SO SO OS,
— nS
Sa
ras
14)
1
an yhy' Sa CASULA HTN SE EN ANELENA
DECI B yt ae A AAR Ge Byitie hee ono
SHAT Wt \ teas eure 9 ht a ‘rs y ’ MN iatel etn we } rs
iy Vrs uy vor" 4 RMA 4% rabid i Hs 4 : ; oP aR : nies i
wets
phy
tte eran ete?
eer rere ast
Aare Puke
SAR.
Asap
©
es
Hey
:
ar
yo, 4
*
%
ev ave eke
: that ion?
eet sieheg
aati
‘ Shrh kites ites
pens 3
\ ey ¥ 3 ;
neh atti ; :
( ATED ra AN Caen
PHOT Ne
at : i ist i, a Ve
iH
bis nt of
At)
i
?
eo
3
oni
bi
ihee
Teach ache sit
BN Areata iar
Ae -
4} 3k len
ti i t 5 (-
iu giasta
des :
hehe
on
ae tss
“ as
Bag
ir
7 Aes
.
a
a
ifm:
BTR
pest
Pe
iin
ei
oe
Faz
1
Ath ee Seis
ie E
Ct
a
ae
eae!
——
;
a
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND
CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ )
CONDUCTED BY
ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.GS.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.L.S.
TOON -
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.
SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD.;
BAILLIERE, PARIS: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN :
AND ASHER, BERLIN,
1909,
“Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potenti testes, divitiz felici
humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Dom
ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majes
elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estim
a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris se
inimica fuit.”—Linnaus.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux
voir qu’elle est le chef-d’eeuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rap
tent toutes ses opérations.”’—BruckneEr, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Ley
1767. ;
ee eee ee e © @ » » The sylvan powers
Obey our summons; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,
Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread,
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818,
CONTENTS OF VOL, III.
(EIGHTH SERIES. }
NUMBER 13.
Page
I. A Case of Abnormal Oviductsin Homarus vulgaris. By W.G.
Rwewoop, B.Sc., Lecturer on Biology at St. Mary’s Hospital
MeL SCHOO Tondon, «sas cetic ds cen s> hoe cceekaugimes 03: 1
Il. Description of a new Lemonia. By the Hon. Warr
— RECCHETIIES) TTD Rae CAI nee 7
IlI. The Collections of William John Burchell, D.C.L., in the
Hope Department, Oxford University Museum :—
IV. On the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera collected by W. J.
Burchell in Brazil, 1825-1830. By J. C. Mourron,
of Mardalen College, Oxford)’ 0.0. s< ce ccs sec thee: wb.
1V. Notes on the Genus Acerodon, with a Synopsis of its Species
and Subspecies, and Descriptions of Four new Forms. By Knup
EE TEN iC CSC OEE CIS Sad nee Coc aRMOIS c AeionicInele cece tan 20
V. On a new Crab taken from a Deep-sea Telegraph-Cable in the
Indian Ocean. By W.T.Catman, D.Sc., British Museum (Natural
EN MEO PN erste ee epee sree a ste ts recreates eee & 30
VI. On Mammals from the Upper Zambezi River. By E. C,
BESTT eh ceria ti aye ae hee oe Sw eal tw ae Snot. e3.
VII. A Revision of the Fishes of the Genus Elops. By C. Tats
RE MEAG. ee ee Le eae ce CRS et erates Sa orks Carers akon
VIII. Descriptions of Two new Species of Rhynchota from Bengal.
RE iy lea DISA cea tele retains cree Revere el sit tue che. vic grees nae se or 40
IX. Description of a new Freshwater Gobiid Fish from the Niger.
BE Pe POOULENGHE Heh. oc ceee ace etre es des eeess ee cess 42
X, Eocidaris and some Species referred to it. By F. A. Barurr,
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). (Plate I.)........ Sree ee tere She ecceee 43
XI. On the Anatomy and Classification of the Scombroid Fishes,
66
By ©. Tate Reean, M.A. ..... CRTC eR DODUIC IGOR ERC cae
iv CONTENTS.
M.A
Se of the Geological Society
The Type of Cidaris, by Prof. Hubert Lyman Clark, with a
by B.A, Bather, 00450 cae nas soicps as sole eeee eso oe one ;
NUMBER. 14.
XIII. New Species of Indo-Malayan and African Lepidoptera.
By Colonel C. Swinson, MLA. FLS., Ge. . 62. 00::.26 +. uae
XIV. The Collections of William John Burchell, D.C.L,, in the
Hope Department, Oxford University Museum :—
IV. On the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera collected by W. J. _
Burchell in Brazil, 1825-1830. By J. C. Movrron,
of Magdalen College, xin 7 sys Sys: sine s rae
XV. The Char (Salvelinus) of Great Britain. By C. Tare REGAN, |
MA. ¢ ctotnene os 56k nie kt oto ini l« Aan JS eis >< sa eee ee ae
XVI. On some new and rare Entomostraca from the Scottish F mee
Seas. By Tuomas Scort, LL.D., F.L.S. (Plates I-IV.) ....,.
XVII. Remarks on some new or little-known Species of Thynnide Ta
(Hymenoptera). By Row ann E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ...... 1
XVII. The Type of Exocetus eviliens (L. Gmel.). By ALBERT
GOnTHEB, FR... | ss cbs cep seuss 2s oe nie te i
XIX. Some Mammals from N.E. Kimberley, Northern Australia.
By-OLprigip THOMAS (572,20 .5.70-5 .0ceee oat eee eee —
XX. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews— _
No. XXXI. By Prof. M‘Inrosn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. (Plates
Dy ROTA) Sica Neat lord «1s Gubde’s Sie y ep abi see eee ob y ols sxe een 153
XXI. Descriptions of Seventeen new Species and Varieties of Land
and Freshwater Shells from East and West Africa and the Transvaal.
By H. B. Preston, F.Z.S. (Plate VII.)
XXII. Rhynchotal Notes—No, XLVI. By W. L. Distant
XXIII. On the Characters and Affinities of “ Desmaloper” and
Pteralopex. By Knup ANDERSEN ere
XXIV. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of New-Zealand
Coleoptera. By Major T. Broun, HOTS. 2. ..22 20. 0. eae nee sone 223
XXV. A new Species of Pteropus from the Loyalty Islands.
Knup ANDERSEN
XXVI. Descriptions of Three new Freshwater Fishes from South _ a
America, presented to the British Museum by Herr J. Paul Arnold. .
By C. Tate Reean, M.A.
Proceedings of the Geological Society...... veees
CONTENTS,
NUMBER 15.
Pago
XXVIi. Notes on Larval Trematodes. By Wittram Nico,
M.A., D.Sc., and Wittram Smatu, M.A., Gatty Marine Labora-
BU niversiby: OF StCAMOTOWS 2.3 iilew cs cues doc tenecne cede cs 23
XXVIII. New Species of Dendromus and Tatera. By R. C.
SPR OUGHTON: éi.coccc cc cee acee HOO Gi CLAIR a IE ee :
XXIX. Notes on the Furficularia.—XV. The Esphalmenine. By
meeLcoLmM Bunn, B.A., F.ES., F.LS., FZ.S., &c. co.cc eee
XXX. Notes on the Forficularia.—XVI. On Dermaptera in the
Greifswald Museum, with Synonymic Notes on some of Gerstzcker’s
Species. By Matcorm Borkp, B.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.
XXXI, On Mammals collected in Turkestan by Mr, Douglas
Sectors: by, OLDHEEED! THOMAS) (aivigs eo dicaiasicls eee teh ba ae aos
XXXI. Two new Bats from the Solomon Islands. By Knup
«TOES RSTSIN) Aare Aianaopecui o GUSTO ESTO ENCE IPSC IS CSI ic Rc I, 6 ene et y
XXXIII. Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Hetero-
gramma from the La Plata. By C. Tare Ree@an, M.A. ........
XXXIV. On the Toxie Action of the Bite of the Boomslang or
South-African Tree-Snake (Dispholidus typus). By F. W. Firz-
Simons, F.Z.8., &c., Director, Port Elizabeth Museum, Cape Colony, 4
XXXYV. Preliminary Note on some Fishes from the Irish Atlantic
Pp pedeby E,W. Upborr andl: Wr BYRNE a. ciidecee sae ss
XXXVI. New African Phlebotomic Diptera in the British
Museum (Natural History)—Part VI. By Ernest E. Austen ,.
XXXVII. New Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide
from the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions, in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Ernest E, Austen
XXXVIII. On some new Steneosaurs from the Oxford Clay of
Peterborough. By C.W. Anprews, D.Sc., F.R.S, (British Museum,
mevural istery)» (Plates VIL. & IX.) iti bc uelec a vtiees cs
XXXIX. The Genus Enerinus. By Austin Hopart Crark, of
tue United States Bureau of Fisheries ......2....cceeseecceves
XL. Note on a rare Plumularian Hydroid, Cladocarpus formosus.
By James Rircutg, M.A., B.Sc., Natural History Department, the
Royal Scottish Museum ...........0.00005
XLI. Diagnosis of Soletellina dautzenbergi, sp. n., from New
Caledonia. By G. B. Sowrmrsy, F.LS.
Proceedings of the Geological Society
On the Generic Name Cheops, Riippell, by J. Douglas Ogilby ....
285
299
th,
i
vi CONTENTS. b
NUMBER 16,
ag
XLII. Rhynchotal Notes—No. XLVII. By W. L. Distant .. 317
XLIU. Descriptions of Four new Species of Heterocera from —
Tropical South America. By Herperr Druce, F.LS. &e....... 545
XLIV. Descriptions of Three new Species of Heterocera from
Dutch New Guinea. By HerBert Druce, F.LS. &c........... 347
XLV. On Mammals collected by Mr. 8. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc.
(Oxon.), in Katanga, Congo Free State. By Guy Dotiman, B.A. 348
XLVI. Notes on Locomotion and the Use of Slime-threads in
the Marine Mollusca. By NarHanren CouGan, M.R.LA. ...... 354
XLVI. Alcyonarians from the Gulf of Cutch. By Prof. J. —
ArtHuR THomson and Mr. GreorGEe Crane, B.Sc., University of
Aberdeen.’ (Preliminary Note.) %..0.....0 veee ees os eae ee 362
XLVII. Two new Species of Gryllacris in the University
Museum, Oxford. By Dr. AcHILLE GrirrFrnt (R. Istituto tecnico,
Gotova,Mtaly) 7 coco, osm a'n,0 init walt an ae tte ie tee 366
XLIX. On the N. Australian Rats referred to the Genus Mesem-
briomys, \ ey ‘OLDERELD THOMAS 125 6 gen Gs pi'slo'da odo bo IRON 372
L. New Species of Paradoxwrus, of the P. philippinensis Group,
and anew Paguma. By OLDFIELD THOMAS ........++.eeeeeeees o74
LI. New Species of Gcomys and Marmosa from Amazonia. By
OLDFIRLD THOMAB) jie osprey? deca s en se aoe meee: mee «7 =i
LIT. Two new Macaques from W. Java. By OLpFIELD THomMas
and, C. WHOUDGHTON 4c). opens Pind nated Sage ee eee 380
New Book :—Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalzene in the British
Museum. Vol. VI. Noctuide. By Sir Grorce F. Hamp- |
BON, Part. § cionakae oc irene secgoere Ge oe cee erent eta eneeet 382
Proceedings of the Geological Society ...... ccc sec eeeeeeeenees 383
On some new Steneosaurs from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough,
by Charles W. Andrews, D.Sc., F.R.S. (British Museum,
Natural Hasbory) ...; :.<<s0lsisss a's wis ehusin sss oes 384
NUMBER 17.
LIII. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of New-Zealand
Coleoptera. By Major T. Broun, F.ES. ...,.. bie ond tae So oe 385
LIV. Twelve new European Mammals. By Gerrit S. Mitier. 415
LV. Descriptions of new African Lepidoptera, By G. T.
Bernunn-Daren, PaLS.; B.Z5:... ¢.c6. seek tees ane vemos eae
LVI. Description of a new Hesperid from Peru, belonging to the
Subfamily Pyrrhopygine. By Hamitton H. Druce, F.LS. &.., 438°
)
422
ele een
CONTENTS. Vil
Page
LVII. Diagnoses of new Mammals collected by Mr. H. C. Robin-
son in the Malay Peninsula and Rhio Archipelago. By OLpririp
meroavsspana. 1. (O) WROUGHTON (fa. .cniosncdvenceneare age owls 439
LVIIL. The Genus Puerulus, Ortmann, and the Post-larval
Development of the Spiny Lobsters (Palinwide). By W. T.
@acman, D.Sc. ....... Joi ce eee CR eaen ot Se DO nce eee 44)
LIX. Preliminary Notice of the Cephalopoda collected by the
Fishery Cruiser ‘Goldseeker,’ 1903-1908. By E. 8, Russexn, M.A.,
Research Student,. University of Glasgow .....-...seeeeeeeseces 446
IUCN eree ha aPC Per at ol pes ea oh sic) a) ol spas) nis, eu loi seach eeloiele 6) Fo 'e au or eseve state.» 456
NUMBER 18.
J.X. Descriptions of some new Species of Heterocera, chiefly
from Tropical South America. By Herspert Druce, F.LS. &c... 457
LXI. The Generic Arrangement of the African Squirrels. By
OLDFIELD THOMAS
LXII. Remarks on some Genera of the Scoliide, with Descrip-
tions of new Species. By Rowxanp HE. Turner, F.Z.8., FES. .. 476
LXIII. Two new Mutilhde from Queensland. By the late
BPetiee OlaCa Te bINGHAM., 5.5% sits sco> Pane tNn yawn nes dese cer ee 486
LXIV. Four new Tubanus Species from India and Assam. By
PE REUD ME TCAR DO) Pets chepcayeiat oreleise sr 6 tere oishelaigroleieesys oe 0sia« 487
LXV. Oriental Rhynchota Heteroptera. By W.L. Disrant .. 491
LXVI. New Land, Freshwater, and Marine Shells from South
minerica. By H. B. Pruston, F.Z.8. (Plate X.) ..........06.. 507
LXVII. Four new African Mammals. By R.C. Wrovuacuton .. 514
LXVIII. On some new Species of Coleoptera from Rhodesia and
adjacent Territories. By Gitpert J. ARROW 517
© 00 (6,6 0 6 0 2 00 0 8 8 0 oe 0
LXIX. New Species and Varieties of Hydroida Thecata from the
Andaman Isiands. By James Rircwir, M.A., B.Sec., Natural
History Department, the Royal Scottish Museum,.,............. 524
LXX. A new Specific Name for an Orectolobid Shark. By
ADEE EGR GAN oNIMAG, cin crib oan caren aes Ate se the Suk ewes Wei ac 529
New Books:—Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins
(Order Cetacea) exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British
Museum (Natural History).—Guide to the Specimens illustrating
the Races of Mankind (Anthropology) exhibited in the Depart-
ment of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) .... 529, 5380
PCOX ie sae ae eva Persea sis nue cer acest uel ane 531
PLATES IN VOL. III.
* Pratr I. Eocidaris and some species referred to it.
ine ;
TIL. | Entomostraca from the Scottish Seas.
IV.
V. Species of Gadus, Polydora, Nerinides, Kinbergella,
Ws Scolecolepis.
VII. Shells from East and West Africa and the Transvaal.
VILL.
Ix Steneosaurs from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough.
X. Shells from South America.
_ ERRATA.
Page 449, line 12, after Sta. 19 a insert 60° 36’ N., 4° 46' W.
» 451, ,, 11, for Sta. 15 ¢ read Sta. 15, 61° 27' N., 3° 42' W.
» 453, ,, 17, for 60° 3’ N., 3° 53’ W., read 60° 31' N., 3° 53’ W
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[EIGHTH SERIES. ]
OS sooncencascnnoccb0 per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circtim vitreos considite fontes :
Pollice virgineo teneros hie carpite flores:
Floribus et pictum, dives, replete canistrum.
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;
Tite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Dee pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”
N. Purthenii Giannettasi, Eel, 1.
No. 13. JANUARY 1909.
I—A Case of Abnormal Oviducts in Homarus vulgaris.
By W. G. RipEewoop, D.Sc., Lecturer on Biology at
St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London.
THE lobster which forms the subject of the present note was
given me by Dr. W. T. Calman, carcinologist at the British
Museum, whom I have to thank not only for the specimen,
but also for information respecting the literature of abnormal
genitalia in the higher Crustacea generally. The specimen
was sent to the Museum from Billingsgate Fish Market, and
was stated to have been caught off the Orkney Isles.
On the right side of the body the normal oviducal aperture
is present on the base of the third or antepenultimate leg
(fig. 1, a), but on the left side there is no aperture on the
third leg ; instead there 1s an opening on the basal joint of
the fifth or last leg (where the vas deferens of the male
normally opens), and another aperture on the fourth leg
(fics do e& b).
Abnormalities in the generative system of the lobster
(Homarus vulgaris) are apparently very rare, although in
the Norway lobster or Dublin prawn (Nephrops norvegicus)
and in freshwater crayfishes they occur with comparative
frequency.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 1
° *
2 Dr. W. G. Ridewood on a Case oy oa
In Nephrops it is no uncommon circumstance for additional
genital apertures to be present. F. H. A. Marshall *,
writing in 1901, records how, on an examination of 1000
male specimens, he found 12-2 per cent. abnormal in having
supernumerary genital openings, and more recently D. C.
M‘Intosh ¢ examined 4429 males, and found that 287 were
Ventral view of the bases of the last three thoracic legs. a, aperture on
the base of the third leg on the right side; 5 and c, the apertures
on the fourth and fifth legs on the left side. Two-thirds natural size.
abnormal, a percentage of 6°5. In none of these specimens
were the usual ducts on the last pair of walking-legs wanting,
the abnormality invariably consisted in the occurrence of
genital ducts in addition to the normal pair. These speci-
mens were caught in the Firth of Forth and Moray Firth.
Of 319 males captured in the Clyde, M‘Intosh found 2°5 per
cent. to be abnormal in having supernumerary genital
openings. In no female specimen examined by him was
any abnormality observed, either in the position or the
number of the apertures, a truly remarkable circumstance in
view of the large percentage of abnormal cases among the
males. Marshall ¢, however, mentions one case in which, in
addition to the normal oviducal openings on the third or
antepenultimate walking-legs, there were a pair of apertures
on the last walking-legs.
M‘Intosh makes no mention of the manner in which the
* Marshall, F. H. A., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1902, i. pp. 2-12.
+ M‘Intosh, D. C., Proc. Roy. Physical Soc. Edinb, xvii. 4, 1908,
pp- 129-142.
t aizexp. 6.
Abnormal Oviducts in Homarus vulgaris. 3
supernumerary vasa deferentia of Nephrops were connected
with the testes, but Marshall* states that in some of the
abnormal males examined by him the apertures opened in-
ternally into blind sacs, in others the connection, partial or
complete, between the testis and the supernumerary aperture
was by means of a branch of the normal vas deferens be-
longing to the last thoracic somite.
As regards the European erayfishes of the genus Astacus,
the gonad is sometimes hermaphrodite t, and females are
known sometimes to bear on the first abdominal somite larze
appendages like those of the male instead of the usual
vestigial structures {. Desmarest § records a female Astacus
with supernumerary orifices on the fourth or penultimate
legs, and oviducts which on each side forked downward go as
to become connected with the apertures on both third and
fourth legs. A somewhat similar case is given by Benham ||,
only in this animal there were on each side two oviducts,
opening on the third and fifth legs. Bateson {| mentions
twenty cases of female crayfishes having a unilateral super-
numerary opening on one of the fourth legs; he also cites
one case with additional oviducal openings on both of the
fourth legs, one case with extra openings on both fourth and
fifth legs, and eight cases in which the oviduct was suppressed
on one side, so that the animal had but one oviduct in all.
Abnormalities in the males are much less common than in
females, for Bateson found only one abnormal male in 714;
this one departed from the normal in the suppression of the
lower part of the vas deferens, and its external opening, on
one side of the body. In most of the twenty females with
an additional oviducal aperture on one of the fourth legs, the
oviduct on the abnormal side of the body was in the form of
an inverted Y, as in Desmarest’s case.
In Parastacus hasslert **, a South American speciesof cray-
“2 OR A ptes
t See v. la Valette St. George, Arch. f. mikr. Anat. xxxix, 1892,
pp. 504-524,
{ Bergendal, D., Bihang k. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, Stockholm,
xiv. iy. 3, 1888, pp. 85; and xv. iv. 5, 1889, pp. 15.
§ Desmarest, K., Ann. Soc, Entomol. France, sér. 2, vi. 1848, pp. 479-
484,
|| Benham, W. B., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vii. 1891, p. 256.
{| Bateson, W., Materials for the Study of Variation (London, 1894),
p. 153.
; ** Lonnberg, E., Zool. Anzeiger, xxi. 1898, pp. 334-335 and pp. 345-
552, For other observations on supernumerary genital orifices in Paras-
tacus see von Martens, K., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1870, p. 3;
von Ihering, H., Congrés International de Zoologie & Moscou, 1892,
part ii. (1898) pp. 43-49; and Faxon, W., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xx.
(Washington, 1898), pp. 645-694 (see particularly pl. 70. ae 5).
1
4 Dr. W. G. Ridewood on a Case of
fish, there are regularly two pairs of genital ducts, one leading
from the gonad to the coxal joints of the third pair of legs
and the other to those of the fifth. In the male the anterior
duct is somewhat narrower than the other and does not really
open to the exterior, the “ orifice ” on the third leg not being
patent. In the female the posterior duct is considerably
thinner than the anterior ; it is too narrow to allow of the
passage of ova, and ends blindly on the coxopodite of the
fifth leg. There are thus vestigial oviducts in the male and
vestigial vasa deferentia in the female. Lonnberg found in
the testis large bodies resembling ova, and he is inclined to
regard the species as exhibiting a partial structural, but not
functional, hermaphroditism.
In Cambarus, a North American Astacid, Faxon * has
observed four cases in which external features of the two
sexes are combined in the same individual; and Lonnberg t¢
speaks, with some hesitation, of rudimentary ducts passing
to the third legs in two males.
In Cheraps preissii, an Australian crayfish, von Martens t¢
has described three males with additional orifices on the third
pair of legs; there were no tubes connecting these openings
with the gonad.
In the Indian deep-sea species of the family Axiide it is
common to find in adult females orifices corresponding with
the genital orifices of the male §.
In male specimens of a Pacific hermit-crab, Pagurus
deformis, supernumerary apertures on the third or ante-
penultimate legs seem to be regularly present ||, although
Borradaile {] mentions a case in which the supernumerary
aperture was absent on one side of the body.
In the lobster, Homarus vulgaris, abnormal genitalia are
very rare, if one may judge from the paucity of recorded
cases of abnormality. Nicholls ** in 1730 described a case
of complete hermaphroditism in a lobster, the left side of the
gonad being testicular, and furnished with a duct leading to
the last walking-leg, and the right half being ovarian, with
a Apote W., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. x. 4 (Camb., Mass., 1885),
. 13-14.
an L. c. pp. 849-350.
t Von Martens, E., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1870, pp. 1-2.
§ Aleock, A., Indian Deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and
Anomala in the Indian Museum (Calcutta, 1901), p. 187.
|| Hilgendorf, F., Mon.-Ber. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1878, p. 818; and
Ortmann, A., Zool. Jahrb., Abth. Syst. vi. 1892, p. 288.
{ Borradaile, L. A., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898, p. 460,
** Nicholls, F., Phil. Trans. xxxvi. 1730, pp. 290-294.
Abnormal Oviducts in Homarus vulgaris. 5
a duct to the third or antepenultimate leg ; and Herrmann *,
in 1890 described the presence of ova in the fore part of the
testis of a lobster.
Fig. 2.
{
b “ree. a
Pea a aa
c
Dissection of the ovary and its ducts, seen from above. a, the duet to
the third leg on the right side; 6 and ¢, the ducts to the fourth and
fifth legs on the left side. Two-thirds natural size.
In the case under consideration there is no question of
hermaphroditism, in spite of the fact that one of the three
ducts opens in the position of the vas deferens of the male,
‘The specimen is clearly a functional female, since it carries
numerous ova attached to the abdominal appendages. The
first pair of abdominal appendages differ in no respect from
those of the normal female, and the sternal pouch or seminal
receptacle, between the bases of the last two pairs of legs, is
* Herrmann, G., Bull. sci, France et Belg. xxii. 1890, p. 45,
6 On Abnormal Oviduets in Homarus vulgaris.
exactly as in a normal female. Of the three apertures the
first and second, on the third leg of the right side and the
fourth leg of the left (fig. 1, a & 6), are dark in colour and
with a hairy front edge. The third opening, on the fifth leg
of the left side (fig. 1, c), is pale in colour; it has no hairs
and is rather more raised than the first and second apertures,
but its hind edge is not so elevated as is that of the opening
of the vas deferens of the male. The third opening is very
slightly smaller than the other two, All three are patent.
The ovary is fully ripe, and a microscopic examination of
portions of the anterior and posterior ends fails to show any
evidences of hermaphroditism. The duct to the third right
leg (fig. 2, a) arises from the right side of the ovary at about
the same distance behind the ovarian bridge as in a normal
female. The duct on the left side to the last leg arises from
the left side of the ovary at a more posterior level (fig. 2, ¢).
The tube is exactly like a normal oviduct, gently tapering,
and without any differentiation of middle glandular segment
and terminal ejaculatory segment that one finds in the vas
deferens of the lobster *.
The duct to the penultimate leg of the left side (fig. 2, )
could not be traced in its entirety, owing to the fact that in
the interval between the death of the animal and the dissection
of its body the liver had exerted a digestive action upon the
surrounding parts, particularly in the regions represented in
fig. 2 by the dotted lines. ‘There is no indication that the
duct to the fourth leg arose as a branch from the duct to the
fifth leg ; if it existed at all it must have come direct from
the gonad. The lower part of the duct (the part near the
letter b in fig. 2) is as wide as the corresponding part of the
other two ducts, and like them contains ova, so that there
can hardly be any doubt that the duct was a functional ovi-
duct, and not a short tube ending blindly internally.
The specimen is deemed worthy of description, partly
because of the scarcity of recorded cases of abnormality in the
genitalia of the lobster, partly because the specimen was
sufficiently fresh for the relations of the internal parts to be
ascertained, and partly because, as I have urged before T, it
behoves one to place on record cases of abnormality, even
though as solitary instances they may be of no particular
interest, in order that it may be possible for later writers to
* For structure of vas deferens, see Grobben, C., Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien,
i, 1878, pl. i. fig. 6; also Herrick, F. H.,“ The American Lobster,” Bull.
U.S. Fish. Comm., Washington, 1895, pl. xxxvi. fig. 120.
t+ Anat. Anzeiger, 1888, p. 333; and Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1901,
i. p. 46.
On Rhopalocera from Brazil. if
collate the recorded examples and gain some insight into the
general principles underlying the irregularities.
Since the above was written, Dr. Calman has shown me a
living specimen of the edible crab, Cancer pagurus, with no
oviducal aperture on the left side. All the other external
features of the animal were as in the normal female.
I1.—Description of a new Lemonia.
By the Hon. WALreR RoruscuILp, Ph.D,
Lemonia taraxaci terranea, subsp. n.
This very distinct local form was taken by Dr. Jordan and
myself at Le Lautaret, Hautes Alpes, in August 1908, at
light. We secured nine specimens, all males.
3. Differs from L. taravaci taravaci in having all the
wings brownish clay-colour instead of dull yellow. Thorax
brownish orange; antennze yellow; abdomen black above,
orange below. Wings below as above, only paler; fringe
orange-buff. Some specimens are also paler above than the
type, with the costa broadly buffish.
9 864, Le Lautaret, Hautes Alpes, 2000-2300 metres,
Ist-2nd August, 1908.
I1I1.— The Collections of William John Burchell, D.C.L., in the
Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
IV. On the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera collected by W. J.
Burchell in Brazil, 1825-1830. By J.C. Moutron,
of Magdalen College, Oxford.
[Continued from ser. 8, vol. ii. p. 195. |
VI. Nyupxarinz (continued).
Eubagis (Dynamine) agacles, Dalm.
Bz. 581. I, (21.10. 25]. = 836. MinasGeraés. “Pap[elio].
In a rossa at Discoberto, and along a channel (on tie
margin of the forest) which conducts water to the house.”
10s 255 = 837.. Minas Geraés.
Bz. 24. 3. 27. = 838. ‘“ Pascuis prope sylvulis.” On road
W. beyond Praéga da Alegria. Vicinity of 8. Paulo.
8 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
Under this date in Westwood’s list is written the word
* Pascuis.”’
27. 4.27. = 839. 5S. Paulo.
Bz. 27. 4. 27. = 840. 5S: Paulo.
9.5.27. = 841. Near the Convénto da Luz. S. Paulo.
26. 8.27. = 842. R. Pardo to Cubatéo. (As 731.) A
label on this specimen bears Westwood’s number
‘“Nymp. 79,” and the following note in his hand-
writing :—“ Hub. cenus, 9 vel var.”
24.10. 27. = 843. Meiaponte to 8. Joaqtim (Joaq. Alves).
Bz. a. 24. 8. 28. = 844. Retiro. “ All at the rivulet near
the house at Retiro.” Between Goyaz and Jeragud.
20. 9.29. = 845. Pard. S.E. of S. Jozé.:
Westwood’s list (N. 79) agrees.
Eubagis (Dynamine) cenus, F.
4.11. 25. 2= 846, 847. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
bz. 11.1. 27. = 848. Cubatdo.
Bz. 1. 8.27. = 849. “On the road.” Between Jundiahy
and Capivary.
Bz.+ 25. 8. 27. 2= 850, 851. Ollarfa to Rio Pardo.
25. 8. 27. 2= 8528, 853. As above. A label on 852 bears
Westwood’s number N. 80, and the following note in
his handwriting :—“ Hub. Cenus, Donov. Ins. Ind.”
a. 26. 8. 27. 2= 854, 855. R.Pardoto Cubatéo. (As 734.)
Westwood’s list (N. 8U) agrees.
Eubagis (Dynamine) athemon, Linn.
Bz. 361. I, [15. 10. 25.] = 856. Minas Geraés. “ P{a-
pilio]. At the Discobérto do Antonio Velho.”
28. 10. 25. 2= 857, 858. Minas Geraés. (As 635.)
No. 858 bears Westwood’s number ‘ Nymph. 78.”
Westwood’s list (N. 78) agrees.
Eubagis (Dynamine) tithia, Hiibn.
Bz.+ 1004. I, 27. 10. 25. = 859. Minas Geraés. “P[a-
pilio|. At San Joao de Nepomucéna and on the road
from Discoberto.”
10. 11. 25. = 860. Minas Geraés.
bz.+ a. 26. 8.27. = 861. R. Pardo to Cubatéo. (As
734.)
30. 10. 27. = 862. Sapezal to Conceicad. This specimen
bears Westwood’s number N. 83.
Westwood’s list (N. 83) agrees.
——
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 9
Eubagis (Dynamine) glauce, Bates.
a. 24. 8. 28. ¢ = 863. Retiro. “ All at the rivulet near
the house at Retiro.” (As 844.)
Westwood’s list (N. 98) agrees, and the number,
“ Nym. 98,” is also borne by 863.
This specimen is unfortunately in very bad condition, thus
rendering determination rather difficult. However, on com-
paring with specimens in the Godman-Salvin Collection and
with Bates’s description in the ‘ Journal of Entomology,’ ii.
p- 324, it seems nearly certain that the species is 2. g/auce.
Hubagis (Dynamine) mylitta, Cram., = postverta, Cram.
28.10. 25. 6 = 864. Minas Geraés. (As 635.)
24,12. 25. g = 865. Rio de Janeiro. Aqueduct (on the
first hill on the left). This specimen bears Westwood’s
number N, 84.
31.12.25. 2? = 866. Riode Janeiro. (As 668.)
10. 1. 26. 2, 6 & 2 = 867, 868. Rio de Janeiro. Prdia
Grinde and §S. Joao de Carahy. 868 bears West-
wood’s number N. 82. (As 670.)
Bz. 13. 3. 26. ¢ = 869. “ Aqueduct.” Rio de Janeiro.
Beating. 26.- 9 = S80 “Catombi.’? Rio de Janeiro.
‘¢ Catombi, in plantis.”
22. 3.26. 9 =871. Rio de Janeiro, Along the [Carioca]
Aqueduct, to the head of the Valley of Laranjeiros,
Bz. 22. 3. 26. 2? =872. Rio de Janeiro. (As 871.)
Bz. 3.4. 26. 6 = 873. Rio de Janeiro. “Along the
Carioca Aqueduct.”
z.16.3.27. @= 874. Between Morumbi and 8. Paulo.
No males in the above series have the black spot at the
anal angle of the hind wing (upperside), which is a charac-
teristic of most of the males in the Hope Collection,
especially strongly marked in two from Chapada. In the
British Museum also, the majority are withoutit ; and in the
Godman-falvin Collection out of a large series only a small
minority have it marked—noticeably in specimens from
Chapada, Corumba, Peru, and Ecuador, where it is well
defined. In one specimen from Paraguay it is very strongly
marked,
Westwood’s list (N. 82 and N. 84) adds three more indi-
viduals captured :—
12.3. 26. Riode Janeiro. ‘ Aqueduct.” (Under N. 84.)
1.4.26. Rio de Janeiro. “In the valley of Catumbi.”
(Under N. 82.)
10 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
9.5.27. S. Paulo. Near the Convénto da Luz. (Under
N. 82.)
Eubagis (Dynamine) arene, Hiibn.
7.4, 29. 9 = 875. Porto Réal (Nacionale).
26. 5.29. ¢=876. “Silva.” Between Itabéca and
Baiio. North of the falls of Guariba.
Westwood’s list (N. 97) agrees, and both specimens bear
this number,
This species is unrepresented in the British Museum.
Epicalia (Catonephile) acontius, Linn.
4,12.28. 9 = 877. Porto Redl. Walk to the Igarapé.
“ Papiliones, caught in the woody campo; but the long-
wing[ed] one is ‘only found in’ forests in the shade.”
As yet the identity of “the long-winged one” has not
been established, but as the working out of the collection
progresses no doubt this will become apparent.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number (N. 32), and his
date agrees: in his list Westwood wrote “ Epicalia Pierretii,
9.” LEpicalia pierrettti, Dbl. & Hew., is an allied species.
Epicalia (Catonephile) penthia, Hew.
8. 2. 26. ¢ = 878. Organ Mtns. (In a ride to the Cattle
Pounds and the Milho Roga.)
This specimen bears Westwood’s number (N. 11).
a 13. 5. 26. 2 = 879, Rio de Janeiro.
3. 26. 2? = 880.
aie these specimens bear Westwood’s number Ce 20).
a. 29. 8. 27..¢ = 881. Cérvo. (As 527.)
Westwood’s list (N. 10 and N. 11) agrees.
Nica flavilla, Godt.
Bz. 189. I. [8. 9. 25]. = 882. Rio de Janeiro. “Papilio.
Along the Aqueduct.”
27. 1. 26. = 883. Rio de Janeiro.
bz.+ 7.3.26. 2= 884, 885. Rio de Janeiro. “At Ca-
tom bi.”
7. 3. 26. 2=886, 887. Rio de Janeiro. ‘ At Catombi.”
9. 3. 26. 2= 888, 889. Rio de Janeiro. A label on 889
bears Westwood’s number “ Nym. 94,” and the following
note in his handwriting :—‘*Wica flavilla, God., 406,
Hb. Samnl., Ex. Sch. 2”
Bz. 9. 3.26. =890. Rio de Janeiro.
10. 3. 26. 3= 891-893. =
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. it
Bz. 12.3. 26. =894. ‘“ Carioca Aqueduct”? Rio de
Janeiro.
Westwood’s list reads 12. 3. 25, an obvious slip, because
Burchell did not land at Rio till 18. 7. 25.
16. 3. 26. = 895. Rio deJaneiro. (As 647.)
2.020. — 896. 3 “Along the Carioca
Aqueduct.”
26. 8. 27. =897. R. Pardo to Cubatéo. (As 731.)
This specimen bears the number N,. 12*, and is mentioned
under it in Westwood’s list. It is the only specimen under
that number.
21. 2. 28. = 898. Goyaz. W.N.W. beyond Forca. “ All
in woods.””
Westwood’s list (N. 94 and N. 12*) agrees.
Temenis laothoé, Cram., £. ariadne, Cram.
30. 10. 25. = 899. Minas Geraés. “(In the forest). On
the N.E. side of the arraial of SAo Jo&io de Népomucéna.”
This specimen bears Westwood’s number N. 12.
4,11. 25. = 900. Minas Geraés. (cs 559.).
These two specimens are under a separate number (N. 12)
in Westwood’s list.
Bz.+ 25. 8. 27. =901. Ollaria to Rio Pardo.
a. 29. 8. 27. 2= 902, 903. Cérvo. (As 527.)
1. 9. 27. =904. ‘On the road.” Veravinha to Frdnea
[Villa Franca].
28. 10. 27. =905. ‘‘Insylva.” S. Joaquim to Sapezal.
a. 24. 8.28. =906. Retiro. “ All at the rivulet near the
house at Retiro.” Between Goyaz and Jeracud.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number ‘f Nym, 93.”
Bz. p. 24. 8. 28. =907. Retiro. (As 514.)
p- 24. 8. 28. = 908. Retiro. (As 514.)
Instead of 906, 907, 908, Westwood’s list (N. 93 except
for 899, 900 mentioned above) gives two specimens dated
a, 24. 8. 27 and p. 24. 8. 27 (the first probably mistaken for
906, and the second for either 907 or 908).
In the British Museum this insect is placed as the artadne
form of laothoé; in the Godman-Salvin collection as the
laothoé form of ariadne. Laothoé and ariadne were both
described by Cramer in the same work, but inasmuch as
ariadne appears on the later page, it would seem that laothoé
should stand.
Epiphile orea, Hiibn.
9, 2.26. = 909. Organ Mtns. (By the river Pacaqué.)
12 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
Bz. p. 24. 8. 28. =910. Retiro. (As 514.)
Westwood’s list (N. 9) agrees, and this number is borne
by both specimens.
Libythina cuviertt, Godt.
10. 10. 27. =911. Bomfim to Forquilho.
Westwood’s list (N. 100) agrees, and his number is on
this specimen. Burchell’s example is a good deal smaller
than any in the British Museum series.
Myscelia orsis, Drury.
Bz.+ 8.11.25. g=912. “Sylvatica” ‘on the English
label, “ Pap*. sylvat.” on Brazilian label. Minas Geraés.
10. 11. 25. 9 =913. Minas Geraés.
12. 3.26. 3g = 914, 915, 916. Rio de Janeiro. “ Aqueduct.”
Westwood’s list gives two more of this date (under N. 14).
z. 1056. [17. 3. 26]. 9 =917. Rio de Janeiro. “ Along
the Carioca aqueduct, and descending the high hill
(mentioned 31. 1. 26) into the Valley of Catombi.—But
they were mostly along the Aqueduct; and only a few
on the hill.”
A further note on this date says:—“ Papiliones. These
3 species frequent the woods.” [The Satyrine butterfly
Euptychia ocirrhoe, F., Ann. Mag. N. H., May 1904, p. 862,
and the Nymphaline M/ysceléa orsis, Drury.] As yet it has
been impossible to find out the third species here mentioned.
17. 3. 26.3 g 1 2 (920) = 918-921. Rio de Janeiro.
(As above.)
Westwood’s list gives altogether two specimens numbered
1056 (under N. 13 and N. 14), four with 17. 3. 26 under
N. 14 and one under N. 13. 919 and 921 bear Westwood’s
number N, 14.
18. 3. 26. ? = 922. Rio de Janeiro. ‘ Along the Cariéca
Aqueduct.”
20. 8. 26. 9 =9238. Rio de Janeiro. “Along the Carioca
Aqueduct.”
This specimen bears Westwood’s number N, 13.
Westwood’s list gives another specimen captured on this
and the previous date. His list contains a specimen of each
date under N. 13 and a similarly dated pair under N, 14.
21. 3.26. ¢ =924. Rio de Janeiro. ‘ Along the Carioca
Aqueduct.”
3. 4. 26. 9 = 925. 5 ** Along the Carioca
Aqueduct.”
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil, 13
Westwood’s list gives three altogether of this date, two
under N. 14 and one under N. 13.
20) Ge don 9 = 926. °° Sylva.”” ‘Santos. ““In the forest
above the Monastery of S. Bento.”
26. 9.26. 9 =927. Santos. Ina walk to the Chapel on
Montserrét. ‘These Papiliones very plentiful in the
woods.”
Westwood’s list (N. 13) includes a date, 29. 9. 26, probably
an erroneous copy of 26. 9. 26, which is otherwise un-
accounted for, Except for the above additions his li-t
(N. 13 and N. 14) agrees.
Eunica bechina, Hew.
4.12. 28. =928. Porto Redl (Nacionale). Walk to the
Igarapé. ‘* Papiliones, caught in the woody campo;
but the long-wing[ed] one is only found in forests in
the shade.” See note on 877%.
Bz.+ 28. 2.29. 9 =929. Porto Redl. This specimen
bears Westwood’s number N. 15*.
Westwood’s list (N. 15*) agrees.
Eunica mata, F.
Bz. 558. II. [19. 10. 25]. § =930. Minas Geraés. “Pa-
p[ilio].”
Westwood’s list gives another of this date.
Bz.+ 896. V. 25. 10. 25. 4 g = 931-9384. Minas Geraé:.
“Papl{itio|. At Discoberto, near Jo&io Pedro’s house.”
§96. 25. 10. 25. 6 =935. Minas Geraés. One of the
above without the Brazilian label.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number N. 15**,
29.10. 25. 6 =986. Minas Geraés. “In the forest on
the S.E. side of S. Joao de Népomucéna.”
4,11. 25. ¢=987. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
Westwood’s list (N. 15**) adds another specimen captured
10. 10. 27. Bomfim to Forquilho. He also includes the
next species. His dates agree.
Eunica mygdonia, Godt.
10. 4. 28. ¢ =938. Goyaz. Caminho de Carréira. (As
733.)
Westwood’s date agrees.
14 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
Eunica taurione, Hiibn.
7.11. 25. =939. Minas Geraés.
Westwood’s list (N. 15) agrees, and his number is borne
by this specimen.
Eunica volumna, Godt.,=tithonia, Feld.
10. 10. 27. = 940. Bomfim to Forquilho.
Westwood’s list (N. 99) agrees, and his number is on this
specimen.
Eunica caresa, Hew.
4.11. 25. =941. Minas Geraés, (As 559.) Westwood’s
number (N. 31) is borne by this specimen,
Westwood’s date (under N. 31) agrees, but he gives the
name “Myselia sydonia.” A label on the specimen bears
in Westwood’s handwriting :—“ Mys. Sydonia, God., 416?”
Eunica margarita, Godt.
20. 6. 27. = 942. ‘ Rita.” Vicinity of S. Paulo. West-
wood’s number ‘f Nym. 96” is on this specimen.
Westwood’s list (N. 96) gives two specimens captured on
this date.
Anartia amalthea, Linn.
Bz. 349. ITT. [15. 10. 25]. 2= 948, 944. Minas Geraés.
“P{apilio|. (Visa quoque ad Rio de Janeiro.) At the
Discobérto do Antonio Velho.”
Westwood adds another of this date.
Bz.+ 895. Ill, 25. 10. 25. 3= 945, 946, 947. Minas Ge-
raés. ‘‘Papilio. At Discoberto, near Jofio Pedro’s
house.”
14. 1. 26. 3= 948, 949, 950. Rio de Janeiro. (As 698.)
27.1. 26. =951. Rio de Janeiro.
31. 1. 26. 2= 952, 953. Rio de Janeiro. (As 474.)
9. 2. 26. = 954. Organ Mtns. (By the river Pacaqué.)
12. 2. 26. =955. Organ Mtns.
Bz.+ a. 25. 2.26. = 956. “Frexaes.” OrganMtns. Bur-
chell sometimes wrote ‘‘ Frexaes’”’ for “ Frechal.”
a. 25. 2.26. =957. ‘* Frexaes.” Organ Mtns. See note
on 956.
Bz.+ 26. 2. 26. =958. Organ Mountains. Near Magé.
28. 2. 26. =959. Organ Mountains. On the Rio Magé.
Westwood’s list adds another of this date.
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 15
1. 3. 26. = 960. Organ Mtns. Along the River Magé,
upwards to the Fazénda da Lagéa. Westwood’s list
adds three more individuals captured on this date.
Bz.+ 2.3.26. =961. Rio de Janeiro or Organ Mtns.
Westwood’s list gives another of this date.
7. 3. 26. 2= 962, 963. Rio de Janeiro. “ At Catombf.”
10. 3. 26. = 964. Rio de Janeiro.
16. 3. 26. ¢ =965. Riode Janeiro. (As 647.)
This specimen bears Westwood’s number (N. 1).
16. 3. 26. 966. Rio de Janeiro.
Bz. 15. 9. 26. =967. Santos. “ Papil. at edge of the
forest at S. Bento Monastery.”
19. 9. 26. = 968. Sdéntos.
Westwood’s list gives two more individuals captured on
this date.
apeoae. 21. — 969. .Cérvo. (As 527.)
9. 1. 28. 3= 970, 971, 972. Goyaz. By the Horta ete.
4,3. 28. 5= 973-977. Goyaz. “Caught by the rio Ver-
melho, near the Carioca aqueduct : by C[ongo].”
Bz. 2. 2.29. =978. Porto Redl. “On the western side
of the Tucantins.”’
9, 2.29. =979. Porto Real.
6. 62-29. — 980; “in locis apertis.” Paréy Rivalet
above arsenal.
Form amalthea, L., in British Museum.
With the exception of 980, all the above specimens are
named form rocselia, Esch., in British Museum. The form
amalthea seems to be more prevalent in Trinidad, Honduras,
Guiana, and Bolivia. In Colombia an intermediate form
exists. The difference between them is that the subapical
white bar of the fore wing of f. rocselia is replaced in
f. amalthea by faint and indistinct white spots.
Westwood’s list (N.1) omits 969, and adds two specimens
captured respectively, 8. 2. 26, Organ Mtns., and 5. 2. 29,
Porto Redl. The dates otherwise agree.
No date. = 981. Placed by Westwood in his list of Anartia
jatrophe, Linn. Considering the obvious differences
between these two species, it is, perhaps, probable that
Burchell’s label has become displaced trom the original
specimen. There is no A. jatrophe without a date in
the collection, and there is no A. amalthea mentioned in
Westwood’s list without a date.
16 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
Anartia jatrophe, Linn.
10. 1. 26. 3= 982, 983, 984. Rio de Janeiro. (As 670.)
14. 1. 26. =985. RiodeJaneiro. (As 698.)
26. 1, 26. = 986.. - :; Morro de Ladéira and
Catomby. (As 672.)
Bz.+ 27. 1. 26. = 987. Rio de Janeiro.
31.1. 26. = 988. (As 474.)
26. 2. 26. 2= 989, 990. Organ Mtns. Near Magé.
Westwood’s list gives another.of this date.
1.3. 26. = 991. (As 960.)
Y. 3. 26. =992. Rio de Janeiro.
19.3. 26. — 993. ‘ “In the valley of Ca-
tombi.” :
Bz. 27. 3. 26. =994. Riode Janéiro. From the Village of
Sio Domingos to the island of, Boa Viagem. “ On the
main-land about Fort Boa Viagem.”
27. 3. 26. 3= 995, 996, 997. (As 994.)
Westwood’s list gives another specimen captured on this
date. On 995 his label gives both catalogue numbers (N. 5
and 54) and the name “ Anartia Jatropha, Linn.”
14. 4.27. = 998, NearS. Paulo. In the Campo beyond
Béa Morte.
26.4. 27. 15= 999-1013. Vicinity of S. Paulo.
1001 bears Westwood’s label N. 5.
Bz. 26. 4. 27. 2= 1014, 1015. Vicinity of S. Paulo.
Westwood’s list adds three more specimens of this date.
6. 5. 27. =1016. Vicinity of 8S. Paulo.
20. 6.27. =1017. “Rita.” Vicinity of S. Paulo.
20. 6. 27. =1018. Vicinity of 8. Paulo.
Bz. 20. 6.27. =1019. Vicinity of S. Paulo.
Westwood’s list gives two more specimens captured on
this date.
23. 6. 27. = 1020. “Rita.” Vicinity of S. Paulo.
9,1. 28. =1021. Goyaz. By the Horta, ete.
18. 1. 28. =1022. Goyaz. Rio Manoel Mines, etc.
23. 1.28. = 1028. Goyaz.
30. 4. 28. = 1024. Goyaz.
Bz.4+ 29.1. 29. = 1025. Porto Real (Nagionale). “Caught
on the bank of the ‘'ucantins, while measuring the base
line.
Bz. + 19.5. 29. =1026. Aragudy. [S. Joao da Ara-
guay. | 5 haan a
B:.+ 7.6.29. =1027. Sta. Anna. Rio Tocantins, be-
tween Baifio and Pard.
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil, 17
1386. 26. 6. 29. 2= 1028, 1029. Paré, near my house
(Pombo roginha).
Bz.+ 1386. 26. 6.29. =1030. Pardé, near my house
(Pombo rocinha).
Bz. kt. 7. 29, '=1081., Paré.
23. 7. 29. =1032. Pard, between my house and the City.
2A. 9, 29. ='1083.. Para.
Westwood’s list adds three individuals captured 10. 2. 27,
24,4. 27, 7. 6. 27, near 8. Paulo; and one, 4. 3. 28, Goyaz.
“Caught by the rio Vermelho, near the Carioca aqueduct ;
by C[ongo].”
Westwood had put this species under two numbers (N. 5
and N. 34), and against these he wrote the name Anartia
jatrophe, and against N. 34 the additional note ‘‘ Same as
N. 5.”
Junonia (Precis) hiibnert, Kirb.
Bz. 145. I. [16. 8. 25]. = 1084. Rio de Janeiro. “ Pa-
plilio|. Above the Teresa Convent ; and on the woody
hilly [hills] along the Aqueduct.” Dry-season form.
7.11. 25. = 1085. Minas Geraés. Dry season.
10, 11. 25. 2= 1086, 1037. Minas Geraés. 1086 is dry
side of intermediate ; 1037 is much worn, but probably
intermediate.
24.12.25. =1038. Rio de Janeiro. Aaueduct (on the
first hill on the left). Dry season. Slightly inclined
to intermediate.
Bz+ 1. 3. 26. 2= 1039, 1040. (As 960.) 1089 is inter-
mediate side of dry ; 1040 is a typical dry-season form.
1. 3.26. =1041. (As 960.) Intermediate side of dry.
Bz. 15. 3. 26. = 1042. Rio de Janeiro. “Catombi, in
plantis.” Intermediate.
17. 3.26. = 1043. Rio de Janeiro. (As 917.) Inter-
mediate side of wet.
Bz. 20. 3. 26. = 1044. Rio de Janeiro. ‘ Along the Cari-
oca Aqueduct.” Wet season.
27. 38.26. = 1045. Rio de Janeiro. (As 994.) Wet
season.
4, 3.27. = 1046. Morumby. E*. of the wouse. Wet
season.
9.1.28. =1047. Goyaz. By the Horta, ete. Inter-
mediate.
18.1. 28. = 1048. Goyaz. Rio Manoel Mines, ete. Inter-
mediate, inclined to dry.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 2
18 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
4, 3. 28. =1049. Goyaz. “Caught by the rio Vermelho,
near the Carioca Aqueduct, by C[ongo].” Wet season.
3.4. 28. = 1050. Goyaz. Caminho de Bacopary. Inter-
mediate.
10, 4. 28. = 1051. Goyaz. Camfnho de Carréira. (As
733.) Intermediate, inclined to wet.
Bz. 4.9. 28. = 1052. “Very common in the Campos.”
Estiva to Fazénda séca. “ Papiliones, at a rivulet on
the road.” Typical dry season.
8.11. 28. = 1058. Canga. Cérrego Raiz. “ At Corrego
Raiz, drinking on the moist sand in the road where it
crosses the rivulet.” Intermediate.
Westwood’s list gives two specimens captured 8. 11. 28.
hz. 28. 11. 28. = 1054. Porto Redl (Nacionale). Wet
side of intermediate.
928. 11.28. = 1055. Porto Redl: Intermediate. .
Bz.+ 1265. 1.12.28. =1056. Porto Redl. “ Papilio.
This merits most decidedly the name of campestris, as it
is very common in all the Campo beyond and on this
side of Goyaz, but I have always found it difficult to
catch them which accounts for my collection possessing
so few of socommon a butterfly.” Wet season.
Burchell’s ideas of an adequate series may be inferred from
the fact that his collection contained twenty-six specimens
(including three in Westwood’s list and now missing) at the
date when he spoke of the numbers as “ so few.”
Bz. 30. 12. 28. = 1057. Porto Redl. Dry, inelined to
intermediate.
Bz. 2. 2.29. = 1058. Porto Redl. “On the western side
of the l'ucantins.” Dry season.
4316.17. 2. 29. 2= 1059, 1060. Porto Redl. ‘“ Feeding
on the flowers of the Waltheria bushes ” (v. H. 8632x).
See note on 663 in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. ii.
p. 183. Worn, but probably dry.
17. 2. 29. = 1061. Porto Redl. Dry to intermediate.
11. 3. 29. = 1062. Porto Redl. Dry tointermediate. This
and the above are very worn.
Bz,+ 28. 3.29. = 1068. Porto Redl. Wet season.
18. 12. 29. = 1064. ‘in locis apertis.” Pardé. Rivulet
above Arsenal. Dry side of intermediate.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number (N. 2) ; his list
adds four more individuals, captured 31. 1. 26, Rio de Janeiro
(as 474) ; 7.3.26, Rio de Janeiro, “ At Catombi ” ; 21. 9. 27,
between Lanboso and Bomfim ; and 20. 8. 29, Pard.
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 19
Pyrameis myrinna, Doubl.
Bz.+ p. 25. 2. 26. = 1065. Organ Mtns. Between Frechdl
and Magé.
18. 10. 26. = 1066. Séntos. In a walk from the Outeir-
hinhos to the town.
Westwood’s list (N. 38) makes this last date 28. 10. 26,
probably a clerical error. He also places these two specimens
in his list of the next species under the name of “Vanessa
Huntera.” These Burchell specimens have been compared
with the types of P. myrinna, Doubl., in the British Museum.
Pyrameis huntera, Fabr., form brasiliensis, Moore.
10. 11. 25. = 1067. Minas Geraés.
6. 12.25. = 1068. Rio de Janeiro. On the Corcovddo
Mountain. (As 667.)
This specimen bears Westwood’s number N. 3.
a 6.27. = 1069. Vicinity of S. Paulo.
Westwood’s list (N. 3) gives two more specimens, one
captured 4. 11.25, Minas Geraés (as 559), and one 20. 6. 27,
S. Paulo. He names it Vanessa huntera.
Mr. F. A. Heron, of the British Museum, kindly informs
me that brasiliensis is the name given to the southern form
of huntera, and he mentions the following chief points of
difference :—in huntera there is no white in the cell of the
fore wing, while in braszliensts there is usually a white patch
on the discocellulars; again, in the hind wing of huntera
the eye-spots are usually confluent to form a postdiscal band,
while in brasiliensis the eye-spots are wel] separated, and in
some cases reduced to mere points. In the latter form also
there is always a strongly marked discal band in both sexes,
which is hardly ever found in huntera males, and never in
the females.
Eurema (Hypanartia) lethe, Fabr.
9,2. 26. 2= 1070, 1071. Organ Mtns. (By the River
Pacaqué.)
a. 26. 8.27. =1072. R. Pardo to Cubatdo. (As 784.)
This specimen bears Westwood’s number N. 4*.
iBa-e a, 28. 8.27. =1073. “ At: Retiro.” - Just N. of
R. Pardo.
Westwood’s list (N. 4*) adds another specimen, captured
a. 29. 8. 27, at Cérvo. (As 527.) Against this and the
next species Westwood had written in his list the generic
2?
name ‘“ Hurema.
o*
20 Mr. K. Andersen on
Eurema (Hypanartia) bella, Fabr.
4.11.25. =1074. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
Bz. 9. 3. 26. = 1075. Rio de Janeiro.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number N. 4; his list
adds another, captured 26. 11. 26 at Santos.
These two species, originally placed under one number
(N. 4) in a clerk’s handwriting, were differentiated by West-
wood, who placed the examples of lethe under a new number
(N. 4#).
[To be continued. }
1V.—Notes on the Genus Acerodon, with a Synopsis of its
Species and Subspecies, and Descriptions of Four new
Forms. By Knupb ANDERSEN.
The Genus ACERODON.
Type.—P teropus jubatus, Eschscholtz.
Species.—Six (nine recognizable forms), viz. A. macklott
(three subspecies), gilvus, celebensis, humilis, lucifer, gubatus
(two subspecies).
Range—Timor group (Timor, Flores, Alor, Sumba) ;
Celebes group (Celebes, Selayar); Talaut Islands; Philip-
ines *,
; Differential characters.— Acerodon differs from Pteropus by
the combination of the following dental characters: (1) Poste-
rior basal ledge of 4, my, and m,. extending along inner base
of teeth as a broad, sharply defined shelf; this character is
sufficient to distinguish Acerodon from any species of Pteropus,
except Pt. anetianus, which possesses a perfectly similar inner
basal ledge in the same teeth, but in every other respect is
closely allied to the genuinely Pteropine Pt. samoénsis:
(2) a well-developed antero-internal basal cusp in p* and
m} (a similar, but smaller, antero-internal cusp developed in
* The range of the “ subgenus” Acerodon is stated by Matschie to be
the Philippines, Gilolo, Batjan, Celebes, Flores, and Timor (Megachir.
p- 99, 1899), and essentially the same distribution is given by Miller
(Fam. & Gen. Bats, p. 59,1907). Gilolo and Batjan must be excluded
from the known range of the genus. The records of Acerodon from the
Gilolo group are based on mistaken identifications of Gray’s Pteropus
caniceps and his Pteropus mackloti var. batchiana; the latter name is a
synonym of the former, and Pteropus caniceps a perfectly typical Pteropus.
the Genus Acerodon. 21
p of most species and in p; of A. humilis, jubatus, and
lucifer) ; a corresponding cusp indicated in certain species of
Pteropus, but never as well developed and sharply differen-
tiated as in Acerodon: (3) molariform teeth above and below
(pt, m+, 4, m1, my) rather shorter and broader, and main
cusps with more trenchant edges: (4) m? rather less reduced:
(5) upper incisors slenderer and more acutely pointed *.—
Skull and external characters not differing.from those of
Pteropus.
Original description of genus.—Palmer + gives as primary
reference for the genus Acerodon, Jourdan, the “ Ann. Sci.
Nat., Paris, 2° sér., viii, Zool. 869-370, Dec. 1837,” and as
secondary reference the ‘*Comptes Rendus, Paris, vi, 3,
1838.” To this it must be remarked, first, that these two
papers give, the one exclusively, the other chiefly, F. Cuvier’s
“ Rapport” and critical remarks on a memoir by Jourdan,
and that therefore, really as well as formally, not Jourdan but
F. Cuvier is the author of the two papers referred to by
Palmer ; second, that in both of these papers the name of the
present genus occurs only in its French form (Acérodon),
and therefore cannot, technically, date from these papers;
_ third, that prima facie it appears unlikely that F. Cuvier’s
“Rapport,” which was read before the Paris Academy,
should have been published earlier in the ‘Annales des
Sciences Naturelles’ than in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ of the
meetings of the Academy. In these circumstances I have
* Some of the differential characters of Acerodon given by Miller in
his highly useful ‘ Revision of the Families and Genera of Bats’ (p. 59,
1907) prove, on examination of a larger material of Pteropus and
Acerodon than that studied by Miller, to be untenable. ‘Lower incisors
[Miller writes] differing from those of Pteropus in the much greater con-
trast in size between the inner and outer tooth of each pair.” In Acerodon
7, is in cross-section of the crown from twice to three times the bulk of 7, ;
practically the same is the case in a majority of species of Pteropus,
while in others (e. g. Pt. lombocensis, solitarius, samoénsis, anetianus,
pselaphon, pilosus, tuberculatus) the disproportion in the size of these teeth
is greater than in any Acerodon, 7, being sometimes four, five, or six
times the bulk of 7,. “Canines much shortened as compared with
Pteropus, the mandibular canine little exceeding the height of pm,.”
There is in Pteropus every intergradation from short, stout, and distinctly
recurved, to very long, slender, and nearly straight canines, “Though
reduced in length the canines retain their thickness, and the cingulum is
even better developed than in the related genus.” The numerous species
of Pteropus show any intermediate stage from a very narrow to an exces-
sively broad cingulum of the canines (the latter extreme exhibited by
Pt, samoénsis, anetianus, pselaphon, pilosus, tuberculatus, insularis, pheo-
cephalus) ; the cingulum of the canines is in these species of Pteropus
much broader than in any Acerodon,
+ Index Gen. Mamm. p. 73 (1904).
92 Mr. K. Andersen on
had to trace the history of Jourdan’s paper and F. Cuvier’s
report, which appears to be as follows :—
(1) “9 Oct. 1837 "—C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, v. pp. 521-524.
This is Jourdan’s original paper. It contains descriptions of
two new genera of mammals (Heteropus and Nelomys) and
five new species (LHeteropus albogularis, Nelomys brasiliensis,
Halmaturus irma, Hydromys fulvogaster, and Paradoxurus
philippinensis). No reference to Acerodon. Tle paper was
read before the Academy on 9 Oct. 1837, and presumably
published very soon after. é
(2) “14 Oct. 1837”—L’Echo du Monde Savant et
L’ Hermés *, iv. no. 275, p. 156. Jourdan describes ‘“ three”
new genera, (Velomys (see above), Acerodon, aud Heteropus
(see above). This is apparently the earliest description of
the genus Acerodon t (not known to Palmer). The issue of
the weekly periodical ‘ L’Echo’ in which it appeared is dated
“ Samedi, 14 octobre 1837,” and was very likely published
on that day.
(3) “ Nov.1837” —L’Institut, v. no. 221, p.351. Reprint
of no. (1), supra.
(4) “2 Jan. 1838”"—C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, vi. pp. 2-6.
F. Cuviei’s “ Rapport sur un mémoire de M. Jourdan, de
Lyon, concernant quelques mammiféres nouveaux.” This is
Palmer’s secondary reference. Author, F. Cuvier, not
Jourdan ; no quotations of Jourdan’s own words ; Acerodon
* I have to thank Mr. B. B. Woodward and Mr. C. Davies Sherborn
for having directed my attention to this periodical. It is not in the
library of the Natural History Museum. I have seen a copy in the
Bloomsbury Museum.
+ The chief character of Acerodon is pointed out by Jourdan in the
following words: it ‘‘diflére de toutes les autres Roussettes, parce que ses
molaires sont larges transversalement, presque carrées, et que celles de la
machoire inférieure ont trois collines,” and as type is fixed by the author
himself “1a Roussette .... qui habite ile Lugon, ainsi que les petites iles
voisines.” From this there is no doubt whatever that the type of Acero-
don is A, jubatus. But Jourdan makes also, in this connexion, some
remarks on the “ Roussette .... rapportée de Vanicoro par MM. Quoy et
Gaimard ” [i. e. “ Pteropus vanikorensis” |, the dentition of which shows,
in Jourdan’s opinion, some leanings towards that of Acerodon. Here is
the explanation of the fact that Lesson, the only author, between 1837
and 1896, who recognizes Acerodon as a distinct genus, includes in the
genus two species, A. vanikorensis and A. jubatus (N. Tabl. R. Anim.,
Mamm. p. 14, 1842). LP. vanikorensis, in its original sense, is a mixture
of two widely different species, the true Pt. vanikorensis (the skins
described by Quoy et Gaimard), a species closely allied to Ft. tonganus,
and Pt. tuberculatus (the skull described by the same authors, and erro-
neously believed by them to belong to the same species as the skins),
which is allied to Pt. pselaphon. Pt. vanikorensis and tuberculatus are
tvpical members of the genus P’teropus.
the Genus. Acerodon. 23
occurs only in the French form, “ Acérodon.” The meeting
was held on 2 Jan. 1838, the “ Comptes Rendus ” presumably
published a few days later *.—It appears rather strange that
Cuvier’s Report on Jourdan’s paper contains remarks on
Acérodon, whereas Jourdan’s original paper, as printed in the
‘Comptes Rendus ” (see no. (1), supra), has no reference to
this genus. The explanation may be this: Cuvier’s remarks
on Acérodon are not very favourable for its validity as a
distinct genus; as Cuvier, together with Duméril, was the
Academy’s “Commissaire” for zoological papers, he may
(privately) have informed Jourdan of this opinion, and
Jourdan therefore have withdrawn the description of Acero-
don from the paper laid before the Academy, but almost
simultaneously published it in the “ Echo” (no. (2), supra).
But this is, of course, only conjecture.
(5) After 5 Feb. 1838—Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) viii. Zool.
pp. 367-374. A reprint of no. (4), supra, but with the
addition, in footnotes, of quotations from Jourdan’s original
paper, these quotations, taken together, amounting to a com-
_ plete reprint of no. (1). This is Palmer’s primary reference,
evidently because this number of the ‘Annales’ is dated
December 1837; but since it contains a paper read before
the Paris Academy on Feb. 5, 1838, it must have been pub-
lished after this date. -
Principal subdivisions of genus.—The six species of Acero-
don recognized in this paper fall into two natural sections, the
one confined to the Timor and Celebes groups, the other to
the Talaut and Philippine Islands. The three species of the
former section are more primitive, in so far as ps; is typical
Pteropine, without antero-internal basal cusp; the ears are
relatively longer and the colour of the fur pale above and
beneath. ‘The two species inhabiting the ‘Timor group, viz.
A. mackloti (Timor, Flores, Alor) and A. gilvus (Sumba),
are closely related, differing chiefly in size, whereas the
Celebean species (A. celebensis) is characterized by its much
weaker dentition. The three species of the latter group are
more specialized in having a distinct antero-internal basal
cusp in p33; the ears are relatively shorter, the colour of the
>
fur much darker; in general aspect the coloration of these
* This statement, that the “Comptes Rendus”’ of the meeting of the
Paris Academy held on Jan. 2, 1838, were probably published a few days
after that date, might seem to be contradicted by the fact that this
number of the C. R. contains (p. 22) a table of meteorological observa-
tions for every day of “janvier 1838.” But “ janvier 1838 ” is obviously
a misprint for “décembre 1837” ; compare p. 184 of the same volume, in
which page the true table for Jan, 1838 appears.
24 Mr. K. Andersen on
species is much nearer to that of an ordinary Pteropus: head,
back, and underparts dark, mantle paler.
The single species
of this group inhabiting the Talaut Islands (A. humilis) is
easily recognizable by its small size; externally it is much
like certain dark-coloured forms of Pteropus hypomelanus ;
the two Philippine species (A. jubatus and lucifer) are chiefly
characterized by their larger size and strikingly pale-coloured
nuchal patch ; ¢nter se, they differ only in size.
Synopsis of Species and Subspecies.
I, Noantero-internal basal cusp in p,; ears longer
than muzzle (front of eye to tip of nose) ;
pale-coloured forms: back and underparts
approximately mars-brown or vandyck-
brown, lightened with golden bufly, head
and mantle essentially buffy. (Timor and
Celebes groups.)
a. Dentition heavy: m', length (antero=poste-
rior diameter of crown) 56-6 mm. ; skull,
total length 66-72 mm. (Timor group.)
a’. Larger: skull, total length 69-72 mm. ;
forearm 139-156 mm. (Timor; Flores;
Alor.) sae Aid's adaas oe oe See eee
a’. Forearm about 139-146 mm.
a*, Underside of body rather thinly
sprinkled with buffy hairs. (Timor.)
b*. Underside of body thickly sprinkled
with buffy hairs. (Flores.)......
6?. Forearm about 156 mm. (Alor.)....
b}, Smaller: skull, total length 66 mm.;
forearm 135mm, (Sumba.)........
b. Dentition much weaker: m', length 4°7-5
mm.; skull, total length 625-63 mm.
(Celebs pretip): piigishs bo ws'se bre opus ire
Il. A distinct antero-internal basal cusp in p, ;
ears shorter than muzzle; dark-coloured
forms: back and underparts seal-brown or
burnt umber, more or less sprinkled with
pale hairs; mantle chestnut or dark cinna-
mon-rufous. (Talaut Is.; Philippines.)
c. Small: forearm about 140 mm.; no buffy
nuchal patch. (Talaut Is.)............
d, Large: forearm 165-205 mm.; a butty
nuchal patch strongly contrasting with
dark mantle and sides of neck. (Philip-
pines.)
c!, Forearm about 165 mm. (Panay.)....
d', Forearm 182-205 mm. (Philippines
pEmCTANY.)%p oc eee «|. 5 a wsino tate Loe
ec’, Averaving smaller: forearm 182-198
mm. (Philippines north of Min-
MEAD: ) 0... cea. '. Jalen eee ars
d*, Averaging larger: forearm about
205mm. (Mindanao.) ..........
1. A. macklott.
la. A. m. macklott.
1b. A. m. floresit.
le. A. m. alorensis.
2. A. gilvus.
3. A. celebensis.
4. A. humilis,
5. A. lucifer.
6, A. jubatus.
6a. A. j. jubatus.
64. 4.7. mindanensis.
the Genus Acerodon. 25
Acerodon mackloti alorensis, subsp. n.
Skull and teeth as in A. m. mackloti and floresdi (skull of
type, total length 71°38 mm.; maxillary tooth-row, c—m? 29°7 ;
m’, length 5°8, breadth 4°5), but external dimensions larger :
forearm 156 mm., against 139-146 in nine adult specimens
of the allied forms. Colour of fur scarcely differing from
that of A. m. floresit.
Type. 8 ad. (ale., skull), Alor (Ombay), Lesser Sunda
Islands, April 16, 1896; collected by A. Everett; B.M.
28. 3. 1.1.
Acerodon gilvus, sp. n.
Skull similar to that of A. mackloti, but considerably
smaller: total length (type) 66 mm., against 69-72. Upper
premolars and molars scarcely differing from those of
A. mackloti, but lower incisors, p, p3, ps, and m,, distinctly
smaller. Forearm (type) 135 mm., against 139-156 in
A. mackloti. General style of colour as in A. mackloti, but
back conspicuously paler, light cream-buffy, with the Prout’s-
brown or vandyck-brown bases of the hairs perfectly con-
cealed on back, slightly showing through on rump.
Type. g§ ad. (skin, skull), Waingapo, Sumba, Lesser
Sunda Islands, Sept. 1896; collected by A. Everett; B.M.
Pores os 19:
Acerodon humilis, Sp. 0.
Allied to A. jubatus, with which it accords in the characters
of the teeth (a distinct antero-internal basal cusp in p;), the
size of the ears (shorter than muzzle), and general colour of
the fur of the body and mantle, but much smaller, and without
buffy nuchal patch. Forearm about 140 mm. Hab. Talaut
Islands.
Back and rump nearly seal-brown, sprinkled all over with
broccoli-brown hairs, producing the general effect of a very
dark shade of hair-brown. Lreast, belly, and flanks essen-
tially like back, but pale hairs more buffy hair-brown.
Mantle, sides of neck, and foreneck dark russet, slightly
paler on foreneck than on nape, forming a complete collar
round neck and narrowly encircling base of ears; base of
hairs nearly seal-brown. Occiput, crown, interocular space,
and sides of muzzle essentially similar to back ; temporal
region, chin, and throat blackish seal-brown, mixed with a
few silvery-whitish and buffy hairs.
Type. % ad. (skin, skull), Lirong, Talaut Islands, March
26 Mr. K. Andersen on
1897 ; collected by John Waterstradt; presented by the
Hon. W. Rothschild; B.M. 8. 7. 26. 6.
Acerodon jubatus, Eschsch.
Specimens examined.—Nineteen from the collections of the
Berlin, U.S. National, and British Museums, viz. :—Luzon,
ten, including the two cotypes of Pt. pyrrhocephalus (Berlin
Museum, nos. 340, 341, g¢ ad., 2 ad., mounted, skulls
separate, that of 340 (marked 7202) being the original of
Meyen’s skull figures, U. s. c.); ‘ Philippines” (probably
Luzon), two; Leyte, three, topotypes of Pt. auri-nuchalis ;
Negros, two; Dinagat, one; Mindanao, one.
Remarks.—An examination of the above material has
satisfied me that the Philippine Islands are inhabited by two
races of A. jubatus, the one distributed over all the islands
from Luzon southward to Dinagat (specimens examined
from Luzon, Leyte, Negros, Dinagat), the other confined to
Mindanao. The Mindanao race differs from typical jubatus
only by its larger average size. There is no tangible differ-
ence in the colour of the fur of the two races. Such variations
in colour as do occur (more blackish or more dark brownish
tinge of back, greater or lesser amount of pale sprinkling of
underparts, blackish or chocolate tinge of foreneck, more
cream-buffy or yellowish-buffy or oclhraceous-buffy colour of
nuchal patch) are perfectly individual, independent of sex,
age, and locality; practically all colour-variations are repre-
sented in the series of ten specimens from Luzon.
The subjoined tables (pp. 27-29) give a summary of the
measurements of the series of specimens.
According to the above, the two races of A. jubatus would
have to stand as follows :—
Acerodon jubatus jubatus, Eschsch.
1831. Pteropus jubatus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atl. pt.iv. p. 1, pl. xvi.
(animal, incisors, and canines) (Manila).
1888. Pteropus pyrrhocephalus, Meyen, N. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop.-Car.
xvi. pt. 2, p. 604, pl. xlv. (animal), pl. xlvi. figs. 1, 2, 3 (skull, teeth)
Manila).
1896. Pteropus auri-nuchalis, Elliot, Field Col. Mus. Publ., Zool. i.
p. 77, pl. xii. (skull) (Leyte).
Forearm about 182-198 mm., lower leg 86-94. Hab.
Philippines, north of Mindanao.
Acerodon jubatus mindanensis, subsp. un.
Averaging larger: forearm about 205 mm., lower leg 96.
Hab. Mindanao.
Type. & ad. (skin, skull), Mindanao; collected by
Dr. J. B. Steere; B.M. 76. 10. 4. 1.
EE
the Genus Acerodon.
‘taumtdeds auo
Ne 0000)
G9
96
eeee
¢.09
9g
9g
18
G18
821
G-00L
G&L
GG
0G
G86
G06
THU
“pe P
‘ad (J,
‘siswauppur °C P|
WOIf SjusTIOMsSveTYT +
‘suowaoods
OM} TOIT SPUITMOINSVIT, %
G98 er 98 #6 68
6L 06 &-0G rete
GEE 08 && "7** 49.08
&9 99 Lg gg Og
v3 G-69 ag, 9-89 LQ
Gel G66 G-&6L 96T -0&T
ZL VL ¢-08 6L GL
62 G22 GOL 68 08
G21 G6. 061 OST 96L
8éL G-LET Gt GSP OSL
ais) G96 9:6 66 86
Gel 96L G86 GEL 861
$-GG 7 = G16 VG 0G
GG GG GG ¥G &S
98 ¢-68 G8 66 ¥6
GP IP OF GP OP
ZT 8 G-9T 61 G-LT
68 O8 08 2-98 08
P81 J8T &-G8T 861 OGT
“mut “TUL “UU moodtes mcodeus
ped ‘pus "pep | xe = ‘Un
"PB G “PRE
‘ywovul(T "s0.do N ‘ay sory
‘sngognl 047
‘sngeqnl uopodooy fo spuamaunspaum pousaje sy
#o-8 *8
9G GIG
69 99
06 98
#916 ¥*9-06
*o-GG -*9-OE
6g GIG
G69 Fg
G-8EL VEL
G8 GL
G8 GFL
Vel 211
¢-6E1 OST
¢-66 ZG
Jet 30a
Gz 61
G.8G 81
G26 «G68
G-BP 68
G8l GOL
ras) Ld
16L G8.
“TUUL “ULC
‘XUAL CUNT
pel
“UOZUTT
.
aqquoo ut Yydop ‘frrowaystoyuT
a REAP IRITVD
ng ‘O00.
CA a URI GRR a Ca
Oo) Cho. Or O OO OD
poue}yep ‘qyprorq ysayeors =
"ress WOJOU WOIT Ysuey] ‘Sxegy
eae
one
.
-
-
‘se* xupregd pug Wy
e012) 4:10 (0 ATIF i
rset qediroejout 4Lsrp q4¢
‘** xuepeyd pug .
‘soess xuvpeud 98]
veers Teduvovjout 4rdrp Typ
"'** xuepeyqd pug Us
Ancora xueeyd 4ST “
verees Tedimovjout QLsrp pag
2 ‘xuepeyd pag—puz s
Sanaa 404: (10 (OMA) | LY
srt + yudrvoejout 4rsrp pug
"sees xuereyd 487 YS
vteess redreoeqzeur i
nd “Y4.0UET [107 44ISIp 4ST
Peeves eee ee eee ees tnTBaTO UT
EEE EE EEE EE EEE EEE EEE Eee ee
"ATWO ST[NYS OY JO syuoMMOINStOTY »
ome) Ll G.) G.) x82 4B Gg L vous Tapeerq peutquzoo ‘srostouy sodd /)
8-28 48 2:98 G.9§ 8-LE 8-98 OF GPR «eee ae “3909 TIMO'T
8 EE PaaS EG #o8 #98 96 GQ hs eee ens Soe neel eam Ty
¢-69 G-P9 G99 rae) 8! ¢-99 G-19 Ge ete i “yay ‘aT qrpue yy
9L 8-¢L ot 8-FL 9T 91 9T SPD |e os ee SOULE Tp aT BATT GE)
3-6 Pa) cas 8 #2: all 6 Qe sree ses* SoUTURO JO BINGUL UeAMJoq
L&T STL 8-21 GEL | #GST #81 $81 Be fers to Par dad mea Mier
a Gc. GOL 8-01 6 Ul OL [T&G | ws80F prlo#Mxo;dosow Jo yypuoxsy
S tL LI GEL él $I GEL GEL GOL pts aypBeriq [vyTqto107U7
re ine GOL o-6 G8 GOL 13 G6 8 Tore ss ss YIPBolg [BI1q10}80q
R SI BCT 2S sever *@-L1 *2-CT LT GT |'* Ayypeusezxe ‘souruvo ssotoe YYpoIg
o ne * 81 G8. . SOL 61 81 G8lL ASS) i ha Ss ie wal a bl gn peuduyoe’ |
= G96 8-FG GG GPG 16 GG 9G Ggs | Ayywudeyxe ‘ww sso108 YYpPBoIg]
<q 8-OP oe GP LIP LY GFF OF SH i ie as Same ca: qapweaq oryumosd7
: G66 46 GLE 1:96 C66 G86 G66 ZZ |'* wyemosdz ye osvo-uredq Jo YApwoAgy
a 66 GLE G.GG G 66 8-96 G16 BGG jt '** spesea jo diy 0} 41qto Jo yuory
= ee CP Ga OP ep G.GP CP G6G | '''**** BULCIRIOF OATSIOUL 07 UOTYRI[ BY
= ~ gg I8 G08 GLL *P8 #68 8 Lali Nee aa es uolyeus 0} “q43u0] 139.1
“tur “ula mandeeg moogieg “uULur “mu moeaee “UU
"pe P ‘peg ‘pes "peP | “xe Uy | Xe UI
ody, "PU zZ ‘peg ‘pt L
‘ovuvpulyy “qeovul(y "80.150 NJ ‘ayhory MOZWT
‘sisuauppurue °C * pr ‘snqognt Cy
a ies Ble
N
‘snjyeqnl uoposssy fo sao.t-yj00) puv synys fo spuamainsvapy
for)
the Genus Acerodon.
‘ATWO ST[NYS OMY UOT sjuomeInsvoyy
‘UMOIO FO JU9}Xo ToIIojsod-o1ojUWy
8-6 GG LG G&G 86 L6G 86 GE
3 6-6 LG LG GS 6 GE BG
G 8-P a g 8H g GY
GG LG q g BG Gg go 687
Fg | Lg g g Bg gg ZS 67
G9 | 8-9 89 89 LL 49 89 g-9
8-7 g 8r &7 Go Sty G oP
G9 Z 69 G9 GL L9 LZ $9
BE v SE 8 vp 8s 68 28
G9 G9 9 9 8-9 3° “9 68g
8G 8G GE BG BG 86 L8 &6
6 & 9G & GE BG 98 86
LS § ene Teli GE B86 LS &
oP 8-6 y 8s Ei v Gb BE
GG 9G GG Lg Gg g 6G G
ZL GL 69 69 LL GL TL 89
8g 9 GG Gg 6G g 8g Tg
8-9 | L9 69 GI GL G9 89 9
SF GG 8h LF 46-9 41-6 ¢ Lv
G9 ¢ 9 8g 46-9 46:9 99 Lg
“Uru “aLUT ‘TUE “wu UU UT UU “TU
"pe P "pe ‘peg ‘pep SU A ‘Xe “UL
‘ody, | ‘STIMYS G ‘STS & ‘STINYS J
‘ovURpUly “qRovUl(T "SO.L50 N ‘ay hoary UOZWT
‘sisuaunpuru Cy rengognl “Cy
rsnyequl uoporooy fo yjaa7 ponpaaiput fo spuauainsvayy
.
yypreiq
** yaSuoy ‘eu
GENE) oy
"+ ypouoy ‘eu
Typeeaq “
"* qyoue] ‘ew
yyproaq
‘+ yysaoy “d
yyproiq “f
"+ yysuey “ad
qapeerq ©
"+ yyouey td
qyprerq “
"+ yqsuoy fue
Tpreiq “
* yysuey Su
‘**-ygpeeiq “
'* yqauer 5d
sae “yypRerq “
* Wouey {od
30 Dr. W. T. Calman on a
V.—On a new Crab taken from a Deep-sea Telegraph-
Cable in the Indian Ocean. By W.T.CAtMAN, D.Sc.,
British Museum (Natural History).
THE crab described below was presented to the British
Museum, along with a number of other rare and interesting
deep-sea Crustacea, by Mr. O. G. F. Luhn, M.A., M.B., who
obtained them while acting as medical officer on board the
eable-ship ‘Colonia, of the Telegraph Maintenance and
Construction Company. The specimens were found in
repairing the cable between Aden and Zanzibar. Most
unfortunately the exact locality has not been recorded, but
the depth is given as ‘‘about 600 fathoms.”
It is most desirable that advantage should be taken of the
opportunities afforded by cable repair work of adding to our
knowledge of the deep-sea fauna. At present these oppor-
tunities are mostly wasted; but a special leaflet, with instruc-
tions for the preservation of specimens found on the cables,
has recently been issued by the Zoological Department of this
Museum, and will be sent on application to anyone interested
in the subject. It is hoped in this way to induce some of
the officers of these slips to preserve, instead of throwing
overboard, the valuable material which comes to their hands.
Family Xanthide.
CALOCARCINUS*, gen. nov.
Carapace transversely octagonal, fronto-orbital margin
between a half and two-thirds of its greatest width; surface
smooth. Antero-lateral margin with two teeth behind outer
angle of orbit. Orbits nearly concealing eyes, without
fissures, completely closed, the inner suborbital angle meeting
the front and excluding the antenne. Antennules folding
transversely. Basal segment of antenna not reaching front.
Endostomial ridges extending to anterior margin of buccal
frame, which is notched on either side. Chelipeds long,
massive, and unequal, the greater part of the merus extending
beyond the carapace ; fingers pointed. Propodus of legs
having a “ pulley-like ” articulation with dactylus on posterior
* From kddos, a rope or cable, in allusion to the circumstances under
which the specimens were captured ; if the ambiguity may be pardoned,
the alternative derivation from kaddos, beautiful, is not inapplicable to the
species.
new Crab from the Indian Ocean. dt
side. Abdomen of male with seven segments distinct, the
third to fifth more firmly connected than the others.
Type species, Calocarcinus africanus, sp. n.
This genus approaches closely to Sphenomerides, Rathbun
(Sphenomerus, Wood-Mason), though differing from it in
several important characters. In having the orbital gap
completely closed it agrees with the more typical Trapeziine,
but in the general shape of the carapace, and especially-in
the relative narrowness of the frontal region, it differs from
these and from all the related subfamilies, and assumes more
the typical Xanthine aspect. On comparing the species
described below with Sphenomerides trapezioides, W.-M.*,
and with a Trapezia, it is impossible to doubt that all three
are closely related, although Sphenomerides is excladed by
its open orbital gap and Calocarcinus by its narrow front from
current definitions of the Trapeziine. It is very easy to
point out that the characters hitherto relied on for the sub-
division of the Xanthide are all of very slight importance,
but it is very difficult to suggest any better. Borradaile +
has shown that such characters as the “ pulley-like”’ articula-
tion of the dactylus of the walking-legs and the closure of
the orbital gap, which might be supposed to be of systematic
importance, recur in groups apparently unrelated, and Calo-
carcinus only adds to evidence already existing that the
general proportions of the carapace are not always trustworthy
as a guide to affinity.
Calocarcinus africanus, sp. n.
Carapace about three-fourths as long as broad, convex in
both directions, smooth and polished, with only slight traces
of inter-regional grooves ; octagonal in outline, the antero-
lateral margins between the two pairs of antero-lateral teeth
being straight and parallel. Front about three-eighths of
greatest width of carapace, with a very shallow median notch
and with the supraorbital angles slightly produced, but not
acute. There is no tooth at the outer angle of the orbit.
Antero-lateral margin straight to the first tooth, the distance
being a little more than that between the first and second
teeth, which are both blunt. Postero-lateral margin distinctly
longer than antero-lateral.
Eyes smaller than in Sphenomerides, nearly concealed
when retracted. Antennal flagellum as long as major
* I am indebted to Dr. N. Annandale, Superintendent of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, for a specimen of this crab.
+ Gardiner’s ‘Fauna... Maldives,’ i. p. 239 (1902).
32 On a new Crab from the Indian Ocean.
diameter of orbit. Buccal frame slightly narrowed anteriorly.
Merus of third maxillipeds about as broad as long, its
anterior margin straight.
Larger cheliped about two and a half times the length of
the carapace; merus shaped as in Trapezia, but its front
edge not expanded or serrated ; carpus with two longitudinal
ridges on its outer and upper surface, somewhat rugose
externally, its inner angle forming a blunt tooth. Hand
compressed, smooth and polished except above, where it is
faintly rugulose; the upper margin forms a ridge defined
Calocarcinus africanus, male, twice natural size.
externally and internally by a groove; lower edge rounded.
In the larger cheliped the depth of the palm increases
slightly distally, where it is about one-half of its length and
equal to the length of the fingers ; in the smaller cheliped
the depth does not increase, is less than half the length, and
shorter than the fingers. Both fingers furrowed, slightly
curved, sharp-pointed. Walking-legs moderately slender,
smooth, without hairs except on the dactyli, first pair equal
to or a little longer than the breadth of carapace,
On Mammals from the Upper Zambezi River. 33
Measurements in millimetres.
3. 2 oO
Wengihy of carapace. f.8 04.65%. 8 165 15:3 14-75
Breadth of carapace.............00. 22°3 20°5 20:0
ii PROBES: cyte). aja ake oye © ate 8:3 775 75
A fronto-orbital margin.... 13:0 12-0 12:0
Length of larger cheliped .......... 450 3850 340
“| smaller cheliped........... 400 29:0 29:0
+ first walking-leg ........ 25°0 20°5 20°5
Occurrence. “On submarine telegraph-cable between Aden
and Zanzibar, depth about 600 fathoms.”? One male and two
ovigerous females. The eggs are minute, about °45 mm. in
diameter.
VI.—On Mammals from the Upper Zambezi River.
By E. C. Cuuss.
THE Rhodesia Museum is indebted to Mr. T. N. Micklem
for a collection of small mammals made by him on the Upper
Zambezi River between Sesheke and the junction of the
Kabompo River with the Zambezi.
It is of interest as being the first collection of properly
prepared specimens from this region, and also in that it
contains a very distinct new species of rodent-mole, which
Mr. Micklem is to be congratulated upon obtaining.
The country, except for a mile or so on either side of the
Zambezi, consists of thick forests alternating with large open
vleis, through the middle of which run streams flowing down
into the Zambezi.
1. Crocidura neavi, Wrough.
2. 23rd Aug., 1908. Sonso River. :
“Trapped with meat at night.
‘‘ Barotse name ‘ Nyundi.’ ”’—T7. N. WM.
2. Crocidura sp.
@. L7th Aug., 1908. Sonso River.
‘“ Barotse name ‘ Nyundi’ "—T7. NV. MW.
3. Crocidura sp.
2. 17th Aug., 1908. Sonso River.
“‘ Barotse name ‘ Nyundi.’”—7. NV. M,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, iii. 3
34 Mr. E. C. Chubb on
4, Felis servalina, Ogilby.
A native skin from Mongu.
This appears to be somewhat like F. s. pantasticta, Pocock,
but the stripes on the neck and the spots on the back are
much more indistinct. It would be interesting to get a
series of skins from this locality, to see whether they are all
the same. I do not feel disposed, however, to distinguish it
as a new form on a single skin, knowing how liable its near
relative, F’. serval, is to vary in the same locality.
5. Felis sp.
3. 5th Aug., 1908. Mongu.
* Cauglit in tree by native.
“€ Barotse name ‘ Sinono.’ ””’—7. NV. M.
This seems to be a member of the /. ocreata group, but it
is considerably darker on the back and its ears are less red
than examples from Bulawayo and Salisbury, although its
tail is almost identical in length and coloration. What is
most remarkable, however, is the large amount of white on
it. Its nose, chin, underside of neck, chest, and the greater
part of the fore and hind limbs are white. At first sight it
might be taken for a hybrid between J. ocreata and the
domestic cat; but Mr. Micklem tells me that the natives in
the district have no domestic cats, and, moreover, they told
him that all the wild cats of this class there were similarly
coloured.
6. Ictonyx capensis, Kauf.
@. 13th Sept., 1908. Kataba.
“ Dug out of a hole.
“‘ Barotse name ‘ Singaba,’ ”—T7. N. M.
7. Funisciurus annulatus, Desm.
6. 30th Aug., 1908. Mongu.
In many respects intermediate between the typical form
and J’. a. rhodesie, Wrough.
“ Caught in hole in tree as natives were cutting wood.
“ Barotse name ‘ Sisikwe.’”—T7. N. M/.
8. Funisciurus cepapt, Smith.
¢. 10th Aug., 1908. Maulonda Pan.
Shot in forest of native teak during daytime.
“* Very common.
“‘ Barotse name ‘ Nanali.’ ”—7. NV. M.
Mammals from the Upper Zambezi River. 35
9. Graphiurus angolensis, de Wint.
dg. 22nd Aug., 1908. Kwemba River.
“Trapped at night, with meat for bait.
“‘ Barotse name ‘ Indundu.’?”—T. N. M.
10. Tatera sp.
g. 12th Aug., 1908. Mambova.
9. 28th Aug., 1908. Kataba River.
A bright-coloured form not unlike 7’. lobengule
“This rat lives in colonies and makes burrows, communi-
cating with one another underground, in the hard ground on
the edges of the forests bordering the large open vleis.
“¢ Katen by natives.
“ Barotse name ‘ Peva.’”’—T. N. M.
11. Tatera neavet, Wrough.
& 3. 29th Aug., 1908. Mongu.
“ Barotse name ‘ Mtokwa.’ ”—T. NV. M.
12. Saccostomus sp.
Njoko River.
d. 21st Aug., 1908.
Mongu.
&. 9th Sept., 1908.
6. 10th Sept., 1908. Morgu.
‘“‘ Feeds on seeds of trees. ‘Trapped at night.
‘¢ Barotse name ‘ Situtu.’ "—Z. N. MW.
13. Mus chrysophilus, de Wint.
&. 28th Sept., 1908. Nanziti River.
“ Makes nests of grass at bottom of hollow trees.” — 7’. N. WM.
14. Mus sp.
o gS. 28th Sept., 1908. Kataba River.
Lives in holes in the swampy ground in the middle of the
large vleis, and feeds on the roots of grass and plants.
“ Barotse name $ Litundu.’? ’”’— 7. NV. M.
15. Georychus micklemi, sp. n.
2 imm. 18th Aug., 1908. Kataba River.
Kataba River.
gf. 25th Aug., 1908.
go. 28th Aug., 1908. Kataba River. Pe
36 On Mammals from the Upper Zambezi River.
A black-coloured species, in this respect differing entirely
from any other members of the genus.
General colour, including limbs and tail, dark bluish black
except for a large triangular patch of white on the crown,
which is continued as a white dorsal stripe down to the middle
of the back ; and in one example there are traces of irregular
white markings on the nose, chin, and around the mouth.
Individual hairs, both black and white, uniformly coloured
for their entire length.
Skull very similar in appearance to other species of
Georychus. Nasals almost parallel, ending in a_ broad
rounded suture a little behind the lachrymal projection.
Ascending processes of premaxillaries ending in points about
15 mm. behind the nasals posteriorly, and not closing in
towards the middle line. Anteorbital foramina higher than
broad, almost elliptical in shape. |
Dimensions of the cotypes (measured in the dry skins) :—
Head and body 170, 165 mm.; tail 18, 20; hind foot 24,
23°5.
Skulls: basal length 36, 32°5; basilar length 31°5, 28°5;
greatest breadth 26°5, 24; nasals 14, 12°5x3°8, 3; inter-
orbital breadth 8, 7:5; intertemporal breadth 16, 15°5;
supra-auricular breadth 19, 18 ; height of anteorbital foramen
1:8, 1°8; |palatilar length 22:2, 20; diastema 12°8, 11;
upper molar series 6°5, 6°5.
Hab. Kataba River, Upper Zambezi, North-western
Rhodesia.
Cotypes. Two males. Collected by T. N. Micklem on the
25th and 28th Aug., 1908.
Very common; I saw about a dozen, all of which were
coloured similar to the three skins brought back, including
the white markings. ‘These three were dug out of the ground
by natives. They burrow and throw up heaps of sand
similar to the English mole.
“ Barotse name ‘ Ngeti.’”—T. WV. M.
16. Cephalophus melanorrheus, Gray.
A flat skin purchased from natives, which had been killed
on the Kabompo River.
“ Monkoya name ‘ Kashenda’”—T. N. M.
A Revision of the Fishes of the Genus Elops. 37
VII.—A Revision of the Fishes of the Genus Elops.
By C. Tate Reaan, M.A.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Lower jaw included, the whole of the premaxillary band of teeth
exposed when the mouth is closed.
A. 78 or 79 vertebre ; 102 to 118 scales in a longitudinal series.
12 to 15 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior
iS Bee Ee oe ee re nn ee ee Mee Cee 1. saurus.
18 to 20 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior
Breese i telett os Aelere sie cee se keiet ele laetet se aes ee 2. affinis.
B. 68 or 69 vertebre ; 94 to 98 scales in a longitudinal series ; 12 to
15 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.
1. Pectoral 3 the length of head, extending a
little more than 4 of the distance from its
ase LOGE PElVIES!. 25. cethe a vl Sole Baste ee 3. senegalensis.
2. Pectoral 3 or a little more than 4 the length
of head, extending a little less than 1 of the
distance from its base to the pelvics.
Interorbital width 5 to 53 in the length of head ; length
of lower jaw nearly 3 the length of head ........ 4. hawaiensis.
Interorbital width 43 in the length of head; length of
lower jaw a little less than 3 the length of head .. 5. australis.
Ii. Lower jaw projecting, covering the anterior part of the pre-
maxillary band of teeth when the mouth is closed.
63 or 64 vertebre ; 94 to 98 scales in a longitudinal
series; 28 to 32 branchiostegals; 14 gill-rakers on
the lower part of the anterior arch.............. 6. machnata.
74 vertebre ; 74 to 83 scales in a longitudinal series;
24 to 26 branchiostegals; 17 to 19 gill-rakers on
the lower part of the anterior arch......,..... »» 7. lacerta.
1. Elops saurus, Linn., 1766.
Argentina carolina, Linn., 1766, and Elops inermis, Mitch., 1815.
Depth of body nearly 6 in the length, length of head 32 to
41, Snout as long as or longer than eye, the diameter of
which is 4} to 6 in the length of head; interorbital width 42
to 54 in the length of head. Maxillary extending beyond
the eye ; lower jaw included, the whole of the premaxillary
band of teeth exposed when the mouth is closed; length of
gular plate from less than 3 to 2 that of the lower jaw, which
is 2 ora little more than 2 of the length of head; 28 to 36
branchiostegals ; 12 to 15 gill-rakers on the lower part of the
anterior arch. 102 to 118 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal 23-26, with 18 to 20 branched rays; anal 15-16,
Xx
38 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Revision of
with 11 or 12 branched rays; pectoral } or a little more than
} the length of head, extending 4 or less than } of the distance
from its base to the pelvics; origin of pelvics a little nearer
to base of caudal than to endof snout. Least depth of caudal
peduncle 4 the length of head. 78 or 79 vertebra *.
Atlantic coast of America from the United States to Brazil.
Here described from eight specimens, 160 to 620 mm. in
total length, from Wood’s Hole, Cuba, St. Croix, and Rio
Janeiro.
2. Elops offinis, sp. n.
Differs from the preceding species in having 18 to 20 gill-
rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch, but is extremely
similar to it in other respects. 79 vertebre.
Pacific coast of Mexico, and probably from California to
Ecuador.
Two specimens, 230 and 320 mm. in total length, from
Mazatlan (Jordan) and Jalisco (Buller).
3. Elops senegalensis, sp. n.
Depth of body nearly 5 in the length, length of head 33 .
to 4. Snout as long as or longer than eye, the diameter of
which is 44 to 53 in the length of head ; interorbital width
5 to 54 in the length of head. Maxillary extending beyond
the eye; lower jaw included, the whole of the premaxillary
band of teeth exposed when the mouth is closed; length of
gular plate 4 to 2 that of the lower jaw, which is nearly 3
that of the head; 80 to 33 branchiostegals; 12 to 14 gill-
rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch. 94 to 98 scales
in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 23-26, with 17 to 20
branched rays; anal 16-17, with 12 or 13 branched rays;
pectoral 2 the length of head, extending a little more than }
of tHe distance from its base to the pelvics; origin of pelvics
equidistant from end of snout and base of caudal. Least
depth of caudal peduncle more than } the length of head.
69 vertebre.
West Atrica.
Three specimens, 170 to 320 mm. in total length, from
St. Louis, Senegal (Delhez).
* The last three vertebree included in my count are directed upwards,
but have distinct and separate centra, which, however, are overlapped by
the bases of the enlarged\neural spines which support the upper caudal
fin-rays, so that by some tlkese three yertebre might be reckoned together
as hypural. \
\
\
y
\
the Fishes of the Genus Elops. 39
4. Hlops hawaiensis, sp. n.
Depth of body 54 in the length, length of head 33 to 4.
Snout nearly as long as or a little longer than eye, the
diameter of which is 4 to 5 in the length of head ; inter-
orbital width 5 to 5} in the length of head. Maxillary
extending beyond the eye ; lower jaw included, the whole of
the premaxillary band of teeth exposed when the mouth
is closed; length of gular plate 3 or more than 2 that of the
lower jaw, which is 2 or a little less than 2 that of the head;
27 to 31 branchiosiegals ; 138 or 14 gill-rakers on the lower
part of the anterior arch. 96 to 98 scales in a longitudinal
series. Dorsal 24, with 18 branched rays; anal 15-16, with
11 or 12 branched rays; pectoral a little more than 4 the length
of head, extending a little less than 4 of the distance from its
base to the pelvics ; origin of pelvics a little nearer to base
of caudal than to end of snout. Least depth of caudal
peduncle about } the length of head. 68 vertebree.
Hawaii.
‘'wo specimens, 220 and 400 mm. in total length.
This species is very close to EH. senegalensis, but has the
eye a little larger, paired fins shorter, &c.
5. Hlops australis, sp. n.
Depth of body 5 in the length, length of head 4}. Snout
a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 5 in the
Jength of head; interorbital width 44 in the length of head.
Maxillary extending beyond the eye; lower jaw included,
the premaxillary band of teeth exposed when the mouth is
closed ; length of gular plate a little less than 2 that of the
lower jaw, which is a little less than 2 the length of head ;
31 branchiostegals ; 13 gill-rakers on the lower part of the
anterior arch. 95 scales ina longitudinal series. Dorsal 24,
with 18 branched rays; anal 15, with 11 branched rays ;
pectoral slightly more than $ the length of head, extending a
little less than 4 of the distance from its base to the pelvics ;
origin of pelvics equidistant from end of snout and base ot
caudal. Least depth of caudal peduncle nearly 2 the length
of head. 69 vertebree.
New South Wales.
A single specimen, 330 mm. in total length, from Port
Jackson.
6. Elops machnata, Forsk., 1775.
Elops capensis, Smith, 1845, and Elops purpurascens, Richards., 1846.
Depth of body 5 to 53 in the length, length of head 43 to
40 Mr. W. L. Distant on
42, Snout as long as or longer than eye, the diameter of
which is 42 to 5} in the length of head; interorbital width
4} to 42 in the length of head. Maxillary extending beyond
the eye; lower jaw projecting, covering the anterior part of
the premaxillary band of teeth when the mouth is closed;
gular plate # or a little less than 3 the length of the lower
jaw, which is more than # that of the head ; 28 to 32 branchio-
stegals ; 14 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.
94 to 98 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 21-23, with
16 or 17 branched rays; anal 15-16, with 11 or 12 branched
rays; pectoral 3 the length of head, extending a little less
than 4 of the distance from its base to the pelvics ; origin of
pelvics a little nearer to base of caudal than to end of snout.
Least depth of caudal peduncle } to 2 the length of head.
63 or 64 vertebree.
From the Cape of Good Hope to China and Japan.
Here described from a Madras specimen of 350 mm. and
one from the Cape measuring 680 mm. in total length. The
latter is a more slender fish than the former, but seems to be
the same species. Counts of scales, fin-rays, &c. in two small
specimens (110 mm.) from Madras, and of stuffed examples
from South Africa and China, are included in the description.
Two skins from Dr. Kirk’s collection, labelled respectively
Lake Nyasa and Shiré River, may belong to this species.
7. Elops lacerta, Cuv. & Val., 1846.
Elops congicus, Bouleng., 1898.
This small species, reaching a length of 560 mm. in West-
African rivers, agrees with the preceding in the structure of
the mouth, but has fewer branchiostegals, more numerous
gill-rakers, larger scales, vertebree in greater number, &c.
VIII.—Deseriptions of Two new Species of Rhynchota from
Bengal. By W. L. Disranv.
HETEROPTERA.
Fam. Saldidz.
Subfam. Sazprvz.
Valleriola cicindeloides, sp. n.
Greyish ochraceous, thickly shortly palely pilose ; head,
anterior lobe of pronotum, and four short longitudinal fasciz
new Ehynchota jrom Bengal. 41
(not reaching basal margin and sometimes fused in pairs) to
posterior lobe greyish fuscous; eyes, ocelli, anterior collar to
pronotum, and a small spot near each posterior pronotal angle
piceous; scutellum greyish fuscous, with the apex pale ;
body beneath and legs greyish ochraceous; longitudinal
streaks and apices to femora and transverse segmental shadings
to abdomen beneath piceous ; corium greyish fuscous, costal
and inner claval margins, two spots on clavus (one near base,
the other near apex), two spots near middle of corium, and a
cluster of spots at its apex very pale ochraceous ; membrane
pale greyish ochraceous, the veins fuscous; antennz pale
fuscous, basal joint and apex of apical joint very pale ochra-
ceous, second joint ochraceous, with its apex darker ; head
transversely concave between the eyes; pronotum strongly
transversely impressed behind the dark anterior collar, the
anterior lobe with the anterior and lateral margins and a
central longitudinal line greyish ochraceous, its surface with
some large and coarse punctures, posterior lobe subgranulose,
giving the appearance of dense paler spots, the lateral margins
longly pilose; scutellum foveately depressed on basal area,
its apical area ridged; legs finely pilose, the femora more
strongly so; ocelli two.
Length 54 mm.
Hab, Bengal; Pusa (Mazwell-Lefroy).
HOMOPTERA.
Fam. Fulgoride.
Subfam. Jsszva#.
Hilda bengalensis, sp. n.
Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum pale green, extreme apical
margin of vertex almost continuously black ; pronotum with
the margins testaceous; basal area of face between the eyes
black, with four prominent small white spots, in some speci-
mens the spots near the eyes are obsolete and only the two
central spots are visible, this black area margined posteriorly
with greyish white ; clypeus, body beneath, and legs ochra-
ceous ; tegmina pale testaceous, basal half of clavus casta-
neous, with an apical white margin and this dark area out-
wardly continued on corium, with a large whitish spot varying
in size and shape, corium also crossed beyond middle by a
whitish transverse fascia narrowly margined with black and
broadly angulated on each side at costal margin, apical area
a little paler in hue and inwardly defined and margined by a
42 On a new Freshwater Gobiid from the Niger.
waved pale greyish line, and preceded near suture by a dark
spot containing one or more small pupillate white spots ;
wings hyaline ; face strongly transversely impressed between
the insertions of the antenne, medially angulate, the lateral
margins before the angulation moderately concave; vertex
with a distinct longitudinal impression.
Vars.—Becoming darker in hue, the pale green coloration
replaced by dark testaceous, and with a large piceous or
dusky spot in the white subbasa] spot to corium and in thie
postmedial transverse whitish fascia to same.
Long., incl. tegm., 5-54 mm.
Hab. Bengal; Pusa, Muzaffarpur, Barisal.
Allied to H. malayensis, Dist., from which it differs by the
longitudinally impressed vertex, the angulate face, concolo-
rous legs, partial or complete absence of the ocellate spots on
apical area of tegmina, &c. The life-history of this insect is
being studied by Mr. Maxwell-Lefroy, and it will be figured
in my conclusion of the Appendix to the Rhynchotal portion
of the ‘ Fauna of British India.’
1X.—Deseription of a new Freshwater Gobiid Fish from
the Niger. By G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S.
Eleotris pleurops.
Body rather strongly compressed, its depth 3 times in total
length ; length of head 34 times in total length. Head as
broad as deep, flat above, upper surface and sides scaled ;
snout broad, truncate, as long as eye; eye perfectly lateral,
4 times in length of head and twice in interorbital width ;
lower jaw not projecting; maxillary not quite reaching to
below anterior border of eye ; no canine teeth ; no preeoper-
cular spine. Dorsals VII, I 8, well separated from each
other, longest rays 2 length of head. Anal I 10, opposite to
second dorsal. Pectoral # length of head, ventral 2. Caudal
rounded-subacuminate, as long as head. Caudal peduncle
14 times as long as deep. Scales strongly ciliated, 32 ina
longitudinal series, 10 between origin of dorsal and anal.
Dark brown, lighter on the belly ; fins brown, dorsals with
round whitish spots.
Total length 75 mm.
A single specimen from the Lower Niger, presented to the
British Museum by Mr. J. Paul Arnold, of Hamburg.
On Eocidaris and some Species referred to tt. 43
X.—Eocidaris and some Species referred to tt.
By F. A. Baruer, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).
[Plate I.]
Page
itera bene metered aioe scr «ote sous lore © orann sisi snevie clei eleisie 4 43
Previous History of “ Zoctdaris” and Selection of Genotype. 44
Eocidaris levispina and E. scrobiculata 1.0... cece eae 50
Carboniferous Species referred to Hoctdaris ............ 54
Permian Species referred to Hocidaris.........+-+0.0005 o4
Miocidaris, its Species and Structure ................65 61
TMT ACTRLT TSN ATA ee ofr ao oN achat i als, Stine Opes ek dam oye 63
Summary and: CONCHISIONS 2.5 Welccirss s ws;s > oaticnaw oy nal 65
AS NY Letra ON” OME AILO! say. sich ie ave ay 4b) ts) glean Shei dbonet chives 2 =) '2r aya 65
LITERATURE REFERRED TO.
Batuer, F. A.—Novy., 1907. Echinocrinus versus Archeocidaris. Ann,
Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xx. pp. 452-456.
BaTHeErR, F. A.—March, 1908. The Echinoid Name Cidaris and its
Modern Application. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) i. pp. 284-288.
Batuer, F. A.—July, 1908. The Genotype of Cidaris. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (8) ii. pp. 184-136.
BaTuHER, F, A.—(Jn the press.) The Triassic Echinoderms of Bakony.
Resultate der wissenschaftl. Erforschung des Balatonsees, i. Bd.,
i. Th., Pal. Anh. circa 250 pp., 17 pls.
Crark, H. Lyman.—Dec., 1907. The Cidaride. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. Harvard, li. No. 7.
A French translation by P. Thiéry: Oct. 1908, Bull. Soe. Sci.
Nat. Haute-Marne, v. No. 22.
Desor, E.—1855-8,—Synopsis des Echinides fossiles. 8vo. Paris &
Wiesbaden.
[Precise dates of the several fascicules will be given in the
“Index” that I hope to publish soon. ]
DOoEDERLEIN, L..—1887. Die Japanischen Seeigel. I. 4to. Stuttgart.
DoEDERLEIN, L.—Noy., 1906. Die Echinoiden der deutschen Tiefsee-
Expedition. Wiss. Ergeb. D. Tiefsee-Exped. v. Lief. 2.
Ge1nitz, H. B—April, 1848. Die Versteinerungen des deutschen
Zechsteingebirges. iv+26 pp., 8 pls. Being Heft 1 of Geinitz &
Gutbier ‘Die Versteinerungen des Zechsteingebirges und Rothlie-
genden, u. s. w.’ 4to. Dresden und Leipzig.
Grinitz, H. B.—1861. Dyas, oder die Zechsteinformation und das
Rothliegende. Heft I. Die animalischen Ueberreste, u. s. w.
xvili+ 130 pp., 23 pls. 4to. Leipzig.
Gerinitz, H. B.—1866 | 1867]. Carbonformation und Dyas in Nebraska.
Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Car, xxxili. No. 4, x1i+92 pp., 5 pls.
GreGory, J. W.—Feb., 1908. The Name Archeocidaris. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (8) i. p. 208.
Hai, Jamrs.—1867. Contributions to Paleontology. Regents’ Rep.
N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist. xx. Section L. Revised edit. 1870.
Hesse, E. K.—1900. Die Mikrostructur der fossilen Echinoideen-
stacheln. N. Jahrb. Mineral., Beil.-Bd. xiii. pp. 185-264, pls. xii.,
xiii.
Howsgz, R.—Jan., 1857. Notes on the Permian System of the Counties
of eee and Northumberland. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xix.
pp. 33-52.
Howse, R.—[{1857.] Note on the Right of Priority. 8vo. [North
Shields. |
44 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
Kine, W.—Aug., 1848. A Catalogue of the Organic Remains of the
Permien [sic] Rocks of Northumberland and Durham, 8vo. 16 pp.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Kine, W.—1850. A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England.
Paleont. Soc. vol. for 1849.
Kiem, Mary J.—1904. A Revision of the Paleozoic Palsechinoidea.
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, xiv, pp. 1-98, pls. i—v.
Kuripstetn, A. von.—1843. Beitr. z. geol. Kenntniss der éstlichen
Alpen. 4to. Giessen.
Koxescu, K.—1887. Ueber Locidaris keyserlingiGein. Jena. Zeitschr.
Xx. pp. 639-665, pl. xxxviii.
Konincx, L. G. pz.—1863. Descriptions of some Fossils from India.
Quart. J. Geol. Soc. xix. pp. 1-19, pls. i.—viii.
LamBert, J.—April, 1899. Beas of] Die Echinodermen des
deutschen Zechsteins, von E, Spandel. Rey. Crit. paleozool. iii.
. 82, 83.
eas J.—1900. Etude sur quelques Echinides de ]’Infra-Lias et
du Lias. Bull. Soc. Sci. Yonne, liii. 1° semest. pt. 2, pp. 3-57, pl.i.
tabb, A&B. | ;
Lovin, S.—1875. Etudes sur les Echinoidées. Svenska Vet.-Akad.
