962.

Forest Insects and Diseases in the Northern Great Plains — A Survey, by
Louis F. Wilson. Sta. Paper 101, 28 pp., illus. 1962.

Forest Plantations of Northern Lower Michigan, by Robert N. Stone and
Clarence D. Chase. Sta. Paper 102, 31 pp., illus. 1962.

Private Forest Landownership in the Urban Fringe Area of Michigan, by
Con H Schallau. Sta. Paper 103, 17 pp., illus. 1962.

The Market for Wood Pallets in the Auto Industry — A Case Study of
Ford Motor Company, by Charles F. Sutherland, Jr. Sta. Paper 104,
10 pp., illus. 1962.

Site Requirements and Yield of Paper Birch in Northern Wisconsin, by
John H. Cooley. Sta. Paper 105, 11 pp., illus. 1962.

Research Papers:

Seed Stored in Cones of Some Jack Pine Stands, Northern Minnesota, by
Eugene I. Roe. U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper LS-1, 14 pp., illus: 1963.

Forest Soil Freezing and the Influence of Management Practices, Northern
Minnesota, by Sidney Weitzman and Roger R. Bay. U.S. Forest Serv.
Res. Paper LS-2, 8 pp., illus. 1963.

Direct Seeding of Conifers in the Lake States: A Review of Past Trials,
by Eugene I. Roe. U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper LS-3, 16 pp., illus. 1963.

Cutting Methods in Mixed Conifer Swamps, Upper Michigan, by John W.
Benzie. U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper LS-4, 24 pp., illus. 1963.

Pulpwood Production in Lake States Counties, 1962. by Arthur G. Horn.
U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper LS-5, 16 pp., illus. 1963.

Water Yield and Soil Loss from Soil-Block Lysimeters, by Richard S. Sartz.
U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper LS-6, 23 pp., illus. 1963.