Handl. xi. No. 7.
Mitter, 8. A.—Aug., 1891. Paleontology. Advancesheets, 17th Rep.
Geol. Surv. Indiana.
Pomex, A.—1883. Classification Méthodique...des Echinides. Thesis,
Fac. Sci. Paris. 8vo. Alger.
[For details see Zool. Rec., Echinoderma, 1898 & 1899. ]
QuenstepDT, F, A.—1872-5. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands, Bd. iii.
Echiniden. 8vo & 4to Atlas. Tiibingen.
SanpBERGER, G. & F.—1855. Versteinerungen des rheinischen
Schichtensystems in Nassau. 4to, Wiesbaden.
[This work appeared in Lieferungen from 1849 to March 1856,
Sheet 48, to which reference is made, was published after the
spring and before December of 1855. |
Scuavurotu, K. von.—Ein Beitrag zur Fauna des deutschen Zechstein-
gebirges. Sitz.-Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat, Classe, xi.
pp. 147-210, 1 pl.
SPaANDEL, E.—1898. Die Echinodermen des deutschen Zechsteins.
Abh. nat. Ges. Niirnberg, xi. pp. 17-45 & 48, 49, pls. xii., xiii.
Tornaquist, A.—1896. Beitrag zur Kenntniss von <Archeéocidaris.
N. Jahrb. f. Mineral. 1896, ii. pp. 27-60, pl. iv.
Tornauist, A.—1897. Das fossilfihrende Untercarbon am Gstlichen
Rossbergmassiv ... III. Beschreibung der Echiniden-Fauna. Abh.
geol. Spez.-Karte Elsass-Lothringen, v. pp. 723-802, pls. xx.-xxii.
Waacen, W.—1885. Salt Range Echinodermata. Paleont. Ind.
ser, xili. Section i. No. 5,
Zirret, K. A. von.—1895. Grundziige der Palontologie. 8yo.
Miinchen und Leipzig.
Previous History or “ Eocrparrs,” AND SELECTION oF
GENOTYPE.
In my note on “ Echinocrinus versus Archeocidaris” *
* It is surprising that this note should thus far have produced but a
single protest. With that protest—made by Professor J. W. Gregory
(Feb., 1908)—I am in complete sympathy. Dr. Gregory says that I
some Spectes referred to tt. 45
(Nov. 1907) allusion was made to Kocidaris. This is a
generic name that has been variously interpreted, and some
decision concerning it and other names involved had to be
come to for my memoir on “ The Triassic Echinoderms of
Bakony”’ (in the press). After pages 84-88 containing
my conclusions had been passed for press, I learned from
Professor R. T. Jackson’s letters that he had come to a
different conclusion concerning Hocidaris, and I now find his
view supported by Professor H. Lyman Clark in his valuable
synopsis of ‘‘ The Cidaridee”’ (Dec. 1907).
Professor Jackson and I agree that “ Hoctdaris”’ is a
nuisance, and we should be only too glad to get it decently
out of the way. ‘The process of sepulture adopted by
Professors Jackson and Clark is to take Cidaris keyserlingi
Geinitz as genotype, and in consequence to regard Hocidaris
as a synonym of Cidaris. This seems to me to be rather a
mock funeral. Granting for the moment that C. keyserlingt
might be the true Hocidaris, then, in the first place, one would
want to be quite certain as to the meaning of “ Cidaris,” a
question to which every recent authority gives a different
answer (Bather, March & July, 1908) ; secondly, I should
deny that C. keyserlingé was a Cidards, even as that genus
is interpreted by Professor Clark, and I should feel obliged
to retain the name Eocidaris for a genus better known by at
least one other name, namely Miocidaris.
But I did not feel bound to take Cidaris keyserlingi as
genotype of Hocidaris ; on the contrary, simple adherence to
advocate the use of Echinocrinus. Not so: I have merely pointed out
that all accepted rules compel such use. Were there any tribunal before
which this question might be laid as an open one, I should plead for the
absolute rejection of Echinocrinus. If the Committee on Nomenclature
appointed by the International Congress of Zoologists is to be constituted
such a tribunal, I hope that Dr. Gregory, Dr. Jackson, and others will
join me in submitting this case for its decision, I am ready to accept its
decision. Is Dr. Gregory likewise ready ?
Unless zoologists wish to go on wasting their time in futile squabbling
over these dreary questions of nomenclature, they must adhere rigidly
to the rules drawn up by the only existing body that can be considered
at all representative; or, in cases of doubt and obvious grave incon-
venience, they must accept as final the ruling of that same body. In
these debatable matters there is no other method of applying “ common
sense”; the alternative is independent judgment, and from that we
have suffered too long already.
P.S.—This footnote was written some months before several British
zoologists raised the general question in ‘ Nature’ (p. 394; 27 Aug., 1908)
and at the Dublin Meeting of the British Association (see ‘ Nature,’
p- 647; 22 Oct., 1908). With their protest I agree, so far as I under-
stand it; but I do not understand what practical results are expected
from the resolution that was passed.
46 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
the rules of nomenclature, without regard to ulterior conse-
quences, seemed to have reduced Locidaris to two species so
obscure that no one was likely ever to learn more about
them. Thus Loctdaris was, one hoped, quietly laid on the
shelf.
It now seems advisable to defend in greater detail the
conclusions set forth in my memoir with a brevity that might
have been praiseworthy had everyone been prepared to
accept them.
Desor (1856, ‘ Synopsis,’ p. 155) based the genus Kocidaris
on interambulacral plates and radioles. ‘‘ Ces plaques étant
hexagonales, elles doivent par conséquent rentrer dans la
tribu des Tessellés. Un gros tubercule par plaque. Ce
tubercule est & base lisse et perforé au sommet, mais il ‘différe
de ceux du genre Archeocidaris par \’absence d’un second
anneau. Ambulacres inconnus. Radioles gréles, garnis de
petites épines sporadiques.”’ It is clear from this that, not
only was Locidaris detined as one of the ‘lessellati, but that
it belonged to the Family now called Archzeocidaride or
Lepidocidaride. In short, the generic concept was precisely
that which has subsequently given rise to Cidarotropus (see
Bather, Nov. 1907).
To Locidaris Desor referred six species, in an order
governed by their stratigraphical position, the newest coming
first :-—
[ Cidaris} kaiserlingit [sic | Geinitz. Lower Zechstein.
Palechinus verneuillanus King. Permian.
Cidaris rossica Buch. Carboniferous.
Echinocrinus munsterianus Koninck, M‘Coy. Carboniferous.
Cidaris levispina Sandberger. Devonian.
Cidaris scrobiculata Sandberger. Devonian.
Of these species C. rossica was included with doubt,
since Desor was not certain that the plate was hexagonal.
E. munsterianus was placed here only on the doubtful evidence
of aradiole. It therefore follows that the genotype, when-
ever selected, must be one of the other four species.
We have now to see what action has been taken by subse-
quent authors.
H. B. Geinitz (1861, p. 108) accepted Desor’s reference
of Cidaris keyserlingt to Eocidaris, and said that the inter-
ambulacrals were “ sehr deutlich sechsseitig,” but his figures
(Taf. xx. figs. 7, 8, 9) show plates that are obviously five-
sided. The same author (1866, p. 61), describing a new
species, Hocidaris hallianus, did not discuss the genus in any
way.
J. Hall (1867-70, p. 341) referred Echinus drydenensis
some Species referred to it. 47
Vanuxem to Hocidaris, and based on that species a more
detailed diagnosis of the genus. He did not discuss the
European species of Hocidaris.
Quenstedt (1872-5, p. 162) compared Palechinus verneu-
iliana [sic] King with his own Cidaris coevus [sic], but
did not regard them as Hocidaris. He mentioned Desor’s
reference of Cidaris keyserlingt Geinitz to Eocidaris, but
pointed out that the later figures showed the species to have
interambulacra of true Cidarid type. On p. 374 he alluded
to Desor’s reference of Cidaris rossica to Hocidaris because
of its lack of a basal terrace, but preferred with Trautschold
to leave it in Archwocidaris (= Echinocrinus). “ According
to this criterion,” he said, apparently with a touch of sarcasm,
“the little remains of Cidaris levispina and C. scrobiculata
. should belong to Hocidaris.” ‘These at any rate are
the only species that Quenstedt left in Hocédaris in so far as
he accepted the genus at all.
S. Lovén (1875, p. 42) gave a diagnosis based on Desor,
and included the following species in order: E. keyserling?,
E. verneuiliana, E. scrobiculata, E. levispina, E. drydenensis.
He placed the doubtful C. rossica and C. munsteriana in
Archeocidaris. Otherwise his remarks are not so helpful as
those of Quenstedt.
A. Pomel (1883, p. 113) says that Hoctdaris “ Ne parait
différer d’ Archeocidaris que par ses tubercules, dont la base
manque de la créte concentrique au cercle scrobiculaire.”
He thinks it may include the radioles known as Xenocidaris,
and mentions the following species in order: LE. keyserlingi,
LE. verneuiliana, EH. scrobiculata, H. drydenensis. It is clear
that Pomel was acquainted neither with the fossils themselves
nor with the remarks of Quenstedt.
The latter, at any rate, were known to W. Waagen (1885,
p- 818), who, however, erroneously says “‘ Quenstedt admits
only the carboniferous species in the genus Loczdaris.”
Waagen probably meant that Quenstedt removed from Loc?-
daris the Permian and possible Triassic species. Waagen
himself makes the curious and untenable suggestion that
C. grandeva Goldf. has hexagonal interambulacral plates
figured by Quenstedt, and had better be transferred to Loci-
daris. In Cidaris forbesiana Kon., which he here refers to
Hocidaris, Waagen desciibes ‘a deeply crenulated collar”
round the mamelon, and in comparing this species with
Kocidaris rossica he twice insists that the absence of crenela-
tion in that species is only apparent, and due to weathering.
Why Waagen, in opposition to Desor’s clear statement,
should have thought crenelation a character of Hocédaris is
nowhere explained.
48 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
Down to this point it is perfectly plain that Hocidaris was
universally regarded as a Palechinoid or Tessellate, with
hexagonal interambulacrals of Lepidocidaroid type, differing
from those of Hchinocrinus (or Archeocidaris) in the absence
of a basal terrace. It had further been pointed out by Quen-
stedt that Cidaris keyserlingi and C. verneuiliana, not to
mention C. cova, could not be placed in Hocidaris because
they were Cidaridz and not Palechinoids. The two species
C. rossica and C. munsteriana, in addition to having been
doubtful from the beginning, were now generally referred to
Echinocrinus. 'There remained then available for the type
of Hocidaris only the two Devonian species C. /evispina and
C. scrobiculata. ‘The various American species, notably
LZ. drydenensis, though often utilised for the interpretation
of the genus, never had any claim to be regarded as geno-
synty pes. '
This clear and, from the nomenclatoral standpoint,
satisfactory state of affairs was all of a sudden complicated
by the irruption of an enthusiastic student of recent sea-
urchins. In giving a summary of various Cidaride with
flexible test, L. Doederlein (1887, p. 39) correctly turned his
attention to Cidaris keyserlingi Geinitz, and, being desirous
of keeping this in a genus distinct from the recent Cidaris,
he retained for it the name Locidaris given to it by Desor
and accepted by Geinitz at a time when its true structure
was not realised. Dr. Doederlein himself gave a more
detailed and move correct description of an interambulacrum
of the species from the Zechstein of Péssneck, and, in con-
sequence of the facts thus elicited by him, he drew up the
following diagnosis of Hocidaris:—“ Paleozoische Cidariden
von geringer Grésse, mit schneidendem ambulacralen Rand
des I[nter]A[mbulacral] F[eld]. Coronalplatten in geringer
Anzahl; Hauptwarzen klein, gekerbt; Warzenhéfe ellipt-
isch, etwas vertieft, zusammenfliessend ; Scrobicularring
nicht auffallend. Arten: Keyserlingi aus dem Zechstein
u. a.’ Note the plural, “‘ und andere.”
Into the details of Doederlein’s account, more than con-
firmed in the contemporary description by Kolesch (June
1887), we need not enter for the present. Sufficient to note
that both these accurate observers followed Quenstedt in
maintaining the truly Cidarid nature of the species before
them. The questions that now concern us are: first, did
Doederlein intend to fix on C. keyserlingi as the genotype?
Secondly, had he the right so todo? Both these questions
I answer in the negative. As for the first, there is no
reason to suppose any such thing, since Doederlein fixed on
OO EE
! *
some Species referred to tt. 49
no genotype for any of the other genera, whether new or old,
discussed by him. He mentioned FL. keyserling? by name
because it was the form next to his hand, and it was not his
purpose to investigate all the other species of the genus; or,
to look at the matter from the other side, he used the name
Eocidaris for his new generic concept merely because he
found the name already in use*. But, even assuming that
he did mean to fix on C. keyserlingt as the genotype of
Eocidaris Desor, | maintain that he was prevented by the
prior action of Quenstedt, who had seized on the essential
point and removed C, keyserlingt from Eocidaris.
In coming to this conclusion, Iam glad to find myself
essentially in accord with Dr. A. Tornquist, who, since he
too hailed from Strassburg University, was doubtless familiar
with the views of his colleague. In 1896 (p. 38) he dis-
cussed the validity of Hocidaris, and once again pointed out
that C. keyserlingi was a true Cidarid. But to interpret
KHocidaris by C. keyserling?, and to place it in the Cidaride,
as Zittel had done (1895, p. 186), was, he maintained, far
from Desor’s intention. ocidaris must remain in the
Archeocidaride; that there really did exist forms corre-
sponding to the diagnosis of Desor, had been proved by the
American Hocidaris drydenensis and Lepidocidaris squamosa,
while European representatives were Hocidarts scrobiculata
and L. verneuiliana. As for Cidaris rossica, though some of
its interambulacrals, notably in the adambulacral columns,
were devoid of a basal terrace, and therefore of Hocidaris type
as Desor supposed, others had that structure and therefore
justified the reference of the species to Archcocidaris
(=Lchinocrinus). Both here and in a later paper (1897,
p- 48=770), Dr. Tornquist showed a strong inclination to
interpret Hocidaris in the light of /. drydenensis. But this
species, being unknown to Desor, could not be taken as geno-
type. Hssentially, then, Tornquist confirmed Quenstedt, by
transferring C. rossica and by eliminating C. keyserling/ :
“fiir diese ist allenfalls eine neue Gattung aufzustellen, wenn
man sie nicht mit Cidaris vereinigen will.”
So far as Hocidar’s was concerned, the same position was
taken up by that very learned writer on fossil HEchinoids,
Mr. J. Lambert (1900, p. 38). Llaving pointed out that
EE. keyserlingi, E. verneuiliana, and FE. rossica did not agree
in essential points with Desor’s diagnosis, he referred them
* The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1907) says
under Article 30, rule g: ‘‘The meaning of the expression ‘select a
type’ is to be rigidly construed. Mention of a species as an illustration
or example of a genus does not constitute a selection of a type.”
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. +L
50 Mr. F. A, Bather on Eocidaris and
respectively to otiarts n. g., Permocidaris n. g., and
Archeocidaris sens. restr. The last of these was discussed
in my previous paper (Nov. 1907); to the other two we
shall recur. Here it need only be noted that the result of
Lambert’s action, as of Quenstedt’s, was to leave in Hoei-
daris only two of the original species—L. levispina and
E.. scrobiculata.
I conclude, then, in opposition to Professors Jackson and
Clark, that we are bound by the actions of Quenstedt, Torn-
quist, and Lambert to regard Hocidaris as restricted, partly
by elimination, partly by definite statement, to the two
Devonian species of Sandberger*. To prevent further
confusion it is necessary to fix on one of these as genotype,
and, in making a choice, regard should be had to the fact
that in C. levispina the radiole has been described as well
as the interambulacrals. Therefore I decide on that species,
and to avoid all other sources of confusion I indicate as its
type (lecto-holotype) the original of Sandberger’s pl. xxxv.
fig. 2a, which figure corresponds most closely with Sand-
berger’s own description (1855, p. 382).
Whether this conclusion is fortunate or unfortunate we
need not stop to decide, since that can have no bearing on
its correctness. At any rate, as will appear in the sequel,
it disposes of the name Jocidaris more effectually than the
action of Professors Clark and Jackson; therefore they, at
least, should be satisfied.
EoctpARIS LEVISPINA AND E. SCROBICULATA.
It would be of more interest to discuss the validity and
systematic position of Hocidaris as thus interpreted, and here
it is indeed unfortunate that the materials for a decision are
so scanty. A few remarks may, however, be ventured on
Sandberger’s specimens, which were very kindly lent to me
in January, 1908, by the Natural History Museum of the
town of Wiesbaden. My thanks are due to Geheimer-
Sanitiitsrath Dr. Arnold Pagenstecher and to Dr. E. Lampe
for leaving the specimens in my hands so long.
The specimens, which come from the Middle Devonian
Stringocephalus Limestone of Villmar, are all much broken,
with surfaces weathered and decorticated, and with the natural
margins of the plates destroyed.
Taking the first genotype, Hoctdaris levispina, we turn
to the lecto-holotype, the original of Sandberger’s fig. 24
* G. & F. Sandberger, 1855. The expression “ Sandberger”’ is used
throughout, to avoid cumbrous repetition.
a
some Species referred to tt. Sip
(our Pl. I. fig. 1). This is an interambulacral plate, with
mamelon elongate, probably in a meridian direction, perforate,
the perforation similarly elongate, rising from a slight plat-
form, now almost entirely broken away and retaining no trace
of a parapet if ever there was one. The boss passes with a
gentle convexo-concave slope, and no trace of a basal terrace,
into the slightly depressed area, which is bounded by no
distinct rim. There appears to have been a complete circle,
perhaps a trifle flattened above and below, of scrobicular
tubercles. ‘Those on one side, to the number of four, were
larger than the others, were doubtless mamelonate, and
though much worn still show faint traces of scrobiculation ;
they may be called secondary tubercles. Those on the other
side were much smaller, more numerous, numbering 8 or 9,
and rather irregular in position ; they may be called tertiary
tubercles. Their mamelons, still clearly preserved in some
cases, were almost certainly imperforate, as stated by Sand-
berger, and in no way justify Desor’s suggestion of perfora-
tion, which was doubtless based on some obscure marking in
Sandberger’s figure. The tertiary tubercles can be traced
across one end of the scrobicule (the left in our figure), and
Restored diagram of holotype of Eocidaris levispina,
enlarged 24 diameters.
there is some indication that they formed a similar line at the
other end, but that margin is more broken away. The extra-
scrobicular tract adjoining the lateral tertiary tubercles slopes
sharply downwards, and bears three elevations (there may
have been a fourth, to the right in our figure). These eleva-
tions do not appear to be the remains of tubercles, but seem
rather to represent a folding or denticulation of that margin
of the plate. This suggests that the margin in question is
adambulacral, a view consonant with the position of the larger
(secondary) tubercles on the opposite side of the scrobicule.
On this evidence we may, perhaps, venture to reconstruct
the plate as shown in the annexed diagram (text-fig. 1).
The original of Sandberge:’s fig. 20 (our Pl. I. fig. 2) is
4é
52 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
a fragment, preserving only the mamelon, part of the boss,
and faint traces of about half the scrobicular ring of tubercles,
all apparently tertiary; there is no trace of any secondary
tubercle. Since this agrees with the lecto-holotype in all
those characters that are preserved, it may well belong to the
same species ; and, if so, it indicates that the platform round
the mamelon was slightly hollowed, or, in other words, had a
slight parapet; the mamelon itself is much depressed, and has
a very short neck, which is not undercut.
The original of Sandberger’s fig. 2 (our Pl. I. fig. 3) is
too much broken and worn to afford any safe evidence. It
may belong to the same species, and at any rate presents
no features inconsistent with the preceding account. There
is another imperfect plate, unfigured, of much the same
character.
The original of Sandberger’s fig, 2d is the proximal end
of a primary radiole (our Pl. J. fig. 4). The evidence on
which this is referred to the same species as the three inter-
ambulacral plates is merely the occurrence of this and
similar fragments in the same stratum as those plates, and the
general correspondence in size between its acetabulum and the
primary tubercles of the plates. The shaft is subcylindrical
and smooth, but the radiate septa of its microstructure are
just visible on the surface as fine longitudinal striae. Its
diameters are 3°9 mm. and 3°3 mm. ‘There is no trace of an
axial lumen. No collerette can be detected. The annulus
swells out gently to diameters of 4°8 and 3-7 mm., and passes
with a slight concave curve into the gently rounded base.
The acetabular margin is a smooth raised rim, much worn in
the specimen, with outside diameters of 2°9 mm. and 271 mm.
Since the base has been cracked and is traversed by a vein of
calcite, the longer diameters of annulus and acetabulum
should be taken as about *5 mm. shorter than the measure-
ments given.
The originai of Sandberger’s fig. 2¢ is the proximal
portion of a radiole, 146 mm. long. It is attached to a
fragment of crystalline limestone, and its outer layers are
stained, like most of the limestone, a light pinkish red. All
the other specimens are of a dull grey colour. In this
radiole the shaft appears to have been relatively thinner than
in the original of fig. 2 d, being 2°7 mm. in both directions at
the distal end, and to have tapered more towards the proximal
end, where it has a diameter of 2°3 mm., and then expands
again towards the annulus. ‘The base is of the same general
character as in fig. 2d. The chief difference lies in traces of
a longitudinal ridging, exceedingly obscure, but apparently
some Species referred to it. 53
quite different from the smooth surface of fig. 2d. The
longitudinal striation due to the microstructure is seen on the
ridges and in the spaces between them. The number of ridges
to be detected on one side of the shaft is 13 or 14; but Lam
unable to see that they occur on the other side of the shaft.
The difference in form of the shaft, the different matrix, and
the suggestion, obscure though it be, of a different ornament,
render it probable that this radiole does not belong to the
same species as the other radiole; and, if either be conspecific
with the lecto-holotype of Cidaris levispina, it is more likely
to be the original of Sandberger’s fig. 2d. Two other frag-
ments, unfigured, are of the same nature as the latter speci-
men, and show that the radiole was slightly fusiform, smooth,
and finely striate throughout.
Miss Mary Klem (1904, p. 69) gives as the sole description
of this species: “ Primary spines cylindrical and ornamented
with about twenty-three longitudinal ribs. These ribs are
muricated oppositely.” This information is not given by any
of the authors quoted by Miss Klem, and she does not say
that she has herself examined any specimens. Of the two
radioles figured by Sandberger, that which probably belongs
to the species is neither cylindrical nor ribbed ; the other one
may possibly have been ribbed, but there is no evidence that
its ribs were muricate.
The holotype of Cidaris scrobiculata Sandberger (their
fig. 3, our Pl. I. fig. 5) is an interambulacral plate of
about the same area as the lectotype of C. levispina, but
apparently less thick and with a less prominent boss. The
mamelon, platform, boss, and scrobicule are of the same
general character as in C. levispina; but the mamelon is not
so much extended, the scrobicular ring is circular, its tubercles,
which show faint traces of scrobiculation, are intermediate in
size between the secondaries and tertiaries of C. levispina,
and appear to have been more regular and more equally
spaced. ‘The extra-scrobicular surface was probably smooth.
The Sandbergers may have been right in regarding this
specimen as of a different species ; but if one were to maintain
that it came merely from a different part of the test of
C. levispina, I do not see how that could be disproved.
There certainly seems no reason for Desor’s suggestion that
it may belong to a different genus.
The systematic position of these two species is doubtful.
Since the outlines are not preserved in any of the plates, the
only evidence that they belong to a genus with more than
two columns of interambulacrals to an area is the & proré
evidence afforded by their antiquity. ‘This, however, must
be accepted in the absence of proof to the contrary.
54 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
The feature seized on by Desor, the absence of a basal
terrace, is not enough to distinguish these species from
Echinocrinus (= Archeocidaris), especially when so few
plates are known. Still the general nature of the ornament,
at least in CO. levispina, and more particularly the character
of the radioles, are enough to warrant the separation. ‘The
radiole of C. levispina rather resembles those of Lepidocidaris
squamosa, as I judge from excellent photographs kindly lent
me by Professor Jackson, but that species has slight extra-
scrobicular ornament. Without knowledge of larger portions
of the test, it would be quite unsafe to refer Cidaris levispina
to either Echinocrinus or Lepidccidaris ; but there seems no
reason why it should not remain in the Lepidocidaride, as
genotype of a distinct genus, Kocidaris Desor.
CARBONIFEROUS SPECIES REFERRED TO /ocrpazis.
The discussion of the American species at one time or
another referred to Hocidarts may safely be left to Professor
Jackson, who will, one hopes, at last provide a figure of the
much-discussed E. drydenensis. The others are EL. blairi
Miller (1891, p. 73, pl. xii. ff. 1, 2) and /. hallianus Geinitz
(1866).
Neither does it seem necessary to say more about Kocidaris
rossica and /. munsteriana, which have been dealt with by
Tornquist, Hesse, and others, and will receive further atten-
tion from Jackson. Both doubtless belong to Echinoerinus.
PERMIAN SPECIES REFERRED TO /ocrparis.
For detailed information regarding C. keyserlingi we are
indebted mainly to K. Kolesch (1887), but also to Doederlein
(1887), E. Spandel (1898, pp. 33-37, pl. xiii. ff. 1-6), and
EK. K. Hesse (1900, pp. 2138, 214). Good specimens from
Possneck in the British Museum (E1119, E1121) have
enabled me to check several of the statements made by these
authors.
In supposing the shape to be that of an ordinary Cidaris
or Hemicidaris, Spandel seems to be more correct than
Kolesch, who perhaps forgot to leave enough room for the
apical system.
In assigning to a single interambulacral column six full
plates, Spandel is probably nearer the truth than Kolesch
with his seven plates, and certainly nearer than Doederlein
with his four or five.
Spandel, however, seems to think that there was at the
some Species referred to it. 55
adoral end of each interambulacrum “ ein Halbtifelchen,
wodurch die paarigen Interambulacralreihen, in welchen die
Asseln alternieren, gegen das Peristom beglichen werden.’
It must not be inferred from this that there was any relic of
the primitive median single interambulacral ; the plate in
question is merely the adoral plate of either the a or 6 column
in process of resorption. This, if reckoned in, gives 7 plates
to the column in which it lies.
Doederlein, Kolesch, and Spandel agree with Quenstedt iu
describing the interambulacral plates as five-sided. It is only
the extreme adoral or adapical plates that may be four-sided
in consequence of resorption or incomplete growth respectively.
As regards the normal interambulacrals, Spandel is right in
describing the adoral margin as convex, the adapical as
concave ; but this is not always obvious, nor is the curve
very regular.
Doederlein noticed that the adambulacral margin was
sharply bevelled underneath, ‘schneidend”; but it was left
for Spandel to observe the denticles on the bevel (see his
pl. xii. f.4 6). This is confirmed by Brit. Mus. E 1121
(Pl. L. fig. 6), which further shows that the regular denti-
culation seen in Spandel’s figure is characteristic of the
ambital interambulacrals. Nearer the peristome the bevel
forms a less acute angle and the denticulation is less regular.
This agrees with what may be observed in allied species; but
for a fuli discussion of these interesting structures E must
refer to my memoir on the Bakony fossils. The same
specimen shows that there are about tour denticles to each
ambital interambulacral (as figured by Spandel), whence it
may be inferred that there were also about four ambulacrals
to the interambulacral. Kolesch, arguing from the external
view of the margin, likewise inferred that 3-4 ambulacrals
went to a small interambulacral, 5-6 to the largest ones.
The denticles are not quite at right angles to the adradial
margin, as might be inferred from Spandel’s figure, but slope
slightly adradially and adorally, and from this it follows that
the ambulacrals lay at a corresponding angle.
In the ‘Triassic Echinoderms of Bakony’ the structure
of the sutures between the interambulacral plates in this and
allied species is discussed at some length, and my inability to
follow Spandel’s account is there explained. Here it will be
enough to give the conclusions based on an independent
examination of the British Museum specimens as interpreted
in the light of the Lepidocidaride.
56 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
Mascon i¢|\\adratidl \\edapiodd..\. adoral. () Pe. | orad-
ere interradial.
Beven racinc) inwards. | inwards, | outwards. inwards. | outwards.
ridge ridge
uj nD
NATURE OF transverse on inner | on outer Pee ental
SUTURE: denticles. | margin, | margin,
sometimes.| usually.
According to Spandel, the ridge serves as a stop (“* Wider-
lager’) for the adjoining plate ; but his view is inconsistent
with the existence of a ridge on both upper and lower
margins. ‘There is more probability in the opinion expressed
by Tornquist (1896), in reference -to a similar structure in
Echinocrinus, that the ridge merely marks a groove for the
attachment of the uniting ligament. On this view, the
presence of a ridge would indicate greater rather than less
flexibility. The interambulacrals of Cidaris keyserlingt
must, however, have been united somewhat firmly, since
large portions of: ambulacra are more common than isolated
ambulacrals, and, except on the adradial margins, they are
bounded by fractures rather than by sutural surfaces.
The same fragment (E 1121) that shows the denticulation
so plainly also bears witness to considerable thickening of
the interambulacrum towards the peristome and to the
existence of an internal prominence on each side of the
interambulacrum, for the attachment of the jaw-muscles.
Jt is curious that no remains of the jaw-apparatus, which |
this species certainly possessed, have yet been recorded.
In reference to the structure of the main tubercle, Kolesch
criticises Geinitz and is in turn criticised by Spandel.
Briefly put, the mamelon is perfoiate, depressed hemi-
spherical, with slightly undercut neck, supported on a flush
platform of nearly twice the diameter of the neck, having
well-marked crenelle, of which the number rises to thirteen
in the larger ambital plates; from this the boss slopes with
slightly concave curve to the depressed definite scrobicule,
and, while generally smooth, is occasionally marked by
slight folds apparently continuous with the crenella. The
scrobicule is not so much a transverse ellipse as a circle,
which is truncate above and below where contiguous or, as
in younger individuals and plates, confluent with the adjacent
scrobicules. ‘Lhere is no definite ring of scrobicular tubercles,
but the extra-scrobicular surface 1s covered with close-set, —
some Species referred to it. 57
imperforate, rounded eminences, varying in size, and the
larger of them apparently mamelonate (¢. e. tubercles).
From 5 to 7 of them border one side of a larger scrobicule,
and the same number its other side. The larger scrobicules
are usually separated by a single line of about 3 to 5
miliaries (or possibly tubercles).
As regards the radioles, 1 have nothing to add to the
accounts of Kolesch, Spandel, and Hesse (PI. I. fig. 7).
Most of the writers who have dealt with Cidaris keyser-
lingt have discussed its relations to C. verneuiliana (King).
While King, Geinitz, and Spandel have regarded them as a
single species, Desor and Kolesch have separated them,
though admitting their close relationship; but it has been
reserved for Lambert (1899, 1900) to place them in two
distinct genera—Lotiaris and Permocidaris.
How far any of these writers have based remarks ona
study of actual specimens of the two species, they have not
told us. The following remarks are based on the specimens
of Cidaris keyserlingi in the British Museum, which have
just been described, and on a large series of specimens of
Cidaris verneutliana from Tunstall Hill now preserved in the
Hancock Museum, Neweastle-on-Tyne, and kindly lent me
by the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham,
and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Unfortunately the originals of
King’s figures (1850, pl. vi. ff. 22-24) are not among these
specimens, and Mr. K. Leonard Gill, the curator of the
Hancock Museum, has not been able to find them. There
can, however, be no doubt as to the specific identity of the
interambulacrals with those originally described (1848) and
subsequently figured by King.
The differences that Desor thought could be seen in
C. verneuiliana were the more granular interradial tract, the
more complete scrobicular rings, and the radiating folds around
the base of the mamelon. ‘These differences are clearly shown
in his figures; but in them certain small details of the
original figures have been grossly exaggerated. It should be
quite clear from the preceding description that the interradial
tract 1s quite as closely crowded with miliaries or with small
tubercles (the granules of Desor), and the scrobicular ring is
often quite as complete, in Cidaris keyserlingi as in any
specimen of C. verneuiliana. This was admitted by Kolesch,
who, however, still maintained that, “die radiiren Vertie-
fungen, welche sich an der Warzenbasis von Loc/daris
verneuiliana befinden, charakterisieren den letzteren als be-
sondere Spezies” (p. 661). Now it is a little difficult to
understand what Desor and Kolesch meant by these “ plis
58 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
rayonnants’”’ or “radiiren Vertiefungen.’”’ King merely
said “ Glenoid circles radiately crenulated,” words that refer
solely to what is here called the crenelate platform of the
boss, and in this respect there is no difference between the
German and the British specimens. If the words of Kolesch
are due to an independent study of interambulacrals from
the Magnesian Limestone, he may be referring to the fact
that the depressions between the crenellz are occasionally
prolonged faintly down the slope of the boss. Such an
occurrence, however, is not uncommon in other allied species,
and has been observed by both Spandel and myself in
C. keyserlingt. Whiat differences Lambert thought he could
see between these two species, does not appear in his writings :
we shall return to Permocidaris, which he defines as an
Archezocidarid, and it will then be clear that C, verneuiliana
can have nothing to do with such a genus.
Moocidaris keyserlingi. Two of the most perfectly preserved fragments
of interambulacra from the Magnesian Limestone of Tunstall
Hill, co. Durham, showing the association and general shape of the
plates. In fig. 2 the scrobicules are confluent; in fig. 3 they are
confluent above, but merely contiguous in the ambital region.
The species described by King, though referred by him to
Archeocidaris in his text (1850, p. 53) and to Palechinus in
the legend to his plate, is in fact a Cidarid. ‘ The sub-
hexagonal form of the plates which .. . principally led” him
“to regard it as an Archeocidaris” must be assigned to the
imperfection of his specimens. There are before me 11
fairly large fragments of interambulacra, each with two
columns, but none with more. The outer lateral margins of
some Species ri ferred to tt. 59
the individual plates may occasionally be convexly curved,
and a slight accentuation of this appearance might give rise
to the idea that the plates were subhexagonal or heptagonal.
But that these are the adambulacral margins, and that the
interambulacrals therefore are pentagonal, is conclusively
proved by one portion of an interambulacrum. ‘This con-
sists of two columns, with apparently six plates to each
column, and its inver surface is fully exposed (PI. I. fig. 9).
This in all essential details resembles the similar inner view
of an interambulacrum of C. keyserlingt from Pdéssneck ;
it has the same denticulate margins and the same thickenings
at the peristomial end for the jaw-muscles. It confirms not
only the view that the two specimens belong to the same
species, but also the reference of that species to Miocidar's.
The secondary tuberculation of the interambulacrals from
Tunstall Hill displays slight variation. In some the whole
extra-scrobicular surface is filled with closely set secondaries
of equal size (Pl. I. fig. 12); in others the tubercles of
the scrobicular ring are slightly, but distinctly, larger than
those in the interradial space (PI. I. fig. 11); in others
again the tubercles are less closely set, and bare tracts are
seen between them (PI. I. figs. 10, 13). The development of
the secondary tubercles is of course greatest in the ambital
region and in individuals of iargest size ; but apart from this
there are individual differences. ‘he relative width of the
interradial tract also varies, aud the wider tracts naturally
have more tubercles; thus in an interambulacrum 8 mm.
wide at the ambitus, the width of the interradial tract, in-
cluding the scrobicular rings, is 2° mm., and there are 5
or 6 tubercles in that width (Pl. I. fig. 13); in another
specimen the corresponding measurements are 9°'4 mm. and
3°5 mm., and the number of tubercles is 7 or 8 (PI. I. fig. 12).
The secondary tubercles, when well preserved, are seen to
have small, apparently imperforate mamelons.
The material from ‘Tunstall Hill includes 7 radioles ;
the one figured by King came from Humbleton Hill and was
the property of Mr. Geo. Tate. Of these 7, the longest
complete (or almost complete) one is just 8 mm. long, and
the greatest diameter of its shaft is 1:1 mm,, this being at
about one-third from the distal end. The greatest thickness
exhibited by any of these radioles is 1:6 mm., but this is
largely due to the prominence of the thorns. The annulus
is prominent, with a diameter nearly equal to that of the
shaft—1 mm. in the first-mentioned example; from it a
straight slope leads to the crenelate acetabular rim. No
definite collerette can be distinguished, but the proximal
60 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
region (about one-third) of the shaft is smooth, with a fine
longitudinal striation. The distal region is beset with small
thorns having a distal rake; in some of the specimens these
are not clearly seen, in one they are in distinct longitudinal
rows (PI. J. fig. 15), and in another, where they are
particularly prominent, they form curved transverse rows
(Pl. I. fig. 16). King thought that there were two sorts _
of radioles: muricate and striate. The specimens are so
obscured by grains of matrix that interpretation is difficult,
but I fancy the above account represents the facts. ‘here
was no doubt a good deal of variation in the radioles of even
a single individual, but the general character of the radioles
agrees with that of those found in the Zechstein. There is
nothing to warrant the separation of the species.
There is therefore no ground for separating C. verneuiliana
and C. keyserlingi even specifically. Which trivial name
should be adopted is a question not hitherto discussed.
K. v. Schauroth (1854, p. 182) said “ Der King’sche und
der Geinitz’sche Name sind gleichzeitig entstanden, ein
Priorititsrecht besteht also nicht.” This statement is surely
unwarranted. King’s ‘ Catalogue of the Organic Remains of
the Permien [sic] Rocks of Northumberland and Durham’
was ‘published by the author” at Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
during the afternoon of Saturday, 19th August, 1848 *,
The description of “* Cidaris Verneuiliana n. sp.’ occurs on
pp- 6 and 7 of that Catalogue. Cidaris keyserlingt was first
described on p. 16 of H. B. Geinitz: ‘ Die Versteinerungen
des deutschen Zechsteingebirges ’ (being Heft 1 of Geinitz
and Gutbier: ‘Die Versteinerungen des Zechsteingebirges
und Rothliegenden’). The titlepage of this Heft is
dated “ Dresden und Leipzig,.... 1848,” and a review
of it appeared in ‘ Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,’ Jahrg.
1848, pp. 504, 505. These pages are in the fourth
of the six parts composing this Jalhrgang, and assuming
that the parts were published at regular intervals, this
would give August 1848 for the date of publication of
the review. ‘This part contains letters of which the latest is
dated 18 June, 1848, and it acknowledges the receipt of
publications of which the latest seems to date from April
1848. Most of the works reviewed are of 1847, but a few
appeared in the early months of 1848. One would naturally
inter from this that the work of Geinitz was published not
later than April or May of 1848. This agrees with a definite
statement by R. Howse (Jan. 1857, p. 49) that Geinitz’s
‘Die Versteinerungen u.s. w.’ was “ published in the early
* Fide R. Howse, ‘ Note on the Right of Priority ’ [1857].
some Species referred to it. 61
part of April 1848.” The trivial name “ keyserlingi ” is
therefore the one to be adopted.
We have now to enquire in what genus Cidaris keyserlingt
should be placed. That it cannot be Hocidaris or Archeo-
cidaris (= Echinocrinus) has been urged above. Professors
Clark and Jackson, as intimated in my opening paragraphs,
would refer it to Cidaris, while Mr. Lambert (April 1899,
p- 82) has made it the genotype of Eotcaris. The former
course seems to me to ignore important structural differences,
while the latter course lays undue stress on a very trifling
feature. In the ‘ ‘l'riassic Echinoderms of Bakony,’ I have
referred Cidaris keyserlingi to Doederlein’s genus Miocidaris.
This genus also is regarded by Professor H. L. Clark as
indistinguishable from Cidaris, an opinion with which I
cannot agree.
Mrocrparis, 1TS SPECIES AND STRUCTURE.
Since Miocidaris is fully discussed in the ‘ Triassic Echino-
derms of Bakony,’ from the nomenclatoral, anatomical, and
faunistic standpoints, the conclusions there reached need but
a brief summary here. On the other hand it has now become
necessary to give reason for the distinction of Miocidaris
from Cidaris.
Miocidaris wasestablished by L. Doederlein in 1887 (p. 40),
and from among the species referred to it by him I have
selected as genotype Cidaris klipsteint, interpreting that to
mean C.klipsteint Desor 1855, non Marcou 1847. Sincea new
name is needed for this species, I propose Miocidaris cassiani,
attaching thereto as lectotype the interambulacral fragment
figured by Klipstein (1843) in plate xviii. fig. 15, and now
in the British Museum (regd. 36512).
With Lambert (1900) I remove Cidaris subnobilis to
Triadocidaris, but include in Miocidaris the species Cidaris
subcoronata, which Doederlein placed in an unnamed section 5.
It is probable that various species from the older Jurassic
rocks, such as Cidaris amalthet and C. arietis included by
Doederlein, belong to Miocidaris; but I have not personally
exaniined the type-specimens.
The interambulacrals from the Wellen-dolomite of the
Schwarzwald which Quenstedt (1875, pl. Ixvii. fig. 115)
referred to Cidaris grandeva are to be placed in Ahocidaris.
So also is the specimen from Kirchberg on the Jaxt, which is
the holotype of Cidaris cowva Quenstedt (1875, p. 160,
pl. Ixvii. fig. 110); this is No. 4254 of 'liibingen Geo-
logical Museum, and I owe the opportunity of examining
it to the kindness of Professor Koken and Dr. F. von Huene.
62 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
Quenstedt himself, as we have already noted, associated
Miocidaris coeva and M. keyserlingt.
From the Cassian and Raiblian beds of Bakony come five
or six representatives of this genus, and for two of them new
specific names are proposed in my memoir.
Examination of all this material has led to the following
revised and extended Diagnosis of Miocidaris:—
A Cidarid of moderate size, with the adradial margin of the
interambulacrum sharply bevelled on the inner surface, and
usually, if not always, denticulate, thus flexibly imbricating
over the ambulacrum. Interambulacral plates relatively few,
often wide, with scrobicules circular or elliptic, distinct or
confluent, with main tubercles small or of medium size,
having crenelate bosses. Podial pores not yoked (?).
The differences between this diagnosis and the original
one of Doederlein are explained and justified in my memoir.
W hat we have now to consider is the inclusion of EHotiaris.
Neither in 1899 nor in 1900 did Lambert attempt any diag-
nosis for his new genus, and one must assume that he adopted
for it Doederlein’s diagnosis of Eocidaris (1887), since that
was based solely on the genotype of Hotiaris, LE. keyserlingi.
The only difference discoverable between Doederlein’s diag-
nosis of Hocidaris and his diagnosis of Mvocidaris is that the
former has “ Warzenhdfe elliptisch, etwas vertieft, zusam-
menfliessend,”’ while the latter has ‘* Warzenhofe rund,
schwach vertieft.” Klipstein, however, said of the scrobicule
in the holotype of the genotype of Miocidaris (his fig. 15)
that it was ‘sehr stark vertieft.”” Apart from this flat con-
tradiction, the character cannot lead to a true generic division,
for the species mentioned above present every degree of varia-
tion in this respect. The scrobicules of Miocidaris keyser-
lingi are certainly elliptical (or, more correctly, ‘‘ meridionally
compressed ”’), but it has been shown above that they are
not always confluent. On the other hand, later species of
Miocidaris may have compressed and confluent scrobicules.
The change from circular to compressed scrobicules is one
that takes place during the growth of an individual, and a
similar change may take place in racial history, as does
indeed seem to be the case in T’riadocidaris. But if so, and
in so far as it is of any value, a species with compressed
scrobicules cannot be regarded as the ancestor of one with
circular scrobicules ; therefore if Hottaris has any validity it
cannot be the ancestor of MJiocidaris, as Lambert maintains.
Mr. Lambert may choose which horn of the dilemma he
prefers; I prefer to drop a genus based on so slight and
uncertain a character.
some Species referred to it. — 63
We return now to the statements of Professor Lyman Clark
(1907, p.175), who claims Hocedaris Doederlein as a synonym
of Cidaris, and says that Miocidaris is “too near Cidaris
and Dorocidaris.” In two other notes (March and July
1908) I have discussed Professor Clark’s application of these
generic names, and have accepted Doederlein’s relegation of
Dorocidaris to the synonymy of Cidaris s. str. with genotype
C. papillata. Cidaris as restricted by Clark with genotype
Cidarites metularia Lam. is the genus or subgenus for
which Doederlein (Nov. 1906, p. 100) has resuscitated the
name Cidarites, but to which he previously (1887, p. 42)
applied Pomel’s preferable name Huc¢daris (1883, p. 109).
It is, however, unnecessary for our present purpose to consider
all the minor details of tuberculation, of radioles, and of
pedicellariz, on which the modern genera, subgenera, or
sections are largely based. There are far more important
differences in the structure of the test. So far as I have
been able to ascertain, the sutures between the interambulacral
plates in these later genera are plane vertical joints, and do
not present the bevels, grooves, and ridges of Mvocidaris.
At any rate, the sutures between the interambulacra and
ambulacra are vertical and notched on the vertical surface
for the reception of the ambulacrals; the firmness of this
union is intensified by the thickness and solidity of the united
plates. In Afociduris, on the other hand, as first pointed out
by Doederlein, the adradial margin of the interambulacrum is
bevelled on its inner surface so as to slide over the ambu-
lacrals, and the grooves, corresponding to the notches in
Cidaris, are on the inner face; the ambulacra also thin off to
the ecges, and are throughout much less solid than in later
genera. It is only towards the peristome that the plates
thicken, to form a perignathic girdle, and that the adradial
suture gradually bends to a more vertical position. ‘lhe
perignathic girdle of ALiocidaris is even then not so stout as
that of Cidaris and Hucidaris, and the auricular processes
with which it is provided are nothing like so large or so well
developed as in the later genera. ‘Taking the broadest con-
struction that anyone nowadays places on Cidaris, it does not
seem to me that it can be so extended as to include these
Permian and ‘l'riassic species. And if this be true of Crdaris
in a wide sense, it is still more true of it in the restricted
senses of Clark, of Doederlein, or of Mortensen.
PERMOCIDARIS.
There is still one genus needing discussion, namely
Permocidaris Lambert (1900, pp. 39, 47), since the genotype
64 Mr. F. A. Bather on Eocidaris and
is Cidaris forbesiana Koninck, which Waagen (1885, p. 819,
pl. xev. figs. 5-16) referred to Hocidaris, and since Lambert
also included in his genus two species that have been
attributed to Hoctdaris, namely Cidaris verneuiliana (not
C. keyserling?) and possibly C. cowva Quenst.
Lambert’s remarks may be condensed into the following
diagnosis:—An Archeocidarid with irregular, usually sub-
octagonal interambulacral plates, each with a well-developed
tubercle, perforate, crenelate, devoid of basal terrace, with
smooth scrobicule surrounded by a circle of Jarge granules.
Radioles fusiform, spinulose.
Since I have not yet seen the material described by
Waagen, I shall not waste space on discussing his figures
and description. It should, however, be pointed out that
De Koninck (1863, p. 4) based the species on radioles only,
and that, since these have never been found in actual contact
with the plates, the ascription of the latter to this species
remains an assumption characterized by Waagen as “highly
probable.” It is, of course, on the evidence of the inter-
ambulacral plates that the genus is founded, and as regards
these I will merely note that in most of Waagen’s specimens
the complete outlines were not preserved, so that the shapes
attributed to them are further assumptions. Moreover, it
seems impossible to reconstruct an interambulacrum out of
plates with the outlines indicated. ‘The orientation of the
plates given by Waagen, when compared with the bevelling
of their margins, is found to be quite out of agreement with
the bevelling in other genera of the same general character.
Waagen’s account of the tuberculation is also perplexing and
inconsistent with his figures.
Considering the uncertainty that has so long existed with
regard to the shape of the interambulacrals in C. verneuilana
King, it seems quite possible that C. forbesiana is not really
so anomalous as Waagen’s account would lead one to suppose.
If the structure of the interambulacra agrees with that of
other Archexocidaride (Lepidocidaride mihi), then the sole
feature in which it can be said with certainty to differ from
Eocidaris (s. str.), Archeocidaris (= Echinocrinus), or Cida-
rotropus is the crenelation of the parapet. If, on the other
hand, the interambulacra are of Cidaroid type, then reasons
for separating the genus from Miocidaris have yet to be
supported by adequate evidence.
In the former case it will be obvious to those who have
read the preceding remarks on C. verneuilana King and
C. coeva Quenst. that those species cannot be placed in
Termocidaris. In the latter case C. forbesiana may prove
some Specics referred to tt. 65
congeneric with those two species, and, if so, the name
Permocidaris will be a synonym of Miocidaris.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
The genotype of Hocidaris was not fixed by Desor (1856)
when he founded the genus. Subsequent authors have
removed from the genus all species referred to it by Desor
except Cidaris levispina Sandb. and C. scrobiculata Sandb.,
which are the only two that agree with Desor’s diagnosis.
But no author has yet selected a genotype. Therefore I
select C. /evispina Sandb. as genotype.
The original specimens of Hocidaris levispina are described
and figured, and the original of Sandberger’s pl. xxxv. fig. 2a
(1855) is selected as type (lecto-holotype). The holotype of
Cidaris scrobiculata is also redescribed and figured, and
considered congeneric with C. levispina. On this evidence
Eocidaris is provisionally maintained as an independent
genus of Archeocidaride (=Lepidocidaride). No other
species are placed in Hocidaris.
— Cidaris keyserlingi Geinitz, which has frequently been
referred to Hocidaris, is discussed, and fresh details of its
structure are given. Numerous topotypes of Cidaris ver-
neuiliana King are described and figured, and that species is
proved a synonym of C. keyserlingi. The evidence thus
adduced shows that these fossils belong to JMdocidaris
Doederlein (1887).
Miocidaris is rediagnosed and M. cassiant nom. nov.
(= Cidaris klipsteint Desor, non Marcou) taken as genotype.
The genus is distinguished from the recent Cidaris.
Other species examined and referred to Miccidaris are
Cidaris subcoronata Miinst., C. grandeva Goldf. on the
evidence of Quenstedt’s specimens (1875), and C. coeva
Quenst. Others are alluded to.
It follows that there is no necessity for Hotiarts Lambert,
founded to receive Miocidaris keyserling?.
It also follows that Cidaris verneuiliana King and C. cowva
Quenst. cannot belong to Permocidaris Lambert, a genus that
rests on the inadequately described Cidaris forbesiana De Kon.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Eocidaris levispina (Sandberger).
ig. 1. Lecto-holotype. Interambulacral, original of Sandberger, pl.
xxxv. fig. 2a.
Fig. 2. Interambulacral, original of Sandberger, pl. xxxv. fig. 2 0.
Fig. 3. Interambulacral, original of Sandberger, pl. xxxv. fig. 2.
Fig. 4. Radiole, proximal end, original of Sandberger, pl. xxxv. fig. 2 d:
Ann. & Maq. NeeHrst.. Ser. §. Vol. iit. Hy
Fi
~
66 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
Eocidaris scrobiculata (Sandberger).
Fig. 5. Holotype. Interambulacral, original of Sandberger, pl. xxxv.
fig. 3.
Miocidaris keyserlingi (Geinitz).
(a) Specimens from the Zechstein of Pdssneck.
Fig. 6, Greater part of an interambulacrum, interior view, showing
imbricate sutures, denticulation of adambulacral margin, and
peristomial structures. Brit. Mus. EK. 1121. :
Fig. 7. Radiole, incomplete distally, longitudinally striate. Brit. Mus.
KE, 14,104.
vg. 8. Interambulacral, to show nature of tuberculation. Brit. Mus.
E. 1121, on another part of the rock-fragment that bears the
original of tig. 6"
(4) Specimens from the Magnesian Limestone of Tunstall Hill :
topotypes of Cidaris verneuiliana King.
Fig. 9. Greater part of an interambulacrum, interior view, showing
denticulation of adambulacral margin and peristomial struc-
tures,
Fig. 10, Interambulacrals, from the adapical region of a small individual,
showing slight interradial tuberculation.
Fig. 11. Interambulacral from ambital region of a larger individual,
showing well-marked scrobicular tubercles.
Fig. 12. Interambulacral from ambital region, with scrobicular tubercles
not distinguished from the dense interradial tuberculation.
Fig. 18, A similar interambulacral, with rather less interradial tubercu-
; lation.
Fig. 14. Radiole, subcylindrical, longitudinally striate, non-muricate.
Fig. 15. Radiole, fusiform, murieate in longitudinal series.
Fig. 16, Radiole, fusiform, muricate in transverse series.
Fig. 17. Radiole, subfusiform, very slightly muricate.
Figures 1-5, representing Locidaris, are enlarged 3 diameters. All are
based on photographs, but owing to the dark colour and obscurity of the
specimens the details have been emphasized.
Figures 6-17, representing Miocidaris, are enlarged 6 diameters.
Photographs by Mr. H. Herring. Drawings by Mr. G. T. Gwilliam
and Mr. A. H. Searle, under the direction of the author.
XI.—On the Anatomy and Classification of the Scombroid
Fishes. By C. Tare Regan, M.A.
Mosr schemes of classification of the Teleostean fishes in-
clude a group Scombroidei or Scombriformes, comprising the
Scombridz and Carangide and a varying number of other
families supposed to be related to them. In Boulenger’s
classification the Scombriformes form a division of the
Acanthopterygit, but it is admitted that no good definition
Classification of the Scombrotd Fishes. 67
of them can be given, and, as a matter of fact, none of the
characters used to separate them from the Perciformes is
really distinctive.
The discovery that the Trichiurid genera Lepidopus and
Eupleurogrammus do not conform to Boulenger’s definition
of the Acanthopterygii, as the pelvic bones are remote from
the cleithra (clavicles) and only connected to them by a long
ligament, has led me to look into the anatomy of the
Scombriform fishes.
Asa result I find that the Carangide, Rhachicentride,
Coryphenide, Bramide, and Menide show no special affinity
to the Scombridz and may be placed with the Percoids, but
the remainder of Boulenger’s Scombriformes is a natural
group, which still includes so great a diversity of forms as to
be with difficulty definable.
It is worth notice that none of the five families mentioned
above as rejected from the Scombriformes is known before
the Upper Eocene, but that the true Scombroids were
abundant in the Lower Eocene (London Clay), from which
forms quite as specialized as any living at the present day
are known.
This early specialization of the Scombroids makes it
necessary to consider whether the indirect attachment of
the pelvic bones to the cleithra in the Trichiuridze may not
be.a primitive feature. That this is not the case is shown
by the fact that in all the members of the group which have
well-developed pelvic fins, the pelvic bones are directly
attached to the cleithra—i. e. their anterior extremities are
firmly imbedded in the ligament which connects the cleithra
above the symphysis*. In Lepidopus and Lupleurogrammus
the pelvic fins are reduced to a pair of scales and the pelvis
to a small spicular bone, connected by a long ligament with
the symphysis; this condition may be regarded as secondary
and due to the degeneration of tlie fins.
Consequently the Scombroids may be regarded as an early
offshoot from the Percoid stem, agreeing with the Perches
in most characters, but differing in certain features of
specialization.
Before proceeding to the classification of the true
* Epinnula, the most generalized Trichiuroid, is not represented in
the British Museum. Dr. Th. Gill very kindly examined the specimen
of £. magistralis in the Smithsonian Institution and wrote to me, “the
pelvic bones are attenuated forwards and terminate in a ligament con-
necting with the ‘clavicles’ at their symphysis.” These words describe
the condition [observe in Thyrsites,but on dissecting away the ligament
in which the pelvic bones terminate I find that the latter extend forward,
enclosed in a ligamentous sheath, to between the cleithra.
5*
68 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
Scombroids some account of five families which have hitherto
been placed with them is necessary. ‘These are :—
1. Carangide.
The more generalized members of this family (Seriola,
Naucrates) have the anatomical characters of the Serranide,
there being nothing in the structure of the cranium, verte-
bral column, or pectoral arch to differentiate them from the
latter, whilst genera like Scombrops and Pomatomus (Temno-
don) connect the two families. In the Carangide the
caudal peduncle is more slender, the caudal fin more widely
forked, and the hypural embraced to a greater extent by the
bases of the caudal fin-rays than in the Serranide, but the
close relationship of the two families is evident.
2. Rhachicentridz.
Rhachicentrum has a broad depressed cranium, but the
relative position of the bones is as in normal Perciformes
and as in the Carangide—~. e., the parietals and epiotics are
separated by the supraoccipital, the opisthotics and exoccipi-
tals extend forward to the prootics, the prootics give rise
to an osseous roof for the myodome, alispheuoids and a
basisphenoid are present, but no orbitosphenoid, the pre-
maxillaries are protractile and have a pair of posterior pro-
cesses which slide backwards and forwards on each side of a
keel on the ethmoid, and the maxillaries are expanded
distally. Owing to the depressed form of the cranium the
basioccipital forms the floor of the foramen magnum, and
the exoccipitals are widely separated below ; this feature has
no importance, as in the Carangide both conditions (basi-
occipital entering and excluded from the foramen magnum)
are to be met with.
The pectoral arch is exactly as in generalized Percoids.
The vertebral column consists of 25 vertebre (11414);
there are 9 pairs of ribs, all but the first of which are in-
serted on short parapophyses ; the epipleurals are attached
either to the ribs near their point of insertion or to the
vertebrze just above it. The caudal fin is lunate and the
rays do not embrace the hypural to a greater extent than in
Perch. However much the group Perciformes may be re-
stricted, I cannot see how this type is to be excluded from it.
3. Coryphenidz.
In Coryphena the relative position of the cranial bones is
as described in Rhachicentrum.
i i ii a
Classification of the Scombroid Fishes. 69
The skull is chiefly remarkable for the high median
occipital crest continued forward to above the ethmoid, its
anterior portion formed by the frontals. The ethmoid is
hollowed out anteriorly for the reception of the vertically
placed posterior processes of the premaxillaries. There are
30 to 33 vertebre, the preecaudals without parapophyses, the
ribs and epipleurals inserted together on the ceutra. The
structure of the pectoral arch and of the caudal fin is as in
the Carangide, to which family the Coryphenids may be
related.
4, Bramidz.
The cranium of Brama is strikingly similar to that of
Coryphena. 'Vhe family is distinguished from the preceding
by the expanded coracoids and by tlie structure of the
vertebral column, which comprises 42 to 47 vertebra and
has most of the ribs attached at the extremities of closed
heemal arches.
5. Menide.
Mene appears to be related to Brama, which it resembles
in the structure of the occipital crest, but from which it
differs in that the epiotics meet behind the supraoccipital.
The mouth is very protractile and the maxillaries are ab-
normal, with the mner apophyses much elongated, and
moving in a pair of grooves on the anterior surface of the
vomer. This recalls the condition in the <Allotriognathi,
but differs from it in that the maxillaries are non-pro-
tractile, each being attached to the well-developed maxillary
process of the palatine. The vertebree number 23 (9414)
and the anterior ones are much abbreviated ; the ribs aie
inserted on transverse processes, except the first pair, which
are sessile on the third vertebra, are much enlarged, and are
modified for articulation with the inner posterior edges of
the post-cleithra ; the transverse processes of the fourth
and fifth vertebrxe are enlarged and support the first pair of
ribs from behind.
None of the five families mentioned above appears to me
to be related to the Scombride ; they may all be regarded
as wore or less specialized Percoids. The Carangide,
Coryphenide, and Bramidze have a perch-like mouth
accompanied by a widely forked caudal fin, with the
hypural bone embraced to a considerable extent by the
bases of the caudal fin-rays; but that this latter feature does
70 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
not really indicate relationship to the Scombride is shown
by the fact that Thyrsites has the hypural exposed to the
same extent as in most Perches, but is otherwise so similar
to Scomber in its anatomy as to leave little doubt that the
two genera are closely related.
Recently, in the Introduction to the “ Pisces” volume of
the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ I instanced three appa-
rently natural groups, each of which included forms with the
pelvic bones firmly attached to the cleithra and others with
the pelvic bones remote from them ; to these the Scombroids
may now be added.
Order PERCOMORPHI.
Suborder ScoMBROIDEIL.
Air-bladder without open duct. Maxillaries more or less
firmly attached to the non-protractile premaxillaries, which
are typically produced and pointed anteriorly *. Cranium
with the orbito-rostral portion elongate and the postorbital
portion abbreviate; parietals separated by the supra-
occipital ; no orbitosphenoid; basisphenoid present ; pro-
otics giving rise to an osseous roof for the myodome.
Vertebral column of solid centra which are co-ossitied with
the arches. Pectoral arch attached to the cranium by a
forked post-temporal ; no mesocoracoid ; pterygials more or
less regularly hourglass-shaped, 4 in number, 3 of them
attached to the scapula. Pelvic fins of a spine and 5 soft
rays or variously reduced, thoracic or subthoracic in position,
the pelvic bones attached to the clavicles.
Division I. TricHIURIFORMES.
Caudal fin-rays not deeply forked at the base, the hypural
in great part exposed. Pramaxillaries beak-like, free from
the nasals; mouth toothed, with lateral cleft; strong
anterior canines. Epiotics separated by the supraoccipital.
Gill-membranes free from the isthmus. Pectoral fins
placed low.
Family 1. Gempylide.
Body oblong or elongate, compressed ; maxillary exposed;
spinous dorsal longer than the soft; anal with 3 spines,
* The very aberrant and highly specialized Zuvarus is the only
exception. r
Classification of the Scombroid Fishes. 71
similar to the soft dorsal; each pelvic fin of a spine and
5 soft rays or reduced to a spine only ; caudal fin present.
Rays of the spinous dorsal equal in number to the vertebrze
below them, each interneural usually attached to a neural
spine ; rays of soft dorsal and anal more crowded (except
the isolated finlets, when present), about twice as numerous
as the corresponding vertebre; pelvic bones separate,
anteriorly extending forward to the cleithra and firmly
imbedded in the ligament between them. Vertebrie
31 (15+16) * to 53 (28425); anterior precaudals without
parapophyses, with sessile ribs ; posterior precaudals with
ribs attached at the extremities of closed hamal arches ;
epipleurals attached to the centra.
Epinnula, Ruvettus, Thyrsites, Nealotus, Prometichthys,
Gempylus.
The Oligocene Thyrsitocephalus appears to belong to this
family.
Family 2. Trichiuride.
Body very elongate, strongly compressed; maxillary
sheathed by the preorbital; spinous dorsal, if distinct, not
longer than the soft; anal with numerous short spines ;
pelvic fins reduced to a pair of scale-like appendages, or
absent ; caudal small or absent. Dorsal and anal rays
corresponding to the vertebra, each interneural or inter-
hemal attached to a neural or hemal spine; pelvic bones,
if present, united to form a slender spicular bone connected
with the cleithra by a long ligament. Vertebre numerous,
100 (43457) to 159 (3894+120) or more; ribs feeble,
sessile.
Aphanopus, Evoxymepoton, Lepidopus, Benthodesmus, Eu-
pleurogrammus, Trichiurus.
Lepidopus is known from Oligocene deposits.
Division II. ScomBrirorMEs.
Hypural nearly or quite hidden by the deeply forked
bases of the caudal fin-rays. Premaxillaries beak-lke, free
from the nasals, which are separated by the ethmoid; mouth
toothed, with lateral cleft; no canines. Epiotics separated
by the supraoccipital. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus.
Pectoral tins placed high.
* Tam indebted to Dr. Gillfor a radiograph of Epinnula, which shows
the vertebrae to number 31 (15416). In Thyrsites prometheus there are
34 vertebrae.
72 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
Family 1. Scombride.
Body fusiform ; spinous dorsal not longer than the soft ;
anal with 1 to 3 feeble spines ; posterior rays of soft dorsal
and anal forming separate finlets; each pelvic fin of a spine
and 5 branched rays; pelvic bones extending forward to the
cleithra. Vertebre 31 to 66; anterior precaudals without
parapophyses, with sessile ribs; posterior precaudals with
ribs attached at the extremities of closed hemal arches;
epipleurals on the centra.
Scomber, Thunnus, Acanthocybium, Gastrochisma, &c.,
allied genera commence in the Lower Eocene.
Division III. LuvarirorMeEs.
Hypural nearly or quite hidden by the bases of the caudal
fin-rays. Maxillaries broad and thin, attached to the feeble
premaxillaries, which are not produced into a beak and have
short ascending processes for attachment to the ethmoid.
Mouth small, anterior ; teeth very feeble. Epiotics much
enlarged and meeting behind the supraoccipital, which is
carried forward to above the ethmoid. Gill-membranes
broadly joined to the isthmus. Pectoral fins placed rather
low.
Family 1. Luvaride.
23 vertebre ; ribs sessile. Post-temporal fused with the
supra-cleithrum. Pelvic bones united. Dorsal and anal rays
flexible, non-articula‘ed.
Luvarus imperalis, a large pelagic fish resembling a Tunny,
is the only known species.
Division IV. XipHi1roRMEs.
Hypural nearly or quite hidden by the bases of the caudal
fin-rays*. A long pointed rostrum, formed by the united
premaxillaries and by the nasals, the latter meeting in front
of the ethmoid and then diverging and tapering forward.
Mouth with lateral cleft; teeth small or absent. Epiotics
separated by the supraoccipital. Gill-membianes free from
the isthmus. Pectoral fins placed low.
* Owing to the courtesy of Dr. Smith Woodward I have been able
to verify this character in Paleorhynchus and Blochius.
Classification of the Scombroid Tishes. ‘ie
Family 1. Palzorhynchide.
Vertebrx: 50 to 60 in number ; pelvic fins 6-rayed. Neural
and hemal spines with thin posterior laminar expansions.
Scales, if present, thin and cycloid.
Paleorhynchus and Hemirhynchus from Eocene, Oligocene,
and Miocene deposits.
Diagrams showing the structure of the rostrum in Acanthocybium (a),
Histiophorus (b), Xiphias (c), and Xiphiorhynchus (d).
pmx, premaxillary ; m2, maxillary ; na, nasal; eth, « thinoid ;
Jr, frontal.
74. Anatomy and Classification of Scombrvid Fishes.
Family 2. Histiophoride.
Vertebrz 24 or 25 in number; pelvic fins 1- to 3-rayed.
Neural and hzmal spines expanded into strong overlapping
laminz; ribs sessile. Scales present. Rostrum rounded in
transverse section ; teeth present ; a predentary bone ; nasals
broadly attached to anterior edges of frontals ; maxillary of
nearly equal width throughout its length.
Histiophorus and Tetrapturus, perhaps dating back to the
Eocene.
Family 3. Blochiide.
24vertebre. Pelvic fins absent. Neural and hemal spines
not expanded. Ribs apparently sessile. Body covered with
slightly imbricated, diamond-shaped, bony scutes; two
longitudinal series of enlarged scutes on each side.
Blochius longirostris, from the Upper Eocene of Monte
Bolca, attaining a length of one metre.
Family 4. Xiphiida.
26 vertebre. Pelvic fins absent. Neural and hemal
spines not expanded. Ribs inserted on transverse processes.
Scales absent in the adult. Rostrum depressed ; no teeth
in the adult; no predentary bone; nasals extending back
on each side of the ethmoid and just reaching the frontals ;
maxillary formed of an expanded anterior and a rod-like
posterior portion.
The adult Xiphias gladius differs considerably from
Blochius, but very young specimens clearly show its relation-
ship to the extinct genus. An example of nearly 200 mm.
in the British Museum is very similar to Blochius longirostris,
resembling it in the long slender jaws, the elongate body
with the greatest depth just behind the head, and the con-
tinuous dorsal fin. The body is covered with rough, non-
imbricated scales, with 4 longitudinal series of enlarged
scales on each side, 2 corresponding in position to the lateral
series in B ochius and the others running at the base of the
dorsal and anal fins.
The Lower Eocene Acestrus may belong to the Xiphiide.
Ou
On the Classification of Teleostean Fishes. 7
Family 5. Xiphiorhynchida.
Rostrum rounded in transverse section; teeth present;
nasals widely separated from the frontals by the broad
ethmoid; maxillary formed of an expanded anterior and a
rod-like posterior portion.
Xiphiorhynchus of the Lower and Middle Eocene.
XII.—The Classification of Teleostean Fishes.
By C. Tate Reaan, M.A.
BeroreE proceeding to the classification of the Teleostei two
questions must be discussed, viz. the rank and the limits of
the group.
I have already expressed the opinion that the true Fishes
are at least as distinct from the Selachians on the one hand
and the Batrachians on the other as any of the vertebrate
classes are from each other, and are equally entitled to rank
asaclass*, The class Pisces differs from the Selachii in the
presence of two external nasal openings on each side; the
reduction of the interbranchial septa; the development of an
air-bladder or lung ;_ the bony exoskeleton, typically including
paired nasal, frontal and parietal bones, a parasphenoid, an
operculum, a series of bones, post-temporal, supra-cleithrum,
cleithrum and clavicle, overlying the primary pectoral arch
and connecting it with the cranium, scales and articulated
fin-rays ; the development of bones in or on the visceral
arches, premaxilla, maxilla, palatine, pterygoids, quadrate,
dentary, &c.; the presence of supra-neural arches (well-
developed in Chondrostei and Dipneusti, less evident when
centra are formed). ‘'he Batrachians are separated from the
Pisces especially by the presence of true internal nares and of
a fenestra ovalis, the modification of the paired fins into penta-
dactyle limbs and of the hyomandibular into the stapes, and
the absence of endoskeletal supports and dermal rays from
the median fins.
Whilst recognizing the importance of the characters which
distinguish the Pisces from the Selachii, I have hitherto
been so conservative as to regard these groups as sub-classes
only, using the name T'eleostomi for the former. The groups
which I formerly recognized as orders of the sub-class
* Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 724, and Biol. Centr.-Am.. Pisces,
p. vill (1908).
76 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
Teleostomi, viz. Chondrostei, Teleostei, Crossopterygii, and
Dipneusti, I now regard as.sub-classes of the class Pisces,
These four sub-classes may be arranged in two series: in the
Actinopterygian series (Chondrostei and Teleostei) the duct
of the air-bladder opens dorsally or dorso-laterally into the
alimentary canal, the branchiostegals retain their primitive
serial arrangement, and the supports of the paired fins are
either in the form of a series of parallel pterygiophores each
of which is segmented into a basal and a radial portion or are
modified from this plan by a simple process of concentration
and reduction; in the Crossopterygian series (Crossopterygii
and Dipneusti) the opening of the pneumatic duct is ventral,
the branchiostegals are replaced by a pair of gular plates,
and the paired fins are more or less lobate, with their
supports tending to the biserial arrangement with axial
basalia.
The Teleostei are well marked off from the Chondrostei
by the absence of clavicles and of pelvic radials, the reduction
in number of the dorsal and anal fin-rays, so that each has
its own pterygiophore, and the shortening of the upturned
axis of the caudal fin, which is homocercal or abbreviate
heterocercal. Thus defined they include the Holostei, a
group which cannot, in my opinion, be maintained.
The ordinal names are not formed on any definite plan, but
usually have some reference to the peculiarities of the group ;
it seems to me useful always to form subordinal names
with the termination -ozde7, and when families are arranged in
divisions or superfamilies to give these groups names ending
in -formes.
Synopsis of the Orders and Sub-orders of the
Sub-class Teleostet.
I. Splenial well developed.
A. Vertebral centra incomplete, or with alternating pleuro- and
hypo-centra in the caudal region .. 1. Protospondyli.
1. Preemaxillaries meeting in the middle line; caudal fin supported
by little expanded hzemal spines.
No endochondral supraoccipital; parietals
united by suture; opercular bones com-
os i Ee ee eee Py an Oe eee la, Amioidei.
An endochondral supraoccipital; parietals
united by suture ; opercular bones com-
ghee tee pis Souls ceN es a hee iee ape 1b. Dapediodei.
No endochondral supraoccipital; parietals
separated by a median dermal bone; sub-
and inter-operculum absent .......... lc. Pycnodontoidei.
2. Premaxillaries separated by an ethmo-vomerine rostrum; lower
lobe of caudal fin supported by a single much expanded
HWA SPIRE Mewes ees ce eae s 1d, Pachycormoidei
Classification of Teleostean Fishes. (a;
B. Vertebral centra complete, annular or biconcave; no separate
pete, ; p
pleuro-centra and hypo-centra.... 2. Aspidorhynchii.
C. Vertebral centra complete, opisthoccelous; no separate pleuro-
centra and hypo-centra .......... 3. Ginglymodt.
II. No splenial; an endochondral supraoccipital; vertebral centra
complete.
A. A mesocoracoid f.
1. No Weberian ossicles; maxillary entering the gape to a greater
or less extent and not acting as a lever for the protraction of
the preemaxillaries; mesethmoid unpaired.
4, Isospondylt.
a. Frontals united by suture.
az. Mouth not protractile.
* Parapophyses autogenous or parietals separated by
supraoccipital.
Parietals present .......... arava sbaey eta aare . 4a. Clupeoidei.
PaieieialsyAWSCMD 6.5) oj<.2 aievs «cise assis thy ee 4b. Stomiatoidei.
** Parapophysesco-ossified with centra ; parietals meeting,
separating frontals from supraoccipital.
Entopterygoid articulating with a lateral peg
of the parasphenoid ................ 4 ¢, Osteoglossoidei.
On each side of the skull a lateral foramen or
cartilaginous area superiorly and a vesi-
cular diverticulum of the air-bladder
MEMUSEAOE Winter Nfeis cy s-ele's sie "tt c.o.e nls tae 4d. Notopteroidei.
On each side of the skull superiorly a lateral
foramen lodging a vesicle which has lost
its connection with the air-bladder .... 4e. Mormyroidei.
8. Mouth protractile; maxillaries not articulated to the
(cuits) 0 VE ha i ee tse. Af, Phractolemoidei.
b. Frontals united to form a single bone; gill-membranes
joined to the isthmus........ 49. Gonorhy nehoidei,
ce. Frontals completely Peamied ; eill-menibranes joined to
the isthmus ...... Me epee 4h. Cromerioidei.
2. Weberian ossicles present........ 5. Ostariophyst.
Parietals distinct; pterygoids, symplectic
and opercular bones all present ; anterior
vertebrae more or less distinct ........ 5a, Cyprinoidei.
Parietals united with supraoccipital; no
metapterygoid, symplectic, or suboper-
culum ; anterior vertebrze co-ossified ., 56. Siluroidei.
B. No mesocoracoid.
Ag eS autogenous.
. Parietals united by suture; mesethmoid unpaired ; physo s0-
Glistie cae earn tae a ait abla || OmPLeererones
6. Parietals separated by the supraoccipital ; paired dermal
ethmoids; physostomous .... 7. Haplom.
Pectoral pterygials normal............. . 7a, Esocoidei.
Pectoral pterygials represented by a cartila-
SINOMS PlAGOM A, eet -\ts)dalcusieis'icis os ts, #0: Dallioidei.
+ Absent in some Argentinidee and Siluride did in the Galaxiidee
and Haplochitonidee.
73 . Mr. C. T. Regan on the
2. Parapophyses co-ossified with centra.
a. Physostomous {; pelvic fins, if present, abdominal.
a. Premaxillaries nearly excluding the maxillaries from the
oral border; body eel-shaped; no paired fins ; vertical
fins corilWant ) i) fs's sais ene 8. Symbranchit,
Pectoral arch attached to the skull by a
forked post-temporal ................ 8a. Symbranchoidei.
Pectoral arch free from the skull; no post-
RORMPDOERU Sesh Bi x tiene Avec he wie 6 O98 8b. Amphipnoidei.
B. Premaxillaries absent; maxillaries articulated with the
fixed ethmo-vomer; quadrate fixed; pectoral arch free
from the skull ; body eel-shaped.
9. Apodes,
Large interbranchial slits; tongue present ;
opercular bones well developed........ 9a. Anguilloidei.
Small interbranchial slits; no tongue; oper-
cular bones reduced ..........+--> .. 9b. Murzenoidei.
y. Preemaxillaries absent; maxillaries meeting anteriorly and
suspended by the integument from a movable ethmoidal
rostrum ; quadrate movably articulated with the hyu-
mandibular; pectoral arch far behind the skull; body
CBBHAPOR...cyidss iss nde ay 10. Lyomeri.
6, Preemaxillaries excluding maxillaries from oral border;
parapophyses short or absent ; epineurals present ; orbito-
sphenoid present and parietals united by suture or post-
temporals nearly meeting above supraoccipital; an
RGIPOSE DA ie ee whe ay 11. Iniomi.
e. Premaxillaries excluding maxillaries from oral border ;
all precaudal vertebre with strong transverse pro-
cesses; no epineurals; no orbitosphenoid; _parietals
separated by supraoccipital; post-temporals lateral ; no
adipose HA ese. ey wea 12. Microeyprini.
b. Physoclistic; pelvic bones not directly attached to the
cleithra § ; orbito-sphenoid absent or vestigial ; maxillary
not protractile.
a. Lower pharyngeals completely united; fins without
SAVISION “ics wis ice, Rivie Ola Gee ae 13. Synentognathi.
B. Lower pharyngeals separate.
* On each side a dermal plate (ectocoracoid) which in the
adult is united by suture to the cleithrum and co-
ossified with the coracoid. 14. Thoracostei,
*#* No ectocoracoids.
t Snout tubiform; parietals absent; pterotic extending
downwards to basioccipital.
15. Solenichthyes.
Mouth toothed; gills pectinate; anterior
vertebre elongate, with transverse pro-
cesses on each side united to formashelf:
lower 3 pectoral pterygials enlarged .. 15a. Aulostomoidei.
t{ Some Cyprinodontide have recently been shown to be physoclistic.
§ Except in the Luciocephalide and some Anubantide, which seem
clearly related to forms with abdominal pelvic fins.
Classification of Teleostean Fishes. 79
Mouth toothless; gills pectinate; anterior
vertebree elongate, with separate trans-
verse processes; pectoral pterygials
BONE ages Arnel ee tat ara a oy aah 15 6, Centriscoidei.
Mouth toothless; gills lobate; caudal verte-
bree very short; pectoral arch normally
attached to skull ; post-temporal and
supra-cleithrum similar to stellate ossifi-
CAMONIS OM MOG = atten tarts a ve cat ate 2 os 15 c. Solenostomoidei.
Mouth toothless; gills lobate ; caudal verte-
bree normal; post-temporal simple, sutu-
rally united to the cranium ; no supra-
cleithrum ; cleithrum firmly attached to
the transverse processes of the two
anterior vertebree; body enclosed in
[OLE XG ne OO rear 15d. Syngnathoidei.
tt Snout not tubiform; parietals present; pterotic not
reaching basioccipital.
§ Body enclosed in bony rings ; mouth inferior.
16. Hypostomides.
§§ Body naked or scaly; skeleton well ossified; a
homocercal caudal fin.
¢@ No suprabranchial organ ; anterior rays of dorsal
and anal spinous ; pelvic fins abdominal, with-
out spines, each of 7 to 9 rays.
17. Salmoperce.
op No suprabranchial organ; a spinous dorsal ;
pelvic fins abdominal, each of a spine and 5
branched rays .... 18. Percesoces.
Pectoral fin and pterygials normal ........ 18a, Mugiloidei.
Pectoral fin with a lower detached portion
formed of free filaments; pterygials
represented by a plate attached to the
edge of scapula and coracoid.......... 186, Polynemoidei.
ppp A suprabranchial organ.
19. Labyrinthict.
Fins without spines, the pelvics 6-rayed ;
suprabranchial organ not labyrinthic ;
air-bladder simple -..........2-..0. 19a, Ophiocephaloidei.
Fins usually with spines, each pelvic of a
spine and 5 soft rays or further reduced ;
suprabranchial organ labyrinthic; air-
bladder bifurcated posteriorly ........ 19, Anabantoidei.
§§§ Body naked or scaly; skeleton in great part
cartilaginous; a homocercal caudal fin; no fin-
spines.
Pelvis represented by two separate cartilages
far behind the cleithra; pectoral ptery-
CRUE AY ORTA: NM eG rahe th he hale! «) 1 cen 20. Malacichthyes.
Pelvis unpaired, cartilaginous, articulating
above with a cartilage embraced by the
cleithra ; pectoral pterygials represented
by a cartilaginous plate .......00.000. 21. Chondrobrachii.
80 - Mr. C. T. Regan on the
§§§§ Body naked or scaly ; skeleton well ossified ; no
homocercal caudal tin; opisthotic extending
downwards to the basioccipital.
22. Anacanthini.
c. Physoclistic ; pelvic bones embraced by or articulated to the
coracoids ; pelvic fins without spines, often with numerous
rays; maxillary free, protractile. 23. AJdlotriognathi.
a. Body deep; skeleton well ossified; an occipital crest;
lower pharyngeals toothed; post-temporal forked; an
orbitosphenoid.
Frontals normal, in contact below with the
mesethmoid and orbitosphenoid; ribs
sessile ; pelvic bones articulated to the
greatly expanded coracoids; each pelvic
hor 15-to:17 Taye) ss s.5 he Ae Aton. v es be 23 a. Lamproidei.
Frontals forming the lateral walls of a
chamber, the floor of which is formed
by cartilage containing the mesethmoid
‘and orbitosphenoid ossifications; ribs on
parapophyses ; pelvic bones not articu-
lated to the coracoids; each pelvic fin
OF er 9 syed Sit wher ene une oe 236. Veliferoidei.
B. Body elongate; skeleton feebly ossified; no occipital
crest ; lower pharyngeals toothless; post - temporal
simple.
An orbitosphenoid ; epiotics meeting behind
the supraoccipital ; palatine and ptery-
goids present ; neural and hzmal spines
present ; body ribbon-shaped ........ 23 c. Trachypteroidei.
No orbitosphenoid; epiotics separated by the
supraoccipital; no palatine; pterygoids
represented by a single small element ;
no neural and hemal spines; body eel-
shaped vreau ds Gia. % se eews aeee 23 d. Stylophoroidei.
d. Physoclistie; cranium symmetrical; an orbitosphenoid or
pelvic bones directly attached to the cleithra; pelvic fins
usually with more than 6 rays, the first of which may be
spinous ; maxillary attached proximally to a process of the
palatine ..............+... 24. Berycomorphi.
Xn: erbitosphenoid «. «25 sis aa Ke clean oe 24a. Berycoidei.
No orbitosphenoid ..-. ...00:ceeek ss cnmems 24 b. Zeoidei.
e. Physoclistic ; cranium asymmetrical; pelvic bones directly
attached to the cleithra; fins without spines.
25. Heterosomata.
jf. Physoclistic; cranium symmetrical; pelvic bones directly
attached to the cleithrat; each pelvic fin of a spine and
5 soft rays or still further reduced ; no orbitosphenoid.
a. Post-temyoral more or less distinctly forked, attached to
the epiotic above and to the opisthotic or exoccipital
below.
* Spinous dorsal not forming an adhesive disc.
26. Percomorphi.
{ Except in the Trichiuride and Tetragonuride, in which the indirect
attachment is assumed to be due to degeneration.
Classification of Teleostean Fishes. 81
+ No bony stay for the przoperculum.
Pelvic fins subthoracic, thoracic or jugular,
each of 5 or 6 rays, the first of which
is spinous; ribs, if present, normal ;
premaxillaries more or less protractile ;
opisthotic not enlarged .............. 26 a, Percoidei.
Pelvic fins subthoracie or thoracic; ribs
normal ; preemaxillaries not protractile,
typically produced and pointed; opisth-
Oticmmotienilar ged si... to cc-leto is oo, 00ehe ste 26 b. Scombroidei.
Pelvic fins thoracic; ribs expanded, forming
a series of juxtaposed rings enclosing
themaim-bladdor® jitat.23 Wet 4 Syeha 26 c. Kurtoidei.
Pelvic fins thoracic; opisthotic enlarged, ex-
tending downwards to the basioccipital. 26 d. Gobioidei.
Pelvic fins jugular or mental, each of 1 to 4
rays, the first of which may be spinous ;
parasphenoid sending up a wing on each
side which is joined by suture to the
BUTT LS Pere S ears aes Dalene sila eree ths. 26 e. Blennioidei.
tt Third suborbital produced to or towards the pra-
Gpercwling Sey veto tee se 26 f. Scorpzenoidei.
** Spinous dorsal modified into an adhesive dise placed
Onkthe headtsct. texas in 27. Discocephal.
8. Post-temporal simple, rod-like, directed outwards, at
right angles to the horizontal, backwardly directed
supra-cleithrum ; cranium depressed ; pterygoids reduced
to a single small element united to the quadrate; ribs
attached at the extremities of sessile epipleurals; an
adhesive ventral disc bounded posteriorly by the post-
cleithra, which meet in the middle line and are attached
PONG ON PELVIS 5 ole aisen vice vinyls 28. Xenoptert.
y. Post-temporal, if present as a distinct element, small,
simple, suturally united with the cranium ; ribs absent ;
gill-openings reduced.
* Pelvic fins, if present, subthoracie or thoracic; parietals
Sbsehtie chia sary eee 29. Plectognathi,
Post-temporal distinct, suturally united with
the pterotic; supra-cleithrum vertical ;
pectoral pterygials not enlarged ...... 29 a. Balistoidei.
Post-temporal co-ossified with the pterotic ;
supra-cleithrum oblique or horizontal ;
lower three pectoral pterygials en-
LST el RA Pe ea Dee ei oe 29 6. Tetrodontoidei.
** Pelvic fins, if present, jugular; parietals present ;
pectoral pterygials elongate.
30. Pediculati.
Spinous dorsal normal; epiotics separated
by the supraoccipital ; epipleurals pre-
sent; 4 or 5 pectoral pterygials ...... 30a. Batrachoidei,
Spinous dorsal, if present, modified in struc-
ture and position, the anterior rays on
§ Except in the Comephoride, which have the skeleton feebly ogsified,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 6
82 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
the head; epiotics meeting behind the
supraoccipital ; no epipleurals; 2 or 3
pectoral pterygials ...........-.-..-: 30 6. Lophioidei.
§ No post-temporal ; pectoral arch attached to the vertebral
OMNIA OF; veh feet yu aise bie 31. Opisthomi.
The synopsis given above is a modification and amplifica-
tion of one which formed part of a paper on teleostean classi-
fication read to the section of Systematic Zoology of the
International Zoological Congress at Boston in 1907, and
which will no doubt be published at some future date.
Later on I hope to give more detailed accounts of the
anatomy and classification of some of the less known groups,
but within the limits of the present paper only a few brief
notes on some points which need elucidation are possible.
ISOSPONDYLI.
In some external characters Retropinna is intermediate
between Osmerus and Prototroctes. Retropinna, Salanz, and
Microstoma are Argentinide which have no mesocoracoid.
The Argentinide, Haplochitonide, and Galaxiide are
extremely similar in osteology, dentition, and in the absence
of oviducts, and are undoubtedly closely related.
It is. possible to maintain the order Isospondyli, with the
addition of the Haplochitonide and Galaxiide, by taking
into consideration the mouth-structure, the maxillary entering
the gape to a greater or less extent (almost excluded in
Haplocbitonidee), and the unpaired ethmoid. As_ thus
defined, the Haplomi, Iniomi, and Microcyprini are excluded.
The cretaceous Enchodontide fall into the division Stomia-
toidei ; they agree with the Stomiatide in the structure of
the skull and of the mouth.
The Kneriidz, known to me from external characters only,
show considerable resemblance to the Gonorhynchide, and
may pertain to this order.
HETEROMI.
Boulenger has pointed out that the Lipogenide are inter-
mediate in fin-structure between the Halosauride and Nota-
canthide. These three families constitute the order Hete-
romi, from which I would exclude the Dercetide, in my
opinion probably belonging to the Iniomi, and the Fieras-
feride, which are without question specialized Brotulide.
In skeletal characters Halosaurus and Notacanthus agree
in that the orbito-rostral part of the cranium is elongate, the
parietals meet, opisthotics, basisphenoid, alisphenoids, and
jf
Classification of Teleostean Fishes. 83
orbitosphenoid are absent, the parasphenoid unites with the
spenotic (post-frontal) in front of the prootic, the post-tem-
poral is simple or ligamentous, the scapula is lamellar and
imperforate, the preecaudal vertebre have autogenous para-
pophyses, epineurals are present, &c.
HAPLOMI.
The Haplomias now restricted comprise only the Umbride,
Esocide, and Dalliide, a very primitive group agreeing with
the Isospondyli in mouth-structure, but unique in the character
of the paired ethmoids.
APODES.
I have defined the Apodes as lacking premaxillaries, and
I am very sceptical as to their presence in Derichthys. If we
neglect this character, Derichthys is very similar to the
Anguillide, in many of which (e. g. Conger) there is what
may be a premaxillary dentition distinct from that of the
vomer, although there is no separate premaxillary bone.
Dr. Gill does not tell us that he dissected his specimen of Der-
ichthys serpentinus in order to ascertain the limits of the
premaxillaries, and it seems not improbable that he may have
inferred the presence of these bones as separate elements
from the presence of a well-defined premaxillary dentition.
The Cretaceous Anguillavide and Urenchelide have a
distinct caudal fin, and small abdominal pelvic fins are
present in the former.
LYOMERI.
The presence of parietals, the transverse processes anky-
losed with the centra, the restricted gill-openings, &ce. indicate
the derivation of the Lyomeri from the Apodes and not from
the Stomiatoids. The Synaphobranchide approach them in
their rather broad skull, long slender maxillaries, backwardly
directed suspensorium, absence of pterygo-palatine arcade, &c.
INIOMI.
The order Iniomi includes the Aulopide, Synodontide,
Odontostomide. Paralepide, Alepidosauride, and Mycto-
phide ; probably also the Rondeletiidae and the extinct
Chirothricide and Dercetide. The name Iniomi may be
retained for this group, although in Aulopus the forked post-
temporal is firmly attached to the epiotic above and the
opisthotic below; this generalized type has two supra-
maxillaries and shows considerable resemblance in cranial
84 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
structure to the Elopide ; the orbitosphenoid, however, is
rather anomalous ; it is placed far forward and forms an
interorbital septum extending from the parasphenoid to the
frontals, whilst posteriorly paired inferior ridges of the
frontals separate it from the alisphenoids. ‘The protractile
premaxillaries exclude the maxillaries from the oral border,
and this feature distinguishes Aulopus from all Isospondyli.
In Iniomi other than the Aulopide the post-temporals nearly
meet in the middle line above the supraoccipital, but are
attached by ligament to the epiotics, the maxillaries may
become reduced and closely attached to the premaxillaries,
the orbitosphenoid tends to disappear, and the parietals may
become separated by the supraoccipital (Myctophide).
MICROCYPRINI.
The order Microcyprini includes the Cyprinodontide and
Amblyopsidz, usually considered to be allied to the Esocide,
which they resemble in fin-structure.
TTHORACOSTEI.
The order Thoracostei comprises the Gastrosteida and
Aulorhynchide. Swinnerton* has shown that the dermal
plate which appears as part of the coracoid is in reality a
distinct element. I cannot accept Jungersen’s view that
these fishes belong to the Scorpenoidei, although I readily
admit that the Aulostomoids are more distinct from the
Thoracostei than I recently considered them to be.
SOLENICHTHYES.
In a valuable memoir Jungersen ¢ has pointed out the
features which show that the Aulostomoids, Centriscoids, and
Lophobranchii form a natural group, to which the ordinal
name Solenichthyes, recently proposed by me for the Cen-
triscoids only, may be applied.
HYPOSTOMIDES.
The Pegasidee show certain resemblances to the Scorpeenoid
Agonide and Dactylopteride, but they also exhibit some
important differences from them, especially in the truly abdo-
minal pelvic fins.
SALMOPERC.
I am unable to find a pneumatic duct in the Percopside,
which have hitherto been said to be physostomous. The
* Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlix. 1905, p. 363.
t Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. (7) yi. 1908, p. 41.
Classification oj Teleostean Fishes. 85
Aphredoderide are precisely similar to them in their anatomy,
and these two closely related families constitute the order
Salmoperce.
LABYRINTHICI.
The suborder Anabantoidei comprises the Luciocephalide
and Anabantide, the latter including the Osphromenide,
which I am unable to recognize even asa distinct family,
although Boulenger has widely separated them from the
Anabantoids.
MALACICHTHYES.
The order Malacichthyes is equal to the family Icosteide,
1. e. Lcosteus and Acrotus *, of very uncertain relationships.
(CHONDROBRACHII.
This order comprises the Ateleopide, a very remarkable
and isolated group of fishes.
PERCOMORPHI.
In some members of this order the lower fork of the post-
temporal is very short (e. g. Acanthuride), in others the
upper limb may be expanded and suturally united to the
skull (Agonide, Triglide) ; further, the interspaces between
it and the lower limb may be filled in by osseous lamine,
so that the post-temporal may form an integral part of the
skull (e. g. Callionymus).
Of the suborders of the Percomorphi the Percoidei is by far
the largest, and its classification is a matter of some difficulty.
It is equivalent to Boulenger’s Perciformes, after the exclu-
sion of the Berycoids and Osphromenide, with the addition
of the Stromateide, Tetragonuride, Carangide, Rhachi-
centridee, Coryphenide, Bramide, Menide, Percophiide,
Ammodytide, ‘l'rachinide, Champsodontide, Leptoscopide,
Uranoscopide, Parapercidw, Trichonotide, Nototheniide,
Callionymide, and Agriopide.
Hitherto the indirect attachment of the pelvic bones to the
cleithra has usually been regarded as a primitive feature, but
it is difficult to see why this should always be so. It is
scarcely open to question that the ligamentous connexion
between the post-temporal and the epiotic in Synodus is
derived from a direct attachment, as seen in Aulopus. If the
pelvic fins can migrate backwards from a thoracic to a sub-
abdominal position by elongation of the pelvic bones, which
* [ have examined the type of Levchthys lockingtoni, which is a species
of Centrolophus.
86 On the Classification of Teleostean Fishes.
seems to have happened in the Cirrhitiformes, why should
they not do so by elongation of the ligament which binds the
pelvic bones to the cleithra? In the cases of the Stroma-
teide and Tetragonuride and of the Gempylide and ‘Trichi-
uride it is in the more specialized and degenerate forms that
the pelvic bones are attached to the cleithra by a rather long
ligament. In the Labyrinthici and Berycomorphi it is quite
different ; in each of these the forms with the pelvic bones
remote from the cleithra (Ophiocephalus, Polymixia) are the
more generalized, differing from the rest in that the pelvic
fins are composed of articulated rays only.
The suborder Scombroidei includes the divisions Trichiur:-
formes, Scombriformes, Luvariformes, and Xiphiiformes ; a
more detailed account of this group is given in a separate
paper.
XENOPTERI.
I am quite in agreement with Dr. Gill as to the ordinal
distinctness of the Gobiesocide, and I am unable to appre-
ciate their supposed close relationship to the Callionymide ;
the latter are not very different from the Parapercide and
Nototheniide. .
PLECTOGNATHI.
The bones named parietals in my memoir on this group
may include those elements, but should preferably be termed
eplotics,
Bibliography.
The following deal with the classification of Teleostean
Fishes in general; the numerous memoirs dealing with
the anatomy and classification of particular groups are not
included :—
(1) Corr. “Observations on the Systematic Relations of the Fishes,”
Proc, Amer. Assoc. xx. 1871, p. 317.
(2) GténrHER. Introduction to the Study of Fishes (1880),
(3) Copr. “Synopsis of the Families of Vertebrata,” Amer, Nat. xxiii.
1889, p. 274.
(4) Smira Woopwarp. Catalogue of Fossil Fishes (1889-1901).
(5) Grit. “ Families and Subfamilies of Fishes,” Mem. Ac. Washing-
ton, vi. 1893, p. 127.
(6) GoopE and Bran. Oceanic Ichthyology (1896).
(7) Jonpan and EvERMANN. Fishes of North and Middle America
(1896-1900).
(8) BouLENGER. Cambridge Natural History, Fishes (1904),
(9) Jonpan. Guide to the Study of Fishes (1905).
(10) Grecory. ‘The Orders of Teleostomous Fishes,’ Ann. Ac, N.
York, xvii. 1907, p. 437.
a i at
Geological Society. 87
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
November 4th, 1908.—Prof. W. J. Sollas, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
‘On the Fossil Plants of the Waldershare and Fredville Series of
the Kent Coalfield” By E. A. Newell Arber, M.A., F.LS., F.G.S.
At the boring at Shakespeare Cliff, Dover, Coal-Measures were
reached in 1890 at adepth of 1100 feet, and subsequently penetrated
to a depth of about 2270 feet. Thirteen seams of coal, varying in
thickness from 1 to 4 feet, were pierced. Coal-Measures were struck
at 1394 feet at the boring in Waldershare Park, and pierced for
1260 feet more. Five seams of coal, varying from 1 foot 4 inches to
5 feet 2 inches in thickness, were struck. The boring near Fredville
Park reached Coal-Measures at 1363 feet, pierced three seams of
coal, and was continued to a depth of 1813 feet. The specimens
of plants collected from the Waldershare and Fredville borings are
dealt with in detail, and compared with plants found at Dover and
in other localities in Britain and abroad. The more abundant
and characteristic species are common to Waldershare and Fred-
ville, and lead to the conclusion that the beds belong to the
same horizon. The majority of species tabulated are either
confined to the Upper Coal-Measures and the Transition Series
below, or are Middle and Lower Coal-Measure forms which are
known to occur in the Transition Series. Indeed, all but two
plants have been recorded from the last horizon. Thus the beds
are the homotaxial equivalents of the Newcastle, Etruria, and
Black-Band horizens of North Staffordshire, the Hamstead Beds
below 1233 feet in South Staffordshire, the Coed-yr-allt Beds and
Ruabon Marls of Denbighshire. the Ardwick Series and Beds above
the Bradford Four-Foot Coal in South Lancashire, the Lower Pennant
Grit of South Wales, and the New Rock and Vobster Series of Som-
erset. The data with regard to Dover are too scanty for certainty,
but they seem to indicate approximately the same horizon as the two
other Kentish localities. The majority of species are also common
to the highest zone, or the ‘ Charbons Gras,’ in the Pas de Calais.
The flora of these rocks, and of those on the same tectonic line,
belongs to the lower of the two great Continental zones of the
Upper Carboniferous—the Westphalian; and the higher zone,
the Stephanian, is unrepresented in the Mendip-Artois series of
basins. But, as this axis is followed from east to west, it appears
' that continuously higher horizons are met with.
88 Miscellaneous.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The Type of Cidaris.
To the Editors of the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’
GentLEmMeN,—In my reply (in the June number of the ‘ Annals’) to
Dr. Bather’s (in the March ‘ Annals’) discussion of the type of
Cidaris I completely overlooked the really conclusive argument on
the subject, to which he refers in one paragraph but faiis to
emphasize. Dr. Mortensen, of Copenhagen, has now called my
attention to it by letter, and I beg you will allow me the space to
acknowledge my surrender. ;
While it is true that Echinus cidaris, L., of 1758, is probably
Phyllacanthus baculosa but is not certainly identifiable, there is no
escape from the fact that Hchinus cidaris, L., of 1761 (‘ Fauna
Suecica’), is the species now universally known as Dorocidaris
papillata, Linné’sreferencetoGaulthieri’s figures D and E, plate 108,
and omission of all ether references, taken in connexion with the
statement that the species occurs in Norwegian seas, leaves no room
for doubt on the point. Such being the case, Dorocidaris papillata
should hereafter be known as Cidaris cidaris (L.), as suggested by
Bather, while abyssicola and the other species of Dorocidaris become
Cidaris abyssicola, &c. The genus now called Cidaris becomes
Eucidaris, Pomel, 1883, who, however, designated notype. Déder-
lein in 1887 uses Hucidaris in Pomel’s sense, and as he mentions
metularia first, we may very conveniently consider that species the
genotype. I regret that by overlooking the ‘Fauna Suecica’ I
have needlessly prolonged an unfortunate controversy.
Heserr Lyman Crark.
Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.,
Noy. 30, 1908.
Notre.—Since Professor Lyman Clark has most courteously trans-
mitted this letter through me, may I express my satisfaction that
at any rate four of us have come to an agreement about Cidaris
s. str.? Further, I see no objection to the adoption of Hucidaris,
Pomel, with genotype E. metularia. We may well suppose that
the ‘‘ trois espéces vivantes ” of Pomel’s list were Cidaris metularia,
C. tribuloides, and C. thouarsi. Let us hope that Professor Déder-
lein will give up Cidarites, and return to his earlier choice—
Eucidaris. F. A. BatHer.
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
10th Dec., 1908.
Ann, & Mag Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. Il PLL
London Stereoscopic Co imp
EHOCIDARIS AND MIOCIDARIS.
Bais te Aa by ‘
ae a ihe \
- t)
nae ny none pay ‘ om ores! ?
THE ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
_ (EIGHTH SERIES.]
No. 14. FEBRUARY 1909.
XILI.—New Species of Indo-Malayan and African
Lepidoptera. By Colonel C. Swinuosg, M.A., F.L.S., &e,
Family Hesperide.
Celenorhinus zea, nov.
?. Uniform dark olive-brown above; palpi below, pectus,
lees beneath, and segmental bands on the underside of the
abdomen greyish ochreous: fore wings with a broad discal
band much as in C. dhanda, Moore, but cut short and square
on vein 2, with a small spot attached on the middle which
runs below the vein, the band, which does not quite touch
the costal line, white, tinged with ochreous and semihyaline ;
three subapical whitish dots, the middle dot inwards and
attached to the upper dot, which is minute: hind wings
without markings. On the underside of the fore wings the
discal band is produced to the hinder angle (which it does
not quite touch), the extension being caused by an adjoining
large spot of the same colour as the rest of the band: hind
wings without markings: antenne broken.
Expanse of wings 17% inch.
Khasia Hills; one example.
Apparently a perfectly distinct form; the band on the
underside of the fore wings is very similar to the band on the
underside of the fore wings of C. affinds, Elwes, which I also
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 7
90 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
have from the same locality, but the upperside is quite
different, and the subapical dots of that species are almost
linear and joined together.
Parnara entebbea, nov.
6 ¢. Of a uniform very dark blackish-brown colour, very
nearly pure black; fore and middle legs and hind tarsi
orange-ochreous beneath : fore wings above with two discal
hyaline spots, the lower the larger, slightly produced out-
wards at its lower end; three small subapical hyaline spots,
the middle spot inwards; in the female there is an indistinet
discal lower minute spot. On the underside, which is as
black as the upperside, the inner marginal space of the fore
wings is broadly pale, the spots are as above; no other
markings above or below.
Expanse of wings 1} inch.
Entebbe, Uganda; 7 g,1 2.
There is a male from Uganda unnamed in the B. M.; in
one example the middle subapical spot is absent.
Flasora almea, nov.
g. Of a uniform dark olive-brown colour above ; palpi on
the underside with white and brown hairs, the collar below
almost pure white; body and legs brown; abdomen with
thin whitish segmental bands beneath : fore wings above with
a rather prominent, semihyaline, white, central discal spot in
the interspace between veins 3 and 4; no other markings
above; the fore wings below with a broad metallic blue-
green costal band from the base to one-third from the apex,
the interior of the wing filled np with an acutely cut trian-
gular dark brown space, without any pale line limiting its
outer side, the discal spot smaller than it is above, and
another and still smaller white spot below it and on the
inner side of it: hind wings with a very thin and straight
discal white line, not touching the costa and slightly thick-
ened before the anal angle, where it is broken by the upper
portion of the large black patch; a thin white anteciliar
short streak running from the black patch ; all the wing
from the band to the base thick with metallic blue-green
scales.
Expanse of wings 1,5 inch.
Brunnei, N. Borneo; one example.
The hind wing on the underside is marked very similarly
to H. meala, Swinhoe, but that form has no anal black patch
and is of a different shape; almea has the shape of chromus.
———————
Indo-Malayan and Afiican Lepidoptera. 91
Hasora ambotnensts, nov.
& 2. Both sexes of a uniferm dark olive-brown coleur
above, without any markings ; palpi below and pectus greyish
white, thorax and abdomen below with greyish-white hairs :
fore wings below with a metallic blue-green broad costal
band from the base to one-third from the apex; the inner
space of the wing dark brown, limited by a transverse pale
shade from the costa to the middle: hind wings with a
broad, white, nearly straight discal band, from the costa near
the apex to the anal angle above the large black anal patch;
it is nearly even for two-thirds, then narrows, and slightly
enlarges again above the patch, is then broken, and has a
white spot on the abdominal margin adjoining the black
patch, and a short thin anteciliar white streak ; the whole of
the portion of the wing on the inner side of the band is
metallic blue-green, and there are a few blue-green scales
outside the band.
E:xpanse of wings 1,% inch.
Amboina ; one pair.
A female is in the B. M. mixed up with 7. alexis, Fabr.,
but its shape is quite different from that of alexis. Watson
very properly separates alexis from chromus, Cram., and it is
difficult to understand why they are mixed up together in the
B. M. collection over the name alesis with other forms into
what might be called a real ‘ job lot,” merely on account of
their superficial resemblance to one another.
Family Plutodida.
Synegia secunda, nov.
3. Pale yellow; palpi orange above, an orange spot on
the frons: fore wings with an olive-brown stripe along the
costal margin, a black dot at the end of the cells of both
wings; fore wings with antemedial and postmedial transverse
thin bands, continued across the hind wings as subbasal and
medial bands; a submarginal line, continued across the
upper dise of the hind wings, where it runs into a thick
nearly straight band which crosses the dise of the wing from
above the anal angle to the outer margin below the apex; all
the bands olive-brown, and the spaces between the bands on
both wings sparsely irrorated with olive-brown atoms; black
marginal dots on both wings. Underside much paler, no
irrorations, but the bands more or less faintly indicated.
Expanse of wings 175 inch.
Padang, Sumatra ; one example.
92 Colonel €. Swinhoe on
Family Ennomidz.
Hypochrosts mimarta, nov.
&. Shafts of the antennze whitish, plumes black: wings
above and thorax dark olive-green grey, costa of hind wings
broadly pale pink: fore wings with a broad transverse
greenish-black band edged with whitish, extending upwards
from the hinder margin a little before the middle, expanding
above its middle, with a pale excavation on its upper edge
below the costa, which it does not reach; its inner edge is
slightly curved inwards above its centre and the outer edge
is deeply sinuous: on the hind wing there is a very large
oval-shaped greenish-black patch, edged with whitish near
the abdominal margin, extending from below the middle to
the base, which it does not reach; both wings are irrorated
with dark greenish atoms and the cilia are pinkish grey. On
the underside the body, legs, and wings are bright greyish
pink; the fore wings broadly pale on the hinder margin, and
there are indications of a broad brownish band from the middle
near the hinder margin, gradually narrowing upwards to the
apex of the wing.
Expanse of wings 1,; inch.
Padang, Sumatra; one example.
Belongs to the festivaria group.
Hypochrosis lubricata.
Omiza lubricata, Warren, Noy. Zool. vi. p. 65 (1899).
ae rt hiresia, Swinhoe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) viii. p. 125
( -
Flores.
I overlooked Warren’s description when describing this
Geometer,
Family Macariide.
Calletera distorta, nov.
d+ Ochreous grey, uniform in coloration above; markings
above much as in the common Indian Luziaria obliquata,
Moore; the shape of the hind wing, however, instead of being
rounded, is convex below the middle, making the anal angle
somewhat produced. On the underside the bands are some-
what similar, but the discal band of the hind wings is
distorted, corresponding to the shape of the outer margin;
the fore wings are uniformly greyish brown, with a large pale,
nearly white, apical patch ; the hind wings are pale greyish
Indo-Malayan and A (rican Lepidoptera. 93
ochreous, making the bands very prominent; marginal line
on both wings below dark brown, with slight outer projec-
tions at the vein-ends ; cilia nearly white; the second free
vein of the hind wings bends downwards at its middle and
terminates at the same point as vein | near the anal angle.
Expanse of wings 1} inch.
Entebbe, Uganda ; one example.
Genus LOXOTEPHRIA.
Loxotephria, Warren, Noy. Zool. xii. p. 13 (1905),
Loxotephria padanga, nov.
6. Dark pinkish grey, the fore wings darker than the
hind wings and of a red tint; both wings irrorated with
white, the closeness of the irrorations making the costal and
outer portions more or less smeared with white: fore wings
with an indistinct, antemedial, straight, transverse line; both
wings with postmedial and submarginal straight lines, the
former commencing from the Abdouinel margin a little
beyond the middle and the latter from near the eal angle,
both extended to the apex of the fore wings, all the lines
dark dull red and the cilia of the same colour The underside
is much paler and hasa strong ochreous tinge, and is irrorated
with pink, and both wings are crossed by parallel red straight
lines, medial and discal, and there is some dark suatsion
towards the outer margin of the fore wings and a large
suffused red subapical spot.
Expanse of wings 1,), inch..
Padang, Sumatra ; one example..
Family Boarmiide.
Ectropis discolor, nov.
¢- Dull pale ochreous; palpi brown above ; some brown
dots on the upperside of the shafts of the antennze ; abdomen
with a black tuft of rather long hairs beneath, near the base :
wings rather thickly irrorated and smeared in parts with
olive-brown, leaving a somewhat indistinct paler central
band; four transverse olive-brown lines across both wings at
equal distances apart, all sinuous and mostly outwardly
dentated; a more indistinct submarginal line and_ black
marginal spots. Underside pale, nearly whitish; costa of
fore wings with blackish spots; a very broad, transverse,
pale blackish-brown discal band, slightly narrowing down-
wards, with indications of its continuation across the hind
94 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
wings; a brown lunule at the end of each cell and black
marginal spots.
Expanse of wings 14 inch.
Padang, Sumatra; one example.
Family Geometridz.
Lophochlora annuligera, nov.
3g. Antenne and frons orange ; head, thorax, and wings
above and below pale green ; abdomen, thorax below, and
legs ochreous white: wings thinly clothed ; costal line of
fore wings orange ; a round white spot, each containing a
black lunule, at the end of the cell of each wing; a large
white spot in the disc above the middle; various other
smaller white spots here and there on the outer portion of the
fore wings, two on the hinder margin and one at the apex of
the hind wings; cilia of both wings white, spotted with
orange.
Expanse of wings 14%, inch.
Entebbe, Uganda ; one example.
Family Sterrhide.
Synelis acutangulata, nov.
g. White, costal line of fore wings ochreous brown; a
black dot at the end of the cell of the hind wings ; two
ochreous-grey lines across both wings, the first medial,
sinuous, and indistinct, the other acutely angulated: hind
wings with a similar submarginal line; both wings with
black marginal dots in the interspaces. Underside pure white,
without markings.
Expanse of wings 1,4, inch.
Entebbe, Uganda; three examples.
Induna pura, nov.
3. Upperside of the shafts of the antennz white, lower
side and pectinations ochreous grey; tarsi ochreous grey ;
otherwise this insect is pure white above and below, without
any markings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Entebbe, Uganda; three examples.
Family Callidulide.
Callidula nemoga, nov.
9. OF a uniform dark ochreous-brown colour; palpi
Indo- Malayan and African Lepidoptera. 95
beneath, pectus, legs, and abdomen beneath orange: fore
wings with a broad discal orange band from the middle of
costa to the hinder angle, stopping short of both; on the
underside this band reaches the costa and runs narrowly
along it to the base ; a small suffused ochreous mark at the
anal angle of the hind wings.
Expanse of wings 1,‘ inch.
New Guinea, Milne Bay (type in B. M.), and one female
from the same locality in my collection.
Clets atata, nov.
3 ¢. Upperside: body and wings dark blackish brown :
fore wings with a large orange-ochreous patch on the outer
margin above the hinder angle, with its inner side rounded :
hind wings with a broad orange-ochreous marginal band,
which covers half the wings; cilia of both wings black.
Underside : wings black ; an ochreous streak on the costa of
fore wings at the base, which runs into an ochreous sub-
costal spot in the middle; a large ochreous patch on the
outer margin above the hinder angle, with its inner edge
produced into an acute angle; an ochreous spot in the male
near the point of the angle, which is absent in the female,
but there are two or three small ochreous marks below the
subcostal spot; antennze below marked with ochreous ; palpi,
body below, and legs ochreous, the legs with black stripes.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 1,°5, 9 1,% inch.
Ké Island ; one pair.
Somewhat like C. aureola, Swinhoe, from Obi, and C. posti-
calis, Guérin, from Port Praslin, but the former has an
ochreous discal band on the fore wings below and the latter
has the ochreous on the fore wings below in the disc away
from the outer margin.
Family Limacodide.
Scopelodes anthela, nov.
3. Antenne, palpi, thorax, and fore wings glossy greyish
brown; palpi with the brush whitish, some black hairs at the
tips; abdominal half of hind wings orange-ochreous, the
outer half greyish brown, paler than the fore wings ; cilia of
both wings whitish, no markings : abdomen orange-ochreous,
with dorsal black bands on the last five segments ; anal tuft
black : wings below much paler than they are above, and all
the veins whitish: body orange-ochreous; abdomen with a
duplicate row of black spots, the space between whitish ; legs
ereyish brown, with white hairs, the tarsi with black tips.
96 Colonel C. Swinhoe on
?. Much paler; in some examples the fore wings are
almost ochreous; in all the examples the hind wings are
entirely more or less ochreous ; the spots on the abdomen
below are similar, but above they are more or less obsolescent.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 2, ¢ 3,% inches.
Singapore; 10 ¢, 3 @ in the B. M. and in my museum
(types in B. M.).
Sandakan, 1 ¢ in B. M.
Java; 1 2 in my coll.
Family Sarrothripide.
Hyblea asava, nov.
3. Upperside: body and wings dark olive-brown; abdo-
men with indistinct whitish segmental bands: fore wing
with a blackish medial thin band, straight from hinder
margin to end of cell, where it is acutely angled to centre of
costa, with black markings, and there are also some black
markings near the apex of the wing: hind wing with three
very large, almost square, orange-ochreous spots, one below
the middle of the costa, another below it and a little outside
of it in the disc, and the third towards the anal angle; there
are also some pale oclireous hairs on the abdominal area of
the wing and an ochreous mark at the base. On the under-
side the wings are marked in a very curious manner; the
fore wing has two short yellowish-white streaks at the base,
two thick ones from tlie costa (one central and the other
outer) running halfway down the wing; the hinder margin
is broadly whitish: the hind wing is all white, tinged in parts
with yellow, with a blackish marginal border with brown
dots above its inner side; a black streak upwards and down-
wards from the base; a large black ringlet from the middle
of the costa, with a very small ringlet and a curled mark at
its lower end: body yellow; legs yellow streaked with black.
Expanse of wings 13 inch.
Mindoro, Philippines (type in B. M.).
Family Quadrifide.
Genus LEISTERA, nov.
Antenne smooth, as long as two-thirds of the costa; palpi
smooth, reaching vertex of head ; thorax somewhat hairy :
fore wing with long flocculent hairs from median vein below,
filling up the entire cell; venation of both wings as in
Catephia: fore legs with thick rather long hairs; mid and
hind legs with fans of long hairs on femora and tibia, the
Indo- Malayan and African Lepidoptera. 97
former with one pair of terminal spurs, the latter with two,
the outer twice as long as the inner.
Type L. (Catephia) pulchristrigata, Bethune-Baker, from
New Guinea (Nov. Zool. xiii. p. 253, 1906).
Ophiusa roulera, nov.
g. Antenne black ; palpi, frons, head, and thorax above
and below bright ochreous ; abdomen and wings purplish
black ; fore wings with an erect white medial band, with a
round small outward projection above the middle, and inwards
in the middle, the lower half of the band broader than the
upper; the band is not so broad as in O. schraderi, Felder,
from Australia, and is without the two black spots that are
so conspicuous in that species ; a white mark on the costa
outside the band and some white flecks on various parts of
the wing: hind wings without markings ; cilia of both wings
pure white. On the underside the wings are uniformly
black, cilia as above; legs ochreous; tarsi brown, with
whitish rings.
Expanse of wings 1; inch.
Ké Island ; one example.
Can be easily distinguished from O. schraderi, Felder, or
O. latizona, Butler, by its unmarked pure white cilia; in
both those species the cilia are variegated with large uniform
black patches.
Genus UGANA, nov.
3. Palpi upturned, long, second and third joints of similar
lengths, first about haif as long as the others, all of about the
same thickness, covered with short bristles, the end of third
joint blunt ; antennze two-thirds the length of the costa, with
short bristly bipectinations of even length almost close
up to the tips, where they shorten suddenly ; mid tarsi with
one pair of spurs (a very long and a very short one), hind
tarsi with two pairs; body slender; abdomen extending
beyond the hind wings and curving upwards: fore wings
with costa a little bent towards the apex, hinder margin
nearly as long, slightly concave in the middle, outer margin
somewhat rounded: hind wings with the outer abdominal
margins rounded; veins 3 and 4, and 5, 6, and 7 from the
lower and upper angles of the cell; hind wings with vein 2
from one-third before end of cell, 3, 4, and 5 from lower end,
6 and 7 from upper end.
98 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
Ugana piana, nov.
36. Uniform olive-brown, paler and shaded with ochreous
beneath ; reniform small and pale, orbicular formed by two
eurved lines, which in some examples are joined at both
ends ; a straight black line from the abdominal margin one-
third from base to one-third from apex of fore wings, where
it is sharply angled inwards on to the costa, and a waved and
somewhat outwardly dentated black line just outside the
straight line; a blackish suffused and indistinct discal band
somewhat close to the margin, which contains a row of
whitish dots on the veins; the dots run across both wings,
but the blackish shade is confined to the fore wings ; some
very minute whitish dots close to the margin; marginal line
black; cilia black, with a whitisli basal line. Underside
with two outwardly curved brown medial lines across both
wings and a pale thick discal line.
Expanse of wings 2 inches.
Entebbe, Uganda; five examples.
There are two examples in the B. M. unnamed from
Uganda and Sierra Leone, Quadrifid Drawer 42.
XIV.—The Collections of William John Burchell, D.C.L., in
the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
IV. On the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera collected by W. J.
Burchell in Brazil, 1825-1830. By J.C. Moutton,
of Magdalen College, Oxford.
[Continued from p. 20.]
VI. Nyuepzariryz (continued).
Phyciodes hera, Cram.,=ithra, Kirby.
28. 10. 25. = 1076. Minas Geraés. (As 635.)
un: 20. = 1074. ms “(In the forest). On
the N.E. side of the arraial of Sio Jofio de Népo-
mucéna.”
Bz.+ 6.11. 25. =1078. “At Capitas Leite’s.” Minas
Geraés.
6. 11. 25. 3= 1079, 1080, 1081. Minas Geraés. “ At
Capitad Leite’s.”
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 99
Westwood’s list only mentions two specimens of this date
besides 1078.
Nos. 1080 and 1081 are unfortunately in a very bad
state of preservation, the former being represented by a fore
wing and hind wing, while only the hind wing of the latter
now remains.
10. 11. 25. 2= 1082, 10838. Minas Geraés.
10. 4. 27. = 1084, Near S. Paulo. A note dated 9. 4. 27
says that ‘ These and the insects about this date were
killed in eachaga and a little corrosive sublimate.”
25. 8.27. 2= 1085, 1086. Ollarfa to Rio Pardo.
1086 bears Westwood’s number N. 81.
Bz.+ p. 26. 8.27. = 1087. R. Pardo to Cubatéo. (As
735.)
27. 8. 27. 3= 1088-1090. R. Pardo to Retiro.
eat ebay Os 20x == 091. ss ‘i
Westwood’s list adds another specimen captured on this
date.
24.10.27. = 1092. Meiaponte to S. Joaquim (Joaq.
Alves).
30. 10. 27. = 1093. Sapezal to Conceicao.
5. 8. 28. = 1094. Goyaz. ‘Caught by the rio Vermelho,
near the Carioca Aqueduct ; by C[ongo].”
Bz. a. 24. 8. 28. = 1095. Retiro. “ Allat the rivulet near
the house at Retiro.”
Westwood’s list (N. 81) gives an individual captured
a. 24, 8. 27, which is probably a copyist’s mistake for the
date of 1095. He also mentions * one without a number.”
Phyciodes teletusa, Godt.
904. I. 25. 10. 25. ¢ = 1096. MinasGeraés. “ Plapilio].
At Discoberto, near Joio Pedro’s house.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number N. 87.
28.10. 25. ¢= 1097. Minas Geraés. (As 685.)
4,11. 25. 9 = 1098. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
9. 3.26. § =1099. Rio de Janeiro. This specimen bears
Westwood’s number “ Nym, 89,” and is the only one
under this number.
Westwood’s list (N. 87 and N. 89) agrees.
Phyciodes sejona, Schaus.
615.26. = 1100...” “Campinas.” Between Mogy Mirim
and §. Paulo.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number “ Eryc.? 70,”
100 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
and is given in his list of Erycinide. Unfortunately it is in
a very bad state of preservation, so that its determination
cannot be quite certain. However, there are traces of certain
markings on the underside which have led to its inclusion in
this series.
28. 10. 27. 2= 1101, 1102. S. Joaquim to Sapezal.
30. 10. 27. 3= 1108, 1104, 1105. Sapezdl to Conceicao.
Bz. 30. 10. 27. = 1106. Sapezdl to Conceicao.
25. 8.28. =1107. Retiro to Goyavéira. ‘On the road.”
This specimen bears Westwood’s number “Nym. 91”;
his list agrees.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., and Mr. R. Trimen,
F.R.S., have very kindly examined these specimens, and
they agree that they conform to Schaus’s description of
P. sejona, Unfortunately the type is in America, so that
comparison has been impossible. ‘The species is remarkably
near P. teletusa, and, in fact, may turn out eventually to be
only a more northern form of it. The whole genus is com-
posed of such variable species that it is most desirable that
breeding should be undertaken on a large scale to establish
each species on a satisfactory basis.
Phyciodes burchelli, sp. n..
Bz. 24.10. 27. =1108. Meiaponte to 8. Joaquim (Joaq.
Alves). The type of the species.
28.10.27. = 1109. 8S. Joaquim to Sapezal.
30. 10.27. =1110. Sapezdl to Coneeicéo. This specimen
bears Westwood’s number N. 90.
25. 8. 28. 3= 1111, 1112, 1113. Retiro to Goyavéira, “On
the road.”
Westwood’s list (N. 90) agrees.
This species is unnamed in the British Museum, where it
is placed next to P. teletusa; the Godman-Salvin Collection
contains a long series also unnamed from Chapada and South
Brazil, and a few specimens exist in the collection of Mr. H.
Grose-Smith.
(1108.) Upperside. Ground-colour dark fuscous-brown ; a
wide orange-tawny band from inner margin of hind wing to
near costa of fore wing, broken at apex. Sore wing: from
inner margin an orange-tawny band, the breadth of which is a
little less than half the length of the inner margin, to a little
above the third median nervule, leaving externally a narrow
hind-marginal border of ground-colour, in middle of which
are three orange-tawny lunular markings situated respectively
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 101
between the submedian nervure and the first median nervule,
between the first and second median nervules, and just above
the third median nervule. ‘The orange-tawny band is
broken off about the third median nervule by a narrow streak
of ground-colour running obliquely from costa to centre of
hind margin and widest at costal end, leaving an apical
marking of orange-tawny which runs from the subcostal
nervure to the second median nervule ; it is widest in centre
and is roughly triangular in shape. A faint orange spot at
exterior end of cell. Cilia of the ground-colour. Hind
wing: orange-tawny band of fore wing continued across hind
wing, superiorly slightly broader and occupying a good half
of the hind wing, and extending to inner margin, leaving a
little wider hind-marginal border of ground-colour than in
the fore wing. Exterior edge of orange band is marked by
a row of faint ground-colour lunular markings which merge
into the hind-marginal border at second subcostal nervule ;
hind-marginal border itself traversed by a series of linear
orange-tawny lunules, one in each internervular space, the
largest being above the first subcostal nervule. Cilia as in
fore wing. Hind margin crenelated.
Underside. Light tawny ground-colour very much paler in
hind wing, with brown subapical and hind-marginal markings.
Fore wing: tawny ground-colour slightly darker towards
middle and end of cell, a little beyond which is a dark brown
oblique bar from end of first subcostal nervule to hind margin
at end of second median nervule; outer edge of bar straight,
inner edge concave, the hind-marginal end broadening out
over anal angle. External to this bar a light fulvous one,
almost broken in middle, the outer edge of which is irregu-
larly defined, and wider towards hind margin. This is
succeeded by a lilac-brown apical patch, with a short oblique
narrow whitish mark on the costa. A narrow lunulated
brown-fulvous edging to hind margin. Central portion dull
orange-fulvous, corresponding to orange-tawny band of
upperside. ‘The apical markings are variable. [ind wing:
basal part appears slightly darker through presence of very
delicate and irregular light brown transverse lines. A hind-
marginal band of lilac-brown, growing lighter towards each
extremity about first subcostal nervule and about first
discoidal nervule. In this band a connected series of whitish
lunules from costa to anal angle ; on inner edge of band five
small dark brown inwardly pale-margined spots, of which the
two middle (between the radial and second median nervule)
are largest.
102 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
Exp. al. 31-36 mm. (type 33 mm.).
Type, specimen 1108 in Hope Department, University
Museum, Oxford.
Distribution (based on six specimens taken by Burchell
and on a series in Godman-Salvin Collection). Rio Tocantins,
province of Goyaz; Chapala and South Brazil. In the
British Museum there are five specimens (1 ¢ from Nauta,
Upper Amazons, Peru, 3 g 1 2 from Ecuador) which are
very near it, if not actually the same species.
Compared with P. cluvia, G. & 8. (Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Rhopal. pl. xxi. figs. 21, 22), on the upperside burchelli
bears a close resemblance to it, but the tawny lunular line in
the hind margin of the hind wing in burchellé is wanting in
cluvia, and the hind- marginal band of fuscous brown in eluvia
does not reach the anal angle as in burchelli. The undersides
are remarkably different: cluvia has a unicolorous tawny
brown hind wing, and the fore wing is of the same colour
except for two orange-tawny patches.
P. teletusa, on the other hand, is nearly related to burchellt
on the underside as well as the upper.
Phyciodes claudina, Esch.
10. 1.26. =1114. Rio de Janeiro. (As 670.)
31.1, 26)-= 1115, rn (As 474.)
1,.3.,26.. = 1116: (As 960.)
7.33. 20: 2 ig A IAB, Rio de Janeiro. “ At Catombi.”
Bz. + 7. 3.26. = 1119. 7 :
10.3. 26. 2= 1120, 1121. yi
13.3. 26. = 1122.
20. 3. 26. 2= 1128, 1124, Rio de Janeiro. “ Along the
Carioca Aqueduct.”
1123 bears Westwood’s number “* Nymph. 85.”
Bz: 20. 8. 26. =1125. Rio de Janeiro. “Along the
Carioca Aqueduct.”
3. 4. 26. =1126. Rio de Janeiro. “ Along the Carioca
Aqueduct.”
Westwood’s list (N. 85 and N. 86) agrees. He placed
this species and the succeeding two all together under these
two numbers.
Phyciodes liriope, Cram.
Bz. 313. I. (14. 10. 25.] = 1127, Minas Geraés. “ Pa-
ptlio.”” Parahiba (on Oct. 12).
Bz. 345. H, [15. 10. 25.] 2= 1128, 1129. “ Plapilio}. At
the Discobérto do Antonio Velho.” -
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 103
Bz.+ 918. 1T, 25. 10. 25. 2= 11380, 1181. Minas Geraés.
““ Plapilio]. At Discoberto, near Jo&o Pedro’s house.”
BHz.+ 1005. I. 27. 10. 25. =1182. MinasGeraés. “ Pla-
pilio|. At San Jo&o de Nepomucéna and on the road
from Discoberto.”’
Bz. 12, 3. 26. = 1188. Rio de Janeiro. “ Aqueduct.”
28. 10. 27. 3= 1184, 1185, 1136. 8S. Joaquim to Sapezal.
30. 10. 27. 4= 1187-1140. Sapezal to Conceicas.
Bz.+ 30. 10. 27. = 1141. "7 Fe
a. 24. 8. 28. = 1142. Retiro. ‘All at the rivulet near the
house at Retiro.” (As 844.)
This specimen bears Westwood’s number “ Nym. 86.”
Bz.+ 26.5. 29. = 1143. “Silva.” Between Itabéca and
Baiao ; north of the Falls of Guariba.
p- 31. 5. 29. = 1144, Baiado.
p. dl. 5. 89. = 1145. “Sylva.” This date must be a slip
for 31. 5. 2. Baiao.
It is, perhaps, worthy of note that “39” for “29” is the
only mistake of the kind so far detected among some 1200
specimens labelled by Burchell. A second will be found on
1221.
20. 9. 29. 2= 1146, 1147. Pard. S8.E. of S. Jozé.
Westwood’s list (N. 85 and N. 86) agrees.
Phyciodes fragilis, Bates.
a. 24. 8. 28. =1148. At Retiro. “ All at the rivulet near
the house at Retiro.” (As 844.)
Westwood’s list (N. 86) agrees, though he placed it in his
list of the preceding species.
Phyciodes pedrona, sp. n.
920. I. 25. 10. 25. =1149. Minas Geraés. “ Papilio].
At Discoberto, near Jo&io Pedro’s house.”
The type of the species.
The specimen bears Westwood’s number (N. 95) ; his list
agrees.
A single specimen exists, unnamed and without any data,
in the B. M. collection.
(1149.) Upperside. Dark fuscous-brown ground-colour
relieved with tawny-yeilow spots, an irregular line of which
crosses the hind wing from costa to inner margin. fore
wing: from costa to inner margin a broken line of six
tawny-yellow spots; the first is situated on the costa about
the end of the second subcostal nervule, the next two between
104 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
upper radial and third median nervule; the remaining three
continue the line 1 millimetre nearer the base, one spot
below each median nervule, the middle one being slightly
the largest: this line is succeeded externally by a similarly
irregular line of five smaller spots ; the first is very faint and
is placed between the first and second radial nervules. Close
to hind margin between third and second median nervules a
tawny yellew spot. Basal portion relieved by smaller orange-
tawny spots. Cilia of ground-colour. Hind wing: from
centre of costa to a point two-thirds the length of inner
margin a concave line of seven internervular tawny-yellow
spots. Halfway between this and hind margin a similar row
of six small dark brown inwardly tawny-margined spots—no
spot on costa in this series. Not far from hind margin a row
of seven almost linear tawny-yellow lunules. A few small
orange-tawny spots in basal region. Cilia as in fore wing.
Underside. Bright tawny-yellow ground-colour, marked by
dark brown patch between median nervules in fore wing.
Fore wing: from a point on costa between first and second
subcostal nervules to third median nervule a narrow pale
ochreous macular stripe, continued to inner margin 1 milli-
metre nearer to base, broadening at inner margin towards
anal angle. This stripe is succeeded by a large apical patch
of slightly richer tawny yellow. Below this and between
median nervules a’ dark fuscous-brown patch prolonged
upwards by two similarly coloured spots between radial
nervules, and downwards by a small spot below first median
nervule. A line of three pale ochreous spots parallel to hind
margin from below second radial nervule to below second
median nervule; the middle one occupies centre of fuscous-
brown patch. External to patch and bordering on hind
margin between third and second median nervules a large
pale ochreous spot. A faint hind-marginal border of dark
tawny lunules. Hind wing: basal region pale ochreous,
with irregular broken sub-basal and median indistinct yellow
macular streaks. Exterior region tawny yellow, relieved by
a line of small dark fulvous inwardly yellow-margined inter.
nervular spots from apex to anal angle. Hind marginal row
of fulvous inwardly yellow-margined lunules. Cilia of
slightly lighter ground-colour than on upperside.
Exp. al. 25 mm.
Type, specimen 1149 in Hope Department, University
Museum, Oxford.
Distribution (based on this single specimen). The southern
part of Minas Geraés, near Rio.
The upper surface of P. pedrona is near to that of P. tharos,
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 105
Drury. Compared with a single specimen in the Hope Collec-
tion from Mexico, tharos is 5 mm. larger in expanse of wings ;
the spots of the hind wing are larger, and two large spots
appear in the basal region which are “unrepresented i in pedrona.
The fore wing of tharos differs considerably in having a well-
marked and regular submarginal row of six spots, while pedrona
has a faint and irregular series of five ; tharos, again, has a pale
oblique streak beyond cell and another broken pale oblique
streak from cell to inner margin, both of which are absent in
pedrona. ‘here are also more fulvous markings at base in
tharos. On the underside of fore wing three fuscous-brown
markings appear in tharos, one along the outer edge of cell,
another just above anal angle, and a third in centre of inner
margin, in contrast to the single submedian fuscous-brown
marking in pedrona. ‘The two species are, on the whole, very
markedly different.
In the British Museum a single specimen of pedrona is
placed next to P. simois, Hew. (Pernambuco and * Brazil”’).
In simois a larger black marking is apparent behind the lower
part of the hind margin; but rows of white spots take the
place of the pale yellow spots in pedrona, and in the fore wing
of simois there are white and rufous spots at the apex and
outer margin which are absent in pedrona.
Ercsia eunice, Uew.
16. 6. 29. =1150. Para.
29. 7.29. =1151. Pard.
Specimen 1151 bears Westwood’s number A. 5 and
“ Hresia Esora’’ ; his dates agree, but he gives this species
the name of Hresia esora and places it among his list of
Acreine.
Eresia langsdorfii, Godt.
28. 10. 25. =1152. Minas Geraés. (As 635.)
‘This specimen bears Westwood’s number A. 6, and “ Ere-
sia Langsdor fit.”
29.10. 25. =1153. Minas Geraés. ‘In the forest on the
S.E. side of 8. Joao de Népomucéna.”’
4,11. 25. =1154. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
This specimen bears Westwood’s number A. 6.
HOD 11. 255 = 1155, Minas Geraés.
6.12. 25. =1156. Rio de Janeiro. On the Corcovddo
Mountain. (As 667.)
8. 2.26. = 1157. Organ Mountains. (In a ride to the
Cattle Pounds and the Milho Roga.)
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 8
106 Mr. J. C. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
i, 72.26. = 1158; | Santos.
Westwood’s list omits 1155 and 1156, but otherwise agrees
both in dates and names, although this species is also placed,
as A. 6, among the Acreine.
Eresia perna, Hew.
28.10.25. g =1159. Minas Geraés. (As 635.)
This specimen bears Westwood’s number A. 7, and
S.E. side of S. Jofio de N€pomucéna.
;
Westwood’s dates and names agree. This also appears,
as A. 7, in his list of Acreine.
Eresia clara, Bates.
18. 12. 29. =1161. “ Silvatica.”” Paré. Rivulet above
Arsenal.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number (N. 88), and
his list agrees.
Euptoieta hegesia, Cram.
26. 1. 26. 3= 1162, 1163, 1164. Rio de Janeiro. Morro
de Ladéira and Catomby. (As 672.)
28. 3.29. = 1165. Porto Redl (Nacionale).
Bz.+ 2p. 28. 5.29. 3= 1166, 1167, 1168. A Campo Bank;
between Itabéca and Baiao.
2 p. 28. 5. 29. = 1169. A Campo Bank ; between Itabéca
and Baiao,
Westwood’s list (N. 63) gives one more specimen of this
last date, but otherwise agrees. He named it “ Atel/a He-
gesta.” As none of the above specimens bear Westwood’s _
‘ number, we may conclude that it was on the missing
specimen.
Agraulis (Dione) vanilla, Linn.
Bz.+ 902. I. 25. 10.25. =1170. Minas Geraés, ‘ P[a-
pilio]. At Discoberto, near Jofio Pedro’s house.”
This specimen bears Westwood’s number A. 20. Given
in Westwood’s list.
4.11. 25. =1171. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
6. 12.25. =1172. Rio de Janeiro. On the Corcovado
Mountain. (As 667.)
Bz.+ a. 25, 2.26. =1173. “ Frexais’’ on the Brazilian
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 107
label and “ Frexaes” on the English label. Organ
Mtns. Burchell sometimes wrote “ Frexaes ” for
‘¢ Frechal.”
Bz.+--a..25. 2.26. = Wi “Frixais” on the Brazilian
label and “ Frexal’’ on the English label. Organ
Mtns. Given in Westwood’s list.
a. 20. 2. 26..= 1175. “ Frexaes.” Organ Mtns.
p- 20. 2. 26. 4= 1176-1179. Organ Mtns. Between Fre-
chél and Magé. Burchell sometimes wrote “ Frexaes ”
for “ Freché!.”’ One specimen given in Westwood’s list.
Bz.+ p. 25. 2. 26. =1180. Between Frechdl and Magé.
1. 3.26. =1181. (As 960.)
12. 3. 26. = 1182. Rio de Janeiro. ‘ Aqueduct.”
13. 3. 26. = 1183. Rio de Janeiro.
Bz, 13. 3. 26. = 1184, Rio de Janeiro.
20. 3. 26. = 1185. Rio de Janeiro. “ Along the Carioca
Aqueduct.”
Bz. 27. 4. 27. = 1186. Vicinity of 8. Paulo.
27.4. 27. = 1187. Vicinity of S. Paulo.
Bz. 9. 6. 27. = 1188. Vicinity of S. Paulo.
19. 6. 27. = 1189. Vicinity of S. Paulo. Given in West-
wood’s list.
Bz.+ 19.7. 27. =1190. Vicinity of 8. Paulo. Given in
Westwood’s list.
29. 1.29. =1191. Porto Redl (Nacionale). “Caught on
the bank of the Tucantins, while measuring the base.
line.”
Bz, 29.1. 29. = 1192. Porto Real (Nacionale). “ Caught
on the bank of the Tucantins, while measuring the base-
line.”’
Bz. 16. 2.29. =1193. Porto Redl (Nacionale). “ Pa-
piliones (3) caught on the flowers of a Malva in the
backyard.” (See 660.) Given in Westwood’s list.
Bz. 19. 2. 29. = 1194. Porto Redl (Nacionale).
19. 2.29. = 1195. : i
4.3.29, = 1196, - is
7.3.29. = 1197. 2 a
Bz. 23. 3.29. = 1198. fe is
Zio. 20> — 1199. 5 és
Westwood’s list (A. 20) only gives six specimens in the
whole of the above series. He placed it among the Acreeinz
and named it “Vanille.” Probably a supplementary list
exists on a small slip of paper, as in the case of Agraulis
juno, but this has yet to be found.
$*
108 Mr. J. ©. Moulton on the Rhopalocera
Agraulis (Dione) juno, Cram.
Bz. 553. V. (19. 10. 25.] 4= 1200-1203. Minas Geraés.
*« Papilionida.” At Discoberto, Oct. 15 and 21.
Westwood’s list, in his own handwriting, gives five, indi-
cating that one specimen has disappeared or has lost its label.
Bz.+ 819. I. 23.10. 25. =1204. Minas Geraés. ‘ Pa-
pilio.” At Discoberto, Oct. 22 and 24.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number A. 22.
Bz.+ 901. IT. 25. 10. 25. 2= 1205, 1206. Minas Geraés.
“ Plapilio]. At Discoberto, near Jofio Pedro’s house.”
30. 10. 25. =1207. Minas Geraés. ‘(Inthe forest). On
the N.E. side of the arraial of Sao Joio de Népomucéna.”
4.11. 25. 2= 1208, 1209. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
The list in Westwood’s handwriting, which is probably
perfect, gives three specimens of this date.
Bz.+ 7.11. 25. =1210. Minas Geraés.
16. 2. 26. 2= 1211, 1212. Organ Mountains.
29. 1.27. = 1218. Vicinity of 8. Paulo.
24. 10. 27. = 1214. Meiaponte to 8. Joaquim (Joaq. Alves).
Bze.+ 28, 7.29. =1215. Pardé. “28. 7.27” in West
wood’s list.
The data of this species not only appear, as A. 22, in
Westwood’s Acraine, but also separately on a small slip of
paper. In the first of these lists, which is very incomplete
and in a clerk’s handwriting, he describes the species as ‘‘ like
Vanille, but darker,” while the second list, which is altogether
in Westwood’s writing, and probably perfect, bears the heading
“ Dark under winged Fritillary.”
Colenis julia, F.
Bz. 144. I. [16. 8. 25.] 2= 1216, 1217. Rio de Janeiro.
“ Pap{ilio]. Above the ‘leresa Convent; and on the
woody hilly [hills] along the Aqueduct.”
Bz. 334. I, [15. 10. 25.] = 1218. Minas Geraés. “ Pa-
pilio. At the Discoberto do Antonio Velho... (744.)”
This number (744) refers to specimens 1216, 1217,
which Burchell thus recognized as the same species. This is
given in Westwood’s list.
Bz. 554. II, [19. 10. 25.] 3= 1219, 1220, 12204. Minas
Geraés. ‘‘ Pap{ilio].” (As 1200.)
Bz.+ 994. VIIT. 27. 10. 25. 7= 1221-1227. Minas Ge-
raés. “¢ Papilio. At San Joao de Nepomucena and on
the road from Discoberto.”
Opposite number 994 Burchell gives eight specimens dated
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 109
27. 10. 25, making no mention of specimen 1221, labelled
in England 26. 10. 25, and also bearing the Brazilian number
994. The latter date is evidently a clerical error, and is
interpreted above as 27. 10. 25. Compare 1145.
4.11. 25. 2= 1228, 1229. Minas Geraés. (As 559.)
29. 12. 25. =1280. Rio de Janeiro. Catombi—Béarra
Vermélha—and Rio Comprido.
a. 25. 2. 26. =1281. “ Frexal.” Organ Mountains. Bur-
chell sometimes wrote “ Frexal”’ for “ Frechal.”
7. 3. 26. 5= 1232-1236. Rio de Janeiro. ‘“ At Catombf.”’
This date is given in Westwood’s list, but only for two
specimens.
No. 1234 bears Westwood’s number A. 16.
Bz.+ 7.3. 26. = 1287. Rio de Janeiro. ‘ At Catombi.”
10. 3. 26. = 1288. *
Bz. 10. 3. 26. ="1239. A,
223.26; = 1240: A “ Aqueduct.”
Mentioned in Westwood’s list.
12. 3. 26. 2= 1241, 1242. Rio de Janeiro. “ Aqueduct.”
138. 3. 26. 3= 1248, 1244, 1245. Riode Janeiro. One speci-
men mentioned in Westwood’s list.
16. 3. 26. = 1246. Rio de Janeiro. (As 647.)
20. 3. 26. 6= 1247-1252. Rio de Janeiro. ‘ Along the
Carioca Aqueduet.”
Bz.+ 25. 8. 27. = 1258. Ollarfa to Rio Pardo.
25. 8. 27. = 1254. 95 -
3. 3. 28. = 1255. Goyaz. “Caught in the town by the
rio Vermelho by C[ongo].”
28. 4. 28. = 1256. Goyaz. (As 748.) Mentioned in
Westwood’s list.
Bz.+ 14.4. 29. = 1257. Porto Real [Nacionale].
Bz.+ 15. 4. 29. = 1258. Porto Real. 3
12. 8. 29. = 1259. Pard.
Westwood’s list (A. 16) only gives six specimens of this
species in his list of Acreeinee. His description of it is thus :—
** Cethosia? orange red with oblique brown bar in f. w.””. We
may surmise the existence of a second list, now missing,
giving the remainder of the dates, as in the case of the
previous species.
Colenis pherusa, Linn.
Bz, 14, 4. 27. =1260. In the Campo beyond Béa Morte.
Near 8. Paulo.
This specimen bears Westwood’s number A. 15, and his
list adds another example, captured 13. 5. 29 at Carolina,
110 On Rhopalocera from Brazil.
on R. Tocantins, between Porto Re4l and Par4. Westwood
described this as a “Cethosia (Carolina?) red buff with
brown bars and white spots on margin of h. w.” He placed
it, as A. 15, among the Acrawina,
Metamorpha dido, Linn.
12. 3. 26. = 1261. Riode Janeiro. ‘ Aqueduct.”
17, 3. 26. = 1262. io de Janeiro, Along the Carioca
Aqueduct. (See 917.) “Papilio: The green species
frequents the tops of trees are [and] flies generally high
above reach.” [This evidently refers to this species,
though the specimen bearing the date 17. 3. 26 does
not bear the no. 1057. ‘The latter, however, is borne
by a specimen of Lapilio agavus, Drury.| Westwood’s
list gives one specimen bearing 7057 and two with
17. 3. 26. The former and one of the latter are now
missing.
Bz. 20. 3. 26. = 1263. Rio de Janeiro. “ Along the Cari-
oca Aqueduct.”
1.4.26. = 1264, Rio de Janeiro. ‘In the valley of
Catumbi.”’
This specimen bears Westwood’s number A. 19.
Bz.+ 1316.17. 2. 29. = 1265. Porto Redl. ‘“ Feeding on
the flowers of the Waltheria bushes (v. H. 8632x).”
(See 663.)
1316. 17. 2. 29. = 1266. As above.
Westwood made two lists of this species, in one of which
he mentions only one specimen on this date, while four are
recorded on the other.
2. 3. 29. = 1267. Porto Redl.
7.3.29. = 1268. Porto Redl. ‘The green papilio loses
much of the beauty of its green color within a day
or two after being caught.” It is certain that the
*‘ creen papilio”’ is Metamorpha dido, Linn., as Burchell
gives the above note on a specimen dated 6, 3. 29.
‘The specimen is now lost, but is mentioned by West-
wood in his list of this species. See also 1262,
where this Papilio is described as “the green species.”
The green pigment is not contained in scales, but exists
between the two membranes of the wing, being almost
certainly the blood or hemolymph in a solid state, and
the colour due to metachlorophyll or some other modified
plant-pigment. Green markings caused in this manner
are also found in Victorina stelenes and several true
Papilionine of the sarpedon group, also in the Pierine
On the Char of Great Britain. sO)
genus Nepheronia, although in this case the green colour
ig concealed by the opaque superficial scales. ‘The rapid
change of tint noted by Burchell is clearly associated
with this unusual development of pigment between the
wing-membranes, and it is probably caused by desic-
cation.
Bz. 9. 3. 29. = 1269. Porto Real.
10. 3. 29. = 1270. Porto Redl. ‘Lepidoptera began to
appear more numerous in the end of Feby, and since the
beginning of this month they appear abundant.”
Westwood’s list mentions another specimen captured on
this date.
Bz.+ 13. 3. 29. =1271. Porto Real.
18. 3. 29. = 1272.
)
Bz.1- 28. 3, 29. = 1273. 3
2d. 30.029. 2—=1274,.1275. -
Bz-+ 23. 3. 29. = 1276. ”
Bet 20.0. 29. — 1264. x
Westwood’s list does not mention any individual caught on
this date, but one taken 22. 3. 29,—probably an erroneous
rendering of 1277,
28. 3. 29. = 1278. Porto Real.
Bz.+ 28. 3. 29. =1279. Porto Real.
22.4. 29. 2= 1280, 1281. ”
Bz.+ 22.4. 29. = 1282. A
hee 0a. | Lard.
Westwood’s list adds two more individuals captured at
Porto Redl 26. 2. 29 and 6. 8. 29. See note on 1268.
The data of this species appear, as A. 19, in Westwood’s
list of Acreeinee. Opposite the very imperfect records West-
wood had written “‘ Ceth. Dido.” Another list, on a small
slip of paper, isin Westwood’s handwriting, and this contains
all the data here recorded except those of 1261. ‘This
separate list is headed “Dido.”
[To be continued. }
XV.—The Char (Salvelinus) of Great Britain.
By C. Tate Re@an, M.A.
Four species of Char have hitherto been described from the
lakes of Great Britain: viz. Salvelinus killinensis, tie Haddy
of Loch Killin in Inverness-shire ; S, struanensis, the Struan
112 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
of Loch Rannoch in Perthshire; S. willughbii, the Winder-
mere Char; and S. pertsi7, the Torgoch of the mountain-lakes
of Carnarvonshire. In spite of much that has been written
to the contrary, these four species are quite distinct, as will
be seen from a comparison of the descriptions given below
and from the diagnostic characters shown in the following
synopsis :—
I, Snout obtuse ; luwer jaw rounded anteriorly, shorter than the upper.
Interorbital width 3 to 33 in the length of head, con-
siderably more than the diameter of eye; least
depth of caudal peduncle ¢ to 3} the length of head ;
182 to 215 scales in a longitudinal series ..-..... 1. killinensts.
Interorbital width 32 to 4in the length of head, scarcely
more than the diameter of eye; least depth of
caudal peduncle 4 to 2 the length of head; 158 to
180 scales in a longitudinal series .............. 2. struanensis.
IT, Snout conical or subconical in the adult ; lower jaw pointed ante-
riorly.
Jaws equal anteriorly (¢ 2) or the lower the shorter
(2); interorbital region convex ...........0..-. 3. willughbit.
Jaws equal anteriorly (¢ 2) or the lower projecting
(go) wmterorbital rapion fiat) 2. 3 fishes ghaen 4. perisit.
1. Salvelinus killinensis.
Salmo killinensis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 699, pl. xl., and Cat.
Fish. vi. p. 180 (1866); Day, Fish. Britain, p. 113, pl. exviii. fig. 1
(1884).
Depth of body about 4 in the length, length of head 3% to
41 (3g) or 44 to 44 (2). Snout obtuse, with upper profile
decurved, as long as or longer than eye, the diameter of which
is 4} to 6 in the length of head. Interorbital region more or
less convex, its width 3 to 3} in the length of head. Dentition
moderate; lower jaw shorter than the upper; maxillary extend-
ing nearly to below the posterior margin of eye or a little be-
yond, its length 23 to 2} (@) or 22? to 22 ( } ) in the length of
head ; lower jaw rounded anteriorly, its length 14 to 12 (¢)
or 13 to 13 (2) in the length of head. 9 to 12 branchio-
stegals. 14 to 16 short gill-rakers on the lower part of
anterior arch. 182 to 215 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal with 9 to 11 branched rays, its origin nearer to the
tip of snout than the base of caudal, the longest ray 3 to 2
the length of head. Anal with 8 or 9 branched rays. Pec-
toral from } to as long as the head, extending 2 to 3 (@) or
3 to 2 (¢) of the distance from its base to the base ot pelvics.
Least depth of caudal peduncle 1} to 13 in its length and 2
to } the length of head. Back and sides plumbeous, belly.
~ Char of Great Britain. 113
silvery or yellowish; small pale spots on the sides; fins
dusky, the lower ones with pale anterior edges.
Loch Killin, Inverness-shire.
Several specimens, 200 to 350 mm. in total length, types
of the species.
2. Salvelinus struanensis.
Salmo struanensis, Gibson-Maitland, Field, 1881, p. 516.
Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 3 to 41,
Snout obtuse, with upper profile decurved, nearly as long as
or a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 4 to 43
in the length of head. Interorbital region nearly flat, its
width 32 to 4 in the length of head. Dentition feeble or
moderate ; lower jaw shorter than and included within the
upper; maxillary extending to below the posterior part of
eye, its length 24 in the length of head; lower jaw rounded
anteriorly, its length 1% to1$in the length of head. 10
branchiostegals, 13 or 14 short gill-rakers on the lower part
of anterior arch. 158 to 180 scales in a longitudinal series.
Fig. 1.
a. Salvelinus struanensis. 6. S. inframundus. 8, natural size.
Dorsal with 9 branched rays, its origin nearly equidistant
from the tip of snout and the base of caudal, the longest ray
2 to # the length of head. Anal with 8 branched rays.
Pectoral 2? to 3 the length of head, extending 2 to 2 (¢@) or
a little less than 2 (¢) of the distance from its base to the
base of pelvics. Least depth of caudal peduncle 14 to 13 in
its length and 3 to 2 the length of head.
Hab. Loch Rannoch, Perthshire.
Four specimens, three males and a female, 175 to 210 mm,
in total length, including the types of the species.
114 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
3. Salvelinus willughbit.
Salmo willughbit, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 46, pl. v., and Cat.
Fish. vi. p. 131 (1866); Day, Fish. Britain, ii. p. 113, pl. exvii.
fig. 2 (1884).
Depth of body 32 to 5 in the length, length of head 4 to
41 (3) or 44 to 42 (9). Snout conical (g) or somewhat
obtuse (¢), as long as or longer than eye, the diameter of
which is 44 to 6 in the length of head. Interorbital region
convex, its width 3 to 32 in the length of head. Dentition
moderate ; jaws equal anteriorly or the lower jaw a little
shorter than the upper (¢); maxillary extending to below
the posterior margin of pupil (young) or beyond the eye
(adult ¢), its length 24 to 22 in the length of head; lower
jaw pointed anteriorly, its length 2 (adult g) or less than 2
of the length of head. 9 to 12 branchiostegals. 11 to 16
moderately long gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior
arch. 160 to 194 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal
with 8 or 9 branched rays, its origin nearer to the tip of
snout than the base of caudal, the longest ray 3 to 2 the
length of head. Anal with 7 to 9 branched rays. Pectoral
2 to % the length of head, extending 2 to ? (g) or} to2(?)
of the distance from its base to the base of pelvics. Least
depth of caudal peduncle 14 to 2 in its length and from 4 to
more than 2 of the length of head. Greenish or bluish
above, silvery or orange below ; back and sides with orange
spots ; dorsal and caudal dusky ; lower fins more or less red,
the pelvics and anal with pale anterior edges.
Windermere.
Sixteen specimens, 160 to 290 mm. in total length, in-
cluding the types of the species.
4, Salvelinus perisit.
Salmo cambricus (non Donoy.), Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 49,
pl. vi.
Salmo perisit, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 1865, p. 75, and Cat.
Fish. vi. p. 183 (1866); Day, Fish. Britain, p. 112, pl. cxix. fig. 2
(1884).
Depth of body 4—5 in the length, length of head 34-4 (@)
or 44-44 (2). Snout conical, pointed, as long as or longer
than eye, the diameter of which is 44-5 in the length of
head Interorbital region flat, its width 33-37 in length of
head. JDentition rather strong; jaws equal anteriorly (¢ ? )
or the lower projecting (¢); maxillary extending nearly to
below the posterior margin of eye or a little beyond, its
length 24-22 (¢) or 23-22 (¢) in the length of head ;
Char of Great Britain. 115
lower jaw pointed anteriorly, its length 13-14 (g) or 14-12
(2) in the length of head: 10-11 branchiostegals. 13-16
slender gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 156—
188 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal with 9 or 10
branched rays, its origin a little nearer to the tip of snout
than the base of caudal, the longest ray 3—2 the length of head,
Anal with 8 or 9 branched rays. Pectcral 3-4 the length of
head, extending 2 to more than 2 (3) or 3 (2) of the distance
from its base to the base of pelvics. Least depth of caudal
peduncle 13-2 in its length and 4-2 the length of head. Dark
greenish above, silvery or orange below; sides with orange
spots; fins more or less dusky, the lower fins tinged with
orange and with pale anterior margins.
Lakes of Llanberis, Carnarvonshire, North Wales.
The above description is based on the types of the species,
twelve examples, 180-235 mm. in total length.
The following five species of Char are so distinct from
each other and from the ones described above that I have
little hesitation in describing them as new.
1. Salvelinus gracillimus, sp. n.
Depth of body 52 to 63 in the length, length of head 4 to
45. Snout obtuse, as long as or a little longer than eye, the
diameter of which is 47 to 5 in the length of head. Inter-
orbital region nearly flat, its width 34 in the length of
head. Dentition moderate ; jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary
Fig. 2.
a, Salvelinus gracilimus. 6. 8. lonsdalii. 38, natural size.
extending to below the posterior part of eye, its length 22
to 2@ in the length of head; lower jaw somewhat pointed
anteriorly, its length from less than 2 to % the length of head.
9 branchiostegals. 13 or 14 moderately elongate gill-rakers
116 Mr, C. T. Regan on the
on the lower part of anterior arch. 164 to 186 scales in a
longitudinal series. Dorsal with 8 or 9 branched rays, its
origin nearer to the tip of snout than the base of candal, the
longest ray about 2 the length of head. Anal with 7 or 8
branched rays. Pectoral } to Z the length of head, extending
3 to 3 of the distance from its base to the base of pelvics.
Least depth of caudal peduncle 14 to 24 in its length and }
the length of head. Back and sides, with dorsal and caudal
fins, bluish grey ; belly silvery or orange; orange spots on
the sides.
Hab. Loch of Girlsta, Tingwall, Shetlands.
Four male specimens, 150 to 200 mm. in total length,
three of them recently presented by Mr. J. 8S. Tulloch, who
tells me that Girlsta is the only char loch in the Shetlands.
2. Salvelinus inframundus, sp. n.
Depth of body 43 to 42 in the length, length of head 44 to
41, Snout obtuse, with upper profile decurved throughout,
a little longer than eye, the diameter of which is 53 to 54 in
the length of head. Interorbital region convex, its width 34 to
314in the length of head. Dentition feeble ; lower jaw shorter
than and included within the upper; maxillary extending
nearly to below the posterior margin of eye, its length 23 in
the length of head ; lower jaw rounded anteriorly, its length
12 to 14 in the length of head. 10 or 11 branchiostegals.
13 or 14 rather short gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior
arch. 178 to 195 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal
with 9 branched rays, its origin nearer to the tip of snout
than the base of caudal, the longest ray 2 the length of head.
Anal with 8 or 9 branched rays. Pectoral a little more than
2 the length of head, extending 4 of the distance from its
base to the base of pelvics. Least depth of caudal peduncle
2 in its length and 4 to $ the length of head. 59 vertebre.
Colour in spirits: brownish on back and sides, paler below ;
some small pale spots on the sides; dorsal and caudal fins
dusky.
This description is based on two male specimens, 185 and
195 mm. in total length, from Hellyal Lake, Hoy Island,
Orkneys, presented by Dr. Trail in 1862.
During the last few years Mr. William Cowan has made
attempts to get more examples of this interesting form, but
without success. I have it on his authority that char are not
found in any other lakes in the Orkneys. Mr. T. Middlemore,
who owns the lake, has also made unsuccessful efforts to
catch some char; none have been captured since he has been
the proprietor, and he believes they are extinct.
Char of Great Britain. Ly
3. Salvelinus mawillaris, sp. n.
Depth of body 44 to 54 in the length, length of head 34 to
41 (3g) or 44 to 48 (9). Snout subconical (3) or obtuse,
with upper profile decurved (?), longer than eye, the
diameter of which is 5} to 62 in the length of head. Inter-
orbital region convex, its width 3} to 32 in the length of
head. Dentition moderate; jaws equal anteriorly (¢) or
the lower a little shorter than the upper (?); maxillary
extending to below the posterior margin of eye (?) or
beyond (¢), its length 24 to 24 (¢) or 24 to 22 (?) in the
length of head; lower jaw obtusely pointed anteriorly, its
length 2 to more than ? ( @) or % or less (2) of the length of
head. 10 or 11 branchiostegals. 14 or 15 rather slender
gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch. 168 to 186
scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal with 9 to 11 branched
rays, its origin equidistant from the tip of snout and the base
Fig. 3,
Salvelinus mavxillaris, 2 natural size.
of caudal or a little nearer the former, the longest ray 4 to 2
the length of head. Anal with 8 to 10 branched rays.
Pectoral 2 to 2 the length of head, extending § to 2? (¢) or
} or a little less ( 2?) of the distance from its base to the base
of pelvics. Least depth of caudal peduncle 14 to 2 in its
length and about 4 the length of head. 64 vertebrae. Back
and sides, with the dorsal and caudal fins, plumbeous ; belly
brilliant orange; small orange spots on the sides, mostly
below the lateral line; pectoral greenish, with a red margin ;
pelvics and anal reddish, with a white anterior edge; caudal
with an orange margin.
flab. Loch near Ben Hope, Sutherlandshire.
Eleven specimens, 210 to 280 mm. in total length, one
118 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
presented by Mr. R. Etheridge in 1873 and the others
recently sent to me by Mr. John Murray at the request of
Dr. F. Penrose.
4, Salvelinus mallochi, sp. u.
Depth of body 44 in the length, length of head 44 to 45 (3)
or 43 to 44 (2). Snout obtuse, longer than eye, the diameter
of which is 53 to 6 in the length of head. Interorbital region
convex, its width 3 to 32 in the length of head. Den-
tition moderate ; lower jaw a little shorter than the upper ;
maxillary extending nearly to below the posterior margin of
eye or a little beyond, its length 22 to 22 in the length of
head ; lower jaw obtusely pointed anteriorly, its length 3 to 3
of the length of head. 9 to 11 branchiostegals. 13 or 14
Fig. 4.
Salvelinus mallochi, 2 natural size.
rather slender gill-rakers on the lower part of anterior arch.
188 to 200 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal with 10
branched rays, its origin nearer to the tip of snout than the
base of caudal, the longest ray } to 3 the length of head.
Anal with 8 or 9 branched rays. Pectoral 2 to Z the length
of head, extending 4 to 3 (¢) or a little less than 4 (?) of
the distance from its base to the base of pelvics. Least
depth of caudal peduncle 17 to 2 in its length and } to 2 the
length of head. Slate-coloured above, whitish tinged with
orange below ; numerous pale spots covering the back as well
as the sides.
Hab. Loch Scourie, Sutherlandshire.
Four specimens, 220 to 290 mm. in total length.
I have named this species after the donor, Mr. P. D.
Malloch, the well-known naturalist of Perth.
Char of Great Britain. ies
5, Salvelinus lonsdalii, sp. n.
Depth of body 44 to 5 in the length, length of head 4 (¢)
or 44 (¢). Snout subconical, longer than eye, the diameter
of which is 42 to 5% in the length of head. Interorbital
region slightly convex, its width 34 to 34 in the length of
head. Dentition moderate ; jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary
extending to below the posterior margin of pupil (?) or
beyond (¢), its length 24 (g$) or 22 (¢) in the length of
head ; lower jaw pointed anteriorly, its length more than 2
(3) or a little less than 2 ( 2? ) of the length of head. 9 to 11
branchiostegals. 13 slender gill-rakers on the lower part of
anterior arch. 166 to 182 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal with 9 branched rays, its origin a little nearer to the
tip of snout than the base of caudal, the longest ray 2 to 3
the length of head. Anal with 8 branched rays. Pectoral 2
to § the length of head, extending 4 (¢) or nearly 2 (2?) of
the distance from its base to the base of pelvics. Least
depth of caudal peduncle about 12 in its length and about 2
the length of head. Bluish black above, orange below ;
numerous orange spots on the sides ; dorsal and caudal dusky.
Haweswater.
Two specimens, 170 mm. in total length, presented by the
Earl of Lonsdale, after whom [ have named the species.
This species 1s distinguished from S. willughbit especially
by the much longer lower jaw and bears a great resemblance
to S. pertst, from which it differs in the smaller eye and in
having the dorsal fin a little higher and the pectorals rather
longer.
Day (Fish. Britain, 11. p. 116) quotes J. Davy to the effect
that the Char of Haweswater is a small and slender fish
compared with that of Windermere. Sir H. Davy’s figures
(‘Salmonia,’ p. 260, 1851) show well the main difference
between the two forms. Mr. W. H. Parkin writes me that
the Char caught in Haweswater hardly vary at all in size.
Char from other British localities in the National Collection
include some forms which seem to be practically identical with
one or other of the species described above, and others which
may prove to be sufficiently different to be described later on
as distinct species ; in some cases more specimens are wanted
in order to determine how far the differences observed may
be constant ; in other cases I have seen enough examples to
determine pretty accurately the normal variation of the char
in certain lochs, but these forms differ so slightly from their
nearest allies that I do not venture to describe them until
120 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
I have examined specimens from intermediate localities.
There are still a number of lochs in Sutherlandshire, Ross-
shire, and Inverness-shire which contain Char, but from
which I have not yet seen any.
In the following list of specimens I have examined I give
in each case the number of branched rays in the dorsal fin
(D) and in the anal fin (A), the number of scales in a longi-
tudinal series (Sc.), of branchiostegals (B), and of gill-rakers
on the lower part of the anterior arch (Gr.).
(1) Char allied to S. killinensis.
1. Locu Roy, a small loch at the head of Glen Roy in
Inverness-shire; a single specimen (¢), 160 mm. in total
length, presented by Mr. H. Cholmondeley Pennell in 1862.
D.7; A. 8; Sc. 160; B.9; Gr. 15. Head perhaps a little
smaller and scales larger than in the Killin Char, but, con-
sidering the variation in the number of scales in other forms,
e. g. the Loch Loyal Char, and our ignorance of the Char of
other lochs in Inverness-shire (except L. Bruiach), I cannot
yet recognize this form as even a distinct race.
(2) Char allied to S. willughbii.
1. Coniston LAKE; three specimens ( 2 ) 190 to 240 mm.
in total length, presented by Mr. J. W. Barratt. D. 9-10;
A. 8-9; Sc. 186-198; B. 10-11; Gr. 12-13. © Nearly
identical with the Windermere Char.
2. CruMMOCK WATER; four specimens (¢ 2?) 270 to
280 mm. in total length, presented by Mr. W. H. Marshall.
D. 9-10; A. 8; Sc. 160-170; B. 9-12; Gr. 12-14. Prac-
tically identical with the Windermere Char.
These examples were in splendid condition, and when they
arrived I drew up the following description of their colora-
tion :—“ Back and sides bluish, with silvery reflections and
with numerous pink spots everywhere ; faint traces of 9-12
parr-marks ; lower parts red; snout, upper part of head, and
sometimes the maxillary blackish ; lower jaw, branchiostegals,
and thorax white ; cheeks and opercles silvery, with shades
of green, blue, or pink ; iris golden, pupil black ; dorsal and
caudal fins blackish, with or without pale spots at the base ;
pectoral dusky, tinged with red, sometimes with the upper
ray whitish; pelvics and anal similar, but redder and with
strongly marked white anterior edges.”
3. Loch GRANNOCH in Kirkcudbrightshire; eight speci-
mens (¢ 2), 160-230 mm. in total length, three presented
Char of Great Britain. 121
by Mr. Robert Service and five by Mr. G. R. Murray.
D. 9-10; A. 7-8; Sc. 154-176; B. 8-11; Gr. 11-13. “A
race of S. willughbii, assuming adult characters at a smaller
size.
4. Locw DuncgEon in Kirkeudbrightshire ; one specimen
(3), 160 mm. in total length, received on loan from the
Rdinburgh Museum. -D. 10); A. 8; Se. 180; B. 10;
Gr. 13. A race of S. willughdbii; lower jaw weaker and
opercalar bones broader than in the Grannoch Char.
5. Locu Doon in Ayrshire; eleven specimens (¢ ?), 160-
180 mm. in total length, presented by Mr. R. Service.
D. 8-9; A. 8-9; Se. 146-174; B. 9-10; Gr. 12-14. A
small race of S. willughbii, very similar to the Grannoch
Char, usually with mouth larger, opercular bones narrower,
and paired fins longer than in Windermere Char of this size.
6. Locn BurteG in Banffshire; four specimens (¢ ?),
180-220 mm. in total length, presented by Messrs F. D.
Godman and W. R. O. Grant. D. 9-10; A. 7-9; Sc. 160-
180; B. 9-11; Gr. 14-15.
7. Loca BrursacH in Inverness-shire; ten specimens
(3 2), 175-190 mm. in total length, presented by Lord
Lovat. D. 8-10; A. 7-9; Sc. 155-178; B. 9-11; Gr. 14-
16. A small race of S. willughbii ; coloration dark ; pelvic
axillary scale long.
8. Loca Morigein Ross-shire; one specimen ( ¢), 200 mm.
in total length, presented by Mr. H. M. Warrand. D. 9;
ma. Oo; pc. Loo: B. 103 Gr 16. Similar'to the Bruiach
Char.
9. Loch Boro.uan in Sutherlandshire; two specimens
(¢), 150 and 165 mm. in total length, from Dr. F. Day’s
collection. D.10; A. 8; Se. 166-172 ; B. 9-10; Gr. 15.
10. Locn Loyat in Sutherlandshire; thirty-eight speci-
mens (¢ ?), 150-200 mm. in total length, presented by
Mr. John Murray. D. 8-11; A. 7-9; Sc. 126-178; B. 8-
12; Gr. 11-16. A small race of S. willughbii, according to
Mr. Murray never attaining a larger size. The range of
variation in the number of scales is most remarkable.
11. Locu BabeEN in Sutherlandshire ; two specimens ( @ ),
165 and 185 mm. in total length, presented by Mr. P. D.
Malloch. D. 9-10; A. 8-9; Sc. 148-152; B. 9-10;
Gr. 16-17. Head smaller than in the Loch Loyal Char.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 9
122 Dr. T. Scott on new and rare
12. LocH Caper in Caithness; a stuffed specimen of
230 mm., received on loan from the Edinburgh Museum.
D.9; A.8; Se. 166. Apparently identical with the Baden
Char.
13. Nortu UIsT; a single specimen (¢), 260 mm, in
total length, presented by Sir A. J. Campbell Orde. D. 10;
A. 9; Se. 175; B. 10; Gr. 14. A short-headed form of
S. willughbii ; silvery, back bluish.
(3) Char allied to §. perisii.
1. Coss-y-GEDAWL in Merionethshire; four specimens,
125-150 mm. in total length, from Yarrell’s collection.
D. 9-10; A. 8-9; Sc. 144-166; B. 9-10; Gr. 14-16.
Probably not distinct from the Llanberis Char.
(4) Char allied to 8. maxillaris.
1. Locw Stack in Sutherlandshire ; two specimens ( ?),
215 and 220 mm. in total length. D.9; A. 8-9; Sc. 182-
194; B. 9-10; Gr. 14-15. Nearly identical with the Char
from Ben Hope, but paired fins a little longer than in female
specimens from that locality, the pectorals extending 2 to 2
of the distance from their base to the pelvics.
.
XVI.—On some new and rare Entomostraca from the Scottish
Seas. By Tuomas Scott, LL.D., F.L.S.
[Plates II.-IV.]
THE Entomostraca described here were obtained in collections
made from time to time by the Fishery Steamer ‘ Goldseeker ’
while carrying on work in connexion with the international
scheme for the investigation of the North Sea and adjacent
waters, and under the directions of Professor d’Arcy W.
Thompson, ©.B., F.L.8., the representative for Scotland on
the International Committee.
For permission to publish these notes I am indebted to
Professor Thompson.
CALANOIDA.,
Xanthccalanus tenuiremis, sp. n. (2).
(Pl. IL. figs. 1-7.)
A specimen of a male Xanthocalanus was obtained in a
Entomostraca from the Scottish Seas. 123
gathering of Crustacea from 1140 metres, collected by the
‘Goldseeker’ at Station 53, about 70 or 80 miles north by
west of the Butt of Lewis (59° 36! N. lat., 7° W. long.).
As this specimen represents what may be either an un-
described species or the undescribed male of some species the
female of which is already known, the following particulars
concerning it may not be without interest.
The specimen has a general resemblance to Xanthocalanus
borealis, G. O. Sars, and measures about 2°5 mm. in length
(fig. 1).
Rostrum of moderate size and bifurcate, the sezments are
elongate, stout at the base, but taper towards the pointed
extremities (fig. 1a).
Antennules wanting ; the antenna, which are also slightly
imperfect, resemble those of X. borealis (fig. 2).
Mandibles stout, with a strong masticatory part; the tooth
on the inner aspect of the biting-edge is broad and massive
and projects somewhat beyond the others (fig. 3); the
mandible-palp, which is stout, is slightly imperfect (fig. 4).
First maxillipeds stout, each of them armed with two or
three long and stout setiferous spines and a number of elon-
gated plumose bristles, and there is also present the charac-
teristic fascicle of sensory filaments (fig. 5).
The four pairs of swimming-feet were all more or less
imperfect : fig. 6 represents what remains of the fourth pair.
The fifth pair has the left leg greatly elongated and slender,
so that it is only a little shorter than the entire length of the
cephalothorax. The basal joint of this leg is moderately
stout and rather longer than the right leg ; the next three
joints are subequal and considerably longer than the basal
joint, and each is more slender than the joint that precedes
it ; the end joint is very small and terminates in a bifurcated
process, as shown in the enlarged figure (fig. 7a). The right
leg is short and rudimentary, and appears to be composed of
three (or four) joints (fig. 7).
Remarks.—This species appears to be a true Xanthocalanus.
The structure of the antenne, and especially of the first
maxillipeds and of the fifth pair of thoracic legs, agrees with
the characters common to the species of this genus. The
first maxillipeds are each furnished with a terminal fascicle
of slender sensory filaments as in X. borealis, but with no
sheaf-like bundles as in Amallophora; they are also armed
with two strong, elongated, and more or less setiferous spines,
besides a number of plumose sete. Further, in the fifth
pair of thoracic feet the right leg is very short, while the left
is slender and elongated as in X. borealis. In the species
ci
124 Dr. ‘I’. Scott on new and rare
now described, however, the structure of the elongated left
leg differs from that of any of the others known to me in the
proportional lengths of the various joints and in the peculiar
armature of the terminal one. The mutilated condition of the
only specimen observed prevents a more detailed account
being given, but the characters available are, taken together,
sufficient to distinguish this form from its confreres.
Amallophora claviger *, sp. n.
(Pl. III. figs. 1-11; Pl. LV. figs. 13-17.)
Cephalothorax moderately elongated ; forehead rounded ;
rostrum bifurcate, with moderately long tapering branches ;
abdomen composed of five segments, caudal rami vey short.
Length about 477 mm. (Pi. III. fig. 1).
Antennules rather longer than the cephalothorax, mode-
rately slender and composed of twenty-five joints ; first and
second joints somewhat dilated, the next four small, subequal,
the sixth to the twelfth more or less coalescent, thirteenth and
fourteenth small, the fifteenth to the nineteenth rather longer
than the preceding two joints or those that follow, as in the
formula, which shows approximately the proportional lengths
of the various joints :—
Number of the joints ........ 1284656 78910T1
SS
Proportional lengths of same .. 17.12.7.8.7.8. 38.
13814 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25
9.9. 14716. 16-36) 16.00, 8 oa ee.
See also the drawing (PI. III. fig. 3).
Antenne small, inner branch much shorter than the outer
{Pl. III. fig. 4).
Mandibles small, narrow, elongated, distal end somewhat
constricted, biting end obliquely truncated and armed with
small denticles ; mandible-palp small (Pl. III. fig.5; Pl. 1V.
fig. 13).
First maxilliped small, furnished with a dense fascicle of
sensory filaments and a number of sete as shown in the
drawing (Pl. III. tig. 6). Second maxillipeds also small,
elongated, and sparingly setiferous (PI. ILI. fig. 7).
The four pairs of swimming-feet are somewhat similar to
those in Xanthocalanus borealis, G. O. Sars. The fifth pair
has also a general resemblance to those of the same species,
* Claviger, carrying a club; referring to the club-like form of the left
leg of fifth pair.
Entomostraca from the Scottish Seas. LZ
but there are structural differences which at once distinguish
this ‘(Goldseeker’ Calanoid from Amallophora typica,
T. Scott, which it somewhat resembles. The left leg of the
fifth pair is elongated and slender, as in the fifth pair of
A. typica, and the first and second joints are moderately
stout, but the second joint is about one and a half times
longer than the first, while the first and second are together
rather less than half the entire length of the leg ; the third
joint is very slender and about one and a half times longer
than the second ; the fourth joint is scarcely half as long as
the third, and becomes somewhat dilated towards the distal
end ; the distal half of this joint is hollow on the exterior
edge and assumes a spoon-like form to receive the end joint,
which is folded back upon the fourth and is greatly attenuated
towards the distal extremity, and terminates in a minute
hook ; the end joint bears several minute sete on its inner
edge, and a small seta projects from the end of the fourth
joint (PI. 1V. figs. 15-17). The right branch is very short
and reaches slightly beyond the first joint of the left branch ;
it consists of five joints, but the three end ones are very
small (PI. IV. fig. 15).
Hab. ‘Goldseeker’ Station 53 (lat. 59° 36’ N., long.
7° W.); depth 1140 metres, August 17th, 1908. A few
male specimens only observed.
Remarks.—Though the form here described approaches
somewhat closely to Amallophora typica, the structure of the
fifth pair of thoracic legs is decidedly different; the left leg
differs not only in the proportional lengths of all the joints,
but also in the form and armature of the end joint.
It may be remembered that Amallophora typica has been
relegated to the genus Xanthocalanus by Dr. Giesbrecht, but
though it agrees with that genus in some particulars, as, for
example, in the structure of the fifth pair of thoracic legs, it
differs in other respects, and notably in the armature of the
first maxillipeds, which possesses a character distinct from
that observed in described species of that genus. In the
_ typical Xanthocalanus (X. agilis, Giesb.) the first maxillpeds
are provided with a number of slender sensory filaments, but
they have no large and conspicuous sheaf-like bundle of
delicate threads inextricably mixed together as in Amallo-
phora. This genus I therefore retain for the two species
mentioned here, viz. Amallophora typica and A. claviger.
Neoscolecithrix kehler’, Canu.
1896. Neoscolecithrix kehleri, Canu, Ann, Univ. Lyon, vol. xxvi.
see . ) , ine,
p- 426, pl. xviii. figs. 1-9.
126 Dr. T. Scott on new and rare
eee Seca da kehleri, Giesbrecht, Das Tierreich, 6 Lief. (Cope-
poda) p
1905. Oaths: bidentata, Farran, Ann. Rep. Fish. Ireland, 1902-03,
pt. ii. App. ii. (1905) p. 42, pl. x. figs. 15-18, pl. xi. figs. 1-10,
This appears to be a true deep-water species; it was
moderately common in two of the ‘ Goldseeker’ gatherings,
one from 1140, pe other from 1100 metres, collected in lat.
59° 36’ N., long. 7° W., and lat. 59° 25’ N., lenge. 7°33 W.,
in August 1907.
Having had the privilege of examining well-developed
specimens of both the male and female of this species, I am
convinced that Oothria bidentata is identical with Neoscole-
cithriv kehler?, and also that the species is not a true Scole-
cithriz, and that Canu’s name should therefore be restored.
Genus PSEUDOTHARYBIS, nov.
Resembling Tharybis, G. OQ. Sars, in general appearance.
Female antennules composed of twenty-four joints. An-
tenn with the inner ramus considerably shorter than the
outer. Mandibles with the biting edge truncated and armed
with stout teeth. Maxille somewhat expanded, masticatory
lobe broadly truncate and furnished with several setiferous
spines. First maxillipeds without sensory filaments, other-
wise nearly as in Tharybis. Second maxillipeds and
swimming-feet also nearly as in that genus. Last pair of
legs triarticulate, end joint with a spinitorm extremity, and
with two stout spines on the outer margin.
Pseudotharylis zetlandicus, sp. n., §.
(Pl. II. figs. 8-13; Pl, III. figs. 12- 18.)
Body robust; forehead broadly rounded; rostrum short,
bifurcated, furca short, broadly triangular, somewhat divari-
cated, and with a moderately wide space between them
(Pl. II. fig. 9). The first cephalothoracic segment more
than half the length of the cephalothorax ; the lateral angles
of the last segment are produced into sharp tooth-like pro-
cesses, which are slightly divaricate. Abdomen short, with
short furcal rami (PI. Ll. fig. 8).
Length 3°3 mm,
Antennules (PJ. II. fig. 10) somewhat shorter than the
cephalothorax and composed of twenty-four joints, the
proportional lengths of which are nearly as in the formula :—
Number of the joints ........ 1. 2 8 4.5.8 7.8 3
Proportional lengths of ditto.. 20.16.8.8.8,8.9.13.8.8.8.
12 13 14 16 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24
POSTE. F551. 20105 10727 6 eee
Entomostraca from the Scottish Seas. 127
Antenne not very elongated, moderately stout, inner
ramus considerably shorter than the outer (PI. IIT. fig. 12).
The mandibles, which somewhat resemble those of the
species last described, have a strongly toothed masticatory
edge (Plo fant):
The three inner marginal lobes of the first maxillipeds are
each furnished with two apical sete, coarsely plumose and
elongated, and a shorter reflexed seta; the next two lobes
terminate in long slender and slightly curved spines (PI. III.
fig. 13).
The five terminal joints of the second maxillipeds are
short and furnished with a number of rather slender bristles
(Pl. IIL. fig. 14).
The swimming-feet are somewhat similar in structure to
those of the species previously described. ‘The first pair are
moderately stout, but much smaller than the next pair, and
the spines on the outer distal angles of the three joints of the
outer ramus are not very strong (PI. III. fig. 15). The outer
ramus of the second pair is moderately elongate and broadly
lamelliform ; the marginal spines are strong, rather long and
setiferous, but the apical spine is comparatively short and
stout and coarsely serrated on the outer edge (PI. IIL. fig. 16).
The outer rami of the third and fourth pairs are narrower
than that of the second, and the marginal spines more
slender; the terminal spine is moderately stout and coarsely
serrated on the outer edge, the number of teeth being about
eighteen. ‘he integument of the inner branches is covered
more or less with minute denticles (Pl. III. fig. 17).
The fifth pair of feet are small and symmetrical, each
consists of a single three-jointed branch; the third joint,
which is rather longer than either of the other two, is pro-
duced anteriorly into a moderately long spine and is armed
with two other spines, one near the proximal end of the outer
margin and the others on the outer distal angle (PI. III.
fig. 18). The first and second joints are without conspicuous
armature,
Hab. ‘Goldseeker’ Station 53 (lat. 59° 36’ N., long.
7° W.), 1140 metres deep, collected in August 1907. One
or two specimens only obtained ; no male observed.
In the same gathering with the species just described were
others already known to science, such as Arietellus plumifer,
G. O. Sars, a highly coloured form with densely plumose
tail-setea; Chirundina streetst, Giesbrecht, described from
specimens collected off the west coast of North America in
Jat. 35° N., long. 125° W.; Candacia norvegica, Boeck ;
Graetanus latifrons, G. O. Sars; Megacalanus longicornis
128 Dr. T. Scott on new and rare
(G.O. Sars); Metridia princeps, Giesbrecht ; and various
others to be described later.
Halocyprida.
Genus Euconcuacia, G. W. Miiller, 1890.
Euconchecia d’arcy-thompsont, sp. 1.
(Pl. TIL. fig. 19; Pl. LV. figs. 1-12.)
Shell, seen from the side, oblong; length scarcely equal to
twice the width. Dorsal margin nearly straight, each valve
terminating posteriorly in a small pointed process, while in
front the rostral projection, which is distinctly bifid, is
bounded beneath by a deep sinus, as shown in the drawing
(Pl. IV. figs. 1 & 2); ventral margin nearly parallel with the
dorsal and slightly but evenly rounded; posterior end sub-
quadrangular ; anterior end boldly curved ; shell-gland near
the postero-dorsal angle, as shown in the drawing (PI. IV.
fig. 2).
ake of the shell represented by the drawing about
4-7 mm.
The antennnles are each provided at the apex with a dense
fascicle of very slender bristles and with three (or four) sete ;
two of these sete are long and slender, but of unequal length,
one being much more elongated than the other (PI. [V. fig. 5).
Antenne similar to those in Euconchacia chierchiea, G. W.
Miller; the secondary branch on the right side is armed
with a strong hook (PI. IV. fig. 6), that on the left side is
also provided with a hook, but it is much smaller than the
other.
Mandibular foot nearly as in Conchwcia elegans, the masti-
catory part armed with several small teeth (PI. IV. fig. 7).
First foot slender and moderately elongated, end joint very
small, with one long and moderately stout seta and two other
smaller ones (Pl. IV. fig. 9). Second foot considerably
shorter than the first (PI, LV, fig. 10).
Cauda] lamina somewhat similar to that of £. chierchia,
Miiller, except that it is armed with eight spines ; the prin-
cipal spine exhibits the same number of articulations as that
of the caudal Jamina in the species named. Copulatory
organ rather narrow and elongated (PI. IV. figs. 11 & 12).
‘The female does not differ greatly from the male, except
that the rostral hood-like projection at the anterior end of the
shell is not bifid as in the male (Pl. IV. fig. 4) and that the
accessory branch of the antenna has no hook-like appendage
Entomostraca from the Scottish Seas. 129
(Pl. IIT. fig. 19). In the female dissected the ova were nume-
rous and small. ‘The shell in both sexes ornamented with
faint delicate reticulations. The groups of glands situated
near the postero-dorsal angles of each of the two valves, as
indicated in the drawing (Pl. LV. fig. 2), are quite distinct.
Hab. ‘ Goldseeker’ Station 53, lat. 59° 36! N., long. 7° W.,
1140 metres deep, collected in August 1907. Two adult
males and one female, and other two smaller specimens
which appear to be young males.
Remarks.—TVhe occurrence of this Luconchecia at Station 53
appears to be of interest, as it differs so much in size and in
other respects from LE. chierchie, G. W. Miiller, the only
other species of the genus. 1. chverchie was described from
specimens collected by Dr. Chierchia off the Brazilian
coast in lat. 19° S. and long. 39° W.; these specimens
measured about 1:2 mm. in length*. The same species
was described and figured in the Report on collections
made by John Rattray in the Gulf of Guinea, under the
name of Halocypris aculeata; the size of the specimens
from these collections was about 1 mm.t It has also been
recorded from Cruz Bay by Dr. G. S. Brady, who gives the
size of the male as 1-1 mm. and of the female as *85 mm.t
The ‘ Goldseeker’ specimens are thus about four times the
size of EH. chierchia. Moreover, in both the adult males the
rostral projection of both valves‘of the shell is distinctly
bifid, as shown in the drawing (PI. IV. fig. 2), but in the
shell of the adult female the rostral projection is not bifid.
One other point of interest is the large brush of delicate
filaments at the apex of the antennules in both the male and
female. The brush at the apex of the antennules in LZ, chi-
erchie is described by Dr. Brady as consisting “ of about
twenty sete.’ In the ‘Goldseeker’ specimens the brush
consists of several times twenty sete. I have not counted
the number of sete, for they are so numerous, so delicate,
and so crowded together, that the counting of them would be
a somewhat serious task—in a small fragment broken off
from one of the brushes at least forty setee were counted.
Owing to the differences mentioned | am inclined to ascribe
the ‘Goldseeker’ specimens to a distinct species, for which I
propose the name of Huconchwcia d’arcy-thompsoni, after
Prof. d’ Arey W. Thompson, C.B., Director of the Scottish
International Investigations,
* “Ueber Halocypriden,’ Zoologisch. Jahrb. Bd. v. p. 277, pl. xxviii.
figs. 1-10 (1890).
+ Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. vi. p. 142, figs. 5, 6, 32, 34, 38 (1894),
{ Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 190, pl. xxii. figs. 9-15 (1902),
130 On Entomostraca from the Scottish Seas.
Several other interesting Halocyprians have been obtained
in collections made by the ‘ Goldseeker,’ such as Conchacia
elegans, G. O. Sars, C. borealis, G.O. Sars, C. obtusata, G. O.
Sars, C. daphnoides, Claus, C. imbricata, G. 8S. Brady,
Halocypria (?) globosa, Claus, several species belonging to
the Cy prinide, and others which will be described later.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES *,
Puate II.
Xanthocalanus tenuiremis, sp. 0.
Fig. 1. Male, side view; “a,” the rostrum. 2. One of the antenna
(imperfect). 8. Mandible. 4. Mandible-palp. 5, First maxilli-
ped. 6. Fourth pair of swimming-feet (imperfect). 7. Fifth
pair; “a,” the extremity of long branch (greatly enlarged).
Pseudotharybis zetlandicus, gen. et sp. n.
Fig. 8. Female, dorsal view. 9. Rostrum. 10. One of the antennules.
1]. Mandible and palp. 12. One of the maxille, 138. Abdo-
men, ventral view.
PrateE III.
Amallophora claviger, sp. 0.
Fig. 1. Male, side view. 2. Rostrum. 38. Oneoftheantennules. 4. One
of the antenne. 5. Mandible-palp. 6. First maxilliped.
7. Second maxilliped. 8, Foot of first pair. 9. Foot of second
pair. 10. Foot of third pair. 11. Foot of fourth pair.
Pseudotharybis zetlandicus, gen. et sp. 0.
Fig. 12. One of the antenne. 13. First maxilliped. 14. Second max-
illiped. 15. Foot of first pair. 16. Foot of second pair.
17. Foot of fourth pair. 18. Foot of fifth pair.
Euconchecta d’arcy-thompsont, sp. n.
Fig. 19. Accessory branch of antenna, female.
PratTE tV.
Euconchecia darcy-thompsont, sp. n.
Fig. 1. Shell of male, side view. 2. Shell with the valves opened out.
3. Shell of female seen from below. 4. Anterior end of opened
valves of same, to show rostral projection. 5. Antennule.
6. Accessory branch of antenna, male. 7. Mandibular foot.
8. Maxilla. 9. Foot of first pair. 10. Foot of second pair.
11. Caudal lamina. 12. Copulatory organ of male.
Amallophora claviger, sp. 0.
Fig.18. Mandible. 14. Fifth pair of feet. 15. End joint of long branch
of fifth pair (greatly enlarged). 16. Another view of the same
joint. 17. Abdomen.
* Figures drawn with a “ Zeiss” camera, and all enlarged.
On new or little-known Species of Thynnide. 131
XVIT.—Remarks on some new or little-known Species of
Thynnidee (Hymenoptera). By Rowianp E. TuRNER,
1ZS., BBs:
Rhagigaster mandibularis, Westw.
This species is quite distinct from the Victorian form of
Rh. unicolor, Guér. Vhe male may be distinguished by the
tubercle on the mandibles and the absence of the lateral spines
at the base of the hypopygium and the female by the much
greater breadth of the head.
Telephoromyia tridentifera, sp. n.
¢. Mandibles tridentate, the outer tooth much the longest.
Clypeus short, slightly convex, with an obliquely depressed,
concave, semicircular area on the middle of the apical margin,
resembling a small but deep emargination, a minute tubercle
above the base of the depression. Antenne further from
each other than from the eyes, rather longer than the thorax
without the median segment, the apical joints arcuate ; the
interantennal prominence bilobed, a delicate median carina
on the front almost reaching the anterior ocellus. Pronotum
narrower than the head; the mesonotum as long as broad,
with two longitudinal sulci on each side, the inner one much
the deepest ; scutellum rounded posteriorly ; median segment
longer than broad, with an obscure median sulcus from the
base to the apex. Punctured; most finely and closely on the
head, very sparsely on the scutellum, and rather sparsely on
the abdomen. First abdominal segment with a sulcus from
the base to the middle, the groove between the first and
second ventral segments shallow. Abdomen elongate, longer
than the head, thorax, and median segment combined, nar-
rowed at the extremities. Epipygium narrowed to the apex
and almost pointed, the hypopygium projecting beyond the
epipygium, narrow, the sides almost parallel, deeply tri-
angularly emarginate at the apex.
Black ; the mandibles broadly in the middle, the clypeus
above the depression broadly, two spots between the antenna,
the inner margin of the eyes broadly as high as the base of
the antenna, a spot at the summit of the eyes, a spot between
the posterior ocelli, a line behind the eyes connecting with a
crescentic mark on the vertex, the posterior margin of the
pronotum, a spot on either side of the pronotum near the
middle connecting with the posterior band, an oblique mark on
132 Mr. R. E. Turner on some new or
each side of the prothorax, a broad vertical band strongly emar-
ginate posteriorly on the anterior margin of the mesopleure,
a large spot above the intermediate coxe, a quadrate spot on
the mesonotum, the tegulz, the middle of the scutellum broadly
and a spot on each of the anterior angles, the postscutellum, an
oblique line on each side on the median segment, a transverse
band near the apex of the five basal abdominal segments
narrowly interrupted on all but the first, a large spot on each
side of ventral segments 2—4, and a line on the posterior cox
pale yellow ; legs (except the coxee) pale ferruginous ; a yellow
line on the anterior femora beneath. Wings hyaline, the
vadial cell, extending more faintly into the cubital cells,
fuscous ; nervures fusco-ferruginous, the stigma testaceous.
Second and third cubital cells each receiving a recurrent
nervure.
Length 14 mm.
Hab. Mendoza, Argentina ; November.
Type in B.M. ex coll. Turner.
Closely resembling J’. rufipes, Guér., in size and colour,
but Guérin gives the abdomen as “simple en arriére,” which
could not be applied to the peculiarly shaped hypopygium of
this species.
Spilothynnus bituberculatus, ‘Turn.
Telephoromyia bituberculata, Turn. Trans, Ent. Soc. London, p. 70
(1908), 2.
3. Mandibles bidentate, the outer tooth long and acute,
the inner tooth short and broadly truncate. Clypeus very
narrowly emarginate in the middle of the apical margin, the
angles of the emargination produced into short spines; a
carina from the base produced anteriorly into an acute
tubercle overarching the base of the emargination. Antenna
inserted a little further from each other than from the eyes,
rather short, not longer than the thorax and median segment
combined, the apical joints arcuate; the front between the
antenne bilobed, with a delicate longitudinal carina almost
reaching the anterior ocellus. Head and thorax very closely
punctured, the pronotum and scutellum more sparsely, the
mesonotum with two longitudinal sulci on each side; median
segment as long as broad, with a shallow longitudinal sulcus
from the base to the middle, closely punctured. Abdomen
elongate, narrow at the base, closely punctured, the segments
narrowly depressed and smooth at the apex; the basal seg-
ment longer than broad at the apex, with a longitudinal
sulcus from the base to beyond the middle. Hypopygium
little-known Species of Thynnide. 133
narrow, only slightly produced beyond the epipygium, rounded
at the apex with a very feeble emargination in the middle.
The maxillary palpi are rather long, similar to those of
Telephoromyta. 'Vhe second recurrent nervure is received at
about one-quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
Black ; the mandibles (except at the apex), the clypeus,
the anterior margin of the face, a triangular spot between the
eyes and the base of the antenne, an oblique spot on each
side above the base of the antenne, a spot close to the summit
of the eyes, a band beaind the eyes produced more narrowly
on the posterior margin of the head and broadly interrupted
on the vertex, a small oblique spot on each side behind the
posterior ocelli, the margins of the pronotum broadly united
in the middle, with a small black spot in the middle of the
anterior margin, a quadrate spot on the mesonotum, the
tegule and a curved line above them, a spot on the propleures
and a curved band on the mesopleure, a transverse band on
the middle of the scutellum and a spot at each of the anterior
angles, the postscutellum, a broad oblique band on each side
of the median segment curved outwardly near the apex, a
spot close to the apex of the median segment, a broad band
on each of the five basal dorsal segments of the abdomen,
narrowly interrupted in the middle on segments 2—5, a spot
on the first ventral segment, an interrupted band on ventral
segments 2-4 and the coxe and femora beneath yellow; the
two apical abdominal segments, the tibiz and the tarsi ferru-
ginous. Wings hyaline, clouded at the apex of the radial
cell, nervures black, the stigma ferruginous.
Length 15 mm., exp. 25 mm.
Hab. Mendoza, Argentina ; February.
The limits of the genera in the Velephoromyta group, in-
cluding Spilothynnus and Scotena, are not yet well understood,
the temales being very little known. ‘Lhe present species
has the clypeus tuberculate as in S. detus, but the emargi-
nation of the clypeus is much narrower. The mandibles
differ in the truncation of the inner tooth from S, letus and
show some approach to Tel. excisa, ‘Turn., but are not as
broad as in that species.
Pseudelaphroptera haarupt, sp. vn.
9. Head twice as broad as long, convex, shining and
smooth, with a few very fine scattered punctures; a short
frontal sulcus ; the front almost vertically depressed. Clypeus
broadly and shallowly emarginate; the mandibles falcate
with a small tubercle on the inner margin close to the base.
134 Mr. R. E. Turner on some new or
Antenne scarcely longer than the head is broad, the scape
stout and about half as long as the flagellum. Pronotum
broad, nearly twice as broad as long, narrower than the head,
the median line rather broadly raised, the sides subconcave,
the depressions not reaching the posterior margin. Median
segment and scutellum of almost equal length, combined
scarcely longer than the pronotum, the whole thorax shining,
with a few fine scattered punctures. Abdomen broader than
the thorax and much longer than the head, thorax, and median
segment combined ; the first and second segments depressed
on the apical portion, narrowly at the sides, much more
broadly in the middle, the anterior portion smooth and shining,
the depressed portion opaque and very finely shagreened ;
segments 3-5 smooth and shining, very narrowly and
shallowly depressed on the apical margin; the ventral seg-
ments sparsely punctured with a smooth depressed space,
broadest in the middle, at the apex of segments 2-4. Pygi-
dium oblique, twice as long as broad, the sides nearly parallel,
the hypopygium projecting beyond the epipygium, having
an exposed surface nearly half as long as the epipygium,
rounded at the apex; the epipygium truncate at the apex,
with a long whitish seta on each side near the base. Tarsal
ungues bidentate.
Fuscous black ; the head and legs dark fusco-ferruginous ;
the pygidium and antennz fusco-ferruginous ; the depressed
apical portion of the two basal dorsal segments and of ventral
segments 2-4 pale testaceous.
Length 8-9 mm.
Described from two specimens, one of which is apparently
not quite mature and has the abdomen entirely ferruginous-
brown.
Hab, Santa Rosa, Mendoza (A. C. Jensen-Haarup).
This species somewhat resembles Ornepetes a/lbonotata,
André, in the form of the pronotum, but otherwise is nearer
to Pseudelaphroptera flavomaculata, André, except in the
longer and narrower pygidium. It may prove to be the
female of P. rollei, Turn.
Elaphroptera promissa, sp. 0.
?. Head subrectangular, strongly rounded at the posterior
angles, more than twice as broad as the pronotum, nearly
half as broad again as long, thick and scarcely concave above ;
the eyes small and broadly ovate; the front divided by a
longitudinal sulcus. Pronotum small, broader than long,
scutellum small and narrow, rounded posteriorly ; the median
little-known Species of Vhynnide. 135
segment as long as the pronotum, very narrow at the base,
broadened and obliquely truncate posteriorly, with a small
tubercle in the middle just before the base of the truncation.
Head shining, very sparsely and finely punctured, the thorax
opaque and more closely punctured, the pronotum not ex-
cavated. Abdomen broad, sparsely and shallowly punctured ;
the basal segment with a shallow transverse groove before
the apex and without hairs at the base; the second segment
transversely and coarsely rugose, with a deep transverse
groove at the apex bordered by raised transverse caring.
Pygidium longer than broad, finely longitudinally striated,
the apex smooth and broadly rounded, the epipygium broad
at the base and produced laterally into prominent angles,
thence narrowed sharply. Fifth ventral segment punctured,
with obscure longitudinal striz near the apex; the first
ventral segment carinate from the base, with a triangular
truncation at the apex, the groove between the first and
second ventral segments deeply marked.
Ferruginous brown; the thorax and median segment
fuscous ; the front of the head and the anterior tibie above
ochraceous.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Chile.
Type in B.M.
This is a true Hlaphroptera, but differs in the much longer
median segment and the absence of hair at the base of the
abdomen trom most of the known females. It will probably
prove to be the female of E. hyalinipennis, Spin., but it
would be unjustifiable to place it with that species until
absolute certainty is attained.
Ariphron excisus, sp. n.
?. Head large and moderately flattened, subrectangular,
but strongly rounded at the posterior angles, broader than
long, sparsely punctured, the vertex shining, the front sub-
opaque and minutely punctured between the coarser punctures.
The front prominent between the antenne and _ bilobed, the
antennze inserted near to each other in a space strongly de-
pressed below the front, the clypeus also depressed. Eyes
very small, almost round, situated near the base of the
mandibles, which are large and prominent. Pronotum
coarsely punctured, much narrower than the head, the
median portion longitudinally elevated and A-shaped, pointed
on the anterior margin, with a large, deep, smooth excava-
tion on each side. Scutellum very narrow ; the mesopleure
136 Mr. R. E. Turner on some new or
finely and closely punctured, very prominent anteriorly, and
almost toothed at the lower angle; a very deep groove
between the pro- and mesopleure for the reception of the
anterior femora. ‘The anterior tibisze are produced beneath
into a compressed carina which is very deeply and narrowly
incised before the middle. Median segment shorter than the
pronotum, broadened and obliquely truncate posteriorly,
closely punctured, the sides of the segment delicately aci-
culated. Abdomen broader than the thorax, closely punctured,
with rather long greyish pubescence on the sides; the first
segment narrowed and truncate at the base; the second
punctured rugose, with a low transverse carina near the base
and the apical margin slightly raised; the pygidium narrow
and convex, with a low, median, longitudinal carina, a small
elongate-ovate truncation at the apex, the carina continued
on the surface of the truncation almost to the apex. All the
ventral segments are rather closely punctured.
Fuscous, the legs fusco-ferruginous, the front of the head
fulvous. The tarsal ungues are bluntly toothed near the
base.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. 8. Australia (?).
Type in B.M., purchased in 1867, apparently from Bake-
well’s collection.
I place this peculiar species in Ariphron with doubt. The
sculpture of the abdomen is more like Tachynomyia, but in
the excavated pronotum, the prominent mesopleure, and the
shape of the head it is much nearer Ariphron. The re-
markable form of the anterior tibize seems to be peculiar to
the species, but they are not normally formed in A. bicolor
or A. tryphonoides. In tryphonoides there is a prominent
projection on the anterior tibize above near the base.
Tachynomyia adusta, Sm.
Thynnus adustus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 43. n. 122 (1859), 9.
Ablurus pilosulus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 56, n. 10 (1859), g.
Several pairs taken én copula by Mr. G. A. Waterhouse at
Killara near Sydney early in October.
Tachynomyia vulpina, Sm.
4élurus vulpinus, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. vii. p. 54. n. 7 (1859), ¢.
In my revision of the group (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.W.
xxxil. p. 286, 1907) I gave this as a synonym of J’. merens,
Westw. A further examination has convinced me that the
little-known Species of Thynnide. 137
species are quite distinct, the hygopygium of 7. vulpina
being broadly subtruncate at the apex, in addition to the
difference in colour of the legs and wings; the abdomen is
rather more shallowly punctured. The female described by
me is that of true m@rens.
Tachynomyia megacephala, sp. n.
3. Clypeus finely and closely punctured, the apical margin
broadly smooth, a carina from the base not reaching the
apex, narrowly produced and truncate at the apex. Head
very large, broad and massive, deeply concave beneath, with
a fringe of long, curved, pale fulvous hairs on the sides ; the
prominence between the antennze broadly truncate at the
apex, not bilobed; the antennee inserted farther from each
other than from the eyes, the scape scarcely longer than the
two basal joints of the flagellum combined. ‘he head is
shining, deeply, but not very closely, punctured ; the posterior
-ocelli three times as far from the posterior margin of the
head as from each other and more than half as far again
from the eyes as from each other. Thorax closely and
rather finely punctured, much more sparsely and coarsely on
the disc of the mesonotum and scutellum; the pronotum
narrower than the head, the anterior margin slightly raised
and thickened, the scutellum strongly convex and raised
above the mesonotum, rather short and broadly truncate at
the apex ; the mesonotum is broad, measuring nearly 3 mm.
between the tegule. Median segment and pleurze opaque,
finely and very closely punctured, the median segment
rounded, with an almost obsolete sulcus from the base.
Abdomen smooth and shining, fusiform; the basal segment
half as broad at the apex as long, very narrow at the base,
the second segment twice as broad at the apex as the first,
slightly depressed at the base, the two apical segments
sparsely punctured. Hypopygium short, projecting very
little beyond the epipygium, triangular, produced at the apex
into a short, blunt spine, the basal angles with a small acute
spine.
Black; the apex of the clypeus, a narrow line on the apex
of the interantennal prominence, the anterior margin of the
pronotum narrowly interrupted in the middle, the tegule and
the postscutellum pale yellow. Wings fusco-hyaline, darkest
towards the apex, the posterior wings subhyaline; nervures
black. The pleure and median segment thinly clothed with
rather long white pubescence. ‘The tibie without spines on
the outer margin.
Length 14 mm,
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 10
138 Mr. R. E. Turner on some new or
Hab. Cape York, Q. (Turner) ; April.
Type in B.M.
Very near T. flavopicta, Ritsema, the type of which came
from Aru, but this is a more stoutly built insect and the wings
are much darker, the head also is larger and more massive.
Thynnus trisulecatus, Sm.
This female, of which the male is unknown, is certainly
distinct from 7. depressus, Westw., under which name I
placed it with doubt in my recent revision of the family.
Thynnus (Zeleboria) monticolus, sp. n.
3g. Clypeus produced and rather narrowly truncate at the
apex, very finely and closely punctured, not carinated.
Antenne inserted nearer to each other than to the eyes, as
long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined, the
apical joints rather feebly arcuate. Front very finely rugu-
Jose, with a delicate longitudinal sulcus reaching the anterior
ocellus. Head transverse, finely and closely punctured.
Thorax finely punctured, the mesonotum with two longi-
tudinal impressed lines on each side. Median segment
longer than broad, delicately aciculate, with sparse cinereous
pubescence on the sides. Abdomen subpetiolate, fusiform,
longer than the head, thorax, and median segment combined,
smooth and shining, with sparse and fine punctures. Hypo-
pygium longer than broad, slightly narrowed to the apex, the
apical margin truncate with a very short apical spine.
Black ; the mandibles at the base, the anterior margin of
the pronotum very narrowly and interrupted in the middle,
and the middle of the postscutellum very pale yellow.
Wings hyaline, nervures black. The second recurrent
nervure is received at one-quarter from the base of the third
cubital cell.
Length 14 mm., exp. 27 mm.
Hab. The Australian Alps, Victoria.
Nearest to 7. (Zeleboria) nitidulus, Turn., from which it
differs in the frontal sulcus and in the colour, especially of
the legs, which are black instead of ferruginous as in the
allied species.
Thynnus (Zeleboria) levifrons, Sm.
Thynnus (Agriomyia) levifrons, Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S, W, xxxiii.
p. 166 (1908).
I placed this female in the subgenus Agriomyia in my
revision of the family, but it is almost certainly a Zeleboria,
probably the opposite sex of Z. sexmaculatus, Sm.
little-known Species of Thynnide. 139
Thynnus (Aolothynnus) halophilus, sp. n.
3. Clypeus convex, large and long, truncate at the apex,
the middle sparsely punctured, the sides almost smooth, the
labrum exposed. Front long and narrow, rather strongly
punctured, the inner margins of the eyes almost parallel, the
eyes long and narrow; the antenne inserted much farther
from each other than from the eyes and almost as far from
the apex of the clypeus as from the anterior ocellus, the
prominence between them not much raised, bilobed and
deeply emarginate at the apex. ‘Thorax closely and rather
finely punctured, the pronotum as broad as the head, broadly
emarginate anteriorly, the anterior margin raised. Meso-
pleure rather coarsely punctured; the mesonotum marked
with two shallow longitudinal sulci on each side; the
scutellum rather large, truncate at the apex. Median seg-
ment sparsely, but very deeply and coarsely, punctured at
the base, subtruncate and rugulose posteriorly. Abdomen
elongate, about as long as the head, thorax, and median
segment combined, the segments constricted moderately at
the base and with a raised transverse mark emarginate
in the middle just before the depressed apical margin, all the
segments sparsely and finely punctured. Uypopygium rather
broad, tridentate at the apex, the central spine long and
slender from the base, more than twice as long as the two
lateral ones. The sixth ventral segment has a very short
and blunt spine at each of the apical angles.
Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the sides of
the clypeus, the inner margin of the eyes broadly as high as
the base of the antenne, the margins of the pronotum,
broadly interruped in the middle of the anterior margin, the
tegulee and a curved line above them, a square spot on the
posterior margin of the mesonotum, a vertical band emar-
ginate posteriorly on the mesopleuree below the anterior
wings, a spot before the base of the intermediate coxe, a
transverse mark near the apex of the scutellum and a spot
on each side at its anterior angles, the postscutellum, an
oblique band on each side on the apical portion of the median
segment, curved at the apex and continued on the sides of
the segment, and a short transverse band on each side of
abdominal segments 1-5 pale yellow; the legs pale ferruginous.
Wings hyaline, nervures pale testaceous, the stigma light
ferruginous.
Length 6 mm.
Hab. Cape York, Q. (Turner); April and May.
Type in B.M.
25d)
140 Mr. R. E. Turner on some new or
Very near cerceroides, Sm., but the head and clypeus are
much longer and narrower than in the typical form of that
insect and the thorax is much more finely punctured. It is
a much smaller and less robust species, and the colour of the
legs is different.
In my key to the females of Thynnus I have placed those
of the subgenus Molothynnus among those with the tarsal
ungues simple; but in all except those of the westwoodit
group there is really a minute tooth near the middle. In all
the ungues are very feeble and small.
Thynnus gravidus, Westw.
In my revision of the Thynnide I suggested that this
might be the female of Oncorrhinus «xanthospilus, but on a
further examination of the type at Oxford I feel little doubt
that Westwood was correct in connecting it with his 7. klugir,
and that the female which I described as that of T. klugii,
Westw., should belong to the closely allied species T. poul-
toni, Turn., which was confused both in the Oxford and
British Museums with 7. klugit. The two females agree in
the structure of the hind femora, the strongly developed spur
of the anterior tibize, the shape of the pygidium, the sculpture
of the first two dorsal segments of the abdomen, and the bi-
tuberculate prominence between the antennz. The pronotum
in JT. poultont is, however, not concave on the sides, and I
have been unable to examine the mouth-parts; the fifth
ventral segment in 7’. gravidus is longitudinally striated at
the apex, whereas in J. poultoni it is transversely striated.
The difference in colour is striking, considering the close
resemblance between the males.
Thynnus bidens, Sauss.
In my recent revision of the Thynnidz (Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W. xxxill. p. 249, 1908) I gave this as a synonym of
T. gracilis, Westw., but the hypopygium is quite different,
being shorter, without basal spines and with the sides bent
upwards. Thynnus viduus, Sauss., is the female of this
species, but is very near 7’. gracilis, 9 ; the head being
rather longer in 7. gracilis.
Thynnus pseudomelleus, sp. n.
g. Clypeus truncate at the apex, the angles very slightly
prominent, shallowly and rather closely punctured, very
narrowly truncate at the base and connected by a broad
little-known Species of Thynnide. 141
carina with the preminence between the antenne; the
labrum scarcely visible. The antenne inserted a little
farther from each other than from the eyes, the prominence
between them broadly V-shaped and divided by a longitudinal
sulcus. Head closely and rather shallowly punctured,
covered with rather long greyish pubescence. Thorax closely
punctured, the pronotum narrowed anteriorly, the anterior
margin very slightly raised, straight and narrower than the
head. ‘The disc of the mesonotum is bordered on the sides
by a raised curved carina above the tegulz, and the longi-
tudinal sulci usually present in the family are absent. The
scutellum is large, broadly rounded at the apex. Median
segment obliquely truncate from a little behind the post-
scutellum, rounded at the sides, closely and shallowly
punctured and with rather long grey pubescence. Abdomen
elongate, the segments slightly depressed at the base, shining
and rather sparsely punctured ; the transverse groove between
the first and second ventral segments is shallow. Epipygium
very coarsely punctured, without a produced dorsal plate,
semicircularly depressed at the apex. Hypopygium short,
produced into a stout spine projecting a little beyond the
epipygium.
Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), the clypeus,
the prominence between the antenne, the margins of the
eyes interrupted at the summit, continued in a narrow band
on the posterior margin of the herd bisinuate in the middle,
the pronotum (except a small black spot on the middle of
the anterior margin and a large transverse mark on eacl
side), the mesopleure in front, a curved mark on the meso-
notum above the tegulz, two oblique marks uniting posteriorly
on the disc of the mesonotum, the scutellum with the base
rather broadly black and a narrow transverse black mark on
each side near the apex, the postscutellum, a large mark
trilobed posteriorly at the apex of the median segment and
produced laterally on to the sides of the segment, the coxa
and femora beneath, the tegulz, and a broad band near the
apex of each abdominal segment except the seventh pale
yellow ; the bands are continued beneath on ventral seg-
ments 2-5. Femora and tarsi dull ferruginous, the femora
very pale yellow above. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow
at the base, nervures and stigma ferruginous.
Length 19 mm.
Hab. Glen Innes, N.S.W. (Froggatt).
‘Type in coll. Froggatt.
Near T. frenchi, Turn., but the scutellum is shorter and
differently shaped in addition to the considerable differences
112 Mr. R. E. Turner on some new or
in colour; the clypeus is also rather shorter and not pointed
at the base as in 7’. frenchi. ‘The markings are very similar
to those of 7. melleus, Westw., but the colour is pale yellow
instead of orange.
Thynnus atrocior, sp. n.
3. Clypeus coarsely punctured, some of the punctures
confluent longitudinally, very prominent at the extreme base,
then depressed and flattened to the apex, where it is broadly
truncate, with very slightly prominent angles; the labrum
projecting a little beyond the clypeus, not bilobed. Maxille
with a fringe of very long hairs on the outer margin. Head
closely and rather deeply punctured, the antenne of equal
thickness throughout, a little further from each other at the
base than from the eyes, the second joint of the flagellum
only two-thirds of the length of the third; the prominence
between the antenn# broadly rounded at the apex and con-
nected by a very short carina with the pointed base of the
clypeus; a delicate carina from just below the anterior
ocellus reaching the apex of the interantennal prominence.
Thorax closely punctured, the pronotum with a transverse
groove just behind the anterior margin, the anterior angles
scarcely prominent; the mesonotum with the usual two
longitudinal sulei on each side, the inner one much the
deepest; the scutellum about two-thirds of the length of the
mesonotum, convex and longitudinally subcarinate in the
middle. Median segment rather finely rugose, with a longi-
tudinal depression from the base, oblique and _ shining
posteriorly, with a deep sulcus on each side close to the apex.
Abdomen closely, but not deeply punctured ; the first seg-
ment as broad at the apex as the second, the segment feebly
constricted at the base, and narrowly depressed on the apical
margin, the first ventral segment divided from the second by
a moderately deep groove, the sixth segment with a short
spine on each side at the apical angle ; the dorsal plate of
the epipygium flatly produced, truncate at the apex and
coarsely longitudinally striated. Hypopygium prominently
rounded at the basal angles, but not toothed, thence rather
broadly produced and rounded at the apex, without an apical
spine; transversely striated above near the base, with a
longitudinal, low carina near the apex; punctured beneath,
with a longitudinal carina.
Black ; with close grey pubescence, longest on the sides
of the head and abdomen and on the pleura, the spines of
the tibiz whitish, the mandibles dark fusco-ferruginous,
0
Uitile-known Species of Thynnide. 145
The flattened portion of the clypeus and the extreme apex
of the median segment are without pubescence and shining,
the remainder of the insect opaque. The anterior coxe are
very slightly concave beneath. Wings hyaline, nervures
black.
Length 18 mm.
fab. Gippsland, Victoria.
Very near 7. atrox, Turn., from Western Australia, but
the sculpture of the clypeus is different, and the spines at
the basal angles of the hypopygium are not developed. The
tubercle at the base of the second ventral segment, which is
strongly developed in T. atror, is absent in the present
species.
Thynnus multistrigatus, sp. n.
?. Head shining, very sparsely, but rather deeply
punctured, more closely on the front between the antenne,
very slightly convex, more than half as broad again as long,
and rounded ‘at the posterior angles; the eyes oval, not
tcuching the base of the mandibles. Thorax and median
segment shining and very sparsely punctured ; the pronotum
as broad as the head, nearly twice as broad anteriorly as
long, very slightly narrowed posteriorly, with a row of
setigerous punctures on the anterior margin which is almost
straight. ‘lhe scutellum is narrowed and broadly rounded
posteriorly ; the median segment very short, obliquely trun-
cated from just behind the scutellum; the pleure smooth and
shining. Abdomen shining, segments 3-5 almost smooth ;
the first segment truncate anteriorly, the face of the trun-
cation strongly concave, the dorsal surface rugosely punctured
at the base, with a patch of long pubescence in the middle,
and with three transverse carine near the apex, which are
separated from the recurved apical margin by a rather broad
transverse groove. Second segment with about twenty
transverse caring, those near the base low and fine, very near
together, those near the apex much stronger and farther
apart. Pygidium truncate posteriorly, strongly constricted
before the base of the truncation and transversely striated,
the surface of the truncation ovate and smooth, the hypo-
pygium not emarginate at the apex, Fifth ventral segment
coarsely longitudinally striated and deeply emarginate at the
apex. ‘lhe basal joint of the intermediate tarsi is broad and
flat, but not as strongly so as in some of the allied species,
The clypeus is transverse, convex in the middle but not
carinate, and closely punctured.
Black ; the scutellum, a spot on each side of the first and
144 Mr. R. E. Turner on some new or
second abdominal segments, a band near the apex of the
third and fourth, almost interrupted in the middle on the
third and broadly interrupted on the fourth, the apex of
the first ventral segment and a large spot on each side of
segments 2-4 yellow; antenne piceous ; legs fusco-ferruginous
beneath.
Length 18 mm.
Hab. Richmond, N.S.W. (Froggatt).
Type in coll. Froggatt.
This is the female of a species belonging to the section
Zaspilothynnus, Ashm., but the head is not deeply grooved
as in leachiellus, Westw., which Ashmead takes for the type
of his genus. But other species in which the male does not
seem to differ in structure from leachiellus (notably T. vernalis,
Turn.) have the head of the female without grooves, so that
I cannot regard this character as of more than specific
importance.
In my key to the species of Thynnus (Proc. Linn, Soc.
N.S.W, xxxiii. p. 84, 1908) I have placed 7. seductor, Sm.,
among the species without a spine at the apical angles of the
sixth ventral segment. This is an error, for the spine
although short and blunt is distinctly visible. On the other
hand, J’. anchorites, Turn., has been placed, by an oversight
on my part, among the species in which the spine is present,
whereas there is no trace of a spine.
Thynnus sabulosus, Turn.
Thynnus sabulosus, Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxiii. p. 208
(1908), 2.
This will probably prove to be the female of T. zonatus,
Guér. (nigropectus, Sm.), which is a wide-ranging species,
the localities for specimens in the British Museum being
Swan River, Roeburne, N.W.A., and Alexandria, near the
eastern border of the Northern Territory. Though the head
of 7. sabulosus is not deeply grooved as in most species
allied to J. dentatus, Fab., it certainly belongs to that
group.
Thynnus picticollis, Turn.
Thynnus picticollis, Turn. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxxiii. p. 216
(1908), 2.
This belongs to the group Zaspilothynnus, Ashm., and
may prove to be the female of 7. ochrocephalus, Sm. The
first joint of the intermediate tarsi is very strongly flattened
and broadened, and the intermediate tibiz are also broader
little-known Species of Thynnide. 145
and stouter than in most of the allied species. The pygidium
is not emarginate at the apex as it is in typical Thynnus,
agreeing in this point with other species of the Zasp7/o-
thynnus group, which, when the family is more studied, may
be raised to generic rank, as is done by Ashmead.
Thynnus brisbanensis, sp. n.
$. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex, the angles
slightly prominent, pointed at the base and connected with
the interantennal prominence by a short and narrow carina,
sparsely punctured and very finely longitudinally striated ;
the labrum prominent. Antennze inserted a little further
from each other than from the eyes ; the prominence between
them broadly triangular, with a carina from the apex ex-
tending to the anterior ocellus. Front closely and finely
punctured-striate, the vertex closely punctured. Pronotum
broader than the head, closely punctured, with a very shallow
transverse groove behind the feebly raised anterior margin.
Mesonotum very closely punctured between the two longi-
tudinal lateral sulci, the centre more sparsely punctured ;
scutellum large, very broadly rounded at the apex, and
sparsely punctured; the postscutellum almost transverse,
reaching but not projecting beyond the truncation of the
median segment, which is broad and slightly oblique, not
quite vertical, the surface very finely rugulose. Abdomen
subconical, the first segment truncate anteriorly, slightly
rounded at the anterior angles, as broad at the apex as the
second segment, the whole abdomen shining and rather
sparsely punctured, the segments not constricted. The
dorsal plate of the epipygium is produced, longitudinally
striated, and shallowly emarginate at the apex. Sixth ventral
segment with a short spine on each side at the apical angles.
Hypopygium with five spines, those at the basal angles
blunt and not very prominent. The first ventral segment is
longitudinally carinate and obliquely truncate at the apex,
the groove separating it from the second segment is shallow.
Black ; the mandibles (except at the apex), the clypeus,
the labrum, a broadly V-shaped mark between the antenne,
the margins of the eyes narrowly interrupted at the summit,
the anterior and posterior margins of the pronotum, a spot
on the mesopleure below the anterior wings and another
above the base of the intermediate coxe, the tegule anda
narrow oblique line behind them, a broad median mark on
the posterior margin of the mesonotum, the apical half of the
scutellum and a spot on each side at the anterior angles, the
postscutellum, the median segment on the middle and the
146 On new or little-known Species of Thynnide.
sides, the coxe beneath, the projection of the mesosternum
between the intermediate cox, the truncation of the first
abdominal segment with a longitudinal black mark in the
middle and a small black spot on each near the base of the
truncation, a broad band emarginate in the middle and less
deeply on the sides posteriorly above the truncation and not
separated from it, a broad band rather narrowly interrupted
in the middle and emarginate on each side posteriorly on
dorsal segments 2-6, the apex of the first ventral segment
and a large spot marked with a narrow black lunule on each
side of the ventral segments 2-5, largest on the second and
gradually diminishing in size to the fifth, yellow. Wings
hyaline, nervures black.
Length 21 mm.
Hab, Stradbroke Island (A. J. Turner); January.
‘l'ype in coll. Froggatt.
Allied to typical Thynnus by the hypopygium, but in
some points nearer to Ashmead’s group Zaspilothynnus. It
is very nearly allied to 7. elgnert, Turn., from Cape York,
but in that species the hypopygium is narrower at the apex
and the legs are ferruginous; it is also very much smaller
than the present species. Until the female is known I think
it better to connect these two species with the typical
Thynnus group rather than with Zaspilothynnus, though it
is quite possible that the females, when discovered, will
prove to be nearer the latter.
Thynnus ventralis, Sm., var. desiccatus, var. n.
Specimens of this species received lately by the British
Museum, collected by Mr. H. J. Hillier at Hermansburg,
Central Australia, differ from the common form from the
N.W. Coast as follows :—
3. The yellow spots on eac': side of the fourth and fifth
dorsal abdominal segments, which are always present in the
specimens I have seen of veutralis, are absent in var. desic-
catus, in which also the femora and tibiz are ferruginous
instead of yellow, and the mesopleurze, mesonotum, meta-
sternum, and intermediate and posterior trochanters and coxz
black instead of yellow.
@. The variety has the clypeus black instead of yellow
and the anterior margin of the pronotum is distinctly raised,
which is not the case in the type of the female, the sternum
and coxe are also black in the variety, except a small yellow
spot at the base of the intermediate and posterior coxe.
There are four males and two females in the Museum
collection.
The Type of E:xoceetus exiliens (L. Gmel.). 147
XVIII.—The Type of Exocetus exiliens (L. Gmel.).
By ALBERT GiNTHER, F.R.S. &e.
In the collection of Linnean specimens of Fishes, now in the
possession of the Linnean Society of London, there is a
specimen of Hwzocetus, sent by Garden to Linnzus from
Carolina at an uncertain date. I have already mentioned it
in my list of Linnean specimens in Proc, Linn. Soc. 1899,
p. 37, no. 165; but I then failed to recognize its importance ;
it undoubtedly proves to be the type of (L.) Gmelin’s
Exocetus exiliens.
It is the dried skin of a fish 6 in. long, which had been
preserved in the manner of a botanical specimen ; the head
has been compressed and crushed; both sides of the skin are
preserved, and the vertebral column shows through large
vacuities in the skin; the fins are collapsed, with the ex-
ception of the pectorals, which are stretched to their full
width and glued to a supporting piece of paper. The speci-
men is labelled by Garden, No. 25, and in Linné’s hand-
writing Hxocetus volans.
It is not necessary to repeat here Gmelin’s diagnosis of the
fish ; and I may at once proceed to supplement it as far as
the dilapidated condition of the specimen will allow.
The length of the head is contained 4% times in the total
(without caudal); the snout seems to have been rather
pointed, ‘The pectoral fin extends nearly to the caudal, and
consists of 14 rays on one side, and 15 on the other; of these
the first is simple (83 mm. long), half as long as the second
which is branched ; however, on one side, a rudimentary ray
(3 or 4 mm. long) can be made ont to precede the first ray * ;
none of the rays are lamellated in the basal portion as in
Fi. lamellifer. ‘The ventrals ave inserted midway between
the gill-opening and the root of the caudal, and reach nearly
to the base of this fin. The dorsai and anal fins are collapsed,
firmly adhering to the skin of the tail, so that it is difficult to
* Liutken attached considerable taxonomic value to the presence of
either one or two simple rays in front of the first branched pectoral ray.
If the additional simple ray is of some length and connected with the
second simple ray by an interradial membrane, its presence, no doubt,
forms a specific character. However, I find that in several species,
which were supposed to have, and are generally described as having, one
simple ray only, there isa rudimentary additional ray present. It is more
or less covered by the skin, attached to the base of the long simple ray,
with which in adult individuals it actually coalesces, thus increasing the
power of resistance at the spot where it is most wanted for flying. I
suppose that in young individuals this ray is much more conspicuously
distinct.
148 The Type of Exoccetus exiliens (L. Gmel.).
count the rays, but the former seems to be formed of 12 or
18, and the latter of 9 or 10 rays. The dorsal fin commences
far in advance of the anal, in fact, the first anal ray is opposite
to the sixth of the dorsal ; on the other hand, the basis of the
anal extends rather more backwards than that of the dorsal.
The dorsal is elevated throughout its length, some of the
hinder rays reaching nearly to thecaudal. The lower caudal
lobe in its present dried condition is considerably longer than
the head (33 mm.). The majority of the scales are lost, but
there seem to have been 42 in a longitudinal series on the
side of the body, and 28 between head and dorsal fin; I
count 9 longitudinal series above the first anal ray.
The hinder part of the dorsal, possibly the entire fin, was
black; the anal whitish, the extremity of the caudal blackish.
Basis of the pectoral blackish, then follows a broad white
cross-band from the lower to the upper margin ; the posterior
half of the fin black, with traces of a narrow white margin.
Anterior half of ventrals whitish, posterior blackish. No
black band across the abdomen.
The characters given above tally very well with the notes
left by Gmelin, except the numbers of the fin-rays, which
Gmelin states to be D.10,A.11. However, no great weight
can be attached to this discrepancy, considering the frequent
inaccuracies which we meet in this respect in Gmelin’s edition,
as well as the great difficulty in ascertaining the correct
numbers in this particular specimen, the fins of which must
have been always (since it came into Linné’s possession) in
the same collapsed and dried-up condition. Mr. Tate Regan
assisted me in fixing the numbers by counting the swelled
joints at the base of the fin-rays.
Gmelin says: “ pectorales radio primo et secundo brevi-
bus ” ; we must therefore conclude that he saw and counted
the rudimentary ray which I find on one side of the specimen,
but not on the other. But this condition is very different
from that obtaining in the young individuals which Liitken
(Vid. Meddel. 1876, pp. 110 e¢ seg.) determined as EL. ewi-
liens, and which have that anterior ray much more developed,
nearly one half the length of the second.
Jordan and Evermann (Fish. N. Amer. p. 732) ascribe the
priority of the original description and the name “ ewsi/iens”
to P. L. 8. Miller, giving 1776 as the date. This is an
error. ‘That date is the year of publication of the first volume
of Miiller’s work: the description of our fish appears in the
seventh volume (Supplement) dated 1789, a year later than
Gmelin’s edition of the ‘Systema nature,’ and published
several years after Miiller’s death. Besides, Miiller (or, after
On some Mammals from Kimberley, Australia, 149
his death, his Editor) had no specimen, and merely reproduced
in a German translation the original Latin description in
Gmelin’s edition; this description is acknowledged by him
as being taken from “‘ Linneus”’ (p. 210).
Gmelin’s L. exiliens is at present known from the Tropical
Atlantic only; in fact, from the type alone. I am unable
to identify it with any of the species, as distinguished by
Valenciennes, Brown Goode, Jordan and his fellow-labourers.
The question whether a high dorsal fin with convex upper
margin (as observed in our specimen) is invariably, or only
in a part of the species of Hocetus, a sign of youth, has not
yet been satisfactorily settled. But there remains the back-
ward position of the anal fin: a character which precludes
the idea of associating our specimen with LH. rondeleti,
lamellifer, or the E. exsiliens of Jordan and Evermann. In
this respect it comes nearest to KE. katoptron (Bleek.*),
E. robustus (Gthr.), and E. altipinnis (C. V.). In fact, I
should be inclined to regard the last, which was obtained in
the Indian Ocean and near the Cape of Good Hope, as a
synonym of FE. exiliens (L. Gm.), if Valencieunes did not
ascribe to it twelve rays in the anal fin. On the other hand,
the figure which he gives of this fish shows edght or nine
onlyt. Finally, the fish from Wood’s Hole, which Jordan
and Evermann continue to figure as late as 1905 (¢ Hawaii
Shore- Fishes,’ p. 133, fig. 45) as Exocetus volitans, may well
prove to be a more advanced stage of growth of Hvocetus
exiliens (L. Gm.).
X1IX.—Some Mammals from N.E. Kimberley, Northern
Australia. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
THE British Museum has acquired from Mr. J. P. Rogers a
few mammals collected by him on Parry’s Creek, near
Wyndham, N.E. Kimberley, and these prove to be of such
interest as to deserve a short account. Of the six species
represented three need new names.
It is interesting to notice that there seems to be a greater
* In Bleeker’s figure of this species the ventral fins are represented
much too short ; they were mutilated in the single specimen which he
had and which is now in the British Museum.
+ I am indebted to Dr. Pellegrin, who at my request examined the
types of £. altipinnis, for the information (received while this paper was
passing through the press) that Valenciennes had correctly counted the
anal rays, but that the figure was in this respect incorrect.
150 Mr. O. Thomas on some
difference between the mammals of this district and those of
the comparatively adjacent Arnhem Land, Port Essington, &c.,
than between the latter and Eastern Australia, more than a
thousand miles distant. For example, typical Dasyurus
hallucatus ranges from Inkerman, E. Queensland, to Port
Essington, but is replaced in Kimberley by subsp. evilis.
Again, Chalinolobus nigrogriseus occurs at Port Essington
and at Moreton Bay, New South Wales, while we here have
the new form Ch. rogerst. The north and south political
line dividing South Australia and its Northern Territory
from Western Australia would therefore seem also to form
the boundary-line between the two faunas.
1. Chalinolobus rogerst, sp. n.
&. No. 9. Parry’s Creek. Alt. 10’. 4th September,
1908. Type.
A small species, black, with hoary tips to the hairs.
Most nearly allied to Ch, nigrogriseus, Gould, with which
it shares the more normal shape of the skull as compared
with the peculiarly shaped skull of Ch. gould’ and morio,
Ears and tragus about as in CA. nigrogriseus. Fur soft and
fine; hairs of back about 44 mm. in length. General colour
grey (grey no. 6), resulting from the hairs being deep
brownish black, with their tips (0°5 mm.) dull whitish, the
whole giving a rather striking and unusual hoary appearance
to the bat. Colour below similar, but the light tips are
broader and more drab in tone, at least on the body. On
the wing-membrane, however, which is thickly hairy out-
wards to a line joining the elbow and knee, the hairs are
prominently whitish for their terminal halves, as are
those edging the interfemoral membrane. _Wing-membranes
brown, a narrow whitish line edging the plagiopatagium.
A well-marked postcalcareal lobe present. ‘ip of tail little
projecting.
Skull smaller than in CA. nigrogriseus and its brain-case
rather more inflated. Other characters and relative size of
teeth as in that species.
Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in
the flesh) :—
Forearm 34°5 mm.
Head and body 45*; tail 34*; ear 6*. Third finger,
metacarpal 32, first phalanx 16; lower leg and hind foot
(c. uv.) 21°5.
Skull: condylo-basal length 12°2; basi-sinual length 9°9 ;
Mammals from Kimberley, Australia. 151
zygomatic breadth 8:6; mastoid breadth 7°4 ; palato-sinual
length 4°6 ; front of canine to back of m* 4:5.
Type as above.
This well-marked little species, which I have named after
its discoverer, may be readily distinguished from its only near
ally Ch. nigrogriseus by its hoary colour and the smaller siza
of its skull.
2. Mus ferculinus, Thos.
@. 2 Parry's Creek.
1 fail to find any satisfactory means of distinction between
this and the type from Barrow Island, N.W. Australia.
3. Mesembriomys * argurus indutus, subsp. n.
3. 1,6,8; 9.4. Parry’s Creek ; near sea-level.
Similar to typical argurus in all respects, except that the
tail, instead of being wholly white above and below, is
distinctly and sharply bicolor, dark brown along the upper
surface, white on the sides and below; it is also rather more
heavily pencilled.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 107 mm. ; tail 96 (not quite perfect, another
specimen 109) ; hind foot 22; ear 18.
Skull: greatest length 33°5 ; basilar length 25:7; nasals
116; interorbital breadth 4°8; palatilar length 15; dia-
stema 8°6 ; palatal foramina 6°6; upper molar series 5:5.
Type. Adult male. Original number 1. Collected 13th
Aug., 1908.
‘These specimens are the first we have had in skin of this
form of Mesembriomys, the type and only known example of
M. argurus being in spirit. ‘hat type was purchased from
a collector who traversed Australia from north to south, and
it is probable that it was obtained in the interior desert-region,
which would account for its whitened tail as compared with
the brown tail of this northern coast subspecies.
Mr. Rogers states that this animal has a thickened fatty
tail, as also has M. pedunculatus, this character being rarely
found among Mund, although in other groups it often
occurs in the inhabitants of desert regions.
ne Ammomys, Thos. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvii. p. 84 (1906) (nee
al.),
152. On some Mammals from Kimberley, Australia.
4. Petrogale inornata, Gould.
g. 5. Parry’s Creek.
This rare species has not hitherto been represented in the
Museum Collection, as the type, described by Gould in 1842,
was reclaimed by the collector, Mr. Bynoe, and has now
disappeared.
5. Isoodon macrurus, Gould.
6.7. Parry’s Creek.
6. Dasyurus hallucatus exilis, subsp. n.
d. 10,11. Parry’s Creek.
A smaller paler form of D. hallucatus.
Size decidedly less than in true hallucatus. General
colour above paler, owing to the ground-colour itself being
paler (approaching “ drab-grey ”’), while the white spots are
not only very numerous, but are not so sharply defined,
white hairs straggling over from them to the darker ground-
colour. Ears, sides of neck, under surface, and upper sides
of hands and feet white or whitish, instead of pale drabby.
Tail thinner and less heavily pencilled than in Aallucatus, its
upper side lightly grizzled drabby for three-fourths its length,
the underside and tip dark brown *.
Skull as in true hallucatus, but rather smaller throughout.
Teeth distinctly smaller.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 266 mm. ; tail 219; hind foot 43; ear 35.
Skull: basal length 58; greatest breadth 39; interorbital
breadth 14; palatal length 32 5; combined length of three
anterior molariform teeth 11°6.
Type. Old male. Original number 10. Collected 8th Sep-
tember, 1908.
A very well-marked form which many naturalists would
consider deserved specific rather than subspecific distinction.
‘The balance of convenience, however, appears to me to be on
the side of recognizing in its name that it is related to and
locally representative of the species of which I call it a
subspecies. A simple binomial gives no clue to its relationship.
* In hallucatus the tail is grizzled drabby or grizzled buffy above and
laterally for about half its length, the under surface (except the extreme
base) and end being black or blackish. The description given in the
Catalogue of Marsupials was based on imperfect specimens.
mee
Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory. 153
XX.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.
—No. XXXI. By Prof. M‘Intosn, M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S., &c.
[Plates V. & VI.]
1. On a Young Stage of Gadus luscus with bold transverse bars of
pigment.
2. Or the British Spionide.
3. On the Spionide dredged by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine’ in 1869 and 1870.
On a Young Stage of Gadus luscus with bold transverse
bars of pigment.
The example (Plate V. fig. 1), which measured 70 mm. in
length, was thrown alive on the sand by a runlet of sea-
water near the Pole Rock, adjoining the West Sands,
St. Andrews, on 3rd April, 1908, along with a young ling
of 74 inches in the boldly banded condition. The young
bib had a brownish-red colour with very distinct black bars,
a coloration which, like that of the young cod, may be
protective amongst the seaweeds and rocks. The dorsal
surface of the head is covered with dark pigment, a pale
band separating this from a dark band joining the upper
border of each operculum. A broad dark belt passes down-
ward below the interval between the Ist and 2nd dorsals to
the ventral border; and the abdomen in front, almost to the
opercular aperture, has a considerable amount of pigment.
The most perfect band is a broad one which has its anterior
border at the last third of the 2ud dorsal and passes with a
slight slope backward to the base of the Ist anal. Its
posterior edge is a little behind a line joining the intervals
between the 2nd and 3rd dorsals and the anals. The last
area of dark pigment occupies the region extending behind
the 3rd dorsal and the 2nd anal to the base of the caudal
rays. The dorsal and ventral edges of the body have much
black pigment; and an interrupted line of distinct and
larger pigment-specks passes from a point a little behind
the eye nearly to the end of the 3rd dorsal, and at a short
distance from the dorsal edge. A similar line is visible
close to the base of the 2nd anal, and it may have extended
further forward in life. Besides the bars the skin is covered
by a general dusting of black specks, and these extend over
the chin, opercular region, the median fins, especially the
Ist anal and the anterior part of the 2nd. The dorsa's
show fewer specks. At the base of the pectoral dorsally is
a patch of black pigment, and at a somewhat higher level in
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. ui. fal
154 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
front of it is a black spot on the operculum. The number
of fin-rays in the lst anal is 31, a larger number than has
been met with in any example of the young of the poor-cod
(Gadus minutus) over an area stretching from the North of
Scotland to the Thames. The Ist branchial arch bears
20 filaments and 15 gill-rakers, the former a comparatively
high number, and, moreover, they are ranged along the
entire length of the gill-arch, whereas in the examples from
the Thames they diminish rather abruptly before reaching
the ventral edge. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th arches respectively
have 15, 13, and 11 gill-rakers. In the young poor-cod * of
the same size from Aberdeen the numbers in each case were
notably higher, though the long filaments at this stage had
a similar shape.
Young poor-cod same length as young bib.
Gill-rakers.
‘oe II. lL. IV.
27 19 16 16
19 or 20 iy 17 te
24. 18 14 ae
The long filaments in the poor-cod of the same length are,
like the example of the bib, Jong and slender.
In comparing the specimen from St. Andrews with
examples of Gadus luscus of the same length from the
estuary of the Thames, a noteworthy feature is the greater
depth of the body and the high arch formed by its dorsal
edge in the southern forms. The length of the Ist anal
in the St. Andrews example is shorter than the pre-anal
outline, that is, the distance from the anus the tip of the
snout; whereas in the southern the pre-anal outline is
shorter than the length of the base of the Ist anal fin.
Again, the proportions of the Ist and 2nd anal fins in the
respective examples differ, greater inequality being present
in the southern forms. The two anal fins are more distinctly
separated in the St. Andrews form, yet Schmidt + holds that
in the bib they are practically connected and that the highest
point of the 3rd dorsal and the 2nd anal lies far back, so that
the anterior parts of these fins are almost parallel, a feature
not evident in the St. Andrews example. The position of
* I am indebted for a series of these to the Fishery Board for
Scotland.
+ Meddelser Fra Komm. for Havundes¢gelser serie Fiskerei, Bd. ii,
p. 57 &e.
r<
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 155
the anus in the latter is somewhat behind that usually seen
in the adult. Further, each specimen from the Thames has
a dark pigment-band, which is visible after ten years’ pre-
servation in spirit, on the free edge of the caudal rays,
which also showed less of a median indentation than in the
St. Andrews specimen. The barbel in the latter is also
thicker and slightly shorter, whilst the eye is proportionally
larger. Some of these differences may be due to the
precocity of the southern examples of the same length ; for
in the essential structural features the specimen of 77 mm.
from St. Andrews pertains to Gadus luscus and diverges
from the poor-cod (Gadus minutus). Whilst young forms
of the latter are not uncommon in St. Andrews Bay, in
consonance with the prevalence of the adults, the bib is less
common, and few or none of 70 mm. have been previously
obtained. It appears to be otherwise in regard to the poor-
cod in Norwegian waters ; for it is stated in the ‘ Scandi-
navian Fishes ’ that neither adults nor fry are ever seen close
inshore, nor are they taken by the seine.
Allusion has often been made to a banded stage in the
life-history of the bib. Thus Dr. Giinther * mentions that
the bib has cross-bands during life, and with a black axillary
spot. Dr. Day + describes them as 5 or 6 broad vertical
bands of rather darker colour descending from the back
to the lower surface, meeting those of opposite sides.
Mr. Couch ¢ and Malm § also allude to the same feature as
an occasional occurrence. In the remarks on the bib and
the poor-cod in 1888 || it was stated that the iridescence of
the bib resembles that of the bronze-winged pigeon, the pale
streaks on the sides occurring in broad blotches between the
darker pigment-bands. Yet amongst many young bib cap-
tured along with young poor-cod, soles, and other forms in
the nets of the shrimp-trawlers of the Thames, no banded
forms were met with, and some were of the same length as
the specimen here dealt with, whilst others were shorter or
longer. Similar bands to those described in the examples from
St. Andrews (70 mm. in length) occur in another 72 in. long.
The first is a band in front of the first dorsal fin and including
its anterior third and thence to the pectoral. The second is a
broad bar of dark pigment, separated from the former by a
pale belt, which extended to the anterior third of the second
dorsal. A broad pale band followed, and then a very well-
* Introd. to Study of Fishes, p. 541.
+ Brit. Fishes, vol. 1. p. 287. { Brit. Fishes, vol. iii. p. 71.
§ In the ‘ Scandinavian Fishes,’ i. p. 495.
|| Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1888, p. 348. ,
Tih
156 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
marked and broad belt from the posterior third of the second
dorsal sloped downward and slightly backward to the ventral
border. ‘Traces of the dark band at the base of the tail are
also visible, and the dark border to the tail is evident. In
this example the filaments on the first gill-arch and the gill-
rakers are exactly as in the young form as regards number,
though the filaments presented a distal dilatation and
terminated sooner ventrally than in the younger form of
70 mm.
2. On the British Spionide.
The Spionide were included by Dr. Johnston in the
Catalogue of the British Museum under the Ariciide, a
group which comprised representatives of various families.
He recognized for the first time several, e. g. Nerine vul-
garis (=Scolecolepis vulgaris), besides Nerine coniocephala
(=Nefine foliosa, Sars), Spio filicornis, O. F. M., Spio seti-
cornis, O. Fabr., and Leucodore ciliatus, Johnst. In the
‘Invertebrate Marine Fauna of Plymouth’ (1904) no Spio
is recorded, but Scolecolepis vulgaris, Johnst., Nerine foliosa,
Sars, and Nerine cirratulus, Delle Chiaje, Aonides oxy-
cephala, Sars, Polydora ciliata, Johnst., P. flava, Claparéde,
P. ceca, (Ersted, and P. hoplura, Claparéde, are entered,
besides Scolecolepis giardii, De Quatrefages, a synonym of
Scolecolepis vulgaris.
In Nerine foliosa, Sars, the head forms a somewhat blunt
cone, the dorsal ridge terminating posteriorly in a rounded
enlargement followed by a short tentacle. The palpi are
elongate and tapering. The body is from 6 to 8 inches in
length and nearly 2 in. broad, somewhat flattened dorsally
and slightly convex ventrally, little tapered in front, but
gradually diminishing posteriorly to the crenate anus, and in
one a cirrus in the median ventral line and longer than the
diameter of the vent occurs. The segments are about 200.
In extrusion the proboscis forms a short cylinder, the
free margin presenting an irregular series of frills, whilst
ventrally the column is marked by longitudinal grooves.
Occasionally in full protrusion two prominent lobes occur
distally with a small bilobed process above and a single
lobe below, whilst within the frilled margin laterally and
inferiorly is a crenate brown line indicating a differentiation.
In the anterior region of the body (in spirit), where both
fillets are present in the feet and where the branchiz are
large, each segment dorsally shows two transverse ridges
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 157
and a median furrow; whereas ventrally the segment is
undivided, each being separated by a deep furrow at the
junction in front and behind. In the next region, where
branchiz are less, the dorsum has an elevated transverse
ridge with a narrow groove and a belt in front and behind,
Ventrally a broad ridge with a furrow, and a narrower belt
in front and behind, occurs. Still further backward, and
where the branchia is represented by a rounded papilla, the
dorsum shows an elevated transverse band with a more or
less distinct median furrow, an enlargement in the centre of
the dorsum anteriorly and one at each side, the intermediate
region being marked by transverse lines. On the ventral
surface a similar elevated transverse band is present, but the
lateral enlargements are indistinct, and though there is an
interrupted median band no median enlargement of the
transverse band is visible.
The feet are furnished with branchiz from the second
backward, and they are amalgamated with the superior
lamelle from the 2nd to beyond the 50th. The inter-
lamellar notch is distinct. The ventral lamella, at first
prominent and rounded, becomes narrower and elongated
from above downward on the appearance of the winged
hooks. -The latter occur in the superior division about the
70th bristled foot (Mesnil gives the 65th). The bristles in
the upper division in front form two groups, a long upper
series and a shorter inferior, all curved, dappled, and finely
tapered. At the foot just mentioned (70th) the branchia
has lost much of its external frill, and is again separated
inferiorly from the posterior fillet of the upper division
of the foot, which rises into a prominent border superiorly.
The anterior fillet has disappeared in both divisions, and the
fillet from the second ring of the segment runs up behind
the posterior fillet at its ventral edge. The bristles in the
upper division remain simple, but are more slender than in
front. The inferior division carries winged hooks, with the
exception of a few bristles superiorly and inferiorly. The
chief changes toward the posterior end are the diminution
of the branchia (which at the 125th foot forms a process less
than the vertical diameter of the upper fillet), the dimimution
in the number of the superior bristles (which are in a single
fascicle), the abbreviation of the upper border of the long
fillet of the ventral division, and the increase and pro-
minence of that part of the fillet bearing the bristles
and hooks. Finally, the branchia diminishes to a minute
rounded papilla, the upper fillet is short and almost semi-
circular, whilst a broad gap separates it from the inferior
158 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
fillet, which, though diminished, resembles that in front,
viz., has a more prominent margin at the lower half.
It is strictly an inhabitant of the sand.
Part of Dr. Johnston’s description of Nerine coniocephala
would apply to Nerine cirratulus, Delle Chiaje, whilst his
figure indicates Nerine foliosa.
The second British species is Nerine cirratulus, Delle
Chiaje, which has a wide distribution on both east and west
coasts and extends to the Mediterranean. The head is
acutely pointed anteriorly, the central processes passing
backward to end in the median tentacle. The median ridge
is supported by the buccal segment on each side, so that the
snout appears to be trilobed. The eyes are four and small,
the anterior pair wider apart; situated in front of the
occipital tentacle. The body is 6-8 inches in length, and
posteriorly terminates in a crenate anus. The branchize
commence on the second foot, and the dorsal lamella is
attached to the outer edge in front. At first, e. g. from the
10th to the 25th foot, the lamella has two divisions, then it
becomes single and hatchet-shaped and is fixed only to the
base of the branchia. At the 10th foot the long, almost
filiform branchia projects upward, the coil of the included
vessel leaving only 4 of the length free. Nearly a third of
the outer border is occupied by the upper flap of the division,
and the free papilla at the tip projects upward in addition.
The strong yet finely tapered bristles extend obliquely up-
ward beyond the edge of the flap, and only traces of wings
are present. The tips of the shorter bristles form a regular
series nearer the edge of the flap, and the broader and less
tapered extremities of these show indications of wings. All
are minutely dotted, as mentioned by De St. Joseph. The
flap of the inferior division forms an irregular semicircle,
shorter from above downward than the superior, but pro-
jecting further outward. The dotted bristles also form two
series, viz. a lower group with finely tapered tips and a
shorter series with slightly winged tips; the upward slope
of these bristles being less than in the case of the dorsal.
Little change occurs at the 25th foot except the increase of
the inferior lamella, the subulate condition of the branchia,
and the more slender bristles. The hooks have a bold up-
ward curve toward the end of the shaft, then the diminished
tip bends backward and ends in a small, blunt fang with a
spike on the crown, the whole guarded by wings. At the
70th foot bristles still occupy the upper division, so that the
southern forms, from which Mesnil drew up his description,
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 159
differ considerably from the northern. The diminution of
the brarichia goes on posteriorly with the separation of the
lamella behind the bristles. Mesnil includes under this
form Malacoceros longirostris of De Quatrefuges, Nerine
agilis, Verrill, and Nerine heteropoda, Webster.
The third species is Scolecolepis vulgaris, Johnston, which
has a truncate head with a frontal tentacle at each side,
the anterior border forming the base of a triangle, the apex
of which goes to an adherent occipital tentacle. The long
palpi are pale, marked externally by whitish bars with the
zigzag blood-vessels. The eyes as a rule are absent in the
preparations. The body is 3-4 inches long, slightly narrowed
in front, and tapering posteriorly to the vent, which has 8
cirri (De St. Joseph gives 20-30 and Mesnil 16). The first
foot carries a distinct though small branchia. ‘The bristles
of the upper division form a fan and are in two sections, the
dorsal much longer, more slender and more finely tapered,
and an inferior group of shorter bristles also with finely
tapered tips. The bristles of the fan-like ventral row are
similar in structure, but shorter. All lie in front of the
lamelle. At the 10th foot the inferior lamella is vertically
elongated, its upper edge embracing the branchia, whilst
its inferior forms a rounded lobe “ventrally. The upper
group of golden bristles still point dorsally, but they
are Siorter.! The long lower bristle-row is curved back-
ward. The lamella of the inferior division is short and
hatchct-shaped. Beneath the foregoing is a small lamella,
probably homologous with the papilla present in Nerine.
No noteworthy change occurs in the 25th foot, except the
increase of the ventral lamella, and the same may be said as
far as the 50th. About the 50th, however, the elongation
of the ventral lamella is conspicuous, and a series of long,
winged hooks appear in this division. These have stout
curved shafts, a strong and sharp main fang, and two well-
marked spikes on the crown, Short bristles accompany the
hooks, and about three are prominent ventrally. De St.
Joseph found that the hooks appeared between tiie 30th and
52nd, whilst Mesnil gives from the 35th tothe 37th. Except
that a diminution in the general size of the feet occurs, the
arrangement is similar at the 100th foot, but the dorsal
bristles are considerably longer and more slender. ‘The
branchia remains fairly large, and the ventral hooks retain
the same type as in front and are accompanied by the short
bristles. In life the lamellae of the feet as well as the
branchie, which meet those of the opposite side in front,
160 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
are muscular, and perform various movements. Mesnil
could not satisfy himself as to the identity of Johnston’s
Nerine vulgaris with De Quatrefage’s Malacoceros vulgaris
vel Scolecolepis girardi. We points out that what was sent
to him from Heligoland as Nerine vulgaris, Johnston, pertains
to Scolecolepis fuliginosa, Claparede. Ehrenbaum, he states,
considered the Aonis wagneri of Leuckart as identical with
the supposed Nerine vulgaris,aud Mesnil thought Colobranchus
ci/iatus, Keferstein, a distinct form, a view not now held.
The fourth British species is Scvlecolepsis fuliginosus,
Claparéde, in which the head in lateral view is more pointed
than in Scolecolepis vulgaris, and in.front has a median cleft.
The constriction behind the broad base of the frontal
tentacles is more marked. A cream-coloured patch occurs
on the prostomium, with black pigment on that region and
on the dorsum as well as on each side of the mouth. The
palpi have dark bands. The body is about 3 inches long,
smaller, as a rule, than Scolecolepis vu/garis, with longer
branchie anteriorly, and it tapers a little in front, but much
more posteriorly, where it ends in a vent with 8 flattened
cirri. The segments numerous—150 to 160.
The first foot carries a larger branchia than in S, vulgaris,
and the superior lamella is narrower and the tip more acute,
whilst the inferior lamella is also narrower and more pro-
minent. The bristles are similar, but more delicate. At
the 10th foot the branchia is a long, richly ciliated process,
the upper lamella is hatchet-shaped, pointed and free
superiorly, the inferior lamella being capstan-shaped. The
long bristles at the upper edge of the dorsal tuft have
narrow wings, and the shorter forms, dorsally and ventrally,
are finely tapered. The branchia and superior lamella
diminish before the 50th foot, about which foot three or four
winged hooks appear in the veutral division. These hooks
differ from those of Scolecolepis vulgaris in the larger angle
made by the main fang with the neck, in its rather blunt
tip, and in the presence of only a single spine on the crown,
Tbe ventral hooks and associated short bristles continue to
the posterior end, ‘This form is not uncommon in the south,
Mesnil makes two varieties, viz. var. microchata from Naples,
and macrochefa trom the Channel, and further two sub-
divisions, viz. minor and major, but such distinctions are
mainly of interest in demonstrating the variability of the
species.
The fifth member of the group is Scolecolepis (Lavnice)
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 161
cirrata, Sars, a northern form which extends from Shetland
to the S.W. of Ireland, and abroad to Greenland, Norway,
and Canada. ‘The broad anterior edge of the short head is
smoothly rounded, or in some slightly bilobed. A somewhat
triangular ridge, with the base in front, passes backward and
ends in a point posteriorly, from the apex of which a small
subulate tentacle springs. Two eyes are present, one on
each side of the ridge in front of the tentacle. A lamella
occurs at the base of the long tapering palpi. The body is
about 1—2 inches in length, and is little tapered in front, so
that it has a truncated aspect. It is rounded dorsally and
deeply grooved ventrally from end to end. The first foot bears
a branchia and a large hatchet-shaped lamella, with a conical
end superiorly and a somewhat straight margin inferiorly.
The ventral lamella is nearly as large, bluntly conical
superiorly, and curving to a sharp angle inferiorly. The
dorsal bristles are capillary, the long tuft being superior, the
shorter inferior. The branchiz continue of considerable
size to the 25th foot, the great dorsal lamella remaining
nearly as at the 10th foot and is almost reniform. The
ventral lamella is slipper-shaped, the broad end being upper-
most, and both are free. The winged hooks appear about
this (25th) foot, have a slight dilatation of the shaft above
the backward curve, then gradually diminish to the throat,
from which the main fang comes off at a little more than
a right angle, and a single spike occurs on the crown. ‘Two
slender capillary bristles are below the hooks. The bristles
become very long and attenuate posteriorly, and wings are
not evident. Nota single British example is complete, and
few go beyond the 25th foot.
The British species of the genus Spio have hitherto been
involved in considerable obscurity, for though three are
described by Dr. Johnston in the Catalogue of the British
Museum, it is by no means easy to identify them. Only two
are entered by Malmgren as occurring in northern waters, viz.
Spio filicornis, O. Fabr., and Spio seticornis, O. Fabr., both of
which were known to O. Fabricius, who founded the genus
for annelids with two long tentacles. Dr. Johnston in 1838
placed Nerine and Leucodore under the same head. Ciérsted
separated the genera Nerine and Spio by the form of the
dorsal lamelle ; whilst Claparéde showed that this distinc-
tion was artificial. Mesnil, again, thinks that Malmgren
complicated the question by reviving the generic name
Scolecolepis and undid the advance made by Clapareéde, a view
which cannot now be held. Yet he affirms that Malmgren
162 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
conserved the genus Spio without definitely defining it, and
described under the name Spio filicernis, O. Fabr., a species
which he (Mesnil) has demonstrated to be very near his
Spio martinensis, and he doubts if Malmgren’s form is that
of Fabricius, though the figure pertains to the same genus,
He does not accept Levinsen’s inclusion of the geuus Nerine
of Johnston under Spio. He does not, in short, know any
species falling within the description of the two species of
Fabricius as entered by O. F. Miiller.
For the present purposes the genus Syio may be charac-
terised, after Mesnil, as having a _ prostomium without
frontal tentacles ; branchiz from the first setigerous segment
to the end; anus surrounded by cirri; always two rows of
bristles in each division ; and after a certain segment (8th
to 15th) the posterior row is formed by winged hooks. ‘The
first species is Spio filicornis, O. Fabr., which has a snout
somewhat like that of Polydora on a large scale, or akin to
that of Pygospio, with a blunt bifid median rostrum and a
bulging process of the buccal segment on each side. Two
or three minute eyes occur on each side of the median ridge
posteriorly. The median process passes from the tip of the
snout backward to end in a conical papilla. The body is
2-3 inches in length, broad and scarcely tapered in front,
but gradually diminishing to tlie moderately slender posterior
end, which has two thicker cirri dorsally and two more
slender cirri ventrally. The segments range from 60 to 80.
The ligulate brauchiz occur on all the bristled segments.
The superior lamella of the 10th foot is bluntly rounded
dorsally and slopes obliquely to the wide notch inferiorly.
The veutral lamellais more or less semicircular. The bristles
of the upper division form a wide tuft ; the longest superiorly,
and all are curved backward and winged. The ventral
bristles are somewhat shorter, but similarly tapered, and
some of the lower forms present a slight dilatation in the
winged region. The type of bristle rapidly changes, for at
the 14th foot, or sooner, a row of hooks appears in the ventral
series, with finely tapered short bristles in front, and a few
winged bristles inferiorly. The upper lamella gradually
diminishes, and still more the inferior, so that the setigerous
process becomes prominent, and a group of bristles at the
ventral edge of the inferior division becomes modified—
each being curved, flattened, and furnished with a hook ora
probe-tip. The winged hooks have straight shafts, which
increase in bulk superiorly, then curve backward and slightly
dilate before the contraction at the throat. The strong and
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 163
sharp main fang comes off nearly at a right angle and the
erown has a single sharp spike. This form was dredged in
% fathoms in Bressay Sound. Mesnil’s Spo martinensis *,
which he hints may yet be linked on to Spio filicornis,
O. Fabr., ditfers in the form of the head, since it has no
fissure in front, but the author’s drawings perhaps need more
definition. Moreover, he mentions no occipital tentacle.
The number of segments, the size, and the general structure
of the tail, feet (from the lst backward), and bristles agree,
yet in the British form the latter are not punctated, a
feature of moment, for only longitudinal striz are visible
even in the inferior ventral.
Spio seticornis, Fabr., has a head produced anteriorly into
a rostrum, with two small frontal tentacles, the central region
supported by the buccal segment on each side. It is about
an inch in length, little tapered anteriorly, and gradually
diminished posteriorly. The branchie commence on the
first segment and apparently continue to the posterior end.
They seem to be conspicuous about the middle of the body.
The foot has a narrow and prominent superior lamella in
front and a small conical lower lamella. The former
diminishes posteriorly and the latter becomes flattened out
as anarrow rim. The bristles present a long dorsal group
and a shorter lower group in the superior division, and a
similar short group in the ventral division anteriorly ; but at
the 8th bristled segment the place of the latter is taken by
winged hooks, the main fang of which comes off at a large
angle from the neck and is not very acutely pointed, the
rounded crown bearing a single spike.
This differs from the previous form in so far as the hooks
appear before the 10th bristled segment, probably at the
8th. Thus at the Sth foot the branchia is well developed,
whilst the upper lamella passes outward and upward as a
broad conical flap, and the bristles form a diminishing series
from above downward. The inferior lamella is small,
forming a short blunt cone pointing below the setigerous
process. At the 10th foot the branchia is larger and appa-
rently flattened, the upper free edge above the superior
lameila is shorter. The superior lamella is small at the 25th
foot, but the branchia remains large; it becomes less at the
d0th foot. It is difficult to say what the Syio seticornis,
Fabr., of Cunningham and Ramageft is. Mesnil thinks it has
* Bullet. Sc. Fr. Belg. xxix. p. 122, pl. vii. figs. 1-20 (1896).
+ Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xxxiii. p. 640, pl. xxxvil. figs. 4, 44,
& 4B.
164 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
the characters of Pygospio elegans, but this is doubtful.
Two thick anal cirri occur posteriorly.
A softened fragment from the deeper water off St. Andrews
Bay appears to pertain to a distinct form which may provi-
sionally be termed Syio D. It is about 2 inches in length
and with subulate branchize from end to end. Two eyes
occur anteriorly. The dorsal division of the foot has long
tufts of finely tapered capillary bristles, and the ventral
appear to have a similar character, though this was not
observed in situ. Posteriorly the dorsal bristles increase
much in length. Some of the tufts show also a shorter
series of stronger bristles with a distinct hook at the point,
and in some groups in the pulpy preparations no other form
occurs. It may be that the shorter hooked forms represent
the ventral series posteriorly.
A small form procured between tide-marks, St. Peter Port,
Guernsey, may be related to Spio mecznikowianus * of
Claparéde or to the Spio atlanticus of Langerhans f, since, so
far as can be made out, the dorsal lamella does not fuse with
the branchia, which seems to extend from the second segment
almost to the posterior end. Claparéde, however, gives his
form only two anal cirri, whereas Langerhaus states that
there are four, the number present in the form under con-
sideration, and they are similar to those of Pygospio elegans.
The head somewhat resembles that of the species just men-
tioned, having two rounded bosses in front, apparently better
defined than in Pyyospio. The median ridge continues
backward to the first segment or a Jittle further. On each
side, about the middle of the head, is a conspicuous black
eye, and a trace of a second pair a little behind. The
tentacles are absent. The body is comparatively small, about
half an inch in length, somewhat broad and flattened in
front and then slightly tapering to the suout, more gently
tapered and rounded posteriorly, the tail terminating in a
minute segment with 4 somewhat short conical cirri as in
Pygospio. In the anterior segments the dorsal lamella, as
viewed from above, appears to be filiform—sloping obliquely
backward behind the bristles. Winged hooks occur ventrally
on the Sth foot and continue to the posterior end. The
shaft of the hook dilates from the narrow proximal end
nearly to the wings, curves backward below these, continues
* Annél. Nap. p. 324, pl. xxiii. fig. 2.
+ Zeitschr. f. w. Zool. Bd. xxxiv. p. 89 (1880).
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 165
of nearly the same diameter almost to the neck, which is
narrowed, but not much. The main fang comes off nearly
at a right angle and is short and sharp, a single spike only
occurring on the crown, and thus agreeing with the form
described by Langerhans. The bristles follow the typical
arrangement.
A Spio (G) from the deeper water off St. Andrews Bay is
characterized by the rounded or bluntly pointed snout, the
mouth opening a short distance behind the tip. The two
tentacles are of moderate length and adhere firmly to the
snout. At least one eye occurs on each side at the mner
base of the tentacle. The body is about half an inch in
length, somewhat rapidly tapered anteriorly, and more gently
posteriorly, where it ends with cirri (only one of which is
present). The dorsal surface is somewhat flattened, the
ventral rounded. No branchie are visible. The dorsal
lamelle are much developed and foliaceous in front, espe-
cially the third. Winged hooks make their appearance
about the 15th bristled segment ; they are slender, slightly
tapered after the backward curve to the throat, have a main
fang and a single spike on the crown. The dorsal Jamellz
diminish greatly after the 15th segment, and in the posterior
half form small conical processes behind the setigerous
papilla. The ventral division in the same region is repre-
sented by the hook-papilla. The dorsal bristles are capillary,
finely tapered, and curved backward. Posteriorly they
greatly increase in length and are very slender.
A species swarming in sand near low-water mark, St. An-
drews, and also dredged i in 2 fathoms off Symbister Harbour,
Shetland, has been provisionally named Spio gattyi*. The
head terminates anteriorly in a rounded point—the centre of
a cone formed by the buccal segment. A minute black eye
occurs on each side of the median ridge, which ends in an
occipital papilla or tentacle posteriorly. The body is about
an inch in length, proportionally short and stout, a little
tapered anteriorly, and more so posteriorly, where it ends in
two broadly ovate cirri. The branchiz are conspicuous
from the Ist foot to the end. ‘The dorsal lamella of the
Ist foot is elongate-ovoid, with about a third of the dorsal
edge free, the rest fused to the base of the branchia, the
lower margin trending gently to the body-wall. The dorsal
bristles are of moderate length, curved upward and slightly
* Named after the founder of the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory.
166 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
backward, finely tapered, the upper series long and slender.
The ventral lamella is a prominent, obtusely ovate process.
By-and-by the superior lamella is flattened externally and
less free superiorly, and the ventral lamella assumes a rhom-
boidal outline—rounded at the inferior angle. The winged
hooks commence in the ventral division about the 13th foot
along with the delicate bristles, and they show a main fang
with a spike on the crown. The lamelle increase in size
immediately before the 50th foot, the winged hooks to the
number of 9 occupying nearly the entire length of the ventral
lamelle.
A small form not hitherto recorded, though it has long
been known in Britain, is Pygospio elegans, Claparéde*,
which occurs abundantly in sandy tubes in fissures of rocks
and similar localities in various parts of the kingdom. The
head is bluntly bifid, with a median ridge running backward
to the second segment. The eyes are 2, 4, or 6, situated on
the ridge or behind the middle of the ridge and between the
tentacles, which are very long and attenuate. The body is
very slender and elongate—of a dull yellowish colour with a
tint of orange, the anterior third being reddish from the
blood-vessels. The segments number from 40-60. The first
twelve bristled segments are narrower than the succeeding.
The branchia appears on the 13th segment, and to its outer
border the somewhat crenate lamella is fused. From 19 to
25 pairs of branchiz are largely developed, with conspicuous
cilia in a row along the median anterior region, the rows of
opposite sides being connected by an intermediate line of
these organs. The largest branchiz are about the posterior
third of the series, and they appear to differ from the French
examples, which have the branchiz, according to Mesnil,
equally developed throughout, and that, moreover, their
number is usually 8, though they may reach 23. Posteriorly
the body terminates in 4 small whitish conical processes
which are not ciliated. Anteriorly the feet have conical
dorsal lamellee and smaller conical ventral lamelle, but the
latter soon diminish. The upper dorsal bristles are long and
finely tapered, whilst the lower and shorter have broader
tips with finely tapered ends. The wider ventral forms
occur on the 3rd foot, as indicated by Mesnil. All the
bristles are dotted and curve backward. This type of foot
extends only to the 7th, for the 8th has its ventral bristles
replaced by winged hooks, about 4 of which occur on each
* Beobach. p. 37, pl. xiv. figs. 23-31 (1863).
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 167
foot. The wings are short and broad, expanded and smoothly
rounded at the free end. The shaft has a forward curve
distally, then it bends backward below the wings, and
shghtly diminishes at the throat, from which a short sharp
main fang passes off at little more than a right angle, and
with a single prominent spike on the crown. Posteriorly
the dorsal bristles greatly increase in length and slenderness,
stretching upward and outward as a hair-like tuft, whilst the
superior lamella is represented by a small conical papilla
above their base. The hooks occupy the same relative
position, but the number is greater, viz. about 7, and a
slight rim indicates the ventral lamella,
Another form very common amongst sand near low-water
mark at St. Andrews is Spiophanes bombyx, Claparéde *.
In this the head has two short frontal tentacles, from which
a median elevation passes backward to end in a small conical
peak or eminence. The two palpi are of moderate size,
contain blood-vessels, and are frequently coiled. A small
eye-speck occurs posteriorly on each side of the median ridge
near the peak, and in the preparations are raised, with the
ridge, above the general level. An anterior pair, a little
wider apart, lies in front of them. ‘The body is about 3 inches
in length, very little tapered anteriorly, and much more so
posteriorly, where it ends in a wide vent with crenate lips
and two short ventral cirri. Many specimens have repro-
duced tails, for the species is remarkable for its fragility.
The dorsum is somewhat flattened anteriorly, rounded
throughout the rest of its exteut, and marked ventrally by a
median band, which, when it comes to the vent, splits, a limb
curving upward on each side to join the dorsal band, and
it may be indicating the junction of the ventral with the
dorsal vessel. A median and two lateral brownish lines
occur on the dorsum behind the head, but they pass only a
short distance backward. The sides are vascular anteriorly,
then of a pale brownish hue, thereafter orange from the
colour of tne gut. The ventral surface is pale, though the
gut is visible.
The Ist foot has dorsally a subulate or narrow lanceolate
lamella (cirrus) which has been shifted inward, so that it
resembles a branchia. The dorsal bristles are very long and
slender, with hair-like tips and with no evident wings. They
spring from a conical setigerous process, also carried inward
on the dorsum. The ventral bristles of this foot are shorter
* Mém. Soc. Phys, et Hist. Nat. Genéve, xx. p. 485, pl. xii. fig. 2.
168 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
but similarly filiform at the tip. In addition two much
thicker bristles, winged at the tip, resemble modified hooks,
since they end in a small claw-like tip. These hook-like
bristles apparently perform a special function in the tubi-
colous habits of the species, just as the homologous organs
of Sclerocheilus do. Hither considerable variation occurs or
Mesnil’s figure of these organs is at fault, for he shows and
describes them as having a simple tapering tip and winged
in the ordinary way, whereas the specimens from St. Andrews
have the tips specially differentiated and the wing adjusted
like that of a hook.
The dorsal lamella moves gradually to the dorso-lateral
region, and the foot at the 6th bristled segment presents a
massive lateral enlargement. This is more clearly shown at
the 10th foot, the dorsal lamella being now considerably
shorter, though still subulate, and the base is broad. The
dorsal bristles can be differentiated into a longer upper series
and a shorter and stouter lower series, as usual in the group,
and they spread ina fan-like mauner in front of the dorsal
lamella. The ventral lamella has been modified into a great
lateral mass which passes upward to the base of the dorsal
lamella. The ventral bristles are short and stout, the lower
forms distinctly curved backward at the tip, which is
minutely dotted or mottled as well as winged, and appears,
indeed, to be the special bristle figured by “Mesnil—so diffe-
rent from the two peculiar hook-like bristles of the ventral
division of the first segment. The laterally enlarged feet
seem to be most prominent from the 4th to the 14th. In its
progress backward the dorsal lamella or cirrus becomes less
and presents a ventral enlargement, which is very marked,
for instance, at the 15th segment, the massive base being in
contrast with the slender distal process. Moreover, the
winged hooks appear in the ventral division of this foot as a
row of four, and beneath them is a single strong curved
bristle or two with the dotted or mottled tip, which points
downward. ‘The feet considerably diminish from the 20th
to the 80th. Thus at the 25th the shape of the dorsal cirrus
or lamella is like that of a leg of mutton, the shank formed
by the tapering cirrus itself. The dorsal bristles are still
arranged in a fan-like tuft, the upper being the larger, and a
line of powerful cilia runs from the foot inward on the
dorsum. The space between the divisions is much reduced,
and below the hooks are two of the powerful, slightly curved
bristles which have the dotted distal regions and sharp points.
The winged hooks are proportionally small, have a slightly
curved and sharp main fang, comiug off nearly at a right
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 169
angle from the throat, and with a small spike on the crown,
At the 30th foot at least a dozen of these organs project
from the surface.
Just in front of the tail the dorsal cirrus is moderately long
and subulate, and occasionally it shows a basal enlargement.
The dorsal bristles project for a third of their length beyond
the tip of the cirrus. The region between the divisions of
the foot is convex, and below the row of 7 or 8 hooks 1 or 2
curved bristles project. The convexity of the curve is
outward.
Formerly, in consonance with the Catalogue of the British
Museum, it was supposed that only one species of Polydora
occurred in British waters, but more extended examination
shows that at least five species are found in our seas besides
Polydora ceca, Uirsted, entered in the fauna of Plymouth,
but which has not yet been examined at St. Andrews. The
genus (founded by Bosc) was first clearly described by
Claparéde, who, however, included it under the Ariciide.
The first species, Polydora ciliata, Jobuston, has the pro-
stomium elevated and terminating anteriorly in two rounded
lobes with a median notch, the ridge passing backward to
the 3rd segment. Four black eyes are on the ridge, and
dark pigment occurs at its sides and in the furrows of the
first four segments. The body is largest in the anterior
third, flattened dorsally and rounded ventrally, tapered a
little anteriorly and more distinctly posteriorly, where it ends
in a cup-like process with a dorsal notch. The segments
are from 60-75 in number. The branchisz commence on
the 7th foot and their number ranges from 22 to 31.
Thus they differ from Mesnil’s form of P. ciliata. The first
foot has a dorsal lamella but no bristles, but the latter
occur throughout the rest of the body. The fifth bristled
segment has large hook-hke bristles, the tips are curved,
more or less acute, and have a small spur on the neck.
This form is very widely distributed in European waters.
The second is Po’ydora flava, Claparéde, which extends
from Shetland to the Channel Islands and is common in the
Mediterranean. The bifid prostomium is usually longer than
in Polydora ciliata and the divergent processes more distinct.
A little pigment occurs on each side of the prostomium in
front. Eyes are not visible in the preparations. The median
ridge of the snout reaches the fourth bristled segment. The
body is of considerable proportional size (2 inches or more
in length) in contrast with P. celata, but of similar con-
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 12
170 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
formation. The terminal caudal process has an even (con-
tinuous) rim. The first foot is peculiar in having bristles in
its dorsal division, which presents a rounded lamella with a
setigerous process in front and a small tuft of tapering
bristles slightly curved backward im situ. The ventral
division has a similar though somewhat broader lamella, in
front of which is a conspicuous group of longer upper and
shorter lower bristles, the latter havmg distinct traces of
wings. The second, third, and fourth feet have completely
formed dorsal and ventral divisions. The 5th segment has
minute tufts of dorsal and ventral bristles, as in other forms,
besides the great hook-like bristles which have the concavity
of the tips directed backward, and which are arranged in a
cuive. In the ordinary condition’ the shaft enlarges from
the base upward to the middle, then slightly diminishes te
the tip, which forms a lever-like hook with a coneavity
posteriorly and an excavation infront. The foregoing hook-
hike bristles are accompanied by a series of spear-shaped
bristles. In the developing hook the distal curve is very
marked, and a small shoulder appears at the base of the
concavity in front, whilst a lateral dimple and elevation and
a differentiation at the commencement of the terminal curve
are evident. In frontal view, as Mesnil shows, the distal
region is likewise differentiated. The winged hooks ecom-
mence in the ventral division of the 7th bristled segment.
Each dilates a very little above the base and has a marked
forward curve throughout the greater part of its length, then
bends backward and diminishes to the neck. ‘The main fang
comes off at a considerable angle to the neck and is sharp,
but the spike on the crown has a small angle with the fang.
The dorsal bristles become extremely slender posteriorly,
though of considerable length. Moreover, bundles of bristles
even more slender than the foregoing oceur in each foot
posteriorly and they somewhat resemble linear crystals, being
perfectly straight and slightly tapered at each end. The
function of these.is unknown. Mesnil states they are
extremely caducous, and do not occur in front of the 80th
bristled segment. The bacillary pouches seem to contain
only granules somewhat larger than in Magelona. The
branchize commence on the 8th segment, attain their maxi-
mum a few segments behind, and then they gradually
diminish, the total number being about 35-40.
A third species appears to approach the Polydora quadri-
lobata of Jacobi*. The head has smaller prostomial lobes
* Anat. histolog. Untersuch. der Polydoren der Kieler Bucht.
Wiscenfels, 1883, p. 6, Taf. i. & ii.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. i Wye
than Polydora flava and the median ridge goes backward to
the 4th segment. The snout differs from most of the other
forms in its conical outline, since the peristomial supports
taper anteriorly. Jacobi describes and figures four eyes
on the median ridge between the tentacles, though they are
frequently absent. The arrangement of the bristles in the
first four segments appears to be typical, though they are
somewhat shorter than in /Polydora ciliata or in P. flava,
and the groups in the dorsal division are clearly differentiated.
The fifth foot is distinguished by the large size and con-
splcuous condition of the dorsal capillary bristles (Pl. V.
fig. 3), for the expanded distal region is bent at an angle to
the shaft, and the tapered tip is again curved ; thus the aspect
is that of a pointed bill-hook. The great hook-like bristles
(Pl. V. fig. 2) dilate from the base upward fully two-thirds
of their length, then slightly diminish to the throat, from
which a short distal region comes off at considerably more
than a right angle and ends in a bifid truncated tip. Six or
seven occur on each side, but the tips of only four or five
project from the surface. Jacobi * describes and figures those
of his Polydora quadrilobata as ending bluntly with a right
and left spur and a thin guard or wing. The latter, however,
was not visible in this example, but may have been abraded.
The ventral tuft is considerably smaller than the dorsal, but
the type of bristle is maintained on a diminished scale.
So far as could be ascertained in the fragmentary form,
the branchiz commence on the 7th bristled segment, and the
hooks, which do not materially differ from those of Folydora
ciliata, on the 7th segment. Jacobi represents the anal
funnel as 4-lobed, but it was not present in the British
specimens.
Langerhans describes Po’ydora armata, from Madeira,
as having in the 5th segment two or three large hook-like
bristles with trifid tips, but his figure shows a blunt, curved
tip deeply cleft and winged, the outline being very different
from Jacobi’s. The prostomium is bifid, and the peristomial
lobes are also blunt in front. The branchiz occur from the
7th to the 12th segment. Moreover, in the last five or six
segments brownish, stiff, straight, tapering bristles are
present, thus differing, he observes, from Keferstein’s
P. ciliata, with which the branchiz agree. The anal funnel
has a dorsal and a ventral hiatus. If figures can be relied
on, the tips of the large bristle-like hooks of the 5th segment
as well as the anal funnel differ from Jacobi’s species, and
* On crt: p. 8.
1 Zeitsch. ft. w. Zool. Bd. xxxiy. p. 93, Taf. iv. fig. 5.
2%
es)
172 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
Carazzi* compares the former with the pedicellaria of
Echinoderms.
The fourth species, viz. Polydora carazzi, seems to be new,
the prostomium anteriorly forming a smoothly rounded pro-
cess, and thus characteristically differing from any of the
foregoing. This process projects very little in front of the
rounded lobes of the peristomium at the sides. ‘The median
ridge is slightly contracted behind the process, and passing
backward terminates at the fourth bristled segment. The
mouth opens on the ventral surface as a long triangle with
a prominent lip on each side. No eyes are visible in the
spirit-preparations and no pigment, but it may be different
in the living examples. The body, of which only the anterior
26 segments remain, tapers from the 4th segment forward,
the rest having nearly the same diameter; and it is a feature
that the 5th bristled segment is fully in a line with the
others, its antero-posterior diameter, as usual, being greater
than that of the segments adjoining. ‘The first foot has both
a dorsal and a ventral lamella, but only a tuft of ventral
bristles, the tips being directed rather outward than back-
ward, the convexity of the curve, however, being forward.
They are shorter than those immediately following. The 2nd,
3rd, and 4th feet offer no feature of note. The fifth foot
is unusually prominent, and bears dorsally a strong tuft of
capillary bristles, the flattened, winged, and rather short
tips of which curve somewhat abruptly backward. The great
hook-like bristles have the points of the main fang directed
backward and slightly upward, and each consists of a broad
flattened shaft (Pl. V. figs. 4 & 5), which dilates from the
base to the distal third, where a gentle curve backward and a
little diminution towards the throat occur; but whilst the
inner outline is even, the outer shows a slight projection
rather below the throat, which is by no means narrow. The
strong main fang comes off at a little more than a right
angle, and the tip is not very acute. Moreover, the
crown of the fang seems to have the upper edge flattened
and prominent on each side, whilst distally a comb-like
crest with a serrated edge curves from the back of the crown
almost to the point of the fang, so that uncinus crista-galli
might be an appropriate name for such a hook. Indications
of striz which slope from behind forward and upward show
that this crest is an aggregate of spines. Only a few bristles
occur in the ventral tuft of this segment. The 6th bristled
* Mitt. Zool. Stat. zu Neapel, ii. Bd. p. 21.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 173
segment has lamellz and dorsal and ventral bristles like the
4th, and winged hooks commence on the ventral division of
the 7th, where also the branchie originate. The winged
hooks (Pl. V. fig. 6) do not offer any diagnostic feature
except their small size, a single spur occurring on the
crown above the great fang. In contrast with Polydora
flava, the lamelle of the feet generally and the bristles are
shorter, whilst the hooks project similarly in both. The
species seems, so far as known, to be sparingly distributed.
The Polydora hamata of Langerhans* also possesses a
smoothly rounded prostomium, and the sides of the peri-
stomium form a blunt cone. The great hook-like bristles of
the 5th segment, however, somewhat resemble those of
Polydora flava, and thus differ from the foreging. The
ventral hooks, moreover, have a brown belt on the neck, and
the last 30 segments, or thereabout, have hook-like bristles,
after the manner of Polydora hoplura, whilst the anal funnel
is 4-lobed—all points of divergence from the preceding
form.
The fifth and last of the series is Polydora hoplura,
Claparéde, which extends from the Outer Hebrides to
Plymouth, and is also found on the east coast at St. Andrews.
The head is similar to that of Polydvra ciliata, except in the
absence of black pigment in the preparations. The pro-
stomum anteriorly has a median notch and two rounded
lateral regions. The arrangement and shape of the lamella
aud bristles of the first four bristled segments are like those of
P. ciliata. The fifth segment has hook-like bristles which
are distinguished at first sight from those of P. cilata by
the parallel arrangement of the tips in situ—a feature due
to their more uniform diameter,—by their peculiarly curved
and by no means sharp tips, and by the position and size of
the lateral spur at the neck. The branchiz and winged
hooks commence on the 7th segment, the hooks having a
somewhat long main fang coming off nearly at a right angle
with a single spur above. The feature most diagnostic of
this species, viz. the hook-like bristles of the last 15 seg-
ments, is absent in the majority of the imperfect examples,
but where the caudal region is present the region occupied
by the hooks seems to be distinguished by the diminution of
the prominent tufts of bristles characteristic of the region
in front. The strongly curved and sharp hook-like bristles
Op. ext. p. 92, Taf. xxxiy. fig, 4.
174 Prof. M‘'Intosh’s Notes from the
are probably connected with the special functions of the
region, which may require a hook of a different type from
the ordinary winged form.
Some place the next form, viz. Magelona papillicornis,
Yritz Miiller, under a special family, but for the present it
may be included, as formerly, under the Spionide. The head
(prostomium) is a large, flattened, and somewhat ovoid
muscular process, with chitinous basement-tissue, marked
marginally by anastomosing vessels and forming a roof
to the peristomial segment beneath it. The» mouth opens
ventrally, and the proboscis is extruded as a pinkish mush-
room-shaped organ. The tentacles are remarkably long
(2-3 inches), with large adhesive papill on the distal two-
thirds, and non-caducous. Touches of dark pigment occur
as bars on them. The body is from 4—6 inches in length,
apparently of two well-marked regions—the anterior short,
consisting of 8 segments, and the posterior of more than 100 ;
but the peculiar 9th segment perhaps indicates a third
region. The body is somewhat quadrangular in section
throughout. The first region (of 8 segments) is narrowed
behind and marked by a dorsal and a ventral longitudinal
band, whilst the 9th segment is remarkably narrow. The
third region is anteriorly of greater diameter than the first,
continues of considerable breadth for some distance, and
then gradually tapers to the tail, which ends in a rounded
border having the anus within it, and with a short cirrus on
each side. The lateral regions of the greater part of the
third division of the body are modified into processes with
peculiar convoluted organs composed of the cuticle, hypo-
derm, and basement-tissue.
The dorsal lamelle of the first division are scoop-shaped,
and the ventral are similar though smaller. The bristles of
the region are capillary. The bristles of the 9th segment
are shaped like a mace with a process at the tip, and differ
from all the others as do the lamelle. The third or posterior
region has on each foot a row of winged hooks dorsally and
another ventrally at the edge of the quadrangular body,
whilst the somewhat ovate lamellz are between them. The
species ranges from Brazil to Britain.
The interesting Pecilochetus serpens of Dr. Allen*, from
Plymouth, probably comes near Disoma and Scalibregma.
The pelagic post-larval types occur frequently at St. Andrews,
yet no adult has ever been found there.
* Quart. Journ, Micr. Sc. vol. xlvili. p. 79, with plates vii.—xii.
EE
wel)
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 17:
3. On the Spionide dredged by H.M.S. ‘Porcupine’ in
1869 and 1870.
Besides the widely distributed Scolecolepis cirrata of Sars,
east of Cape de Gatte, in 16 to 60 fathoms, a form apparently
falling under the genus Nerinides of Mesnil, and which may
be termed N. damellata, was dredged in the expedition of
1870 in Tangiers Bay at a depth of 35 fathoms. Only the
anterior region is present. The hhead (Pi. V. fig. 7) forms
an even transverse margin in front, with a short blunt ten-
tacle at each angle, and from the centre a short elevated
region proceeds backward, to end in a small process which is
pointed posteriorly like an adherent tentacle. Minute eyes
seem to be present on each side of the latter, but the con-
dition of the specimen renders accurate determination difficult.
The whole region is thus unusually short, and the proboscis
is thrust out as a short cylinder with acrenate margin. The
body is flattened, slightly and abruptly tapered anteriorly,
and with a median band ventrally. The segments are narrow
and numerous. The Ist foot carries a subulate branchia and
a large lanceolate lamella projecting freely upward nearly as
far as the branchia. The dorsal bristles are very slender,
long, and finely tapered, and they have the normal position
characteristic of the family. The ventral division also has a
lanceolate process, and the bristles are long and _ slender.
From the form of the body the bristles and lamellae occupy
the dorso-lateral edge, so that the branchiz, which re:.dily
fall off, pass transverse'y inward over the flattened dorsum.
At the 10th foot the branchia is well developed, though still
subulate, and the dorsal lamella forms a large lanceolate flap
directed upward and inward. The bristles (PI. VI. figs. 1 & 2),
both dorsal and ventral, are long and slender in mass, and
have a dull golden colour. The ventral lamella is now a
broad, almost semicircular flap, with a tendency to a peak
inferiorly. The bristles (Pl. VI. fig. 8) are in two groups,
viz. finely tapered forms which stretch outward along the
lamella, and a ventral series of shorter, broader bristles over-
lapping the former, like those seen in a Scolecolepis from
Bressay Sound ; but their tips are acute, not probe-pointed.
The branchia remains subulate at the 25th foot (Pl. VI.
fig. 4) and stretches beyond the elongated upper lamella,
which is acutely lanceolate superiorly, its outer edge being
comparatively even till it curves inward inferiorly. The
ventral lamella forms a blunt flap with the bristles in the
groups formerly indicated. ‘The branchia is still rather long
176 Prof, M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
and subulate at the 50th foot, and the upper lamella is
prominent and rounded inferiorly, whilst superiorly it is
acutely lanceolate. The upper bristles of the dorsal series
are long, slender, and finely tapered. A notch now separates
the two divisions of the foot. The ventral lamella is also
prominent and rounded, generally with a short peak. The
modified bristles ventrally show a sharp and slightly hooked
point (Pl. V. fig. 8), which under a high power is slightly
dotted. No wings are visible in either dorsal or ventral
bristles.
A fragmentary Scolecolepis (1), dredged in 35 fathoms amidst
greyish sand, stones, and ooze in the‘ Porcupine’ Expedition
of 1869, shows certain novel features. The head is short,
with aslightly bilobed anterior border, which forms the base
of a triangle ending in a short subulate tentacle posteriorly.
No eyes are visible in the preparation. A little behind the an-
terior edge of the snout ventrally are two prominent rounded
peristomial papillz in front of the mouth. The fragmentary
body consists of about 16 segmeuts, at the posterior end of
which new segments and a tail are developing. It is flat-
tened dorsally and grooved in the median line ventrally,
whilst the sides are flanked by an extraordinary development
of dull golden bristles, which at first sight makes an approach
to the condition in Euphrosyne. A kind of flap, vertically
elongated, occurs immediately behind the snout, but it does
not appear to have either bristle or branchia. The first
bristled foot carries a branchia and long tufts of bristles
dorsally and ventrally; but the condition of the foot
negatives a minute description. The bristles are of compara-
tively great length and strength, are fincly tapered, and
conform to the usual arrangement in Scolecolepis, the upper
of the superior division being longest and curved upward
and backward. No wings are visible. The bristles of the
inferior division form a dense group shorter than the supe-
rior, and they are curved backward. Focussing indicated a
margin on each side of the tapered tip, but no distinct wing
is visible.
The great development of the superior lamella is soon
conspicuous, and at the 10th foot (Pl. VI. fig. 9) it forms a
large lanceolate crest on the dorsum, the outer or inferior
edge being rounded, whilst the inneris acute. The branchia
appears to be subulate and to stretch inward over the dorsum,
but all had disappeared during the examination of the minute
specimen. The remarkably dense, strong, and boldly curved
dull golden bristles curve upward and backward, and narrow
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 17%
wings are evident on the lower and many others in the
division. The upper, as usual, are longer and more slender,
but also present indications of wings. The ventral lamella
is separated from the dorsal by a notch with a papilla, and is
somewhat capstan-like, only the edges slope to a low cone in
the centre. Its bristles curve downward and backward,
taper to a fine point, and have narrow wings. Moreover,
they are all minutely dotted or dappled, and many of the
upper forms show a peculiar mark just below the tip, as if a
portion had been scouped out. It is possible that friction
may be connected with this appearance.
The condition of the posterior region is unknown, but at
the 16th foot the superior lamella is still large and lanceo-
late, with a rounded outer or inferior margin, and the bristles
have rather increased in length. The ventral lamella, how-
ever, is smaller and of the form of a short capstan. The
bristles are also longer, and a ventral group of 4 or 5 larger,
longer, and boldly curved bristles is differentiated, each
tapering to a fine point, and the wings are more distinct.
A form dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870 in
45 fathoms off Cape Sagres is distinguished both dorsally
and laterally by the structure of the snout, which is shaped
somewhat like that of Staurocephalus, and thus differs from
that of Prionospio. It has been termed Kinbergella plumosa,
after the distinguished Professor in Stockholm, who has done
so much to advance our knowledge of the marine annelids *
Auteriorly, when viewed from ‘the dorsum (PE Ve tig: 9),
two rather thick, flattened, anterior tentacles are separated
by a median papilla, whilst the buccal segment gradually
narrows to the base of a rounded bilobed papilla (like minia-
ture corpora albicantia) on the dorsum behind. When seen
from the front the anterior processes present a double foliate
arrangement like the anterior end of certain mollusca, the
mouth forming a median protuberance at the ventral edge.
An arrangement of this kind is rare in the group. A kind
of collar passes round the body at this region. The mouth
opens immediately beneath the median papilla on the snout,
and the lower lip, which has a slight cleft in the centre, is
prominent, the aperture looking forward rather than ventrally.
A projection exists on one side behind the papilla, but no
palpi or tentacles are seen.
* Since this was written Prof. Kinberg has passed away, full of years
and honours. His name will long and honourably be associated with
the group.
178 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
Only a fragment of the anterior region of the body is
present, comprising 17 or 18 bristled segments. It tapers a.
little anteriorly and is somewhat flattened both dorsally an d
ventrally, though the first part of the ventral surface is
rounded, and a streak runs along the median line. The
whole anterior region diverges from that of Prionospio.
Behind the bilobed dorsal papilla is a segment devoid of
bristles, unless it is to be regarded as only an extension of
the peristomium. Anteriorly it bears the bilobed papilla
and the projection on the leftside. Itis followed by a region
provided with 6 or 7 prominent lamellz which partly overlap
the dorsum, and from the narrowness of the region in front
the first two or three approach each other more closely than
those which succeed.
The first foot carries a broadly lanceolate dorsal lobe and
a more pointed ventral lobe, the former overlapping the
lateral region of the dorsum and the latter directed obliquely
upward. The bristles of the dorsal division are curved back-
ward, taper to a fine point, and the upper series is larger, as
usual in the group. ‘The ventral bristles have a similar
structure, but are shorter.
The lamelle reach their maximum about the 4th or 5th
foot, projecting above the dorsum as large broadly lanceolate
flaps. Moreover, the 4th foot bears a plumose branchia
(Pl. VI. figs. 6 & 7) somewhat like a sea-pen. The base is
smooth or slightly crenate, then the pinnre appear and con-
tinue to the lanceolate apex, towards which they slightly
diminish in size. As mounted, the broadest part of the
organ is a little below the tip. The superior lamella is
almost like that in Phyllodoce, overhanging the 5th as a
broadly lanceolate leaf, and with the row of yellow bristles
in front of it. The ventral lamella is smaller and somewhat
conical.
No other branchia occurred in the example, but as the
specimen is fragmentary the exact distribution of these
organs is unknown. ‘The absence of the long terminal
filament so characteristic of Prionospio is noteworthy and
does not appear to be due to any injury to the organ.
At the 10th foot (Pl. VI. fig. 8) the lamella has become
a narrow rim with a bluntly conical free apex, and the
bristles are shorter. The ventral lamella is narrow and
short, rounded superiorly and inferiorly. One of the ventral
rows of bristles is much more slender than the other, with
very fine capillary tips. The bristles of the stronger row are
broken, so that whether these have winged hooks is uncertain ;
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 179
but it is noteworthy that they and the 11th were all evenly
broken about the same level.
The lamelle become small before the 16th or 17th foot,
sinking below the level of the dorsum as inconspicuous
conical flaps. So far as observed, the simple dorsal bristles,
which present no distinct wings, do not vary, but about the
16th foot the ventral series consists of a dense row of winged
hooks with rather long shafts, which increase in diameter
from below upward, bend backward, and slightly diminish to
the throat (PI. V. fig. 10), from Siehene phar p main fang
comes off nearly at a “right angle, and has three spikes on
the crown above, the whole, however, quite differing from
the hook of Scolecolepis vulgaris. The wings are rather short
and wide distally.
The specimen is a female, and large ovoid ova with the
finely crenate capsule occurred as far forward as the Ist foot.
This form approaches Prionospio in certain respects, such
as the plumose branchie and the massive form of the
lamellee.
The Prionospio heterobranchia of Percy Moore*, from
Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts, bears certain resemblances in
the form of the snout, but the development of the lateral
processes (tentacles 7) of the snout in Kinbergella difters
materially, and the branchiz do not seem to possess the
terminal filament, whilst the pinne or filaments of the gill
are much shorter in the new form, which is also devoid of
the conspicuous eyes. Yet the prostomium in Prionospio
heterobranchia tapers to a point posteriorly and the hooks
seem to be similar. Ainhergel/a therefore finds its nearest
ally in Prionospio.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES f.
Puate V.
Fig. 1. Young Gadus luscus, 70 mm. in length. Twice the natural
size.
Fig. 2. Strong bifid hook-like bristle of the fifth segment of Polydora
quadrilobata, Jacobi (var. mesnilz). x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D
Fig. 3. Dorsal bristle of same (5th) segment. xX similarly.
F.gs. 4 & 5, Diflerent views of the hook-like ee of the 5th segment
of Polydora corazzt. X Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D
Fig. 6. Ventral hook of the same species. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. F.
* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1907, p. 195, pl. xv. figs. 1-6.
+ I am indebted to the Carnegie Trust for the majority of the figures
in both Plates.
180 Mr. H. B. Preston on new Shells from
Fig. 7. Imperfect head of Nerinides (?) lamellata, with the short pro-
boscis extended. Enlarged.
Fig. 8. Ventral stiff bristles of the same. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 9. Anterior end of Kinhergella plumosa. Enlarged.
Fig. 10. Ventral hook from the 16th foot of the same species. X Zeiss
oc. 4, obj. D.
Puate VI.
Fig. 1. Dorsal bristles of the 10th foot of Nerinides lamellata. X Zeiss
oc. 4, obj. D. =
Fig. 2. Winged bristle of the dorsal division of the same foot. X simi-
larly.
Fiy, 8. Ventral bristles of the 10th foot. » similarly.
Fig. 4. 25th foot of the same species. X similarly,
fig. 5. 50th foot of the foregoing. x similarly.
Figs. 6 & 7. Different views of the 4th foot of Kinbergella plumosa.
x 48 diam.
Fig. 8. 10th foot of the foregoing form. similarly.
Fig. 9. 10th foot of Scolecolepis 1. x about 34 diam.
XX1.—Deseriptions of Seventeen new Species and Varieties
of Land and Kreshwater Shells from East and West Afvict
and the Transvaal. By H. B. Preston, F.Z.5.
[Plate VII.]
Havine recently had through my hands a number of land and
freshwater shells from the German Cameroons, and finding
among them a number of forms which seem to have hitherto
escaped notice, I venture to describe them in the present
paper ; at the same time 1 take the opportunity of describing
two species of Hischeria from Senegal, collected in that region
by Colonel M. Messager, and two species of Achatina trom
E. Africa and the ‘Transvaal respectively, as also a variety of
Achatina variegata, Lk., from W. Afiica, which, being con-
stant and well-marked in form, I have thought worthy of a
varietal name.
Giblbus (Edentulina) confusa, sp.n. (Fig. 1.)
Shell ovate-elongate, rather laterally compressed, thin,
white, somewhat shining, semitransparent, rimate ; whorls 54,
sculptured with very fine oblique transverse lines, very
minutely but closely punctate throughout, the latter portion of
the last whorl somewhat ascending; sutures linear; colu-
mella descending obliquely above, excavated below, outwardly
East and West Africa and the Transvaal. 181
triangularly expanded, the expansion bearing a depression in
the middle ; parietal wall somewhat excavated in the region
of the columella: peristome slightly thickened, reflexed ;
aperture subquadrate.
Alt, 22, diam. maj. 12 mm.
Aperture: alt. 9, diam: 5°5 mm.
Hab. (type specimen). Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons ;
several broken specimens also from Akok, 30-35 miles from
the coast at Kribi.
Distinguished from G. liberiana, Lea *, from Liberia, by
its smaller size, thinner texture, and much finer transverse
sculpture ; moreover, the exceedingly fine punctate sculpture
easily separates it from G. liberiana.
Helicarion bitzeensis, sp.n. (Figs. 2, 3.)
Shell corneous, semitransparent, dark yellowish green;
spire much depressed ; whorls 3, here and there showing
traces of slight malleation, puckered into irregular arcuate
riblets or creases, on and between which appear fine lines of
growth, the last whorl subcarinate, somewhat widely ex-
panded towards the aperture; sutures well impressed ; aper-
ture subovate, dilated above, rather laterally constricted.
Alt. 11, diam. maj. 25°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 12, diam. 145 mm.
Hub. Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons (type); also a
single specimen taken at Akok, 30-35 miles from the coast
at Kribi.
Helicarion umbrosolabiata, sp.n. (Figs. 4, 5.)
Shell corneous, thin, light olive-green, somewhat inflated ;
whorls 3, marked with growth-lines and occasionally creased
into broad riblets, the last whorl scored with very fine irre-
gular spiral scratches ; sutures impressed ; peristome folded
inwards so as to form a narrow thickening, dark brownish
green; aperture obliquely ovate.
Alt. 15, diam. maj. 25°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 14:5 mm.
Hab. Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons.
Thapsia rosenbergi, sp.n. (Vig. 6.)
Shell depressed, perforate, discoidal, thin, polished, horny,
light reddish brown ; whorls 53, sculptured with very fine,
wavy, spiral strize and transverse lines of growth ; base lighter
* Philad. Trans. vil. p. 457, pl. ii.
182 Mr. H. B. Preston on new Shells from
in colour than the rest of the shell ; sutures impressed, mar-
gined, whitish ; umbilicus narrow, deep, partly concealed by
the reflexed columella; peristome thin, acute; aperture
oblique, broadly lunate.
Alt. 6°5, diam. maj. 13°5 mm.
Aperture : alt. 5, diam. 5°5 mm.
Hb. Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons.
Type in British Museum.
A very variable species ; one specimen is of a much darker
colour than the others submitted to me, and the margin of the
suture, instead of being whitish, is of even a-deeper shade of
reddish brown than the rest of the shell ; another is somewhat
larger and flatter in proportion than the type, but 1 am
unable to separate them specifically.
Achatina dacostana, sp.n. (Fig. 7.)
Shell ovate, pale brownish yellow, painted with very
indistinct greyish flame-markings, especially noticeable on
the fourth and fifth whorls, and bearing traces of having been
covered with a very thin greenish-brown periostracum ;
whorls 64, flattish, the upper finely granular, the last coarsely
granular above the periphery, smooth and shining below ;
sutures impressed, crenulate; aperture ovate; peristome
acute ; columella descending obliquely and spreading into a
thin callus which joins the upper margin of the peristome.
Alt. 75, diam. maj. 37°56 mm.
Aperture: alt. 38, diam. 22 mm.
Hab. East Africa.
Achatina subcylindrica, sp.n. (Fig. 8.)
Shell thin, subcylindrical, pale greenish yellow ; whorls
74, regularly increasing, slightly convex, finely granular
except on the lower half of the last whorl, which is smooth ;
apex obtuse, somewhat flattened ; sutures well impressed,
lightly crenulate; columella descending in a curve; peri-
stome thin, acute; aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 38°5, diam. maj. 13°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 7 mm.
Hab. Natal.
Allied to Achatina transvaalensis, Smith *, but differing
chiefly in its more cylindrical form, flatter whorls, and rather
coarser sculpture.
* Journ. Conch. yol. i. pp. 351-352,
East and West Africa and the Transvaal. 183
Achaiina variegata, Lk., var. gracilis, nov.
Shell less swollen and proportionately much narrower than
is the case with the typical A. variegata ; the whorls are
also rather more convex and the painting less regular.
Alt. (about) 120, diam. maj. (about) 58 mm.
Hab. West Africa.
Callistoplepa tiara, sp.n. (Hig. 9.)
Shell oblong-ovate, thin, corneous, pale chestnut, orna-
mented on the upper whorls with zigzag transverse streaks
of purplish brown which become thickened and deepened in
colour just above the sutures, so as to appear as a super-
sutural row of squarish dark purple blotches, and which are
continued on the body-whorl as a peripheral interrupted band ;
the last two whorls are also painted with irregular cream-
coloured patches; whorls 6, sculptured with fine, wavy, spiral
striz crossed by irregular transverse ridges, giving to thie
shell a finely granular appearance; the sculpture, though
continued towards the base of the shell, becomes obsolete
below the periphery ; sutures impressed, subcrenulate ; colu-
mella straight, dark ‘purple ; peristome simple, acute; aper-
ture elongately inversely auriform.
Alt. 49, diam. maj. 25°25 mm.
Aperture: alt, 30°75, diam. 13°5 mm.
flab. Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons.
Pseudachatina nodosa, sp.n. (Fig. 10.)
Shell ovate-conic, moderately thin, painted above with
broad brownish-purple transverse flaime-markings, between
which the pale flesh-colour of the shell is visible, covered on
the lower whorls with a thin, scaly, yellowish-brown peri-
ostracum ; whorls 73, the first three granulated with fine
spiral strize crossed by irregular transverse lines, the remainder
irregularly coarsely nodulous, the last bearing two obsolete
keels about 9 mm. apart, the lower one situated at the peri-
phery ; sutures crenulate, somewhat lightly impressed ; colu-
mella obliquely curved, a thick callus, the outer margin of
which is tinged with purple, joining it with the lip above ;
peristome expanded, scarcely reflexed, livid purple ; aperture
obliquely inversely auriform ; interior of shell bluish white,
a broad purple band appearing on the upper portion of the
parietal wall.
Alt. 61, diam. maj. 29 mm.
184 Mr. H. B. Preston on new Shells from
Aperture: alt. 26, diam. 13 mm.
Hab. (of type). Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons;
specimens were also collected at Akok, 30-35 miles from the
coast at Kiibi.
In some respects resembling P. martenst, d’Ailly *; the
present shell is, however, of a lighter texture, there is practi-
cally no basal zone of deeper coloration, and the peristome is
always livid purple in colour, whereas M. d’Ailly makes a
great point of the constant whiteness of the peristome in his
species.
Pseudachatina nodosa, Preston, var. eminens, nov.
(Fig. 11.),
Much more elongate than the typical form, the keels on
the last whorl are even more obsolete, and the columella is
less curved.
Alt. 89, diam. maj. 37°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 33, diam. 17 mm.
Hab. Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons.
Pseudotrochus batesi, sp.n. (Fig. 12.)
Shell oblong-turrite, thin, pale flesh-coloured, transversely
banded, spotted, and tessellated with chestnut-brown and
creamy white, covered with a very thin pale yellowish-brown
periostracum; apex flattened; whorls 63, the embryonic
whorls submamillary and presenting under a lens a weathered
appearance, the later whorls regularly furrowed with closely
set, broad, very flat, spiral ridges, and sculptured with very
fine, wavy, spiral striz, crossed by irregular lines of growth,
somewhat angled above the periphery; periphery strongly
but bluntly carinate; sutures impressed, lightly crenulate,
narrowly margined, whitish; base of shell convexly elon-
gate; columella slightly excavated above, twisted at base,
reddish brown and diffused into a callus, which joins the lip
above and continues as a parietal callus throughout the in-
terior of the shell; peristome angled, sharply acute ; aperture
nearly quadrate.
Alt. 51:5, diam. maj. 30 mm.
Aperture: alt. 21°5, diam. 13-5 mm.
Hab. Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons.
Type in British Museum.
A very remarkable shell, whose nearest ally appears to be
* ‘Bihang till Kong]. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar,’
29, Afd. 4, no. 2, 1896, pp. 95-98.
East and West Africa and the Transvaal. 185
P. lechateliert, Dautz.*, from Dahomey; from this it is
distinguished by its more acute spire, submamillary apex,
broader base, blunter peripheral carina, coloured columella
and parietal callus, flatly furrowed sculpture, and general
colouring, which in P. lechateliert is generally darker, espe-
cially on the base, while the chestnut bands on the spire are
more pronounced, numerous, and generally confined to the
lower portion of the whorls, which is not the case with
P, batesi. ;
Pseudotrochus efulenensis, sp.n. (Fig. 13.)
Shell oblong-turrite, flesh-coloured, irregularly painted
with blotches and streaks of dark brownish purple and cream-
colour, base of shell painted with a broad band of blackish
purple just below the periphery, which gives place to a zone
of creamy flesh-colour between it and the columella; whorls 7,
the embryonic whorls very flat, constricted and quite smooth,
the later whorls gradually increasing, sculptured with fine,
slightly wavy, spiral striz and transverse growth-lines, the
last whorl carinate at the periphery ; sutures lightly im-
pressed, subcrenulate; columella greyish brown, descending
somewhat obliquely and extending into a thin, minutely
granular callus which reaches the lip above; peristome
slightly expanded, brownish flesh-colour; aperture sub-
quadrate.
Alt. 63, diam. maj. 29 mm.
Aperture : alt. 28, diam. 14°5 mm.
Hab. Near Efulen, 8. Cameroons.
‘Type in British Museum.
Pseudoglessula camerunensis, sp.n. (Fig. 14.)
Shell subulately fusiform, glossy, light brown, mottled and
streaked with blotches and bands of a dark purple colour;
apex slightly mammillate; whorls 83, the first two and a
half spirally striate and lightly, transversely costate, pre-
senting a punctate appearance, the remainder sculptured with
fine, closely set, transverse riblets, the last whorl bearing a
thread-like carina at the periphery; sutures impressed ;
columella whitish, excavated above, curved below, somewhat
obliquely truncate, a very light callus joining it with the lip
above ; peristome simple, acute ; aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 30°5, diam. maj. 12 mm.
Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 5 mm.
* Journ. de Conchyl. xl. 1892, p. 297 ; xli. 1893, p. 33, pl. i.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iit. 13
186 On new Shells from East and West Africa, c&e.
Hab. (of type). Akok, 30-35 miles from the coast at
Kribi, Cameroons; specimens also occurred at Bitze, near
the River Ja.
Allied to P. clavata, Gray, from which it differs by its
more cylindrical form and the very fine sculpture of the
embryonic whorls, which in P. clavata are much more coarsely
costate ; the last whorl and the aperture in the present species
are also much longer.
Homorus foveolatus, sp.n. (Fig. 15.)
Shell narrowly subulate, dark brown, smooth, polished,
shining; apex mammillate; whorls 103, flattish, irregularly
marked with fine oblique growth-lines, the last whorl some-
what carinate at the periphery; sutures well impressed ;
columella descending in a curve, abruptly truncate, extending
into a callus which joins the lip above ; peristome simple,
acute ; aperture ovate.
Alt. 16°25, diam. maj. 3°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 2, diam. 1 mm.
Hab. Akok, 30-35 miles from the coast at Kribi, Cameroons.
Subulina jaensis, sp.n. (Fig. 16.)
Shell bluntly subulate, thin, light yellowish flesh-colour,
submammillate at the apex ; whorls 83, rather flat, the first
two and a half smooth except for a minute infrasutural plica-
tion, the last six whorls closely transversely striate ; sutures
subcrenulate ; columella curved and twisted; peristome
acute; aperture elongately ovate.
Alt. 18°75, diam. maj. 4°25 mm,
Aperture: alt. 3°75, diam. 1°5 mm.
Hab. Bitze, near the River Ja, Cameroons.
Fischeria messageri, sp.n. (Fig. 17.)
Shell thin, elongately oblong, marked faintly with con-
centric lines of growth, covered with a smooth pale olive-
green periostracum ; teeth small; posterior side very obtusely
rostiate ; anterior side somewhat acutely rounded; dorsal
margins sloping, especially anteriorly ; ventral margin
rounded centrally, slightly excavated posteriorly.
Long. 15, lat. 23°5 mm.
Liab. Senegal River.
Fischeria approximans, sp.n. (Fig. 18.)
Shell thin, elongately ovate, dark olive-green painted with
a ie a oe
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 187
rays of a darker colour and covered with a smooth periostra-
cum ; teeth small, the cardinal tooth on right valve bifid ;
posterior side obtusely rounded above, angled below ; anterior
side sharply rounded ; dorsal margins very gradually sloping ;
ventral margin angled, somewhat produced centrally.
Long. 13, lat. 20°5 mm.
Hab. Podor, Senegal River.
Allied to #. levigata, von Mts., but differing from that
species by its angular and produced ventral margin, more
sharply rounded anterior side, and more obtuse posterior
side; moreover, the bifid cardinal tooth in the right value
immediately distinguishes it from /. levigata.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Gibbus ( Edentulina) confusa, sp. n.
Figs. 2,3. Helicarion bitzeensis, sp. n.
Figs. 4, 5. umbrosolabiata, sp. n.
zy
“ig. ©. Thapsia rosenbergi, sp. n.
fig. 7. Achatina dacostana, sp. n.
Ngee Si subcylindrica, sp. 1.
‘ug. 9. Callistoplepa tiara, sp. n.
Fig. 10. Pseudachatina nodosa, sp. n.
Fug. 11 nodosa, var. eminens, Nov.
Tig. 12. Pseudotrochus batest, sp. n.
f efulenensis, sp. Nn.
Fig. 14. Pseudoglessula camerunensis, sp. n.
Fg. 15. Homorus foveolatus, sp. n.
Tig. 16. Subulina jaensis, sp. n.
Fig. 17. Fischeria messagert, sp. n.
approximans, sp. D.
XXII.—Rhynchotal Notes.—XLVI. By W. L. Distant,
HoMmMoprveERaA.
Fam. Cercopide.
Neotropical Genera and Species.
The Neotropical Cercopide are well represented in the
British Museum. In addition to those described by Walker
it possesses the splendid Godman Collection from Central
America worked out and described by Fowler. It has also
during recent years acquired a large number of species from
Ecuador and Bolivia, many of which are here described.
The Fry Collection, bequeathed to the British Museum by
13
188 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
the late Alexander Fry, also contained many South Brazilian
species.
‘ Dr. Jacobi has recently published the description of “ Neue
Cercopiden des Andengebietes,’ which comprise 41 new
species and some new genera, and I have again to thank
that able homopterist for letting me see cotypes of all but
five of these species.
Subfam. APrpxRroPpHORIN2.
Genus AVERNUS.
Avernus, St8l, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 68 (1866) ; id. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. x.
p. 384 (18686). '
Type, A. ocelliger, Walk.
Avernus ocelliger.
Ptyelus ocelliger, Walk. List Hom. iii. p. 708 (1851).
Ptyelus interruptus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 715.
Avernus alboater, Stal (part.), Berl. eut. Zeitschr. x. p. 884 (1866).
Hab. Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia.
Stal had treated the Monecphora alboatra, Walk., as a
synonym of the above. This is one of the few indubitable
errors made by that great Rhynchotist, as alboatra differs
in the shape of the head and the position of the ocelli from
the generic characters given by himself for Avernus, which
he founded for their reception. M. alboatra cannot there-
fore remain the type of the genus, which was described
subsequent to his visit to the British Museum.
A. meridionalis, Jac., is an allied species (var. ?).
Avernus balteatus, sp. n.
Ptyelus eleninus, Bredd. MS.
Black ; tegmina crossed near middle by a white fascia
which narrows towards costal margin ; vertex much shorter
than breadth between eyes, obtusely angularly rounded in
front, on central anterior area reaching apex is a slightly
depressed space with raised margins, which is convex in
front, truncate behind; pronotum centrally longitudinally
carinate, its anterior margin somewhat strongly angularly
rounded; scutellum discally angularly flattened, at base
only centrally moderately foveate, both these areas centrally
longitudinally incised; face without a central ridge; rostrum
reaching the intermediate coxe ; posterior tibie with two
strong spines; tegmina about two and a half times as long
as broad.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 189
Long., incl, tegm., 14 to 15 mm.
Hab. Ecuador; Balzapamba (Brit. Mus.).
The British Museum possesses two specimens of this
species, purchased as one of “ Breddin’s co-types” some years
ago, but I can find no trace of a corresponding description.
Avernus affinis, sp. n.
Allied to A. balteatus, Dist., but the colour pale castaneous,
not black, and the legs brownish ochraceous; the tegmina
in addition to the white transverse fascia possesses three
white spots on the apical third—the first, largest and rounded
on costal margin, the other two more ovate and placed
on disk in longitudinal series before apex ; head and pro-
notum a little narrower than in A. balteatus, the latter also
finely granulose.
Long., incl. tegm., 14 mm.
Hab, Brazil (Fry. Coll., Brit. Mus.).
NEOAVERNUS, gen. nov.
Vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, somewhat
broadly rounded in front; ocelli at base, close to eyes, very
much nearer to eyes than to each other, the lateral and apical
margins a little upwardly ridged ; face without a central
carination; clypeus foveately depressed on each side at base;
rostrum slightly passing the intermediate coxe ; pronotum
with a central longitudinal carination which is more promi-
nent and distinct on disk, the anterior lateral margins
oblique, shorter than the posterior lateral margins, which
are slightly sinuate; anterior margin roundly truncate,
posterior margin strongly subangularly concave in front of
scutellum, which is longer than broad ; posterior tibiz with
two strong spines ; tegmina twice as long as broad.
Type, N. alboater, Walk.
Differs from <Avernus by the larger and more rounded
vertex, different position of the ocelli, and short tegmina.
Neoavernus alboater.
Monecphora alboatra, Walk. List Hom. ili. p. 682 (1851).
Avernus albouter, Stal (part.), Berl. ent. Zeitschr. x. p. 884 (1866).
Hab. Colombia (Brit. Mus.).
Genus SPHODROSCARTA.
Sphodroscarta, Stal, Hem. Fabr, ii. p. 17 (1869).
Type, S. gigas, Fabr.
190 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
Sphodroscarta bimaculata, sp. n.
Black; eyes and abdominal segmental margins ochraceous;
tegmina with two large white spots on inner margin, one
crossing clavus a little before its apex, the other and smaller
at the lower part of apical margin; wings dark fuli-
ginous; vertex a little more than half as long as breadth
between eyes, somewhat angularly produced, the lateral
margins oblique, the basal margin obtusely angularly sinuate,
two short carmate lines not reaching base, each situate
outside the region of the ocelli; pronotum not carinate, but
centrally longitudinally depressed, the anterior lateral mar-
gins very short, the posterior lateral margins about as long
as the posterior margin, which is strongly angularly concave;
scutellum much longer than broad, its disk centrally longi-
tudinally depressed ; posterior tibize with two strong spines.
Long., excl. tegm., 2 12 mm.; exp. tegm. 30 mm.
Hab. Bolivia; Yungas de la Paz.
Subfam. Crercorin2z.
Genus Hyposcarra.
Hyboscarta, Jacobi, SB. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1908, no. 8, p. 2C8.
Type, H. rubrica, Jacobi.
Hyboscarta insignis.
Monecphora insignis, Walk, List Hom., Suppl. p. 178 (1858).
Hab. Amazons.
Hyhoscarta semivitrea.
Sphenorhina semivitrea, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 184 (1858).
Hab. Amazons.
Hyboscarta tricolor, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, anterior and
intermediate femora (posterior legs mutilated in specimen
described), and less than basal half of tegmina, sanguineous ;
two central spots to mesosternum, anterior and intermediate
tibiz and tarsi, black; a little more than apical half of
tegmina ochraceous, subhyaline, the latera! and subapical
margins of this area broadly black, extending to apex of
clavus; pronotum and tegmina thickly finely punctate;
> ee
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 1 af
face moderately compressed, laterally strongly transversely
striate, centrally longitudinally ridged.
Long. 84 mm.
Hab. Brazil; Lages.
Genus IscHNORHINA.
Ischnorhina, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 14 (1869).
Subgen. Schistogonia, Stal, loc. cit.
Types, Z. sanguinea, Fabr., and I. ephippium, Fabr.
Ischnorhina valida, sp. n.
Head above and beneath (including face), pronotum,
scutellum, and sternum sanguineous; abdomen above and
beneath and the legs black; base of abdomen narrowly
sanguineous ; tegmina sanguineous, with a broad black fascia
commencing at about one-fourth from base and extending
and occupying rather more than the costal area, the apical
area, and continued along the inner margin to about one-
fourth from base, the sanguineous coloration thus being
confined to the basal area and a medial longitudinal fascia
not extending beyond apical area, the extreme costal margin
for about one-fourth from base dull obscure ochraceous ;
wings pale shining fuliginous with the veins piceous ; vertex
with the central lobe narrowed and anteriorly produced ;
face sharply compressed, as in typical forms of Sphenorhina,
and prominently transversely striate on each side; pronotum
prominently foveately depressed on each side of anterior
area, the anterior lateral margins moderately ampliate and
reflexed ; scutellum quadrangularly ridged, apex also ridged.
Long., excl. tegm., 94 mm. ; exp. tegm. 30 mm.
Hab, Cayenne (Brit. Mus.).
Allied to I. invalida, Jacobi (a species I have not seen), from
which it differs by the colour of the sternum and structural
characters detailed above, which are not given by its
cescriber in his diagnosis.
Ischnorhina juno, sp. n.
Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, face, lateral areas of pro-
sternum, and base of abdomen sanguineous; disk of
scutellum, abdomen, body beneath, and legs black ; tegmina,
black, base of costal area and base of posterior claval area
(both these markings united at base) sanguineous; wings
fuliginous, the veins piceous, extreme base sanguineous;
vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, the apex
angularly projecting, a longitudinal impressed line in front
192 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
of each ocellus ; pronotum foveately impressed on each side
of anterior area, the lateral margins moderately sharply
reflexed; face strongly compressed, posteriorly pointed,
thence obliquely straight to clypeus, centrally longitudinally
ridged; posterior tibiz with a strong spine a little before
apex; tegmina three times as long as broad.
Long., excl. tegm., 9 mm.; exp. tegm. 30 mm.
Hab. Peru (Coll, Dist.).
Ischnorhina grandis.
Sphenorhina grandis, Dist. Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 179; Waterh.
Aid Identif. Ins. il. pl. 148. fig. 5 (1884).
Tomaspis laqueus, Bredd. Soc, entomol. xix. p. 58 (1904).
Sphenorhina laqueus, Bredd. Cotype purchased by Brit. Mus.
Hab. Colombia; Ecuador.
Ischnorhina bogotana.
Sphenorhina bogotana, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 179;
Waterh. Aid Identif. Ins. ii. pl. 152. fig. 2 (1884).
Hab. Bogota.
Ischnorhina flammans.
Sphenorhina flammans, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 179 (1858).
Sphenorhina acuta, Stal, Rio Jan. Hem. i. p. 14 (1858); id. Ofv.
Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 493.
Hab. Brazil.
Ischnorhina rufivaria.
Sphenorhina rufivaria, Walk, List Hom. iii. p. 686 (1851).
Hab. Brazil.
Ischnorhina xanthomela.
Sphenorhina xanthomela, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 180 (1858).
Hab. Amazons.
Genus Tomaspis.
Tomaspis, Amy. & Sery. Hist. Hém. p. 560 (1843). Type, 7. furcata,
Germ.
Monecphora, Amy. & Serv. loc. cit, p. 562, Type, M. congulata, Le P.
& Serv.
Sphenorhina, Amy. & Serv. loc. cit, Type, S. lineolatus, Amy. & Serv.
I have previously regarded the above divisions of Amyot
and Serville as generically distinct and have acted accordingly,
for if we compare the types (as above) there is every reason
to do so. Not only is there then found a distinct structural
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 193
difference in the face, but in the type of Tomaspis there is a
fundamental difference in the length and structure of the
tegmina. But when a large series of the species that should
be arranged under these three proposed genera is examined,
the differences in too many cases become evanescent and
relative. Stal, who originally used them as distinct genera
(Rio Jan. Hem. 1858), subsequently (Hem. Africana, 1866)
treated them, with the addition of Triecphora, Amy. & Serv.,
as synonyms of Tomaspis, and in this generic conclusion
he has been followed by Fowler and Jacobi. From this
decision I only differ by not including Triecphora, a Pale-
arctic and Ethiopian genus also treated as distinct by Puton,
Melichar, and other writers. From Berg (Hem. Argent.,
1879) I dissent by including Sphenorhina, and agree with
him in excluding 7riecphora.
It is not, however, to be regarded as improbable that this
large and miscellaneous genus, Tomaspis, as thus understood
will yet be consistently divided. The differential characters
given by Amyot and Serville for their three proposed genera
are largely and principally confined to facial structure, and
these have proved a hindrance rather than a help, by mono-
polising the attentions of homopterists to the neglect of
other characters, many of which undoubtedly exist and will
probably be used by some future analytical student.
Tomaspis parana, sp. n.
Head and pronotum sanguineous ; basal half of head, two
spots on anterior area of pronotum—connected with the ante-
rior margin,—scutellum, abdomen above, and body beneath
black; legs black or picecus ; face, apex of scutellum, and
lateral margins of prosternum sanguineous; tegmina san-
guineous, a costal streak extending from base to apex (near
base and beyond middle not reaching the costal margin),
apical margin, a central longitudinal fascia, commencing
near middle and extending to apex, and a claval streak black;
wings fuliginous; face sanguineous, strongly, ceutrally,
longitudinally ridged, moderately compressed, not termi-
nating in an obtuse point; rostrum reaching the intermediate
cox ; tegmina narrow, more than three times as long as
broad.
Var. a—Legs dull testaceous red, apices of the femora
piceous.
Long., excl. tegm., g 12, 9 17 mm.; exp. tegm. ¢ 39,
9 44 mm.
Hab, Brazil ; Parana (#. Dukinfield Jones, Brit. Mus.).
194 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
Tomaspis consanguinea, sp. n.
Allied to T. parana, Dist., but the tegmina comparatively
shorter and broader, not quite three times longer than broad;
head and pronotum sanguineous, without black markings ;
scutellum and legs wholly sanguineous; tegmina similarly
fasciated as in 7. parana.
Long., excl. tegm., 2 16 mm.; exp. tegm. 45 mm.
Hab. Rio Grande do Sul (Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis chapada, sp. nu.
Sanguineous; lateral lobes and base of head, two large
spots on anterior area of the pronatum and connected with
the anterior margin, scutellum, abdomen above, body beneath,
and legs black; face and lateral margins of prosternum san-
guineous; tegmina sanguineous, costal and apical margins
(the former broad and occupying the costal area for about
two-thirds its length and the latter continued to apex of
clavus), a broad centra] somewhat short longitudinal streak
between middle and apical area, and a streak at middle of
upper claval margin black ; wings fuliginous; tegmina barely
three times as long as broad; face moderately compressed,
strongly centrally ridged, terminating in an obsolete point
outwardly and then subtruncately directed to clypeus ;
rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe.
Var.—Tegmina narrowly wargined with black as in typical
form, but not broadened at costal area, the iuterior black
streaks practically obsolete.
Long., excl. tegm., 12 mm.; exp. tegm. 30-35 mm.
Hab. Central Brazil; Chapada (A. Robert, Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis brasiliensis, sp. 0.
Body and legs black ; apex of head, lateral margins and
a central longitudinal fascia to pronotum, and extreme base
of abdomen above sanguineous; tegmina sanguineous, costal
and apical margins (the first much broadened at costal area
and thus continued for about three-fourths from base, the
latter continued to apex of clavus) and a broad median
longitudinal fascia which occupies nearly upper half of
clavus, is continued to near apex, and is fractured near
claval margin, black; wings fuliginous; face black, in
structure resembling that of the previously described species
T. chapada ; rostrum almost reaching the posterior coxe ;
tegmina not more than three times as long as broad.
Long., excl. tegm., 13 mm.; exp. tegm. 40 mm.
Hab. Brazil (Fry Coll., Brit. Mus.).
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 195
Tomaspis spectabilis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum dull reddish castaneous ;
abdomen above, face, sternum, and legs sanguineous ; abdo-
men beneath, spots and suffusions to sternum, longitudinal
stripes to intermediate femora, posterior femora (excluding
apices), tarsi (excluding extreme base), and apical joint of
rostrum black; abdomen beneath with the posterior seg-
menial margins (narrowly) and the lateral margins (some-
what broadly) sanguineous; tegmina ochraceous, narrow
costal margin extending round apex to apex of clavus, centre
of posterior claval margin, claval apex, and an irregular
central longitudinal fascia, irregularly widened at about one-
third from base and continued to near apex, black ; claval
suture piceous; wings dark fuliginous, their extreme bases
sanguineous; vertex subangulate in front and distinctly
longitudinally carinate; face moderately compressed, strongly
centrally carinate and transversely striate (of the Monecphora
form) ; pronotum very finely and thickly wrinkled, obscurely
finely, centrally, longitudinally carinate, the carination not
reaching the anterior margin, the anterior lateral margins
shghtly reflexed; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe.
Long., excl. tegm., 10 mm.; exp. tegm. 29 mm.
Hab. Bolivia (J. Steinbach, Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis fryi, sp. n.
Vertex piceous, with a slightly arched transverse ochraceous
fascia between the eyes; pronotum with the basal two-thirds
piceous-brown, margined anteriorly with a transverse black
line, in front of which the anterior area is ochraceous, as
is also a lateral spot on each side behind the black line;
scutellum piceous, with a pale ochraceous spot at commence-
ment of apical area; abdomen above piceous, sanguineous
at base, the connexivum ochraceous with black spots ; face
orange-yellow with a black basal line; body beneath and
legs pale ochraceous; sternal and coxal spots, apices of
femora, anterior tibize, bases and apices of intermediate and
posterior tibiz, the tarsi, narrow segmental margins aud a
longitudinal line at inner margins of connexivum, piceous or
black ; tegmina black; basal half of clavus, a basal linear
costal spot, a longitudinal streak to corium, commencing at
base above clavus and gradually narrowing to a subapical
and subcostal quadrate spot, pale ochraceous; wings fuli-
ginous ; face broad and flatly rounded, of the Monecphora
form; vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, sub-
conically rounded in front; scutellum broadly discally
196 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
foveate (imperfectly seen in the badly pinned type) ; tegmina
about three times as long as broad.
Long., excl. tegm., 84 mm.; exp. tegm. 24 mm.
Hab. Brazil (Fry Coll., Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis jonesi, sp. 0.
uniformis, Sign. MS.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum pale ochraceous ; abdo-
men above, body beneath, and legs sanguineous; a spot
near apex of scutellum, anterior and intermediate tarsi and
apices of posterior tarsi, eyes, and apex of rostrum black ;
lateral margins of prosternum ochraceous ; tegmina pale
ochraceous, ‘with a broad transverse fascia near middle and
about the apical fourth black ; wings pale smoky hyaline ;
vertex about as long as breadth between eyes; face broad,
rounded, not angulate (of the Monecphora type), ceutrally
longitudinally ridged; rostrum reaching the intermediate
cox ; pronotum very finely transversely wrinkled; scutelium
discally foveately depressed ; posterior tibize with two spines,
one near base, the other a little beyond middle.
Long., excl. tegm., 8 mm.; exp. tegm. 24 mm.
Hab. Brazil; Parana (E. Dukinfield Jones, Brit. Mus.) ;
Rio Negro (Coll. Dist.).
Many years ago I received a specimen labelled uniformis,
MS., from my lamented friend Dr. Signoret, and probably
there is a similarly identified specimen in the Vienna
Museum, in which Dr. Signoret’s collection is located.
Tomaspis saccharina, sp. n.
Tomaspis pictipennis, Uhler (nec Stal), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1895,
p- 58.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum dark bronzy; abdomen
above and beneath sanguineous; face, sternum, legs, and a
sublateral fascia on each side of abdomen beneath bluish
black; tegmina piceous brown, with two transverse whitish
fascie, the first broadest and slightly oblique befvre middle,
the second narrower and nearly straight beyond middle ;
wings hyaline with the veins fuscous; vertex broader than
long, rounded in front, centrally carinate and longitudinally
depressed on each side before the eyes ; face compressed,
centrally longitudinally carinate, somewhat regularly rounded
to clypeus (Monecphora type); tegmina less than three
times longer than broad.
Var. a.—A broad whitish streak in claval suture, united
with the first transverse whitish fascia.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 197
Var. b.—Basal third of tegmina almost totally whitish,
only divided by the claval suture, which is piceous brown.
Hal. Trinidad (Brit. Mus.); Antilles; St. Vincent and
Grenada (Smith, Brit. Mus.).
Reported from Trinidad as a destructive pest to the culti-
vation of sugar-cane.
As pointed out by Fowler, the 7. pictipennis, Stal, is a
synonym of the M. postica, Walk. Apart from the con-
siderable differences in colour and pattern, 7. postica has
a less developed and more sevenly rounded face than
T. saccharina.
Tomaspis dominicana, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and abdomen above black,
lateral margins and apex of scutellum and base of abdomen
sanguineous ; body beneath and legs black; coxal spots,
sternal spots, and broad lateral margins to meso- and meta-
sterna sanguineous ; tegmina black, with five sanguineous
spots, situate one near base of clavus, one above apical end
of clavus, two on medial vein (one at about one-third from
base, the other on apical area), and the fifth costal beyond
middle; wings fuliginous ; vertex almost as long as breadth
between eyes, medially longitudinally carinate, between this
carination and the eyes a foveate depression on each side ;
scutellum strongly discally foveately depressed, the margins
of this foveation raised, united posteriorly and continued to
apex ; face rounded to clypeus (Monecphora type) ; posterior
tibize with two strong spines, the shorter near base, the
longer near middle.
Long., excl. tegm., 8 mm.; exp. tegm. 19 mm.
Hab. Vominica (Brit. Mus.).
Received from the Imp. Dept. Agric., West Indies,
Tumaspis jamaicensis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black; apical area of
vertex and about basal half of pronotum (not reaching the
anterior lateral margins) bright ochraceous; abdomen above
and beneath and legs sanguineous; head beneath and sternum
black, the latter spotted and suffused with sanguineous ;
face bright ochraceous; tegmina pitchy black, with two
large bright ochraceous spots, the first and largest extending
through clavus and reaching the subcostal vein at about
one-third from base, the second spot smaller, central, and
subapical ; wings pale fuliginous; face rounded to clypeus
(Monecphora type) ; vertex scarcely as broad as breadth
198 Mr. W. L. Distant cn Homoptera.
between eyes, not carinate; tegmina about two and a half
times as long as broad; posterior tibize with two strong
spines, the first and shortest near base, the second and longer
near middle.
Long., excl. tegm., 9mm.; exp. tegm. 26 mm.
Hab. Jamaica (Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis multicolor, sp. 0.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black, greyishly pilose ;
a spot on each lateral margin of vertex between apex and
eyes and continued beneath between base of face and eyes,
and Jateral margins of pronotum ochraceous; basal margin
of pronotum and lateral margins and apex of scutellum
purplish red ; body beneath black; lateral margins of pro-
sternum, cox, legs, and apex of abdomen sanguineons ;
apices of tarsi black; tegmina stramineous; margins and
apex of clavus, basal fourth of corium, a central transverse
fascia broadest on costal margin and extending to apex of
clavus, and apical fourth black ; vertex much shorter than
breadth between eyes, broadly rounded in front, distinctly
centrally longitudinally carimate; face of the Monecphora
type, somewhat broad, flattened at sides, centrally longi-
tudinally carinate and transversely striate, gradually convexly
continued to clypeus; posterior tibiz with two prominent
spines, one near base, the longer nearer apex.
Long., incl. tegm., 11 mm.
Hab. Central Brazil; Chapada (A. Robert, Brit. Mus.).
This species may be placed near M. scita, Walk.
Tomaspis dissimilis, sp. n.
Vertex dull testaceous red, eyes greyish with their posterior
margins black; pronotum stramineous, a dull testaceous-
red patch behind middle of anterior margin, followed by and
united with a transverse black spot; scutellum piceous, its
lateral margins stramineous; body beneath and legs dull
ochraceous ; face, disk of prosternum, anterior and inter-
mediate femora, and abdomen above dull testaceous red ;
apex of rostrum, extreme apices of femora, anterior tibiz
and tarsi, bases and apices of intermediate tibia, the inter-
mediate tarsi and apices of posterior tarsi, black; tegmina
dark luteous, a short basal streak on costal area and an
oblique basal fascia occupying nearly half of clavus strami-
neous ; wings subhyaline, the abdominal area piceous ;
vertex about as long as broad between eyes, the anterior
margin broadly rounded, a longitudinal impression on each
i i
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 199
side a little before the eyes; face somewhat broad, only
moderately compressed, roundly and evenly continued to
clypeus (Monecphora type); rostrum reaching the inter-
mediate cox; pronotum densely and very finely wrinkled,
a distinet broad depression at the middle of the black spot ;
posterior tibize with a long spine near middle and a short
spine near base.
Long., excl. tegm., 8 mm. ; exp. tegm. 23 mm.
Hab. Colombia; R. Dagua (Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis astralis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum bright shining olivaceous
green, shortly palely pilose; abdomen above, body beneath,
and legs testaceous red: head beneath, anterior and inter-
mediate tibiz, apices of posterior tibiz, the tarsi, and anal
segment black; tegmina black, two short basal testaceous-
red streaks, one on posterior claval margin, the other above
clavus, six ochraceous spots, situate one and smallest near
middle of clavus, two in almost transverse series about one-
third from base, and three at commencement of apical area
(one on costal margin, one on inner margin, and the third
ou disk a little beyond the others) ; wings pale fuliginous ;
vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, somewhat
angularly rounded anteriorly, strongly centrally longitu-
dinally carimate, depressed on each lateral area, where there
is a short longitudinal incised line; pronotum with a trans-
verse cicatrice on anterior margin, from which proceeds a
short central longitudinal carination not reaching middle ;
face a little angulate (intermediate between the Monecphora
and Sphenorhina types); posterior tibiz with two spines, a
very short one near base, and a much longer one near apex.
Long., excl. tegm , 5 mm.; exp. tegm. 16 mm.
. Hab. Bolivia; Yungas de la Paz (Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis funebris, sp. n.
Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum black ; lateral margins
of vertex in front of eyes narrowly testaceous ; abdomen
above dull sanguineous, the central area and connexivum
somewhat piceous; body beneath and legs black, basal
margin of face testaceous ; tegmina black; wings fuliginous,
sanguineous at base; vertex about as long as breadth
between eyes, somewhat angularly rounded in front; cen-
trally longitudinally carinate, transversely impressed near
middle and in front of this impression, the margins of the
central area or lobe are also ridged; pronotum rugulosely
200 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
punctate, the anterior lateral margins distinctly reflexed ;
scutellum transversely striate, moderately foveately depressed
on disk ; face moderately compressed, slightly angulate near
middle (between the Monecphora and Sphenorhina types),
strongly centrally ridged, transversely coarsely striate on
lateral areas; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe ;
posterior tibiz with a strong spime beyond middle and a very
short spine near base ; tegmina about two and a third times
as long as broad.
Long., excl. tegm., 9 15 mm.; exp. tegm. 38 mm.
Hab. Peru; Chandramayo (Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis noctua, sp. n.
Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum black; frontal margins
of anterior lobe, ocelli, eyes, and anterior lateral margins
of pronotum pale ochraceous; lateral margins and apex of
scutellum and abdomen above reddish testaceous; body
beneath and legs black; a spot on each side of base and the
central ridge to face and the lateral margins of abdomen
pale ochraceous ; base of rostrum, apices of anterior femora
beneath, obscure longitudinal streaks to femora beneath,
apices of tarsi (excluding claws), and narrow posterior abdo-
minal segmental margins reddish testaceous ; tegmiuna black,
basal third of costal margin (widened at its apex), discoidal
vein for about one-third from base (where it branches, the
two branches united at their ends), upper claval margin and
claval vein for about two-thirds from their base, and a sub-
costal spot before apical area sanguineous; wings fuliginous,
the veins black, the base sanguineous; face compressed,
centrally ridged, scarcely pointed and moderately continuous
to clypeus (intermediate between the Monecphora aud Sphe-
norhina types); rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe;
vertex centrally ridged, somewhat angulate in front, longi-
tudinally incised between the ocelli and eyes ; pronotum
rugulose and punctate, with an obscure central longitudinal
carinate line which is only distinct on disk, the anterior
lateral margins reflexed; scutellum longer than broad, trans-
versely striate; tegmina about two and a half times as long
as broad.
Long., excl. tegm., 9 144 mm.; exp. tegm. 40 mm.
Hab. Amazons; Nanta (Degand, Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis combusta, sp. n.
Vertex black, anterior half in front of eyes reddish yellow;
ocelli bright yellow; pronotum black, the lateral margins
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 201
broadly reddish yellow ; abdomen above and beneath reddish
yellow; sternum and legs black; face, lateral margins of
prosternum, anterior and intermediate femora (excluding
base and apex), apices of posterior femora, and tarsal claws
reddish yellow; tegmina black, basal third, costal margin
(abruptly widening at about one-third from apex, continued
round apex and terminating on posterior margin at apex of
clavus) reddish yellow; wings pale fuliginous, extreme base
black ; vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, cen-
trally longitudinally tricarinate in front of eyes, centrally
carinate between the ocelli, and with an impressed line on
each side of the ocelli; face strongly centrally longitudinally
ridged, moderately angulated posteriorly (intermediate be-
tween the typical forms of Monecphora and Sphenorhina) ;
rostrum reaching the intermediate tibie; pronotum punctate
and slightly rugulose, centrally longitudinally carinate, the
carination not reaching base, the lateral margins strongly
reflexed ; tegmina not three times longer than broad, densely
finely punctate, the apical area strongly reticulately veined.
Long., excl. tegm., 11-114 mm. ; exp. tegm. 82 mm.
Hab. Bolivia (Steinbach, Brit. Mus.).
To be placed near 7. cercopoides, Walk. So far as I
understand Breddin’s descriptions, the 7’. erigena and T. rodo-
pepla of that writer should also belong to this group.
Tomaspis chilensis, sp. n.
Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum piceous; broad anterior
margin to vertex, broad lateral margins (which inwardly are
vaguely defined and tend to produce discal suffusions) and
a narrow anterior margin to pronotum ochraceous ; abdomen
(above and beneath) and face ochraceous ; sternum and
legs piceous, the femora more or less streaked with ocbra-
ceous; tegmina piceous, the basal area indefinitely ochraceous,
more strongly outwardly accentuated by a transverse spot
on costal area; wings pale fuliginous ; vertex almost as long
as breadth between eyes, centrally longitudinally carinate,
and on each side of the central carination is a short curved
carination from a little in front of ocellito apex; pronotum
feebly centrally carinate, obsoletely so on posterior half,
the lateral margins distinctly reflexed; face compressed,
centrally longitudinally strongly carinate, a little angulate
posteriorly (intermediate between the Monecphora and Sphe-
norhina types), very strongly laterally transversely striate ;
posterior tibize with two strong spines, the shorter almost at
base, the longer at about one-third from apex; tegmina
about two and a half times as long as broad.
Ann. & Mag, N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. 1, 14
202 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
Long., exc]. tegm., 11 mm.; exp. tegm. 32 mm.
Hab. Chili.
The type of this species was given me many years ago
by my late friend Stephen Barton, a coleopterist. He had
received it from Edwin Reed, by whom it had been collected.
Tomaspis fraseri, sp. 1.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and sternum castaneous; legs
and abdomen testaceous red, the latter paler above than
beneath ; tegmina pitchy black, suffused with sanguineous
on basal area, followed by two spots in oblique series (one in
and the other above clavus), a subcostal spot before apical
area, and another more oblique spot parallel to it near inner
margin sanguineous; wings pale fuliginous; vertex about
as long as breadth between eyes, rather angularly rounded
in front and centrally longitudinally carinate ; pronotum
wrinkled and thickly finely punctate, centrally longitudinally
carinate ; scutellum foveately depressed on disk, the apical
area transversely wrinkled; face compressed, angulate poste-
riorly, strongly centrally longitudinally carinate (Sphenorhina
type); posterior tibiz with two spines, the shorter near
base, the longer near apex; tegmina about two and a half
times as long as broad.
Long., excl. tegm., 10 mm.; exp. tegm. 23 mm.
Hab. Ecuador ; Cuenga (Fraser, Brit. Mus.).
Tomaspis proserpina, sp. 0.
Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, face, sternum, and legs san-
guineous ; abdomen and spots to mesonotum black ; base
of abdomen above sanguineous; posterior femora (more or
less) and apices of posterior tibize and tarsi piceous ; tegmina
black, basal fourth and costal margin sanguineous, the basal
red space usually but not invariably marked with a macular
piceous stripe; vertex about as long as breadth between eyes,
a little pointed anteriorly, foveately depressed at apex and
on each side before the eyes ; face moderately compressed,
pointed posteriorly (Sphenorhina type); pronotum finely
granulose, centrally ridged from anterior margin to about
middle, on anterior area and on each side of the ridge dis-
tinctly foveately depressed, lateral margins oblique, sharply
and distinctly reflexed; scutellum with the disk ovately
foveate; posterior tibiz with a strong spine near apex and
a short spine near base; tegmina about two and a half times
as long as broad.
~ Long., excl. tegm., 7 mm. ; exp. tegm. 20 mm.
Hab. Bolivia; Yungas de la Paz (Brit. Mus.).
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 203
Tomaspis hebes, sp. u.
Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, base of abdomen, face,
clypeus, and broad lateral areas to the prosternum ochraceous;
abdomen above, body beneath, and legs shining black ;
tegmina black, the basal fifth golden yellow ; wings pale
fuligmous; vertex about as long as breadth between eyes,
a little angularly narrowed before eyes, longitadinally im-
pressed on each side of ocelli ; face compressed, posteriorly
pointed, thence oblique to clypeus, centrally longitudinally
ridged; pronotum foveately depressed on each side of
anterior area, the lateral margins sharply reflexed ; posterior
tibiz with a prominent spine a little before apex ; tegmina
about two and a half times as long as broad.
Var.—Tegmina with a golden-yellow costal spot a little
beyond middle.
Long., excl. tegm., 84-9 mm.; exp. tegm. 23-24 mm.
Hab. Bolivia ; Yungas de la Paz (Brit. Mus.).
Allied to 7. proserpina by the somewhat angulate vertex,
which but for intermediate forms would apparently denote
another genus.
Tomaspis dimorpha, sp. n.
dg. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum castaneous-brown ;
abdomen above black, its base sanguineous; body beneath
black, legs piceous ; sternum and cox more or less testa-
ceous red; tegmina brownish ochraceous, the apical area
yellowish, defined inwardly by a transverse black fascia
which is continued on costal margin to apex, the pale apical
area very coarsely reticulately veined, and in most of these
cellules is a piceous-brown spot; wings pale ochraceous,
slightly sanguineous at base.
Var.— 2. Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, and tegmina black,
on the latter the transverse fascia defining the pale apical
area is thus indistinguishable.
Face compressed, elongate, almost perpendicularly directed
downward, where it terminates in a somewhat sharp point
(Sphenorlina type), and strongly centrally longitudinally
ridged ; vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, with
a central longitudinal carination, ‘on each side of which is
another and shorter carination not reaching base ; pronotum
rugulose and punctate, centrally longitudinally carinate,
broadly foveately depressed on each side of anterior area, the
anterior lateral margins distinctly reflexed ; scutellum with
the disk broadly foveately depressed; tegmina about two
and one-third times as long as broad.
1
204 Mr. Ww. L. Distant on Homoptera.
Long., excl. tegm., ¢ ¢ 8-9mm.; exp. tegm. 22 mm.
Hab. Bolivia; Yungas de la Paz.
I possess a single specimen of each sex of this species,
which vary as above. Whether this represents sexual di-
morphism, as | am inclined to believe, or simple variation,
can only be decided when a series of specimens are available
for examination.
Tomaspis distinguenda.
Sphenorhina distinguenda, Walk. List Hom., Suppl. p. 182 (1858).
Tomaspis rubra, Fowl. (nec Linn.), Biol. Centr.-Am., Rhyneh- Hom.
ii. p. 183, tab. xi. figs. 15 & 16 (1897): excl. syn.
Walker’s type was from Venezuela; all the specimens
collected by Champion were from Panama.
Tomaspis nigricans.
Tomaspis nigricans, Amy. & Serv. Hist. Hém. p. 560 (18435).
Sphenorhina marginata, Walk. (nec Fabr.), List Hom. iii. p. 686 (1851).
The Cercopis marginaia, Fabr., has been shown by Stal to
be a Gypona (Hem, Faby. ii. p. 85, 1869).
Tomaspis festa.
Cercopis festa, Germ. Mag. Ent. iv. p. 40 (1821).
Sphenorhina festa, Stl, Rio Jan. Hem. ii. p. 14 (1858).
Sphenorkina parallela, Walk. List Hom. iii. p. 694 (3851).
Tomaspis lineata, Fowl. (part.), Biol. Centr.-Am., Rhynch. Hom. ii.
p. 189 (1897).
Fowler has included the S. parallela, Walk., asa synonym
of S. lineata, Walk. The two species are, however, quite
distinct by markings of tegmina and shape of face, and
Stal correctly pointed out the identity of the former species
with C. festa, Germ.
Tomaspis stellata.
Sphenorhina stellata, Walk. List Hom. iii. p. 691 (1851).
Sphenorhina 12-punctata, Walk. Ins, Saund., Hom. p. 90 (1858).
Tomaspis semifascia.
Monecphora semifascia, Walk. List Hom. iii. p. 679 (1851).
Monecphora demissa, Walk. loc. cit. p. 684.
Tomaspis flexuosa.
Monecphora flexuosa, Walk. List Hom. iii. p. 677 (1851).
Monecphora viridescens, Walk. loc. cit. p. 679.
Monecphora vacillans, Walk. Ins. Saund., Hom. p. 86 (188).
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 205
Yomaspis costaricensis.
Sphenorhina costaricensis, Dist. Ent. Month. Mag. xvi. p. 61 (1879).
Tomaspis quatuordecim-notata, Fewl. Biol. Centr.-Am., Rhynch. Hom.
ll. p. 177, t. xi. fig. 5 (1897).
Tomaspis incompleta.
Monecphera incompleta, Walk. List Hom. ili. p. 684 (1851).
Sphenorhina diluta, Walk. Ins. Saund., Hom. p. 92 (1858).
Although Walker describes the colour of incompleta as
“pale brown, shining” and that of diluta as “ blackish
green,” the colours of the two forms are practically identical,
and ‘‘ brown ”’ must be substituted for “ blackish green.”
Tomaspis compressa.
Cercopis compressa, St. Farg. & Serv. Ene. Méth. x. p. 666, 13 (1825).
Var. a (typical).—Pronotum sanguineous; legs black,
posterior femora and bases of posterior tibiz# sanguineous.
Cayenne (Brit. Mus.). Original habitat of describers.
Var. 6.—All the femora sanguineous or ochraceous, tibiz
and tarsi black ; apical margin of tegmina black, but with
the apical area sometimes suffused with black. Amazons
(Brit. Mus.); Ega (Coll. Dist.).
Var. ¢ (Stoll, Cic. fig. 112)—Pronotum and legs black.
Surinam, fide Stoll. This figure is said to represent a
form of the species (St. Farg. & Serv.).
NEosPHENORHINA, gen. nov.
Vertex about as long as breadth between eyes, angularly
narrowed anteriorly, centrally longitudinally carinate, and
longitudinally ridged near the anterior margin of each eye ;
face very strongly compressed, almost straightly deflected
downward to a point opposite base of clypeus, to which it is
then truncately directed; rostrum slightly passing the
intermediate coxe ; pronotum a little longer than broad,
the anterior lateral margins oblique, not convexly rounded
but a little concavely sinuate, longer than the posterior
lateral margins, centrally finely longitudinally carinate,
anterior margin truncate and not extending beyond eyes,
posterior margin angularly concavely sinuate; scutellum a
little longer than broad at base ; abdomen above with the
connexivum strongly broadly upwardly ridged; legs long
and slender, posterior tibize with two spines, posterior tarsi
long, first and third joints subequal in length; tegmina
long and narrow, slightly more than three times as long as
broad.
206 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
Type, N. ocellata, Walk.
The peculiar structure of the pronotum, with the pointed
vertex and long narrow tegmina, are the salient characters
of this genus.
Neosphenorhina ocellata.
Sphenorhina ocellata, Walk. List Hom. iii. p. 693 (1851).
Hab. Venezuela.
ToMASPISINA, gen. nov.
Vertex about as long as broad,.rounded in front, trans-
versely impressed at middle ; ocelli somewhat near together
at about one-third from base; pronotum about half as long
as the breadth between the humeral angles, a little convexly
gibbous at base and deflexed towards head, anterior lateral
margins moderately ampliate and reflexed, very slightly
rounded, almost straight, much shorter than posterior lateral
margins, which are concavely sinuate, anterior margin
straightly truncate, posterior margin profoundly sinuate
before scutellum, centrally longitudinally carinate; scutellum
longer than broad, the apex acuminate ; face broad, deflected
to an obtuse point and then truncately deflected to base of
clypeus ; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe ; tegu.ina
about two and a half times as long as broad, the whole sur-
face, excepting central base, very robustly and prominently
reticulately veined; wings ample; posterior tibize with a
single long spine beyond middle.
Type, T. frontalis, Walk.
Tomaspisina frontalis.
Sphenorhina frontalis, Walk. Ins. Saund., Hom. p. 89 (1858).
Hab. Colombia.
NEOMONECPHORA, gen. nov.
Allied to Makonaima; vertex similar in structure, but the
central longitudinal carination restricted to the basal half,
and the lateral margins before eyes with their edges not
ridged and upwardly raised, ocelli placed a little nearer base;
face neither centrally ridged nor deflected to a more or less
acute point, but evenly rounded to clypeus; scutellum not
longer than broad and discally strongly foveately depressed ;
rostrum scarcely passing the anterior cox; abdomen above
not centrally raised, but broad with a longitudinal incised
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 207
line on each lateral area, and slightly longitudinally ridged
before the connexivum, which is broad and distinct ; poste-
rior femora less longly and strongly sulcate beneath, posterior
tibiz slightly not considerably longer than the femora as
in Makonaima, and with a single spine beyond the middle ;
tegmina three times as long as broad, not prominently arched
at base.
Type, N. insignis, Dist.
The large and broad vertex is the character which princi-
pally allies this genus to Makonaima.
Neomonecphora insignis, sp. 0.
Vertex and pronotum brownish testaceous ; scutellum,
abdomen above, body beneath, and legs black; face and
lateral margins of prosternum brownish testaceous ; tegmina
brownish ochraceous, apical half of costal area, apical margin
narrowly continued to apex of clavus, and a rounded sub-
costal spot before middle black, posterior margin of clavus
piceous brown; wings fuliginous; pronotum distinctly
broadly foveately depressed on each side of anterior area,
its anterior lateral margins somewhat broadly reflexed ;
scutellum somewhat faintly transversely striate, the disk
very strongly foveately depressed; other structural characters
as in generic diagnosis.
Long., excl. tegm., ? 15 mm.; exp. tegm. 40 mm.
Hab. Brazil (Fry Coll., Brit. Mus.).
MAKOoNAIMA, gen. nov.
Vertex as long as breadth between eyes, centrally longi-
tudinally carinate, transversely impressed before the eyes,
the lateral margins before eyes lobately convex, their edges
ridged and raised upwardly, and somewhat abruptly separated
from the apical margin, which is broadly transversely convex,
and also distinctly separated from the lateral margins of the
central area or lobe, the margins of which are ridged; ocelli
placed on each side of the central carination at less than
one-third from base; face somewhat globose, compressed,
centrally longitudinally ridged, deflected in front to a more
or less acute point, and then obliquely directed backward to
the base of the clypeus, which does not quite reach the
anterior coxe; pronotum about as broad between the lateral
angles as its length and that of vertex taken together,
rounded and somewhat gibbous on basal area and then
suddenly and obliquely deflected towards head, the anterior
lateral shorter than the posterior lateral margins, the former
208 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
convex, the latter obliquely sinuate, and both ridged, the
lateral angles obtusely subprominent, the anterior margin
truncate, the posterior margin concavely sinuate before
scutellum, which is considerably longer than broad, discally
foveately depressed, strongly transversely striate, its apex
long and attenuate; rostrum just or almost reaching the
posterior coxee ; abdomen above centrally raised, the lateral
areas deflected on each side, the connexivum broad and
distinct; legs moderately long and robust, the posterior
femora strongly longitudinally suleate beneath, posterior
tibize considerably longer than the femora and with a single
long spine beyond the middle, pusterior tarsi very long, third
joint longest, as long or only a little shorter than first and
second together ; tegmina about or only a little more than
twice as long as broad, costal margin arched at base and
convexly deflected to apex, whichis rounded, and densely,
evenly, finely punctate ; wings long and ample, about three-
fourths the length of tegmina.
Type, M. rivularis, Dist.
Makonaima rivularis, sp. n.
Vertex dull reddish, the lateral margins before eyes bright
reddish ochraceous; pronotum piceous, the lateral and poste-
rior margins and a central longitudinal carination bright
reddish ochraceous ; scutellum dark purplish, its apical
third bright reddish ochraceous ; body beneath and legs
purplish brown, the abdomen darkest ; a central longitudinal
fascia to face and posterior margin to metasternum bright
reddish ochraceous ; tegmina piceous, with small linear red-
dish-ochraceous spots, about seven arranged in longitudinal
series beneath costal area,—two subapical, two above and
beyond clavus, and a longer linear spot near middle of upper
claval margin; wings dark fuliginous, their extreme bases
carmine-red ; pronotum finely granulose and punctate, cen-
trally longitudinally carinate, the carination not extending to
base ; scutellum coarsely transversely striate, the disk broadly
ovately depressed, the apex longly attenuate; scutellum
poate the posterior coxe; tegmina strongly arched at
ase.
Long., excl. tegm., 17-18 mm.; exp. tegm. 48 mm.
Hab. Pere; Ecuador, Cuenca (Brit. Mus ).
Makonaima circumducta, sp. n.
Piceous; vertex with tue lateral areas in front of eyes
and a spot at apex, pronotum with the lateral and posterior
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 209
margins and the central longitudinal carination, apical
third of scutellum, abdominal anal appendages, central
longitudinal fascia and apex to face, tegmina with a small
spot a little beyond base, and a fasciate looped line com-
mencing about one-third from base below costal area, con-
tinued subapically and then backwardly above clavus to less
than one-third from base, and extreme base of wings, reddish
ochraceous or pale sanguineous ; vertex with the central
longitudinal carination very distinct ; face moderately com-
pressed, centrally longitudinally ridged, deflected in front to
a more or less acute point and then obliquely directed back-
ward to base of clypeus ; rostrum reaching the posterior
cox ; pronotum finely rugulose and punctate, with a central
longitudinal carination not reaching base; scutellum strongly
transversely striate, the disk broadly ovately depressed ;
posterior tibiz with a single long spine beyond middle ;
tegmina strongly arched at base.
Long., excl. tegm., 15 mm. ; exp. tegm. 40 mm.
Hab. Bolivia, Yungas de la Paz.
KoROBONA, gen. nov.
Allied to Makonaima, from which it differs as follows :—
The lateral margins before eyes are lobate and subangulate,
but not convex, and are distinctly ridged and continued
backwardly to base at inner margins of eyes ; face subglobose,
flat, not compressed, and evenly directed from base to clypeus ;
pronotum with the anterior lateral and posterior lateral
margins about equal in length; posterior tibize with a mode-
rately long spine beyond middle and a very short spine near
base, posterior tarsi long and robust, the apical joint shorter
than first and second joints together; tegmina short and
narrow, about two and a half times as long as broad; wings
small and narrow ; abdomen above with a prominent basal
transverse foveation on each side of apex of scutellum.
Type, K. lineata, Dist.
Korobona lineata, sp. n.
Black ; pronotum with the lateral margins (broadly) and a
central longitudinal carination, abdomen above with two
central basal transverse foveations (one on each side of apex
of scutellum), and a central longitudinal fascia to tegmina
(neither reaching base nor apex) pale luteous; face and
clypeus reddish testaceous ; pronotum densely finely wrinkled
and punctate, the central carination prominent, commencing
at base but not reaching anterior margin, the anterior lateral
210 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
margins Jaminately reflexed; scutellum transversely striate
and discally broadly ovately depressed, its apex mutilated in
typical specimen; abdomen shining indigo-black, above
prominently centrally ridged, and laterally obliquely deflected
on each side, the connexivum broad and distinct, the margins
of the latter longly pilose; legs pilose and robust; wings
short, little more than half the length of tegmina, pale fuli-
ginous, with the veins darker.
Long., excl. tegm., 16 mm.; exp. tegm. 35 mm.
Hab. Brazil? (Brit. Mus.).
The specimen on which this genus and species are founded
is contained in the collection of the late Alexander Fry, and
which was bequeathed to the British Museum. All the
Rhynchota in this collection were from Brazil.
Korobona conspicua, sp. n.
Vertex black, the ocelli reddish ; pronotum dull testaceous-
red, two curved black spots near anterior margin (one on
each side of the central carination) and two piceous curved
fasciz each extending from the anterior black spots parallel
to the central carination, looped at base, continued along the
posterior lateral margins and terminating before the humeral
angles; scutellum, abdomen above, body beneath, and legs
more or less black, the abdomen above shining bluish black,
with the transverse basal foveations pale luteous ; face,
clypeus, and lateral margins of prosternum pale sanguineons,
with a longitudinal fascia extending from base (where it is
narrowest) beneath the costal area to near apex and attached
to two fused inwardly directed spots on apical margin, and
two discal longitudinal spots (one above apical half of clavus,
the other above the next longitudinal vein), piceous ; wings
hyaline, fuliginous on basal and marginal areas, and with
the veins black ; pronotum finely wrinkled and obscurely
punctate, with a distinct central longitudinal carination
almost extending to base and apex, the anterior lateral
margins slightly, the posterior lateral margins very strongly
sinuate; scutellum strongly transversely striate, its disk
broadly, ovately, moderately depressed ; face as in generic
diagnosis ; rostrum passing the intermediate coxe.
Long., excl. tegm., 21 mm.; exp. tegm. 51 mm.
Hab, Brazil.
I have no more precise locality for this fine species.
MAHANARVA, gen. Nov.
Head robust, subtriangular, about as long as the breadth
Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera. 20
between the eyes, the lateral and apical margins ridged and
also strongly centrally longitudinally carinate, finely trans-
versely impressed before eyes and obliquely impressed on
each side of ocelli, which are placed close together at about
one-fourth from base, divided by the central longitudinal
ridge; face very prominent, slightly compressed, convexly
deflected downwards to an obtuse point, below which it is
obliquely continued to the clypeus, which reaches the ante-
rior coxee; rostrum about reaching the intermediate coxe ;
pronotum more or less broadly obtusely ridged between the
posterior angles and then deflected towards the head, centrally
finely longitudinally carinate, the anterior margin straight,
the anterior lateral margins oblique, the posterior lateral
margins concavely obliquely sinuate, the posterior margin
strongly concavely sinuate before the scutellum, which is
about as long as broad at base, the apex longly attenuate ;
legs somewhat robust, posterior tibize with a prominent spine
beyond middle and a smaller spine near base; tegmina a
little more than twice as broad as long, their costal margins
convex, their apices rounded, the veins on apical area reticu-
late and very prominent; posterior tarsi very long, the basal
joint slightly shorter than second and third joints together.
Type, M. indicata, Dist.
The structure of the vertex and face is the principal
char. cteristic of this genus ; looking at the vertex from an
oblique position, the base of the face is distinctly visible
above.
Mahanarva indicata, sp. n.
Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, face, sternum, and legs very
dark plivaccous ocelli, base of rosteara, COX, extreme
bases and apices of femora, apices of tibize, basal joint of
posterior tarsi, and all the claws sanguineous ; abdomen
above very dark purplish red, beneath piceous, both surfaces
more or less cretaceously tomentose ; tegmina pale chocolate-
brown, a narrow, obscure, paler, short longitudinal streak at
base and two small sanguineous spots on apical area (cne
near costal the other near inner margin) ; wings pale fuligi-
nous, the veins piceous, the extreme base sanguineous, out-
wardly suffused with black ; vertex, pronotum, and scutellum
thickly, finely, ochraceously pilose, vertex and pronotum
thickly punctate, the latter centrally, longitudinally, finely,
and somewhat obscurely carinate, with two foveate spots on
each side of disk, between and a little in front of which are
two contiguous, transverse, short impressions; seutellum
212 Mr. W. L. Distant on Homoptera.
ovately depressed on disk and transversely striate; other
structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long., excl. tegm., 10 mm.; exp. tegm. 23 mm.
Hab. Brazil (Brit. Mus.).
There is no more precise locality obtainable for this species,
which was presented to the British Museum in 1868 by the
late W. Wilson Saunders. It may therefore have been con-
tained in the collections made by Bates and Wallace on the
Amazons.
Mahanarva uniformis, sp. n.
Vertex, pronotum, scutellum, face, and body beneath
piceous-black, with a slight olivaceous tint; legs piceous-
brown; tegmina uniformly pale chocolate-brown, thickly,
shortly, finely, palely pilose; vertex as in generic diagnosis,
the ocelli ochraceous ; face downwardly deflected but not
terminating in such a distinctly obtuse point as in M. indi-
cata; pronotum thickly, finely, transversely wrinkled, im-
pressed as in M. indicaia, centrally, finely, longitudinally
carinate, the carination not reaching the anterior margin ;
scutellum ovately impressed on disk and transversely striate.
Long., incl. tegm., 95 mm.
Hab. Ecuador; Paramba and Cachabé (Rosenberg, Brit.
Mus.).
Considerably smaller than M. iadicata; face less pointed,
pronotum more wrinkled and less punctate, differing also by
the more uniform coloration and absence of sanguineous
markings.
KaANAIMA, gen. nov.
Vertex very large and broad, slightly longer than space
between eyes, transversely impressed above and between the
insertion of the antennz, before this impression broadly
convexly rounded, finely, centrally, longitudinally carinate,
the ocelli somewhat close together, divided by the carination,
and placed at less than one-third from base; face globose,
oblong, its disk somewhat broadly flattened and evenly de-
pressed to base of clypeus, transversely striate, and centrally,
longitudinally, finely ridged ; clypeus extending to the ante-
rior cox; rostrum slightly passing the intermediate coxe ;
pronotum about twice as broad as long, strongly foveately
impressed on anterior disk, the anterior margin truncate,
the anterior lateral margins convexly oblique, posterior
margin truncate before scutellum, which is about as long as
broad at base, its apical area attenuate; legs moderately
robust, posterior tibiz with two strong spines (one near base
On © Desmalopex ”’
p
and Pteralopex. 213
and the larger a little beyond middle), posterior tarsi robust,
first jot long (second and third joints mutilated in type) ;
tegmina about two and a half times as long as broad, mode-
rately narrowed towards apices, which are rounded, apical
areas with the veins reticulate and prominent.
Type, K. katzensteini, Berg.
Allied to Mahanarva, vertex larger and of different shape
and structure ; posterior margin of pronotum truncate, &c.
Kanaima katzensteini.
Tomaspis katzensteinit, Berg, Hem. Argent. p. 233 (1879).
Hab. Argentina.
X XIII.— On the Characters and Affinities of ‘ Desmalopex ”
and Pteralopex. By Knup ANpDpERSEN.
The Differential Characters of “ Desmalopex.”
The fruit-bat described by Temminck, fifty-six years ago,
as Pteropus leucopterus* has recently, by Miller, been made
the type of a distinct genus, Desmalopex +, stated to differ
from Pteropus by a series of cranial and dental characters.
Pteropus leucopterus appears to be rare in collections, the
only specimens recorded in literature being the type in the
Leyden Museum (slightly immature) and two skins with
skulls in the British Museum (adults, one of them described
by Gray as ‘* Pieropus chinensis”). Ihave carefully tested
all the differential characters of Desmalopex pointed out by
Miller on ‘these three skulls of Desmalopex and the whole
British Museum series of skulls of Pteropus, representing
* Temminck, Esq. Zool. pp. 60-61 (1853); type locality unknown,
“Yon présume une des iles Philippines.”
t Miller, ‘ Families and Genera of Bats,’ p. 60 (29 June, 1907).
¢t Gray, ‘Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats,’
p. 111 (1870). This specimen came to the Museum from Robert Fortune,
who, from the spring of 1848 to late in 1845, travelled in the northern
provinces of China as a collector to the Horticultural Society of London ;
hence it was, very naturally, believed by Gray to be from China. But
the fact was apparently overlooked that Fortune also made an excursion
to Luzon (January to early in March, 1845; see his‘ Three Years’ Wan-
derings in the Northern Provinces of China,’ pp. 382-345, 1847). When
to this it isadded that no species of Pteropus is known to occur in China,
and that the type of P¢. chinensis differs in no essential characters from
the type of Pt. leucopterus, there can be no reasonable doubt that the
former was in reality obtained by Fortune during his stay in Luzon.
914 Mr. K. Andersen on the Characters and
nearly all species known, and arrived at the conclusion that
Desmalopex cannot be separated from Pteropus. It is fair to
add, however, that two or three years ago, when Miller was
studying the British Museum collection of bat-skulls for
his revision of the genera of bats, the series of Pteropus
skulls was much less complete than now; since then all the
species of Pteropus have been worked out for the ‘ Catalogue
of Chiroptera,’ and the number of skulls now available for
examination is more than four times as large. Mailler’s
opportunities for verifying the supposed differential characters
of Desmaloper were therefore much less favourable than
they would be now.
The characters of Desmalopex given by Miller (here printed
between inverted commas), and my comments thereon, are
these :—
(1) “Like Pteropus ; but skull with broader rostrum and
palate.”’—In no small number of species of Pteropus (e. g.
Pt. nawaiensis, samoénsis, anetianus, pselaphon*, tuberculatus,
pilosus, insularis, pheocephalus, lombocensis ; among the larger
forms Pt. melanopogon) the rostrum is quite as broad as or
even broader than in Pt. leucopterus.
(2) “Orbits directed slightly more upward.’’—The orbits
of Pt. lewcopterus are not directed more upward than in
certain other species of Pteropus, e. g. Pt. vampyrus and
giganteus TF.
* A comparison of the measurements of Pt. leucopterus and pselaphon is
perfectly fair, since the skulls of these two species are precisely of the same
size (and indeed so similar also in other respects as to differ only in trivial
details). Skulls measured, Pt. leucopterus, B.M. 62.1.14.3, and (in
parentheses) Pt. pselaphon, B.M. 94.7.3.2: gnathion to back of zygomatic
process of squamosal 54 mm. (54); z\)gomatic breadth 38 (37) ; across
postero-external corners of alveoli of m*-m' 19 (19); across alveolar
borders between p? and p* 15°6 (15°8); breadth of palate between inner
sides of m?-m? 12°5 (13); between postero-internal corners of p*-p* 10°8
(11-2) ; between p?—p® 9:8 (9°7).
+ Measurements, by goniometer, of angle formed by alveolar margin
(front of p? to back of m’) and tangent to upper and lower edges of
orbit :—Pt. pselaphon (B.M. 94.7.3.2) 45°, Pteralopex atrata (88.1.5.9 ;
type) 82-33°, Pt. leucopterus (62.1.14.3) 28°, Pt. giganteus leucocephalus
(45.1.8.274; Nepal) 27°.—Miller writes (op. cit. p. 61) that the orbits
of Pteralopex are “ strongly upturned,” 7. e. more so than in “ Desma-
lopex,” and lays some stress on the supposed three stages of the position
of the orbits as marked by Pteropus (orbits less upturned), Desmalopex
(more upturned), and Pteralopex (strongly upturned), this being one of
his arguments for the alleged intermediate position of Desmadoper
between Pteropus and Pteraloper. The true facts are those shown by
the measurements given above and verified by an instrument still finer
than a goniometer, namely, the eye, that Pt. lexcopterus does not differ
in this respect from Pt. giganteus, and that the orbits of Pferalopex are
even slightly less upturned. Miller’s mistake is, however, perfectly
Affinities of ‘* Desmalopex ” and Pteralopex. 215
The above are the only cranial characters of Desmalopex
given by Miller; all the other characters (numbers 3-9,
infra) are taken from the dentition.
(3) “ Upper incisors subequal, distinctly larger than in
Pteropus, the cross section of the crown nearly one-third
that of canine, the cingulum produced into a noticeable
shelf posteriorly.’—In Pt. samoénsis, anetianus, pselaphon,
pilosus, and tuberculatus the upper incisors are fully as large
as, if not larger than, in Pt. leucopterus, and at least in the
three last species the cingulum is quite or very nearly as
broad as in Pt. leucopterus ; if there is any difference in the
development of the cingulum, in favour of Pt. leucopterus,
it is certainly infinitesimal.
(4) “ Lower incisors very unequal, the crown area of the
outer nearly one-half that of canine, that of the inner
scarcely more than one-half [probably a slip for one-fifth]
as great.””—In a majority of species of Pteropus iz is about
once and a half, twice, or twice and a half the bulk of i,,
but the contrast in size is in some species much greater, i,
being sometimes four, five, or six times as stout as i,. In
Pt. leucopterus the disproportion is due chiefly to an increase
of i,; the same is the case in Pt. samoénsis, anetianus,
pulosus, and tuberculatus, in which iz is from three to four times
the bulk of i, ; im P¢. lombocensis (and a few other species) the
increase of ig is combined with a distinct reduction of ij,
making iy varying from four to six times the bulk of i,
and thus producing a disproportion even larger than in
Pt. leucopterus.
(5) “Small upper premolar well developed, not deciduous,
its diameter nearly half that of upper incisor, its crown
flat.’ —The vanishing p' is a trifle less reduced than usually
in Pferopus, though the difference is exceedingly small indeed
between Pt. leucopterus and certain specimens of Pt. lombo-
censis, in which p’ has the crown slightly but distinctly
differentiated from the shaft. Whether p' is really per-
sisten in Pt. leucopterus is impossible to decide on the
available material, it would require a much larger series ;
all that can be said is that it is present in the only three
excusable ; it really looks asif the orbits of Pteralopex were more directed
upward than in P¢. leucopterus. The reason is this:—Owing to the
excessively heavy canines of Pteralopex, the alveolar border, in the usual
position of the skull (lower jaw removed, skull resting on a horizontal
plane), is much more ascending in postero-anterior direction than in
Pt. leucopterus ; if, however, the two skulls are kept the one above the
other, and with their alveolar borders parallel, it is very easily seen that
the orbits are less upturned in Pferalopex than in Pt. leucopterus,
216 Mr. K. Andersen on the Characters and
skulls known, one of which is, however, immature, while the
teeth of the two other skulls are not much worn; on the
other hand, in all the (seven) skulls I have seen of Pt. lom-
bocensis p' is present, though some of these skulls have
much-worn teeth. It is quite common to find this rudi-
mentary tooth persistent even in aged specimens of Pteropus.
(6) “Small lower premolar relatively larger than in
Pteropus, but smaller than in Pteralopex, its outer edze
raised but not distinctly cuspidate.”—It is a general rule in
Pteropus that an increase in the size of i, is accompanied by
an increase in the size of p,; compare, for instance, Pt. lom-
bocensis, samvénsis, anetianus, pselaphon, pilosus, tuberculatus.
Pt. leucopterus follows the same rule (as does also Péeralopez),
and p, is not relatively larger in Pt. leucopterus than in
Pt. lombocensis, samoénsis, anetianus, and pilosus. In structure
it does not differ from the typical Pteropine p,.
(7) “pms shows no trace of cusp on inner side.”’—As
well known, the structure of a typical Pteropine molar is
this: a longitudinal groove flanked by higher outer and
lower inner ridge. But in the anterior large premolar above
and below (p* and p;) the outer ridge takes more the form
of a high acutely pointed cusp, the inner ridge of a lower
pointed cusp, and both are anteriorly closely approximated,
sometimes completely fused. A fusion of the outer and
inner cusps, perfectly similar to that seen in p, of Pt. leuco-
pterus, is shown by a considerable number of species of
Pteropus, and in some species, e. g. Pt. papuanus, scapulatus,
and woodfordi, the fusion of the cusps is decidedly more
complete than in Pt. leucopterus.
(8) “ Molars, both above and below, subquadrate in outline,
the length of the crown never conspicuously greater than the
width (ms; [obviously a misprint for m,] and m’ not elongated
as in Pteropus).”—In species of Pteropus with perfectly
unmodified dentition the molariform teeth, particularly m’‘,
are conspicuously longer than broad ; in Pt. leuccpterus they
are only one-fourth or one-third longer than broad;
expressed in other words, they are shorter but not narrower
than usual. It is quite natural that this peculiarly shortened
form of the cheek-teeth of Pt. leucopterus attracted the
attention of Mr. Miller; it is, in fact, not precisely matched
by any other Pteropus. But Pt. leucopterus is in this respect
approached by Pt. insularis, pheocephalus, macrotis, epularius,
poliocephalus, papuanus, and neohibernicus, in all of which
the molariform teeth are shorter than usual. And a modi-
fication of the outline of the cheek-teeth much greater than
that shown by Pt. leucopterus is found in Pt. personatus,
Affinities of ‘ Desmalopex” and Pteralopex. 217
scapulatus and woodfordi, in which the teeth are not only
much shortened but excessively narrow, as in the Macro-
glossi. It would be hopeless to “split ” the genus Pteropus
on differences in the general outline of the cheek-teeth ; all
modifications lead through numerous transitional stages back
to the typical Pteropine molar.
(9) “Lower molars peculiar in that the ridges of m, and m,
are each divided into two low but distinct rounded cusps.
The quadritubercular form resulting from this is very
noticeable in mj, less so in m,.”—I am probably not mis-
taken when I consider this to be, from Miller’s point of
view, the chief character of his ‘‘ Desmalopex.” It will be
necessary, therefore, to make sure if Pt. leucopterus is not,
perhaps, in this respect as in all others very closely connected
with other species of the genus. In the type of “ Pteropus
chinensis’ (=leucopterus) there is a shallow but distinct
transverse depression in the outer and inner ridge of m,,
indicating a beginning subdivision of each ridge into two
incompletely differentiated rounded tubercles ; the depres-
sion is still shallower in the outer than in the inner ridge ;
in m, it is, in both ridges, exceedingly shallow, the
“ quadritubercular” structure of the tooth therefore only
detectable on very close examination. In the other skull of
Pteropus leucopterus (62.1.14.3) I fail to discover the slightest
trace of a depression in the outer ridge of m,, while in the
inner ridge it is present, though less distinct than in the
other skull ; in m,a slight depression is present in the inner
ridge and barely detectable (at least with a lens) in the
outer ridge. It should be noted that in both skulls the
depression 1s more distinct in m, than in m,, and more
distinct in the inner than in the outer ridge. In all the
skulls I have seen of Pt. pselaphon (ten) the “ splitting” of
the inner ridge of m, is either as distinct as or (in some
skulls) decidedly more distinct than in Pt. lewcopterus, and
a similar, but much stronger, splitting of the inner ridge is
seen in py; the inner ridge of m, is simple, as are also the
outer ridges in all teeth. On close examination of a few
skulls of Pt. samoénsis and one of Pt. pilosus I find a faint
depression in the inner ridge of p,, corresponding in position
to the deep groove in py, of Pt. pselaphon. We have thus
these four progressive stages: a majority of species of
Pteropus, ridges of lower molariform teeth simple; P¢.
samvénsis and pilosus, a slight depression in inner ridge of py,
suggesting an initial stage towards a splitting of the ridge
into two tubercles; Pt. pselaphon, inner ridges of p, and m,
very distinctly subdivided into an anterior aud posterior
Aun. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser: 8. Vol. iii. 15
218 Mr. K. Andersen on the Characters and
portion ; Pt. leucopterus, distinct depression in inner ridges of
m, and mg, and, at least sometimes, in outer ridges of same
teeth. When to this it is added that Pt. pilosus (Pelew
Islands), which in this respect marks an intermediate stage
between the typical Pteropine dentition and that of Pt.
pselaphon (Bouin Islands), is the closest known relative of
Pt. pselaphon, then the evidence seems to me conclusive.
This more or less incomplete, or, if preferred, more or less
complete, splitting of the longitudinal ridges of certain
cheek-teeth may be used as a specific character (though even
as such it is not of much practical use), but it is certainly
not of generic importance.
Conclusions.—Pt. leucopterus accords with the typical *
species of the Pt. pselaphongroup (Pt. pselaphon, pilosus, tuber-
culatus) in the following characters :—(1) The general shape of
the skull ; (2) the broad rostrum ; (3) the strong supraorbital
processes ; (4) the heavy premaxille; (5) the large upper
incisors ; (6) the unusually broad cingulum of the upper
incisors ; (7) the enlargement of 1,; (8) the heavy canines,
with unusually broad cingulum, the edge of which shows a
pronounced tendency to split into separate rounded tubercles;
(9) the large p,; (10) the heavy posterior basal ledges of
the molariform teeth above and below; (11) the tendency
to a splitting of the ridges of some of the lower cheek-teeth ;
(12) the distribution of the fur (tibize densely clothed above);
(13) the size and form of the ears; (14) the general size of
the animal. The only noteworthy peculiar characters of
Pt. leucopterus are, in fact, the shortening of the cheek-teeth
(in which respect it is, however, approached by P¢. insularis
aud pheocephaius, both allied to Pt. pselaphon) and
perhaps the paler colour of the fur (the three specimens
known are faded). In the face of this evidence I have
not the slightest hesitation in saying that Pt. leucopterus,
far from constituting a distinct genus, is simply a Philippine
representative of the Pt. pselaphon group. Pt. pselaphon
inhabits the Bonin Islands, Pt. pilosus the Pelew Islands,
the habitat of Pt. tuberculatus is unknown, but may, not
unlikely, be the Mariannes, so that also the geography is in
favour of this conclusion.
The Affinities of Pteralopex.
Desmalopex, Miller writes (t.c. p. 60), “is intermediate
between Pteropus and Pteralopex, though nearer the former.
In the broadened rostrum and slightly upturned orbits the
skull distinctly suggests Pteralopex, while the same tendency
* I consider Pt. insularis (Ruck atoll, Carolines) and Pt. pheocephalus
(Mortlock, Carolines) somewhat aberrant members of the Pt. pselaphon
group.
Affinities of “ Desmalopex ”’ and Pteralopex. Zale
is shown by the form and relative size of the incisors, the
well-developed small upper premolar [‘‘ upper” a slip for
lower ? |, the squarish outline of the molars, and the extra
cusps of m, and m,.’
In the foregoing pages I have endeavoured to show that
“ Desmalopex,”’ i. e. Pt. leucopterus, cannot be separated from
Pteropus. But I perfectly agree with Miller that Pt. leu-
copterus in certain respects distinctly foreshadows Pteralopexr,
only I must add that this is the case also with the other typical
members of the Pt. pselaphon group, viz. Pt. pselaphon, pilosus,
and tuherculatus, and that this group is again closely con-
nected with the Pt. samoénsis group (Pt. nawaiensis, samo-
énsis, anetianus). The following review of all the essential
characters of Pteralopex will, I think, place these suggestions
as toa rather close relationship between Pteralopex and the
Pteropus pselaphon group on a firmer basis :—
(1) General shape of skull Pteropine, on the whole nearest
that of the short, broad-faced, heavily-built, strongly-crested
skulls of Pt. pselaphon, pilosus, and tuberculatus.
(2) Rostrum short and very broad. In both characters
rather closely approached by all species of the Pt. pselaphon
and samoénsis groups, but the rostrum of Pteralopex is
relatively broader anteriorly, no doubt owing to the ex-
cessively heavy upper canines.
(3) Premaxillz heavy, as in all species of the Pt. pselaphon
group.
(4) Postorbital processes of frontals strong at base, very
long, quite or nearly reaching zygoma; postorbital pro-
cesses of zygoma small. In all species of the Pt. pselaphon
group the upper postorbital processes are heavy at base and
very long, the lower processes small or practically unde-
veloped; if, as is the case generally in Pt. leucopterus and
occasionally in Pt. pselaphon, the orbital ring is complete
behind, it is therefore formed almost entirely by the upper
processes, as in Pteralopex.
(5) Coronoid process of mandible high, very broad, steeply
ascending (front margin almost at right angles with alveolar
border), angular process unusually prominent, rami deep,
gonys low (vertical extent), broad, and more steeply ascend-
ing than usual. Precisely al] the same characters are found
in the mandibles of Pt. pselaphon, pilosus, and tuberculatus ;
the mandible of Pt. leucopterus is weaker, coronoid more
sloping, angular process less developed, gonys more typical
Pteropine.
(6) Upper. incisors very large. The nearest approximation
to this in the genus Pteropus is found in the species of the
Pt. pselaphon group.
15#
220 Mr. K. Andersen on the Characters and
(7) Cingulum of upper incisors very broad. As in Pt.
pselaphon, tuberculatus, and leucopterus.
(8) Great enlargement of i, combined with some reduction
of i,, making the contrast in the sizes of these two teeth
greater than in any Pleropus. A disproportion between i,
and i, is seen already in Boneia, a genus closely allied to the
primitive Rousettus; the character is further developed in
Pteropus (which no doubt originates from a Rousettus-like
form), either by an increase of i, or by this combined with
a reduction of 1,; and the reduction of i, culminates in the
complete disappearance of this tooth im Styloctenium and
Dobsonia (both genera allied to Pteropus). This character
of Pteralopex is therefore only an excessive development of
a tendency already present in all the related genera. The
numerous species of Pteropus show all intermediate stages,
from an i, which is only about once and a half the bulk of
1,, to an i, about six times the size of 1,. The nearest
approximation to the enormous disproportion of these teeth
exhibited by Pteralopex is seen in the species of the Pt.
pselaphon, samoénsis, and lombocensis groups.
(9) Upper canines peculiar in the following points :—
(a) cmgulum very strongly developed, its edge split into
separate tubercles; the same is the case in Pt. pselaphon,
pilosus, and tuberculatus, less distinctly in Pt. leucopterus ;
the tubercles of the cmgulum in Pt. pilosus exactly corre-
spond in number and position to those of Pteralopex, only
they are slightly smaller: (6) a strong secondary cusp half-
way up the hinder edge of the canine; the only species of
Pteropus possessing a secondary cusp in the upper canines is
Pt. tuberculatus (of the pselaphon group); the cusp in this
species is much smaller than, but similar in position to,
that of Pleralopex.
(10) Cingulum of lower canines broad, forming a con-
spicuous shelf posteriorly. As in the Pt. pselaphon group.
(11) p’, p*, and m' modified as follows:—(a) crown short
and broad, subsquarish in outline: (6) hinder (transverse)
border of teeth conspicuously raised, front border similarly
raised: (c) owing to the shortening of the teeth and thesharply
raised anterior and posterior borders, the usual “ longitudinal
ridges” of a Pteropus molar are become much shortened (in
antero-posterior extent) so as to form two pointed cusps
situated opposite each other, the one on the labial, the
other on the lingual side of the tooth, a little in front of the
middle. The structure of the Pteralopex molar is very easily
derived from the molar structure of any species of Péeropus,
but it is most likely, of course, that it has originated from
a tooth in which already the posterior basal ledge (posterior
Affinities of “‘ Desmalopex”’ and Pteralopex. 221
border) was more developed than usual. Such is the case in
the Pé. pselaphon group (as wellas in therelated Pt. samoensis
group), aud in P¢. pselaphon and allied species also the ante-
rior border (cingulum) of p? and p* is distinctly raised, particu-
larly in p?. Of the four known typical species of the pse/aphon
group, Pt. leucopterus shows decidedly the nearest approxi-
mation to Pteralopex in the general aspect of the upper
cheek-teeth ; the crown is so much shortened as to be nearly
subsquarish, the anterior and posterior borders of each tooth
slightly but quite distinctly raised, and the “longitudinal
ridges’? more shortened and cusp-like than usual. ‘The only
additional modifications required to transform an upper
molar of Pt. leucopterus into that of a Pferalopex is a further
emphasizing of the changes which already have taken place
in the passage from a typical Pferopus molar to that of a
Pt. leucopterus, viz. a slight further shortening and broaden-
ing of the tooth and a much stronger development of the
anterior and posterior borders. The difference in this
respect between Pt. leucopterus and Pteralopex is unquestion-
ably only one of degree.
(12) p,, m,, and m, modified as follows:—(a@) crown
shortened and broadened, though not quite to the same
degree as in the upper teeth: (4) inner cusp unmodified
(not divided), outer cusp bifid (7. e. the tip of the originally
simple cusp divided into two cusps by a rather deep groove,
which, however, is more conspicuous and goes deeper down
on the inner than the outer side of the ridge) : (c) posterior
basal ledge very strong, peculiarly oblique, being much more
developed on inner than outer side of teeth ; anterior basal
ledge undeveloped as in Pteropus generally. All characters
much less developed in m, than in py and m,.—A beginning
splitting of the ridges (cusps) of the lower cheek-teeth is
already seen in Pt. pselaphon and leucopterus (see supra).
In Pé. pselaphon the character is even strongly pronounced
in the inner ridge of p,, very distinct also in that of m, ;
in Pt. leucopterus it is distinct in the inner ridges of m, and
m,, less so, or occasionally scarcely detectable, in the outer
ridges of the same teeth. The still stronger splitting of the
outer ridges of p, and m, of Pteralopex is therefore only a
further development of the tendency already well pronounced
in Pt. pselaphon and leucopterus. But one difference should
be noticed ; whenever these characters and tendencies are
present in the Pt. pselaphon group, they are either entirely
restricted to the inner cusp of the lower cheek-teeth or at
least more pronounced in the inner than in the outer cusp ;
but in Péeralopex the character is, so to say, shifted trom
the inner cusp, which is absolutely undivided, to the outer
222 On “ Desmalopex ” and Pteralopex.
cusp.— Viewed in profile, p,, m,, and (much less so) my, of
Pteralopex present three cusps behind each other, viz. two
higher anterior (the bifid outer cusp) and a low posterior.
This latter is not a cusp peculiar to Pteralopex ; it is homo-
logous to the postero-external cusp arising from the posterior
basal ledge in all species of Pteropus which have this ledge
conspicuously developed.
(13) Distribution of fur (tibiz densely clothed above).
In all details perfectly as in the species of the Pt. pselaphon
and samoénsis groups.
(14) Lateral membranes arising, not from the sides of the
back, but from the spinal line. ‘There is no parallel to this
in any known species of Pteropus (but an approximation in
Pt. melanopogon, papuanus, and neohibernicus, in which the
membranes arise closer together on the spinal tract than
in other Pteropi; the character has, however, probably no
great taxonomic value, since Pt. papuanus and neohibernicus
belong to a group of species very different from that of
which Pt. melanopogon is a representative, while, on the
other hand, in Pé. arvensis and keyensis, though both closely
allied to Pt. melanopogon, the position of the membranes is
perfectly normal). An exact parallel is shown by Dobdsonia,
an aberrant genus of the Pteropus group.
(15) Ears small, hidden in the fur, so broad above as to
be semicircularly rounded off. The ears are small in all
species of the Pt. psclaphon and samoénsis groups, often
hidden in the fur, but in all species more or less narrowly
rounded off above. In one single species of Pteropus
(Pt. livingstonii) the ears are very similar in shape to those
of Pleralopex.
(16) Colour of fur (blackish above and beneath). As in
Pt. pselaphon.
(17) Size of animal. As an average species of the Pt.
pselaphon and samoénsis groups.
Summary.—All the cranial and dental characters of Ptera-
lopex, without any exception, point back to the species of the
Pt. pselaphon group, much more decidedly than to any other
known bats ; all external characters, except the insertion of
the membranes and the shape of the ears, point in the same
direcion. From this evidence it appears safe to assume
that Pteralopex (Solomon Islands) is a highly specialized
offshoot from that branch of Pteropus which in the Bonin
Islands, Pelew Islands, Vanikoro (or Mariannes), and
Philippines has developed into, respectively, Pt. pselaphon,
pilosus, tuberculatus, and leucopterus, and in the Carolines
into Pt. msularis and pheocephalus. Also the habitat of
Pteralopex is in favour of this conclusion,
On new New-Zealand Coleoptera. 223
X XIV.—Descriptions of new Genera and Species of New-
Zealand Coleoptera.
By Major T. Broun, F.E.S.
[Continued from vol. ii. p, 422. ]
SPH RIDIID.
Adolopus australis.
tibialis.
ALEOCHARID®.
Protopristus minutus.
STAPHYLINID.
Quedius hilaris.
PRDERIDZ.
Hyperomma tenellum.,
OMALIID2&.
Omalium flavipalpi.
planimarginatum.
setipes.
SILPHID&,
Choleva nemoralis.
TROGOSITID#.
Grynoma albosparsa.
Promanus subcostatus.
CoLYDIID.
Bitoma picicorne.
Coxelus elongatus.
variegatus.
bicavus.
Gathocles obliquicostatus.
Protarphius tricavus.
posticalis.
Symphysius serratus,
lobifer.
Pycnomerus suteri.
ruficollis.
MycETOPHAGID®.
Triphyllus pubescens,
BYRRHID&,
Pedilophorus pulcherrimus.
MELOLONTHID&.,
Eusoma enealis.
Lewisiella modesta.
—— capito.
Odontria przelatella.
TELEPHORID®.
Asilis pilicornis.
sinuellus.
granipennis,
—— interstitialis.
—— apicalis.
MELYRID».
Dasytes aurisetifer.
anacharis.
CLERID2.
Phymatophcea lugubris.
apicale.
Metaxina ornata.
HELEID&.
Cilibe lateralis.
smithiana.
HELOPID.
Adelium hudsoni.
MELANDRYID&,
Doxozilora punctata.
CEDEMERID &.
Selenopalpus rectipes.
Baculipalpus maritimus.
Group Spheridiide.
Adolopus australis, sp. nu.
Compact, convex, oblong-oval, nude, shining ; head and
thorax reddish brown, but not quite concolorous, the back
of the former and disk of the latter being suffused with dark
224 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
fuscous, the prevailing tint of the elytra, which have rufes-
cent margins ; tibiz fulvescent, the tarsi. palpi, and antenne
yellow, but the triarticulate club is infuscate, opaque, and
densely pubescent.
Head not very closely, very finely, yet quite definitely
punctate. TZhorav transverse, finely marginate, gently
curvedly narrowed towards the slightly obtuse anterior
angles, its sculpture not appreciably different from that of
the head, with two small punctiform impressions near the
base. Scutellum rather large, not quite smooth. E/ytra
finely punctured, with well-marked sutural striz behind and
several series of distinct punctures which, behind and near
the sides, almost form striz ; the margins, though fine, are
distinct, but not at all explanate behind as in A. altulus.
Underside subopaque, piceous, more rufescent in front;
ventral segments very minutely sculptured and finely pubes-
ceut; the moderately convex subtriangular middle portion
of the metasternum finely, yet evidently but not closely
punctured and a little glossy, its flanks dull and closely
sculptured. Posterior femora minutely, indistinctly, and
irregularly strigose, with very few minute punctures ; the
other pairs pubescent. Tarsi very sparingly setose under-
neath, second joint of the posterior evidently longer than the
exposed portion of the first. Prosternal and abdominal
carinz well developed.
A. montanus most nearly resembles this species, but can be
easily recognized by the numerous well-developed spiniform
sete along the outer face of all the tibiz, particularly of the
intermediate pair, whereas in A. australis there are very few,
and these not at all conspicuous.
Length 13; breadth 2 line.
Invercargill. Received from Mr. A. Philpott; three
specimens,
Adolopus tibialis, sp. nu.
Oblong-oval, only moderately convex, slightly nitid, gla-
brous, nigrescent, tibize and elytral margins red; tarsi, ‘palpi,
and antennz yellow ; club fuscous, the head and sides of
thorax obscurely rufescent, .
Head tinely but not closely punctate. Thorax transverse,
very gradually narrowed anteriorly, finely margined, its
punctuation fine, distinct, but not close. /ytra with sculp-
ture similar to that of the thorax, but in addition with
series of coarser punctures near the sides; none of these,
however, reach the base; on the disk the serial punctures
are very much finer, those near the suture becoming quite
obsolete near the pacer ; all are coarse at the apex, where the
sutural row on each elytron become striate,
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 225
Tibie, anterior with one very small and two distinct sete
along the outer edge, those on the other pairs short and
indistinct.
Less convex and narrower than A. helmsi (1833), the apex
of elytra not at all castaneous, the tibize much less evidently
or scarcely at all spinose externally. The elytral margins are
not expanded as in 158 and 1690, and both of these are
different otherwise.
Length 13; breadth 2 line.
Otira Gorge (Mr. J. H. Lewis) ; a single specimen.
Group Aleocharidz.
PRoTOFRISTUS, gen. nov.
Body elongate, parallel, slender, minute.
Head suboblong, shghtly but abruptly contracted near the
base, with a short neck, its whole front closely and distinctly
serrate. Eyes small, rather flat, placed at the sides before
the middle, composed apparently of two coarse facets. Man-
dibles falciform, very elongate, with a long projecting central
tooth inside. Antenne rather short, implanted on the fore-
head, nearly equally distant from the eyes and each other,
1]-jointed ; basal two joints stout, oblong ; joints 3-6 small,
moniliform; seventh and eighth also small, transverse,
slightly broader than the preceding ones ; ninth also trans-
verse, rather broader than the eighth; penultimate abruptly
enlarged, twice the size of the ninth ; the terminal ovate, as
broad as the tenth but nearly double its length; they are
not perceptibly pubescent. Maxillary palpi as long as the
basal five joints of the antenne, penultimate joint subovate,
emarginate at apex, the terminal small and transparent so as
to be almost invisible. Yhorax with acutely prominent
anterior angles, its sides slightly curvate, posterior angles
obtuse. Elytra subquadrate, very short, base and apex
incurved. Abdomen very elongate, longer than the rest of
the body, basal four segments transversely quadrate, about
equal, with broad lateral margins, fifth and sixth elongate,
seventh very narrow.
Femora stout, arched above, the posterior in the male
somewhat angulate and dentate below. 7iéie arcuate exter-
nally, unarmed, Tarsi 4-articulate, basal three joints small
and conjointly not longer than the terminal one; claws
divergent, simple.
Coxe prominent, the anterior and intermediate contiguous,
the former situated very near tie hind edge of the pro-
sternum, the posterior slightly separated.
This minute member of the Staphylinidze seems to have
226 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
no group ready for its reception; it most nearly resembles
the Pederidz, but its structure forbids such an association.
If placed with genera having four-jointed tarsi, its other
structural characters would not accord with theirs. The
labial palpi and mentum are not discernile when examined
with a half-inch lens in the microscope. The closely serrate
front of the head resembles in miniature that of an Aleuchus.
Protopristus minutus, sp. n.
Slender, slightly nitid, rufo-testaceous, the palpi, anteun-e,
and tarsi flavescent; pubescence distinct, pale greyish
yellow.
Head slightly convex, moderately finely but not closely
punctured ; just behind each antenna there is a dark, deep,
but not coarse puncture. Antenne apparently glabrous.
Thorax longer than broad, rounded towards the base, its
punctuation indistinct. E/lytra shorter than thorax, base and
apex incurved, somewhat rounded laterally, distinctly but
not very closely punctate, the suture indistinct. Hind body
rather finely but not closely sculptured, its apical segments
paler than the others.
Underside pale rufo-castaneous, finely punctate and
pubescent.
Length 3; breadth nearly 4 line.
Broken River, Canterbury.
We are indebted to Mr. J. H. Lewis for having brought
this fragile creature to light.
The generic description has been drawn up from a specimen
specially prepared and mounted on glass, the specific from
two on cardboard. Those on cardboard could not be entirely
cleared from sappy matter without destroying them.
Group Staphylinide.
Quedius hilaris, sp. n.
Subdepressed, elongate; head and thorax glossy «neous
black, hind body violaceous black and iridescent ; mandibles
red ; basal three joints of antenne rufescent, the others
opaque, fuscous, and densely pubescent; legs piceous, tarsi
reddish.
Antenne just reaching base of thorax, third joint longer
and more slender than second; joints 5-10 suboblong, more
slender at base than at apex, eleventh more prolonged
apically at one side than the other. Head subrotundate,
rather short and broad, with two distinct frontal punctures
and four or five alongside each eye; there are also a few
minute indistinct punctures, but at the sides and behind the
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 220
eyes these become quite distinct. Clypeus very short, infus-
cate. Labrum medially emarginate, with a membranous
border beyond the sete. yes longitudinally oval, mode-
rately convex and occupying more than half of each side.
Thorax as long as it is broad, rounded behind; with two
punctures before the middle, one larger near each anterior
angle, another close to each side near the middle, and some
smaller ones at the basal margin. Scutellum large. Elytra
of the same length as, but rather broader than, the thorax
behind, rather closely and somewhat transversely minutely
punctate-granulate and rugose, clothed, like the scutellum,
for the most part with pale yellowish hairs, the suture
reddish, and with three or four obscure rufo-piceous spots on
each ; apices oblique towards the suture. Hind body clothed
with cinereous hairs, and here and there with small patches
of yellow ones, the long sete fuscous ; it is moderately
closely punctate, with stout pitchy-red styles. Male anterior
tarsi strongly dilated.
Dr. Sharp’s Q. latifrons differs in having a short thorax
and somewhat different sculpture.
Length 33-4; breadth #—2 line.
Broken River. One male from J. H. Lewis and another
from Mr, A. Philpott, of luvercargill.
Group Pederide.
Hyperomma tenellum, sp. un.
Slender, elongate, shining, rufo-piceous; legs infuscate
red, tarsi and antenne rufo-testaceous, mandibles red.
Head evidently longer than broad, scarcely at all rounded,
the front almost smooth, the middle also nearly smooth,
there being a few fine punctures only, the base and sides
with moderately coarse but not close punctures, and bearing
some outstanding slender obscure greyish hairs. Eyes small,
not convex. Thorax nearly twice as long as broad, obliquely
narrowed near the base; on each side of the middle there is
a series of distinct punctures, there are two less regular at
each side, and the minute intervening punctures are almost
serial. Hlytra abbreviated, only about one-half longer than
broad, shoulders rounded, apices obliquely truncate towards
the suture; their punctuation like that of the thorax, at
each side of the disk there is one regular series, there are
very few minute punctures. Abdomen elongate, finely,
irregularly, and rather closely punctate and pubescent, basal
four segments with thick margins, the terminal with elongate
appendages.
Mandibles very elongate and strongly curved, minutely
228 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
bidentate at base, the central tooth long and stout. Labrum
deeply notched. Antenne finely pubescent, attaining middle
of thorax, basal joint hardly as long as the following two
conjointly, the terminal somewhat pointed. Basal four joints
of anterior tarsi a little dilated, the fourth rather smaller
than third.
Underside shining brown; head with fine hairs directed
forwards, penultimate ventral segment deeply emarginate.
Rather more elongate than H. duplicatum, much darker in
colour, thorax with subparallel sides, and the median tooth
of the mandibles twice as long.
dg. Length 4; breadth 4 line.
Timaru. One found amongst fallen leaves by Mr. Walter
Lawrence Wallace.
Group Omaliidz.
Omalium flavipalpi, sp. n.
Elongate, depressed, shining, piceous; legs and apical
segment fusco-testaceous; tarsi and palpi flavescent; basal
five joints of antenne rufescent, the remaining ones fuscous
and opaque.
Head (eyes included) rather wider than front of thorax,
rather finely punctured; frontal impressions not deep, the
intervening space nearly smooth, the large punctures some-
what shallow ; there are also a few ruge alongside the promi-
nent eyes; the ocelli are reddish. Antenne with the last
six joints abruptly dilated and pubescent, the terminal
evidently longer than tenth, basal joint nearly twice as large
as the suboval second, third shorter and broader than fourth.
Thorax transversely quadrate, finely margined, slightly and
gradually narrowed towards the rectangular posterior angles,
the anterior broadly rounded ; it is distinctly but not coarsely
or closely punctured, the discoidal impressions are well
marked from the base to beyond the middle, and are divided
by a smooth central line which appears cariniform, the
depression at each side occupies more than half of the whole
length ; like the head, it is sparingly clothed with slender
yellowish hairs. E/ytra distinctly broader and nearly twice
the length of thorax, apices truncate but with rounded
angles ; their punctuation almost serial, they bear minute,
inconspicuous, greyish sete. Abdomen finely sculptured,
its greyish pubescence slender and depressed but quite
perceptible, the basal four segments broadly margined ; fifth
longer and narrower than fourth, not closely united with its
broad margins, almost smooth on the middle, but finely and
closely transversely rugose at the sides; sixth obliquely
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 229
narrowed backwards, its extremity truncate. Tibie minutely
setose.
Allied to O. spadix, more slender, not at all rufescent,
more finely sculptured, and with shorter differently formed
antenné.
Length 14; breadth 2 line
Broken River (Mr. J. H. Lewis) ; one example.
Omalium planimarginatum, sp. n.
Elongate, depressed, shining, variegate ; head pitchy red,
the thorax, shoulders, abdominal margins, and terminal
segment castaneo-rufous, elytra piceo-fuscous, hind body
castaneous ; legs and palpi fulvescent, basal five joints of
autenne clear red, remaining joints nigrescent and opaque.
Antenne with the thick basal joint nearly double the
length of the oviform second, third evidently longer than its
predecessor ; jomts 4 and 5 moniliform, 6-10 abruptly
enlarged, laxly articulated, and transverse ; eleventh quad-
rate, but with a narrower false terminal articulation. Head
abruptly contracted behind, so as to form a short neck, which
is minutely transversely strigose; it is as broad, including
the prominent eyes, as the front of thorax, it is finely yet
distinctly but not closely punctured, except on the broad
frontal impressions; the ocular punctiform foveze small ;
ocellirufescent. Thorax trausversely quadrate, with rounded
anterior angles ; itis nearly straight behind the middle, basal
angles rectangular; its punctuation like that of the head, the
discoidal and lateral impressions similar to those of O. flavi-
palpi. Elytra oblong, rather broader than and nearly twice
as long as the thorax; suture smooth; their punctuation
distinct and almost serial, but not so well marked near
the subtruncate apices. Hind body as long as wing-cases,
transversely convex; basal four segments with broad lateral
margins, which, however, instead of being more or less
elevated, are quite depressed, these segments more distinctly
though not coarsely punctured at the sides than on the
middle; on the middle of the second there are two slight
rounded impressions, both of which are closely and very
minutely sculptured; the fifth is narrower, but longer than
the fourth; the sixth only half the breadth of the preceding
one, seventh still narrower. Tibie finely setose.
‘Lhe pubescence on the hind body is fine, distinct, yellowish,
but slender and inconspicuous.
‘This species is recognizable by the flattened margins of
the abdomen.
6. Length 1}; breadth 2 line.
Broken River. A single individual from Mr. J. H,
Lewis.
230 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
Omalium setipes, sp. 0.
Subdepressed, slightly nitid; head and thorax red; elytra
testaceous, sometimes infuscate ; hind body castaneous ; legs
fuseo-testaceous, the palpi and basal five joints of antenne
rufo-testaceous, the following joints infuscate.
Antenne stout, reaching backwards to the shoulders: third
joint elongate, yet distinctly shorter and more slender than
first ; joints 4and 5 about equal, oviform, longer than broad ;
6-11 enlarged and densely pubescent, sixth evidently longer
than broad, seventh and eighth obconical, ninth and tenth
subquadrate, eleventh somewhat acuminate; the fine grey
pubescence on these joints seems to form an apical fringe on
each. Head with minute coriaceous sculpture and a few
fine scattered punctures; frontal fovee distinct, the basal
two subtriangular and well marked, the ocelli situated within
these basal impressions ; just behind the antenna there is a
trausverse series of fine punctures. Tzorar transversely
quadrate, anterior angles rounded, the posterior obtuse yet
nearly rectangular; its surface finely, irregularly, but not
closely punctured; dorsal impressions rather shallow, the
space between them rather broad and nearly smooth ; lateral
impressions angular, very shallow, and indistinct. E/ytra
rather broader than and twice as long as the thorax, apices
rounded ; rather finely and regularly punctured, rather more
closely near the extremity, their pubescence inconspicuous
and scanty. Hind body apparently shorter than the elytra,
which nearly conceals the basal segment; the basal four
segments with broad raised margins, rather closely and
distinctly punctured, the pubescence yellowish; fifth sub-
truncate and nearly membranous at the extremity, the
second with shallow minutely sculptured fovez on the middle.
Tibie evidently setose, the intermediate subserrate.
Underside of a reddish-chestnut hue, finely punctate and
pubescent; sixth ventral segment deeply concave. The basal
joints of the front aud middle ¢arst with very long grey sete,
the terminal joint slender and evidently longer than the
basal four taken together.
O. chalmeri in general appearance most nearly resembles
this species.
g. Length 14-13; breadth } line.
Invercargill. Discovered by Mr. A. Philpott.
Group Silphide.
Choleva nemoralis, sp. u.
Convex, broadly oval, moderately nitid, fuscous; head
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 231
ferruginous ; the palpi, tarsi, basal five or six joints of an-
tenne, and hind angles of thorax testaceous; tibize san-
guineous ; vestiture yellowish, slender but conspicuous.
Head finely and not closely punctured. Eyes prominent.
Antenne with infuscate sete ; basal joint longest, cylindric ;
second stouter and slightly longer than third, which is slender
and about equal to fourth in length; sixth more oviform
than fifth and rather shorter ; joints 7,9, and 10 enlarged,
oblong ; eighth small and oviform ; eleventh longer than
tenth, its extremity pallid. Thorax transverse, of the same
width as elytra at the base, a good deal curvedly narrowed
towards the depressed anterior angles, base truncate; its
surface distantly and obsoletely punctured. Scutellum minute.
Elytra regularly curvedly narrowed posteriorly, with a well-
marked sutural stria on each, which, however, becomes o}so-
lete near the apex; their sculpture consists of transverse
series of minute crenulations. Tibie straight, finely pilose,
the intermediate with a few spiniform sete.
Underside shining, piceo-fuscous ; epipleurze and last two
ventral segments rufescent, sparingly clothed with slender
yellowish hairs, minutely and indistinctly punctured. Front
and middle cox prominent; the former contiguous, the
latter separated by the mesosternal carina. Metasternum
cofivex. Terminal joint of maxillary palpi elongate, tapering
and acuminate,
Male.—Basal two joints of anterior tarsi dilated and
emarginate at apex, third moderately expanded, fourth small ;
the intermediate and posterior simple, filiform. Thorax
paler.
Most nearly related to C. monticola, but broader, the
antenne less elongate, joints 9-11 shorter, and the trans-
versal interstices of the elytra more shining.
?. Length 13; breadth nearly ? line.
Broken River. One of each sex from Mr. J. H. Lewis.
Group Trogositide.
Grynoma albosparsa, sp. n.
Subdepressed, elongate, slightly shining, black, the margins
of elytra and the legs piceo-rufous.
Head quite a third narrower than thorax, with coarse
shallow punctures, the intervals very narrow, pubescence
white. Padpi short, black. Antenne also black, slender and
elongate, basal articulation thick and distinctly punctate,
second subcylindrical and not so stout ; joints 3-6 slender
and of about equal length, seventh shorter ; eighth and ninth
equal, evidently broader at the extremity than at the base;
232 On new New-Zealand Coleoptera.
tenth elongate-oval ; they bear a few distinct dark hairs.
Thorax strongly transverse, its sides moderately explanate
and rounded ; posterior angles not sharply defined, the ante-
rior obtuse, apex widely incurved ; its punctuation shallow,
close near the sides, fine and more distant on the disk,
which therefore is more shining; the white pubescence is
scanty on the middle, but thick at the sides, where there are
some long outstanding hairs. L/ytra oblong, rather wider
than thorax at the base; near each shoulder there are two
very slight paler elevations; their punctuation.is coarse, not
quite serial, and the intervals between them are quite as
large as the punctures themselves; the silvery pubescence
has a tendency to form irregular patches, leaving equally
irregular bare spots. Legs simple ; tarsi elongate, terminal
joint as long as the basal four taken together.
Readily differentiated by the black surface and unusually
elongate antenne.
Length 24; breadth 1} line.
Broken River, Canterbury (Mr. J. H. Lewis) ; one.
Promanus subcostatus, sp. n.
Oblong, subdepressed, subopaque, fusco-rufous; the an-
tenn, palpi, and tarsi rufo-testaceous. .
Head closely, coarsely, and rugosely punctate. Thorac
strongly transverse, of nearly the same width as the elytra,
slightly broader at the base than it is in front, the sides
moderately rounded, apex widely emarginate, base medially
truncate but slightly sinuate towards the obtuse angles, with
explanate margins; the punctuation coarse, close, and rather
shallow, but on the middle finer and distant. Scutellum with
greyish pubescence. lytra finely marginate, with nearly
vertical sides bearing irregular series of coarse punctures ;
the discoidal sculpture consists of about twelve series of
coarse punctures, these series very nearly regular; interstices
narrow, nearly plane at the base, but becoming costiform
beyond the middle ; the pubescence scanty, fine, and incon-
spicuous ; the head and thorax bear slender yellow hairs.
Abdomen finely and closely punctured, with fine greyish
pubescence, the segments of nearly equal length. Prosternal
process deeply grooved at each side, the middle distinctly
carinate between the coxe. Mefasternum broadly impressed
in front of the contiguous posterior coxe. Maxillary palpi
rather elongate, terminal joint not at all broadly securiform
and with a well-marked furrow underneath extending from
the extremity to the middle.
Considerably larger than P. depressus, with closer and
coarser sculpture near the sides of the thorax, subcostate
On a new Species of Pteropus. 233
elytral interstices, and differing also by the peculiar terminal
jot of the maxillary palpi. In P. auripilus the pubescence
18 more conspicuous and the punctures on the thorax are
hardly half as coarse or numerous.
Length 43; breadth nearly 2 lines.
Southland. My specimen was found by Mr, A. Philpott.
[To be continued. |
XXV.—A new Species of Pteropus from the Loyalty Islands.
By KNuD ANDERSEN.
Pteropus auratus, sp. n.
Allied to Pt. vetulus (New Caledonia), but easily distin-
guished by its larger ears and different colour of the fur.
Forearm (type) 145°5 mm.
Ears.—Length from base of orifice 245 mm., against
20 in Pt. vetulus; greatest breadth 17 mm., against 12.
General form of ears as in the allied species.
Colour.—Back golden ochraceous clouded with brownish ;
individual hairs vandyck-brown at base, with long golden
ochraceous-buff tips. Breast and belly rich golden ochra-
ceous, palest (golden ochraceous-buff) at base of hairs,
shading to tawny on foreneck, sides of neck, and flanks, and
to tawny russet faintly sprinkled with ochraceous on chin,
throat, and anal region. Mantlerich golden ochraceous-buft,
this colour confined to tips of hairs, middle portion of indi-
vidual hairs buff, extreme base next to skin seal-brown ;
colour of mantle shading gradually into tawny on occiput and
sides of neck. Crown buffy, slightly darkened with
brownish and shading gradually into tawny on sides of head.
Type. @ ad. al. (with skull); Lifu, Loyalty Islands ;
collected by the Rev. 8. J. Whitmee; B.M. 77. 7. 23. 1.
Remarks.—Though strikingly different in general aspect,
the colour of this beautiful species is easily derived from
that of the New Caledonian P#. vetulus: the dark brown
colour of the head and underparts of a Pt. vetulus is in
Pt. auratus replaced by golden ochraceous or ochraceous-buff,
and the dark brown of the back by mixed golden ochraceous-
buff and brownish. In the single available specimen p*, m’,
P3) Ps, and m, are decidedly smaller than in three skulls of
Pt. vetulus.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. ii. 16
234 On new Freshwater Fishes from South America.
XXVI.—Descriptions of Three new Freshwater Fishes from
South America, presented to the British Museum by Herr J.
Paul Arnold. By C. Tate ReGan, M.A.
1. Cichlosoma biocellatum.
Allied to C. coryphenotdes, Heck. Depth of body 2} in
the length, length of head 22. Snout a little longer than
eye, the diameter of which is 4 in the length of head ; inter-
orbital width 3 in the length of head. Fold of the lower lip
not continuous ; jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary not quite
reaching the vertical from anterior édge of eye; depth of
preeorbital nearly 2 the diameter of eye; cheek with 6 series
of scales ; 8 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch.
31 scales in a longitudinal series, 5 in a transverse series
from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 4 between lateral line
and sheath at base of anterior part of soft dorsal. Dorsal
XIX 9; origin above opercular cleft; spines subequal from
the seventh to the sixteenth, thence increasing to the last,
which is 2? the length of head; soft fin pointed, when laid
back reaching the middle of caudal. Anal VIII 8. Pectoral
shorter than the head, extending to above the third anal
spine. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle 3 as long as deep.
Body with 8 dark cross-bars ; third and fourth joined by an
oblong blackish spot, edged with whitish, below the lateral
line; in front of this a dark longitudinal band running
forward to the eye; a blackish ocellus on the upper part of
the base of the caudal fin; vertical fins with series of dark
spots.
A single specimen, 80 mm. in total length, from Maiiaos,
Rio Negro.
C. coryphenoides has XVI 12-14 dorsal and VI-VII 9-11
anal rays ; the spines are longer and stronger than in C. bi-
ocellatum, from which it also differs in coloration and in the
form of the head.
2. Otocinclus arnoldi.
Depth of body 4} in the length, length of head 3}. Dia-
meter of eye 52 in the length of head, interorbital width 2;
snout as long as postorbital part of head; supraoccipital
without median ridge, strongly elevated posteriorly, its extre-
mity on the level of the origin of dorsal. Scutes not carinate,
25 in a -longitudinal series; abdomen with 3 longitudinal
series of plates. Dorsal 17; origin above that of the pelvics ;
no adipose fin, AnalI 5. Pectoral spine extending beyond
Geological Society. 235
base of pelvics. Caudal emarginate. Candal peduncle 22 as
long as deep. A rather broad dark longitudinal band along
the middle of the side, ending at the base of the caudal ;
vertical fins barred with 3 to 5 series of dark spots.
A single specimen, 55 mm. in total length, from the La
Plata.
Allied to O. affinis, Steind., which has a median ridge on
the supraoccipital and the fins unspotted, and to O. vittatus,
Regan, which has the supraoccipital less elevated, the scutes
fewer, and the coloration somewhat different.
3. Pecilia heteristia,
Depth of body about 383 in the length, length of head
nearly 4. Snout shorter than eye, the diameter of which is
3 in the length of head; interorbital width more than } the
length of head. 27 or 28 scales in a longitudinal series.
Dorsal 6-7 ; origin equidistant from end of snout and middle
(3) or posterior part (2) of caudal fin; last two rays, in
the male, produced into jong filaments. Anal 8; origin in
advance of that of the dorsal ; fin pointed (2) or modified
into an intromittent organ which is a little shorter than the
head(g). Pectoral a little shorter than the head; pelvic
fins longer in the male than in the female. Caudal rounded.
Olivaceous ; edges of scales darker ; some blackish vertical
streaks on the side; a vertically expanded blackish spot at
the base of the caudal fin; male with a short blackish stripe
near the upper edge of the caudal fin.
Two specimens, 35 mm. in total length, from Para.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
December 16th, 1908.—Prof. W. J. Sollas, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
‘On the Igneous and Associated Sedimentary Rocks of the
Tourmakeady District (County Mayo).’ By Charles Irving
Gardiner, M.A., F.G.S., and Prof. Sidney Hugh Reynolds, M.A.,
F.G.S. With a Paleontologieal Appendix by Frederick Richard
Cowper Reed, M.A., F.G.S.
The general succession of the Ordovician Rocks of the district
appears to be as follows :-—
236 Geological Society.
(4) ?Bala Beds.—Coarse conglomerate and sandstone containin
pebbles, mainly of granite and felsite.
(3) Llandeilo Beds.
(c) Shangort Beds.—Grits and tuffs, coarse and fine, the prevalent
type being a calcareous gritty tuff, in which is a series of
limestone-breccias, having a maximum thickness of about
40 feet and largely formed of disrupted fragments of the
underlying limestone.
(6) Tourmakeady Beds.—Compact pink, grey, or white limestones,
sometimes in beds with a maximum thickness of about 30 feet,
but usually represented by blocks in the Shangort Beds.
(a) Red felsite or rhyolite.—A series of flows varying much in
thickness.
(2) Arenig Beds—Mount-Partry Beds.
(d) Variable tuffs, grits, and cherts, the tuffs being seen only in the
southern half of the area.
(c) Coarse quartzose and felspathic grits.
(4) Grits, graptolitic black slates, and radiolarian cherts.
(a) Coarse conglomerates, the pebbles of which consist almost
entirely of grit.
A considerable series of graptolites, collected from the Mount-
Partry Beds, has been examined by Miss G, L. Elles, D.Sc., and
they prove to be of Upper Arenig age—about the zone of
Didymograptus hirundo. ‘The radiolaria from the same series
of rocks have been studied by Dr. G. J. Hinde, F.R.S.
The most interesting and puzzling beds of the district are those
of Llandeilo age. Although the limestones (‘'ourmakeady Beds)
occur in the main as disrupted blocks in the gritty tuffs (Shangort
Beds), the fossils indicate that there is no material difference in the
age of these two deposits ; and the Authors believe that, after the
deposition and consolidation of the limestone, but during the pre-
valence of the same faunal types as those which characterize that
deposit, the limestone was broken up by yoleanic explosions, and its
fragments, mingled with bits of felsite and other material, were
deposited as the peculiar limestone-breccias. This view regarding
their formation is held to afford an adequate explanation of the
patchy development of these rocks.
The intrusive rocks are of considerable interest. They are, in the
main, felsites with large quartz-crystals, and not infrequently
contain augite. Some of them are certainly intrusive in the coarse
Bala (?) conglomerate. A number of small but interesting intrusions
of olivine-dolerite, hornblende-lamprophyre and fine-grained oligo-
clase-bearing rocks are scattered throughout the district.
The appendix embodies a critical review of the fauna of the Llan-
deilo Beds of the district, and a: description of several new species of
brachiopods and trilobites.
Ann.k Mag. Nat. Hist. 5. 8. Vol. I. Pull.
J.Green ,lith.
F arn]
i
i
ae ;
,
.
'
'
As
nee»
7 °
Aa
3 —~ a
= <
€ aad
7
a. :
<<, nv
: .
ery ~d
ye Pan
7 oe ¥ 1.
1 ——
= a a)
=a ae
Ann.& May. Nat. Hist.S.8. Vol. PL. ML
d.Green, lith.
=
-.
a
an
Se _ > y
TT ant OO ee
iy
Ann.& Mag Nat Mist. G8. Vol MIRC.
SRN) io oe ae a. \| ‘
ieee ‘ NaN
MS
TUN
J.Green, hth.
Ann.é Mag. Nat. Hist.5.8. Vol. Hl. Pv. Vv.
AF.W.&W.CM. del. J.Green lith.
is
SIQwWS
SSS
AHW & W.C M. del. J.Green Jith.
\\
“
Pi
LE
STON
»
Seen ea a
the Bo las)
¥ aa’,
Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. 11. Pl. VII.
THE ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[EIGHTH SERIES. ]
No. 15. MARCH 1909.
XXVII.—WNotes on Larval Trematodes*, By WIt.tam
Nicott, M.A., D.Sc., and Wiitiam SMati, M.A.,
Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews.
DorING a short visit to the West of Scotland Marine Bio-
logical Station at Millport in August 1908, we had occasion
to examine a few of the commoner Crustaceans and Molluses.
One object in doing so was to obtain a general idea of the
larval Trematode forms to be met with in the Clyde area,
and in particular to investigate the occurrence of cercariz in
the common edible and green crabs. The time at our dis-
posal was not sufficient to permit of much material being
examined, so that the number of larval forms to be described
is small, but in the case of the crabs our efforts were more
successful.
In addition to Cancer pagurus and Carcinus menas, a few
Specimens were examined of each of Hupagurus bernhardus,
Portunus depurator, Crangon vulgaris, Balanus balanoides,
Venus cassina, Mytilus edulis, Aporrhais pes-pelecani, Patella
vulgata, and Lima hians. Only the last-mentioned harboured
cercarie. A few young fish, e.g. plaice, dabs, and bullheads,
were also examined and in two of these encysted cercariz
were found.
* (This work has in part been done with the aid of a Government
Scientific Research Grant.—W. N.]
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 17
238 Dr. W. Nicoll and Mr. W. Small on
Cercaria excellens, nov.
This was found encysted in large numbers in Carcinus
manas, and less frequently in Cancer pagurus. It is un-
doubtedly the larva of some species of the genus Spelotrema,
and, as will be shown later, the adult species to which it can
most probably be referred is Sp. excellens, Nicoll.
Three out of every four green crabs were infected; in the
case of the edible crab the infection was not more than one
in five. At St. Andrews we have found the infection some-
what greater; every green crab examined there contained
the cercaria in greater or less numbers, while about 25 per
cent. of the edible crabs were infected. In the green crab
the number of cercari# is frequently enormous, every organ
and tissue in the crab’s body being riddled with cysts, so
much so that sometimes one would think that the mass of
cysts was actually greater than the organ in which they are
contained. The chief seat of infection is the liver and next
to that the gonads, but no structure is immune, except the
calcareous parts. The cysts are occasionally found throughout
the muscles and along the course of the nerves, blood-vessels,
or alimentary canal. They may occur either singly or in
clusters, bound to each other by the fibrous tissue in which
they are embedded.
These observations agree with those of M‘Intosh *, who
forty years ago found the crabs at St. Andrews infected to
the same extent with cercarie. Whether the cercarie# which
he described then are the same as those we have met with is
a matter of doubt, but this will be referred to again later.
When extricated from their fibrous investment the cysts
are seen to be globular inshape. In some cases they appear
to be very slightly ovoid, but this is probably due to pressure
in freeing them, and usually they can be made to assume the
globular shape by suitable manipulation. At first we were
inclined to believe that two different kinds of cysts were
present, for many were obviously, even to the naked eye,
much smaller than the others. Under the microscope the
difference was further accentuated by the fact that the wall
of the smaller cysts was proportionately much thinner than
that of the large cysts. On more exhaustive examination,
however, what may be interpreted as intermediate forms were
discovered, midway in size between the large and small
forms. In point of numbers the large cysts far exceeded the
small and intermediate-sized cysts.
In a series of measurements of about 30 cysts, two-thirds
* Qvart. J. Micr. Soe. vol. vy. (1865) p. 201, pl. viii.
Larval Trematodes. 239
were found to have a diameter between ‘43 mm. and ‘49 mm.
In these the thickness of the outer wall was ‘(027-054 mm.,
average ‘036 mm.; and the thickness of the inner wall
°008-"023 mm., average ‘017 mm. Thus the outer wall is
two or three times as thick as the inner, but in one or two
cases the ratio was not more than 3:2. Only in a few
cases was the cercaria expressed from the cyst in an undamaged
condition. The approximate length of the cercaria was found
to be *8-1:°0 mm. In every case the oral sucker was larger
than the ventral, the diameter being ‘066-03 mm. for the
oral and ‘06-068 mm. for the ventral. In some cases the
genital sucker was also measured and found to have an
average diameter of ‘052 mm.
Of the remaining cysts a group of four measured *36—
°39 mm., average ‘37 mm. In these the outer wall had a
mean thickness of ‘015 mm. and the inner ‘006 mm. In
only one case was the cercaria obtained in an undamaged
state and its length was'7 mm. No difference in size could
be detected between the oral and ventral suckers, each
measuring *0d4 mm., while the genital body measured
048 mm.
A third group of five much smaller cysts measured ‘27—
*32 mm., average 305 mm. ‘The outer and inner walls were
‘O11 mm. and ‘007 mm. thick respectively. None of the
cercarie from these were examined. From these figures
there seems no reason to suppose that these groups are other
than stages in the growth of the same cyst, and such being
the case it is evident that the cercariz increase considerably
in size during their sojourn inthe crab. The only alternative
is that they represent the larvew of three different adult
species. It is unfortunate that more detailed examination of
the smaller cercariz was found impossible, as that might
have been of help in deciding the matter.
A fourth variety of cyst was met with, but only on one or
two occasions. It was about the same size as the foregoing,
but differed in having a cell-wall composed of only one very
thin (002 mm.) layer. In none of these was the cercaria
examined. ‘They must apparently belong to a distinct species,
unless, indeed, they are abnormalities. A possibility which
might be suggested is that they are just some of the ordinary
cysts in which the outer layer has been accidentally stripped
off ; but there was no evidence of this and in addition the
thickness of the wall is much less than that of the inner layer
even in the smallest of the cysts.
A detailed description of the anatomy of the cercaria is
‘not necessary here, as it agrees well with that of the adult,
wid
‘
240 Dr. W. Nicoll and Mr. W. Small on
due allowance being made for the stage of development.
The dimensions of the chief organs have already been given.
The ventral sucker is situated at the beginning of the
posterior third of the body length. The genital sucker lies
close to its left side. The intestinal diverticula terminate at
the level of the centre of the ventral sucker. ‘The testes lie
close behind that sucker, one on each side, but the yolk-
glands are not visible. In most cases the ovary can be made
out on the right side of the ventral sucker, and in some the
vesicula seminalis in frontof the sucker.
As already mentioned, this cercaria is probably the larva of
a Spelotrema species. The only other genus which might
come into question is Levinseniélla, but the character of the
genital sucker points rather to Spelotrema. Of the species of
the latter genus the only one which can be considered is
Spel. excellens, Nicoll, the large size of the cercaria excluding
the possibility of its identification with any of the other
species of the genus.
The adult Spelotrema excellens is found in great abundance
in the herring-gull (Larus argentatus), both at St. Andrews
and Millport. Syelotrema simile, Jiigersk., the next largest
Spelotrema species, is much rarer,
With regard to the cercaria described by M‘Intosh *, it is
unfortunate that he gives no exact measurements either of
the cysts or of the cercariz. By measurement of his figures
(pl. vill.), which are magnified 180 diameters, we find that
the cyst in fig. 1 had a diameter of -14 mm., and that in
fig.2,°17mm. The cercaria in fig. 5 is exactly 5 mm. long.
It requires but a glance at the plate to see that the cercaria
in fig. 5 is much too large to have come from a cyst of the size
shown in figs. Land 2. By the kindness of Professor M‘Intosh
a tube containing some of his original material from Careznus
mauas was placed at our disposal, but in it only one cyst
was found. ‘lhe diameter of this was ‘29 mm. ; the outer
radially-striated wall was ‘01 mm. thick and the inner con-
centrically striated 012 mm. From these somewhat meagre
details we are forced to the conclusion that Professor M‘Intosh
also had a variety of cysts under his observation, some of
which correspond in size with those which we have found,
but others being much smaller, The only other explanation
is that some error has crept into his estimation of the magni-
fication. It is hardly to be believed that the character of the
infection of the crabs at St. Andrews has undergone a change
from small cysts to large ones during the space of forty
years.
* Loc. cit,
Larval Trematodes. 241
A point of interest is that M‘Intosh apparently met with
some of the single-walled cysts already referred to, for he
says (p. 202) that the wall of the cysts “consists of two
layers marked by minute strie and specks; but the outer
cannot always be seen.”
Reference may here be made to Miss Lebour’s investi-
gations * of larval Trematodes in Carcinus mexas from the
Northumberland coast. Her results appear to differ entirely
from ours, for although she found the crabs fairly well infected,
the cysts were of quite a different character, being single-
walled and oval. ‘The cercarie in these cysts are apparently
of the Spelotrema type. ‘Vheir identity is doubtful, but it
seems certain, at least, that they are not the same as the
cercarize we have just described. Miss Lebour, however,
found a single specimen of another cyst in the crab. This
was smaller than the others, spherical and double-walled.
The cercaria was not examined, but from the size and
character of the cyst it was presumed to be probably the
same as M‘Intosh had found. Whether this be the case or
not it is curious that these double-walled cysts should be so
rare in the Northumberland crabs in contrast to their great
abundance at St. Andrews. It may possibly be regarded as
an instance of the peculiar effect which local conditions may
exert even on the parasitic fauna.
It may not be out of place to mention here another cercaria
found by Miss Lebour + in Balanus balanoddes and referred
with much doubt to Spelotrema excellens as the adult. The
size (1 mm.) of the cercaria is suggestive of Spel. excellens,
but the configuration of the alimentary canal differs con-
siderably from that in Spel. excellens and bears much more
resemblance to that of Levinsenitella brachysoma (Crepl.).
Cercaria lime, nov.
Five specimens of Lima hians were examined and in two
of them a single cyst was found. In both cases it was loosely
attached to the inner side of the mantle-edge, projecting into
the mantle-cavity.
The cysts are spherical, about 3 mm, in diameter and have
a thin, opaque, membranous wall. The liberated cercaria is
‘6 mm. long and of somewhat elongated oval outline. It is
colourless and very transparent, so that little of its internal
anatomy could be made out. The suckers are both globular,
* “Trematodes of the Northumberland Coast: II.,” p. 10, pl. i.
figs. 8,9, in Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, New Series, 1. part i,
+ Loc: cit. pl. i. figs. 6, 7.
242 Dr. W. Nicoll and Mr. W. Small on
the oral having a diameter of ‘120 mm. and the ventral
+152 mm.; the latter is situated at the beginning of the
posterior third of the body. ‘The cuticle is smooth and
without spines. Just behind the ventral sucker two small
oval testes are placed, one on each side, with their long axes
directed obliquely outwards and forwards. The ovary could
Cercaria line.
not be distinguished, being probably concealed by the ventral
sucker. A short excretory vesicle lies at the posterior end of
the body. There is a small pharynx contiguous with the
oral sucker; two simple intestinal diverticula arise im-
mediately behind the pharynx and appear to terminate near
the testes.
This is apparently the first record of this cercaria, and
no other entozoa have hitherto been described from Lima
hians.
Even with the scanty details given above, it is not difficult
to recognize in this cercaria the larva of a species belonging
to one or other of the genera Steringophorus or Fellodistomum.
The position of the suckers, their large size and particularly
the prominence of the ventral sucker, the situation of the
testes, and the smooth condition of the cuticle all support
such an identification. The characters of the excretory
vesicle and the alimentary system are also of importance.
Moreover, these are the only two genera of British Trematodes
with which the cercaria shows any affinity. More detailed
differentiation seems at present out of the question. The
small excretory vesicle without conspicuous lateral stems and
Larval Trematodes. 243
the absence of cesophagus (although this may be due to con-
traction) are strong evidences in favour of Fellodistomum
fellis (Olss.) being the adult; the only contra-indication to
which is the fact that Anarrhichas lupus, the only known
host of Fellodistomum fellis, is not common in the neighbour-
hood of Millport.
Cercaria concava, nov.
In a young plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), about 43 inches
long, a small round cyst was found embedded under the skin.
Tts diameter was ‘17 mm. and it was very thin-walled, so that
the cercaria was easily liberated. Its resemblance to Crypto-
cotyle concava (Grepl.) is even at first sight very striking.
The shape is flattened, considerably broader towards the
posterior end than towards the anterior end. The length is
-43 mm. and the breadth at the widest part ‘22mm. ‘The
Cercaria concava.
small round oral sucker has a diameter of ‘06 mm., the pre-
pharynx is ‘03 mm. long, the pharynx ‘04 mm., and the
esophagus ‘04 mm. ‘The diverticula have the shape
characteristic of the adult Cryptocotyle, bending in towards
the middle line in the vicinity of the genital sucker, then
curving out, and finally turning in at their termination to
approach each other. ‘The excretory vesicle is clearly seen
and consists of two fairly straight lateral tubes, beginning
near the prepharynx and running into a simple, rather wide
terminal sac at the posterior end of the body. ‘The genital
sucker is quite distinct, situated about the middle of the body.
That this structure is not a ventral sucker in the true sense
244 Dr. W. Nicoll and Mr. W. Small on
of the term is evidenced by the fact that although the
aperture is sharply enough defined, the sucker itself does not
have the well-marked outline usually associated with the
ventral sucker. Furthermore, the vestigial ventral sucker
can be made out a little in front of the genital aperture, but
its apeiture is concealed in the genital sucker. Traces of two
small testes can be detected in front of the ends of the
intestinal diverticula, but none of the other organs are visible.
The cuticle, as in the adult, is set with numerous regular
scale-like spines.
This larval form appears to have hitherto escaped obser-
vation. Its identification as the cercaria of Cryptocotyle
concava (Crepl.) seems quite justifiable without further proof,
for it possesses the characters of that species in a marked
degree and there is no other British species with which it is
likely to be confused. We have found, too, that Phalacro-
coraz graculus (the shag), which is one of the hosts of the
adult parasite (so far, the only British host), feeds largely on
small plaice, dabs, and flounders.
Stephanochasmus baccatus, Nicoll. (Cercaria.)
We have to record this larva from Pleuronectes limanda.
Only one cyst was obtained, but no special search was made
for more; its frequent occurrence in young Pleuronectids has
already been fairly well established. The cyst was embedded
under the skin and its wall was very thin and membranous,
the thick outer covering, mentioned by Miss Lebour *, having
probably been removed in freeing the cyst from the tissues
of its host. Its diameter was about *7 mm., but it was
more or less ovoid, according to the movements of the en-
closed cercaria.
The length of the cercaria is 1°8—2°0 mm. and in structure
it agrees very well with the adult Stephanochasmus baccatus.
Anteriorly it is covered with numerous regularly arranged
spines, which disappear a short distance behind the ventral
sucker. ‘The oral sucker is encircled by two rows of larger
and stouter spines which are closely applied to the aperture.
They number 28 in each row and are regularly and sym-
metrically arranged, no gap being left in either of the rows.
‘hose of the anterior row measure ‘036 mm. in length, in
the posterior row ‘04 mm. on an average. There is slight
variation in length.
The oral sucker is termina) and measures *186 mm. in
diameter; the ventral sucker lies near the middle of the
* Op. cit. p. 14,
Pa...
Larval Trematodes. 945
body and measures 194 mm. The suckers are thus nearly
equal, although in the adult the ventral sucker is considerably
Jarger than the oial sucker. The grcater relative increase of
the ventral sucker, however, is of almost invariable occurrence
amongst Distomids.
The internal anatomy conforms very well to the Stephano-
chasmus type. ‘The pear-shaped pharynx measures ‘14 x
‘09 mm. ; the prepharynx is twice as long and the cesophagus
half as long. The excretory vesicle, as commonly occurs in
encysted cercariz, is of disproportionately large size. The
testes are rather near the posterior end and the ovary is a
little in front of them. The cirrus-pouch is well formed and
extends to midway between the ventral sucker and the ovary.
The yolk-glands were not very distinct.
The identification of larval Stephanochasmus species would
appear to rest very largely on the number and relative length
of the cephalic spines. Other features which aid in
identifying adult species, such as the size of the suckers, the
length of the cirrus-pouch, and the extent of the yolk-glands,
are of very doubtful value in the case of cercarie. The yolk-
glands are not, as arule, conspicuous enough, while the great
increase in the length of the post-acetabular relatively to the
pre-acetabular region as the genital glands develop and the
cercaria attains maturity renders futile any differentiation
based on the comparative sizes of the suckers or the pro-
portionate length of the cirrus-pouch. Assuming, however,
that the number of cephalic spines is constant, or very nearly
so, in each species, it is obvious that this would provide a
fairly reliable test in diagnosing species, except such as possess
a nearly equal number of spines,
Of the known species of Stephanochasmus, St. cesticillus
(Molin), St. bicoronatus (Stoss.), St. pristis (Deslongch.),
St. minutus, Lss., and St. rhombispinosus, Lebour, have all
less than 40 cephalic spines. In St. caducus, Lss., there are
48, in St. trigle, Lebour, about 50 (?), and in St. baccatus,
Nicoll, 56. It seems hardly likely that the cercariz of
St. caducus and St. baccatus could be confused, for not only
is there a difference of 8 spines, but the anterior row con-
tains the longer spines in St. caducus, while the reverse is
the case in St. baccatus. At the same time it must not be
forgotten that it is often a matter of great difficulty to deter-
mine the length of the spines accurately, for owing to the
curvature ot the surface on which they are set they are
usually seen somewhat foreshortened, and this applies more
particularly. to the spines of the anterior row. Between
St. trigle and St. baccatus there is greater difficulty in
246 Mr. R. C. Wroughton on new
deciding. In Miss Lebour’s description * of St. tr/gle the
number of spines is given as lying between 42 and 56, and
the spines of the anterior row are slightly longer than those
of the posterior row. From a specimen of what is apparently
St. trigle obtained at St. Andrews in Cottus scorpius we find
that the number of spines is 50 and that the posterior
spines are slightly longer than the anterior, In this specimen
it was noticed that the spines of the posterior row hada
tendency to diverge symmetrically from the middle line
instead of being directed straight backwards, as is usually
the case, but this may have been merely accidental. If the
number 50 is confirmed for St. trégle it will obviously be
easier to differentiate its cercaria from that of Sf. baccatus
than from that of St. caducus.
The occurrence of Stephanochasmus cercarie encysted in
various Pleuronectid fishes has already been described by
Johnstone + from Pleuronectes limanda (recorded as Disto-
mum valdeinflatum, Stoss.) and Miss Lebourt from Pl.
limanda, Pl. microcephalus, Pl. cynoglossus, and Drepano-
psetta platessoides. As Johnstone makes no mention of the
number or size of the cephalic spines it is impossible to be
sure about the identity of the cercariz which he found. In
Miss Lebour’s specimens the number of spines varied from
48 to 58. From these observations two alternative conclusions
may be drawn, either that the number of spines may vary
within such wide limits in the same species or that Miss
Lebour’s. collection included cercarie belonging to more
than one species. The former is opposed to most observed
facts ; the latter seems much more likely. It is not at all
improbable that the cercarie of St. caducus, St. trigla,
and St. baccatus are all to be found encysted in young
Pleuronectid fishes.
XXVIII.—New Species of Dendromus and Tatera.
By h. C. WroucutTon.
In a small collection of mammals made by Dr. Jameson in
the Transvaal I found some specimens of a Dendromus which
seems to require a new name; and, further, in comparing
‘ * Northumberland Sea Fisheries Rept. for 1907, p. 27, pl. iii.
gs. 3, 4.
+ Rep. Lancashire Sea Fish. Investig. 1904, p. 98.
} Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, New Series, ii. part i. p. 14,
and Northumberland Sea Fish. Rep. for 1907, p. 28.
Spectes of Dendromus and Tatera. 247
these specimens with those in the Natural History Museum,
it became evident that two Nyasan forms also require names.
Dendromus jamesont, sp. n.
A small Dendromus of the pumilio group, but with a well-
marked dorsal stripe.
Fur soft and close, length 8-10 mm, on back. General
colour as in D. pumilio, but a strongly marked, black dorsal
stripe.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 60 mm.; tail 78; hind foot 16; ear 13.
Skull: greatest length 20°5; basilar length 15; zygo-
matic breadth 11; brain-case breadth 10; nasals length 7:2 ;
diastema 5; upper molar series 3°1.
Hab. Zoutpansberg, ‘Transvaal.
Type. Adulttemale. B.M. no. 9.1.20. 27. Original num-
ber 135. Collected 6th July, 1907, by Dr. H. L. Jameson.
Seven specimens examined.
Dendromus whytet, sp. n.
A small Dendromus of the pumilio group, rather smaller
and slighter than either pumilio or yamesoni, with an obso-
lescent dorsal stiipe.
Colour above as in pumilio and jamesoni, but the dorsal
stripe of the latter obsolescent or absent. Under surface
white, but usually much suffused with ochraceous. Lars
small.
Skull more delicately formed, narrower across the palate
than in jamesont.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body (c.) 60 mm.; tail (c.) 85; hind foot 17;
ear 11.
Skull: greatest length 20; basilar length 15; zygomatic
breadth 11; brain-case breadth 10°5; nasals length 8;
diastema 5 ; upper molar series 3:1.
Hab. Nyasa (type from Fort Hill).
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 97. 10. 1. 131. Original
number H. J. 117. Collected by Mr. A. Whyte, and _pre-
sented to the Natural History Museum by Sir H. H.
Johnston, K.C.B.
Twelve specimens examined, from Nyika Plateau, Zomba,
and Mt. Malosa; in almost all there is a perceptible darkening
along the mid-dorsum, but in only one is there an appreciable
black stripe.
248 On new Spectes of Dendromus and Tatera.
The known members of this pumilio group may be arranged
in a key as follows :—
A. A well-marked dorsal stripe. (Transvaal.).. jamesont, sp. n.
B. Dorsal stripe absent or obsolescent.
a. Dorsal stripe obsolescent. Ear=11 mm.
PRAM Ss Tcl ccmies wtp ek aw aces whytei, sp. u.
b. Dorsal stripe absent.
a’. Size smaller. Skull 18:5 mm. Ear=
iOanm. PCAmmpla.): y.tccat ie ah staits.n,che » ansorget, Thos. & Wr.
6. Size larger. Skull 20-21 mm.
a’, Ears large, 15 mm. Colour paler.
(Cape Pemmpula.) 205 cies ae sues pumilio, Wagner.
b, Ears smaller, 12 mm. Colour darker.
(Camergonn)) cnwiis sk tewine eons s+. messorius, Thos,
Dendromus nyike, sp. n.
A Dendromus of the D. mesomelas type, with a claw on
the fifth toe. Rather smaller than that species, with a pro-
portionally much shorter tail and smaller ears.
Size rather smaller than D. mesome/as. Fur rather short
(9-10 mm. on back). Colour near to “ fawn-colour ” above,
pure white below; dorsal stripe well-marked from the
shoulders backwards. Hands and feet white. Ears small;
tail short as compared with JJesomelas.
Dimensions :—
Head and body (c.) 70 mm.; tail (c.) 85; hind foot 18;
ear 12.
Skull: greatest length 23; basilar length 17; zygomatic
breadth 12; brain-case breadth 10°1; nasals length 8°8;
diastema 5°5 ; upper molar series 3°6.
Hab. Nyika Plateau, British Central Africa.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 97. 10. 1.123. Original
number H. J. 7. Collected by Mr. A. Whyte in June 1896,
and presented, with four others besides spirit-specimens, to
the Natural History Museum by Sir H. H. Johnston.
The short tail, small ears, and the bluish or drab tint in
its colouring suffice to distinguish this species easily from
D. mesomelas, and, @ fortiori, from D. insignis.
It is curious that two of the series of five specimens taken
at the same time and place, and not otherwise differing in
any way, have the bases of the hairs of the belly of a dark
slate-colour, while in the type and the other two specimens
the corresponding hairs are white to their bases. ;
Unfortunately no measurements were recorded by Mr.
Whyte, and I have been obliged to base those given above
on a spirit-specimen taken at the same time and place.
Mr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia. 249
The following is a key to the known species of the meso-
melas group. I exclude pallidus, Heuglin, and mystica’s,
Heuglin, from Somaliland, about which information is not
available, even as to whether they should be classed with
D, mesomelas or D. melanotis.
A, Size rather larger, hind foot=21-22 mm.;
ear larger,=15 mm. Dorsal stripe very
strongly marked. (British East Africa.) .. D. insignis, Thos.
B. Size smaller, hind foot 18-20 mm.
a. Ear larger, 15 mm.; tail longer, 100-105
ini Crpe: to Natal). co . oas © tiskalerets ors D. mesomelas, Brants.
6. Kar smaller, 12 mm.; tail shorter, 85-90
AIMEE GIN FIN VARA ae ceraiacche efoto ae tae oat ke D. nyike, sp. n.
Tatera smithi, sp. n.
A Tatera closely resembling T. liodon in proportions and
colouring, but differing in its long posterior palatal fora nina
and extraordinarily broad brain-case.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 155 mm.; tail 145; hind foot 3145;
ear 20.
Skull: greatest length 42 (c.); basilar length 34:5 ;
interorbital breadth 7°4; brain-case breadth 18°6 ; anterior
palatal foramina 8°2; posterior palatal foramina 3°6; dia-
stema 12; upper molar series 6°8.
flab. Mubende, Unyoro.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 7. 10. 1. 14. Original
number 34, Collected and presented to the National Collec-
tion by Mr. L. M. Seth-Smith, 23rd March, 1908. ‘Two
specimens.
T. smithi, while closely resembling in general facies
T. liodon from Lake Mweru, has the long posterior palatal
foramina so characteristic of the northern forms from Egypt
and Somali.
XXIX.—Notes on the Forficularias— XV. The Esphal-
mening. By Mautcotm Borer, B.A., F.H.S., F.L.S.,
EA: Oe.
In 1901 Verhoeff (SB. Ges. naturf. Fr. no. 1, p. 7) formed
the family Gonolabide, the essential character being the form
of the prosternum, which is strongly narrowed posteriorly.
250 Mr. M. Burr—Notes on the Forficularia.
The second important feature is that the pygidium is fused
with the last dorsal segment.
Now the latter character is not peculiar to this group ; it
marks also the following genera:—Pyrayra, Echinopsalis,
Echinosoma, Forcipula, Allostethus, Labidura, Psalis, Labi-
durodes, Carcinophora, Anisolabis, and the six genera of the
Brachylabine referred to in these pages (‘ Annals,’ vol. ii.
p. 247,1908). It is, in fact, the distinguishing feature of the
family Labiduride, which includes all the genera mentioned
above, and falls naturally into several subfamilies.
In an earlier note on the Gonolabide (Ir. Ent. Soc.
London, 1904, p. 293) I have pointed out that this narrowing
of the prosternum occurs in G. peringueyi, G. silvestrit,
G. lativentris, but not in G. kirbyi nor in G. javana ; conse-
quently, by his characterization of the Gonolabide, Verhoeff
excludes the latter species. This is unfortunate, because
when I erected the genus Gonolabis (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.
xliv. p. 48, 1900), I specially mentioned G. javana as the
type of this genus.
Verhoeff was evidently unfamiliar with the literature of
the subject, relying almost, if not quite, entirely on de Bor-
mans’s monograph. Consequently he falls into the curious
error of quoting (/. c. p. 7) *‘Gonolabis (Burr) et mihi,” and
on the next page “Typus: G. lativentris Phil.” We must
now separate “ Gonolabis Burr” from ‘ Gonolabis mihi” ;
the former has a parallel prosternum and the type is G. ja-
vana, the latter has a narrow prosternum and the type is
G. lativentris.
A new name is required for “ Gonoladis mihi,” for which I
propose Esphalmenus *, with G. lativentris as type.
The Gonolabide of Verhoeff, therefore, does not include
the genus Gonolabis, and must be replaced by the name
Esphalmenine, reducing the rank to that of a subfamily.
There is a second genus in this subfamily, namely Gonolabina,
Verh. Like most of that author’s names, there is a lack of
originality in it ; this is more unfortunate since this genus
really belongs to the Esphalmenina, and has no connexion
with Gonol.bis, which genus does not require a separate
subfamily, but falls into the Anisolabine.
Subfamily HspzatuenryZ, nov.
Gonolabide, Verhoeff, SB. Ges. naturf. Fr. no. 1, p.7 (1901); Burr,
Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 293 (1904).
Apterous; antenna, feet, and pygidium as in Labiduride
generally ; prosternum strongly narrowed posteriorly.
* Tast. part. Greek: opaddo, to make ‘a mistake.
eee eee eee
Mr. M. Burr—Notes on the Forficularia. 251
Table of Genera.
1. Abdomen ¢ a basi usque ad apicem fortiter
dilatatum; segmentum ultimum dorsale
typicum, a pygidio verticali angulo fere
CULO Se PAE LUM. stetera eo cre= =) cls (<8 we eic, « 1. Esphalmenus, noy.
1.1. Abdomen g @ subparallelum, medio subdila-
tatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale g de-
pressum, declive, in pygidium depressum
horizontaliter transiens ................ 2. Gonolabina, Verh.
J, KsPHALMENUS, gen. nov.
Anisolabis, Bormans, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. ii. p, 62 (1883) ; id.
Tierreich, Forf. p. 51 (1900); id. Ann. Mus. Ciy. Gen. ii, p. 451
(1906).
Gonolabis, Burr, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 48 (1900) ; Verhoeff, SB.
Ges. naturf. Fr. p. 7 (1901) ; Kirby, Borelli.
Antenne multo-segmentate ; corpus apterum; pronotum quadra-
tum: abdomen g depressum, basi angustum, usque ad apicem
fortiter dilatatum; 2 subparallelum; segmentum ultimum
dorsale g¢ latum, transversum, 2 angustum; margine postico
recto, integro, abrupte et angulatim pygidio verticali separatum :
forcipis bracchia g valida, basi valde remota, fortiter arcuata ;
@ recta, simplicia.
Entirely apterous.
Antenne with numerous (? 30) segments, cylindrical ; third
long; fourth, fifth, and sixth much shorter, the remainder
gradually lengthening.
Head smooth. Pronotum rectangular.
Abdomen ¢ depressed, narrow at the base, then strongly
dilated towards the apex, which is several times wider than
the base; in 9 parallel and less depressed.
Last dorsal segment very broad, posterior margin straight ;
in @ narrow and sloping.
Pygidium ¢ vertical, fused with dorsal segment, but the
junction maiked by a sharp angle, almost acute, as in all
typical Labiduride : pygidium ¢ narrow.
Forceps with the branches ¢ stout, very remote at the
base, triquetre, tapering and strongly arcuate. In 9 straight,
tapering, and subcontiguous. j
Type of the genus: Forficula lativentris, Philippi, Z.
Naturw. xxi. p. 47 (1863).
Table of Species.
1. Foreipis bracchia ¢ prope basin superne cris-
LACH, 5) SPCClOS ALTICANG. 04). .5 ssie.0 oc aiee ss 1. peringueyt, Borm,
1.1. Forceps superne inermis: species Americze
meridionalis. ,
252 Mr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia.
2. Segmentum penultimum ventrale g medio
triangulariter excisum .........0..4. 2. camposi, Bor.
2.2. Segmentum penultimum ventrale integrum
vel sinuato-emarginatum.
3. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ in parte
postica fortiter depressum .......... 3. silvestrii, Bor.
3.3. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ postice
HIGH MOPTOMBEN. «a5. a 5.5.niecnaeca ans 4. lativentris, Phil.
1. Esphalmenus peringueyt, Borm.
Gonolabis peringueyi, Borm. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xx. p. 451 (1900);
Burr, Tr, Ent. Soc. London, p. 293 (1904) ; Kirby, Cat. Orth. i. p. 16
(1904).
South Africa: Cape Colony, Caledon (Borm., coll. Brun-
ner, and c. m.), taken by Peringuey.
De Bormans only gave a very brief description of this
species, but ample for its identification. It is the only Old-
World member of the genus, and the abdomen being four or
five times as wide at the apex as at the base, its appearance
is very distinctive; the general colour is brick-red. The
dimensions are as follows :—
dé. q.
mm. mm.
Renpth-of body: “25.05 ccneese ek 105-115 11
Breadth of pronotum .......... 15-175 175
Breadth of base of abdomen .... = -1°75-2 2
Breadth of apex of abdomen .... 3-5 35
Length of forceps.............. 2 25
Breadth of forceps .....0.0.00: 25-475 15
2. Esphalmenus campost, Borelli.
Gonolabis camposi, Borelli, Boll, Mus. Tor. xxii. n. 552 (1907).
Ecuador.
This species is carefully described by Borelli, who gives a
figure of the characteristic form of the ventral surface of the
apex of the abdomen.
It differs from its congeners in its shining black colour
and less strongly dilated abdomen.
3. Esphalmenus silvestrit, Borelli.
Gonolabis silvestru, Borelli, Boll. Mus, Tor. xvii. no. 418, p. 4, fig.
(1902) ; Burr, Bull. Mus. H. N. Paris, p. 31 (1908).
Gonolabis sylvestrit, Kirby, Cat. Orth. i. p. 31 (1904).
Patagonia.
This species is well described and figured by Borelli.
Mr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia. 253
4, Esphalmenus lativentris, Phil.
Forficula lativentris, Philippi, Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. xxi. p. 217 (1863).
Anzsolabis lativentris, Borm, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii. p. 62, pl. il.
fig. 3 (1883); id. Tierreich, Forf. p. 51 (1904).
Gonolabis lativentris, Burr, Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 49 (1902) ;
id. Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 293 (1904) ; id. Bull. Mus. H. N. Paris,
p- 31 (1908) ; Borm. Ann.. Mus. Ciy. Gen. (2) xx. p. 451 (1900) ;
Borelli, Bol. Mus. Tor. no. 451, p. 4 (1902); Verh. SB. Ges. naturf.
Fr. p. 8 (1902) ; Kirby, Cat. Orth. i. p. 16 (1904).
Chili; Peru: Buenos Aires; Straits of Magellan.
XXX.—Notes on the Forficulariaa—X VI. On Dermapterain
the Greifswald Museum, with Synonymic Notes on some of
Gerstecker’s Species. By MAtcoum Burr, B.A., F.E.S.,
PES. EeZ.S., Ke.
As the identity of four species of Dermaptera described by
Gerstecker from West Africa has long been a puzzle, I am
very glad to have the opportunity of putting all doubts
at rest. Dr. Muller, Director of the Greifswald Museum,
has very kindly communicated me the types of Gersteecker,
together with some material from various sources; this is
worked out in the following short paper, in which the
synonymy of the four doubtful species is established, as also
of a species of Proreus.
I avail myself of the opportunity of once more expressing
my gratitude to Dr. Muller.
Apachys chartaceus, Haan.
Soekaranda (Dohrn), 1 ¢.
Diplatys cf. nigriceps, Kirby.
Java orient (Mruhstorfer).
This specimen is undeterminable, because imperfect.
Diplatys vosseleri, Burr.
Neguélo, East Africa (Holle), 1 3.
Cylindrogaster gracilis, Stal.
Theresopolis (Fruhstorfer),3 g,1 ¢.
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 18
254 Mr. M. Burr—Notes on the Forficularia.
Dicrana, sp. n.
S.W. Java, Palabuan (Fruhstorfer), 1 ?.
Allied to D. horsfieldi and D. quadriguttata, but differs
entirely in colour.
The pronotum is tawny, with a black V, whereas it is red
in D. quadriguttata and dark with a pale border in J. hors-
fieldi ; the pronotum is dark in the latter, red in the former
species, but tawny in this. In JD. horsfieldi the elytra are
yellowish ; in D. quadriguttata black, with four reddish spots ;
in this species all black.
The pronotum is rectangular, the penultimate ventral
segment of the ¢ has a median sulcus in J). horsfieldi and
D. quadriguttata. It is not advisable to give a name and a
iormal description to this species without the male.
Echinosoma wahlbergi, Dolirn.
Nguélo, Hast Africa (Rolle), 1 g.
Pyragra brunnea, sp. n.
Statura minore; colore rufo, pronoto, alis pedibusque fulvo-signatis ;
elytris fuscis.
oir ie
Long. corporis ...... 10 mm. 10) mm.
oy] anes See is, 1°75 ';
Size relatively small.
General colour brown.
Antenne with about thirty segments ; first not very long,
stout and clavate ; second short, cylindrical; third cylindrical
and long, quite four times as long as broad ; fourth and fifth
quite short, almost globular, about as broad as long; sixth,
seventh, eighth, and ninth &c. gradually lengthening, very
gently clubbed at the apex, the apical ten segments slender,
almost cylindrical; in colour dull brown.
Head broad, black, mouth-parts tawny; tumid and bristly.
Pronotum transverse, convex anteriorly, straight poste-
riorly, the angles rounded and sides gently rounded; blackish
brown, with a tawny spot on each side.
Elytra dull brown, rough, clothed with short bristles.
Wings dull brown, pale yellowish along the suture.
Feet tawny, femora and tibiz banded with fuscous.
Abdomen depressed, parallel, deep reddish brown, rugulose
and bristly.
Mr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia. 255
Last dorsal segment transverse in both sexes, ample, poste-
rior margin straight; on each side there is a longitudinal
ridge which runs into the posterior margin at the angles,
which are rounded.
Penultimate ventral segment ¢ transverse, with a shallow,
median, round emargination and each lobe broadly rounded ;
in 2 not emarginate, obtuse-angular.
Forceps with the branches remote in ¢ at base, stout,
triquetre, tapering arcuate, straight, contiguous, triquetre,
and serrate.
Peru: Fonteboa (Hahnel, g, in Mus. Greifswald) ; Iguapo
(2? ine. m., et coll. Gadeau de Kerville).
This species approaches nearest to P. paraguayensis, Bor.,
but is smaller and differs in pattern. It can hardly be con-
fused with the other species, if only on account of its much
smaller size.
Anisolabis, ? sp. n.
Victoria (West Africa).
There are six specimens of Anzsolabis from Victoria. I
dare not offer an opinion on them; probably some at least
are immature specimens of Psalis. One adult appears to be
allied to A. compressa, Borelli, but is less compressed, and
the antenne and feet are somewhat differently coloured.
Anisolabis maritima, Borm.
N. 17,481. Probably referable to this species.
Brachylabis nigra, Scudd.
Fonteboa (Hahnel), 1 ?.
Psalis cincticollis, Gerst.
This specimen is Gerstecker’s type. It is, unfortunately,
a female, but it is evidently a Psalis. It is larger than
P. picina, Kirby, the other West-African species, and is
probably quite distinct. In the short elytra and pronotum it
approaches to P. delilis, Burr (Hast Africa) ; in the yellowish
basal segments of the antennse it agrees with both; in the
relatively long fourth antennal segment it approaches
P. picina. It is to be hoped that the male will be discovered
soon, so that its true relations may be determined.
Long, Corporis ..%...... 17-5 mm.
forcipis sete eens 3 2?
3? 18%
256 - Mr. M. Burr—Notes on the Forficularia.
Spongiphora quadrimaculata, Stal.
Aburi, 2 ¢. ; ,
These are Gerstecker’s original specimens of For ficula
protensa, which is consequently sunk as asynonym. There
is no doubt whatever as to their identity.
Spongiphora croceipennis, Serv.
Brazil, San Paul (Staudinger), 1 3.
Platylabia sparattoides, Borm.
Java orient. (Fruhstorfer), 3 g,2 %, and nymph,
Mecomera brunnea, Serv.
Fonteboa (Hahnel),1 3.
Chesospanta pederina, Gerst.
Bonjongo, Aburi (Buchh.), 2 ¢.
These, originals of Gersteecker, are identical with Ch. bon-
iana, Borg, and Ch. escalere, Burr, which consequentl
g 2 g; 2 P q y
tall as synonyms.
Sphingolabis semifulva, Borm.
Java orient. (Fruhstorfer),1 3.
? Labia sicaria, Burr.
Java orient. (Fruhstorfer), 1 g ; probably identical.
Proreus elegans, Borm.
Java orient. (Fruhstorfer),1 g,1 2.
Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Gestro, I have been able to
compare these specimens with de Bormans’s type, and there is
no doubt as to their identity ; the female is obviously iden-
tical with the specimen in the Budapest Museum described
by me under the name of Apterygida lingua (Termes. Fiiz.
xxy. p. 486, pl. xx. fig. 8, 1902), well characterized by the
tongue-shaped pygidium, and the specimen doubtfully re-
ferred to as a variety of Ch. elegans (J. c. p. 485) is the male.
It differs from the other species of Proreus in the relatively
broad pronotum, agreeing thus with the P. sobrius, Borm.,
which resembles P. elegans in build and structure, but differs
in colour and in the form of the occiput, which is tumid on
On Mammals collected in Turkestan. 27
each side, whereas the whole head is smooth and globose in
P. elegans.
Elaunon erythrocephalus, Oliv.
Abo: Simbareni (Bucch.), 2 ¢,2 2.
These are the original specimens of Chelisoches pulchellus
of Gerstecker, which must consequently be sunk as a
synonym.
Doru lineare, Esch.
Bahia (Fruhstorfer), 1 g; Guatemala, 2 ¢,1 ?; There-
sopolis (Lruhstorfer).
Var. californica, Dohrn,
Theresopolis (Fruhstorfer),3 g,1 9.
As the synonymic results established in the foregoing paper
are rather important, it is worth while repeating them :—
Brachylabis cincticollis, Gerst., in Mt. Ver. Vorpomm. xiv.
p. 44 (1883), is a true Psalis; it is allied to Psalis pi-
cina of Kirby, and may prove te be identical when the
male is discovered.
Forficula protensa, Gerst. (/. c. p. 45), is synonymous with
Spongiphora quadrimaculata, Stal.
Forficula pederina, Gerst. (/. c. p. 46), is identical with
Chetospania bongiana, Borg, and Ch. escalere, Burr, so
that the correct name is Chetospania pederina (Gerst.).
Chelisoches pulchellus, Gerst. (/. c. p. 42), is synonymous
with Llaunon erythrocephalus (Oliv.).
Apterygida lingua, Burr (Termes. Fiiz. xxv. p. 486, pl. xx.
fig. 8, 1902), is the female of Proreus elegans, Borm.
XXXI.—On Mammals collected in Turkestan by Mr. Douglas
Carruthers. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
Tue British Museum has recently received a collection of
mammals, obtained in different parts of Turkestan by
Mr. Douglas Carruthers, one of the mammal collectors to
whom the remarkable success of the recent Ruwenzori
Expedition was due.
258 Mr. O. Thomas on
Mr. Carruthers spent the winter of 1907-8 at Samarkand
and Bokhara, making collections in the three zones accessible
from ‘here desert, fertile, and mountain regions of
Turkestan, Then in the summer he made an excursion up
to the Hissar Mountains, on the south side of the Zarafshan
Valley, 100 miles east of Samarkand, and afterwards to the
Ak-sai Plateau, N. of Kashgar.
Although the region is fairly well known to Russian
naturalists, the British Museum has hitherto been very
badly off for mammals from Turkestan ; and this series is
therefore of much importance to us for comparison with our
Bane collections of Persian and N. Indian animals.
120 specimens are enumerated, belonging to 23 species, of
which four have needed description as new, besides three
others from adjacent parts of Central Asia, “already i in the
Museum Collection.
1. Nyctalus noctula, Schr.
6. 16, 77, 78, 79; 9. 74, 75. Samarkand. 2000)
2. Pipistrellus pipistrellus lacteus, Temm,
du2,0,2035 9. 1. Samarkand. 2000.
In describing his P/pistrellus bactrianus* Dr. Satunin
has not shown any reason why Dobson’s definite identifica-
tion T of Temminck’s /acteus with the pale-coloured E. Tur-
kestan Pipistrelle should be ignored. Without evidence that
the identification is wrong, the name should be used,
Moreover, Severtzoff’s Ve esperugo akokumuli, Temm., var.
almatensis }, dating from 1876, would also appear to be the
same form.
3. Erinaceus macracanthus, Blanf.
9. 24. Hills south of Samarkand. 3000/.
4. Crocidura sp.
oy 11,12, 22; 9. 19,21. Hills south of Samarkand.
6.81; 9.100. Samarkand. 2000.
Allied to or identical with C. ilensis, Mill.
* Mitth. Kaukas, Mus, ii. p. 85 (1905),
+ Cat. Chir. B, M. p. 225 lis78),
t Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xviii. p, 42 (1876).
Mammals collected in Turkestan. 259
5. Citellus fulvus, Eversm.
3. 41; 9. 40,65. 450 miles S.W. of Bokhara. 600).
So. 87; 2. 86,97. Samarkand. 2000.
Both summer and winter pelages are represented in this
series, but there is not the material difference between the
two that occurs in the next species.
6. Spermophilopsis leptodactylus, Licht.
6. 30, 92,94; ¢@. 55, 60, 63, 64. 50 miles S.W. of
Bokhara. 600.
Nos. 92 and 94, killed 20th May, are in the curious short
summer pelage, though with a few hairs left of the soft
winter coat.
“‘ Shot on sand-hills.’”—D. C.
| Aretomys littledale?, sp. n.
The orange-rufous marmot of the Pamirs, hitherto erro-
neously termed A. caudatus, Jacq. Description in footnote*.]
7. Arctomys littledalei flavinus, subsp. n.
6.117; 2.118. Hissar Mts., 100 miles E. of Samar-
kand. 10,000'.
General characters of A. Wittledale’, but the body-colour
paler throughout, more yellowish, the hairs brown at base,
* Allied to A. caudatus, but the back, instead of being broadly washed
with black, wholly tawny or ochraceous tawny—the hairs blackish at
base, their middle zone buffy or ochraceous buff, and their ends tawny,
with minute and inconspicuous black tips. Under surface duller tawny,
Cheeks and sides of neck little lighter than rest of body. Crown blackish,
as is also a patch on the top of the nose. Hands and feet ochraceous
tawny. Tail long, dull ochraceous tawny, with a prominent black end.
Skull decidedly smaller than that of the true A. caudatus.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) ;—
Head and body (probably stretched) 580 mm; tail 240; hind foot 80.
Skull: upper length 95; basilar length 83; greatest breadth 61;
nasals 87°56 X 17'3; length of upper tooth-series 22.
Hab. Alai Mts., Pamir.
Type. Old female. B.M, no. 92. 1. 1. 7.
The British Museum owes to Mr. St. George Littledale its first speci-
mens of this splendid marmot, and has since received others from the
St. Petersburg and Warsaw Museums. These have been hitherto con-
sidered as identical with A. caudatus, Jacq., but the skins of this latter
received from Col. Ward and Mr. Whitehead show such constancy in
their larger size and possession of a broadly black-washed back that it is
evident that the Pamir species should be distinguished from them, and I
haye had much pleasure in naming it in honour of the well-known
explorer who discovered it.
260 Mr. O. Thomas on
cream-buff for their middle zone, their ends tawny, without
black tips. Under surface between buffy and ochraceous buff.
Sides of neck and area round and over shoulders clear buffy,
without tawny tips, this contrasting with the top of the neck,
which is darkened by the tawny ends of the hairs. Head
brown, becoming gradually tawny posteriorly. Hands and
feet buff. Tail dull buffy or pinkish buff, the end scarcely
darker.
Skull about as in true A. litéledaler.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 470 mm.; tail 220; hind foot 82; ear 28.
Skull: upper length 95; basilar length 84; greatest
breadth 57; length of nasals 39; length of upper tooth-
row 21.
Hab, as above.
Type. Adult female. Original number 118. Collected
20th June, 1908.
This is probably the marmot called A. caudatus by
Severtzoff. It has, of course, nothing to do with that species,
from which it is even further away than A. Jittledalei, of
which I provisionally make it a subspecies. It is readily
distinguished from the latter by its paler ground-colour, the
prominent pale areas on the sides of the neck, and by the
absence of a black tip to the tail.
An imperfect skin from Suok, N.W. Mongolia, presented
to the Museum by Mr. H. J. Elwes, would also appear to be
referable to this form.
8. Arctomys centralis, sp. n.
Arctomys dichrous, Biichner, nec Anderson.
g. 121 (immature). Ak-sai Plateau, 120 miles N. of
Kashgar. 12,000’.
A small species of a colour intermediate between the
brown marmots of the Aiémalayanus group and the yellow ones
of the caudatus-littledalei type. Fur of back for its basal
two-fifths blackish brown, then two-fifths cream-buff, the
terminal fifth dark brown. Belly strongly contrasted dark
rufous,
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body (stretched) 600 mm. ; tail 155.
Skull: upper length 95 ; condylo-basal length 96; greatest
breadth 62°5 ; nasals 41x 16°23; palatilar length 50; length
of upper tooth-series 24.
Hab. Vian-shan. Type from Mt. Boro-choro.
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 92. 1.1.5. Collected 15th
Mammals collected in Turkestan. 261
July, 1889. Received in exchange from the St. Petersburg
Museum.
The small red-bellied marmot of the Tian-shan was iden-
tified by Dr. Biichner as A. dichrous, Anderson; but a
cotype of this latter in the British Museum shows that it is
a wholly different animal, of a more or less chocolate-brown
colour. Dr, Bichner has so fully described the present
species and stated its relationship to the other Siberian forms
that further detail is not now required.
It may be noted that A. batbacinus, Brandt, is absolutely
a nomen nudum, whether Dr. Biichner was or was not right
in separating the present animal from it.
9. Rhombomys opimus, Licht.
3. 34, 54,61; %. 56,57,59, 62, 88,93. 50 miles S,W.
of Bokhara. 600!.
10. Meriones tamaricinus, Pall.
Gu 05099; 99 5 Pade 95. Samarkand. 2000’.
11. Meriones eversmanni, Bogd.
6. 23, 67, 84, 85; 9. 7, 65, 71. 10-20 miles §S. of
Samarkand. 2000!.
“In small colonies on semi-cultivated desert.’
I provisionally use the name eversmanni for this gerbil as
being undoubtedly applicable to it, but it is so closely related
to the Kandahar MW. erythrourus, Gray, that its ultimate
union with that species is very probable.
Gerbils of the same type are widely distributed over
S.W. Asia, examples from Karyatein (Kargeten), near
Damascus, being quite similar to typical Afghan specimens.
Sundevall’s A. crassus from Sinai also belongs here.
A smaller species, J. longifrons, Lat., occurs in §.W.
Persia (Ahwaz, Busrah, &c.) and Arabia (Jedda).
12. Meriones meridianus, Pall.
3d. 43, 44, 45, 46, 51,52; 2. 48,49,50. 50 milesS.W.
of Bokhara. 600!
Biichner has placed Blanford’s eryptorhinus as a synonym
of meridianus, but specimens of it in the British Museum
indicate that, while undoubtedly closely allied, it may be
distinguished by its larger size.
262 Mr. O. Thomas on
The species described in the footnote * was also considered
by Biichner as M. meridianus.
13. Mus rattus, L.
3. 20. Hills south of Samarkand. 4000!
14. Mus wagneri, Eversm.
gd. 15, 36, 83,96; 2. 6,8, 10, 13, 14, 17,18. Samar-
kand and southwards. 2000-3000".
3. 47, 89, 90,91; ¢. 31, 32, 33, 42-58. 30-50 miles
S.W. of Bokhara. 600!. ,
15. Apodemus sylvaticus arianus, Blanf.
3.9; ?. 16. Hills south of Samarkand. 3000.
3.101. Samarkand. 2000!.
gd. 103, 104, 111-115. Hissar Mts., 100 miles E. of
Samarkand.
16. Cricetulus pheus, Pall.
g. 112. Hissar Mts., 100 miles E. of Samarkand.
9500!
* Meriones biichneri, sp. n.
Allied to M. meridianus, but with much shorter ears. General colour
“lay-colour,” but bright and glossy, instead of dull as in Ridgway,
darker and richer than the sandy colour of M. meridianus. Under surface
pure white to the roots of the hairs. ars very short, 11 mm. instead of
15 measured from their bases and 6:7 mm. instead of 9 measured dry
from the crown, their proectote bright buffy with white end. Hands and
feet white; soles of the latter wholly hairy except a small spot under
the caleaneum; claws white. Tail uniformly tawny ochraceous above
and below, a few of the terminal hairs tipped with black.
Skull apparently quite as in M. meridianus, except that the bulle are
rather smaller.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body (in skin) 118 mm.; tail (skin) 89; hind foot (wet) 27;
ear (wet) 11.
Skull: greatest length 32°2; breadth on auditory bull 18.
Hab. Deleun Mts., Dsungaria.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no.92.1.1.11. Collected by N. Przevalski,
October 1874, and received in exchange from the St. Petersburg Museum.
This gerbil was referred to M. meridianus by Biichner, but he cannot
have noticed the striking difference in the size of the ears. From “ Ger-
billus” kozlovi, Satunin, it differs by its white claws and untufted tail.
Mammals collected in Turkestan. 263
17. Microtus (Micr.) ravidulus, Mill.
3. 123,124; 9. 120, 122. Ak-sai Plateau, 120 miles
N.E. of Kashgar. 11,000.
Practically topotypical of Miller’s species, which was
described from Ok-chi, in the valley of the Ak-sai River, at
7500!.
18. Microtus (Pitymys) carruthers?, sp. n.
GlO5s 108, -1095 1105.59" 106, 107,116. Hissar Mis.,
100 miles EX. of Samarkand. 9000-10,000'.
Apparently allied to the European subgenus Pitymys, but
with mamme and some dental resemblances to Phaiomys.
Size rather large for a Petymys. Fur long, very soft and
fine ; hairs of back about 12 mm. in length. General colour
above near ‘ broccoli-brown,” but varying a good deal in the
different specimens. Under surface dull whitish, the slaty
bases of the hairs showing through. Ears fairly long, quite
evident beyond the fur, pale brown. Hands and feet dull
whitish above ; claws rather longer than in ordinary Pitymys,
but not so long as in Phaiomys ; soles apparently with only
five pads, their posterior part thickly hairy. Tail fairly
long, more than twice the length of the hind foot, well but
not heavily haired, brown along its middle line above and at
the end, dull whitish on sidesand below. Mamme 2—2=8,
Skull lightly built, low, smooth, rounded, not ridged, its
general shape not very unlike that of WV. (P.) majori, but the
brain-case is shorter and the face more developed. Nasals
very broad anteriorly, tapering behind. Palatal foramina,
posterior palatal region, and bullze all about as in that species.
Tooth-pattern quite as in Phatomys, as figured by Miller *,
m® being similarly bilaterally symmetrical, though the
middle section is even less constricted in the middle line,
Below the anterior molar is quite like Miller’s figure, except
that there is usually a small extra external angle at the
middle of the long anterior lobe, making five salient external
angles to the tooth.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 101 mm.;; tail 39; hind foot 16; ear 13.
Skull: greatest length 24:5; basilar length 22; zygo-
matic breadth 14 ; nasals 6:1 x 3°6 ; interorbital breadth 3°7 ;
palatilar length 13°5; diastema 8°3; palatal foramina 4°6;
upper molar series (crowns) 5°7.
flab, as above.
* N, Am. Faun. no. 12, p. 57 (1896),
264 Mr. O. Thomas on
Type. Adult male. Original number 108. Collected
14th June, 1908.
I have been much puzzled as to where this peculiar little
vole should be placed. It differs from all the members of
Pitymys by its more numerous mamme, and in this respect,
as in locality and the details of the molar pattern, it shows
affinity with Phatomys. But there is nothing very essential
in the difference of molar pattern, while the general shape of
the skull, the external proportions, and the moderate claws
are all so much more like Pitymys than Phatiomys, that
I provisionally place it with the former, in which it is
geographically a connecting-link between the European and
American members.
19. Microtus (Alticola) argurus, sp. n.
. 102. Hissar Mts., 100 miles E. of Samarkand.
9500’. 14th June, 1908. Type.
A pale species, with an unusually long white tail.
Size about as in MM. blanfordi, the only other long-tailed
species. Fur fine and sott; hairs of back (in summer pelage)
about 7-8 mm. in length. General colour above “ ecru-
drab’’; under surface white, the slaty bases of the hairs
showing through; a line of cream-buff marking the junction
of the upper and lower colours on the sides. Hands and
feet white. Tail unusually long, slender, thinly haired (in
summer), lightly pencilled, wholly white above and below.
Mamme 2—2=8.
Skull not unlike that of JZ (A.) worthingtoni, Miller,
allowing for the fact that the type is barely adult. Bulle
rather smaller.
Teeth of the typical Alticola structure, but not very highly
specialized, as the posterior lobe of m’ is not so long as it
often is, and is also, with the rest of the teeth, thicker, its
thinness being a characteristic of the most specialized forms
of Alticola. Pattern about as in M. blanfordi *.
Dimensions of the type (barely adult) :—
Head and body 93 mm. ; tail 50; hind foot 19; ear 15-5.
Skull: greatest length 254; nasals 7:2; interorbital
breadth 3°9; palatilar length 12; diastema 7°4; palatal
foramina 4°63 upper molar series (crowns) 5:2.
Hab. and type as above.
This striking vole is readily distinguishable by its very
long tail from all the species of Aléicola except M. blanfordi,
which approaches it in tail-length but is very much darker
* Figured by Blanford, J. A. 8. B. 1. pt. 2, pl. i, (1881).
Mammals collected in Turkestan. 265
coloured, and whose tail has a dark line along the upper
surface.
The present is the most western locality at which any true
Alticola has been found, but there is little doubt that Chio-
nomys, the subgenus recently founded to contain the JJvcrotus
nivalis group, is the nearly allied European representative of
Alticola.
20. Ellobius fusciceps, sp. n.
3. 69, 70, 72, 80; 9. 66,73, 82. Samarkand. 2000’.
Black of face extended on crown. Skull short and broad.
m°® complicated.
Size, as gauged by skull, scarcely larger than in Z. ta/pinus.
General colour above buffy, rather darker and more intense
than ‘‘ pinkish buff,” passing gradually through dull buffy on
the sides to soiled buffy whitish on the belly, the last lighter
than in true talpinus, darker than in rufescens. Face
blackish, the black extending further back than in other
species and not entirely giving place to the dorsal colour till
behind the level of the ears.
Skull comparatively short and broad, zygomata evenly and
widely expanded. Muzzle short and broad, the incisors
rather less projected forwards than usual, their tips about
2 mm. nearer the molars than in other specimens of the same
size. Nasals not markedly narrowed behind, their posterior
end just level with that of the frontal premaxillary processes.
Brain-case smooth and little ridged, even in specimens with
the teeth quite worn down. Lambdoidal ridges well marked,
nearly evenly transverse, but sligitly bowed forwards in the
middle third and very much as they are in EH. tanecret, quite
different to the condition in £. fuscocapillus, intermedius,
lutescens, and woosnamd.
Third upper molar complex, about as in nos. 9-10 of
Biichner’s plate, therefore very different from the simple tooth
of E. talpinus and rufescens.
Dimensions of the type (an old male), taken in the flesh :—
Head and body 106 mm.; tail 13; hind foot 21.
Skull: condylo-basal length 31; condyle to tip of in-
cisors 382°8; zygomatic breadth 22°3; nasals 8x 3:4; inter-
orbital breadth 5°43 palatal length 18; diastema 11; palatal
foramina 3°2; upper molar series 7°3.
Hab. Samarkand.
Type. Old male. Original number 80. Collected 20th
April, 1908.
Externally this /lobius differs from any of the other
266 Mr. K. Andersen on new
described forms by the greater extension backwards of the
dark colour of the crown.
In the skull Z. talpinus and rufescens are smaller, with
much simpler m® ; Z. tancred is larger, with longer muzzle and
more forwardly projected incisors, as are also, with differently
shaped lambdoidal ridges, ZL. fuscocapillus, intermedius,
lutescens, and woosnami.
21. Lepus sp.
3. 27, 29,35; 2. 26, 28, 38, 39,53. 30 to 50 miles
W. of Bokhara. 600!.
22. Lepus sp.
3.113; 9.114. Hissar Mts., 100 miles E. of Samar-
kand,
In face of the considerable number of names that have been
given to Central-Asian hares, I cannot at present determine
definitely the two species obtained by Mr. Carruthers. One
of them is no doubt L. lehmanni, Sev.
23. Ochotona rutila, Sev.
g. 119. Hissar Mts., 100 miles E. of Samarkand. 9500!.
“ Shot among rocks ; notat all shy ; was carrying a large
amount of grass.”—D. C.
XXXIU.—Two new Bats from the Solomon Islands.
By Knup ANDERSEN.
Pteralopex anceps, sp. n.
Diagnosis.—Dentition less specialized than in Pt. atrata
(Guadaleanar, E. Solomon Islands) ; far much longer;
underside of body conspicuously paler. Hub. Bougainville,
W. Solomon Islands.
p*.—More Pteropine in shape and structure than corre-
sponding tooth of f#. atrata. In Pt. anceps p* is one-fifth
longer than broad (actual measurements, antero-posterior
diameter of crown 5°8 mm., transverse diameter 4°8) ; the ante-
rior basal ledge is narrow, not extending on the inner side of
the tooth round the base of the inner main cusp; the posterior
basal ledge less heavy, particularly postero-internally, and not
te
Bats from the Solomon Islands. 267
extending on the inner side of the tooth; inner main cusp not
essentially different from that of p* of a Pteropus, 1. e. it has
preserved its character of a longitudinal ridge, is not much
shortened antero-posteriorly, and, as in Péeropus, it consti-
tutes the inner wall of the tooth (is not pressed inward, on
the crushing surface of the tooth). In Pé. atrata p* is much
more conspicuously shortened, being only one-twelfth longer
than broad (actual measurements from four skulls, antero-
posterior diameter of crown 4°8-5°2 mm., transverse diameter
4-7-4°8) ; the anterior basal ledge is broad and extends, as a
well-marked ledge, on the inner side of the tooth round the base
of the inner main cusp, which is consequently cut off from the
inner side of the tooth and practically situated on the crushing
surface; posterior basal ledge heavy, particularly postero-
internally, in some individuals showing a very pronounced
tendency to extend forward along the inner base of the tooth,
nearly meeting and uniting with the inner prolongation of the
anterior ledge ; inner main cusp of tooth much more shortened
antero-posteriorly, 7. e. it has entirely lost its character of a
longitudinal ridge and is transformed into a conical cusp.
p> and m’.—Differential characters of m’ much the same as
those described above, under p*. p® is in neither species so
much specialized as p*‘, the differential characters therefore
correspondingly less conspicuous.
P3s Pay and m,.—The bifurcation of the tip of the outer cusp
of py and m, (one of the most peculiar characters of the
genus) is much less pronounced in Pt. anceps; it is well
marked on the inner side (crushing surface) of the cusp, but
in the profile of the outer side of p* and m’ it shows only asa
slight depression in the upper margin of the cusp, whereas in
Pt. atrata it is a deep notch. ps, ps, and my are conspicu-
ously less shortened, being about one-half (in Pé. atrata only
one-fourth) longer than broad. As in the upper teeth, the
inner main cusp of py and m, is more ridge-like, much less
cusp-like (conical), than in P¢. atrata. The posterior basal
ledge of py and m,, which in P¢. atrata is much more deve-
loped on the postero-internal than on the postero-external
corner of the teeth, thus rendering the posterior margin of the
teeth strongly oblique (particularly in mj), is in Pt. anceps
smaller and more equally developed postero-externally and
postero-internally, rendering the hinder margin less oblique.
Incisors and canines.—Upper incisors and canines, outer
lower incisors, and lower canines heavier than in Pt. atrata ;
upper incisors, combined breadth, 10:8 mm. (9°7-10 in four
skulls of Pt. atrata); upper canines, vertical extent from
268 Mr. K. Andersen on new
alveolus 10 (8°7-9°2), greatest antero-posterior diameter of
crown 6°2 (5°2-5'7).
Fur.—Approximate length of hairs, back 20 mm. (12-14
in Pt, atrata), mantle 30 (18-20), belly 21 (13-15). Tibia
and metatarsus densely clothed above ; thinly scattered hairs
on phalanges of toes; in Pt. atrata the fur extends backward
on proximal three-fourths of tibia, leaving distal fourth of
tibia, metatarsus, and phalanges naked save for some thinly
spread hairs. Furred area of back broader than in atrata.
Colour.—Blackish tinged with seal-brown; middle of
breast and belly light drab with short concealed seal-brown
bases to the hairs. J. atrata is practically uniform blackish
above and beneath, with no trace of drab on underparts.
Size.—Probably as Pt. atrata. The type and only speci-
men known is slightly immature (evidently very nearly full-
grown ; forearm 137 mm., in four adult Pt. atrata 139-143°5).
Type. 2 imm. (skinand skull) ; Bougainville, April 1904;
collected by A. S. Meek; B.M. 8. 11. 16. 7.
Remarks.—The discovery of this species is of particular
interest, not only because it is a second form of the peculiarly
aberrant genus Pteralopex, which was hitherto known from
Guadalcanar only, but also, and chiefly, because it links that
genusmoreintimately to Preropus. Pteralopex anceps possesses
all the essential dental characters of Pt. atrata, some of these -
quite as highly developed as the eastern species (enlargement
of upper incisors and canines, outer lower incisors, and py
secondary cusp of upper canines, &c.), others decidedly less
developed (anterior and posterior basal ledges of molariform
teeth, splitting of outer cusp of py and m,), but. at the same
time it has preserved more of the dental characters of an
ordinary Pteropus (inner ridges of upper and lower molariform
teeth, less excessive shortening of these teeth). So far as
the two latter categories of characters are concerned, it shows
one of the stages through which the still more highly
specialized Pt. atrata must, in all probability, have passed.
Externally, in the distribution, quality, and length of the
fur, as well as in the colour of the whole of the upper side, it
bears a striking resemblance to Pteropus pselaphon (see my
paper on the affinities of Péeraloper, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Feb. 1909, pp. 218-222).
Hipposiderus demissus, sp. n.
Diagnosis.—A species of the H. diadema group, allied to
HI, oceanitis (Guadaleanar), but much smaller, and conspicu-
ously paler beneath. Hab. San Christoval, E. Solomor
Islands.
Bats from the Solomon Islands. 269
Colour.—Hixposed colour of upperside dark brown, between
vandyck-brown and seal-brown, this colour contined to tips of
hairs; middle portion of individual hairs light ecru-drab or
whitish ecru-drab ; extreme base dark brown. A distinct
but not very sharply defined cream-buffy or nearly whitish
stripe on each side of back along membranes. General
colour of underside drab tinged with hair-brown, and con-
spicuously lightened with greyish white on sides of breast
and belly ; concealed bases of hairs nearly everywhere dark
brown.—The upperside is not essentially different in colour
from (only a little paler than) that of H. oceanitis; the
colour of the underparts is very much lighter.
Measurements.—T wo adult skins and skulls of H. demissus
(in parentheses, for comparison, measurements of two adult
specimens and skulls of H. oceanitis) :—Forearm 64°5 and
68°5 mm. (79 and 79), third metacarpal 50°5 and 50°5 (54:5
and 56:5), fourth metacarpal 48°5 and 48°5 (54 and 56), fifth
metacarpal 46 and 46°5 (51 and 52:5), lower leg 25°5 and
28°5 (35 and 36). Zygomatic breadth of skull 15:2 and 15°5
(17°3 and 17°5), mandible, condylus to front of incisors 19
and 19°5 (21°5 and 21°7), maxillary tooth-row, c-m* 10-2 and
10:2 (11°3 and 11°8), lower tooth-row, exclusive of incisors
11:5 and 11°7 (12°9 and 13:1).
Type. & ad. (skin and skull); Yanuta, San Christoval,
28th April, 1908; collected by A. S. Meek.
Remarks.—The Solomon Islands are now known to be
inhabited by three perfectly distinct forms of the H. diadema
type: the very large and long-legged H. dinops, apparently
confined to the New Georgia group; the small H. oceanitis,
from Guadalcanar, which in many respects, even in size, is
similar to H. pullatus (New Guinea), but considerably different
in colour ; and the very small, pale-bellied H. demissus, con-
fined to San Christoval. The latter species is at the same
time the smallest and the extreme eastern representative of
the diadema group.—A similar, or if anything still stronger,
splitting of one type of bat into different species, each confined
to one island or group of islands of the Solomon Archipelago,
is shown by the Pteropus rayneri group: Pt. cognatus in San
Christoval, Pt. raynert in Guadaleanar, Pt. rubianus in the
New Georgia group, Pt. lavellanus in Vella Lavella, and
Pt. grandis in the Bougainville group (a sixth species,
Ft. chrysoproctus, is found in the Moluccas). The Pteropus
hypomelanus group is represented in the Solomon Islands by
two species, one western (P¢. colonus, Bougainville group)
and one central (Pt. solomonis, New Georgia group). And
as pointed out above, also Pteralopex is differentiated into
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 19
270 On a new Cichlid Fish from the La Plata,
two perfectly distinct species, one western (anceps, Bougain-
ville) and one eastern (atrata, Guadaleanar). ‘The faunistic
areas of the Solomon Archipelago indicated by the distribu-
tion of the five species of the Pteropus raynert group are
very nearly the same as those recognized by ornithologists (see
W. Rothschild and E. Hartert, Nov. Zool. xii. pp. 243-244,
1905).
XXXIII.—Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus
Heterogramma from the La Plata. By C. TATE Rea@an, M.A.
Heterogramma pleurotenia.
Depth of body 2? in the length, length of head 23. Snout
shorter than eye, the diameter of which is 3 in the length of
head ; interorbital width 32 in the length of head. Depth of
preorbital 1 the diameter of eye. Maxillary extending a
little beyond the vertical from anterior edge of eye; jaws
equal anteriorly ; fold of the lower lip continuous ; cheek
with 4 series of scales; no distinct gill-rakers on the lower
part of the anterior arch. Scales 23 =; upper lateral line
well developed on 8 or 9 scales only; lower lateral line
vestigial or absent. Dorsal XVI6; spines subequal from
the fourth, the last 2 the length of head. Anal IV 5. Pec-
toral nearly as long as the head. Caudal rounded. Caudal
peduncle deeper than long. A dark lateral stripe from eye
to base of caudal; a broad oblique blackish bar from eye to
interoperculum ; caudal fin with a few transverse bars or
series of spots ; outer edge of pelvic fin dusky.
A single specimen, 40 mm. in total length, from the La
Plata, received from Herr J. Paul Arnold.
The different coloration, somewhat deeper body, lower
spines, narrower interorbital region, &c. distinguish this
species from the allied H. corumbe and H. trifasciatum. A
specimen of H. corumbe in the British Museum has IV 5
anal rays, and it is probable that in the species here described
the normal number is III 6-7.
On the Toxie Action of the Bite of the Boomslang. 271
XXXIV.—On the Toxic Action of the Bite of the Boomslang
or South-African Tree-Snake (Dispholidus typus). By
F. W. Firz-Srmons, F.Z.8., &c., Director, Port Elizabeth
Museum, Cape Colony.
THIS is the snake which recent events have made famous all
over the Cape Colony. Recently one bit an assistant in our
Museum with nearly deadly effect ; then another in our
collection of living snakes deliberately swallowed another
individual of its own species, almost as big as itself. These
incidents have caused heated discussions everywhere, as, in
the first place, the Boomslang has been regarded as a non-
venomous snake, and, secondly, it has hitherto been believed
that when snakes swallow each other it is of the nature of an
accident—as, for instance, when two snakes seize and attempt
to swallow a frog, rat, or some other form of prey, neither
caring to let go, the bigger snake naturally engulphs the
smaller. In the case of the Boomslang referred to, the act
was deliberate in every sense of the word.
Some live frogs were introduced into the cage containing
five of these tree-snakes, one of which managed, by superior
agility, to capture and swallow several of the former, much
to the annoyance of one of its fellows. The latter worked
itself into a state of great excitement and attacked its com-
panion viciously, seizing it in various parts of its body.
Eventually it gripped the other firmly by the neck and
gradually worked its head forwards until it reached the other’s
jaws, whereupon it began to deliberately swallow it with a
succession of spasmodic gulps, accompanied by heaving,
forward movements.
After a lapse of twenty minutes it had swallowed one
half of the struggling, writhing victim. I then had it
removed and photographed, and, during the process, so intent
was it upon the work it had in hand that the swallowing
process went merrily on, and the photograph shows it in the
act of raising its jaw in order to take another mouthful.
Being desirous of preserving these specimens as evidence of
the occurrence, I removed a little tobacco-juice with a feather
from a dirty pipe and passed the feather between the jaws of
the Boomslang.
Almost instantly a curious vibratory thrill passed through
the snake from head to tail, the muscles relaxed, and the
snake lay a lifeless mass within two minutes of the intro-
duction of the tobacco-juice, demonstrating the rapid prussic-
acid-like action of this poison upon the vital functions.
19*
272 Mr. F. W. Fitz-Simons on the Toxic Action
This Boomslang was of the striped, black and yellowish-
green variety, measuring 4 ft. 9 inches, whilst the victim
was the brown variety 3 ft. 11 inches long.
The Boomslang is placed in the British Museum Catalogue
of Snakes by G. A. Boulenger in the family Colubride,
series Opisthoglypha, subfamily Dipsadomorphine. The
definition of the Opisthoglypha is “ a division of snakes with
one or more of the posterior maxillary teeth grooved,” most,
if not all, being regarded as poisonous to a very slight degree,
paralysing their prey before deglutition. .
Now this is a very important point to bear in mind, viz.,
one of the Opisthoglypha has been classified in many text-
books of science as a non-venomous snake, or one not
dangerous to man, as it is my present intention to prove the
very opposite.
Sir Andrew Smith in his ‘Zoology of South Africa’
remarks: ‘‘ As this snake, in our opinion, is not provided
with a poisonous fluid to instil into wounds which these fangs
may inflict, they must consequently be intended for a
purpose different to those which exist in poisonous reptiles.
Their use seems to offer obstacles to the retrogression (re-
tention) of living animals, such as birds &c., while they are
only partly within the mouth ; and from the circumstances
of these fangs being directed backward and not admitting of
being raised so as to form an angle with the edge of the jaw,
they are well fitted to act as powerful holders when once
they penetrate the skin and soft parts of the prey which their
possessors may be in the act of swallowing. Without such
fangs escapes would be common; with such they are rare.”
He goes on further to say: “The natives of South Africa
regard the Boomslang as poisonous, but in their opinion we
cannot concur, as we have not been able to discover the
existence of any glands manifestly organized for the secretion
of poison. The fangs are enclosed in a soft pulpy sheath,
the inner surface of which is commonly coated with a thin
glairy secretion. This secretion may possibly have some-
thing acrid and irritating in its qualities, which may, when
it enters a wound, occasion pain and even swelling, but
nothing of greater importance.”
Naturally I accepted this generally current belief, and in
consequence I and my assistants freely handled these snakes,
taking no precautions against being bitten, deeming such to
be superfluous, until, “like a bolt from the blue,” Mr. James
Williams, an assistant, was bitten, and came within a hair’s-
breadth of losing his life.
During November 1907 we had occasion to transfer our
CPL TRA,
of the Bite of the Boomslang. 273
collection of live snakes to their new apartments, and
Mr. Williams was carrying a large variegated Boomslang
when it suddenly buried its teeth in the muscles of his bare
forearm, just below the elbow-joint. It gripped with great
power and held on firmly. We disengaged its jaws, and I
suggested treating the wound, but he would not hear of such
a thing, and believing, as I did at the time, that it was a non-
poisonous snake I did not insist. The wound smarted a
little and he went on working. Within an hour a throbbing
headache had manifested itself, accompanied by oozing of
blood from the mucous membranes of the mouth, followed by
vomiting.
Meanwhile the wound was slowly oozing blood, and the
nuscles in the vicinity were somewhat swollen. He was
then taken to Dr. Bruce, who declared him to be suffering
unmistakably from the effects of virulent poison which was
seriously affecting the blood and mucous membranes. During
the night Williams’s condition gradually and progressively
became more alarming, and he was taken to the Provincia}
Hospital the following day in a state of utter collapse. He
steadily grew worse, and blood oozed continuously from all
the mucous surfaces, viz. the mouth, nose, stomach, bladder,
and bowels. Then the blood began to ooze into the tissues
and caused large blackish-purple swollen patches under the
skin. One eye and its surrounding tissues, both forearms for
two-thirds their length, a portion of the abdomen, hip, and
thigh, were all charged with extravasated blood, presenting
a dreadful sight.
The venom of Dispholidus typus evidently contains a
poison which acts upon the endothelial cells lining the
capillaries. This action is particularly characteristic of the
poison of the Crotalinee and is most marked after poisoning
by the South American vipers of the genus Lachesis.
Flexner has given the name “ hemorrhagins ” to the con-
stituents of poisons possessing this action and regards them
as special cytolysins for endothelial cells.
Williams rapidly grew worse after the second day in
hospital, severe abdominal pains setting in and inability to
retain even water in the stomach. Irom this time he rapidly
sank, and on the evening of the third day after being bitten
I went to the hospital, accompanied by Mr. William
Armstrong, J.P., who took what we believed to be his
dying deposition, the doctor declaring him to be in an
extremely critical condition, which might result in death
before the morning. He lingered on in this state, bordering
between life and death, till about the sixth day, when a slow
274 Mr. F. W. Fitz-Simons on the Toaic Action
improvement began to manifest itself, and from this time on-
waid his condition rapidly improved, and in three weeks he
was discharged from the hospital still in a weak, debilitated
state, and although he gradually regained strength, he had
relapses of slight bleeding from the mucous membranes of
the mouth, and one eye was occasionally affected: and even
three months after the accident, slight discoloration in the
tissues surrounding one of his eyes showed itself for a few
days. Apart from this, he has otherwise entirely recovered
his health and strength, thanks to the skilful treatment in
the first instance by Dr. Bruce, followed by the effective
treatment whilst in hospital under the care of Drs. Pottinger
and Wallace.
Some years ago a local gentleman was bitten by a Boom-
slang snake and died a few days later, but the general belief
was, and is, that he died of blood-poisoning consequent upon
pricking and irritating the wound with some foreign sub-
stance. A well-known gentleman, who saw him shortly after
being bitten, says :—“ I questioned him as to whether he had
experienced any effects from the bite, and he certainly gave
me to understand that he had not, and attributed the whole
trouble to the rash use of a needle, and making too deep a
puncture with it. He told me that he felt quite well as far
as his health was concerned, and I was surprised to hear a
few days afterwards that his death was attributed to the bite
of the Boomslang ; I had always been under the impression it
was a case of ordinary blood-poisoning.”
I have made very careful enquiry into this case, and it
seems the gentleman at first showed no very apparent signs of
constitutional disturbance, but subsequently symptoms set in
very similar to those exhibited by Williams, viz. oozing of
blood from the gums and extravasation of blood into the
tissues on various parts of the body, then death. This would
scem to indicate that in this case there was a smaller dose of
venom discharged into the wounds than was the case with
Williams, which took a longer period to manifest its effects.
I closely cross-questioned Williams, and he admitted that
within half an hour of being bitten he felt a curious, restless,
dizzy, and languid feeling, but refused at the time to admit
it, thinking it to be due to some other cause, believing so
fully that the Boomslang was perfectly harmless. How-
ever, in Williams’s case the symptoms were such as to leave
no possibility of a doubt that he suffered directly and unmis-
takably from some deadly and extremely potent venom,
and local medical opinion was unanimous on this latter
point.
of the Bite of the Boomslang. 275
The Experiments.—It now became imperative to demon-
strate whether the Boomslangs were really venomous or nof,
as this case of Williams would not by any means be accepted
by scientific men as proof positive. Naturalists and others
handle these snakes and make pets of them under the belief
that they are non-venomous, and, moreover, in the public
interest this question had to be decided for all time, especially
so as the Boomslang is one of the commonest of South
African snakes.
The following are the results of the experiments :—
A large brown Boomslang was held by the neck and induced
to bite the bared thighs of three fowls in quick succession.
The first fowl died in 13 minutes, the second in 15 minutes,
the third in 3 hours and 4 minutes.
A variegated male Boomslang bit the bared thighs of two
fowls within the space of one minute. The first fowl died
in 9 minutes, the second in 45 minutes.
A fowl bitten slightly lived two days and died, the wound
oozing blood, and the mucous membranes of mouth being
inflamed and congested,
A variegated (greenish-yellow and black) Boomslang bit
a fowl on the thigh. I killed the snake and injected some of
its blood into the victim. No effect. ‘The fowl died in
12 minutes.
A brown Boomslang bit a fowl on the thigh. I killed the
snake and injected contents of its gall into the fowl, which
died in 11 hours.
Another fowl was bitten and injected with the serum of
the blood of the snake that bit it. No effect; died in
14 minutes.
A brown Boomslang bit a duck on the thigh. Progressive
exhaustion; slight oozing of blood in mouth; rapid heart’s
action; paralysis; death in 17 minutes.
A second duck bitten by the same snake immediately after
the first one. Same symptoms ; died in 35 minutes.
A variegated Boomslang bit a duck on the neck. Within
three minutes it fell on its back completely paralysed; lay
still for another five minutes ; struggled feebly when touched.
Died in 19 minutes,
A variegated female Boomslang bit a large cock fowl on
the comb. Blood oozed from the cock’s nostrils one minute
after being bitten. It began to mope, then suddenly sprang
four feet up into the air and fell a dead mass, three minutes
atter being bitten. Py:
‘These experiments were repeated over and over again with.
all varieties and both sexes of Boomslangs. In all cases
276 Mr. F. W. Fitz-Simons on the Towic Action
death occurred within 20 minutes of the first bite; the fowls
and ducks which were subjected to the second bite from the
same snake usually lived trom 15 minutes to two hours ;
not a single fowl recovered.
The fowls and ducks seemed to suffer little or no pain
beyond irritation at seat of puncture for a minute or two.
Within two or three minutes they showed unmistakable
signs of collapse, and with a spasmodic jerk or two would
suddenly expire. In some cases complete prostration would
supervene five or ten minutes before death. —
A few higher animals of greater vital tenacity were also
experimented with, and the characteristic slow oozing of
blood from the fang-punctures was noticeable, as was the case
with Williams. The animals in every case gradually grew
worse, and after about 12 hours were chloroformed, it being
evident they were slowly sinking under the potent effects of
that subtle, death-dealing venom.
Some folks will regard these experiments as cruel, but they
were conducted in order that human life might be saved,
for in no other way could I have rapidly and conclusively
demonstrated to the public that the Boomslang is not only
venomous, but exceedingly so. I can go further, and claim
that the venom of the Boomslang is equal in its death-dealing
power to that of the dreaded Cobra (Nata flava) and Ring-
hals (Sepedon hemachates), for I forced these snakes to bite
several fowls by baring the thigh and holding the snake’s
head close up against the flesh, when in every instance it
would deliver a full and complete bite.
In all cases I made the snake give a second bite to make
absolutely sure a lethal dose had been injected. The fowls
all died in from five to twenty minutes —the average being
fifteen minutes. In every case fowls bitten twice on the
bared thigh by puff-adders (Bitis arietans) survived from
four up to twelve hours, some recovering completely. The
majority bitten by night-adders (Causus rhombeatus) were
very sick for a couple of days, then recovered, one or two
dying after twelve hours.
It will be seen by the results of the above experiments
that the bite of the Boomslang destroys the life of a fowl just
as rapidly as that of the Cobra, and that the venom of the
puif-adder is in comparison very slow in its action and not
nearly so virulent.
The reasons why the Boomslang does not always inflict
a venomous bite are two. ‘The fangs are grooved and com-
paratively small, and if the biteis delivered through clothing
PAu
ae a ee
of the Bite of the Boomslang. QF
the venom is absorbed by the material and the fangs barely
scratch the flesh. Secondly, the fangs are set halfway back
in the upper jaw, and are three in number on each side,
exactly under the eyes, and naturally unless the Boomslang’s
grip be full and complete these fangs do not penetrate the
flesh. During my experiments I observed that the Boom-
slang in every case made as good a grip as possible on the
animal, then almost instantly, with a heaving, forward
movement and disengagement of the teeth of the upper jaw
from the victim’s flesh, it would take a fresh and more secure
hold, the upper jaws in which the fangs are set being capable
of being pushed downwards, exposing the fangs and forcing
their points forward: the jaw then closes with a snap and
the snake worries the flesh, with the evident intention of
forcing the venom into the punctures, as well as enlarging
them for the freer ingress of the poison.
Sir Andrew Smith, the great naturalist and author, says
in his ‘ Zoology of South Africa’: “ As this snake, in our
opinion, is not provided with a poisonous fluid to instil into
the wounds which the fangs may inflict, they must con-
sequently be intended for a purpose different to those which
exist in poisonous reptiles. We have not been able to dis-
cover any glands manifestly organised for the secretion of
poison.”
I was by no means inclined to accept this as final, and
carefully dissected the heads of several Boomslangs, and in
every case I discovered a small gland on each side of the
head, lying immediately behind and above the grooved fangs,
and it could be clearly seen that it had a connection with
the cavity at the root of the grooved fangs and that it was
the gland which secreted the sticky fluid found in the sheath
enveloping the fangs.
The next move was to ascertain if the organ was really a
gland capable of secreting any fluid, whether venomous or
not. Dr. Robinson, of the Veterinary Institute at Grahams-
town, made a microscopical examination of its structure, and
reports it is undoubtedly glandular and capable of secreting.
Subsequent experiments by myself bear out this statement,
and, moreover, under the microscope, a sticky, colourless
fluid, identical with that found in the sheath, was observed
in the structure of the glands and was pressed out upon the
microscopical slide with the tip of a lancet. Small pieces
of these glands were cut up and inserted under the skin of
rabbits, and slight pressure applied for an instant. Within
15 minutes the rabbits were dead. One was stricken with
278 On the T oxic Action of the Bite of the Boomslang.
complete paralysis within five minutes of the insertion of the
fragment of gland.
These experiments conclusively prove these glands to be
capable of secreting a very virulent venom, and that they are
the glands which produce the glairy sticky fluid within the
sheaths enveloping the fangs. ‘These poison-glands are com-
paratively small, less than a sixth the size of those of a puff-
adder. That they secrete a venom, potent and virulent,
seems now hardly to admit of a doubt. Sir Andrew Smith
claims the fangs are simply used for the retention of the
prey, such as birds, which would otherwise escape. This is
partly, but not wholly so. When,a Boomslang seizes a live
bird it grips with great tenacity. The bird struggles
frantically for a minute or two and is then overcome by the
potent action of the venom injected through the snake’s
grooved fangs. It then leisurely proceeds to swallow the
birds, feathers and all,
Boomslangs are very timid creatures and will not bite
unless roughly handled, or an attempt be made to seize them,
hence the reason so few people are bitten by them. I have
handled these snakes freely in the past, and friends have
done likewise without any attempt on the part of the snake
to bite. Boomslangs are essentially tree-snakes, being quite
at home in the foliage of the trees, through which they can
travel with great rapidity. They vary in colour, some being
a bright greenish yellow, banded with black; others are
vivid grass-green, banded with black ; whilst others, again,
are dark uniform brown above, shading into paler on the
abdomen, some specimens approaching the greyish tint. The
coloration of the female is not quite so brilliant as that of the
male. This is particularly noticeable in the greenish-yellow
and black varieties.
Boomslangs frequently descend to the ground in search of
food and may often be seen basking in the sun on the bare
ground in the vicinity of some thicket, into which they
rapidly glide if disturbed. In captivity they become very
tame and will take food from the fingers. Those in the Port
Elizabeth Museum readily eat dead food—such as birds,
chameleons, lizards, and frogs—whether fresh or stale.
On several occasions female Boomslangs, both Variegated
and Brown, have laid batches of eggs varying in number
from a dozen to twenty-three, containing a yellowish fluid,
with no sign of incubation having already begun.
On some Fishes from the Irish Atlantic Slope. 279
XXXV.—Preliminary Note on some Fishes from the Irish
Atlantic Slope. By HE. W. L. Hout and L. W. Byrne.
THESE fishes were collected by Messrs. Farran and Kemp in
the ‘ Helga’ in August 1908.
Scylliorhinus indicus, Brauer.
A young example, 8. R. 593, 6/8/08, 50° 31! N., 11°31’ W.,
670-770 fathoms.
We are indebted to Mr. Regan for the determination. The
species is otherwise known only fron the Pacific.
Rhinochimera atlantica, sp. n.
An adult male, measuring 850 mm. to the origin of the
dorsal lobe of the caudal, and 1165 mm. in total length,
including the caudal filament. S. R. 593.
Diagnosis:—Adult male with the snout (measured between
verticals from its tip to the origin of the vomerine dental
plates) as long as the distance between the dorsal insertions
of the pectoral and ventral fins and somewhat longer than
the base of the second dorsal fin. Second dorsal fin with base
about half as long as the distance between the gill-openings
and the origin of the ventral lobe of the caudal fin. Posterior
ventral claspers terminating in subconical slightly volute
clubs. Vomerine dental plates deeply notched on their
cutting-edges.
The above characters, especially the relative shortness of
the base of the second dorsal fin, serve to distinguish adult
R. atlantica from adults of the very closely allied R. pacifica
(Mitsukuri). Nothing is known of the young of. either
species. Harriotta raleighana, Goode and Bean, known
only from immature specimens, is stated to exhibit a pro-
gressive development of tritoral elements on the dental
plates. In the absence of any evidence of the condition of
the plates in young and half-grown Rhinochimera, in the
adults of which there are no tritors, it is unsafe to argue that
Rhinochimera is the adult of Harriotta, which in respect of
other characters seems possible enough.
Messrs. Farran and Kemp have collected five ege-purses
(between 550 and 720 fathoms) which appear to be identical
with those obtained on the American side of the Atlantic and
tentatively assigned to Harriotta. They closely resemble but
are much smaller than the egg-purse of 2. pacifica, which is
280 Mr. E. E. Austen on new
evidently a much larger fish than its Atlantic congener.
Precisely similar differences are exhibited by the purses of
Chimera monstrosa and its larger Pacific representative
C. phantasma, while the same comparison may be made
between a pair of purses, 128 mm. long, which we refer to
C. mirabilis and the purses of the Pacific C. mitsukuru.
Nesiarchus nasutus, Johnson.
A specimen, 730 mm. long, 8. R. 593.
Previously known from the coasts of Madeira and Portugal.
Hoplostethus atlanticus, Collett.
Several, of which the largest are massive individuals
measuring 610 mm., 8. R. 592, 6/8/08, 50° 39' N., 11° 25' W.,
400-510 fathoms, and 8. R. 593.
Weare indebted to Mr. Regan for the determination.
Previously known from the Azores and Cape of Good
Hope.
Serrivomer beani, Gill and Ryder.
A mangled fish, from 8. R. 593, seems to be referable to
this species, which has a wide distribution at suitable depths
in the North Atlantic.
XXXVI.—New African Phlebotomic Diptera in the British
Museum (Natural History).—Part VI. By Ernesr E.
AUSTEN *,
Chironomide.
CERATOPOGONINE.
Genus Cuticorpes, Latr.+
Culicoides grahamii, sp. n.
9 .—Length (13 specimens), inclusive of head, 1 mm. to
just over 1 mm.; length of wing 1 mm.
* For Parts I—V. see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol.i. pp. 209-
228 and 401-428, and vol. ii. pp. 94-116, 274-801, and 352-356.
+ Coloured figures of the three species of this genus described below
will appear shortly in an official volume, entitled ‘ Illustrations of African
Blood-sucking Flies,’ with notes by the author.
African Phlebotomic Diptera. 281
Colour of body (in dried specimens) mouse-grey * ; wings
light sepia-coloured, with three large clear spots on costal
margin (distal spot close to tip of wing, above end of upper
branch of fourth longitudinal vein), and two less sharply
defined pale spots on hind margin, one within fork of fifth
longitudinal vein, the other in anal angle; in middle of costal
margin is a conspicuous clove-brown elongate blotch, covering
distal third of first longitudinal and greater part of third
longitudinal veins, while on basal third of costal margin is an
elongate dark blotch of less intensity ; the two distal clear spots
are separated by a moderately dark quadrate blotch; head
large, prominent, not bent down beneath anterior portion of
thorax ; tibie with a conspicuous pale band at base.
Head: palpi sepia-coloured; first joint of antenne dark
brown, flagellum sepia-coloured, clothed with pale hairs.
Thorax: dorsum clothed with scattered yellowish hairs.
Abdomen clothed with brownish hair. Wings: upper portion
of distal extremity, above upper branch of fourth longitu-
dinal vein, clothed with scattered and minute black hairs;
third longitudinal vein connected with first longitudinal by
a cross-vei, fourth longitudinal vein bifureating a little
before middle of wing. Halteres straw-yellow, knobs large,
elliptical. Legs sepia-coloured, clothed with pale yellowish
hairs, tibiee with a narrow cream-coloured band at base, hind
tibize also with a similar band at tip.
Ashanti, Southern Nigeria, Congo Free State, Uganda:
type and three other specimens from Obuasi, Ashanti,
17. xi. 1907, “ caught on the arm of a European” (Dr. W. M.
Graham); additional material from Forcados, 8S. Nigeria,
May 1908 (G. C. Dudgeon), Cross River, 8. Nigeria, 1906
(Dr. R. W. Gray), Binza, a small village near Leopoldville,
Congo Free State, 13. xii. 1903 (the late Dr. J. E. Dutton
and Drs. J. L. Todd and Cuthbert Christy), and Bwamba
Country, Semliki Valley, S.-W. Uganda, 2700ft., “in forest,”
1905 (M. T. Dawe).
This tiny midge, which is evidently very widely distributed
in Tropical Africa, would appear to be the African represen-
tative of the equally bloodthirsty Culicoides varius, Winn.,
of Europe ; the wing-markings of the two species are identical,
but C. grahamii can at once be distinguished by its much
smaller size, paler antennie, and much more conspicuous pale
bands on the tibie: British specimens of C. varius exhibit
nothing more than faint indications of pale tibial bands.
* For names and illustrations of colours, see Ridgway, ‘A Nomen-
elature of Colors for Naturalists’ (Boston; Little, Brown, and Company,
1886),
282 Mr. E. E. Austen on new
Notes supplied by collectors show that C. grahamii is a
troublesome pest, its bites, like those of other midges, pro-
ducing irritating wheals on the skin: fuller information will
be given in the author’s forthcoming work on ‘ African
Blood-sucking Flies.’
Culicoides brucei, sp. n.
9 .—Length (3 specimens), exclusive of head, 1 to 1:6
mm.; length of wing 1°5 mm.
Colour of body (in dried specimens) mouse-grey or olive-
brown, with more or less distinct dark brown longitudinal
markings on dorsum of thorax ; head small, in dried specimens
bent downwards beneath anterior portion of thorax, so as to be
invisible from above; wings yellowish, semitransparent,
sparsely clothed with minute brownish hairs, and spotted and
blotched with dark brown and mouse-grey, branches of fourth
and fifth longitudinal veins also bordered more or less with
mouse-grey.
Head: palpi dark brown; basal joints of antenne dark
brown. Thorax: dorsum in some specimens in front with
a median dark brown mark, and a little further back a pair
of dark brown admedian stripes extending somewhat beyond
middle of dorsum ; behind posterior ends of admedian stripes
and a little nearer middle line a pair of somewhat curved
dark brown flecks may sometimes be seen. Abdomen clothed
with brownish hair. /Vings: darkest and most conspicuous
marks are two on and adjacent to costa; of these, one con-
sists of a narrow, elongate, clove-brown mark reaching from
costa to third longitudinal vein, and extending a little way
on each side of cross-vein between first and third longitudinal
veins ; the second is a large, oblong, dark brown mark, with
its inner margin somewhat concave and its outer margin
more or less convex, situate midway between former mark
and tip of wing and reaching from costa to upper branch of
fourth longitudinal vein; tip of wing above upper branch of
fourth longitudinal vein is occupied by a mouse-grey blotch ;
in distal fourth of wing are two mouse-grey quadrate blotches,
of which one connects the mouse-grey borders of the two
branches of the fourth longitudinal vein, while the other
extends from lower branch of fourth to mouse-grey border
of upper branch of fifth longitudinal vein; remaining
markings consist of a sharply defined, mouse-grey, oval spot
in centre of cell enclosed by branches of fifth longitudinal
vein; a small, mouse-grey, quadrate blotch below cross-vein
African Phlebotomic Diptera. 283
“connecting first and third longitudinal veins, and between
third vein and upper branch of fourth; a large, pale mouse-
grey, roughly quadrate blotch in proximal third of wing,
extending from costa to fourth longitudinal vein (within
limits of this blotch costa and other veins passing through it
are darker) ; a similar but narrower blotch in centre of fifth
longitudinal vein, with an ill-defined extension into anal
angle, and a more or less well-defined, mouse-grey, oval
spot on proximal side of lower branch of fifth longitudinal
vein: fourth longitudinal vein bifurcating a little before
middle of wing. Halteres sepia-coloured, proximal two-
thirds of stalks cream-buff. Legs sepia-coloured, clothed
with brownish hair; tibiz cream-buff at extreme base.
Uganda: type and four other specimens from the vicinity
of the Mianga River, July 1903, “‘ biters ”? (Colonel Sir David
Bruce, C.B., RA.M.C., F.R.S.).
The pattern and diffuse character of the wing-markings
will serve to distinguish Culicoides brucei without difficulty
from either the foregoing or following species.
Culicoides milnei, sp. n.
? .—Length (3 specimens), exclusive of head, 1:5 to 1°6
mm.; length of wing 1°6 mm.
Colour of body (in dried specimens) dark brown, with a
median grey patch on hinder portion of dorsum of thorax ;
head small, in dried specimens bent downwards as in foregoing
species ; wings, except basal sixth, which is cream-coloured and
semihyaline, sepia-coloured, strongly iridescent, and marked
with sharply defined small light spots ; three cream-coloured
transversely elongate spots on costa, separated from each other
and from base of wing by quadrate sepia-coloured blotches,
somewhat darker than remainder of wing ; other light spots
smaller, more rounded, and milky rather than cream-coloured.
Head: palpi dark brown ; first joint of antenne mummy-
brown, flagellum isabella-coloured, clothed with yellowish
hair, last five joints darker. Thorax: dorsum sparsely
clothed with dark brown or brownish hair. Abdomen
clothed with brownish hair. Wings: costal spots as fol-
lows :—Ist, starting from costa above base of third longi-
tudinal vein, crossing first and base of third longitudinal
veins, surrounding anterior transverse vein, and extending
to fourth longitudinal vein; 2nd on costa at point where
third longitudinal vein enters it, extending downwards to
about three-fourths of distance between costa and upper
284 On new African Phlebotomic Diptera.
branch of fourth longitudinal vein (greater part of this
spot lies beyond third vein, but it also extends into space
between tips of third and first longitudinal veins); 3rd
spot on costa midway between second spot and tip of
wing, its lower extremity somewhat closer to upper branch
of fourth longitudinal vein than is lower extremity of
second spot. Remaining spots as follows :—a group of four
in distal fourth of wing, consisting of a pair of spots in
middle of lower branch of fourth longitudinal vein (one spot
above, the other below the branch, with which they are in
contact), and a second pair (in which the spots are also on
either side of the lower branch of the fourth longitudinal
vein, but wider apart) between former pair and margin of
wing; a rounded spot on hind margin, in cell enclosed by
the branches of the fifth longitudinal vein, nearer upper
branch than lower; two spots below fifth longitudinal vein,
one close to vein some distance before it forks, the other on
or near hind margin and a little further from base of wing ;
near anal angle may be a trace of a third and much smaller
spot; lastly, there is a somewhat elongate spot, sometimes
fairly large, extending from base of lower branch of fourth
to that of upper branch of fifth longitudinal vein. Third
longitudinal connected with first longitudinal vein by a cross-
vein; fourth longitudinal vein bifurcating in middle of wing ;
distal portion of wing sparsely clothed with minute brownish
hairs. Halteres: knobs large, sepia-coloured ; stalks and tips
of knobs cream buff. Legs sepia-coloured, tarsi, a narrow
band at base of tibiz, and tips of hind tibiz cream-buff.
East Africa Protectorate: type and two other specimens
from Nairobi, 5000 ft., 4. v. 1906 (Dr. A. D. Milne).
According to the donor this species is prevalent at
Nairobi in the rainy season, when it invades bedrooms at
night. Writing on Aug. 21, 1906, Dr. Milne stated that
these midges abound in the grass on the Athi Plains during
the wet weather, and that, so far as he was aware, there was
nothing to connect them with any disease of human beings
or domestic animals.
Owing to the pattern of its wing-markings, Culicoides
midnei cannot be confused with either of the foregoing
species: as affording a further means of distinction, the
position of the fork of the fourth longitudinal vein may also
be noted.
os Se; eee
es ee ee ee
Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide. 285
XXXVIT.— New Genera and Species of Blood-sucking
Muscids from the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions, in the
British Museum (Natural History). By Ernest E.
AUSTEN,
SvOMOXYDINE.
Genus Lyprrosia, Rond.
Lyperosia punctigera, sp. n.
?.—Length (2 specimens) 3°2 to 3:25 mm.; width of
head 1:2 mm.; width of front at vertex 0°4inm.; length of
wing 3°5 mm.
Thorax greyish, with lighter median longitudinal stripe and
darker markings behind suture; abdomen olive-grey *, dorsum
with a sepia-coloured elongate median spot or tapering stripe
on second and following segments, second and third segments
in addition each with a pair of large and conspicuous, trans-
versely oval, clove-brown spots ; wings hyaline, wridescent ; legs
cream-buff or buff, hind tibie dusky, tips of hind femora espe-
cially on inner side, hind tarsi, and last three joints of front
and middle tarsi dark brown.
Head light grey, front relatively broad, sides of front
(parafrontals) very conspicuous, frontal stripe clove-brown,
its sides nearly parallel, though slightly outwardly convex
in middle, vertical, frontal, and orbital bristles dark brown ;
proboscis short, horizontal portion approximately equal in
length to vertical diameter of head, mummy-brown, distal
portion immediately before labella dark brown; palpi not or
scarcely projecting beyond proboscis, not clavate, or at least
sides of distal half parallel, buff, tips brown, clothed with
short black bristles, coarser, longer, and especially con-
spicuous at tips ; antenne dark brown, upper distal angle of
second joint cinnamon-rufous, arista brown, extreme base
and a band before middle pale, upper side with about six
hairs. Thorax: humeral calli and anterior end of median
stripe of a lighter grey than remainder of dorsum; in front
of transverse suture an ill-defined stripe of darker grey on
each side of median stripe, continued behind suture as a
tapering mummy-brown stripe, which terminates at a point
midway between suture and front margin of scutellum ;
* For names and illustrations of colours, see Ridgway, ‘A Nomen-
elature of Colors for Naturalists’ (Boston: Little, Brown, & Company,
1886).
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8, Vol. iii. 20
286 Mr. E. E. Austen on new
between termination of mummy-brown stripe and lateral
margin on each side is an elongate fusiform mummy-brown
spot ; pleure light grey ; scutellum of same colour as portion
of dorsum in front of it; hairs and bristles on thorax black.
Abdomen: elongate median spot on second and third seg-
ments shaped like a truncate isosceles triangle, with base
resting on front margin of segment and apex not or scarcely
reaching hind margin; median spot on fourth segment
narrower, in shape of a slender, tapering, longitudinal stripe,
on each side of which is a roughly quadrate’ patch of light
mummy-brown dots, which may be more or less confluent ;
clove-brown transversely oval spots on second and third
segments not in contact with front, hind, or lateral margins ;
hair on abdomen uniformly dark brown. Wings: veins
brown ; first posterior cell distinctly contracted at tip ; poste-
rior transverse vein strongly bent outwards.
Uganda: two specimens (co-types) from the Nile Pro-
vince, June 1906 (the late Dr. W. A. Densham). The col-
lector’s field-note on this species is as follows :—“ These
flies were noticed in great numbers in one camp only near
the Nile, and were very troublesome to my boys early one
sunny morning; they clustered thickly on any small sore,
and quickly filled themselves; though preferring to feed in
this way, they seemed also to insert the proboscis into sound
skin.”
The conspicuous abdominal markings described above are
an unusual feature in Lyperosia, and will enable the present
species (of which a coloured figure will appear shortly in an
official publication) to be distinguished without difficulty
from any of its congeners hitherto described.
Genus Sryceromyia, Austen.
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xix., May 1907, p. 445.)
Stygeromyia sanguinaria, sp. n.
3 ¢.—Length, g (1 specimen) 7 mm., ? (1 specimen)
6°75 mm. ; width of head, ¢ 2°6 mm., 2? 2°4mm.; width
of front at vertex, gd 05 mm., ? 0°6 mm.; length of wing
7 mm.
Grey, clothed with black hairs and bristles, 9 somewhat
darker than 8; closely resembling Stygeromyia maculosa,
Austen (loc. cit. p. 447), in general appearance and also in
markings of dorsum of thorax, but distinguished by abdomen
being without sharply defined mummy-brown spots, not in con-
tact with hind margins of segments, and by proboscis, except
Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide. 287
tip, being orange-buff or ochraceous-buf, instead of dark
chestnut-brown ; dorsum of abdomen with a narrow, dark
brown, median, longitudinal stripe, and more or less distinct
dark blotches on hind borders of second and third seyments. 4
Head: face and front yellowish silvery in g, darker,
shimmering yellowish in ?; in both sexes jowls yellowish
grey, occiput grey; frontal stripe walnut-brown, in ¢ very
narrow, about half as broad again as orbits, its sides straight
and parallel, in ? rather less than twice as broad as orbits,
widening very slightly below, its sides straight ; proboscis
slightly deeper at base in g, labella shining clove-brown on
outer side; palpi buff, agreeing with generic diagnosis,
clothed on outer side with black bristles; entenne similar
to those of S. maculosa, first and second joints and base of
third joint on inner side below cinnamon-rufous, remainder
of third joint dark brown, greyish in certain lights, arista
dark brown, with 12 hairs. Thorax: markings on dorsum
dark brown to dark cinnamon-rufous, somewhat lighter than
in S. maculosa, but precisely similar to those in that species
in general arrangement, median stripe in g only visible
behind transverse suture, and not reaching inner dorso-
central bristles, median stripe in ? apparently entire, ex-
tending from front to hind margin; scutellum yellowish at
tip, and also in centre of disc in case of ¢, in which it is
also slightly brownish in centre of base, when viewed at a
low angle from behind (scutellum of type of ? damaged),
Abdomen: median dorsal stripe commencing on first segment
close to hind margin, broadest on second segment, becoming
successively narrower on following segments, extremely
slender (linear) on fourth segment in 4, indistinctly inter-
rupted on hind margins of second and third segments, and
not reaching hind margin of fourth segment; hind margin of
first segment somewhat infuscated, at leastin ? , dark brown
blotches on hind borders of second and third segments not in
contact with median stripe, but situated one on either side
of middle line, between median stripe and lateral margin,
much more distinct and larger in ?, in which they are
roughly triangular and extend forwards beyond middle of
segment, in ¢ less deep, ill-defined and dying away in front
on second segment, and on third segment forming an inter-
rupted transverse band; skin clothing venter bright buff-
yellow, small median oval scutes grey. Wings: in ¢, vena-
tion and opening of first posterior cell precisely as in S. macu-
losa O; im 9, bend of fourth longitudinal vein somewhat
more abrupt and opening of first posterior cell slightly wider.
Halteres cream-buff. Legs: in ¢, coxe grey, trochanters
20*
288 Mr. E. E. Austen on new
ochraceous-buff, front femora and tibiz buff (front tarsi and
remainder of legs missing in type) ; in ?, cox and tro-
chanters as in 3g, femora ochraceous-buff, hind femora
darkish grey on outer side on rather more than distal half,
tibize buff, middle and hind pairs more or less greyish, all
tarsi dark brown ; hairs and bristles black.
Congo Free State and Nyasaland Protectorate: type of g
from Ruwe, West Lualaba, Katanga District, Congo Free
State, March 1906 (Dr. A. Yule Massey) ; type of ¢ from
Monkey Bay, Lake Nyasa, Nyasaland Protectorate,
21. iv. 1908 (Captain Hallam Hardy, R.A.MC.). Writing
on Aug. 9, 1907, with reference to the specimen taken by
him, Dr. Yale Massey remarked :—‘ On going over my notes
I find that this fly was taken within half a mile of my house
at Ruwe, in open bush and on high ground. My attention
was attracted by its biting me on the hand, causing pain
similar to that produced by the bite of a Tsetse: this was
the only specimen seen on that occasion. The fly was
caught but a few hundred yards from the cattle kraal, but I
have no evidence that it bites cattle. A few days later I saw
two specimens, evidently of the same fly, but failed to catch
either ; they were very quick in their movements ; I have
not met with another specimen since.”
As may possibly be remembered, in default of actual
observations, the blood-sucking habit of Stygeromyia macu-
losa, Austen (the type of the genus, described from a speci-
men from Little Aden, Arabia), was inferred “from its
evident affinities and from the shape of its proboscis” (ef.
Austen, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. loc. cit. p. 448). It is
therefore gratifying to find that the inference in question
receives collateral support from Dr. Yale Massey’s personal
experience in the case of the present species.
Genus Ha#marosis, Rob,-Desy.
Hematobia sanguisugens, sp. n.
¢.—Length (6 specimens) 5:5 to6 mm.; width of head
1:75 to 2 mm.; width of front at vertex 0°25 mm. ; length
of wing 5 to 5°6 mm.
Olivaceous-grey or brownish grey, with clove-brown markings :
dorsum of thorax with two pairs of clove-brown longitudinal
stripes (outer stripes broader and widely interrupted at trans-
verse suture), and a less sharply defined median stripe ;
dorsum of abdomen with a clove-brown median longitudinal
stripe, extending from front margin of second to beyond middle
Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide. 289
of fourth segment, narrowly interrupted before hind margins of
second and third segments, a pair of transversely elongate
dusky blotches on first seyment, a pair of large clove-brown
spots on second segment, and a pair of similar but smaller spots
on third segment ; wings slightly infuscated, light sepia-
coloured ; legs clove-brown, bases of tibia ochraceous-buff.
Head: face and sides of front bright yellowish grey,
occiput dark grey, frontal stripe clove-brown, hair and
bristles black ; palpi tawny, clothed on outer side with black
bristles, tips strongly spatulate (as in H. stimulans, Mg.),
extreme tips sometimes brown ; proboscis clove-brown ; an-
tenne, including arista and its hairs, clove-brown, under side
of arista usually with four hairs. Thorax clothed exclu-
sively with black hairs and bristles ; dorsum lighter grey on
front margin and humeral calli, admedian stripes extending
from front margin to about half-way between transverse suture
and preescutellar groove, portion of outer stripes behind
transverse suture extending somewhat further back, median
stripe usually extending from front to hind margin, but its
anterior extremity sometimes indistinct. Abdomen clothed
exclusively with black hairs, median longitudinal stripe on
dorsum regularly diminishing in width from front to rear,
dusky blotches on first segment clove-brown, but lighter in
tint than spots on the two following segments, spots on
second segment triangular in shape, near but not in contact
with hind margin, spots on third segment rounder, some-
times quite small. /Vings: veins for most part dark brown,
first longitudinal vein either entirely bare or at most with
one or two minute black bristles near base, third longitudinal
vein with three or four very minute black bristles at base.
Squame: anterior squama cream-coloured, shining and
iridescent, posterior squama buff. Halteres buff. Legs
clothed exclusively with black hair and bristles, femora and
tibiz greyish beneath.
India: type and five other specimens from Kasauli,
Punjab, 1907, “on cows” (Lieut.-Colonel F. Wyville Thom-
son, I.M.S.). The donor’s field-note runs :—“ Caught on
cattle: the flies sucked the animals, and their abdomens
became distended with blood. I have never noticed them
biting man.”
Hematobia sanguisugens g resembles the g of the Euro-
pean H. stimulans, Mg., very closely, but is distinguished by
its usually somewhat smaller size (average length of 6 3 fg
5°75 mm.), by the median dark dorsal stripe on the abdomen
being practically continuous throughout its extent instead of
widely interrupted before reaching the hind margins of the
290 Mr. E. E. Austen on new
second and third segments, by the fourth abdominal segment
in the g being always without a pair of dorsal spots, and by
the first longitudinal vein being either entirely bare or
having at most one or two minute bristles, instead of a row of
bristles conspicuous under a strong lens when viewed at a
low angle from the direction of the hind margin of the wing.
BpELLOLARYNX *, gen. nov.
Small, stoutly built, thick-set flies, closely allied to Hema-
tobia, Rob.-Desv., but distinguishable as follows :—No sexual
colour-dimorphism (unless it be in wings) ; front, facial angles,
and anterior margin of buccal cavity less prominent ; jowls
descending considerably behind, instead of nearly horizontal,
but basi-occipital region much less protuberant ; bristles below
facial angles small and fine, instead of relatively coarse ; in ,
Jront wider, with upper inner margins of eyes more nearly
parallel, less approximate in middle of front ; arista feathered
above with considerably longer hairs, and below with about six
fairly long hairs ; first and third longitudinal veins entirely
bare, without bristles at base.
Head: palpi spatulate at tips; proboscis as in Hematobia,
slightly tapering, proximal two-thirds somewhat thickened.
Thoracic bristles:—Humeral, 2. Post-humeral, 1. Noto-
pleural, 2. Presutural, 1. Supra-alar, 1. Intra-alar, 1.
Post-alar, 2. Dorso-central, 5 (2 in front of and 3 behind
suture—may be difficult to distinguish, especially in @).
Inner dorso-central, 1 (sometimes 2 in ¢). Scutellar, 4
(1 przebasal, 1 basal, 1 discal—situated close to lateral mar-
gin, 1 apical). Mesopleural, about 10 or 12. Sterno-
pleural, 1:1.
Wings: shape of first posterior cell similar to that of
same cell in wing of Hematobia, but bend of terminal portion
of fourth longitudinal vein somewhat flatter and less abrupt.
Bdellolarynz is distinguished from Hematobosca, Bezzi, by
the palpi being much more spatulate at the tips, by the arista
having a greater number of hairs below, and, in the wing,
by the shape of the first posterior cell and the course of the
terminal portion of the fourth longitudinal vein (in Hemato-
bosca the latter details are the same as in Stygeromyia,
Austen).
Typical species, Bdellolarynx sanguinolentus, sp. n.
Bdellolarynx sanguinolentus, sp. n.
3 ?.—Length, ¢ (3 specimens) 4°75 to 5 mm., ? (4
* 6 BdehAo-Aapuyé, leech-throat, a name applied to a greedy parasite.
=~ 2 to ee hy
ees
bP a
ita
Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide. 291
specimens) 3°5 to 4°25 mm.; width of head, g 1:8 mm.,
9 1:4to 16 mm.; width of front at vertex, ¢ 0°25 mm.,
? 0°5 to 0°75 mm.; length of proboscis 1° 4mm. ; ; length of
wing 4 to 4°8 mm.
Mouse-grey or slate-grey, clothed with short black hair,
bristles also black ; palpi buff; dorsum of thorax with a pair
of extremely narrow, widely separated, parallel, longitudinal,
admedian, blackish stripes, a somewhat trianyular blackish
mark extending backwards from inner end of each humeral
callus, and an elongate blackish streak in a line with latter
mark behind transverse suture (two outer marks less distinct in
2?) ; dorsum of abdomen with a narrow, interrupted, longi-
tudinal, median, clove-brown stripe, and, on second and third
segments, paired transverse, roughly triangular, c’ove-brown
blotches, the pair on second segment especially large ; wings
hyaline or tinged with tawny olivein g, hyaline in 3 ; femora
greyish clove-brown, extreme tips ochraceous-buff, one or more
pairs sometimes more or less brownish except at base, tarsi
dark brown.
Head: frontal margins and sides of face light grey or
yellowish grey; frontal stripe clove-brown, in ¢ narrow,
somewhat attenuate in middle, where its width is approxi-
mately equal to that of frontal margin, in ¢ broad, at least
twice or rather more than twice as broad as frontal margin,
with its outer edges convex; palpi clothed on outer side
with black bristles ; proboscis burnt umber-coloured, dark
brown at tip, projecting slightly beyond palpi; antennae,
including arista and its hairs, clove-brown, arista with a
lighter band. Thorax: admedian stripes not diverging
posteriorly, sharply defined from front margin to a point
about midway between transverse suture and preescutellar
furrow, after which their continuations to prescutellar
furrow are broader and less clearly marked; transverse
suture blackish ; thoracic markings not so conspicuous in ?
asin ¢. Addomen: anterior margin of second and following
segments black and shining, broader towards sides, espe-
cially conspicuous in 2 ; ‘median stripe commencing on
front margin of second and extending to or not quite
reaching middle of fourth segment, ‘widely interrupted
before meeting hind margins of second and third segments ;
dorsum of first segment in 2 sometimes with a pair of clove-
brown blotches, much smaller than those on two succeeding
segments ; dorsum of fourth segment in some specimens
with traces of a pair of small dark spots; venter yellowish
grey, median scutes clove-brown. Squame and halteres
cream-buff. Legs: in one female posterior femora are
292 ‘Mr. E. E. Austen on new
entirely ochraceous-buff, except for a brownish blotch just
before distal extremity.
India and Ceylon: type of g¢ from the environs of Cal-
cutta, India, 8. ii. 1905 (EH. Brunetti); type of 9 and
another 2 from Mussoorie, United Provinces, India, Sep-
tember 1906 (F. M. Howlett) : additional specimens from
Allahabad, United Provinces, India, 6. x. 1905 (F. M. How-
lett); Sylhet, Assam, India, 13. iv. 1905 (Major Hall,
J.M.S.) ; and Henaratgoda and Haldumulla, Ceylon, 7. i.
& 14. vi. 1892 (Lieut.-Colonel Yerbury).
Genus Stromoxys,. Geoffr.
Stomoxys limbata, sp. n.
¢ .—Length (3 specimens) 4°8 to 55 mm.; width of head
1°6 to 2 mm. ; width of front at vertex 0'4 mm. ; length of
wing 4°6 to 5°25 mm.
Smoke-grey: face and sides of front bright yellowish-
silvery, front narrow ; dorsum of thorax with usual clove-
brown longitudinal stripes, admedian stripes narrow and wide
apart ; dorsum of abdomen with deep clove-brown or blackish
transverse band on hind border of each of first three segments ;
wings with a brownish tinge ; femora dark clove-brown, their
extreme tips and base of hind tibie ochraceous-buff, front and
middle tibie and tarsi mummy-brown, hind tarsi and hind
tibia except base sepia-coloured.
Head: frontal stripe clove-brown, slightly constricted in
middle; occiput dark grey, latero-posterior orbits grey ;
palpi buff ; antenne greyish brown, tip of second and ex-
treme base of third joint ochraceous-rufous. Thorax: ad-
median stripes on dorsum extending from front margin to a
point rather less than half-way between transverse suture and
prescutellar groove, outer stripes much broader and con-
spicuously interrupted by transverse suture; mesopleural
bristles fairly stout. Abdomen: dark band on dorsum of
second segment occupying more than half the segment, bands
on first and third segments narrower; second and third
segments usually with a narrow median clove-brown stripe,
which on third segment may be obsolete. Sguame strongly
tinged with brown. Aalteres buff.
India: Calcutta, 16. vi. 1907 ; additional specimens from
Port Canning, Lower Bengal, 21. vii. 1907 (Dr. N. Annan-
dale), and Calcutta, 20. vil. 1907, are in the collection of
the Indian Museum.
Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide. 293
What appears to be the female of this species may be
characterized as follows :—
?.—Length (3 specimens) 5°5 mm.; width of head 1°8
to 2 mm.; width of front at vertex just over 0°5 mm. ;
length of wing 4°75 to 5°5 mm.
Apart from usual sexual differences agreeing essentially with
3, except that dark markings on dorsum of thorax and abdo-
men are paler (olive-brown instead of clove-brown or blackish),
that the wings although brownish are less noticeably infuscated,
that the squame are paler (whitish or yellowish white), and
that the front and middle tibie are also brighter in hue.
Head: face silvery, sides of front light smoke-grey, duller
thanin @; frontal stripe clove-brown, its sides somewhat
convex below middle; palpi and antenne as in g. Abdo-
men: median longitudinal stripe on dorsum broader and
less sharply defined thanin g. Legs: tarsi and hind tibiz
except base mummy-brown.
India and Ceylon: type from Sylhet, Assam, India,
11. nu. 1905 (Major EH. A. W. Hall, I.M.S.); a second
specimen from same locality and collector, 31. i. 1905,
received for determination from Indian Museum, Calcutta;
a third specimen, from Peradeniya, Ceylon, 22. v. 1892
(Lt.-Col. Yerbury).
Stomoxys limbata is closely allied to St. nigra, Macq., but
is distinguished by the front in the g being somewhat
narrower, with the frontal stripe slightly constricted in the
middle, instead of having its sides parallel, and in the 2 by
the front and middle tibiz being mainly ochraceous instead.
of for the most part clove-brown or blackish.
Stomoxys pusilla, sp. n.
¢ —Length (2 specimens) 4°2 to 45 mm. ; width of head
1:4 to 15 mm.; width of front at vertex 0-4 mm.; length
of wing 4°25 to 4°5 mm.
Dorsum of thorax mouse-grey or yellowish grey, with usual
clove-brown longitudinal stripes ; dorsum of abdomen olive-
grey, first segment, except a small ill-defined area in centre
(not reaching hind margin), second segment, either entirely or
with exception of extreme front margin, and a median longitu-
dinal stripe and fairly deep posterior transverse band on third
segment clove-brown ; sides of front and sides of face, when
viewed from above, light maize-yellow ; wings brownish ;
femora clove-brown, front and middle tibie and tarsi and ex-
treme tips of front and middle femora buff, hind tibia and
darsi light mummy-brown, base of tibie paler.
294 Mr. E. E. Austen on new
Head: occiput grey ; front fairly narrow, frontal stripe
clove-brown, constricted in middle, sides of front con-
spicuous; palpi buff; antenne dark brown or mummy-
brown, tip of second and extreme base of third joint ochra-
ceous rufous. Thorax: admedian stripes on dorsum mode-
rately wide apart, their width about half that of outer stripes
at widest portion of latter; length of admedian stripes as in
foregoing species; pleuree mouse-grey, mesopleure dark
brown, at any rate when viewed at certain angles. Abdomen:
median longitudinal stripe on dorsum of. third segment
fairly broad. Squame and halteres as in foregoing species.
India: type and one other specimen from Allahabad,
United Provinces, October 1905 (F. M. Howlett).
Stomoxys pusilla differs from St. limbata in its smaller
size, in the yellower colour of the sides of the front and face,
in the dorsum of the second abdominal segment being entirely
clove-brown or practically so, instead of having a clove-
brown posterior transverse band and median longitudinal
stripe, and in the pale tibie and tarsi of the front and middle
legs.
Stomoxys pulla, sp. n.
3d .—Length (2 specimens) 4°2 to 4-4 mm.; width of head
1:6 to 1:8 mm.; width of front at vertex 0'4mm.; length of
wing 4°2 to 4°6 mm.
Very dark species: when viewed from above body appearing
almost uniformly clove-brown, extreme front margin of thorax
mouse-grey, with commencement of usual clove-brown longitu-
dinal stripes ; when abdomen is viewed from behind, at a very
low angle, terminal seyment appears olive-grey, while second
and third segments may appear more or less mouse-grey, with
clove-brown transverse blotches, and perhaps a trace of a
narrow median longitudinal stripe ; front narrow, occupied for
most part by frontal stripe, sides of front not noticeable except
anteriorly ; wings brownish ; legs clove-brown, tibie ochraceous-
buff at extreme base, first joint of front tarsus fringed on inside
with a row of hairs of equal length, claws black.
Head: sides of front anteriorly yellowish, face silvery,
upper portion of occiput clove-brown, basi-occipital region
aud latero-posterior orbits grey ; frontal stripe clove-brown,
slightly or scarcely constricted in middle; palpz buff; an-
tenne uniformly clove-brown. Thorax: pleure dark grey,
mesopleure clove-brown above; lower portion of lateral
margins of scutellum, in front of apex, grey. Abdomen:
Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide. 295
blackish hair on dorsum of fourth segment long and fine.
Squame : thoracal squama brown. Halteres buff.
India: type and one other specimen from Mussoorie,
United Provinces, September 1906 (F. M. Howlett).
This is a very distinct species, which, while resembling the
foregoing in size, is at once distinguishable by the dusky
coloration of the body and legs, by the sides of the front
being scarcely visible except anteriorly, and by the remark-
able row of hairs on the inside of the first joint of the front
tarsus. Owing to the latter character St. pulla g presents
some slight approximation tothe ¢ of the African St. omega,
Newst., in which, however, the row of hairs on the inside of
the front tarsus extends to the end of the second joint, while
the hairs themselves are much longer and conspicuously
curled.
Muscryz.
PHILEZMATOMYIA *, gen. nov.
Greyish flies, not unlike Musca domestica, Linn., in general
appearance, but distinguishable at once owing to the remarkable
proboscis.—Front in 3 narrow, its width in centre being from
one-eleventh to one-fifteenth of total width of head ; width of
front in 2 at vertex one-third of total width of head ; proximal
portion of proboscis (mentum) a strongly swollen chitinous bulb,
distal portion soft and fleshy, folded back under distal end of
hulb when not in use, but when in use extended, its terminal
section consisting of a ‘tubular extension,” which is pro-
truded from between the labella, and is surrounded at the distal
extremity with a circlet of stout chitinous teeth ; venation
generally as in Musca domestica,
Head: arista feathered as in Musca domestica; palpi
slender, cylindrical, slightly thickened at tips; proboscis
when not in use can be entirely retracted within buccal
cavity, so as to be invisible when head is viewed in profile,
but, in dead specimens at any rate, more usually protrudes,
projecting downwards at an angle of about 45°; the bulb is
polished and bears scattered hairs. When the fleshy distal
portion is reflexed beneath distal end of bulb, the extremity
of the proboscis has a pointed appearance ; the fleshy portion,
like the bulb, bears fine hairs; when reflexed, the fleshy
portion ends in the Jabella, which therefore come to lie
between the pointed tip of the proboscis and the rounded
base of the bulb, and, when the proboscis in this condition is
* didaiuaros, fond of blood, blood-thirsty ; pvia, a fly.
256 Mr. E. E. Austen on new
seen in profile, look like a fleshy pad lying on the under side
of the bulb just beyond the middle; when the proboscis is in
use the fleshy portion is extended until it lies more or less
in a line witb the bulb, and the “ ¢ubular extension” (which,
in a fly of normal size, is approximately 0°5 mm. in length)
is protruded from between the inner surfaces of the labella,
of which surfaces it forms a prolongation ; the extension is
supported internally by a pair of stout, black, chitinous rods,
which are visible through the semitransparent wall, and have
their proximal extremities situate between ‘the tips of the
TERZI.~
Philematomyia insignis, sp. n.
Fig. I—Head of $ in profile, showing proboscis as it appears when not
in use (X 25).
labella; the wall of the extension shows numerous parallel
tracheze ; in dried specimens, at any rate, the distal extre-
mity of the extension appears to consist of a thickened fleshy
ring, armed with pale yellowish teeth in addition to the
cirelet of stout, black, pointed, chitinous teeth, which are
situate on its inner margin.
Thoracic br istles :—Humeral, 3 (in g sometimes 4).
Post-humeral, 1. Notopleural, 2. Presutural, 1. Supra-
alar, 2. Intra-alar, 1. Post-alar, 3. Dorso-central, 4 or 5
(the large and conspicuous bristles alone included—2 or 3 in
Genera and Species of Blood-sucking Muscide. 297
front of, 2 behind suture). Jnner dorso-central, 1. Scu-
tellar, 4 (1 prebasal, 1 basal, 1 discal, 1 apical). Meso-
pleural, normally 6 (space between uppermost two greater
than that between any other two). Svernopleural, 1: 2.
Wings: venation as in Musca domestica, Linn., except that
the terminal portion of the fourth longitudinal vein, after
A
rerzin | ee [is |
TERZ/. ~
Philematomyia insignis, sp. 1.
Fi
a9
. I1.—Proboscis of 2, with “tubular extension” not quite fully
protruded ( x about 70).
Fig. [11.—Proboscis of ¢, with tubular extension fully protruded,
showing circlet of stout, black, chitinous teeth (x about 70).
the bend, is straighter and less incurved, and that the poste-
rior transverse veln is more sinuous; opening of first
posterior cell as in Musca domestica.
Typical species, Philematomyia insignis, sp. 0.
The genus Philematomyia, of which but a single very
widely distributed species has yet been observed, consists of
298 On new Genera and Species of Muscide.
blood-sucking flies, which form a remarkable connecting-
link between the ordinary non-biting Muscine and the
Stomoxydine. In the case of species belonging to the latter
group the slender chitinized proboscis (labium) is thrust
bodily into the skin of the animal or human being on which
the fly is feeding, and so forms a piercing organ. In Phile-
matomyia, however, there is no actual piercing organ, since
the fleshy termination of the proboscis is obviously incapable
of being thrust into the skin of a vertebrate, and the fly
feeds by cutting through the epidermis of its victim by
means of the powerful teeth at the end of the tubular exten-
sion, and then sucking up the blood in the ordinary way.
Philematomyia insignis, sp. n.
dS 9.—Length, g (17 specimens) 3 to 58mm., ? (25
specimens) 4 to 65 mm.; width of head, g 1°3 to 2:2 mm.,
2 1:4 to 2°25 mm.; width of front in centre, ¢ 0°08 to
0-2 mm., ? 0°6 to just over 1 mm.; length of wing, ¢ 3 to
5°5 mm., ? 3°2 to 5°6 mm.
Smoke-grey to isabelline grey, or yellowish grey ; dorsum of
thorax with four dark longitudinal stripes, broader and clove-
brown or blackish in 8, narrower and dark grey or brownish
in 9, & often with an additional, broad, median stripe, most
distinct in front and behind ; dorsum of abdomen with a trans-
versely elongate dark blotch on first segment, not reaching hind
margin, and a small clove-brown median triangle at base of
second and third segments, in some specimens also with a
similar but smaller and usually lighter mark at base of fourth
segment ; all hair and bristles on head, body, and legs black ;
palpi ochraceous-buff ; wings hyaline or with a slight ochra-
ceous tinge, veins in proximal half buff or ochraceous-buff ;
legs black, femora greyish pollinose.
Head: posterior orbits, front, and face yellowish grey or
silvery grey, occiput dark grey; frontal stripe clove-brown
in g, greyish clove-brown in ?, in ¢ extremely narrow,
often reduced to a mere line above, but expanding somewhat
below, in 2 broader though still narrow, its sides nearly
straight, and its width scarcely exceeding and often distinctly
less than that of sides of front; upper inner margins of eyes
converging slightly at vertex in 2; bulb of proboscis shining
clove-brown ; antenne dark brown, tip of second joint nar-
rowly ferruginous, third joint greyish, arista and its hairs
dark brown, tip of arista cinnamon-rufous. Thorax: outer
dark stripes on dorsum not reaching front margin, narrowly
interrupted on transverse suture, and behind scarcely ex-
On some new Steneosaurs from the Oxford Clay. 299
tending to post-alar calli, admedian stripes extending from
front margin to about one-third of distance from transverse
suture to presutural furrow, median stripe, when present,
usually pointed anteriorly and not extending to front margin,
but behind broad and reaching presutural furrow; below
outer dorsal stripe on each side, especially in g, there is
often an additional dark longitudinal stripe; in ¢ specimens
in certain lights a broad dark stripe can be seen running
from hind margin of humeral callus, across upper portion of
mesopleura, to mesopleural suture. Abdomen: venter grey,
median scutes darker.
India, Ceylon, Sokotra, Cyprus, Senegal, and Congo Free
State: types of g and ? and four other specimens from
India (Bombay Natural History Society); 2 2 9 from Cal-
cutta, India, 23. vii. 1907, “ on draught bullocks, burrowing
into the hair” (received from the Indian Museum, Calcutta) ;
1 g,1 2, from Mussoorie, United Provinces, India, Sept.
1906, and 1 ? from Allahabad, United Provinces, India,
11. x. 1905 (F. M. Howlett); 2 6 3,5 2 2, from Bentota,
Ceylon, 13. vi. 1891 (Lt.-Col. Yerbury) ; 1 g from Danko-
tuwa, Ceylon, 1899 (C. G. Rodrigo); 2 8 3 from Hadibu
Plain and Dahamis, Sokotra, 12 & 19. xii. 1898 (W. R. O.
Grant); 3 $ &, 12 2 2, from Larnaca, Cyprus, 4. vill. 1908
(Dr. G. A. Williamson); 3 8 3, 1 2, from St. Louis,
Senegal, W. Africa, 16. v. 1903, “feeding on donkeys on
race-course ” (the late Dr. H. E. Dutton and Dr. J. L. Todd) ;
1 $,1 2 from the Congo Free State, 1903 (Drs. Dutton,
Todd, and Christy). Writing from Larnaca, Cyprus, on
October 23, 1908, with reference to this species, Dr. G. A.
Williamson remarked :—‘ That this is a biting fly my ankles
have on many occasions borne evidence, and I notice that
horses can stand its bite very little, becoming much more
restive than with the Hippobosca [H. equina, Linn.], which
seems to cause them little inconvenience.”
XXX VIII.—On some new Steneosaurs from the Oxford Clay
of Peterborough. By C. W. Anprews, D.Sc., F.R.S.
(British Museum, Natural History).
[Plates VIII. & IX.]
THE splendid collection of reptilian remains obtained by
Mr. A. N. Leeds, F.G.S., from the Oxford Clay in the
neighbourhood of Peterborough, includes the skeletons of
300 Dr. GC. W. Andrews on some new Steneosaurs
many marine crocodiles. The commonest of these are species
of Metriorhynchus, but Steneosaurus and Dacosaurus are also
represented. In the present paper it is proposed to give a
brief account of the species of Steneosaurus included in the
collection. One of these, Steneosaurus edwardsi, has already
been described in detail by E. Deslongchamps * from speci-
mens from the Oxford Clay of Vaches Noires, Normandy.
In addition to this, which need not be further noticed, there
appear to be at least four other species, none of which seem
to agree at all closely with previously described forms and
they will therefore receive new names.
STENEOSAURUS.
This genus is here regarded as it was emended by
Deslongchamps and afterwards adopted by Lydekker and
others. Lydekker’s definition given in the ‘ Catalogue of
Fossil Reptiles in the British Museum,’ pt. i. (1888), p. 168,
is here followed, all the species described falling within it,
with the possible exception of that named S. obtusidens,
which may eventually have to be referred to a new genus.
Steneosaurus leedsi, sp.n. (PI. VIII. fig. 1.)
Professor Bigott has recently described a Steneosaur
with a very long and slender snout from the Callovian of
Calvados, and for it he has adopted the name Steneosaurus
rotssyt, a species originally established by E. Deslongchamps }
on the evidence of some small fragments of a mandible from
the Oxford Clay of Vaches Noires. Mr. Leeds has pointed
out to me that there can be little doubt that the type speci-
mens are portions of the jaw of a Metriorhynchus, so that the
name is not that of Steneosaur at all. In the Leeds collection
is a very fine skull and mandible (R. 3320), the latter closely
resembling the one figured by Bigot; and these specimens I
propose to make the types of a species S. leedsi, to which
Bigot’s specimen no doubt is likewise referable.
The chief peculiarities of this species are the great length
and slenderness of the flattened snout. Thus the length of
the skull (from the occipital condyle to the tip of the nose,
allowing for 1 or 2 centimetres broken away) is 81 em.,
while that of the pre-orbital region is 59°5 em., or about 734
* Notes Paléontologiques, vol. i. (1868-69) p. 239, pl. xvii. figs. 1-3.
+ “Notes sur les Reptiles Jurassiques de Normandie,’ Bull. Soe,
géol. de Normandie, vol. xvii. (1896) p. 28, pl. ii. fig. 1.
t Notes Paléontologiques, vol. i. p. 252, pl. xvi. figs, 3, 4.
from the Ouford Clay of Peterborough. 301
per cent. of the whole length. In the case of the mandible
the total length is 89 em.; that of the symphysial region is
52 cm., or about 58 per cent. In the mandible figured by
Bigot the total length is 100 cm., the length of the sym-
physis is 55 cm. Both the proportions of the length of
preorbital portion of the rostrum to the whole length of the
skull and of the symphysis to the whole mandible are greater
than in other species. In S. megistorhynchus, which seems
to be the next most elongated form, the symphysial portion
of the mandible is only 50 per cent. of the whole. Another
characteristic of S. leedsi is the large number of teeth present,
there being 45-46 on each side of the upper jaw and 43-44
in the lower.
In the skull the temporal fossee are very large and are
much longer than broad (length 12 cm., breadth 7:3 cm.).
The orbits are rather large and are oval in outline; they look
upwards and outwards, as in other members of the genus.
The combined frontals terminate anteriorly in an acute angle,
considerably in front of the anterior border of the orbit ;
their upper surface is ornamented by a few scattered pits only.
The nasals extend back to about the anterior third of the orbit,
but their limit in front cannot be determined with certainty.
The anterior part of the snout was greatly flattened from
above downward: the end, formed by the premaxille, is
somewhat expanded. ‘The facial processes of the premaxille
are short and terminate in a blunt point opposite the interval
between the second and third maxillary teeth. On the palate
the maxillo-premaxillary suture is nearly straight and is at
right angles to the long axis of the skull. The palatal
surface is flat in the premaxillary region, but behind this it
is concave from side to side, the alveolar border forming a
somewhat sharply raised rim: the convex upper surface of
the symphysial region of the mandible fits closely into the
concavity of the palate. The upper teeth are 45-46 in
number. ‘The two posterior premaxillary teeth are enlarged
and are separated by an interval nearly equal to the diameter
of their alveoli, ‘Che maxillary teeth are nearly equal in
size throughout the series ; they are directed downwards and
forwards. ‘The individual teeth are slender and sharp; they
are slightly compressed at the extreme tip and the enamel is
marked by a series of fine longitudinal ridges. The sym-
physial portion of the mandible is slightly expanded anteriorly,
especially between the enlarged third and fourth teeth ; its
upper surface in this region is nearly flat, but behind it
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. it. O21
302 Dr. C. W. Andrews on some new Steneosaurs
becomes convex from side to side, rising considerably above
the alveolar borders. The ventral surface is gently convex
from side to side. The splenials extend forward in the
symphysis to the 24th tooth.
The dimensions of the type skull and mandibles (R. 3320)
of Steneosaurus leedsi are :—
Skull. em.
Total denith. 26. o7\ia1. mepens ecm bats buatas alae iat ll 81
bength ih Front OF Onih, 0 i0s snmihtele tat one eee a 59
Width between outer angles of the quadrates .... 18
Length of temporal fosse (inner side)............ 12
Width + sg Us BY ste oh wih Me wines Cee 7:3
5, of frontals between orbits ..........+..- 39
y»» Opposite anterior border of orbit .......... 19°5
5)» OL TOIGMLS OF MOORE fiw n oo olen obo paige wie 4:3
», behind premaxillary expansion .......... 29
yy ° of premaxillary expansion .............. 38
Mandible.
Tothlleneih ae pcmcia ecw eka ss oe 6 eee 89
Length of symphysial portion ..........00..008. 52
Width at hinder end of symphysis ............4. 73
» at narrowest point behind anteriorexpansion 2'2
Steneosaurus nasutus, sp.n. (Pl. IX. fig. 1.)
The type specimen upon which this species is founded is a
nearly complete but somewhat crushed skull and mandible.
In some respects the skull shows an approximation to the
Teleosaur type, particularly in the relative shortness of the
temporal fossz in proportion to their width, and the position
of the orbits, which appear to have looked more directly forward
than in the other species of the genus. The frontals be-
tween the orbits are much sculptured with a number of pits
and strong rugosities ; the form of their anterior end cannot
be determined. ‘The upper surface of the triangular area of the
parietals at the hinder end of the sagittal crest bears sculpture
like the frontals. The rostrum is very long; in front of the
orbit the narrowing of the skull is rapid for a short distance,
then the sides of the slender rostrum become nearly parallel,
as it narrows very slightly till just behind the premaxillary
expansion, which seems to have been of considerable width.
The two posterior teeth in the premaxilla are enlarged and
closely set together. The maxillary teeth are nearly equal in
size throughout the series: they seem to have been directed
forwards and downwards; their crowns are comparatively
From the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. 303
slender, sharp-pointed, and the enamel is marked by a series
of very fine longitudinal ridges with a rather stronger and
more continuous ridge on the outer side.
The mandible is slender and compressed vertically. The
palatal surface appears to have been somewhat convex. The
ventral surface is marked by an ornamentation of irregular
longitudinal ridges. There is a slight anterior expansion and
the third and fourth teeth are enlarged; there are 42 teeth
on either side and their structure is similar to that of the
upper teeth. The splenial extends into the symphysis as far
as the twenty-second tooth. The posterior (ventral) limit of
the symphysis is opposite the thirty-seventh tooth.
This species approaches S. leedsz in the length of its snout,
the preorbital portion of which is about 73 per cent. of the
whole length of the skull in both species; in the next species,
S. durobrivensis, it is only about 61 percent. In the number
of teeth it also resembles S. /eeds¢ and differs from S. durobri-
vensts, in which the number issmaller. On the other hand, it
is sharply distinguished from S. leedsi by the shorter temporal
fosse, the position of the orbits and the strong sculpturing of
the frontal bones; and the first two of these characters at least
separate it from S. ¢éntermedius, S. edwardsi, and S. heberti,
from all of which it differs further in the possession of a
greater number of teeth.
The dimensions of the type skull and mandible of Steneo-
saurus nasutus are :—
Skull. em.
Motel orig tig cerst-u 5 cee erat cleft te ol Ais) ol aloy ais ude. ah 100
Length in front of orbits . 0.26.4... eeeceneee 73
Width between outer angles of the quadrates.... 25
Length of temporal fosse (inner side) .......... 14
Width 5 5 TRL Mine ist satan. 105
» of frontals between the orbits .......... 6
seamterior border Of OLDIb 2. nas. sce « 16°5
rem OF WIAGUe ON SNOUGs ss x. te lye o lee vin ele oe aie 63
» behind premaxillary expansion .......... 4-2
» of premaxillary expansion ...........-.. 73
Mandible.
Wotallength: wie c. acl cle ss vneldee cisc® we dienenele 110
Length of symphysial portion ........+-++e0+- 62
Width at hinder end of symphysis ............ 11-6
», immediately behind anterior expansion .. 4:2
Owing to the crushing that the specimens have undergone,
many of the above measurements can be regarded as approxi-
mate only.
21 *
=
304 Dr. C. W. Andrews on seme new Steneosaurs
Steneosaurus durobrivensis, sp.n. (Pl. VIII. fig. 2.)
A third species of Steneosawrus which occurs in the Leeds
Collection has a considerably shorter rostrum than those
just described, but at the same time it is longer than in
S. edwardst, which is found in the same beds. _ It differs’from
the contemporary S. heberti in possessing only 33 teeth in
the upper jaw instead of 39-40 as in that species, and the
mandibular symphysis is relatively longer. The points of
difference from S. antermedius are the same.
The type specimen (Leeds Coll. 18) upon which it is pro-
posed to found this species is a beautifully preserved and
nearly complete skeleton, including :—skull, mandible; 9
cervical, 14 dorsal, 2 sacral, and 39 caudal vertebra; many
ribs of both cervical and dorsal regions, several chevrons ;
shoulder-girdle, humeri, (?) radius and ulna; pelvic girdle
and most of the bones of the hind limb ; many scutes from
all regions of the body. In the present paper only the skull
and mandible will be briefly described, the complete account
being left for the ‘Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine
Reptiles of the Oxford Clay ’ now in preparation.
In the skull the temporal fosse are very large and about
twice as longas wide. They are separated by a high and very
thin sagittal crest. The orbits are relatively rather smaller
than in S. leeds¢ and are more widely separated. The frontals
are almost smooth ; their anterior angle is a little in front of
the orbit; the form of their anterior border will be best under-
stood from the figure (Pl. VIII. fig. 2), and differs widely from
that of the frontals in S. leedsi and S. hebert?, but approaches
that figured by Bigot in S. intermedius. The nasals terminate
anteriorly opposite the 16th maxillary tooth, counting from
before backwards. In front of the orbit the rostrum narrows
rather quickly at first, then very gradually to the premaxillary
region, which is only a little expanded. ‘The suture between
the premaxilla and maxilla is convex posteriorly on the upper
surface, the facial processes of the premaxilla extending back
to the level of the second maxillary tooth. On the palate the
suture between the two bones runs forward after crossing the
alveolar border, and an anterior prolongation of the maxille
is thus interposed between the small palatal plates of the
premaxille. The median suture between these latter is
interrupted by a foramen situated at the level of the socket
of the third tooth.
from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. 305
The upper teeth are about thirty-four in number. The
premaxillz bear four each, of which the first two are small,
crowded together, and directed forward ; the third and fourth
are large and their alveoli separated by four or five millimetres
only. Behind these there is a short, concave, edentulous
space ; then follows the series of 29-30 maxillary teeth, which
are relatively large, and are separated by intervals less than
the diameter of their alveoli. ‘The teeth are directed down-
ward and a little forward.
The rami of the mandible are stout; they pass into the
symphysial region by a gentle curve. ‘The symphysis reaches
back to the 25th tooth and the splenials extend forward in it
to the level of the 17th tooth. Both the upper and ventral
surfaces of the symphysis are nearly flat; there is a slight
expansion between the enlarged third and fourth teeth; at
the anterior end the line of junction of the two rami is marked
by a deep median notch.
The first two lower teeth were small and directed nearly
straight forward ; the third and fourth are the largest in the
jaw and are closely crowded together. Behind these there is
a short diastema ; then comes a series of about 27 teeth, a few
of those in the front and close to the back being somewhat
smaller than the others. They appear to have been directed
upward and a little forward.
No good specimen of the teeth, either upper or lower, has
been seen, all having either fallen from their sockets or been
broken off short. Judging from some of the replacing germs,
the crown would appear to have been blunter than those of
the species described above, but much less so than is the case
in the next species.
The dimensions of the skull and Demin in the type
specimen of Steneosaurus durobrivensis are :—
Skull, cm,
PROTA TON Sty Wa. siagicaeve acu miele, sr atnartia nef siete n6 74
encth intiront. OL OLPit: .ste.3) +16. weccaie oe wails oe 45
Width between outer angles of quadrate ........ 24%
Length of temporal fossz (inner side) .......... 18
Width BT! shan shar Get CCIE Ais OP inva dissed gave 8:8
», of frontals between orbits........ss0.000- 5:4
pe Ol MAST OL SOULE a ote fe clot fea traci sha 66 le 64
y, behind premaxillary expansion .......... 4°8
» Of premaxillary expansion .............. 5:7
* Wider than in life, owing to the crushing outwards of the quadrate.
306 Dr. C. W. Andrews on some new Steneosaurs
Mandible.
Papal Jenene 5 ot 2 <5.do% be « tee aie Sak owen oe 85
Length of symphysial region ......++.-esesee0e .'« BLD
Width at hinder end of symphysis .............- 102
» at narrowest point behind anterior expansion. 93°8
Steneosaurus obtusidens, sp.n. (Pl. IX. fig. 2.)
One of the most important of the skeletons collected by
Mr. Leeds is that of a very large and massively built crocodile,
of which we possess the skull, mandible, numerous vertebree
and ribs, some bones of both the pectoral and pelvic girdles and
of the fore and hind limbs, together with some scutes. These
specimens (R. 3168) are the types of the present species.
The skull differs from that of the other Steneosaurs in
having a thicker and more massive rostrum and teeth with
thick blunt-pointed crowns. As in the last species, the
temporal fosse are very large and about twice as long as
broad. The orbits are large and oval. The frontals seem to
have terminated anteriorly in a blunt point about on a level
with the front border of the orbit; their surface is orna-
mented by a number of obscure ridges radiating from the
centre of the united bones. The arrangement of the nasals
and lachrymals cannot be made out, owing to the crushing
that that region has undergone. ‘There was a small slit-like
antorbital foramen, about 7 cm. in front of the orbit. In
front of the orbits the rostrum narrows very gently to a point
about 16 cm. behind its anterior end, where it is only 6°2 cm.
wide; the premaxillary region is expanded and the facial
processes of the premaxille terminate posteriorly in a blunt
point. The nasal opening is transversely oval, the anterior
border being interrupted by a prominence occurring at the
point of union of the two bones. The rostrum, as a whole,
is stout and its upper surface is strongly arched from side to
side; the anterior end seems to have been bent a little up-
wards. ‘The total number of teeth in the upper jaw cannot
be made out, but it can be seen that in the premaxilla there
were four, of which the two anterior are smail and crowded
together, so that the second is almost behind the first. The
third and fourth are much enlarged.
In this skull the length of the preorbital region is about
61 per cent. of the whole; in S. /eedst and S. nasutus the
proportion is about 73 per cent.; but in S. durobrivensis it is
much the same as in the present species, which, however,
differs in the more gradual narrowing of the rostrum.
from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. 307
The mandible is very massively constructed. The sym-
physial region, which occupies about 42 per cent, of the total
length, is flattened ventrally and has a considerable anterior
expansion, which is greatest at the sockets of the third and
fourth teeth.
The lower teeth are about 28 in number. The first two
are small, then follow two large teeth closely crowded together.
Behind these is a rather small tooth, and behind this point
the rest increase in size till near the hinder end of the series.
The most remarkable character of this dentition is that about
half the mandibular teeth bite into deep pit-like sockets in
the maxilla; the outer walls of these pits form slight pro-
minences on the alveolar edges of the maxille. If this
peculiarity of the dentition is normal it would probably
justify the establishment of a new genus for the reception of
this species, but there is some doubt whether it may not be
the result of great pressure, which has driven the points of
the lower teeth into the maxilla, while the bone was in
the clay in a semi-plastic condition.
The individual teeth are thick, circular in section, and
have blunt points; the enamel of the crown is raised into a
number of fine longitudinal ridges of varying length; in
some of the teeth two or three ridges on opposite sides are
more strongly marked than the others and are continuous
from base to tip of the crown.
This crocodile seems to have been a very powerfully built
animal, with jaws and teeth of greater strength than in the
other Steneosaurs. The hind limb was very long, the femur
alone measuring 45 cm. in length. A detailed account of
the skull and skeleton will be given in the Catalogue above
referred to.
The approximate measurements of the type skull and
mandible (R. 3168) of Steneosaurus obtusidens are :—
Skull. cm,
Mota tlerigt ives as aeieensta .soieh peteleAvate eised «Ste ldaes 116
Prearbitaleleme Ch cseyic:crcnah oye sflate uci bweveteeleis cies al
Width between outer angles of quadrates ...... 37°5
Length of temporal fossee (inner side) .......... 33
Width s Se eas cnr (?) 14
» Of frontals between orbits ............05 85
deees OF MIACePOH SHOUTS taal elcid sis teneliel« aps « » i)
» at narrowest point behind premaxillary
GRPAASLOME sasha a epcborenate eres, Gael wil er eens 73
» Of premaxillary expansion ,,............ 9°5
305 Mr. et H. Clark on the Genus Encrinus.
Mandible.
Metal lero oss, 463. wisn t'c.s p.m 0st nage gee eaeenee 137
Length of symphysial region ..........+0+seeee 58
Width at hinder end of symphysis ...........- 14
» atnarrowest point behind anteriorexpansion = 6°2
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate VIII.
Fig. 1. Steneosaurus leedsi, sp, u. Semi-diagrammatic figure of the upper
surface of the type skull (R. 3320), } nat. size.
Fig. 2. Steneosaurus durobrivensis, sp.n. Semi-diagrammatic figure of the
upper surface of the type skull (Leeds Coll. 18). nat. size.
5
Prare IX.
Fig. 1. Steneosaurus nasutus, sp. n. Upper surface of type skull
(R. 3577). + nat. size.
Fig. 2. Steneosaurus obtusidens, sp.n. Semi-diagrammatic figure of the
upper surface of the type skull (R. 3163). 4 nat. size.
XXXIX.—The Genus Encrinus. By Austin HoBArt
CuarK, of the United States Bureau of Fisheries.
Mr. F. A. BATHER in 1898 (‘ Natural Science,’ xi. p. 245)
attempted to unravel the snarl in which the generic names of
the recent (and fossil) Pentacrinitida have become enmeshed,
thanks to the nomenclatorial carelessness of certain of the
writers on the subject of the Crinoidea. Passing over the
fact that Balanocrinus is not available for any genus of
Pentacrinitide, that Metacrinus was first diagnosed in 1882
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. x. p. 167), and that Jsocrinus was
first proposed in 1836 (L. Agassiz, Mém. de Soc. de Sci. Nat.
de Neuchatel, i. p. 195, type Jsocrinites pendulus, de (sic)
Meyer, 1835, nomen nudum, = Jsocrinus pendulus, von Meyer,
1837), we come to a consideration of the genus Hncrinus.
Mr. Bather ascribes Encrinus to Schulze, 1760 ; but Schulze
was not binomial, as a glance at his work suffices to show ;
moreover, if he were, why does not Mr. Bather use his genera
Decacnimos, Polyactinis, and Triscedecacnimos instead of the
later Antedon and Actinometra ?
Mr. A. H. Clark on the Genus Encriuus. 309
Encrinus was first proposed binomially by Blumenbach in
1779 (‘ Handbuch der Naturgeschichte,’ Gottingen, p. 435),
and contained three species, all recent—(1) asteria (Isis
asteria, Linneeus, 1766, based on Guettard), (2) mylii (a
pennatulid of the genus Umbellularia), and (3) boltendi (an
ascidian of the genus boltenia).
In 1788 Blumenbach (‘ Handbuch der Naturgeschichte,’
Gottingen, p. 503) again gives Hnerinus, with the three
species, (1) asteria (as before), (2) radiatus (= Vorticella
encrinus, Linneus), and (3) owifer (= Vorticella “ ouifer,”
Linreeus), Thus the genus Hnerinus, as understood by
Blumenbach in 1779 and 1788, contained the same three
species, though two of them were included under different
names.
Lamarck in 1801 (‘Syst. des Animaux sans vertébres,’
p- 879) appears to have been the first reviser of the genus.
He included in it two species, (1) caput-meduse (=Isis
asteria, Linneus, = Hncrinus asteria, Blumenbach) and (2) the
fossil Enerinus liliiformis. ‘The latter is excluded from all
claims as the type of Mnerinus by the fact that it did not
appear in the genus as originally proposed by Blumenbach.
Furthermore, Lamarck removed from all consideration the
second species, my/it or radiatus, by establishing for it the
new genus Umbellularia (p. 580). According to the views
of Lamarck, asterta was the only species of the original
Fnerinus which could be retained in that genus, as restricted
by him.
In 1804 Blumenbach ({ Abbildungen naturhistorische
Gegenstiinde,’ p. 60, pl. Ix.) gives the name Encrinites fossils
to Lamarck’s second species, H. liliiformis, and also (p. 70,
pl. Ixx.) gives the name Pentacrinites fossilis to the species
subsequently called Pentacrinus briareus by J. S. Miller,
Neither of these names can have any influence on the selec-
tion of the type of Hnerinus, as neither species was included
in the original genus.
In 1816 Lamarck repeats his original disposition of the
genus Lnerinus, and in the same year Savigny (‘ Mém. sur
les Animaux sans vertébres,’ 2° partie, p. 140) finally removes
the third species of Blumenbach’s original genus, boltenii or
ouifer, making it the type of his new genus Boltenta. This
makes it clear that asteria alone remains as the type of
Hncrinus ; summarized, the elimination is as follows :-—
310 Mr. J. Ritchie on a
ENcRINUS, Blumenbach, 1779.
(1) asteria.
(2) mylit (or radiatus) (type of Umbellularia, Lamarck,
1801).
(3) boltenit (or ouifer) (type of Boltenia, Savigny, 1816).
It may, perhaps, be mentioned that Oken’s use of Encrinus
(‘Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte,” 1815, i. p. 110) for
Blumenbach’s second species only does not enter into the
question at all, for that species had, fourteen years before,
become the type of Lamarck’s Umbellularia.
Since the type of ncrinus is the Isis asteria of Linneus,
this involves considerable change in the nomenclature of the
recent stalked Crinoids. The species of Metacrinus, Eudoro-
erinus, and Hypalocrinus remain as previously understood
(see Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxi. pp. 151, 152); the
other species of the recent Pentacrinitidze, asteria, decorus,
and blakei, falling into two groups which cannot be separated
more than subgenerically, must be treated as follows :-—
Genus Encrinus, Blumenbach, 1779.
(Genotype.—Zsis asteria, Linnzus, 1766.)
Subgenus Encrinvs, Blumenbach.
Encrinus (Encrinus) asteria (Linneus).
Subgenus Isocrrnvs, L. Agassiz, 1836.
(Genotype.—Isocrinus pendulus, von Meyer, 1837.)
Encrinus (Isocrinus) blake (P. H. Carpenter).
Encrinus (Isocrinus) decorus (Wyville Thomson).
XL.—Note on a rare Plumularian Hydroid, Cladocarpus
formosus. By JAmes Rircure, M.A., B.Sc., Natural
History Department, the Royal Scottish Museum.
In 1874 Allman described, under the name Cladocarpus
formosus, several hydroid specimens obtained by the
rare Plumularian Hydroid. Bit
‘Poreupine’? in the deep water to the south of the Faroe
Islands *. Four colonies of this rare and beautiful species
occur amongst. material collected by Dr. A. Bowman, of the
North Sea International Investigations, during the autumn
of 1908, and handed to me for examination through the
kindness of Prof. D’Arey W. Thompson, C.B. ‘They were
dredged in the Faroe Channel (Station 19a, lat. 60° 36’ N.,
long. 4° 46’ W.) at a depth of 1030 metres, in the immediate
neighbourhood of the places from which the type specimens
were obtained.
The colonies vary in height from 4 to 7°5 cm., and in
general agree with Allman’s description, but as regards their
minute structure these additions and corrections have to be
made. The colonies are fascicled for the greater part of their
length, but only the anterior tube is divided into internodes,
upon each of which a single hydroclade is borne. Allman’s
figure (pl. Ixviii. fig. 1 A) errs in indicating that the hydro-
clades arise from different components of the fascicle. ‘I'he
hydroclades are alternate and rest on short processes from the
stem. The hydrothece are deep and cylindrical, with a
straight profile, an aperture lying at right angles to the long
axis of the stem and in line with a hydrocladial node, and
a margin bearing an anterior prominent tooth accompanied
by a smaller tooth on each side. About five indefinite
sinuations also occur on each lateral margin.
Within the hydrocladial internode are several well-defined
ridges, five generally springing from behind the hydrotheca,
and a number, varying from two to four, from its base. One
or two shorter ridges project into the proximal portion of the
internode from its anterior wall. A prominent septum, perfo-
rated by a minute opening, traverses the mesial nematophore
near the point where it becomes free, and from about the same
level a strong anterior intrathecal ridge extends horizontally
backwards almost to the posterior wall of the hydrotheca. But
there is no definite relationship between the position of the
intrathecal ridge and that of the nematophore septum, the
former being sometimes at exactly the same level as the latter,
sometimes above it or below it. ‘The mesial nematophore
reaches halfway up the hydrotheca and is free for about half
its length, except on the proximal internode of each hydroclade,
* Allman, J. G., 1874, “ Report on the Hydroids collected during the
Expeditions of H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine,’” Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol, vill.
p- 478.
a12 Mr. J. Ritchie on a
where it is much shorter and lies altogether free from the
hydrotheca. Neither it nor the supracalycine nematophores
are completely tubular; their margins are serrate. Hach
stem-internode bears three nematophores: one posterior, in
the angle between internode-process and stem; the others
anterior, one beside the stem-process, the other proximal to it.
The supporting tubes of the fascicle bear somewhat smaller
nematophores, arranged on each tube in opposite pairs at
regular intervals.
Fig. 1—Hydrotheca of Cladocarpus formosus. X 45. —
Fig. 2.—Hydrotheca of Cladocarpus crenatus, var, allmani, X 45.
Viewed from the anterior the gonangia are obovate, but in
lateral aspect the posterior wall is seen to be arched over the
termino-lateral aperture (suggesting the overcurling tip of an
oriental slipper), as in the case of C. ventricosus (Allman) *.
Qladocarpus formosus” of the ‘ Challenger’ Report.—
Comparison of the characters above described with those of
the solitary specimen obtained by the ‘ Challenger ’—for the
opportunity of examining which I am indebted to Mr. Edgar
A. Smith, I.8.0., of the British Museum—shows that
Allman’s identification is mistaken. For the ‘Challenger’
specimen differs in lacking an intrathecal ridge, in possessing
* See Nutting, C.C., “American Hydroids: I. The Plumularide,”
Smithsonian Institution, Special Bulletin, Washington, 1900, pl. xxvi.
fig. 8,
rare Plumularian [Hydrovd. 313
a more globular, less deep hydrotheca, with fewer and more
definite marginal sinuations, in possessing two, seldom three,
internodal ridges, and in having the nematophore septum
much nearer the base of the hydrotheca. The serrations on
the margins of the nematophores, noticed by Billard*, are
less distinct than in C. formosus, although, as there, the
mesial nematophore on the proximal internode of each hydro-
clade lies below the hydrotheca and is free from it. The
presence of this nematophore, the existence of which Allman
denies, shows that the phylactogonium cannot be ‘its
morphological representative.” On the hydroclade-bearing
tube five nematophores usually accompany each hydroclade :
one posterior, in the angle between internode-process and
internode; one anterior, distal to the process, and three,
almost in a whorl, proximal to it.
The ‘Challenger’ specimen I regard as a variety of
Cladocarpus crenatus (Fewkes) described by Fewkes, in
absence of the gonosome, as Ag/aophenia crenatat. Clado-
carpus crenatus, var. allmant, nov. nom., differs from the
type of the species in possessing only two instead of eight
internodal ridges and in having three anterior teeth much
more prominent than the lateral sinuations. The free portion
of the mesial nematophore, too, is scoop-shaped, open towards
the hydrotheca ; but while Nutting describes that of C. crena-
tus as “ tubular”’ t, one of his figures (pl. xxiii. fig. 9, upper-
most hydrotheca) represents it as open on the side facing
inwards. ‘This variety was obtained by the ‘ Challenger’ in
lat. 34° 58’ N., long. 139° 30’ E., in the neighbourhood of
Yokohama.
The following measurements indicate, in mm., the sizes of
the species discussed above :—
C. formosus. C. crenatus,
var. allmant.
Stem internodes, length ........ 0:91-0:98 Not discernible.
Hydroclade internodes, length .. O84 0-77
Hiydrotheca, depth). 2... 000+. 0°57 0:42-0:45
5 diameter at mouth .. 0°35 0:32
Gonotheca, length.............. 1°23 1:08
- greatest diameter .... 0:70 0:59
* Billard, A., 1908, “Sur les Plumulariide de Ja collection du
‘ ee 2 Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sc., 16th Nov., 1908,
a ‘Fewkes, J. W., 1881, “Report of the Acalephz, Hydroida, ‘ Blake’
Expedition,” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. viii. no. 7, p. 182,
{ Nutting, C. C., op. cet. p. 104.
314 On Soletellina dautzenbergi, sp. n.
The description and figures of Cladocarpus crenulatus,
Levinsen *, recorded from Davis Strait, clearly indicate that
that form is specifically identical with C. formosus, of which
therefore Levinsen’s name should be rezarded as a
synonym.
X LI.— Diagnosis of Soletellina dautzenbergi, sp. n., from
New Caledonia. By G. B. SowErsy, F.LS.
Testa transverse subelongata, subsquilateralis, crassiuscula, pur-
purea, lineis atro-purpureis plerumque duplicatis radiata, epider-
mide olivacea induta ; umbones minuti, fere conjuncti, vix elevati,
leviter post medium locati; margo dorsalis anticus subelongatus,
leviter convexus, mediocriter declivis ; posticus brevior, rectiuscu-
lus, paulo declivis, rotunde angulatus; margo ventralis leviter
arcuatus; latera antica rotundata, postica convexe truncata.
Ligamentum crassum, breviter truncatum. Pagina interna purpu-
rascens, atro-purpureo duplicatim radiata et postice suffusa ;
impressio musculari postica cordiformis ; antica lingueformis ;
sinus pallii magnus, late ovatus. Dentes cardinales valve dextrz
duo; valve sinistre una vel tres. Margo cardinalis anticus
tenuis, haud dentatus ; posticus crassus, levigatus.
Long. (umbone ad marg. ventralem) 12, lat. 19 mm.
Soletellina dautzenbergi.
Hab. New Caledonia.
T am indebted to the able and zealous conchologist Mr. Ph.
Dautzenberg for information concerning this species, which
I have pleasure in naming after him.
* Levinsen, G. M. R., 1893, “ Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra
Grénlands Vestkyst,” Vidensk. Meddel. fra den naturh, Foren., Kjében-
havyn.
Geological Soctety.— Miscellaneous. 3L5
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
January 13th, 1909.—Prof. W. J. Sollas, LL.D., Se.D., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
‘On the Genus Lowonema, with Descriptions of New Proterozoic
Species.’ By Mrs. Jane Longstaff (née Donald), F.L.S.
There is some confusion with regard to the type of the genus
Loxonema, which has arisen from the confounding of the Silurian
Terebra (?) sinuosa of Sowerby with the Devonian form which Phillips
called Loxonema sinuosum. This matter is discussed, and the
Author, following Lindstrom, Koken, and Perner, takes L. sinuosum,
Sowerby as the type, in the absence of sufficient reasons to the
contrary. If this be done, the other twe types mentioned by Phillips
cannot remain in the genus, one belonging to the genus Macro-
cheilina and the other to Zygopleura. This paper deals simply with
Ordovician and Silurian species, therefore only a few subgenera are
referred to—Lhabdostropha, Don., and Stylonema, Perner.
The diagnosis of Lowonema is amended, and a note given as to
the true range and the geographical distribution of the genus.
Descriptions are given of Loxonema sinuosum, Sow., of L. intumescens,
Lindstr., and of L. striatissimum, Salt. MS., and six new species and
one new variety are described of this genus. Rhabdostropha pseudo-
fasciatum, Don., and Rh. Grindrodi and a new species of this
subgenus from Stoke Wold in the Lower Ludlow Beds are next
described. This is followed by a description of two new species
of the subgenus Stylonema—one from the Chair of Kildare and
the second from Mulloch Hill. In conclusion, a new species of
Hormotoma from the Llandeilo Flags of Builth Bridge is described.
MISCELLANEOUS.
On the Generic Name Cheerops, Rippell.
By J. Doveras Oarrsy.
To the Editors of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
GunTLEMEN,—Having been engaged lately on a revision of the
bodian labrids of Queensland, the correct name of the genus com-
monly known as Cherops came duly up for consideration, with the
result that I find that the two Bleekerian names Choirodon and
316 Miscellaneous.
Cossyphodes take precedence of Riippell’sname. The latest synonymy
of the genus is that given by Jordan and Snyder (Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xxiv. 1902, p. 614); but if Bleeker is correct, as he doubtless
is, in the statements (Atlas Ichth. 1. pp. xiii, 161, & 162, 1862)
that the name Choirodon was proposed for these fishes more than
sixteen years (“il y a plus de 16 ans”) before the publication of
the work last quoted, then the date—1856—given by Jordan and
Snyder is manifestly incorrect, and should be altered to 1846, while
the reference to Cossyphodes should be, on Bleeker’s own evidence
(wbid. p. xiii), 1849 instead of 1861. It is true that Bleeker him-
self asserts that Cherops, Riippell, has priority over his Cossyphodes
(*«étant postérieur 4 celui de M. Riippell doit aussi étre supprimé”’),
but the facts, as we know them, fail to support this contention. It
is quite possible that Bleeker was aware of Riippell’s intention to
name the genus Cherops, and designed to adhere loyally to that
name, yet, through his neglect to cancel his own Cossyphodes, that
name was eventually issued earlier than Riippell’s; and as we are
very rightly bound to accept the earliest available published name,
without regard as to whether its author subsequently rejected it or
not, it follows that Cossyphodes should be employed for this genus,
since Choirodon, presumably from previous use, is inadmissible
according to its author (“‘nom que ne pouvait pas étre conservé’”’),
I am, however, unable to find any record of the use of Choirodon as
a generic name prior to its employment by Bleeker, aad if others
who are more happily placed than [ in regard to works of reference
are equally unsuccessful, that name, having precedence of date,
should stand. No mention of either of the Bleekerian genera is
made by Scudder (1882) or Waterhouse (1902), but the former
catalogues a “* Cossyphodes, Westwood, 1851,” in Coleoptera; it
will be necessary to cancel this name if it be in use, since Bleeker’s
employment of the term antedates Westwood’s by two years.
I append the synonymy of the genus so far as I am able to
determine it :—
CossypHopes, Bleeker.
1846 or earlier. Choirodon, Bleeker, Bijdr. Gen. Topogr. Batay. p. 513
(macrodontus). Name alleged to be untenable by its author.
1849. Cossyphodes, Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. xxii., Gladsch. Labr.
p- 10 (macrodontus’. Substitute for Chotrodon.
1852. Cherops, Riippell, Verz. Mus. Senck., Fisch. p, 20 (meleagris=
macrodontus).
186]. Hypsigenis, Giinther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii. p. 383
(macrodontus).
1875. Torresia, Castelnau, Res. Fish. Austr. p. 36 (australis =cyano-
stolus).
Brisbane, August 1908.
}
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. IIT. Pi; Vii
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Mist. S. 8. Vol. III. Pl. IX.
ANDREWS.
—
———
—S = ~
=
— a
—— ———
SSS
= a
— =
——
=e =
NS
SSS
= = —-—
== eee
=
= —
—
SS — =
———
Fy
a SS
<
) =~
=
—
GM. Woodward del,
THE ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
[EIGHTH SERIES. |
No. 16. APRIL 1909.
XLII.—Rhynchotal Notes —XLVII. By W. L. Distant.
HETEROPTERA.
Fam. Lygeide.
Oriental Genera and Species.
THE following newly proposed genera and a number of the
new species here described will be figured in the Appendix to
the Rhynchota in the ‘ Fauna of British India.” They all
pertain to the family Lygzida as hitherto understood; but
now a new departure has been advocated, and that well-
known family name is by some writers threatened with
suppression. As | retain the name used by all previous
and nearly all recent entomologists, some remarks are neces-
sary, especially as Bergroth, in patronising the change, has
written :—‘‘ As eminent hemipterists have already decided to
give up the family name Lygeide in the hitherto recognized
sense, J provisionally accept with Breddin the name Myodo-
chidee after the oldest genus of the family (AZyodocha, Latr.) ”
(Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. 1908, p. 589). Breddin, however,
is not the “ eminent hemipterist ’? who originally advocated
this idea, and Bergroth ought to have given the eredit to
Kirkaldy, who, however, has not been consistent with
himself on the question, as he has subsequently proposed
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, iii. 22
518 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
two other new names for the same purpose. Kirkaldy’s
contributions to the elucidation of the question are as
follows :—
Myodochide=Lygeide auctt., Kirk. Entomologist, xxxii.
p. 220 (1899).
Geocoride= Lygeide auctt., Kirk. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soc. xiv. p. 306 (1902).
Pyrrhocoride= Lygeide + Pyrrhocoride auctt., Kirk. Faun.
Hawaiien. iii. pt. il. p. 158 (1902).
We will leave these propositions by suggesting that
Kirkaldy may not have yet pursued all his bibliological
investigations, and that he may probably have neither said
nor used the last word. Breddin, in following Kirkaldy’s
first lead, has not stated why he has subsequently deserted
his further suggestions, while Bergroth adds no finality by
stating that he “provisionally accepts.” The question solely
and entirely depends on whether the name of a family should
be founded on the name of the earliest genus contained in
that family, and therefore less requires the attention of an
eminent hemipterist so much as that of a good bibliographical
clerk. And what good results from such a procedure? The
evil is manifest in the addition to the ]abours and enigmas of
the zoological recorder, and the consequent hindrance to the
study of the family itself. To admit the principle in the
Rhynchota would be to advocate a thorough confusion in the
nomenclature of all branches of zoology. I have previously
ventured to discuss the question in connexion with the name
of the family Capside (Faun. Brit. Ind., Rhynch. vol. ii,
p- 413).
Zithalotus indicatus, sp. n.
Above black; pronotum and corium finely, thickly, ob-
scurely pilose; lateral margins of the pronotum (not reaching
basal angles) dull sanguineous ; head beneath, sternum, and
legs black, prosternum dull sanguineous; abdomen beneath
dull yellowish white, the apical segment black; cox# and
trochanters dull ochraceous; vertex (including eyes) twice as
broad as long; ocelli about twice as far removed from each
other as from eyes, between the ocelli a broad longitudinal
impression, the margins of which are slightly ridged ; antennee
black, concolorous, second and third joints almost equally
long, fourth longer than third; pronotum distinctly coarsely
punctate, strongly transversely impressed, the anterior lobe
thus well defined; scutellum with a strong central ridge,
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 319
membrane not passing the abdominal apex ; rostrum reaching
the intermediate cox; first joint of the posterior tarsi
shorter than second and third together.
Long. 52 mm.
fab, Tenasserim; Myitta (Doherty).
Larger than 4. horn, Bredd.; first joint of posterior tarsi
distinctly shorter than the second and third joints together ;
antennez concolorous; eyes black; prosternum sanguineous,
&e.
Lygeus simla, sp. n.
Black ; pronotum with the anterior and lateral margins
{the latter not reaching basal lateral angles) and a central
longitudinal fascia sanguineous ; corium sanguineous, with a
broad, central, obliquely transverse, black fascia, not quite
reaching clavus; body beneath and legs black; lateral
margins of sternum, anterior margin of prosternum, acetabule,
and posterior segmental margins (beyond middle of abdomen
widened towards lateral margins), sanguineous; antenn
robust, second joint longest, third and fourth joints about
equal in length ; pronotum with the anterior and lateral
margins broadly and strongly ridged, the central sanguineous
line marking a distinct longitudinal carination, the disk
finely punctate; scutellum with a central longitudinal
carination ; clavus somewhat coarsely punctate ; corium finely
punctate; rostrum passing the intermediate, almost reaching
the posterior coxz ; posterior tarsi with the first joint about as
long as second and third joints together.
Long, 9-104 mm.
Hab. Simla Hills ; Matiana ( Annandale).
Lygeus cous, sp. n.
Sanguineous ; antenne, eyes, a central basal spot to head
(containing a small sanguineous spot at base), two large
transverse spots at base and preceded by two transverse lines to
pronotum, scutellum, clavus (excluding base), a large oblong
spot outside clayus posteriorly connected with a costal spot
beyond middle of corium, membrane, rostrum, legs, a spot on
each side of prosternum, disks of meso- and metasterna, and
abdomen beneath black ; lateral margins of abdomen to a
little beyond middle ganguineous, apex of membrane broadly
hyaline; antennae moderately robust, second and fourth
joints subequal in length, each a little longer than third ;
head punctate ; pronotum more sparingly and coarsely punc-
tate, transversely depressed behind middle at the region of
92%
320 Mr. W. L. Distant cn Heteroptera.
the black basal spots, the lateral and anterior margins
ridged ; scutellum mutilated in type by pin; clavus coarsely,
corium very finely punctate; rostrum very slightly passing
the intermediate coxe.
Long. 6 mm.
fab. Calcutta.
Aspilocoryphus? modestus, sp. n.
Head black, with a small dull ochraceous spot at base ;
antenne dull ochraceous, the basal joint a little darker, the
apical joint piceous ; pronotum piceous, the lateral and apical
margins, the central longitudinal carination, and a transverse
series of four large spots (two on each side of the central
carination) dull ochraceous ; scutellum piceous black, its apex
dull ochraceous ; corium dull ochraceous, an apical fascia to
clavus, and longitudinal streaks between the veins of corium,
black or piceous; membrane black, the apical margins
broadly dull pale plumbeous, some of the veins greyish white ;
body beneath piceous black, shortly and closely ochraceously
pilose ; margins of the sternal segments and the legs sordidly
ochraceous, femora (excluding apices) brownish ; rostrum and
a spot on each side of the posterior margins of the pro- and
mesosterna piceous ; second joint of antenne longest, third
shorter than fourth ; pronotum transversely impressed before
middle, distinctly, centrally, longitudinally carinate, the
black or piceous anterior area with two very distinct trans-
verse cicatrices on each side ; membrane not passing abdo-
minal apex ; rostrum passing the intermediate coxe.
Long. 4 mm.
Hab, Bombay (Dixon).
CONSIVIUS, gen. nov.
Body elongate; head subtriangular, somewhat acutely
produced at apex ; ocelli placed nearer eyes than to each
other; antennze with the first and fourth joints distinctly
thickened ; rostrum reaching or slightly passing the inter-
mediate coxz; pronotum moderately narrowed in front,
granulose, a distinct transverse ridge near anterior margin;
scutellum about as long as broad, the lateral margins (except
at base) distinctly ridged, the apical margin strongly ridged,
granulosely punctate ; membrane considerably passing abdo-
minal apex; lateral margins of metasternum oblique and
apically acutely produced, seen above on each side of the
costal margins of corium ; legs somewhat slender, posterior
— Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 321
tarsi with the first joint distinctly longer than the second
and third joints together.
Allied to Arocatus by the long scutellum, but differing
from that genus by the structure of the scutellum and by the
produced metasternal lateral angles.
Consivius collinus, sp. n.
Body above sanguineous ; antenne, eyes, an angular patch
on each side of base of head (including the ocelli), anterior
marginal area, and a transverse somewhat bimaculate spot
on each side of base of pronotum, basal half of scutellum,
clavus, two spots on inner margin of clavus, and a large trans-
verse spot behind middle of corium, the apical angle of the
latter, and the membrane black, apical margin of the membrane
paler; body beneath sanguineous, rostrum, basal margin of head,
anterior marginal areasof pro-and mesosterna, a prominent spot
on the lateral areas of both meso- and metasterna, transverse
fascize to abdominal segments (not reaching lateral margins),
coxe and legs, black; excluding membrane and including
legs and antenne greyishly pilose, the head at anterior
margin very longly pilose; antennze with the second, third,
and fourth joints about subequal in length, first and fourth
distinctly incrassated; pronotum somewhat coarsely granu-
lose ; scutellum coarsely granulosely punctate.
Long. 10 mm.
Hab. Simla Hills.
4 % 7 .
Nystus miner, sp. n.
Resembling JV. ceylanicus, Motsch., but as a rule smaller
in size; antenne with the second and third joints ochra-
ceous or brownish ochraceous, first and fourth joints more or
less piceous, second and third joints of antenn subequal in
length, whereas in N. ceylanicus the second joint is distinctly
longer than the third, and all the joints piceous in coloration.
Long. 3 mm.
Hab. Bengal; Pusa and Patna.
Nysius lacustrinus, sp. n.
Head ochraceous, the margins of the central lobe black
and a black cicatral punctate fascia on each side before eyes
extending from above antenne to base; antenne brownish
ochraceous, the basal joint blackish; pronotum ochraceous,
darkly punctate, and thus forming longitudinal fascize ;
scutellum piceous brown, a pale central line on apex; body
322 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
beneath and legs ochraceous ; sternum with a central greyish
and a lateral plumbeous longitudinal fascia, posterior margin
of metasternum greyish white, head beneath greyish ; abdo-
men with the base and lateral margins more or less plum-
beous; legs pale ochraceous, femora spotted with castaneous,
apices of tarsi black; rostrum black, slightly passing the
posterior cox ; antenne with the second joint longest, fourth
joint a little longer than third ; head with the punctures
coarse; pronotum transversely impressed before anterior
area, which is coarsely punctate, the other punctures also
coarse; scutellum more finely punctate, the basal area a
little gibbous ; corium hyaline, with a yellowish tint, two
black lines on its apical margin ; membrane hyaline, con-
siderably passing the abdominal apex; sternum coarsely
punctate.
Long. 4 mm.
Hab. N.W. India; Kumaon, Bhim Tal.
Allied to NV. dohertyi, Dist., but differing by the larger
size, differently coloured and longer antenne, though tue
relative lengths of the joints are much the same, scutellum
more gibbous, &e.
Terme ;
Nysius melanicus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum thickly piceously or
blackly punctate; antenne black, apex of fourth joint
slightly brownish ochraceous ; body beneath and legs black ;
cox, extreme apices of the femora, tibia, and tarsi brownish
ochraceous ; corium pale obscure luteous hyaline, the costal
area clear and unspotted, the veins, and the apical margin
medially interrupted, piceous or black; second joint of
antenne distinctly longer than the third, third and fourth
joints almost subequal in length; pronotum coarsely punc-
tate, with a somewhat obscure central longitudinal ridge ;
scutellum with a longitudinal ridge commencing at about
one-third from base, where it is distinctly tuberculous ;
membrane hyaline, considerably passing the abdominal apex ;
rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe.
Long. 4 mm.
Hab. Kumaon, Bhim Tal; Simla Hills, Theog.
Pirkimerus nicobarensis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and body beneath piceous
brown ; first, second, and third joints of antenne, rostrum,
and legs ochraceous ; fourth joint of antenne piceous brown ;
hemelytra pale umber-brown; outer margin of clavus, an
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 823
elongate marginal spot before middle, and a marginal spot to
membrane pale ochraceous ; between these spots the margin
is much darker ochraceous; second and third joints of an-
tenn subequal in length, each a little longer than first,
fourth longest, incrassate and pilose; pronotum strongly
transversely impressed, punctate and wrinkled at anterior
margin, the posterior area discally foveately depressed, ante-
riorly coarsely punctate, posteriorly finely transversely
striate; scutellum distinctly centrally longitudinally carinate ;
membrane not quite reaching the apical abdominal segment ;
posterior femora finely spined beneath, the posterior tibie
strongly marginally setose; basal joint of posterior tarsi
much longer than the second and third joints.
Long. 5 mm.
tae Nicobar Islands ; Homfray’s Sts. (Rogers, Brit.
uS.).
Macropes raja, sp. n.
Head, antennx, pronotum, scutellum, abdomen above, body
beneath, and femora black; first and second jomts of an-
tennx (excluding extreme apices of second joint), tibia, and
tarsi pale ochraceous; hemelytra milky white; internal vein
and margins of clavus, two principal veins of corium on
apical half, the oblique margin separating corium from
membrane, two internal curved veins and a large discal spot
to membrane, piceous; second and fourth joints of antennz
subequal in length, each a little longer than third; pronotum
with the anterior area or lobe smooth and centrally longi-
tudinally grooved or sulcate, the posterior area or lobe
coarsely punctate and depressed, with a distinct transverse
ridge before basal margin, the lateral margins concave ;
hemelytra reaching the anterior margin of the fifth abdominal
segment; rostrum passing the anterior coxe.
Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Calcutta.
This species is allied to both M. sptnamanus, Motsch., and
M. punctatus, Walk., by the sulcated anterior pronotal lobe :
from M, spinamanus it is to be separated by the longer hem-
elytraand the colour of the legs ; from M/. punctatus it differs
in the smaller size, the ochraceous first and second antennal
joints, more distinct sulcation to pronotum, ochraceous
tibie, &e.
Macropes singularis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and legs black ;
324 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
apices of femora and the whole of the tibize more or less
castaneous; tarsi ochraceous; antenne piceous brown, the
extreme apices of the joints paler; ocelli shining earmine-
red; hemelytra creamy white, costal margin of corium
slightly yellowish, clavus, corium at claval margin and
apical area to corium black ; basal area of membrane (not
reaching inner margin) and narrowly connected with a large
elongate spot (which almost extends to lateral and_ apical
margins) black; abdomen above black ; second and third
joints of antenne subequal in length, fourth longer than
either second or third ; pronotum elongate, centrally as long
as broad at base, punctate, transversely impressed behind
middle and thence roundly narrowed to head, basal margin
concave, a small pale impunctate spot near each basal lateral
angle; scutellum punctate excepting basal area, a central
longitudinal ridge extending from about middle to apex ;
hemelytra reaching base of apical abdominal segment;
rostrum slightly passing anterior coxa, black, with the apices
of the joints a little paler.
Leng. 63 mm.
Hab. Ceylon ; Pundaluoya (Green).
Macropes uniformis, sp. 1.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and sternum black ; antenna
with the first, second, and third joints dull ochraceous, fourth
joint black, its base ochraceous; apex of head, posterior
margin of pronotum, and legs castaneous; rostrum, tibia,
and tarsi more or less ochraceous; corium very pale stra-
mineous ; membrane very pale greyish brown; abdomen
piceous brown, thickly, finely, greyishly pilose; antenne
with the third joint longer than second, fourth considerably
longer than either second or third; pronotum with the ante-
rior lobe subglobose, broad, shining, obscurely centrally
longitudinally sulcate on disk, sparingly punctate, the trans-
verse constriction about onc-third from base, the basal area
transversely wrinkled or striate, the anterior lobe laterally a
little convexly ampliated, the posterior margin concave ;
scutellum short, broad, centrally longitudinally ridged from
about middle to apex; membrane extending to the penulti-
mate segment of the abdomen ; anterior femora strongly
incrassated and shortly spined beneath.
Long. 5 mm.
Hab. Calcutta.
Allied to Mf. subauratus, Dist., by the uniformly coloured
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 325
corium and membrane ; from that species it differs in the
colour of the antenne and legs, the broader and more globose
anterior pronotal lobe, the shorter membrane, &c.
Macropes privus, sp. n.
Head, antennez, eyes, pronotum, and scutellum_ black,
moderately shining ; body beneath and legs black, apices of
the femora and the whole of the tibize pale castaneous, tarsi
ochraceous ; clavus and corium greyish white, the claval
suture and the outer marginal area to corium (widened poste-
riorly) piceous; membrane black, its basal angle greyish
white; antennze with the extreme apices of the joints paler,
second and third subequal in length, fourth longest, pyriform
and palely pilose ; pronotum considerably longer than broad,
thickly punctate, the basal margin concave, two smooth
cicatrices in transverse series on anterior area, and two
similar but narrower cicatrices near middle; scutellum
distinctly ridged, transversely at base, and centrally longitu-
dinally, its disk finely granulose; margins of clavus, the
subclaval vein to corium, and the inner half of the apical
margin to corium pale yellowish ; membrane smooth,
shining, reaching the base of the sixth abdominal segment ;
connexivum and abdomen beneath very shortly but thickly
ochraceously pilose, the latter with a double series of small
black points on each side; rostrum shining piceous black,
about reaching the anterior coxx; anterior femora strongly
incrassate, finely spined beneath.
Long. 53 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green).
Allied to M. precerptus, Dist., but smaller, anterior lobe of
pronotum not suleate, colour of membrane, corium, and legs
different, &c.
Macropes thoracicus, sp. nu.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and sternum black; basal
margin of pronotum and the abdomen pale testaceous ;
rostrum and legs orange-yellow ; corium very pale ochra-
ceous ; membrane creamy white ; antenne piceous or black,
the basal joint and extreme apices of second and third joints
ochraceous, second and fourth joints subequal in length,
each considerably longer than third; pronotum short, a
little broader than long, transverse impression about one-
fourth before posterior margin, the anterior area or lobe
opaque, coarsely irregularly punctate; corium shorter than
326 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
membrane, which extends to the penultimate segment of the
abdomen; rostrum reaching the anterior coxe; anterior
femora moderately incrassated, obscurely spinous beneath.
Long. 5 mm.
Hab. Nepal.
By the uniformly coloured corium and membrane allied to
M. subauratus and M. uniformis. From both it differs and
is subgenerically distinct by the shorter and comparatively
broader pronotum and the skort posterior area or lobe, the
short corium, &e.
Ischnodemus erebus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, abdomen above, and body
beneath black; corium dull ochraceous, streaked longitu-
dinally with castaneous brown; membrane (reflecting the
dark abdomen beneath) black; femora black, their apices
and the whole of the tibiz and tarsi brownish ochraceous ;
antenne brownish ochraceous, apical joint (excluding base)
blackish, second joint slightly longer than the third, fourth
joint considerably longest ; vertex thickly finely granulose;
pronotum coarsely punctate and granulose, finely pale pilose,
more longly pilose on lateral margins, some obscure tuber-
culous elevations on anterior disk ; scutellum granulose and
punctate, palely pilose, a little depressed on disk ; corium
somewhat strongly palely pilose, especially on lateral margins ;
membrane neither reaching the abdominal apex nor covering
the connexivum, which is exposed for nearly its entire
length.
Long. 23-3 mm.
Hab. Bombay Province; Matheran, 2500 feet (Pusa
Coll.).
Differing from J. noctulus, Dist., by its smaller size,
the exposed connexivum, absence of subapical pale spot to
membrane, the granulose head, pronotum, and scutellum,
pale anterior tibiew, &c. I have examined a series of this
species, but, unfortunately, all the specimens were in a
somewhat greasy condition, which rendered the colour-
characters more or less difficult to identify, especially as
regards the hemelytra.
Ischnodemus atromaculatus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black, palely pilose ;
corium pale ochraceous, with the basal angle and a large spot
near apex black ; membrane blackish, its basal angle and a
spot near the apical margins of corium pale ochraceous ;
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 327
body beneath black; femora black, their apices and the whole
of the tibie and tarsi pale ochraceous ; antennez black, second
joint a little longer than third, fourth longest and thickest ;
vertex finely granulose, subacutely prominent anteriorly ;
pronotum somewhat coarsely granulose, about as long as
broad at base, the lateral margins a little convexly rounded ;
scutellum sparingly but coarsely granulose ; membrane not
quite reaching abdominal apex nor covering connexivum ;
corium strongly palely pilose, covering or almost covering the
connexivum.
Long. 2-24 mm.
Hab. Bombay Province; Matheran, 2500 feet, Igatpuri,
2000 feet (Pusa Coll.).
As in the previous species, the specimens on which this is
founded are in a more or less greasy condition, which renders
the coloration difficult to determine. This more particularly
applies to the membrane, which in some examples appears to
be brownish grey, with the veins piceous.
Besides the distinct markings of the corium the species is
to be recognized by the broader and comparatively shorter
pronotum, with its more convexly rounded lateral margins.
NERTHUS, gen. nov.
Hlongate; head broad, convexly narrowed in front of eyes,
central lobe prominent and slightly produced; antenne with
the first joint shortest, distinctly shorter than the head,
second joint a little longer than either third or fourth; ros-
trum just passing the posterior coxe, first joint passing base
of head, second and third subequal in length; ocelli near
posterior margin, nearer to eyes than to each other; pro-
notum elongate, moderately laterally sinuate, transverse
constriction distinct, anterior lobe convex, a little shorter than
posterior lobe, which is deflected anteriorly, the posterior
lateral angles rounded, their posterior margins slightly
lobately produced ; scutellum a little longer than broad, with
a discal longitudinal carination; corium a little more than
half the length of abdomen and concavely constricted at
middle; membrane reaching apex of abdomen; legs mode-
rately long, unarmed, pilose, femora moderately evenly
thickened ; posterior tibize with the basal joint a little longer
than the remaining joints together; abdomen beneath with a
distinct, central, longitudinal, carinate line.
Allied to Artemidorus, Dist., but differing by the basal
joint of antenne being shorter than the head; the much
longer rostrum and the relative lengths of joints of same, the
328 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
shorter and evenly thickened posterior femora, not attenuated
towards base and incrassate at apices as in Artemidorus.
Nerthus dudgeont, sp. n.
Head, antenn#, pronotum, scutellum, abdomen above,
rostrum, and body beneath black ; posterior margin of pro-
notum, central apical longitudinal carination to scutellum, and
elongate (almost connected) spots to connexivum very pale
ochraceous; base of first joint of antenne and the legs
reddish yellow ; apical angle of corium and the tarsi black ;
bases of intermediate and posterior femora stramineous ;
head, pronotum, and sternum thickly coarsely punctate ;
clavus longitudinally punctate ; corium with the subclaval
margin and the costal margin longitudinally punctate ; body
beneath (especially the abdomen) finely greyishly pilose ;
other structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 9 mm.
Hab. Kangra Valley, 4500 feet (Dudgeon).
Chauliops nigrescens, sp. n.
Head pale castaneous brown, with an obscure darker longi-
tudinal fascia on each side between the bases of antenne and
the ocelli; antennze pale ochraceous, the first and fourth
joints brownish ochraceous; pronotum sordidly ochraceous,
thickly piceously punctate, a black subanterior marginal
fascia (interrupted at middle) and a pale central longitudinal
line ; scutellum piceous black; corium sordidly ochraceous,
the clavus and apical area of corium piceous black ; membrane
sordidly greyish, with piceous suffusions ; connexivum pale
luteous, spotted with black; body beneath and legs dull
black ; cox, bases of femora, a broad central annulation to
tibize, and the tarsi pale ochraceous ; antenne robust, second
and third joints slender, second longest, fourth slightly longer
than third ; pronotum gibbously rounded, much asin C. loba-
tula, Bredd.; corium distinctly shorter than membrane, which
very slightly extends beyond abdominal apex; abdomen
beneath coarsely granulose.
Long. 3 mm.
Hab. N.W. India; Kumaon, Bhim Tal (Ind. Mus. and
Coll. Dist.).
EPIBOMIUS, gen. nov.
Subelongate ; head about as long as breadth between eyes,
somewhat abruptly pointed in front, the lateral margins
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 329
between hase of antenne and apex convexly sinuate, ocelli a
little in front of basal margin and on each side near eyes;
antennzs moderately robust, pilose, the third and fourth
joints prominently pilose; rostrum reaching the intermediate
cox ; pronotum about as long as broad at anterior margin,
transversely impressed near middle, the anterior margin very
slightly sinuate, lateral margins almost straightly oblique,
posterior margin truncate, centrally faintly longitudinally
carinate; corium considerably longer than membrane, which
scarcely passes the abdominal apex, and with the basal cells
distinct; femora moderately thickened.
Near Sadoletus, Dist.
Epibomius pusa, sp. n.
Head black ; antennze piceous, greyishly pilose; pronotum
pale castaneous red, the anterior and posterior areas more or
less black ; corium black, very finely greyishly pilose, the
basal and apical angles testaceous; head beneath black ;
sternum pale castaneous red, with its disk black ; abdomen
beneath and legs sordidly ochraceous, the former with its
base and apex black ; connexival border beneath pale luteous,
with black spots; head thickly obscurely punctate ; antennze
with the second joint longest, third and fourth strongly
pilose, fourth joint slightly longer than third; pronotum
sparingly very coarsely punctate, its lateral margins promi-
nently pilose ; corium obscurely punctate and more distinctly
pilose ; sternum sparingly coarsely punctate.
Long. 33-4 mm.
Hab. Bengal; Pusa (Lefroy).
Sadoletus pallescens, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum dark brownish ochraceous ;
eyes and two large oblique spots on posterior lobe of pro-
notum black; corium pale ochraceous; membrane pale
hyaline; antenne, rostrum, body beneath, and legs pale
ochraceous ; meso- and metasterna dark brownish ochraceous,
posterior lateral angles of the latter pale ochraceous ; antennz
with the extreme apices of the second and third joints and
the apical joint (excluding base) more or less piceous; tibize
biannulated with pale brownish, apices of tarsi piceous, poste-
rior femora with a fuscous spot on upper surface a little
beyond middle ; antenne with the second joint slightly longer
than the third, fourth joint slightly or scarcely longer than
the second; posterior lobe of pronotum somewhat coarsely
330 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
punctate ; scutellum finely obscurely punctate on basal, much
more strongly punctate on apical area; clavus longitudinally
punctate, corium linearly and more sparingly punctate.
Long. 5 mm.
Hab. Calcutta.
Differs from S. validus, Dist., by the differently coloured
head and pronotum and the much less or scarcely pilose
character of the same,
ESMUN, gen. nov.
Body oblong; head about as long as breadth between
eyes, central lobe prominent and moderately projecting ;
ocelli near base a little nearer to eyes than to each other;
rostrum reaching or just passing the anterior coxe, first joint
not reaching base of head; antennze moderately robust, first
joint scarcely reaching apex of head, fourth joint incrassated ;
pronotum broader than long, before middle roundly narrowed
to eyes, obsoletely transversely depressed near middle, poste-
rior margin moderately concave, anterior margin nearly
straight; scutellum broad and short; hemelytra shorter and
narrower than the abdomen, corium shorter than membrane
at its greater central length, its apical margin sinuate, mem-
brane with distinct basal cells and scarcely passing the base
of the last abdominal segment ; femora moderately incrassate,
posterior tarsi with the basal joint shorter than the second
and third joints together.
Near Dinomachus, Dist.
Esmun typicus, sp. 0.
Head, antenne, rostrum, scutellum, abdomen above, and
body beneath and legs black; base of fourth joint of an-
tenn rusty brown; eyes and apices of the tibiee castaneous
brown ; tarsi pale ochraceous ; corium pale stramineous, base
of clavus, two very small spots at claval apex, and the apical
margins of corium (broadly and irregularly) black; membrane
hyaline, centrally slightly tinged with fuscous brown; an-
tenne with the third joint shorter than second or fourth,
fourth longer than second; head granulose and punctate ;
pronotum coarsely punctate, two subcallosities on anterior
area less punctate, the central area somewhat broadly trans-
versely depressed ; scutellum opaque ; abdomen above very
finely greyishly pilose.
Long. 35 mm.
Hab. Bombay (Dizon).
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 331
IXUHEMERUS, gen. nov.
Broad, subovate; head nearly as long as breadth between
eyes; antenne moderately robust, first joint not reaching
apex of head; ocelli situate near eyes; rostrum almost
reaching the intermediate coxe, first joint almost reaching
base of head; pronotum much broader than long, the anterior
angles rounded, posterior margin a little concave, anterior
margin slightly concave for the reception of head, near
middle centrally transversely impressed ; scutellum very
short and broad; hemelytra a little shorter and considerably
narrower than the abdomen; corium shorter than central
length of membrane, its apical margin irregularly concave ;
membrane with distinct basal cells and not quite reaching
the abdominal apex; femora moderately thickened, poste-
rior tarsi not quite as long as the second and third joints
together.
Allied to Esmun, Dist.
Huhemerus latus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, abdomen above, and body
beneath black; antenne, lateral margins of connexivum,
rostrum, and legs castaneous brown, apices of the femora,
intermediate and posterior tibie, and the tarsi ochraceous ;
corium greyish white, margins of clavus, two spots at
claval apex, and the longitudinal veins to corium brownish,
apical angular areas black; membrane hyaline; antennze
with the second joint longer than the third but shorter than
the fourth joint ; head and pronotum thickly rather coarsely
punctate; scutellum opaque; connexivum and abdomen
beneath thickly, shortly, greyishly pilose.
Long. 34 mm.
Hab, Bombay (Diwon).
PAMERANA, gen, nov.
Head shorter than pronotum, but longer than the anterior
lobe, ocelli near base and nearer to eyes than to each other,
antenniferous tubercles prominent and outwardly produced in
a short spinous tubercle, the apex of the central lobe distinctly
produced ; antennze with the first joint shorter than head,
second joint slightly longest, third and fourth subequal in
length; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe, first joint
not reaching base of head ; pronotum with a narrow anterior
collar, the anterior lobe subglobose and about as long as
332 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
posterior lobe ; scutellum about as long as broad; clavus and
costal area of pronotum coarsely thickly punctate, the corium
inwardly more finely punctate; membrane slightly passing
the abdominal apex ; anterior femora thickened, distinctly
spined beneath, anterior tibiz a little dilated at apex, all the
tibia about as long as the femora, posterior tarsi with the
basal joint much longer than the remaining joints together.
The spinously produced antenniferous tubercles are a
prominent character in this genus, which is allied to Pamera.
Pamerana cuneata, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, clavus, and corium dull black,
head more shining black; anterior pronotal collar (inter-
rupted at middle), two central longitudinal spots on posterior
pronotal lobe, margins of clavus, subclaval veins, and a spot
near inner posterior angle of corium pale castaneous brown;
membrane fuscous brown, with the veins dull ochraceous;
antenne black, apical joint with a broad pale ochraceous
annulation; body beneath black, rostrum and legs pale
ochraceous; femora, tibize, and tarsi slightly piceous towards
apices ; pronotum thickly finely punctate ; scutellum sparingly
punctate, more distinctly so on lateral margins; other struc-
tural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 7 mm.
Hab. Calcutta.
Eucosmetus mimicus, sp. n.
2. Head, pronotum, scutellum, and body beneath shining
black; antenne stramineous, the apical joint (excluding
base) piceous; rostrum stramineous, the basal joint black ;
legs stramineous, anterior femora (excluding apices) black,
intermediate femora (excluding base) castaneous, posterior
femora (excluding base) piceous; corium greyish white, a
longitudinal streak to clavus, a streak near basal costal
margin, and a broad central transverse fascia crossing apex
of clavus cinnamon-brown ; in this fascia beyond claval apex
is a small white spot in each corium, a black transverse spot
near apical angle ; membrane black, narrowly white at basal
outer angles, and with a white spot at apex ; antennz with
the first joint reaching apex of head, second and third longest
and subequal in length ; posterior lobe of pronotum coarsely
punctate; clavus longitudinally punctate, the transverse
fascia to corium somewhat coarsely punctate; membrane very
slightly passing abdominal apex; anterior tibiee (2) not
spined.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 333
Long. 5 mm.
Hab. Pegu (Coll. Dist.).
This species, apart from the generic character of the eyes,
possesses a simulative appearance to Caridops gibba, Bergr.
MARAMALDUS, gen. nov.
Head long, broad and convex, constricted behind the eyes,
the central lobe distinctly prominent at apex ; antenne with
the first joint distinctly passing apex of head, second and
third joints subequal in length, each longer than fourth;
rostrum slightly passing the anterior coxe, first joint not
nearly reaching base of head; pronotum with the anterior
lobe (including collar) more than twice as long as posterior
lobe, with a distinct broad anterior collar, convex, narrowed
anteriorly and posteriorly, smooth and shining, the collar
coarsely punctate, posterior lobe coarsely punctat: (except
near its anterior margin), its lateral angles distinctly
acutely spined ; scutellum slightly longer than broad, coarsely
punctate; ebdomen moderately concavely constricted on
basal half, its apex truncate ; anterior femora strongly in-
crassate, strongly constricted at base and moderately nar-
rowed at apex, spined beneath ; tibize curved, not spined in
2 (fg unknown) ; hemelytra not reaching apex of abdomen.
Allied to Hucosmetus, but first joint of antenne distinctly
passing apex of head, anterior lobe of pronotum longer and
with a broad anterior collar, hemelytra not reaching apex of
abdomen, &c.
Maramaldus admistus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and body beneath shining
black ; anterior collar and posterior lobe more opaque and
strongly punctate ; antenne stramineous, finely pilose, apical
joint (excluding base) piceous ; rostrum ochraceous, the basal
Jot piceous; legs stramineous, anterior femora (excluding
apices) shining black, anterior and intermediate femora with
their apical areas piceous ; connexivum spotted with stra-
mineous ; corium castaneous brown, spotted with white, the
principal spots being an elongate one on both costal and
claval margins, the largest near apical angle, and a small
rounded spot near claval apex, clavus and anterior half of
costal margin with longitudinal series of punctures, a trans-
verse series of punctures before membranal division, which is
distinctly paler; membrane piceous, with a white spot at
apex ; other structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long., 9, 6 mm.
Hab. N.W. India; Kumaon.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 23
334 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
Agunga fulgida, sp. n.
Head and anterior lobe of pronotum shining black, poste-
rior pronotal lobe brownish ochraceous, thickly darkly pune-
tate, the lateral margins (narrower on anterior lobe) stra-
mineous, the posterior lateral angular margins black ; scutel-
lum black ; corium pale ochraceous, with two short, black,
costal, marginal lines (one near middle, the other on apical
area), clavus and posterior disk blackly punctate, an obscure
greyish-white spot at each interior angle; membrane
yellowish white, with the veins darker; body beneath black,
lateral margins of sternum ochraceous, but anteriorly and
posteriorly castaneous; legs ochraceous, anterior femora
(excluding apices) and a subapical annulation to intermediate
and posterior femora black or piceous ; antennz with the
first and second joints stramineous, base of second joint
black, third black, fourth ochraceous, with its base black,
second, third, and fourth subequal in length; head and ante-
rior lobe of pronotum thickly finely punctate, the latter
strongly convexly raised and anteriorly deflexed, posterior
pronotal lobe more sparingly and coarsely punctate; scu-
tellum coarsely punctate.
Long. 24 mm.
Hab, Calcutta.
Differing principally from A. crassa, Dist., by the shining
head and pronotum, which is opaque in crassa; anterior
pronotal lobe more gibbous and only slightly longer than
posterior lobe, in crassa the pronotum is wholly black, in
Julgida the anterior Jobe is only black, head more vertically
depressed, &c.
Diniella bengalensis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum shining black ; pronotum
with the basal margin (very narrowly) and the posterior
lateral angles ochraceous ; antennz and corium ochraceous,
the latter with a transverse castaneous fascia crossing from
costa to inner angle, and then broadly continued on inner
half of apical margin; membrane pale hyaline; body beneath
black; legs and rostrum ochraceous; antenne robust, first
joint shorter than second, second and third subequal in length,
each a little shorter than fourth ; head sparsely finely pune-
tate ; pronotum more coarsely punctate, with indications of
an obscure transverse impression ; clavus finely sparingly
longitudinally punctate, corium at claval suture with two
longitudinal rows of coarse punctures, disk of corium more
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 335
sparingly and irregularly punctate; first joint of rostrum
thickened and passing base of head.
Long. 3 mm.
Hab. Bengal.
Allied to D. nitida, Reut., from Madagascar and the
Seychelles.
TEUTATES, gen. nov.
Head about as long as breadth between the outer expanse
of eyes, broadly obtusely produced before insertion of an-
tenne, the margins of the central lobe prominent, eyes not
quite reaching the anterior angles of the pronotum ; antenna
with the first joint not reaching apex of head, second joint
about one and a half times the length of the first (remaining
joints mutilated in type) ; rostrum reaching the apex of the
anterior coxe, first joint not extending to base of head, second
and third joints subequal in length; pronotum a little more
than half the length at base, the lateral margins rounded
anteriorly and narrowly dilated, anterior area with two
small central tubercles, four longitudinal carinate lines, of
which the central two are less developed and do not reach the
base, posterior margin truncate, the anterior margin very
slightly sinuate; scutellum a little shorter than broad at base,
the lateral margins slightly sinuate, the disk foveate and
punctate; margins of the corium slightly rounded; mem-
brane not passing the apex of the abdomen, the veins simple ;
legs of moderate length ; anterior femora not spined beneath.
I place this genus near Arrianus, Dist.
Teutates sculpturatus, sp. n.
Above dull ochraceous, eyes and margins of the central
lobe to head piceous ; pronotal tubercles brownish ochraceous ;
body beneath paler than above, the anterior acetabulie darkly
margined, a broad castaneous longitudinal fascia on each
lateral abdominal area; pronotum thickly and more darkly
punctate, the lateral margins paler and almost impunctate ;
scutellum darkly coarsely punctate, the margins of the foveate
area raised and almost impunctate; corium semilyaline,
coarsely punctate, the clavus longitudinally punctate ; sternum
punctate, other characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 3 mm.
Hlab. Calcutta.
23%
336 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera,
Aphanus dudgeoni, sp. n.
Head pale dull castaneous, with irregular black lines ; an-
tenne ochraceous, basal joint much mottled with black, apices
of second and third joints and fourth joint (excluding base)
piceous ; pronotum ochraceous, thickly brownly punctate, the
disk of the anterior area and the lateral margins much more
sparsely punctate; scutellum ochraceous, thickly brownly
punctate, the extreme apex pale ochraceous; tegmina
brownish, thickly punctate, the lateral margin ochraceous,
sparsely blackly punctate, the apical angle and a spot before
it blackish, some obscure basal suffusions and two small spots
about middle of apical area, pale ochraceous; membrane
brownish ochraceous, with darker mottlings, the basal area
black traversed by the paler veins, a small pale ochraceous
spot behind apical angle of corium; head beneath, rostrum,
sternum, and legs ochraceous, apices of tibise piceous, ex-
cluding head darkly punctate, central area of meso- and
metasterna black; abdomen beneath somewhat testaceous ;
basal joint of antennz moderately thickened, with prominent
spinous hairs, fourth joint a little longer than third or
second ; rostrum slightly passing anterior cox; pronotum
strongly transversely impressed near middle, the lateral
margins laminate, anterior femora shortly spinous beneath,
but with a longer spine before apex ; intermediate and poste-
rior tibie prominently spinzulose.
Long. 74 mm.
Hab. Kangra Valley, 4500 feet (June, G. C. Dudgeon) ;
Purneah District (Pazva, Ind. Mus.).
This species was taken by the same collector at the same
locality and at the same time of the year as the species
described by Kirkaldy as A. kangricus. It cannot, however,
be reconciled with Kirkaldy’s description, from which it seems
abundantly distinct.
Aphanus ornatulus, sp. n.
Reddish ochraceous ; pronotum and scutellum thickly
darkly punctate, lateral margins of the pronotum pale ochra-
ceous, with scattered black punctures ; head piceous brown,
with a small central ochraceous spot at base; antenne
brownish ochraceous, the basal joint, apices of second and
third joints, and the fourth joint (excluding base) piceous ;
corium with the lateral margins narrowly pale ochraceous and
containing a costal series of dark punctures, on apical area
three large black spots, one on laterai margin before apex
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera, 337
which is narrowly united to a similar spot near apex of
clavus and inner angle of membrane, the third spot occupying
apical angle of corium ; membrane black ; sternum and legs
blackly punctate, apices of femora and tibia narrowly
blackish ; antenne with the first joint thickest and shorter
than head, second a little longer than the third and slightly
longer than the fourth joint; pronotum transversely im-
pressed near middle, before which it is moderately convexly
raised, clavus and corium thickly somewhat finely punctate ;
membrane reaching apex of abdomen; rostrum about or
almost reaching the intermediate coxe, the area of the sternum
between the coxe black; tarsi very pale ochraceous, with
their apices black.
Long. 8 mm.
Hab. Nepal Terai.
Aphanus bengalensis, sp. n.
Head reddish ochraceous ; antenne brownish ochraceous,
basal joint, apices of second and third joints, and fourth joint
(excluding base) piceous; pronotum ochraceous, thickly
blackly punctate, the lateral margins paler and longitudinally
coarsely blackly punctate; scutellum ochraceous, darkly
punctate (somewhat mutilated in type) ; clavus and corium
pale ochraceous, thickly blackly punctate, the lateral margins
pale and sparingly coarsely blackly punctate; a somewhat
large greyish-white spot on apical margin at each side of
basal angle of membrane, the apical angle of corium piceous ;
membrane pale brownish, the upper margins paler, and with
a small but very pale spot near apical angle of corium ; pro-
sternum ochraceous, blackly punctate ; meso- and metasterna
piceous, the latter with two marginal lines and the posterior
margin ochraceous and blackly punctate; abdomen beneath
piceous; legs orange-yellow, sparingly, finely, blackly punc-
tate, apices of the tibie black ; first joint of antenne thickest
and shorter than head, second and fourth subequal in length,
each a little longer than third joint; pronotum transversely
impressed near middle, before which it is slightly convex ;
rostrum slightly passing the anterior coxe#; anterior femora
shortly spined beneath ; membrane very slightly passing the
abdominal apex.
Long. 63 mm.
Hab. Bengal, Pusa (Lefroy).
Allied to A. sparsus, Dist.
338 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
Aphanus suratensis, sp. 0D.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black; lateral pronotal
margins (not quite reaching base) ochraceous, two central
spots on basal area of pronotum reddish ochraceous ; extreme
apex of scutellum ochraceous; tegmina black, corium with
the outer claval margin (more or less), the costal margin for
about two-thirds from base with an inner elongate spot near
its base, and a large round spot near the apical margin ochra-
ceous; membrane pale fuliginous, subhyaline ; body beneath
black, lateral margins of sternum ochraceous, lateral margin
of abdomen pale brownish; rostrum ochraceous, the basal
joint black; legs ochraceous, anterior femora (excluding
base), apical halves of intermediate and posterior femora, and
extreme apices of tibize black ; second joint of antennz longer
than third (fourth mutilated in type) ; pronotum transversely
constricted near middle, behind the constriction thickly punc-
tate, the Jateral margins laminate and impunctate ; scutellum
obscurely finely punctate ; clavus thickly coarsely punctate ;
corium (excluding costal margin) thickly punctate; anterior
femora spined beneath; intermediate and posterior tibiz
spinulose.
Long. 8 mm.
Hab. Bombay Prov.; Surat.
Uzza, gen. nov.
Head (including eyes) slightly wider than anterior margin
of pronotum, ocelli close to basal margin, almost equally
removed from eyes as from each other; antenne long, basal
joint longer than first joint of rostrum ; first, second, and
third joints almost subequal in length, each a little longer
than fourth ; rostrum about reaching the anterior coxe, first
joint about or almost reaching base of head; pronotum as
long as broad at base, transversely constricted a little behind
middle, before which it is subglobose, the lateral margins
moderately dilately ampliate, the basal margin concavely
sinuate ; scutellum longer than broad; lateral margins of
corlum concavely sinuate; membrane reaching or slightly
passing the abdominal apex; legs long, anterior femora
thickened, obtusely spined beneath, and armed with a strong
spine before apex, posterior legs very long, posterior tibiz
much longer than the femora and about as long as head
pronotum, and scutellum together, posterior tarsi with the
first joint about twice as long as the other two joints together.
Allied to Dieuches, from which it differs by having the
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 339
basal joint of the antennz longer than the first joint of the
rostrum; by the length of the posterior legs allied to
Peantius.
Uzza karenta, sp. n.
Head black; antenne piceous, base of fourth joint pale
luteous ; pronotum with the anterior lobe black, the posterior
lobe piceous, with a central longitudinal ochraceous line, the
lateral margins (not reaching base) pale ochraceous; scu-
tellum black, the extreme apex ochraceous; corium dark
castaneous, the basal third, two marginal spots beyond
middle, and the apical angles pale ochraceous, a small spot on
each side of claval apex pale testaceous ; membrane black,
with a subcentral, waved, transverse, greyish fascia; body
beneath black; rostrum and legs piceous, bases of inter-
mediate and posterior tibize pale ochraceous; structural
characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Burma; Karennee.
Naudarensia manipurensis, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum piceous; pronotum with
the middle of the lateral margins distinctly paler, antenne
with the first and second joints brownish ochraceous, apex of
second joint, third (excluding base) and fourth joint piceous ;
corium brownish ochraceous, thickly darkly punctate, a small
black spot near middle of costal margin, and a transverse
linear pale spot before apex ; membrane fuliginous, the basal
margin pale; body beneath, rostrum, and legs black or
piceous ; bases of intermediate and posterior femora pale
ochraceous, tibie (excluding apices) brownish ochraceous ;
first joint of antenne scarcely reaching apex of head and
finely spinulose, second joint a little longer than third; pro-
notum about as long as broad at base, transversely compressed
near middle, before which it is finely and behind which more
coarsely punctate; scutellum somewhat finely punctate ;
clavus longitudinally punctate, corium somewhat coarsely
punctate except on costal margin, membrane reaching apex
of abdomen ; rostrum almost reaching the intermediate coxe ;
anterior femora incrassate and shortly spinous beneath ;
posterior tarsi with the basal joint about twice as long as the
other two joints together.
Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Manipur.
340 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
The membrane reaching the abdominal apex in this species
will require a corresponding modification in the generic
diagnosis.
NEOLETHEUS, gen. nov.
Head about as long as broad (including eyes), central lobe
a little prominent at apex, ocelli near base, much closer to
eyes than to each other; antenne with the first joint mode-
rately thickened, not quite as long as head, second and third
joints slender, second longer than third; rostrum reaching
the intermediate coxe, first joint reaching base of head; pro-
notum subquadrate, slightly transversely impressed before
middle, much more coarsely punctate behind the impression
than before it, and containing a central longitudinal carinate
line, the anterior margin truncate, more sparsely punctate,
and extending on each side a little beyond eyes, the lateral
margins almost obliquely straight, the anterior angles
rounded, basal margin truncate, the basal lateral angles longi-
tudinally ridged; scutellum triangular, about as long as
broad, discally depressed ; membrane slightly passing abdo-
minal apex, venation generally as in Letheus ; femora incras-
sate, the intermediate less and the posterior femora a little
more so, the anterior femora shortly spined beneath, the
intermediate and posterior femora somewhat spinously hirsute,
tibize spinulose, posterior tarsi with the basal joint twice as
long as the remaining joints together.
Neoletheus typicus, sp. n.
Black; two small spots to clavus, two on corium (one near
middle, the other near apical margin), second and third joints
of antenne, rostrum (excluding basal joint), tibia, and tarsi
more or less ochraceous; basal joints of antenne and rostrum,
femora, and apices of tibi# and tarsal joints castaneous
brown ; head (excluding central lobe) punctate; pronotum
before the faint transverse impression finely, behind it
coarsely punctate ; scutellum foveately impressed and some-
what sparingly punctate, the lateral marginal areas more
thickly and coarsely punctate; corium thickly and finely
punctate, the veins prominent, clavus with two longitudinal
series of punctures; membrane brownish ochraceous.
Long. 94 mm.
Hab. Burma; Palon.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. oi
USILANUS, gen. nov.
g, subtriangnlar, about or almost as
long as the anterior lobe of the pronotum, the central lobe
distinctly produced and projecting in front, ocelli near base,
much nearer to eyes than to each other; antenne with the
first joint moderately thickened, shorter than head but passing
its apex, second, third, and fourth joints almost subequal in
length ; rostrum reaching the termediate coxe, first joint
slightly passing the base of head, second not reaching the
base of prosternum; pronotum shorter than breadth at base,
the lateral margins obliquely rounded, transversely impressed
behind middle, the anterior margin scarcely or only slightly
broader than the eyes, the anterior lobe subglobose, the basal
area or posterior lobe coarsely punctate, faintly, centrally,
longitudinally ridged, and here the lateral margins are a little
laminate, posterior margin distinctly concave before scutellum,
the anterior margin truncate ; scutellum triangular, slightly
longer than broad at base; clavus longitudinally punctate,
corium with the subcostal vein distinctly curved; membrane
slightly passing the abdominal apex, with four longitudinal
veins, the two inner strongly curved towards base and
reaching basal margin, the two outer not reaching basal
margin; anterior femora incrassate and somewhat con-
tinuously but irregularly spined beneath, anterior tibie a
little curved, somewhat flattened and also shortly spined
beneath on their apical halves, intermediate and posterior
legs moderately slender, the tibiz setose, first joint of the
posterior tarsi about one and a half times as long as the
remaining joints together.
Allied to the genus Eremocoris.
Head somewhat long
Usilanus burmanicus, sp. ne
Body above black, lateral margins of the corium narrowly
ochraceous ; antenne piceous, about its basal half pale ochra-
ceous; head beneath and sternum black, abdomen piceous ;
rostrum pale ochraceous, the basal joint black; legs pale
ochraceous, the anterior femora, apices of intermediate and
posterior femora, apices of all the tibie, and apices of the
anterior tarsal joints black; head somewhat coarsely punc-
tate on basal area; pronotum finely and sparsely punctate on
the smooth anterior subconvex lobe, more coarsely so near
the anterior margin, posterior lobe thickly coarsely punctate ;
scutellum finely punctate, the apical area with an obscure
342 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
central, longitudinal, carinate line ; corium somewhat evenly
and regularly punctate ; sternum more or less coarsely punc-
tate, the three ultimate abdominal segments finely irregularly
tuberculate.
Long. 10 mm.
Hab. Burma; Karennee.
Usilanus denotatus, sp. n.
Piceous black; less than basal half of pronotum and ante-
rior and lateral pronotal margins (narrowly), clavus and
corium, lateral margins (narrowly) of sternum and posterior
lateral angles of prosternum, abdomen beneath, first and
second joints of antenne (remaining joints mutilated in type)
castaneous brown ; rostrum and legs ochraceous, basal joint
of rostrum and the anterior femora castaneous brown; mar-
gins of the clavus paler; inner apical area to corium piceous,
containing two small pale spots (one at its anterior margin,
the other on the apical margin) ; membrane fuscous brown;
head with the apex of the central lobe prominent ; first joint
of antenne considerably shorter than second; rostrum with
the first joint slightly passing base of head; pronotum shorter
than breadth at base, the lateral margins obliquely rounded,
faintly transversely impressed a little behind middle, the
basal pale area somewhat coarsely punctate, the posterior
angles margined with piceous, the posterior margin mode-
rately concavely sinuate ; scutellum sparingly punctate, more
strongly punctate along the lateral margins; clavus longitu-
dinally punctate ; corium more irregularly punctate ; mem-
brane slightly passing the abdominal apex ; anterior femora
obtusely spined beneath.
Long. 93 mm.
Hab. Burma; Bhamo.
Lua, gen. nov.
Head about as long as breadth between eyes, robust, de-
flected on each side, anteriorly subangularly produced ;
antennz robust, pilose, first joint about or almost reaching
apex of head, second joint a little longer than third, third and
fourth subequal in length ; rostrum reaching the intermediate
cox, first joint about reaching base of head; pronotum
nearly twice as broad at base as long, with a strongly punc-
tate anterior collar, the basal area also strongly punctate,
lateral margins carinate, convexly rounded towards the eyes,
anterior margin truncate, posterior margin a little concave
before scutellum ; scutellum about as long as broad at base,
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 343
where it is a little gibbous, laterally deflected on each side,
somewhat coarsely punctate; hemelytra not reaching the
abdominal apex, membrane very small and ill-defined, lateral
margins a little widened beyond middle and then obliquely
narrowed to apex, clavus very coarsely longitudinally punc-
tate, the disk sparingly coarsely punctate ; body beneath and
legs pilose; legs of moderate length, the femora moderately
and uniformly thickened.
Allied to the Neotropical genus Rhaptus, Stal. Judging
from the description, it also possesses some resemblance or
affinity with Lispochroa, Bredd., but from this genus (?) is
distinct by the shorter hemelytra.
Lua tartarea, sp. n.
Body above and beneath shining black ; antenne and legs
pale ochraceous; apical joint of antenne and base of first
joint piceous ; femora (excluding apices) more or less pale
castaneous; head between the eyes smooth and _ shining,
remaining area punctate; pronotum with the basal area
coarsely punctate, before which it is obscurely transversely
impressed, between this impression and the anterior punctate
collar the surface is smooth and shining; scutellum punc-
tate, the basal area smooth and shining, between which and
apex is an obscure central longitudinal line ; corium punctate
as described in generic diagnosis, an obscure pale brownish
spot on each side of clavus near apex of scutellum and a
similar subcostal spot on corium a little beyond base; mem-
brane short, indistinct, dull brownish ochraceous, not reaching
apex of abdomen; sternum irregularly punctate beneath, as
shown in figure.
Long. 3 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Nalanda (Green) ; Minikoi (Gardiner).
In the Minikoi specimens the spots to the corium are much
brighter than in Ceylonese type, and the extreme lateral
margins to the pronotum (sometimes) and the posterior lateral
pronotal angles (frequently) are ochraceous.
ATKINSONIANUS, gen. nov.
Head about as long as broad at base, subangularly pro-
duced and narrowed before the insertion of the antenne ;
ocelli near eyes ; antenne with first joint shorter than head,
second joint longest, third and fourth subequal in length ;
rostrum reaching the intermediate cox, first joint not quite
reaching base of head, eyes not quite reaching the anterior
344 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
angles of the pronotum ; pronotum somewhat flat, broader
than long, a little narrowed anteriorly, with a very slight or
subobsolete transverse impression near middle, a short longi-
tudinal ridge near the posterior lateral angles, the lateral
margins very narrowly ampliate and very slightly sinuate,
rounded at anterior angles, anterior margin truncate, posterior
margin moderately concavely sinuate; scutellum about as
long as broad, not impressed; corium laterally convexly
rounded and considerably wider than the margins of the pro-
notum; membrane not reaching the abdominal apex, with
strong reticulate markings giving the appearance of reticulate
venation ; legs simple. :
Near Abdolominus, Dist.
Atkinsonianus reticulatus, sp. n.
Head, anterior area of pronotum, and the scutellum black
or piceous, anterior and lateral margins, and posterior area of
pronotum castaneous brown, on the subimpressed line dividing
the dark and pale pronotal areas are three paler spots ; clavus
and corium pale ochraceous, thickly brownly punctate, in
some places macularly punctate; membrane subhyaline,
reticulately spotted and marked, and with prominent black
spots at the basal margins; body beneath black or piceous,
margins of the sternal segments, rostrum, coxe, legs, and
apical area of abdomen more or less castaneous; head with
the apical area finely granulose, the base almost smooth ;
pronotum thickly finely punctate, with three more or less
developed longitudinal grooves ; scutellum thickly punctate ;
other characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 5} mm.
Hab. Sikhim (Atkinson Coll., Brit. Mus.).
Gonsalvus spinosus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black; apex and a more or
less developed median line to central lobe of head ochraceous ;
antenne piceous or black, basal half of second joint ochra-
ceous, fourth joint greyishly pilose ; body beneath and femora
black or piceous; rostrum, tibiz, and tarsi ochraceous or
brownish ochraceous; corium dull ochraceous, clavus with
longitudinal black lines, corium blackly punctate, the punc-
tures more or less arranged in longitudinal series ; membrane
piceous, the veins much paler; antenne with the first joint
acarcely half the length of second, which is slender at base
and slightly longer than third, fourth slightly shorter than
On new Heterocera from Tropical South America. 345
third ; head impunctate, the ocelli at base and near eyes ;
pronotum with the anterior lobe tumid, impunctate, the
lateral margins moderately convex and narrowing to head,
posterior lobe sparingly coarsely punctate ; scutellum sparingly
finely punctate; anterior femora incrassate, finely spined
beneath, the anterior tibia moderately curved and strongly
inwardly ampliated at apices ; membrane slightly passing
the abdominal apex ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe.
Long. 6-7 mm.
Hab. Calcutta.
Differing from G. typus, Dist., by the spinous anterior
femora and the more dilated apices of the anterior tibiz,
different colour of the legs, Ke.
This species was taken at light in November 1907.
CORRECTION.
In Faun. Brit. Ind., Rhynchota, vol. iv. p. 432, I described
the genus Armatillus and unaccountably included it in the
Pentatomide. This was a wrong location, and it should
have been placed in the Pyrrochoride. I have to thank
Dr. Bergroth for calling my attention to this very obvious
taxonomical misplacement.
XLIII.—Deseriptions of Four new Species of Heterocera from
Tropical South America. By Herpert Druce, F.L.S. &e.
Fam. Limacodide.
Langucys nigropuncta, sp. n.
Female.— Head, antenne, collar, tegule, and thorax black,
the base of the thorax red; abdomen black ; legs black,
spotted with white. Primaries black ; the costal margin, a
submarginal band, and a line crossing the wing near the base
all red; a row of black spots edged with red crosses the wing
about the middle, the fringe white : secondaries black, with
a large red spot at the apex ; the costal margin red, the fringe
white. Underside very similar to the upperside, but rather
paler in colour.
Expanse 1? inch.
Hab. W. Colombia, San Antonio, 5800 feet (G. 42, Palmer,
Mus. Druce).
This species is allied to Langucys nigrorufus, Walker.
346 On new Heterocera from Tropical South America.
Fam. Noctuide.
Subfam. Hapewryz.
Miselia rufilinea, sp. n.
Male.—Head, antennez, palpi, collar, tegule, thorax, and
legs dark brown; abdomen black. Primaries dark brown,
indistinctly spotted with darker brown; a submarginal red
line extends from the apex to the anal angle; the fringe dark
brown: secondaries black, becoming greyish at the base.
Underside blackish brown.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. 8.E. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Subfam. Acrowycrinz.
Gonodes obliqua, sp. n.
Male.—Head and antenne brown, collar and tegulie
pinkish grey, thorax and abdomen pale brown, anus yellowish,
legs pale brown. Primaries pale brown, with a pinkish shade
over the basal half of the wing, slightly irrorated with black
scales; a fine reddish-brown line crosses the wing from
about the middle of the costal margin to the anal angle; near
the apex are two very fine white lines partly crossing the
wing; the fringe brown: secondaries very ‘pale whitish
brown, with a dark mark at the end of the cell and a sub-
marginal brown line extending from the apex to the anal
angle ; the fringe pale brown. Underside pale pinkish grey,
marked very similar to the upperside.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Colombia, Minea, 2000 feet (H. H. Smith, Mus.
Druce).
Emarginea niphoplaga, sp. n.
Female.—Head, collar, and tegule greenish white; thorax
and abdomen black, with some white hairs at the base; the
underside of the abdomen white; legs black, spotted with
white ; antenne black. Primaries greenish white, broadly
shaded with brown across the middle of the wing; a large
white spot on the costal margin, beyond which several fine
waved black lines cross the wing from the costal to the inner
margin; the apex is white, the fringe black: secondaries
white, with a faint submarginal black line extending from
the apex to the anal angle.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. Colombia (Mus. Druce).
On new Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea. d47
XLIV.— Descriptions of Three new Species of Heterocera
from Dutch New Guinea. By Hersert Druce, F.L.S. &e.
Fam. Arctiide.
Diacrisia arctichroa, sp. n.
Female.—Head above and collar cream-colour; tegule
black, edged with cream-colour ; antenne, palpi, and thorax
black ; abdomen above bright red, with a central band of
black spots ; underside yellow, with a double row of black
spots oneach side; legs and underside of the thorax black ;
anus yellow. Primaries dark cream-colour ; three black
spots on the costal margin; a large square-shaped spot at
the bottom of the cell; a black dot close to the base; a large
spot at the end of the cell; a row of black spots of various
sizes crosses the wing from the apex to the middle of the inner
margin and two black spots at the anal angle; the fringe
cream-colour: secondaries bright red, with a double series of
black spots close to the anal angle, and several black dots
near the apex. Underside similar to the upperside, but
darker in colour ; the primaries are clouded with red and the
ground-colour of the secondaries is chrome-yellow ; the
black markings are the same as above.
Expanse 24 inches.
Hab. Dutch New Guinea, Fak Fak, 1700 feet (2. A.
Prati, Mus. Druce).
Fam. Notodontide.
Nadata gigantea, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, and thorax orange-red; palpi
and antennz pale brown ; abdomen pale reddish brown; the
underside pale brown; legs blackish. Primaries orange-red
at the base, shading to brown and yellow to beyond the
middle of the wing, the outer margin broadly bordered with
darker brown ; a black dot at the end of the cell; six pale
brown waved lines cross the wing from the costal to the inner
margin; the fringe dark brown: secondaries orange-red,
brownish round the outer margin; the fringe dark brown.
Underside: both wings pale yellowish brown, with a sub-
marginal row of brown spots extending from the apex to the
inner margin of both wings; the primaries shaded with pink
at the base; the fringes as above.
Expanse 54 inches.
Hab. Dutch New Guinea, Fak Fak, 1700 feet (EZ. A.
Pratt, Mus. Druce).
348 Mr. G. Dollman on Mammals
Fam. Noctuids.
Subfam. Qvapzirivz.
Pterocyclophora pratti, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, antenne, collar, and tegule dark
brown; thorax and base of the abdomen grey; abdomen
above dark brown; the underside and legs pale greyish
brown; the anus fawn-colour. Primaries dark purplish
brown, broadly bordered with fawn-colour’ on the outer
margin from the apex to the anal angle, the apex broadly
suffused with purplish grey ; an elongated fawn-coloured spot
at the end of the cell; a small white dot close to the base,
the inner margin edged with white ; the fringe fawn-colour :
secondaries bright yellow; a blackish-brown band irrorated
with purplish-brown scales extends from the anal angle
almost to the apex, the outer margin purplish grey. Under-
side: primaries fawn-colour, thickly irrorated with brown
and black scales ; the basal ha:f of the wing pale yellow;
two distinct black bands crossing the wing, but neither ex-
tending to the costal or inner margin ; a marginal row of
black spots extends from the apex to the inner margin :
secondaries pale fawn-colour, irrorated with brown scales and
crossed by three black lines.
Expanse 2} inches.
Hab. Dutch New Guinea, Fak Fak, 1700 feet (2. A.
Pratt, Mus. Druce).
This species is allied to Pterocyclophora pictimargo,
Hampsn., from Ceylon.
XLV.— On Mammals collected by Mr. S. A. Neave, M.A.,
B.Sc. (Oxon.), in Katanga, Congo Free State. By Guy
Douiman, B.A.
THE collection is of interest both on account of the new
geographical ranges established for many of the species and,
in addition, for the discovery of a new form of Anomalurus
allied to A. cinereus, ‘Thos.
1. Eidolon helvum, Kerr.
¢. 99. Lufira River.
jrom Katanga, Congo Free State. 349
2. Epomophorus zenkeri, Matsch.
6.1; 2. 28. Kamibove.
‘The fruit-eating bats, which are not uncommon, especially
in the well-wooded districts, are called by the natives
‘ Mulima’ or ‘ Kamlima.’”
3. Scoteinus schlieffent, Peters.
G: 32; 9. 33. Katanga.
3-47; 2. 48. Upper Lufira River.
“Small bats are called ‘ Kasasusu’ by the natives in
Katanga, a name sometimes also applied to butterflies.”
4, Petrodromus sp.
6.49; 9.18. Katanga. ji
In size and genera) proportions similar to P. tetradactylus,
Peters, but differing from that form in having a more hairy
tail and in the absence of any buff-coloured tint on the under
surface.
Probably these Katanga specimens are more closely allied
to the Nyasaland form, P. venustus, Thos., than to the more
southern P., tetradactylus, though at present sufficient
material is not at hand to settle this point.
“Called locally ‘Kapata.’ An animal which generally
frequents the thickets &c. on river-banks in the low country.
Consequently comparatively scarce in Katanga, which is
mostly high plateau.”
5. Nasilio brachyurus, B. du Bocage.
3.55; 2. 56. Katanga.
6. Nasilio brachyrhynchus, A. Smith.
petal 7 ie) 2) Katanga.
5]
This species appears to occur in Katanga side by side with
N. brachyurus. It is, however, possible that the specimens
identified as NV. brachyurus from this region are only seasonal
forms of LV. brachyrhynchus, as both the N. brachyurus were
collected in July and the N. brachyrhynchus in February.
The skulls of the two species are so much alike that it is
impossible to decide this question till further specimens are
available for examination.
“Generally occurs in hilly and somewhat open country,
Native name ‘ Kalolo.’”’
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii, 24
350 Mr. G. Dollman on Mammals
7. Crocidura sp.
3. 70; ¢. 71. Bunkeya River.
6. 94. Lufupa River.
“‘ Native name in Katanga is ‘ Mununga,’ in reference to
their strong smell.”’
8. Canis sp.
dé. 66. Bunkeya River.
é:. 56. Lufira River.
“ Jackals are called ‘ Mumbwe’ by the natives in this part
of Africa. They are not uncommon, especially on large
plains.”
9. Genetta tigrina, Schreb.
?. 83. Bunkeya River.
“ Called locally ‘ Kaididi.’ ”
10. Nandinia gerrardi, Thos.
95,97. Two native skins.
“ From the Lubudi River not very far from the Angolan
frontier, and not heard of east of this. It is called ‘ Mbara’
by the local natives, the Wandembo, and is said by them to
have the greatest aversion to water, never descending to the
ground in the rainy season. It seems to be confined to
patches of dense forest.”
11. Mungos caffer, Gm.
@. 65. Bunkeya River.
12. Mungos ichneumon, L.
gd. 63. Bunkeya River.
“The above two species are not distinguished by the
natives. They are called ‘ Chisakanyenga’ or ‘ Mkenge.’ ”
13. Mungos paludinosus, G. Cuv.
6.64. Bunkeya, Katanga.
“Lives in long grass and reeds near rivers. It is called
‘Chiwuluwulwe’ by the natives, in imitation of its curious
chattering note.”
14. Crossarchus fasciatus, Desm.
9. 44. Near Kambove.
from Katanga, Congo Free State. 351
*““ A very common species, often in large colonies. Native
name ‘ Chipulwe.’ ”
15. Funiscturus annulatus rhodesie, Wrought.
$. 36,43. Upper Lualaba River.
?. 98. Lufupa River.
‘“* Usually among large trees. Native name ‘ Mshinzi.’”’
16. Funisciurus cepapi, A. Smith.
6. 23,37. Katanga.
“ Frequents thin woodland ; isnot common. Native name
* Kampandwa.’ ”
17. Anomalurus neavei, sp. n.
¢. 52. Kambove, Katanga.
Size as in A. cznereus, Thos., but with much smaller scales
on the base of the tail, smaller feet, and the fur more buff-
coloured.
General colour of back grey, washed over with buff.
Under surface distinctly buffy. Individual hairs of back
slate-coloured, with light yellowish rings at tips. Upper
surface of forearms and hands light buffy. Upper surface of
feet, including hairs covering claws, greyish buff. In
A. cinereus the claws are covered with long black hairs,
sharply marked off from the grey hair on the backs of the
feet. Upperside of tail greyish buff for the basal half;
posterior portion, comprising a little more than half the total
length, dark brown.
Scales on underside of tail small, on an average measuring
7 mm. each in length. In A. cinereus the scales are much
larger, averaging about 12 mm. long. In the Katanga form
the whole scaly area is only 55 mm. long, while in A. cinereus
it extends much further down the tail, the total length being
nearly 80 mm.
The skull exhibits a few well-marked characters that
distinguish it from A. cinereus :—Nasals shorter and palatal
foramina not extending back beyond the maxillo-premaxillary
suture, while in the other form these foramina are prolonged
back beyond the suture for about 1mm. The cheek-teeth
are set so that the two rows converge towards one another
anteriorly, not being so parallel as in A. cinereus. The teeth
are also smaller, the whole tooth-row measuring 1 mm. less
in length.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 287 mm. ; tail 222; hind foot oe 3 Cale.
24%
352 Mr. G. Dollman on Mammals
Skull: greatest length 52; zygomatic breadth 36; length
of upper molar series 12°5.
Hab. Near Kambove, Katanga.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 7. 12.13.37. Collected
27th June, 1907.
This species is sharply marked off from the Nyasa form,
A. cinereus, firstly, by its much smaller tail-scales, and,
secondly, by the general buff coloration of the fur and absence
of black hairs on the claws of the hind feet.
In addition to the type specimen, the Museum possesses
two other representatives of this species, an adult female
collected by Mr. Neave at Ndola in 1905, and a further
specimen collected by Mr. Donald MacDonald in North-
eastern Rhodesia, west of Madona.
“This animal is not common, and owing to its entirely
nocturnal habits is very seldom seen. Al] the individuals [
have met with have been obtained from hollow trees, where it
seems to spend the day.”
18. Graphiurus murinus, Desm.
9. 5,13. Kambove.
19. Gerbilliscus boehmi, Noack.
¢. 85. Near Ruwe.
“‘ Seems a scarce and local species, inhabiting sandy wood-
land country. Called locally ‘ Masakara.’ ”
20. Tatera nyase, Wrought.
S. 51. Katanga.
6. 59,61; 2. 60, 62,67. Bunkeya River.
9. 90. Lufupa River.
21. Yatera valida, B. du Bocage.
6- 89. Lufupa River, west of Lualaba.
22. Steatomys pratensis, Peters.
¢. 78. Bunkeya River.
“Common. Native name ‘ Kansi.,’ ”’
23. Mus chrysophilus, de Wint.
o. 35; 9. 29. Katanga.
3.46. Upper Lufira River.
Qo
from Katanga, Congo Free State. a)
24. Mus nyike, Thos.
. 533; 2.54. Near Kambove.
. 30. Katanga.
. 41. Lualaba River.
+0 OY OY
25. Mus walambe, Wrought.
3.16; 2. 38,4,6. Kambove.
26. Thamnomys surdaster, Thos. & Wrought.
3d. 19,34; 2. 27. Katanga.
9.68. Bunkeya River. .
“Not common. Locally called ‘ Sampauchi.’”’
27. Leggada grata, Thos. & Wrought.
9.8. Kambove.
9.96. Lubudi River.
28. Lophuromys aquilus, True.
3. 86. Lufupa River, west Lualaba district.
“‘ Trapped on the edge of dense forest. Not met with else-
where in Katanga. Called by the local natives (Alunda)
‘ Cherengirengi.’ ”
29. Saccostomus campestris, Peters.
6. 20,31. Katanga.
Gondl e402 «22, Jan Kambove.
“Common. Local name ‘ Matuta.’ ”
30. Dasymys bentleye, Thos.
g. TA, 75, 76,77; 9. 72,81. Bunkeya River.
2. 87, 88. Lufupa River, west of Lualaba.
‘‘Frequents long grass and somewhat swampy ground.
Native name ‘ Lifutu’ or § Chifumfutu.’ ”
31. Arvicanth?s dorsalis, A. Smith.
&. 93. Lufupa River, west of Lualaba.
“Seems scarce in Katanga. Called ‘ Yendakadzua
every where.”
’
354 Mr. N. Colgan on Locomotion and the
32. Pelomys fallax, Peters.
9.15. Kambove.
&. 80; ¢. 73,82. Bunkeya River.
“Native name ‘ Liwendi.’ Resembles Dasymys bentleye
in its habits.”
33. Georychus mellandi, Thos.
¢. 40. Lualaba River.
g. 42. Upper Lualaba River.
‘‘ Native name ‘ Mfuko’ or ‘ Malevi.’”’
34. Georychus amatus, Wrought.
dg. 21, 22, 26; 9. 24,25. Katanga.
“ Also called ‘ Mfuko.’ ”
XLVI.—Notes on Locomotion and the Use of Slime-threads in
the Marine Mollusca. By NATHANIEL COLGAN, M.R.1A.
WHILE engaged last year in studying the Nudibranch fauna
of County Dublin the writer of these notes was induced to
make some observations on the locomotive powers of certain
species of marine Mollusca chiefly belonging to the Gastro-
poda, and as the results arrived at appear to be in some
respects sufficiently novel to merit permanent record, they are
set out here insome detail. In all 18 species were dealt with,
10 Prosobranchs, 7 Opisthobranchs, and 1 Filibranch, and
the aim of the inquiry was not so much to determine the rate
of travel of the various species as to ascertain whether any of
them were accustomed to make use of suspensory slime-threads
as an aid in locomotion.
Every student of the marine Mollusca is familiar with the
fact that the Gastropods in general have a strong propensity
to float foot upwards on any still-water surface they may be
enabled to reach by crawling, and that many of them are
accustomed to suspend themselves beneath that surface by
means of slime-threads or attenuated strings of the mucus
which all of them so freely secrete. But hitherto observation
does not appear to have very conclusively established the fact
that the power of re-ascending by such threads to the water
surface is possessed by many of our native species of marine
Mollusca. H. Wallis Kew, indeed, in his well-known paper
on Spinning Molluses in the ‘ Zoologist ? for July 1900, states
Use of Slime-threads in the Marine Mollusca. 355
that “‘ most spinning Pectinibranchs no doubt are able to
ascend to their former positions by crawling up the suspensory
thread: this has been observed in Litiopa, in Valvata, and
perhaps in Rissoa.” The reference to fissoa in this con-
nexion is apparently drawn from Gray’s account of the
behaviour of Rissoa parva given in 1833 to the Zoological
Society of London, where he states that the animal “has the
power of emitting a glutinous thread by which it attaches
itself to floating sea-weeds and is enabled when displaced to
recover its previous position.” Gray, too, in a later commu-
nication, published in these ‘ Annals’ fifty years ago, (3) iv.
1859, p. 239, appears to attribute the power of re-ascension
to the Opisthobranch Elysia viridis; but in this case, as in
his note on Fissoa parva, his language is not quite clear.
Of the 18 County Dublin species placed under observation
by me last year no less than 10 were seen to climb up along
their suspensory slime-threads to the water surface from
which they had descended; and I have little doubt that had
material and opportunity been forthcoming for further obser-
vation, many others of the 18 would have shown themselves
to possess the same power. As for the method of observation
adopted, in all cases the living animals were placed in
eraduated tubes or phials of convenient size filled with fresh
sea-water, which was renewed from time to time. For the
smaller species tubes 2 inches high by ? inch in diameter
were used, for the larger species phials 3 inches high by
14 inch.in diameter, so that all of the individuals dealt with
had ample water surface to float and travel upon. Several of
the species were observed to drop, to all appearance volun-
tarily, from the water surface, and hang suspended beneath
it by slime-threads; but in order to shorten the period of
observation most of them were induced to assume this position
by smartly tapping the bottom of the tube against the table
on which it stood. Asa rule there was little difficulty in so
gauging the force of the tap and of the resultan: jar as to
dislodge the animal’s foot from the slime-raft on which it had
travelled out from the wall of the glass tube without altogether
severing its connexion with that raft and causing the animal
to sink to the bottom.
In all cases the animal was found to hang suspended from
the posterior end of the foot, and the slime-thread by which it
hung, fine and diaphanous though it was, could usually be
detected by holding up the tube and examining the water
with a hand-lens, while varying the strength of the light and
the direction of its incidence on the tube. The graduation of
the tubes and fluids was effected by narrow strips of white
356 Mr. N. Colgan on Locomotion and the
paper gummed vertically along the outside of the glass and
divided to eighths of an inch by heavy black lines clearly
visible through the water, the white strip throwing out into
relief the animal hanging suspended in front. ‘The scale thus
served to measure the rate of ascension of the animal, whether
along its suspensory tliread or in the more usual mode of
Jocomotion along the glass wall of the tube.
With these few words on the method adopted, details will
now be given as to the behaviour of the species observed to
climb by their suspensory threads.
Runcina hancocki, Forbes.—Several specimens were
collected at low water on the shore near Bullock Harbour on
the 16th May last. One of the largest of these, nearly } inch
long when in motion, was transferred to a graduated glass
tube, and while floating on the water surface was caused by
a gentle tapping of the tube to sink to a depth of half an inch
and hang there by its mucous thread. In two minutes it had
regained the water surface, the front end of the foot being
again and again brought into contact with the thread, so as
apparently to grip it.
Limapontia nigra, Johnston.—One of several specimens
collected at low tide near Bullock on the 2nd May last was
observed on the 4th to mount a short way by a suspensory
thread, but failed to reach the surface. Further particulars
of this abortive attempt will be found farther on in the
paragraph dealing with Rissoa cingillus.
Doto coronata, Gmelin.—A specimen of this rather
common species dredged at Malahide on the 16th June last
was observed on the same day to ascend by its thread from a
depth of 1 inch in two minutes, the front of the foot during
the operation being curled up and applied to the thread.
Eolis farrani, Ald. & Hanc.—Two specimens of this
interesting species, which has its locus classicus at Malahide,
Co. Dublin, where it was first discovered by Alder in 1844,
were captured on Zostera-beds at Shennick’s Island, Skerries,
last year, ane on the Ist and the other on the 18th July.
The tirst speeimen was seen to mount by its suspensory thread
to the surface\ of the water from a depth of 1 inch in the
space of One minute; the second specimen mounted by its
thread in two minutes from a depth of 1 inch and a half.
During the ascension the fore end of the foot was from time
to time brought into contact with the thread, while the ten-
tackes and papille kepi up a vigorous motion.
Use of Slime-threads in the Marine Mollusca. 357
Eolis drummondi, ‘Thompson.—One of several fine speci-
mens fully 1 inch long, dredged at Skerries, was transferred
to a phial of sea-water on the 24th of July last. This was
an extremely lively animal, its tentacles and numerous
slender papille being in perpetual serpentine motion.
Mounting rapidly to the water surface, it floated there foot
upward until a gentle tap of the phial disengaged it and left
it suspended from its slime-thread 2 inches below the surface.
With what must have been a strenuous muscular effort the
animal, while thus suspended by the tip of its slender tail,
brought its head, or, rather, the fore front of its foot, again
and again into contact with the slender suspensory thread,
and vigorously working its tentacles and bristling papille in
such a way as to render exact observation of its climbing
method impracticable, it regained the water surface and
resumed its floating position there in the space of one minute.
Though the precise method of climbing was not perceptible,
the ascent was clearly effected along and by means of the
thread and by the application to it of the fore part of the
animal’s foot.
Skenea planorbis ([abricius).—This diminutive species
appears to be peculiarly addicted to the use of the suspensory
thread both fur descending from and ascending to the water
surface, and though its absolute rate of progression is slow,
yet in comparison with the size of the animal it is quite rapid.
Skenea climbs by its thread fully four times its own length in
one minute, while the much more swiftly moving ols
drummondi accomplishes only twice its own length in the
same time. Many specimens of Skenea collected at Bullock
were placed under observation on the 19th April last, and
several of these were seen to mount by their suspensory
threads, the quickest rate of climbing being half an inch in
two minutes, while the average of a number of such climbs
by different individuals was found to be 1 inch in six minutes.
As with all the other species observed, the foot and tentacles
of Skenea were in constant vigorous motion while the animal
mounted by its thiead to the water surface. Again and
again one or other of the many floating individuals was seen
to lower itself by its thread for 24 inches. On one occasion
an individual having lowered itself by a series of jerky drops
almost to the bottom of the tube, remounted one-eighth of an
inch along its thread before it finally resumed its descent and
reached the bottom ; another, having descended in the same
manner, remounted its thread for half an inch, or, say, for
eight times its own length.
358 Mr. N. Colgan on Locomotion and the
The slime-thread in this, as in all the species observed,
was distinctly elastic. When one of the floating animals
was gently pushed outwards by a needle-point from the side
of the glass tube by which it had ascended, it would spring
backwards towards the side as soon as the needle was with-
drawn. The thread or film was evidently continuous along
the side of the tube and over the water surface to the point
where the animal floated. This was more than once made
apparent in this way :—An individual floating quite close to
the side of the tube would drop and suddenly come to rest
about half an inch below the water surface and against the
side of the tube. If the tube were then quickly moved from
a vertical to an almost horizontal position the animal would
be found hanging suspended across the tube from a point in
the side. This suspension was evidently from a portion of
the slime-thread formed by the animal in ascending, as the
change of position of the tube was effected so quickly as to
prevent the animal applying its foot afresh to the glass
surface, and so producing a new attachment and anew thread.
The peculiar jerky method of descent by its slime-thread
frequently observed to take place with this species appears to
me to negative the idea that such motion is accidental or
involuntary, as has been suggested by G. Sheriff Tye * and
H. Wallis Kew f in their well-known papers on the subject
of thread-spinning in the Mollusca. ‘The abrupt pauses in
and resumptions of the downward motion of Skenea appear
to me to be explicable only on the assumption that the animal
while descending, voluntarily and at intervals, inhibits and
sets in action the discharge of mucus—in other words, that
it makes its suspensory thread of set purpose. ‘The appear-
ances are inconsistent with an accidental lengthening of an
elastic film, caused by the animal suddenly losing its foothold
on the water surface, and so throwing its weight on that film
at one point.
Rissoa striata (Adams).—This rather sluggish species,
as it proved to be, was observed several times on the 1st May
last to drop from the water surface and hang suspended by
its thread. On one occasion the thread was seen to issue
from the edge of the closed operculum, as if the animal had
released itself from the water surface on which it crawled by
withdrawing its foot. One individual was seen to mount its
thread for three-quarters of an inch in two minutes, the
* Quarterly Journ. of Conchol. vol. i. p. 402 (Molluscan Threads).
+ ‘ Zoologist,’ no. 709, July 1900 (Spinning Molluscs).
Use of Slime-threads in the Marine Mollusca. 559
motions of the foot during the process being similar to those
observed in the species already mentioned.
Rissoa parva (Da Costa).—Several specimens of this
very common littoral species were placed under observation
on the 29th April last. It proved to be more active than its
congener £2. striata. Again and again, when by smartly
tapping the tube a floating individual was caused to sink
below the surface on its suspensory thread, it was seen to
regain its floating position by climbing up the thread. On
one occasion the anterior part of the foot was observed to be
brought into contact with the thread as the animal ascended,
and the water surface was seen to be drawn downwards into
an inverted cone at the point of suspension. The quickest
rate of thread-climbing observed in this species was half an
inch in one minute.
Rissoa cingillus (Montagu).—A single specimen of this
species along with six specimens of Limapontia nigra, all
gathered in rock-pools at Bullock on the 2nd May last, were
placed two days later in a glass tube of the usual dimensions,
2 inches by # inch. Ina short time all of the animals had
crawled up the side of the tube and assumed the floating
position foot upwards on the water surface. The tube was
laid aside for a short time, and when the observation was
resumed the Rissoa was found suspended by its thread at a
depth of 3 inch, and vigorously working its foot and tentacles
as if engaged in climbing. Half of the Limapontias were
missing, only three of the six placed in the tube being visible
on the surface. On holding the tube against the light and
bringing a hand-lens to bear on the suspended animal I
found that the three missing Limapontias had attached them-
selves to the shell of the Rssoa, which was striving hard to
lift itself and its living burden to the surface. Although one
of the Limapontias was fully as large as the Rissoa, hardly
three minutes had elapsed before the Fdssoa had climbed up
three-eighths of an inch. At this juncture one of the smaller
Limapontias set out climbing the thread in advance on its own
account. It had mounted only a short way, however, when
it fell back on the Rissoa’s foot, and so hampered its action
that the animal soon gave up its laborious efforts to reach the
surface and sank slowly with its burden to the bottom of the
tube.
Modiolaria discors (Linné).—This common species,
360 Mr. N. Colgan on Locomotion and the
often found swarming in its juvenile state in the littoral zone
of the Dublin coast, is the only Pelecypod whose habits of
locomotion I have observed. A number of young individuals
collected at Bullock on the 21st April last, and averaging $
inch in the longer diameter of the shell, were found to be
expert climbers. Their method of climbing to the water
surface, though in principle no doubt the same as that
employed by the Gastropods, was utterly different in appear-
ance. Instead of mounting the tube with an even gliding
motion whose phases eluded observation, the young Modio-
Jarias hoisted themselves by intermittent and violent muscular
contractions of an inordinately long foot, whose tip was
anchored in advance of the animal, no doubt by a stiff mucus,
as a preliminary to each upward lift of the animal and its
shell. Watched with a hand-glass this operation conveyed a
grotesque suggestion of a sailor climbing a rope hand-over-
hand.
When halfway to the water surface one of the individuals,
having withdrawn its foot completely into its shell, was seen,
notwithstanding, to maintain its position on the side of the
tube. A close scrutiny showed that the animal was fixed by
a single delicate byssus thread neatly soldered to the glass by
a terminal expansion. Before long I had the pleasure of
watching the operation of byssus-making going on. The
animal’s foot was protruded to full length beyond the anterior
end of the shell near to where the byssus-thread was fixed.
For some seconds the foot was worked to and fro over the
glass and then quickly withdrawn, when a second byssus-
thread was seen to be fixed in position. After an interval of
about a minute the foot was again shot out to full length,
this time from the posterior end of theshell. ‘Then for nearly
half a minute the tip of the foot kept working over the side
of the tube in a nervous, hasty, irresolute fashion, fumbling,
in fact, and when it was at length withdrawn left three
radiating byssus-threads fixed by their knobbed extremities
to the glass.
In addition to the power of spinning a byssus, which it
possesses in common with all the Mytilide,, Modiolaria discors
can produce a suspensory slime-thread and employ it in
climbing. On the 24th April last one of many specimens
left floating on the water surface in a tube was found to have
lowered itself by a slime-thread to a depth of $ inch. When
watched this individual was seen to climb slowly up its
thread by applying to it the tip of its long foot, the whole
ascent being made in four minutes.
—
Use of Slime-threads in the Marine Mollusea. 361
The foregoing observations are, perhaps, sufficient to show
that the practice of climbing by suspensory threads attached
to the water surface, or, rather, to the mucous film supported
by that surface, is quite usual amongst the littoral or shallow-
water species of our marine Gastropods. Though the diffi-
culties in the way of observing the motions of animals usually
minute, and in all cases in violent action on an almost in-
visible thread, were too great to enable me to demonstrate the
precise method of climbing adopted in any of the cases here
recorded, there can be hardly any doubt that it was essentially
the same as that described by Taylor in the following passage
from his ‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of the British Isles.’ Speaking of the well-known climbing
habit of the land-slug, Limawz arborum, he says (page 318) :—
“The same mucous filament can also be made use of if
necessary to re-ascend to the point of suspension, this being
accomplished by bringing the extremities of the body together
and transferring the point of attachment of the suspensory
filament from the tail to the head.”
The rates of vertical travel up the sides of the graduated
glass tubes of 16 out of the 18 species placed under observa-
tion were noted with some particularity, and a brief résumé
of the results may be given here. ‘aking 1 inch as the
standard distance, and giving to each species its quickest
observed rate of travel, they may be arranged in order of
slowness as follows:—First come Rissoa striata, R. parva,
and Modiolaria discors, each crawling its inch in 3 minutes ;
Trochus tumidus, Skenea planorbis, and Polycera lessonii
come next, each with 2 minutes to the inch; then Cyprea
europea, with 14 minute, Littorina obtusata, 1} minute, and
Rissoa cingillus, 14 minute. Next we have Trochus zizyphinus,
Limapontia nigra, and Acteonia corrugata, each with 1
minute to the inch, closely followed by Nassa incrassata, with
30 seconds. The elegant little Trochus helicinus takes only
39 seconds, and last and quickest of all come Holis farrani
and £. drummondt, each travelling at what may be accounted
a dizzy rate fer a marine Gastropod, accomplish an inch in
15 seconds and 13 seconds respectively.
All of these rates are rates of climbing rather than of
simple travelling, since they were made on a vertical surface
of smooth glass, and no doubt were considerably slower than
the rates for the same species would have been on a horizontal
surface. ‘Taylor, in his Monograph already quoted from, has
been pleased to calculate the mileage rate of several land and
freshwater mollusks. Some of the more active land-slugs
362 Prof. J. A. Thomson end Mr. G. Crane on
he gives a rate of a mile in about 8 days, presumably on a
horizontal surface, while Ancylus fluviatilis, he tells us, has
been recorded to travel at the rate of a mile in 2 years and
10 months. It seems doubtful whether any of our marine
Gastropods will be found to excel Ancylus in the deliberate-
ness of its movements, while it is not improbable that Holzs
drummondi, on the level, might be found to rival the speed of
the Limaces, since the observations recorded in these notes
show that the Nudibranch can climb at the rate of a mile in
about 9 days 18 hours. To compare the small things of the
organic world with the great things of the inorganic, the
quickest travel rate of L. drummondi is some 260 times as
great as the summer motion of the central and most rapidly
moving portion of that famous ice-stream, the Mer de Glace.
XLVII.—Alcyonarians from the Gulf of Cutch. By Prof. J.
ArTHUR THOMSON and Mr. GerorcGe Crane, B.Sc.,
University of Aberdeen. (Preliminary Note.)
In the course of an investigation of the shallow-water fauna
of part of the Gulf of Cutch, Mr. James Hornell made a
small collection of Alcyonarians which presents some features
of interest. The precise district was the coast of Okhamandal,
which forms the N.W. extremity of the Kattiawar Peninsula,
and Mr. Hornell has called our attention to the fact that
specimens of Dendronephthya (better known as Spongodes),
of Lophogorgia, &c. could be collected at low tide.
The collection ineludes eight species, one of which—Astro-
muricea stellifera—is new. ‘There is also a new variety of a
remarkable species of Hchinomuricea previously found in the
Indian Ocean.
The position of the various species may be indicated as
follows :—
Order ALCYONACEA.
Family ALcyontIpDz.... (1) Sclerophytum polydactylum (Ehbren-
berg).
Family NepuTuHyipz .. (2) Dendronephthya (Spongodes) dendro-
phyta (Wright and Studer).
(8) Dendronephthya (Spongodes) brevi-
rama (Burckhardt),
Alcyonarians from the Gulf of Cutch. 563
Order AXIFERA,
Family Muriceipz.... (4) Astromuricea stellifera, sp. n.
(5) Echinomuricea uliginosa, Thomson
and Simpson, var. tenerdor, nov.
Family Gorconm2.... (6) Lophogorgia lutkeni, Wright and
Studer.
(7) Juncella juncea, Pallas.
Order STELECHOTOKEA, Section PennatuLacka.
Family VireuLarip#.. (8) Virgularia rumphii, Kolliker.
(1) Sclerophytum polydactylum (Ehrenberg) is a well-
known widespread species, previously reported from the Red
Sea, Maldives, Gulf of Manaar, China Sea, Zanzibar, British
New Guinea. It is characterized by the absence of siphono-
zooids, the small size of the autozooids, and the tough fleshy
texture. The specimens from the Gulf of Cutch were large,
the maximum dimensions being 5 cm. in height by 14 in
length and 8 in breadth.
(2) Dendronephthya (Spongodes) dendrophyta (Wright and
Studer), a species of the flattened umbellate type in Kiiken-
thal’s dendrophyta group, previously recorded from Philip-
pines and China Sea. It is represented by loosely branched
and close-set types of polyparium, as figured by Wright and
Studer and by Kiikenthal respectively ; the anthocodiz show
the characteristic eight double rows of curved spicules, 4 or 5
in each row ; a trivial feature, noted by Wright and Studer,
namely the occurrence of numerous superficial x -shaped
spicules on the branches, is very marked. The specimens
were collected in the month of December, and they show
abundant reproductive bodies—probably sperm-sacs—up to
0°25 mm. in diameter, attached to the mesenteric bands far
below the polyp-stalks. Some specimens show a few small
polyp-bearing twigs on the top ot the stalk below the foliate
branches.
(3) Dendronephthya (Spongodes) brevirama (Burckhardt),
a species of the flattened umbellate type in Kiikenthal’s
florida group, previously recorded from China Sea and Torres
Strait. A peculiarly fine specimen has a polyparium 12°5 em.
in height, with diameters of 10°5 em. and 5 cm., with a very
short stalk 1 cm. in height, and root-like attachments of
about 6cm. ‘The anthocodiz show the characteristic eight
double rows of spindles in chevron, with 5-7 in each row,
364 Prof. J. A. Thomson and Mr. G. Crane on
the uppermost projecting slightly. A feature of some interest
on several specimens is the occurrence of a number of small
twigs on the short stem portion almost down to the level of
the stolons, each twig bearing two or three polyps.
(4) Astromuricea stellifera, sp. n.—A reddish, fan-like,
flexible colony (14 cm. in height by 28 em. in breadth in
maximum dimensions) with very abundant anastomosis. ‘The
axis is dark glossy brown and almost smooth. The ccenen-
chyma is very rough. ‘The verrucz are crowded on all sides
of the axis; they are cylindrical and their apex is fringed by
about a dozen projecting spicules; The anthocodiz are
completely retractile within the verruce ; there isa low, almost
horizontal, tentacular operculum; two colourless converging
spindles lie on the aboral surface of each tentacle, and there
is asingle or double ring at the base of the tentacles; other-
wise there seem to be no spicules in the polyps. The
spicules of the coenenchyma are (1) irregular warty stars and
toothed plates, (2) stout spindles with tubereulate warts, and
(3) small irregular bodies—all of a rose-red colour. This
species differs from the other members of the genus in many
details, e. g. in the absence of long needle-like processes
on the spicules fringing the mouth of the verruca.
Localities. Low water at Kiu Okha, and dredged off S.W.
coast of Beyt Island.
(5) Echinomuricea uliginosa, Thomson and Simpson (1909),
var. tenerior, nov.—The ‘Investigator’ collection of littoral
Indian Ocean Alcyonarians includes a new species of Hchino-
muricea (FE. uliginosa) which is described in detail by
Thomson and Simpson ina memoir just abont to be published.
A variety of this species occurs in Mr. Hornell’s collection.
The diagnosis of the species is as follows:—A pinkish-red
colony branched in one plane; the coenenchyma is thick and
very rugose, with spicules projecting in all directions; the
verruce are thickly disposed, covering most of the surface ;
their walls bristle with the long smooth spines of projecting
spicules; there is an elevated conical operculum composed of
two bent spindles which touch for over three-quarters of their
length, but diverge near the collaret, the interspace being
almost completely filled by a short, curved, transversely
disposed spindle ; the horny axis is brown, cylindrical, and
chambered, firm and flexible below, soft and collapsible
above; the spicules include a variety of forms: (a) some
showing a projecting smooth spine with branching warty arms
Alcyonarians from the Gulf of Cutch. 365
at the base; (6) spindles covered with irregular warts ;
(c) spindles bearing in addition to warts a number of smooth
projecting spines on one side; (d) irregular forms with warty
branches on one side and smooth spines on the other; (¢) bi-
fureate spindles; (f) irregular plates with warty branches ;
and (g) smooth spindles in the anthocodiz.
Locality. Laccadives (Kalpeni Bank) and Arakan coast,
13 fath.
The specimen from Cutch differs from the type in the
following particulars:—It is unbranched (65 mm. in height,
with a diameter of 3 mm.) ; it is more delicate in appearance
and lighter in colour ; the large pointed spicules surrounding
the mouth of the verruca are pink to white, instead of deep
red ; the ground-colour of the ccenenchyma is white, instead
_ of red or pink ; the spicules are more delicate and bear longer
spines ; the superficial spicules of the ccoenenchyma are white
spindles with prominent rough warts, and reaching dimensions
of 0°61 x 0°19 mm., while the corresponding spicules in the
type are thick red spindles with short close-set warts, and of
larger size, viz. 0°91 x 0°23 mm.
Locality. Off Dwarka, 16 fath.
(6) Lophogorgia lutkent, Wright and Studer.—The repre-
sentatives of this species are much larger and more copiously
branched than those described in the ‘ Challenger’ Report ;
the largest specimen reaches a height of 45 cm. and the main
stem has a diameter of about 7 mm. The verruce show
eight triangular marginal lobes bent over the retracted
tentacles, and it is of some interest to note that while the
verruce: of some branches stand out to a height of 1 mm., the
openings on other branches are flush with the general surface
of the coenenchyma.
Locality. Off Beyt Island, 3-4 fath.
(7) Juncella guncea (Pallas).—Unbranched and slightly
branched colonies, yellowish white (with a touch of red) to
buff in colour, with very crowded verruce without definite
arrangement. ‘The spicules are clubs and double stars, inter-
mediate forms between clubs and double stars, and a few single
stars. We have referred the specimens to J. yuncea rather
than to J. gemmacea because the former is the older species.
Prof. Hickson has suggested that J. juncea and J. gemmacea
should be united in one rather variable species, and a study
of various representatives of Juncella has led us to the same
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, iii. 25
366 Dr. A. Griffini on new Species of Gryllacris
conclusion. We think that J. gemmacea should be merged
in J. juncea.
Locality. S.W. of Beyt Island.
(8) Virgularia rumphii, Kélliker.—We have referred two
specimens to this species, although they differ in some obvious
features, which appear to us, however, to have only quanti-
tative importance. ‘hey agree with V. rumphit in having
close-set pinnules with crowded polyps and with peculiar
interlocking on the metarachidial surface, in having very
numerous undeveloped pinnules (96-120 on each side), and in
many other respects. ‘hey differ in having 55-70 polyps on
a pinnule instead of 40-44, in showing no distinct siphono-
zooids (probably because of imperfect fixing), in having a
more slender axis, and so on, but they are much nearer to
V. rumphit than to any other species. In their very nume-
rous polyps they suggest V. multicalycina, Thomson and
Henderson, but the calices of the latter are exceedingly well
defined, whereas they are indistinct in those from Cutch.
XLVIIL.—Two new Species of Gryllacris in the University
Museum, Oxford. By Dr. ACHILLE GRIFFINI (R. Istituto
tecnico, Genova, Italy).
I HAVE recently received for identification from the Hope
Department, University Museum, Oxford, owing to the
courtesy of Professor EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., and Mr. R.
Shelford, a series of undetermined Gryllaciidee. Ina memoir
of some length, communicated to the Societa Italiana di
Scienze Naturali in Milano at its session of January Alst,
1909, I have described the African, Indo-Malayan, and
Australian species of this family of Locustodea in the Oxford
Museum collection. ‘The following account treats of the only
two Neotropical species in this collection ; the species evidently
are new to science, and one (Gryllacris longstaffi) is highly
remarkable on account of the extraordinary structure of the
apex of the abdomen, and of the external genitalia of the
male.
I seize this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to
Professor Poulton for permitting me to examine this interesting
collection, and in particular to Mr. R. Shelford for the trouble
he has taken in transmitting the specimens to me and in
in the University Muscum, Oxford. 367
supplying me with all the information concerning them that
required,
Gryllacris longstaffi, sp. n.
Apud Gryllacridem ablutam, Brunn., locanda. Statura modica:
testacea nitida; capitis vertice anterius cum fastigio, cum parte
supera frontis et cum primis 4 articulis antennarum colore atro,
hoc colore pricipue inferius a colore testaceo reliqui capitis bene
diviso, maculis ocellaribus nullis ; pedibus unicoloribus testaceis,
spinulis pedum posticorum fuscis basi pallidioribus; elytris
apicem femorum posticorum tantum attingentibus, testaceis, venis
venulisque concoloribus, leviter pallidioribus ; alis albido-hyalinis,
venis venulisque albidis,
S$. Abdomine segmentis dorsalibus brevibus, excepto ultimo
abnorme permagno, cujus lateribus inflatis posterius subtusque
magis productis ; parte supera hujus segmenti posterius in medio
lobum supraanalem perlongum, retrorsum versum gerente, hoc
lobo basi petiolato, dein laminam magnam subtriangularem angulis
rotundatis, lateribus et margine postico deflexis, apicem cercorum
tegentem, efficiente ; parte postica magni segmenti ultimi abdo-
minis sub lobo ample excavata ; lateribus inferis eiusdem segmenti
in appendices cerciferas magnas bicornutas posterius inter se
cruciatas, retrorsum et sursum versas, partim a lobo supraanali
tectas, productis ; lamina subgenitali transversa, margine postico
latissime sinuato, lobis omnino lateralibus posterius versis, apice
angustis, stylos breves depressiusculos, apice rotundatos, gerenti-
bus, vel (forsan per exceptionem) interdum stylis destitutis,
mn.
EpuoindoO COLporis |, 7. 252 is-cirs pepo e'e - 20°6-21°5
= PROMO rh a wereaucr nc ae hs . 45-4°7
so UY EROUMEAL te ae int Sse, » 16°5-17:2
os femorum anticorum....... ai 2 Goi
4 Pe posticoranr: '27. 25.) Vii Peg
oe segmenti abdominalis ultimi
cunt lopay ato ts wee: 76
Flabitat. Jamaica.
Typt: 2 8 (Musei Universitatis in Oxford) a D, G. B,
Longstaff anno 1907 collecti et donati.
Typus A (fig. 1, 5, 6), indicationem: “ Jamaica, below
50 feet, Portland, Port Antonio, capt. Feb. 26-07 ” gerens.
Typus B (fig. 2, 8, 4, 7), indicationem : “ Jamaica, abont
2700 ft., Manchester, Walderston, capt. Feb. 7-07, at light”
gerens.
Species propter notas sexuales ¢ valde miranda, forsan
fypus novi generis sine cognitione @ tamen adhuc non
instituendi.
368 Dr. A. Griffini on new Species of Gryllacris
Color testaceo-flavidus nitidus, pulcher; corpus parum
robustum.
Caput ab antico visum ovoideum, pronoto minime latius.
Occiput et vertex convexa: fastigium verticis rotundatum,
articulo primo antennarum parum latius, hujus latitadinem
14 non attingens. Frons inferius supra clypeum depressa,
precipue utringue ; sulci suboculares nulli; clypeus et labrum
subelongata. saa
Occiput pallide testaceo-cinereum. Vertex cum fastigio
verticis, cum fastigio frontis et cum dimidia (vel fere dimidia)
parte supera frontis, colore atro nitido, sine maculis ocellari-
bus; hoe colore subtiliter etiam oculos supra subtusque partim
circumdante, a colore pallido bene diviso (seu in colorem
pallidum haud dilute transeunte). Pars infera coloris atri
frontis in medio sinuata vel in medio utrinque angulo brevi
inferius producta. Genz, dimidia pars infera frontis, cum
clypeo, labro, mandibulis, palpisque, testacea, leviter nebulosa ;
labrum interdum leviterfuscius. Articuli 3 primi antennarum
toti atri; articulus quartus atro-fuscus, articuli 5-7 testacei
interdum leviter fusci, ceeteri testacei.
Pronotum a supero visum subquadratum, convexum, robusti-
usculum, marginibus antico et postico leviter et late rotun-
datis; sulco antico valliforme bene expresso ; sulculo longitu-
dinali abbreviato parum distincto, antice posticeque fossulari ;
sulco postico nullo seu ante limbum extremum marginis
postici sito; metazona non ascendens. Lobi laterales liumiles,
subrectangulares, multo longiores quam altiores, parum ad-
pressi, angulis rotundato-truncatis, margine infero sensim
sinuato, margine postico subrotundato-verticali, leviter obli-
quato, sinu humerali nullo (metazona postice minime pro-
ducta). Sulcus V-formis et sulcus posticus sat bene expressi ;
intervalli gibbulosi. Color pronoti pallide testaceus, nitidus,
leviter nebulosus, supra incertissime pallide trivittatus.
Elytra modica, fere lanceolata, apicem femorum posticorum
egre superantia, testacea nitida, venis venulisque concoloribus
vel partim pallidioribus, latitudinem maximam mm. 6°53
parum post medium subattingentia, apice subacute rotundata.
Alex cycloidee, albido-hyaline, leviter roseo tinct, venis
venulisque albidis.
Pedes modici, testacei, imo condylo articulari tibiarum
posticarum tantum interdum incerte dilute fusciore. ‘Tibiz
4 antic solito modo spinose, spinis utrinque 4 modice longis,
apicem versus longitudine parum decrescentibus. J'emora
postica breviuscula, basi valde incrassata, apice breviter
attenuata sed ibi angustata, subtus margine externo 6-7
spinuloso, margine interno 4-6 spinuloso, spinulis apicalibus
in the University Museum, Oxford. 369
fortioribus, fuscis vel tantum apice fuscis, basi pallidis.
Tibize posticee superne longe post basim leviter planiusculz,
ibique in utroque margine spinis 4, apice fuscis, armate ;
necnon spinis apicalibus solitis instructee. Tarsi longiusculi,
modice lati.
Abdomen concolor, testaceum, nitidum. Segmenta dor-
salia ¢ ante-ultima inusitate brevissima, preecipue superne;
segmentum dorsale ultimum ¢ inusitate permagnum, niti-
dissimum, convexum, utrinque posterius et inferius magis
ee acetal be
1. Apex abdominis speciminis A, a latere visus.
2. Apex abdominis speciminis B, a latere visus: Job. s., lobus supra-
analis; a.c., appendix cercifera. :
3. Apex abdominis speciminis B ab infero visus: /od.s., lobus supra-
analis; c., cercus; d.c., appendix cercifera; 1s., lamina sub-
genitalis. aS wee
4. Appendix cercifera sinistra speciminis B: c., cercus.
5. Appendix cercifera sinistra speciminis 4: c., cercus,
6. Lamina subgenitalis speciminis A: st., styli.
7. Lamina subgenitalis speciminis B,
(Figures omnes magnitudine auctie.)
productum. Pars supera hujus magni segmenti (fig. 1, 2)
posterius lobum supraanalem longum (fig. Job. s.) retrorsum
versum prebet, petiolatum (petiolo sensim decurvo), in
laminam irregulariter subtriangularem convexam, angulis
rotundatis, lateribus deflexis, apice in specimine A (fig. 1)
etiam cucullato deflexo, in specimine B (fig. 2) multo minus
370 Dr. A. Griffini on new Species of Gryllacris
deflexo, fere horizontali, semper tamen apicem cercorum
tegentem et subamplectentem, terminatum. Sub basi huius
majusculz laminz appendiculus medius videtur oblique in
intimis partibus descendens, subtilis, verisimiliter cum basi
laminze ipsee superne coniunctus. Sub lobo supraanali nune
descripto apex segmenti ultimi magni dorsalis ample exca-
vetus. Utrumque latus (inferius et posterius productum)
huius segmenti appendicem cerciferam (fig. a.c.) magnam
retrorsum et sursum versam prebet. Appendices cercifere
sunt bicornute, primo intuitu videntur tricornute, quia cercum
(fig. c) in latere externo sursum versum etiam prebent ; he
appendices partim inter se sunt cruciate (fig. 3), sinistra
semper supra dextram partim superposita, apicem versus, et
partim a lamina lobi supraanalis apice sunt tecte. Forma
appendicis cerciferze sensim differens in duobus typis (vide
fig. 4 et 5); in utroque specimine tamen cornus inferum
angustius, curvatum, subfaleatum, basi decurvum, apice
incurvum, apice obtuso vel leviter dilatato ; cornus superius
latius, fere laminare, contortum, sursum versum, apice et intus
minute pluridenticulatum, denticulis partim fuscis; huius
basis superne extus cercum longum pilosum gerens.
Lamina subgenitalis g transversa, margine postico latis-
sime sinuato, in medio leviter angulariter inciso, lobis omnino
lateralibus posterius versis, apice angustis, brevibus; hi lobi
in specimine A (fig. 6), quod typicum normale esse puto,
stylos breves, depressiusculos, apice subrotundatos (fig. 6, st.)
prebent; in specimine B (fg. 7), quod anormale esse puto,
magis acuti, stylis sunt destituti.
Hee species, propter nonnullas notas, speciebus generis
Dibelone, Br., appropinquatur.
Gryllacris sancti-vincentit, sp. n.
g. Parva; testaceo-ferruginea concolor (vel pedibus intermediis
saturatius ferrugineis ?), graciliuscula; elytris hyalinis sensim
testaceo tinctis, venis venulisque concoloribus; alis albido-
hyalinis, venulis pallidis; tibiis anticis et intermediis subtus
utrinque tantum spinis 2-3 breviusculis armatis; tibiis posticis,
exceptis spinis apicalibus, inermibus.
mm.
Longitudo corporis..... © sisi s «kato at Saale
ae 101) i Ae é 3°6
“ elytrorum ..... ose ee eee ko
g gemiortm. anticorum |.”.: 0... Sent. eeen
3 a posticorum: /\! te eet 9°8
s segmenti octavi abdominis ...... 1:9
in the University Museum, Oxford. Bye
Halitat. Insula Sancti Vincenti (W. India, teste Shelford).
Typus: 1 g (Musei Universitatis in Oxford), nonnihil
cesus.
Inter Gr. eximiam, Karsch, et Gr. exiguam, Br., locanda.—
Corpus statura parva, parum robustam, testaceo-ferrugineum,
pedibus (exceptis intermediis in typo forsan per notam indi-
vidualem saturatius ferrugineis) concoloribus.
Caput unicolor, pallide testaceo-ferrugineum, ab antico
visum SVR pronoto modice latius. Vertex nitidus,
convexus fastigium verticis rotundatum, latitudinem 14
primi feo antennarum subsuperans; macule ocellares
nulla. Frons inferius in medio impressa. Organa bucealia,
solito modo confecta, et antennze cum reliquo capite concolora.
Pronotum (in typo lesum) forsan posterius in medio et
utrinque dilute fusco pictum, nebulis obliquis; a supero
visum subquadratum ; margine antico rotundato, sed in
medio non producto ; sulco antico valliforme, in medio sub-
nullo, Lobi laterales parum longiores quam altiores, postice
leviter altiores, angulo postico subtruncato, margine postico
subverticali leviter retrorsum obliquo, sinu humerali sub-
nullo; sulci bene impressi, intervalli gibbulosi.
Elytra parum longa, subhyalina, leviter testaceo tincta,
venis venulisque concoloribus. Ale albido-hyaline, venis
venulisque pallidis.
Pedes testaceo-ferruginei (intermedii fusco-ferruginei).
Tibie 4 anticee subtus utrinque spinis parvis 2-3 preditee.
Femora postica basi crassa, apice breviuscule sed distincte
attenuata, subtus margine externo 5-spinuloso, margine
interno 2- —3-spinuloso, spinulis in dimidio apicali sitis, apice
brevissime incerte fuscis. Tibize postice exiles, fere teretes,
superne inermes, vel rudimento tantum spinulz unice circiter
in medio marginis interni, vel etiam, sub lente, gibbulis qui-
busdam minutissimis, locum spinularum perpaucarum omnino
rudimentalium indicantibus, preedite.
Abdomen concolor. Segmentum octavum dorsale modice
productum ; segmentum nonum productum, parum cucullatum,
posterius in medio bispinulosum. Lamina subgenitalis ¢
verisimiliter subquadrata, apice latiuscule rotundato, margine
apicali in medio sat acute exciso.
Genoa,
Feb. 4th, 1909.
372 Mr. O. Thomas on the N. Australian Rats
XLIX.—On the N. Australian Rats referred to the Genus
Mesembriomys. By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
WHILE working out a very distinct new rat from Kimberley,
N. Australia, sent to the British Museum by Mr. B. H.
Woodward, of Perth, I have had occasion to examine all the
species referred by me in 1906 to the genus Ammomys*,
whose name, being preoccupied, has since been altered to
Mesembriomys.
Apart from the group-characters then described these
species are of a very heterogeneous .nature, and L am now
convinced that they should be further divided into three
genera, whose differential characters would be as follows :—
T, MrseMBRIOMYS.
Ammomys, Thos. J. ¢. (nec Raf.). Type Mus hirsutus, Gould.
Size very large. Form normal; feet narrow, fairly long.
Tail very long, jerboa-like, heavily tufted terminally.
Skull large and stout, peculiarly high and heavy in the
anterior frontal region, its highest point at or in front of the
front edge of m', and its upper profile strongly bowed at this
oint.
‘ Molars comparatively normal in structure, not specially
laminate; inner cusp of anterior lamina of m! situated, as is
usual, behind the level of the middle cusp, opposite the gap
between the latter and the middle cusp of the second lamina.
Lower molars (m,and m,) each with a well-marked re-entrant
concavity behind, in which a distinct median supplementary
cusp is placed.
Species. M. Airsutus (Mus hirsutus, Gould) and MW. ma-
crurus (Hapalotis macrura, Peters).
Il. Zyzomys.
Genus noyum. Type Mus argurus, Thos.
Size quite smal]. Form delicate. ‘Tail slender or thick-
ened, lightly pencilled terminaliy, not heavily haired.
Skull light and delicate, not bowed in the frontal region,
its highest point above m’.
* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. p. 84 (1906). I may take this
opportunity of drawing attention to an important lapsus calami in this
paper. On p. 83, bottom line, for Conilurus read Notomys.
¥
-
referred to the Genus Mesembriomys. 373
Teeth as in Mesembriomys (see figure in original description
of Mus argurus*).
Species. Z. argurus with its subspecies Z. a. indutus, Thos.
The delicate slender build of this animal and its low flat
skull will distinguish it from the large convex-skulled Mesem-
briomys, to which, however, in the essential characters of
tooth-structure it undoubtedly bears a near affinity.
Ill. Laomys.
Genus noyum. Type Laomys woodwardi, sp. n.
Size medium. Form comparatively short. Fur crisp,
almost spinous. Feetshortand broad. ‘Tail short, thickened
basally, tapering, heavily haired throughout.
Skull flattened above, its highest point above m’, its general
shape rather recalling that of Leporillus.
Teeth with the lamine very distinctly transverse and
separated, the inner cusp of each of the two first lamina of
m' in line with the middle cusp, so that the transverse grooves
between the lamine are complete, straight, and uninterrupted.
The teeth therefore tend towards the distinctly laminate
structure found in Phleomys, Otomys, &c. Lower teeth also
simply laminate, the lamine not or scarcely pinched in at
their middle point, and the posterior lamina of m, and mg,
without any posterior concavity in which a supplementary
cusp might stand.
Species. L. woodwardt, sp. n., and L. pedunculatus (Coni-
lurus pedunculatus, Waite). ‘The more extreme of the two is
selected as the type.
The species of this genus are remarkable-looking animals,
quite unlike ordinary Muridz, and more suggesting members
of the South-American Octedontine.
The following is the description of the new species :—
Laomys woodwardi, sp. n.
A greyish species, with a short, hairy, but untufted tail.
Size larger than in JL. pedunculatus. Fur peculiarly
coarse and crisp, almost spinous. General colour coarsely
lined pale greyish, rather paler than ‘“ drab-grey.” Indi-
vidually the hairs are pale grey basally (grey no. 8), becoming
drab-grey terminally, about half of them with black tips.
Under surface white, the stiff bristly hairs white to their
bases; line of demarcation on sides not sharply marked.
Ears large, broad, pale grey. Upper surface of hands and
* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. p. 484 (1889).
Bye! | Mr. O. Thomas on
feet greyish white, the fingers and toes pure white. Tail
short, tapering, heavily haired throughout, ‘ slate-grey ”
(arising from a mixture of blackish and white hairs) above,
dull whitish below.
Skull markedly larger than that of L. pedunculatus, but of
similar shape. Supraorbital edges sharply square, not
ridged. Palatal foramina long and narrow. Bulle smaller
than in the smaller species.
Molars much larger than in the allied form, but of quite
similar structure,
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 167 mm.; tail 114; hind foot 29; ear 21.
Skull: greatest length 41; basilar length 32°5; zygomatic
breadth 21:3; nasals 14; interorbital breadth 5; palatilar
length 18°7; diastema 11°5; palatal foramina 8°3 ; length of
upper molar series 72.
Hab. Parry’s Creck, near Wyndham, HE. Kimberley, N.W.
Australia. Alt. 100!.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 9. 2.16.3. Original num-
ber 29. Collected 9th October, 1908, by J. P. Rogers,
Presented by the Perth Museum through B. H. Woodward,
Esq. ‘Two specimens.
“Trapped ina rough stony gorge.”—J. P. R.
This species is readily distinguishable from L. pedunculatus
by its larger size, shorter tail, and greyer colour.
L.—New Species of Paradoxurus, of the P. philippinensis
Group, and a new Paguma. By OLDFIELD l'HOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
HiIrHeERTO the Palm-Civets of the Philippines, North and
South, and of Borneo, have been considered as all belonging
to one species, for which the name P. phi'ippinensis, Jourd.
(first locality mentioned, Luzon), has been used.
But a comparison of the material in the British Museum
shows that the Mindanao animal is materially larger than
that from Luzon, that the Bornean one is quite peculiar in
colour, and that an additional form of the group occurs in the
Tawi-Tawi Islands, between N. Borneo and Mindanao.
I also take this opportunity to describe the Hainan repre-
sentative of Paguma larvata.
new Species of Paradoxurus. 3795
Paradoxurus minaz, sp. n.
Size markedly larger than in the Luzon P. philippinensis,
about equalling that of the Indian P. niger. General colour
uniform dark brown, less mottled than in phi/ippinensis ;
three broken lines of black spots fairly well defined on the
back. Light frontal band little conspicuous. Crown and
backs of ears blackish brown. Limbs, feet, and tail uniformly
daik,
Skull similar to that of philippinensis, but conspicuously
larger throughout. Teeth of the same general rounded shape,
the carnassial with a heavy postero-internal ledge.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 580 mm.; tail (broken in type, 440 mm.
in another specimen of about equal size) ; hind foot 75.
Skull: basal length 98; condylo-basal length 105;
greatest breadth 60; length of nasais in middle line 19°5 ;
interorbital breadth 19; breadth of brain-case 34; palatal
foramina 0°5; palatal length 47; p*, length on outer edge 8-4,
greatest diagonal diameter 9°6.
Hab, (of type). Davao, S. Mindanao.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 7. 2.2.6. Original num-
ber 766. Collected by M. P. Anderson. Presented by
His Grace the Duke of Bedford, K.G.
This species is readily distinguishable from any of the
cther species in the neighbourhood by its markedly larger
skull.
I also refer to this species the adult and young specimens
collected by Cuming in the Islet of Camiguin, just N. of
Mindanao, which were called “ P. zeylanicus”’ (fortunatel
as a nomen nudum) in Gray’s § List of Mammals’ of 1843 *,
Paradowurus torvus, sp. n.
Size about as in P. philippinensis. General colour dark
coppery brown (between mummy-brown and_ vandyke-
brown), approaching that of the S.-Indian P. jerdoni. Face
wholly blackish, without lighter markings, as are also the
backs of the ears, the nape to the withers, and the rump.
Back with three inconspicuous black lines. Fore and hind
limbs and tail blackish brown. Under surface dark chocolate-
brown.
Skull most like that of P. philippinensts, the teeth of
* List Mamm. B. M. p. 55 (1848).
376 ) eMeSIOF Thoniag GH
similar rounded character, larger individually than those of
P. sabanus, the nearest species geographically. Posterior
edge of palate of the reversed V-shape found in the genus
Paguma, although it is at about the same distance behind the
molars as is usual in Paradovurus.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 490 mm.; tail 410; hind foot 64.
Skull: basal length 39; condylo-basal length 94 ; greatest
breadth 57°5; length of nasals in middle line 14; interorbital
breadth 15°5; breadth of brain-case 33°5; palatal length 42 ;
palatal foramina 5; front of p' to back of m? 30; p*, length
on outer side 8, greatest diameter 8:7.
flab. Bangao Island, Tawi-'‘l'awi Group.
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 94.9. 28.9. Collected July,
1893, by A. Everett.
Even if the peculiar coppery-brown colour of this Para-
doxure should prove to be due in any degree to a melanoid
suffusion (and there is no evidence for this suggestion), the
continuation of the dark colour of the head down to the
withers, the large size of the teeth as compared with those of
P. sabanus, and the Paguma-like shape of the posterior nares
will distinguish the species from any of its allies.
Paradoxurus sabanus, sp. n.
Size smallest of the group. General colour a peculiar
greyish olivaceous tinged with buffy, being far the most
distinctly olivaceous of the Paradoxures. ‘The usual lines
and spots on the back visible, but not conspicuous or sharply
defined. Underside brown, the hairs broadly tipped with
buff or pale tawny. Muzzle, back of ears, and crown black,
a variable amount of light greyish grizzling on the forehead
and area in front of the ears. In some specimens there is a
complete frontal light band, and in others not. Limbs and
tail blackish as usual.
Skull like that of P. philippinensis, but the teeth smaller
throughout.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 465 mm.; tail 360; hind foot 68.
Skull: basal length 88 ; condylo-basal length 92 ; greatest
breadth 57; length of nasals in middle line 16 ; interorbital
breadth 17; breadth of brain-case 32; palatal length 42 ;
front of p! to back of m? 28'5; p*, length on outer edge 7,
greatest diameter 8°4.
Hab. North Borneo. Type from Spitang.
a new Paguma. 57
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 93. 3.4.5. Collected July,
1892, by A. Everett.
Its peculiar buffy-olivaceous colour and small size will
readily distinguish the Bornean Paradoxure from P. philippi-
nensis, with which it was united by Blanford.
Paguma larvata hainana, subsp. n.
Markings particularly prominent. Tail nearly all black.
Molars large.
Size about normal. Fur coarse and harsh, not nearly so
rich as in true darvata. Ends of dorsal hairs strong buffy.
Head-markings very strikingly contrasted, sharply defined ;
median white line pure white to between the ears, and then
continued, rather less pure, down the nape nearly to the end
of the black nuchal area ; black bands bordering it on fore-
head broad, very deep black; supraorbital white spots small,
infraorbital fairly large, sharply defined ; anteaural spots
small. Chin black, succeeded behind by a well-marked
whitish collar. Belly dull brownish white. Hands and feet
black. Tail black, all but its basal three inches above and
six below.
First upper molar larger than in true larvata, conspicu-
ously larger than in subsp. tatvvana; its surface, in the
unworn state, comparatively flat, the postero-external cusp
obsolete. Carnassial scarcely or not larger than in larvata.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 470 mm. ; tail 425 ; hind foot 76.
Upper carnassial, length on outer edge 7°6, greatest
diameter 8; m’ 68x 7°6.
Hab. Five-Finger Mountains, Hainan.
Type. Immature male. B.M. no. 99, 9.2.1. Collected
April or May, 1899, by Mr. John Whitehead.
Dr. Matschie has suggested that the Formosan form of
P. larvata, P. 1, taivana, Swinh., may be the same as the
original darvata, but it has not the well-marked whitish
collar mentioned in Hamilton Smith’s description and present
in examples from the Lower Yang-tse. Its first upper molar
is much smaller than in the mainland specimens, in marked
contrast to that of the present animal, in which this tooth is
much larger.
378 Mr. O. Thomas on new Species of
LI.—New Species of acomys and Marmosa from
Amazonia. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
AMoNG some Amazonian mammals sent to us for determina-
tion by Fraulein Dr. E. Snethlage, of the Goeldi Museum,
Para, there are examples of a new C(fcomys and a new
Marmosa, which are here described. The type specimens
have been generously ceded to the British Museum by the
authorities at Para.
Gcomys tapajinus, sp. n.
A large species of a rich tawny-rufous colour.
Size about as in the larger members of the group, marmo-
surus, roberti, and mamore. General colour brightest of
all, a rich tawny or cinnamon-rufous colour, about equal to
the brightest members of the genus Nyctomys; this colour is
browner on the head and fore back, richer on the rump and
hips, where it nearly matches Ridgway’s “tawny,” but is
brighter and glossier. Under surface white, the hairs of the
throat, chest, narrow middle line of belly, and whole of
inguinal region white to the roots, those of the side of the
belly slaty grey basally ; but none the less the passage from
the tawny colour of the flanks and the white of the belly is
nearly as sharply defined as in @. roberti, not gradual as in
marmosurus. Hands and feet greyish white. ‘Tail, as usual,
long, uniformly brown, finely pencilled.
Skull most like that of Gi. roberti, but rather more heavily
built; outer plate of zygoma-root narrower; palatal fora-
mina longer, tooth-row shorter.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 126 mm.; tail 158; hind foot 25; ear 17.
Skull: tip of nasals to front corner of interparietal 28°6 ;
zygomatic breadth 16 ; nasals 11°8 ; interorbital breadth 5-9 ;
zy gomatic plate 2°8; diastema 9°2; palatal foramina 5°8 x 3;
length of upper molar series 4*7.
Hab. Santa Rosa, R. Tamauchim, right bank of the Upper
Tapajoz R.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 9. 3.9.9. Original num-
ber 21. Collected by Fraulein Dr. E. Snethlage.
This species may be readily distinguished from the other
Cicomys and Marmosa j/vom Amazonia. 379
three equally large members of Gicomys by its much richer
colour, in marked contrast to its white belly.
In 1906 * I formed the subgenus Giécomys for a number of
rats which combined something of the external appearance of
Rhipidomys with the characteristic palate of Oryzomys; but,
as I failed to find any cranial distinction from the latter
genus, I only considered it as a subgenus. Now, however, I
find that, as is still more marked in RAipidomys, the outer
plate of the anterior zygoma-root is hardly projected forward
in front of the upper bridge, while in Oryzomys there is
always a strongly marked projection. As the group is
undeniably a natural one, easily recognizable externally, I
think this character, slight though it is, will justify our
treating Gicomys as a full genus. A list of the known species
is published in the paper above referred to.
Marmosa emilee, sp. n.
Smallest of the known species ; tail excessively long.
Most nearly allied to M. pusilla, Desm., but even smaller
(combined length of three anterior molariform teeth 4°2 mm.
instead of 4°4). Fur soft and fine; hairs of back about 6°5 mm.
in length. General colour above dull fawn, the extreme tips
of the hairs washed with dark brown. Under surface buffy
white (rather paler than Ridgway’s cream-buff), the hairs
pale to their roots, without slaty bases. Black eye-rings
well-marked. ars rather larger than in M. pusilla. Hands
and feet dull whitish above. Tail nearly twice the length of
the head and body, its extreme base only hairy, the remainder
practically naked, uniformly dark brown above and below.
Skull much as in M. pusil/a. Teeth as in that animal,
except that the secator, instead of being fully as large as or
larger than the tooth next in front of it, is distinctly smaller,
its vertical height from the cingulum being about 0°7 mm.
as against 0°9 mm. in the anterior tooth.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 75 mm.; tail 142 ; hind foot 13; ear 16.
Skull: greatest length 23°5; basal length 21; zygo-
matic breadth 13; interorbital breadth 4°2; palatal length
12:2; combined length of three anterior molariform teeth 4°2.
Hab. Para.
Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 9. 3.9.10. Original
number 30. Collected 13th February, 1909, by Fraulein
. * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xviii. p. 444.
380). Messrs, ©. Thomas and R. C. Wroughton on
Dr. Einilie Snethlage, in whose honour the species is
named.
This pretty little opossum, the smallest marsupial of the
New World (with the exception of Peramys sorex), may be
readily distinguished from its only near ally, Marmosa pusill.,
Desm., with which M, agilis, Burm., would seem to be
identical, by its still smaller size, smaller secator, and much
longer tail.
LIT.—Two new Macaques from W. Java.
By OLpFiELD THOMAS and R. C. WrouGuTon.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
In a report recently presented by us to the Zoological Society
on the magnificent collection of mammals obtained in Western
Java by Mr. G. C. Shortridge, and presented to the British
Museum by Mr. W. E. Balston, the series of Macaque
Monkeys is referred to M/. fascicularis, Raf. Now, how-
ever, in working out some mammals sent us by Mr. H. C.
Robinson from the Malay Peninsula and Islands, we have
come to the conclusion that these Monkeys are not referable
to fascicularis, but belong to two species, neither of which
appears to have a name.
The first of these is a Javan representative of fascicularis,
while the second has quite a different skull, more like that of
the South-Indian M. sinica.
Macaca mordaz, sp. n.
A large-sized macaque of the long-tailed type, rather larger
than M. fuscicularis and with larger teeth than in that species.
Fur coarse, 26-30 mm. long on lower back, 46-50 mm. on
shoulders. General colour a coarse mixture of brown and
buff. Arms and legs greyer, the grizzling less marked.
Cheeks and lower surface dirty white. ‘ail like back,
gradually shading, at half its length, into a grey-brown like
that of the armsand legs. A black line across the face above
the eyes.
Skull about as in typical fascteularis, but somewhat larger
and with markedly larger teeth. ‘The posterior nares com-
paratively large.
Two new Macaques from W. Java. d8t
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 600 mm.; tail 610; hind foot 155; ear 43.
Skull: greatest length 124; basal length 90; zygomatic
breadth 84; palatal length 52; longest axis of posterior
nares 13°5; upper premolar and molar series 33; second
molar 8:2 x 6°8.
Hab. W. Java (type from Tjilatjap ; sea-level).
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 9.1. 5.27. Original num-
ber 613. Collected 19th October, 1907.
This species is easily distinguished from the typical fase7-
cularis of Sumatra by its greater size, duller colouring,
coarser fur, and, above all, by its much larger teeth.
Macaca resima, sp. n.
Smaller than the last, with much shorter tail, broad
molars, and concave nasal profile.
Fur rather fine and soft, 30-35 mm. on lower back, 50-55
on shoulders. Colour above a coarse mixture of brown and
buff, producing a general effect near ‘ isabella-colour.” The
usual transverse black line above the eyes; cheeks dirty
white. Arms and legs grey, the former darker, the latter
very pale. Tail almost black at the base, merging into grey
distally. Lower surface of body and ‘ail and inner surface
of limbs greyish white.
Skull comparatively narrow; orbits and orbital septum
nearly vertical, the latter joining the horizontal nasals nearly
at a right angle. Muzzle more elongate. Posterior nasal
openings small, markedly so when compared with those of
M. mordax. Molars very broad, as broad as long.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 520 mm. ; tail 860; hind foot 135; ear 42.
Skull: greatest length 123; basal length 95°5; zygomatic
breadth 75; palatal length 55; longest axis of posterior
nares 11°5; upper premolar and molar series 33°5; second
molar 8°5 x 8°05.
Hab. Tasikmalaja, W. Java. Alt. 1145’.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 9. 1.5.31. Original num-
ber 1219. Collected 18th January, 1908.
The short tail of this species, though proportionally longer
than that of any member ot the J. nemestrina group, serves
to distinguish it at a glance from J. mordaz, its nearest
neighbour, while the skull-characters noted above separate it
both from that species and from nemestrina and its allies.
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 26
382 Bibliographical Notice.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British Museum.
Vol. VII. Noctuide. By Sir Grorce F. Hampson, Bart. Printed
by Order of the Trustees. 8vo. London, 1908. Pp.- xv, 709.
Plates eviii._cxxii. & 184 Text-illustrations. Price: Text 17s.,
Atlas 13s.
Tue seventh volume of this great work, or the fourth of the
Noctuids, includes the first of three volumes to be devoted to the
subfamily Acronyctine, and includes descriptions of 843 species,
divided into 96 genera, a considerable number of both genera and
species being here described as new. The Acronyctine, as
here employed, are characterized in Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s Preface
‘‘ by the trifid neuration of the hind wing combined with spineless
tibize and smooth eyes not surrounded by bristle-like hairs, and it
is the least specialised of the subfamilies of the Noctuide Trifinz.”
How completely the classification of the Noctuide has been
revolutionized of late years may be seen by the number of well-
known genera now included in the Acronyctine, but referred by
previous authors to Apamidew, Cosmide, Hadenide, Amphipyride,
&e. Among these we may note the genera Amphipyra, Mania,
Dipterygia, Trachea, Eupleaia, Perigea, Eremobia, Luperina, Trigo-
nophora, Eriopus, and Thalpophila,
But while entomologists may congratulate themselves on living
at a time when it is possible for so extensive and elaborate a work
to be published, they must not forget that it has been led up to by
the labours of a long series of previous authors, without which its
inception and fulfilment would have been impossible. It may be
well to remember that the last complete Catalogue of Moths by
Francis Walker was published by the British Museum in thirty-five
volumes from 1854 to 1866, and though out of print and out of
date at the present time, was of great value when it appeared,
notwithstanding numerous defects and errors, if only as a com-
pendium of the then existing literature of the subject. Whether
thirty-five volumes will now suffice to complete the much more
elaborate work undertaken by Sir G. F. Hampson is hardly to be
expected; but we hope the author will succeed in completing at
least the groups including the larger moths, in which he has already
made such good progress, before the advance of old age necessitates
his resigning the remainder of the work to other hands.
©
CO
oo
Geological Society.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES,
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
February 24th, 1909.—Prof. W. J. Sollas, LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.
The following communications were read :—
1. ‘ Paleolithic Implements, ete. from Hackpen Hill, Winter-
bourne Bassett, and Knowle-Farm Pit (Wiltshire)? By the
Rev. Henry George Ommanney Kendall, M.A.
Implements are described from the localities mentioned in the
title, which le at heights of 885, 576, and 450 feet above O.D.
respectively. Hackpen Hill forms a ridge of Chalk running north
and south, capped by patches of Tertiary clay. Trimmed stones of
eolithic nature were obtained from fields ploughed in Drift-gravels,
together with abraded Upper Greensand chert, quartzite-pebbles,
and small flints. The greater number of the flaked stones were
found within and near shallow pits excavated in yellow Drift-clay,
apparently newer than the Red Clay with Flints, exposed at the
edges of the larger hollows. The implements are unabraded,
abraded, and striated; some stained brown, some green, others
unstained ; evidently some are in situ, others were brought with
the Drift. Implements taken from the clay are described, and a
distinction is made between the paleoliths and neoliths obtained
from the same surface. The similarity in the mineral condition
of the former to paleoliths from Knowle-Farm Pit is pointed out,
and both are referred to the Chelléen period.
It is noteworthy that, while implements and flakes are numerous
on the top of Hackpen Hill as compared with good, trimmed pieces,
yet at this 570-foot level on the Winterbourne-Bassett plain
implements and flakes are very scarce, while trimmed pieces are
very numerous, although the level of the Winterbourne stones is
300 feet lower. Many of the latter, however, have been evidently
rechipped, and are therefore of later date. The Author concludes
that implements of at least three paleolithic periods are found
at Knowle, and these three periods may be compared with the
Chelléen, Lower Acheulien, and Upper Acheulien of Prof. Commont
at St. Acheul. Still older implements (possibly earlier Chelléen)
seem also to occur.
2. ‘ Plant-containing Nodules from Japan, considered structurally
in their Relation to the ‘ Coal-Balls ” and “* Roof-Nodules” of the
European Carboniferous.’ By Marie C. Stopes, D.Se., Ph.D.
These nodules are of interest, because of the plant and animal
fossils that they contain. The plant-petrifactions are of a type
384 Miscellaneous.
unknown from the Mesozoic, and will be described separately. The
nodules are of Cretaceous age. They enclose numerous marine
shells and various plant-remains, well petrified. Unlike the
‘coal-balls’ and ‘ roof-nodules,’ they are not contained in coal-
seams or in the roof thereof, but occur in a thick series of shales
below the coals, which appear to be of Tertiary age. The micro-
scopic aspect of the matrix shows that it is highly granular, unlike
the matrix of coal-balls and roof-nodules. Chemically they consist
of about 60 per cent. of carbonates, both lime and magnesia being
present, with 30 per cent. of silicates; the large proportion of
silicates is an important point of difference from the Carboni-
ferous nodules, In having numerous plant-fragments in a single
nodule and in the type of petrifaction the nodules are like coal-
balls ; in having marine shells included in the matrix they are more
like roof-nodules. They probably represent fragments of tangled
débris, which drifted out to sea but a short distance, and then were
speedily petrified. The Authoress acknowledges help from the
Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society in carrying out
the research, and also from the Japanese Government, the Imperial
University, and the local Government of Hokkaido, together with
the Tunko Kaisha of Hokkaido.
MISCELLANEOUS.
On some new Steneosaurs from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough.
To the Editors of the * Annals and Magazine of Natural History?
GrntLEmEN,—Since the publication of my paper on the above subject
in the last number of this Magazine (March Ist), a part of the
‘ Paleeontographica ’ (Bd. 55, Lief. 5 & 6) has been issued, containing
a memoir by Dr. E. Auer, also on some Steneosaurs from the same
horizon and locality. In this the author describes as a new species
St. teleosauroides, the form which I named St. leedsi, and as a new
variety, St. larteti, var. kokent, the animal which I regarded as
specifically distinct under the name St. durobrivensis.
It seems unfortunate that Dr. Auer should have been anticipated
by my brief note after he has taken such pains to produce so
excellent a memoir. Cuartes W. ANDREWS.
17th March, 1909,
THE ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
[FIGHTH SERIES.]
No. 17. MAY L909;
*
LITI.—Descriptions of new Genera and Species of New-
Zealand Coleoptera. By Major T. Broun, F.E.S.
{Continued from p. 233. ]
Group Colydiide.
Bitoma picicorne, sp. n.
Slender, elongate, opaque, nigrescent; legs testaceo-
fuscous ; antennz piceous; sparingly clothed with fine
variegated sete.
Head nearly as large as thorax, with ill-defined granular
sculpture and greyish or yellowish sete. Eyes moderately
convex, with a few short sete which are almost minute
spines. Thorax small, subtruncate, and widest in front,
gradually yet a good deal narrowed behind, its sides not at
all lobate, not distinctly crenate, but somewhat explanate
near the front; there are two very small elevations near the
front, it seems depressed along the middle, and its granular
sculpture is not easily seen; the sete are rather short,
coarse, and yellowish principally. Elytra elongate-oblong,
parallel, evidently wider than thorax at the base ; there is a
depression at the middle of the base which is bordered by
slight elevations ; the suture appears faintly yellow owing to
the sete there, the space along each side of the suture seems
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 27
386 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
dark or slightly depressed, its sculpture is granular but ill-
defined ; on each near the base there is one distinct white
spot, there are two more spots in line with the first, but are
not white and distinct ; the sculpture near the sides consists
apparently of series of granules and linear longitudinal inter-
stices ; there are a few minute grey spots near the apex.
Antenna finely and sparingly setose, basal joint just visible
above; second stout, longer than broad, suboviform but
truncate at apex; third elongate, 4-7 each rather longer
than broad, ninth broader than the preceding one, tenth
strongly transverse, eleventh nearly twice as long as the
tenth. 4
Tarsi with very few fine setz, second and third joints
more prolonged underneath than the first, but not lobed,
the terminal rather longer than the basal three combined.
Tibie straight, finely setose ; claws yellow.
B. rugosa is the only near ‘ally ; it varies from testaceous
to rufo-fuscous, and lacks the narrow “raised longitudinal
interstices of B. picicorne, the basal joint of the antennz is
more exposed and the terminal one is shorter and more
rotundate, and the sides of the thorax are more jagged.
Length 1}; breadth 2 line.
Broken River. One individual from Mr. J. H. Lewis.
Coxelus elongatus, sp. n.
Elongate, slightly convex, subopaque, concolorous, fusco-
rufous ; antenne clear red, club piceous; sparingly clothed
with distinct pale yellow setz, those on the tibie more
slender.
Head only slightly narrowed in front, finely but very
definitely and closely granulate; clypeus nearly smooth.
Thorax of equal length and breadth, the front angles attain
the middle of the eyes; disc slightly transversely convex,
with a linear impression along the middle, which, however,
does not reach the base, its whole surface rather closely and
distinctly granulate ; it is widest before the middle, where
the marginal channels are a little expanded, but nearly
straight though a little narrowed towards the base; the
margins are studded with granules, and appear therefore
finely serrate ; the base is oblique towards each side, so that
the posterior angles are not sharply defined. E/ytra incurved
at base, with somewhat rounded crenulate shoulders which
hardly exceed the thorax in breadth; they are a little
narrowed posteriorly ; there is a broad shallow scutellar
depression, bordered by a slight elevation of the interstices ;
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 387
they bear series of granules, which become confused at the
extremity. Legs simple, of moderate length. Antenne
sparingly and finely pubescent; basal articulation quite
hidden from above, second stout and longer than third ;
eighth small and bead-like, ninth distinctly larger, tenth
strongly transverse, eleventh rotundate.
Underside opaque, pitchy red, minutely setose; meta-
sternum and basal ventral segment more distinctly granulate
than the succeeding ones. The antennal furrows well
mnarked.
A very distinct species, owing to the uniformity of colour
and sculpture. One example has two indistinct impressions
on the thorax near the base, and the shoulders are not
evidently granulate or crenulate, but there is no other
material difference.
Length 14; breadth 4 line.
Broken River. Another of Mr. Lewis’s discoveries; three
examples.
Coxelus variegatus, sp. n.
Opaque, suboblong, subdepressed, medially narrowed,
variegate ; head aud thorax fusco-rufous, the former the
darker; elytra fuscous black, but with a broad oblique space
from the scutellum to near the hind thigh, not including the
dark shoulder, and another oblique interrupted band from
near the suture to the side and top of posterior declivity on
each elytron reddish, but paler than thorax ; antennze and
tarsi red.
Head rather broad, granulate, rather thickly studded with
coarse squamiform sete. Hyes prominent, coarsely facetted,
setose. Jhorax about one-third broader than long, closely
and distinctly granulate ; the longitudinal furrow does not
attain the base, near which two narrow oblique fovee and an
indistinct scutellar impression may be seen; the sides are
only slightly rounded and gradually narrowed backwards ;
near the obtuse front angles the marginal channels are
expanded ; there are no well-defined posterior angles; it
bears numerous coarse yellow setz, which along the sides
stand out beyond the margins. Llytra oblong, their sides
and apices nearly vertical ; they bear series of granules, there
are two broad median depressions and a narrow sutural one
at the base ; on the dark areas the sete are almost black, on
the lighter parts they are yellow ; at the su'ure on top of the
declivity there are two small, narrow, black elevations or
crests. Legs with moderately coarse sete.
Zila
388 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
After a careful comparison with each of the described
species, I find that no. 2354 (C. oculator) most nearly re-
sembles this species. In C. oculator, however, the head is
much more narrowed anteriorly, so that it seems subtrigonal,
its sculpture and sete are very much finer, the sete borne
by the legs are finer, and the rounded black spots on the
hinder part of the elytra are entirely different.
Length 14 ; breadth 4 line.
Invercargill. One from Mr. Alfred Philpott.
Coxelus bicavus, sp. n.
Elongate, obscure ferruginous ; elytra with some ill-defined
dark spots; antenne and tarsi red; sparingly clad with
moderately short, distinct, mostly erect and stout, greyish
sete.
Head granulate, each granule with a minute puncture.
Eyes rather small. Thorax of about equal length and breadth,
without distinct lateral margins, but serrate, a little rounded
towards the not at all prominent anterior angles, gradually
narrowed backwards, posterior angles indistinct, base and
apex a little rounded ; its sculpture like that of the head, the
granules evidently separated from each other, the median
groove well marked in front, but not prolonged backwards
much beyond the middle; at the base there are two elongated
fovezr. Elytra oblong, rounded posteriorly, without obvious
inequalities of surface, striate-punctate or granulate according
to light during examination. Legs finely setose.
A rather small species, which may be identified by the
two elongate basal fovez situated about halfway between the
middle and sides of the thorax.
Length 12; breadth 2 line.
Invercargill. One forwarded for examination by Mr. A.
Philpott.
Gathocles obliquicostatus, sp. n.
Suboblong, moderately convex, a little narrowed poste-
riorly; sparingly clothed with fine, short, curled, yellow
sete ; ruto-fuscous, a large area near the middle of elytra
piceous ; the front of the head, the antenue, and legs red.
Head setose behind, with a few very minute granules ; the
basal suture of clypeus oblique towards each side, the apical
truncate ; labrum smooth. Thorax one-third broader than
long, its sides rounded, but a little, almost sinuously, narrowed
near the base, channelled, the margins thick, somewhat
reflexed, and granulate; the front at the middle is obtusely
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 389
prominent and has two short elevations, at the base two
distinct oblique coste enclose a triangular depression; it is
finely but distinctly granulate. lytra quite as broad as
thorax at the base, the sides and apex nearly vertical; the
suture slightly raised behind; on each elytron there is a
distinct granular costa, which is curved outwards near the
base and becomes nodiform on the summit of the posterior
declivity, between it and the suture there are two series of
granules or punctures when examined in different lights ;
the external sculpture, though similar, is less definite.
Antenne |\-articulate ; second joint obconical, stout, quite
as long as exposed part of the basal one, third longer than
fourth, joints 5-8 bead-like, ninth distinctly broader than
eighth and about half the breadth of the strongly transverse
tenth, the terminal subrotundate.
This can be distinguished from Heterargus rudis and the
species of Gathocles by the distinct oblique elevations near
the base of the thorax.
A variety occurs in which the sculpture is less definite.
One antenna has only nine joints, the basal and terminal
three are normal, as is the club; the missing intermediate
ones are atrophied and coalesce so as to form one joint
almost as thick as the second and about one-third as long as
the whole length of the antenna.
Length 14; breadth 2 line.
Otara, Southland (Mr. A. Philpott).
Obs.—The genera Heterargus and Gathocles, described
almost simultaneously at opposite sides of the earth, the
former by Dr. Sharp, the latter by myself, are, I think,
synonymous; but as Dr. Sharp did not state whether the
antenne are 10- or ]1-jointed, some uncertaiuty still exists.
Protarphius tricavus, sp. n.
Body pale rufo-castaneous, obscured by sappy matter ;
antenne and tarsi red.
Head with granular sculpture, the lateral prominences
cover half of the basal joint of the antenne. Thvrax broader
than long, the disk transversely convex and uneven, with two
broad irregular ridges which are less elevated in front than
near the middle; the intervening spaces assume the form of
an elongate frontal and two foveiform basal impressions,
near the sides there are a few minute granules; the lateral
margins are thick, not much expanded and but little rounded,
with obtuse angles. Elytra rather short, broader than
thorax, transversely convex, the apex and sides vertical ; on
390 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
each elytron, including the suture, there are three slight
ridges, the external one is nodiform on top of the declivity,
they are apparently formed of granules; there are two series
of punctures between each two of these and an equal number
nearer each side; when looked at in certain ways these serial
punctures seem like granules; the lateral sculpture is ill-
defined.
Antenne with the basal joint oviform rather than cylindric
and attached to the head by a slender stalk ; joints 3-5 ob-
conical, longer than broad, third slightly longer than the
others ; 6-8 small and moniliform, ninth rather larger, trans-
verse; tenth abruptly enlarged, transverse; eleventh also
large, rotundate. Antennal cavities large, apparently not
prolonged below alongside the eyes. Eyes minute, with
coarse facets. Tibie finely setose, the anterior somewhat
expanded externally near the middle, but a good deal
narrowed or almost notched near the extremity. Mandibles
bifid at apex. Mentum oblong, narrowed anteriorly. Pro-
sternum widely incurved in front, its flanks flattened but not
in the least excavate. Cove moderately separated. Meta-
sternum of moderate length. Hpipleura very narrow near
the extremity. Abdomen with the basal segment nearly twice
as long as the second, which is but little longer than the
third or fourth, their sutures broad and deep.
The thorax is less rounded and prominent at the middle of
the apex than in P. ob 1S.
Length %; breadth 4 line.
Broken River, Canterbury (Mr. J. H. Lewis).
Protarphius posticalis, sp. n.
Body moderately transversely convex, covered with greyish
scaly or sappy matter, and bearing fine, short, yellow sete ;
it is fuscous, with pitchy-red legs and antenne.
Head winutely granulate. Thorac rather large, about a
third broader than long, with a frontal channel which, on the
middle, becomes a large angular depression; two oviform
depressions behind, a large one near each posterior angle,
and an oblique transverse one towards each side in front, the
intervals more or less obtusely elevated ; its sides curvate,
rather thick, and a little expanded; the sculpture indistinct,
consisting apparently of shallow punctures. Elytra medially
emarginate at base, slightly broader there than the base of
thorax, a good deal curvedly narrowed behind ; at the base
there are two moderate elevations, the intervening space
being broadly depressed ; in line with these, near the middle,
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera, 591
there is a pair of less distinct nodosities; on top of the
declivity there are four, the two nearest the suture being the
largest ; their sides are vertical, but the posterior declivity is
not as vertical as in other species, being a little prolonged ;
some slighter inequalities may be seen; the sculpture near
the suture is serial, and may be termed either granular or
punctiform according to different points of observation.
Tarsi tinely setose. Anterior tiie seemingly slightly
grooved along the front face. Antenne very sparingly
pubescent, second joint obconical and stout, longer than the
uncovered portion of the first; third slender, evidently
longer than the succeeding ones; fourth and fifth longer
than broad.
This species is most like P. indentatus as regards super-
ficial inequalities, but the thorax is without indentations, the
posterior slope is more gradual, and the insect itself is
smaller. It is extremely difficult to determine the exact
affinities of these species when one example only is available
for examination.
Length 1} ; breadth $ line.
Otara, Southland. One of Mr. A. Philpott’s discoveries.
SYMPHYSIUS, gen. nov.
Antenne 1\-articulated, club abruptly two-jointed. Tarsi
very scantily pilose, almost bare underneath ; the basal three
joints slightly longer below than above, the first joint rather
longer than second.
The head behind the mentum is broad and plane, with
sharply limited quite straight sides just outside, but inside of
the eye there is a cavity, not a groove, wherein the basal
joint of the antenna is accommodated.
In Ulonotus the oblique autennal furrow just passes, without
encroaching on, the rounded inner margin of the eye, and
passes uninterruptedly to the sculptured part of the head.
The tarsi are thickly clothed and the claws thickened at the
base.
In Recyntus the antennal groove is straight, but so ex-
panded that the inner margin of the eye is shaved off and
polished, so as to be quite ¢runcate ; it is limited behind by a
distinct oblique ridge, thus separating the smooth deep groove
from the sculptured portion of the head.
Symphysius serratus, sp. 0.
Convex, suboblong ; fuscous, the antenne and legs red;
covered with greyish sappy matter and bearing fine sete.
392 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
Head with granular sculpture, dilated and elevated over
the antennal cavities. Thorax transverse, with broadly
explanate sides; the anterior angles project to the front of
the eyes; near the middle each side is 80 perforated as to
indicate two Jobes, the hinder one abbreviated, so as to be
distant from the shoulder outside, but its inner termination
forms a distinct posterior angle ; the disk has two elongate
prominences projecting over the head, and two nodosities
behind which are almost continuous with the frontal ones ;
the interval appears to be a broad channel. E/ytra as wide
as the thorax, their margins apparently serrate, the sides and
apex nearly vertical ; dick rather flat but uneven, at the base
there are two curvate ridges extending backwards nearly b
the middle, apparently with granules on their summits ;
little further back, on each elytron, near the side a wrest cts
granulated elevation is seen, and there are two nodosities
near the suture on the top of the declivity; on a small
denuded space the suture is sharply defined, and there are
two rather broad longitudinal lines which cannot be termed
distinct flattened granules or punctures; the sides, near the
margins, bear two series of granules; the shoulders project
slightly, but there is an obvious gap between each of these
and the thoracic lobes.
Tibie straight, externally serrate and finely setose.
Antenne sparingly pubescent, basal joint stout, scarcely
visible from above ; second also stout, longer than broad ;
third more slender, nearly as long as the fourth and fifth
combined ; joints 6-8 small and moniliform; ninth broader
than the preceding one; tenth large and transverse, at least
twice the width of the ninth; eleventh also large and some-
what rounded.
Underside fuscous, covered with sappy matter, the ventral
segments gradually and slightly decrease in length, with
straight deep sutures. Prosternum widely incurved in front,
subtruncate in Ulonotus and Recyntus. Metasternum short,
much more so than in U/onotus. Scutellum large.
Length 2; breadth 1 line.
Southland. Two from Mr. A. Philpott; and one from
Mr. J. H. Lewis, numbered 5237, so caked with dried sap
and dirt that its sculpture cannot be discerned.
Symphysius lobifer, sp. n.
Oblong, fuscous, covered with sappy matter, with bright
yellow sete ; tibiz piceous, tarsi chestnut-red.
Head immersed up to the eyes, finely granulate, forehead
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 393
distinctly truncate in front ; labrum shining, very prominent,
strongly rounded and finely setose at apex ; mandibles red,
minutely bifid at the extremity and with an inner central
tooth. Thorax rather broader than long ; from the apex for
two-thirds of the whole length the side is formed of one
thick, granule-studded curve bearing fine, short, curled yellow
setee, the basal space therefore, though: straight, appears
abruptly contracted and on a lower plane, the side, within
the curved lobe, is broadly channelled; a pair of ridges
start from the apex and are curved outwards at the middle ;
the surface is a little uneven, with granular sculpture.
Elytra oblong, as wide as thorax, sides and apex nearly
vertical, lateral margins indistinct and not perceptibly
serrate ; disk nearly flat, studded with series of granules ;
third interstices smooth, alittle elevated, nodiform and setose
on top of the declivity, at the base there are two longitudinal,
but not very elongate elevations, the humeral angles are
obtusely rectangular. TJidbie straight, fringed with short
yellow sete, but not serrate.
Antenne rather short and exhibiting malformation ; second
joint stout, about as long and thick as the exposed portion
of first; the third longer than broad, longer than fourth;
fifth distinctly longer than third ; joints 6-8 short ; in this
case the fifth is probably made up of two joints. The other
antenna has two distinct basal joints like those first described,
then follows one long joint composed, I believe, of three
coalesced articulations, the succeeding three are bead-like ;
ninth indistinct. Clud stout, pubescent, biarticulate.
As there is only one specimen extant it is not easy to
decide, by superficial examination alone, whether it is con-
generic with the typical species. The antennae, indeed, in
perfect examples may be 10-articulate, in which case this
species would become the type of a new genus near Chorasus.
It may be identified by the peculiarly curved, lobe-like sides
of the thorax.
Length 12; breadth ? line.
Invercargill (Mr. A. Philpott).
Pycnomerus suteri, sp. n.
Elongate, subparallel, slightly nitid, nude, fulvescent ;
antennee and tarsi red.
Antenne with yellow pubescence, second joint longer than
the exposed portion of the first, but, nevertheless, very short
and transverse ; third slightly longer, narrowed at its base ;
joints 4-9 transverse; tenth nearly twice as broad as the
preceding one ; terminal joint rather longer and narrower.
394 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
Head immersed up to the well-developed eyes, its
punctuation close and distinct but not deep; the lateral
plice thick near the antenn, curved and cariniform near
the eyes, frontal impressions sma'l and subrotundate.
Thorax about as long as broad, truncate in front, but with
subacute projecting angles ; it is widest near the front, but
very gradually and slightly narrowed backwards, posterior
angles quite distinct and rectangular; the lateral margins
appear somewhat thickened in front, where the channels ar»
broader, towards the base they become thin and are directed
inwards so that they terminate at the basal margins inside,
but quite free from, the posterior angles; its surface dis-
tinctly but not closely punctured, the longitudinal impressions
distinct but not deep, the space between them nearly smooth.
Scutellum transverse, smooth. Elytra broader than thorax
at base, with somewhat prom nent shoulders, very gradually
yet a good deal narrowed posteriorly, evidently punctate-
striate, the three sutural interstices, on each, appear elevated
behind, with minute indistinct serial punctures; they are
not at all explanate near the apices; the set in the larger
punctures are almost imperceptible.
P. impressus, from the same locality, is a more slender
insect, its thorax has indistinct hind angles, the anterior
angles are not prominent, and the apex is medially incurved.
From all the other species P. suteri is distinguished by
its somewhat yellowish colour and details of form and
sculpture.
Length 13; breadth nearly 2 line.
The Hermitage, Mt. Cook. One individual, named after
its discoverer, Mr. H. Suter.
Pycnomerus ruficollis, sp. n.
Subparallel, elongate, nearly glabrous, moderately shining ;
head and thorax sanguineous, the antenne, legs, and elytra
pale ferruginous.
Antenne with a few outstand:ng greyish hairs ; second
joint as long and stout as the uncovered portion of the basal
one; third distinctly longer than fourth, obconical; 4-9
transverse ; tenth abruptly broader ; eleventh narrower than
tenth, rounded, densely and minutely pubescent.
Head (eyes included) rather narrower than front of thorax,
with two deep frontal impressions, lateral elevations distinct,
its punctuation fine and not close. yes rotundate,
moderately large and prominent. Thorazr slightly longer
than broad, gradually narrowed backwards, very slightly
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 395
emarginate in front, anterior angles subacute and a little
prominent ; basal margin broadly rounded, the angles, how-
ever, are almost rectangular; its punctuation is distinct,
but not close except just near the lateral margins ; there are
two longitudinal impressions with an almost smooth central
linear interval. Scutellum smooth. FE/ytra slightly arcuate
at the base and rather wider than the thorax, humeral angles
not dentiform ; their sides nearly parallel, being only slightly
and gradually narrowed posteriorly ; they are deeply punc-
tate-striate, but the punctures are not approximated, towards
the extremity the punctures become obsolete though the
striz are deeper; interstices with fine punctures, the second
and fourth confluent at the extremity, the apical margins
somewhat thickened; the minute yellow pubescence on the
apical segment is quite discernible.
Underside nude, moderately shining, with distinct punc-
tures, those on the sternum coarse, but not close, abdominal
punctuation less coarse, metasternum with a fine median
groove behind.
In most respects similar to P. minor, the front angles of
the thorax rather more prominent, the dorsal impressions
well-marked and divided along the middle, and with the
terminal two articulations of the antennze definitely
separated.
Length 13 ; breadth 2 line.
Broken River, Canterbury. A good series from Mr. J,
H. Lewis, some a little larger and darker than the type.
Group Mycetophagide.
Triphyllus pubescens, sp. u.
Elongate, moderately convex, a little glossy; head and
thorax and a large humeral space rufo-castaneous, elytra
fuscous, legs and antenne testaceo-rufous, club dull fuscous;
covered with conspicuous yellowish pubescence.
Head timely but distinctly and moderately closely punc-
tured. Thorax subquadrate, but usually narrowed towards
the depressed anterior angles, the lateral margins rather
fine in front, with six or seven denticles near the base, the
hindmost forming the posterior angles ; it is distinctly but
not very closely punctate ; about midway between the middle
and each side there is a punctiform fovea. Scutellum
quadrate, with a few minute punctures. Elytra of the same
width as the thorax at the base, very slightly wider near the
middle, shoulders a little elevated ; their punctuation dis-
tinct near the base, but not exactly seriate, and becoming
396 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
nearly obsolete behind the middle, there is a short linear
impression near each side of the suture but no well-marked
striz.
Antenne glossy, basal two joints nearly equal, third rather
longer than second; fourth obviously shorter than con-
tiguous ones; joints 6-8 become shorter and _ broader,
the eighth being short and about half the width of the
ninth ; club opaque, evidently pubescent, large, triarticulate.
Eyes transversely oval. Terminal joint of maxillary palpi
stout, truncate at apex. Tarsi elongate, four-jointed, the
basal joint longer than second.
Underside a little shining, ventral segments piceo-fuscous,
finely punctate, with slender greyish pubesceuce; meta-
sternum with a linear impression along the middle which
becomes wider behind, its flanks closely and moderately
coarsely punctured; prosternum distinctly punctured,
rugosely at the sides.
In form and colour somewhat similar to T. serratus, 404,
which, however, has the fourth antennal joint relatively
longer, the fifth rather thicker than and as long as the third,
whilst six to eight are obconical and hardly at all trans-
verse. One male only with trimerous tarsi seen in either
species.
?. Length 1; breadth 2 line.
Invercargill (Mr. A. Philpott); six specimens.
Group Byrrhide.
Pedilophorus pulcherrimus, sp. 0.
Compact, convex, oval ; brilliant viridi-aneous, the head,
thorax, and base of elytra with metallic-red reflections, and
bearing numerous minute, inconspicuous, greyish setz ;
femora piceous, tibie rufescent, tarsi testaceous, antenn
fusco-testaceous.
Head moderately coarsely punctured, more closely and
finely near the eyes. Antenne sparsely pilose, basal joint
thick, reddish ; second cylindric, shorter and thinner than
first; third slender, evidently longer than contiguous ones ;
4-6 elongate, each rather shorter than its predecessor ;
7 and 8 distinctly shorter and broader than preceding ones ;
9 and 10 still broader, transverse ; eleventh elongate.
Thorax nearly thrice as broad as it is long, its sides finely
margined, gradually narrowed towards the front, anterior
and posterior angles almost acutely rectangular, apex widely
incurved near each side, base obliquely truncate outwardly ;
its punctuation nowhere close but as distinct as that of the
Sprcies of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 397
head. Scutellum small, triangular, not smooth. Elytra
widest near the middle, gradually narrowed behind, posterior
declivity somewhat flattened; their whole surface with
minute, irregular, linear impressions so as to seem coriaceous ;
their punctuation distinct, a little finer than on the thorax,
and more effaced near the sides, the extremity bears a few
fine yellowish sete.
Tibie slightly curved externally, with fine yellow pubes-
cence, the anterior slightly grooved along the outer face ;
third tarsal joint with an elongate membrane.
Underside sparingly clothed with fine yellow hairs, shining
black, with iridescent reflections, closely and very distinctly
punctured ; abdomen more finely and closely, fifth segment
rather more distinctly but not as closely punctured as the
others.
From Morychus coruscans this may be distinguished by
the coloration, &. In P. probus the anterior tibiz are
distinctly curvedly expanded externally between the middle
and extremity, thus forming a broad receptacle for the tarsi.
P. puncticeps has the outer edge of the tibie curved, but
most dilated near the middle, so that the tarsal furrow is
deep and extends from the knee to the apex.
Length 2; breadth 12 line.
Invercargill. ‘Two examples from Mr. A. Philpott.
Group Melolonthide.
Eusoma enealis, sp. n.
Subdepressed, elongate-oblong, somewhat glossy, glabrous,
but with elongate lateral sete, variegate ; fusco-testaceous,
the clypeus, palpi, and basal four joints of antenne rufo-
fuscous; thorax infuscate, each side of the middle, and the
scutellum in the centre, fuscous; elytra with numerous
irregular, more or less glossy eeneo-fuscous spots, which be-
come quite «neous or violaceous towards the extremity.
Head short, convex, moderately, finely, and not at all
closely punctured ; clypeus narrowed anteriorly, with re-
flexed margins, apex truncate, the basal suture oblique
towards each antenna, more closely and rugosely punctured
than the vertex. Hyes large, moderately convex, rounded,
above, finely facetted. Thorax twice as broad as long, its
anterior angles projecting along the basal part of each eye,
apical emargination subtruncate in the middle, base widely
bisinuate, wider than the front, with obtusely rectangular
angles ; the sides slightly curved, lateral and basal margins
398 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
fine but distinct throughout; the surface distinctly and
irregularly but not coarsely or closely punctured. Scutellum
large, minutely punctured, the dark spot almost smooth,
Elytra elongate, oblong, somewhat expanded behind the
middle, the apices, conjointly, broadly rounded, and finely
margined nearly to the suture; each has three more or less
definite cost, which, however, do not reach the apex, the
suture is a little rufescent and elevated behind the middle
and finely punctate; their whole surface distinctly and
irregularly punctured and uneven, the marginal punctuation
is serial. Legs pale brown, sparsely setose, front tibice tri-
dentate, tarsi long and slender.
Underside nearly nude, shining ‘fusco-testaceous, the basal
four ventral segments about equal, more or less longitudinally
striate ; metasternum irregularly punctate, medially chan-
nelled ; prosternal process subtriangular, short, with a red
median carina.
Antenne 8-articulate, basal joint cylindrical at the base,
knobbed at apex; second short and thick; fourth quite as
long as the elongate third, its basal angle distinctly pro-
jecting backwards but not elongated as in Sericospilus advena ;
club with four equally elongate, strongly pubescent leaflets.
Very similar to EH. coste’la, with a shorter thorax, stouter
legs, and differing in numerous details. The elytra more
irregularly marked and decidedly more zneous and quite
violaceous on some spots. Easily recognisable by the more
slender and elongate fourth joint of the antenne. With the
exception of the different structure of that joint, Sericospi/us
can hardly be separated from the older Eusoma.
6. Length 44-5 ; breadth 1?-2} lines.
Westport. Twoimperfect males from Mr. G. V. Hudson ;
found by Commander J. J. Walker.
Lewis! ELLA, gen. Nov.
Body subovate, moderately convex, almost nude, bearing
only some minute inconspicuous sete. Head broad. Labrum
prominent, nearly horizontal, deeply emarginate. Clypeus
with reflexed margins, obtusely curvate, its basal suture
nearly straight. Antenne 8-articulate, basal joint elongate,
rather slender, clavate towards extremity, only about half of
its length exposed above, oblique and concave at apex;
second slightly longer and much stouter than third ; fourth
short and stout, oblique at the extremity (sometimes thicker
than the third and of the same length) ; fifth short, prolonged
inwardly so as to be half or two-thirds the length of the
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 399
club, which is rather short, triarticulate, and finely pubes-
cent. Thorax transverse, base widely bisinuate, apex widely
emarginate, its sides rounded. Legs elongate; femora
moderately dilated, grooved underneath: anterior tibiz
expanded, obtusely bidentate externally, the apex, however,
prolonged so as to form a third tooth; the others asperate
and spinose, the extremity of each with coarse spiniform
cilia. Tarsi long, with simple claws. Anterior cove large
and prominent, occupying almost the whole space from base
to apex of the prosternum except the flanks; they are con-
tiguous at the extremity, but there is an open triangular
space in front. Metasternum short. Pygidium scarcely
visible above.
Nearly related to Odontria, but lacking the thick con-
spicuous clothing, and distinguished by the abbreviated
metasternum and unexposed pygidium.
This being the third genus of the group discovered amongst
the mountains of the South Island by Mr. J. H. Lewis, it is
named in his honour,
Lewisiella modesta, sp. n.
Subovate, a little nitid, fuseo-piceous, legs pitchy red,
antenn testaceous,
Head convex behind, strongly but irregularly punctured
there so as to leave some smooth spots, the forehead closely,
coarsely, and somewhat rugosely punctate ; clypeus broadly
rounded in front. Hyes almost hyaline. Thorax twice as
broad as it is long, lateral margins distinct, the channels
distinctly widened near the front, the sides evenly rounded,
posterior angles nearly rectangular, but not acute ; its surface
convex, evidently punctured, interstices minutely sculptured ;
the anterior angles extend to the back of the eyes. Scutel-
lum short, curvilinearly triangular, punctate. H/ytra convex,
shoulders ebtuse and of the same width as the thorax at the
base, gradually dilated backwards, apices obliquely truncate
towards the suture, the p,gidium visible from behind when
examined horizontally; each elytron has eight distinctly
punctured striz, these, however, are sometimes shallow,
interstices with distant punctures.
Underside shining, piceous, scantily pilose, femora similarly
clothed ; epipleuree quite linear except near the base;
posterior coxal lamin projecting behind between the thighs
beyond the base of the trochanters.
Length 6; breadth 3} lines.
Manorburn, Otago. lound by Mr. J. H. Lewis.
400 ~~ Major T. Broun on new Genera and
Lewisiella capito, sp. n.
Body transversely convex, suboblong, not pubescent, with
some minute brassy setie only, subopaque, piceous black,
antenne pitchy red, club opaque, densely minutely pubescent.
Head relatively large, nearly as broad as front of thorax,
coarsely irregularly punctate ; clypeus very obtuse, almost
truncate in front, its frontal margin less elevated and reflexed
than that of L. modesta. Antenne short, second joint nearly
as long as exposed portion of first, joints 3 and 4 about
equal in length, the latter slightly stouter, each longer than
broad, neither very elongate; fifth short, only slightly pro-
duced inwardly, not pubescent; -clab triarticulate, rather
short. Thorax strongly transverse, its sides nearly straight,
without distinct marginal channels, but flattened near the
anterior angles, apex widely emarginate, base widely but
not deeply bisinuate and resting on the elytra, posterior
angles nearly rectangular but obtuse, the margins closely
and distinctly punctured, no doubt, in perfect examples,
fringed with coarse short sete; its surface with rather
shallow, distinct, but not coarse punctures, all much finer
than those on the head, none very close to each other, there
is an indistinct dorsal stria. Scutellum smooth. Elytra
ovate-oblong, very slightly rounded laterally, obliquely
truncate at the extremity towards the suture, the pygidium,
however, entirely concealed; the suture is just perceptibly
elevated posteriorly; their striz rather shallow, their
punctuation also not clearly defined ; interstices distantly
punctured.
The five ventral segments of nearly equal length, on a
different level than the metasternum, so that they are not on
the same plane as the epipleure, they are sparingly punc-
tured and setose, basal segment almost longitudinally rugose.
The metasternum short. Femora grooved underneath.
Superficially very different from L. modesta, owing chiefly
to the almost uncontracted front of the thorax and large
head, but without well-marked structural chavacters that
would warrant generic separation from Lewisie/la.
Length 6; b:eadth 3 lines.
Old Man Range, Otago, elevation 4000 feet. A single
specimen from Mr. J. H. Lewis. ;
Odontria prelatella, sp. n.
Testaceous ; a transverse inter-ocular space, some irregular
marks on the thorac:c disk, the serial elytral punctures and
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. AOL
irregular marks occupying most of the fifth interstices and
curved inwards towards the suture, besides other spots,
fuscous.
Head almost uninterruptedly curved, the lateral margins
being exactly continuous with the eyes, the space between
the eyes with few but rather large punctures, the punctuation
of the clypeus similar but closer and somewhat rugose.
Thorax transverse, regularly and gently rounded at the
sides, yet more narrowed in front than behind, anterior
angles not acute, but covering the back part of the eyes,
base bisinuate, posterior angles obtuse ; its sculpture, except
the marginal setigerous punctures, quite indistinct ; clothed
with fine decumbent greyish hairs. Sceutel/wm pallid, rounded,
nearly glabrous. J/ytra of the same width as thorax at the
base, widest near the hind thighs, considerably narrowed
behind, apices truncate; suture reddish ; their serial punc-
tures fine, the clothing similar to that of the thorax, but not
so thick. Pygidium much exposed, a little shining, very
sparingly pilose, smooth on the middle, but with coarse
shallow punctures elsewhere.
Antenne testaceous, second joint as stout as, but only
half the length of, the basal one ; third slender and elongate ;
fourth nearly as long as third, with a spiniform process
about one-third of the length of the club, which is elongate
and quadri-articulate.
Underside testaceous, only sparingly pubescent.
6. Length 53; breadth 34 lines.
Invercargill (Mr. A. Philpott). One male of this well-
differentiated species,
Group Telephoride.
Asilis pilicornis, sp. n.
Depressed, elongate, quite black, legs infuscate; head and
thorax glossy, elytra less so.
Head finely and indistinctly punctured at the sides.
Thorax transverse, subtruncate and finely margined in front.
base similarly marginate, truncate in front of the scutellum,
but oblique towards the sides ; lateral margins reflexed and
broad, but becoming quite thin near the front ; close to the
base a minute sinuosity causes the posterior angle to appear
rectangular; the punctuation is extremely fine, not at all
close, and most easily seen near the sides ; there is a trans-
verse depression near each hind angle, and a lighter one
before the scutellum. EHlytra of the same width as the
thorax at the base, very slightly wider behind, their margins
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 28
402 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
indistinct near the shoulders ; their punctuation close, some-
what rugose, fine but distinct, and rather shallow; they are
sparingly clothed with slender ash-coloured hairs, the sides,
however, are more evidently pilose.
Antenne stout, clothed with short, rather thick pubescence;
second joint evidently shorter than third, all longer than
broad, eleventh slightly narrower than the preceding one;
they reach backwards almost to the posterior femora.
Very much like A. levigata, but with the antennz less
serrate, and without the longitudinal central thoracic groove
seen in that species, which, moreover, has less-defined sculp-
ture on the elytra, so that these are more shining.
Length 13; breadth 13 line.
Broken River (Mr. J. H. Lewis). One only.
Asilis sinuellus, sp. 0.
Depressed, moderately elongate, closely covered with fine
ashy pubescence; head and thorax shining black, elytra
rather dull ; legs infuscate, the knees and claws castaneous,
antenne quite opaque.
Thorax transverse, very finely punctured, nearly quite
smooth on the middle, with a fovea near each side at the base
prolonged inwardly to the middle, this basal depression has a
transverse series of small but distinct punctures, there is
also a slight broad median depression near the base ; lateral
margins a little rounded, thickened or flattened at the
middle only, a little narrowed but not sinuated behind,
posterior angles almost acutely rectangular ; base medially
emarginate, and widely slightly sinuated towards the sides.
Elytra finely but distinctly and a little rugosely punctate.
Antenne hardly attain the hind thighs.
On comparison with A. tumida, 1195, it will be noticed at
once that the thoracic punctuation of that species is quite
close and distinct, that the ante-basal depression between
the swelling on either side of it has a fine groove, that the
basal margin is raised but not sinuate in front of the
scutellum, and that there are three impressions on the head
which are wanting in A. sinuellus, which, moreover, is smaller
and less glossy.
Length 24; breadth 1 line.
Otira Gorge. One individual from Mr. J. H. Lewis.
Asilis granipennis, sp. 0.
Subopaque, elongate, subdepressed, rather densely clothed
with very slender cinereous pubescence; black, legs and
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 403
antenne nigro-fuscous, joints 3-7 of these latter greyish at
the extremity, mandibles and claws infuscate red.
Antenne densely pubescent, reaching backwards to middle
thighs ; basal joint stout and distinctly longer than third,
which is hardly longer than second; 4-6 equal and rather
thicker than the following ones; 7-10 very slender at the
base ; eleventh as long as tenth, elongate-oval. Head short,
quite half the width of front of thorax, indistinctly and
minutely sculptured. T'orax nearly twice as broad as long,
very slightly rounded, with raised frontal margin, the
anterior angles obsolete; its sides curved, with thick
reflexed margins; base marginated, very slightly rounded,
not medially emarginated, its angles indefinite ; the surface
closely and minutely punctate and covered with very slender
pubescence, depressed at the base. Scutelluwm broadly tri-
angular, not smooth. lytra as wide as thorax, their sides
subparallel, distinctly margined except at the shoulders,
apices individually rounded ; their whole surface closely and
rugosely but not coarsely punctured, and studded with
minute granules on the intervals. Tarsi elongate, fourth
joint of the posterior with elongate lobes, claws thickened
and angulate.
Underside dull black, closely and finely punctate and
pubescent. Front and middle cox contiguous. Meta-
sternum with a slight mesial groove. Sixth ventral segment
strongly incurved at the apex.
Larger and more opaque than A. sinuellus, the elytra with
less sharply definite punctures, but with granulate interstices,
this last character being quite distinctive.
Length 3; breadth 14 line.
Kaitoke. Four examples from Mr. G. V. Hudson.
Asilis interstitials, sp. n.
Elongate, moderately shining, thorax glossy; black, legs
and antennz piceo-fuscous, claws and mandibles fusco-
rufous.
Head with two shallow inter-ocular punctures. Thorax
widely bisinuate at the base, and with a slight angular
excision in front of the scutellum, basal region depressed,
with a punctiform fovea near each side, there is also a broad
median impression behind, posterior angles subrectangular ;
its surface with very fine, sharply defined, but not close
punctures. Scutellum medially impressed. Elytra mode-
rately coarsely and rugosely punctured.
Kasily separated from A. granipennis by the coarser elytral
23*
404 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
punctuation, with smooth shining intervals, and from
A. sinuellus by the large size, &c.
Length 33; breadth 13 line.
Kaitoke (Mr. G. V. Hudson). A single specimen.
Asilis apicalis, sp. n.
Slender, parallel, depressed, moderately shining, with very
fine greyish pubescence ; black, legs and antenne piceons.
Head rather dull, with minute rugosities. Thorax trans-
versely fineerate, with obtuse but not broadly rounded
angles, front and lateral margins of nearly equal thickness
throughout, with a rather broad, ill-defined, abbreviated,
discoidal groove, its punctuation not close and rather fine.
Elytra very elongate, very gradually and slightly expanded
backwards, rather finely and rugosely punctured, their apices
strongly rounded singly so as to leave a sutural gap.
Antenne relatively stout, joints 2-10 differing but little from
each other.
Closely allied to A. piliventris, but distinguishable from
it and the other species by the almost dehiscent elytral
apices.
Length 1? ; breadth 2 line.
Karori, Wellington. Another of Mr. G. V. Hudson’s
discoveries.
Group Melyridea.
Dasytes aurisetifer, sp. n.
Elongate, narrow, subopaque, black, covered with decum-
bent, rather short and slender, yellow sete.
Head wider than front of thor ax, its frontal portion short
and glabrous, antennal tubercles slightly elevated. Thorar
as long as it is broad, the middle widest, constricted near the
front so as to be rather narrower there than at the base;
its punctuation, like that of the head, rather indistinct.
Scutellum black. Elytra evidently broader than thorax at
the base, moderately incurved there, so that the obtuse
shoulders seem prominent, apices rounded, sutural region
depressed, somewhat closely and finely punctured. Legs
elongate ; tarsi slender, the posterior nearly as long as the
tibie; claws thickened, but with only minute pallid
membranes.
Antenne elongate, bearing minute dark pubescence, first
joint slender at the base, but strongly clavate at the extremity ;
second stout, shorter than the basal one; third and fourth
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 405
of equal size ; 5-9 moderately serrate ; tenth as long as the
preceding, but less dilated at the apex; eleventh elongate-
oval and acuminate.
Fem.—Thorax shorter and relatively broader.
Length 24; breadth 7 line.
Central Otago. One pair of this handsome species from
Mr. J. H. Lewis.
Dasytes anacharis, sp. n.
Rather narrow, elongate, not dilated posteriorly, slightly
nitid, sparingly clothed with fine suberect, greyish pubes-
cence ; cyaneous, antenne and tarsi piceo-fuscous, legs
piceous tinged with blue.
Head densely and minutely sculptured, with a few very
small punctures and two broad interocular impressions ; it 1s,
eyes included, rather wider than the front of the thorax.
Antenne pubescent, joints 3 and 4 nearly twice as long as
broad, the terminal rather slender. Thorax about as long as
broad, much constricted in front, lateral margins distinct
except in front, posterior angles rounded ; its surface densely
and minutely sculptured, and with some distant small punc-
tures. Scutellum black. Llytra elongate, subparallel, only
slightly expanded behind, somewhat broader than thorax at
the base, shoulders moderately elevated ; their punctuation
close and fine yet distinct, the interstices indistinctly rugose.
Tarsi as long as the tibiz ; claws castaneous, with distinct
membranous appendages.
Underside shining, blue, minutely punctate, with distinct
pubescence. Metasternum distinctly broadly medially
grooved behind.
When compared with D. oreocharis, its nearest ally, its
distinct elytral punctuation is at once apparent, the body is
uniformly blue without any green tinge, and the head and
thorax are rather broader. In D. oreobius the punctures are
quite shallow.
Length 23-8}; breadth 7-1 line.
My three specimens were given to me by Mr. E. W.
Anderson, without any indication of locality.
Group Cleridz.
Phymatophea lugubris, sp. n.
Elongate, narrow, slightly glossy, fuscous black ; legs
pale brown, base of femora and the knees fusco-testaceous.
Head (including the large and prominent eyes) rather
406 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
wider than the broadest part of the thorax, very coarsely
and closely punctured so that the intervals are quite linear.
Thorax nearly as long as it is broad, obtusely dilated
laterally behind the middle, more abruptly narrowed behind
than in front; its sculpture like that of the head, except
that on the disk the interstices are perceptibly broader, the
apex is infuscate and more finely and distantly punctured,
before the middle there are two small, smooth, slightly
raised spots and two less distinct ones near the base; it is
sparingly clothed with outstanding elongate greyish hairs.
Scutellum opaque. Llytra hardly double the breadth of
thorax at the base, their sides slightly and widely incurved ;
their punctuation coarser than that on the thoracic disk,
but somewhat seriate near the suture; apex somewhat
depressed and with the fine grey pubescence rather con-
centrated there.
Underside with fine pubescence, ventral segments shining
blue, the breast more infuscate, coxe testaceous; meta-
sternum convex, with fine transverse linear sculpture at the
sides and base.
Antenne elongate, reaching to beyond the base of thorax,
the basal eight joints are shining fuscous above, but the first
two or three are testaceous underneath, and the long club is
quite dark and opaque, but in a reversed specimen testaceous
below. Palpi testaceous, the apical joints are, however,
usually fuscous.
There is but one species, P. atrata, at all like this, but it
is only about half as large, it has no scutellar depression,
and the elytral punctuation is continued almost to the
extremity of the apices, where there is no concentration of
pubescence, their sides are very nearly straight and just
appreciably and gradually narrowed towards the shoulders,
and the thorax is proportionally longer.
Length 22-3 ; breadth ¢ line.
Paparoa, near Howick. Described from three examples in
my own collection.
Phymatophoa apicale, sp. n.
Elongate, slightly nitid, sparingly pilose, elytra more
thickly ; head and thorax piceo-fuscous, the front of the
latter somewhat rufescent; elytra fuscous, apex fulvescent,
the shoulders and two more or less distinct marks near tlie
middle of each paler; legs fuscous, knees paler, front tibize
somewhat violaceous; antenne and palpi pale brown.
Head very closely and distinctly punctured, the intervals
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 407
usually longitudinally rugose. Thorax evidently widest
behind the middle, considerably obliquely narrowed behind,
closely and distinctly punctured, with two slightly raised
smooth spots before the middle, two others and a linear
space near the base. lytra slightly widened backwards,
coarsely punctured nearly in longitudinal series, there is a
sutural depression near the base bordered with slightly
obtuse elevations, apex impuuctate.
Var.—Smooth spots on thorax and testaceous marks near
elytral suture indistinct, antennze and legs paler.
Length 24 lines.
P. opiloides is the nearest ally.
Length 3; breadth 1] line.
Waitakerei Range, Auckland. Described from specimens
in my own collection.
MeraXxINA, gen. nov,
Palpi short, robust; terminal articulation of the labial
subtriangular or securiform, truncate at apex; the maxillary
longer, their last joint quite oblique at the extremity.
Tarsi pentamerous ; basal joint abbreviated above, its lobes
prolonged below; joints 2-4 of nearly equal length, their
lobes also prolonged but without perceptible lamelle under-
neath; fifth simple, nearly as long as the preceding four
conjointly ; basal joints of the anterior furnished with long
slender, brush-lke sete underneath. Eyes prominent, dis-
tinctly facetted, apparently rotundate, in reality transversely
broadly oviform, not emarginate. Prosternum truncate in
front. Coxe with trochanters; the anterior prominent,
separated only by the thin prosternal process ; intermediate
rather less prominent, almost contiguous; the posterior
small, only moderately separated. Metasternum moderately
elongate. Abdomen composed of six segments, the basal
rather larger than the others, 2-5 about equal; sixth short,
deeply emarginate, with a supplementary conical segment
protruding therefrom. Antenne 1]-articulate, not clavate ;
inserted, not in cavities, but on slight prominences, or arti-
culations, in front of the eyes; basal joint stout, pyriform,
third slightly longer than second or fourth ; joints 4-8 nearly
equal, each longer than broad and narrowed at the base ;
9 and 10 distinctly broader than the preceding, but little
longer; eleventh rather larger and oviform ; these organs
therefore more nearly resemble those of our Paupris and
Parmius than of Phymatophea.
The type of this genus is quite unlike any Australian or
408 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
New Zealand species known to me, and is certainly an
aberrant form, owing to the absence of tarsal lamelle, the
unuotched eyes, &c.
Metaxina ornata, sp. n.
Subdepressed, elongate, shining ; pubescence scanty, but
near the sides consisting of long outstanding greyish hairs ;
variegate, fuscous; the basal two and the terminal joint of
the antenne, the palpi, knees, tarsi, and a spot on each side
and base of thorax fusco-testaceous, in one example the disk
of the thorax only is fuscous, the other parts being of the
lighter colour; on each elytron an ivory-like lunule proceeds
from the shoulders almost to the suture before the middle,
it then extends backwards, and, in line with the posterior
femur, bends obliquely behind it but does not quite attain
the lateral margin.
Head (eyes included) nearly as large as thorax, forehead
limited between the antenne by a slightly raised suture ;
its surface has but few distinct small punctures, the intervals,
except on the middle, are densely and minutely sculptured. -
Thorax somewhat cordiform, transverse, apex truncate, base
rounded, the lateral margins are fine and curved towards the
base, without forming posterior angles ; its sculpture similar
to, but slightly coarser than, that of the head. Scutellum
elongate. Elytra parallel-sided, broader than thorax, with
obtusely prominent shoulders ; their punctuation moderately
coarse, not close, and subseriate, apices not quite smooth.
Underside glossy pitchy-brown, pubescence scanty but
elongate, flanks of metasternum distinctly punctured.
Length 13; breadth 2 line.
Broken River. Discovered by Mr. J. H. Lewis.
Group Heleide.
Cilibe lateralis, sp. n.
Nude, opaque, fuscous black, antennz and tarsi pitchy-
red; ovate-oblong, slightly transversely convex.
Head slightly convex behind, finely and moderately
closely punctured there, slightly longitudinally rugose near
the eyes; forehead more finely and not so closely punctured
on the middle, somewhat depressed towards each side where
the punctuation is quite dense. Thorax 54 mm. broad by
4 long at the sides, apex deeply arcuate, anterior angles.
obtuse but extending to the front of the eyes, base widely
bisinuate ; widest behind the middle, very slightly rounded
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 409
yet distinctly but gradually narrowed anteriorly, rather less
narrowed behind, posterior angles distinct but not at all
divergent, lateral margins distinct, the lateral slope is rather
gradual, so that the channels are but little concave; its
punctuation distinct throughout, not very coarse, very close
and with narrow intervals towards the base, at the sides
there are some minute granules. Scutellum broadly tri-
angular, closely finely rugosely punctate-granulate. Liytra
only slightly wider than thorax at the base, humeral angles
almost rectangular but obtuse, their sides nearly straight as
far as the hind thighs, but curvedly narrowed behind; the
suture slightly elevated behind the middle; there are no
obvious striz, but there are some ill-defined broad interstices
which can hardly be termed cost, two discoidal ones on
each elytron are, however, most apparent ; the punctuation
along the middle is rather close but not so coarse and inter-
mingled with small granules; posteriorly the sculpture
becomes more granular, and is similar though coarser to-
wards the sides; the lateral margins are well developed and
refiexed almost to the apex; the marginal channels concave,
widest from the shoulders to near the hind thighs; there
are no large punctiform impressions, the sculpture being
graaular but more transversely rugose behind.
Underside slightly shining, moderately closely and finely
punctate, scantily and finely pubescent. Prosternal process
with a deep groove at each side, its central portion rugose ;
front of prosternum evidently granulate, its flanks coarsely
obliquely or longitudinally rugose, granular near the coxe,
coarsely transversely rugose at the sides.
Legs simple ; tarsi with yellow pubescence; the antenne
with similar pubescence from their fourth joint onwards;
labrum with yellowish sete.
The species most resembling this is, undoubtedly, C. granu-
losa, which, however, may be recognised by the much coarser
punctuation, rather longer thorax, flatter elytral suture, less
reflexed elytral margins, and less concave channels.
Length 53-6; breadth 3-3} lines.
Hanmer. Three examples from Mr. J. H. Lewis.
Cilibe smithiana, sp. n.
Body slightly transversely convex, oblong-oval, a little
shining ; head and thorax fusco-niger, elytra of a more
chocolate hue, lateral margins somewhat rufescent ; the
labrum, palpi, antenne, and legs infuscate red.
Head closely and distinctly punctured, most closely and
410 Major T. Broun on new Genera and
rugosely between the eyes, with a distinct transverse
depression close to the front of each eye; labrum finely
punctured, and bearing numerous conspicuous yellow sete ;
epistome medially broadly convex. Thorax deeply emargi-
nate in front, anterior angles blunt and extending beyond
the middle of eyes, evidently and widely bisinuate at base,
so that the subacute posterior angles appear to be directed
backwards and to extend over the base of the elytra just
within the humeral margins; it is slightly wider at the
middle than elsewhere, but without the least angulation
there; the sides behind are nearly straight, but more, though
gradually, curvedly narrowed anteriorly, lateral margins
equally thick and a little reflexed ; there is a broad basal
impression at each side of the middle; the surface is
moderately finely and closely punctured, less closely on the
middle. Scutellum simple. Elytra gradually and slightly
dilated towards the middle, gradually narrowed posteriorly,
marginal channels broad and concave, not so closely punc-
tured as the disk, without large impressions, and not studded
with granules ; disk moderately finely and closely punctured,
interstices smooth, much narrower and more irregular near
the sides, not granulate ; their coste ill-defined.
Legs shining, dark red above, tibize with fine yellow
pubescence, much more finely and not as closely sculptured
as those of C. opacula, and densely ciliated at the extremity
with short coarse fulvescent sete.
Underside shining, rufo-piceous, finely punctate, and
minutely setose ; flanks of prosternum longitudinally rugose
and rather distantly punctured, the raised middle portion
finely and distantly punctured but distinctly granulate near
the eyes, lateral margins slightly transversely rugose ; head
irregularly punctate but not granulate; femora finely but
not closely punctate and bearing yellow pubescence ;
anterior tibize closely and coarsely punctured, the others
more finely. Epipleura nearly smooth before the middle,
feebly transversely rugose behind.
When placed alongside my type of C. opacula it is seen
that this species (C. smithiana) is obviously larger; the
elytra are more narrowed towards the base and still more
evidently towards the extremity ; the ill-defined costz are
more distinct, the punctuation is rather deeper and coarser,
there are no granules or marginal fovee ; the hind angles of
the thorax are more protuberant behind, and it is one-fifth
longer in the middle. The eyes are larger. The tarsi
(posterior) are a thirdlonger. ‘The antenne are more finely
pubescent. The general surface less opaque.
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 411
Length 10; breadth 5 lines.
Manawatu Gorge. Named in honour of Mr. W. W. Smith,
who has lately contributed to our knowledge of the insect-
fauna of that region.
Group Helopide.
Adelium hudsoni, sp. n.
Elongate-oblong, moderately convex, sparsely clothed with
minute greyish sete; shining cupreo-fuscous, the sides
more rufescent; legs castaneo-rufous, tarsi and antennz
ferruginous.
Head narrower than thorax, forehead evenly curved ;
rather finely and irregularly punctate. Thorax quadrate,
almost as long as broad, its sides finely marginate and
nearly parallel, being only gently rounded near the slightly
prominent anterior angles, apex a little incurved, base sub-
truncate, posterior angles nearly rectangular and resting on
the elytra; its punctuation distinct, rather fine, somewhat
irregular, nowhere close, rather finer at the sides, a basal
inipression near each side most closely punctured ; there is
a slight elongate lateral impression before the middle, and
about a dozen foveiform punctures are distributed over the
disk. Scutellum broad, minutely punctate. Llytra elongate,
rather wider than thorax at the base, very gradually narrowed
backwards, but evidently more attenuate apically ; each
elytron with about twelve distinctly punctured strie, these
are not always regular, sometimes the punctures are more
conspicuous than the strie, yet even these are interrupted on
certain spots, ali, however, are much deeper and confused
towards the extremity ; the interstices bear series of minute
punctures, they are only of moderate width and, on some
parts, partake of the partial irregularity.
Underside glossy fuscous ; the sides of prosternum, coxe,
epipleura, and terminal ventral segment rufo-castaneous ;
abdomen rather finely reticulate-punctate ; middle of the
prosternum compressed, its flanks finely irregularly strigose.
Near A. cheesemani and A. simplex. In the former the
elytral strie are more distinct and numerous, about twenty
on each elytron, the thorax differing in form, being more
deeply incurved at the base and apex and more rounded
laterally. A. simplex I have not seen, but its description
indicates a much less brightly coloured insect, with different
sculpture.
Length 4-4} ; breadth 14 line.
412 Major T. Broun on new Generaand = -
Paradise Lake, Wakatipu.
Discovered by Mr. G. V. Hudson, whose name has been
given to it.
Group Melandryide.
DoxoziLora, gen. nov.
Body elongate, almost parallel-sided, very Eucnemid-like.
Head not defiexed and concealed. yes distinctly facetted,
transverse, subreniform, their greatest bulk at’ the sides and
below. Epistome with fine curvate suture. Labrum trans-
verse and quite exposed. Palpi short, the labial especially ;
the maxillary not serrate, terminal joint subcultriform. <An-
tenné inserted in cavities just in front of the eyes, reaching
backwards nearly to the apex of metasternum in the male,
shorter in the female, filiform ; basal joint moderately stout,
second about half the length of the third; joints 3-10
elongate-obconical, terminal slightly longer than tenth.
Thorax much narrowed anteriorly, with distinct basal fovez,
posterior angles rectangular but not acute. Elytra of nearly
same width as thorax at the base, very slightly attenuate
posteriorly. Anterior cove contiguous, the prosternal
process not extending between them, with trochanters; the
intermediate not prominent, the narrow mesosternal process
interposed. Metasternum transversely convex, elongate, with
a central groove behind the middle. Abdomen composed of
five nearly equal segments. Legs rather short. Tidie
slender, the apical calcar of the anterior stout, those of the
others small and slender. Tarsi elongate and slender,
penultimate joint of the anterior not truly bilobed but exca-
vate above, basal joint longest ; in the posterior pair the first
joint is nearly double the length of the other three combined.
Claws divergent, distinctly dentate near the base.
The small typical species is very different from our New-
Zealand Orchesia allies from no. 710 to 717 inclusive;
Ctenoplectron bears but little resemblance, whilst no. 708
more nearly resembles the Australian Talayra. From all
the other genera of the true Melandryide this is distin-
guished by the distinct tooth near the base of each claw.
Dozxozilora punctata, sp. n.
Body slightly nitid, black, clothed with fine ash-coloured
pubescence ; antenne and tarsi fuscous.
Head immersed up to the eyes, nearly vertical in front, its
punctuation moderately fine and close but rather shallow.
Species of New-Zealand Coleoptera. 413
Thorax relatively small, rather broader than long, without
distinct lateral margins above, the base widely but feebly
bisinuate ; when examined sideways the sides are seen to
form a curve from base to apex, the most prominent and
deflexed portion being near the middle; when looked at
from above the apex appears nearly half the breadth of the
base; there is an oblique constriction or impression at each
side in front, and a large well-marked fovea near each side
at the base, posterior angles not projecting, the whole surface
moderately closely and finely but distinctly punctate. Scu-
tellum indistinct, obscured by minute greyish pubescence.
Elytra slightly but broadly longitudinally depressed behind,
the suture simple but well developed, their surface closely,
distinctly, and rugosely punctured.
Underside nigro-fuscous, with decumbent greyish pubes-
cence, rather finely punctured, metasternum most distinctly.
If the thoracic posterior angles projected backwards this
insect might be easily mistaken for a small black Eucnemid
or Elater.
Length 2; breadth 2 line.
Broken River.
We are indebted to Mr. J. H. Lewis for bringing this
interesting little beetle to light.
Group Edemeride.
Selenopalpus rectipes, sp. n.
Subopaque, cyaneous ; the palpi, antenne, and legs nigro-
fuscous ; pubescence inconspicuous, cinereous.
Head immersed up to the eyes, narrowed anteriorly, with
a broad groove along the middle of the clypeus; inter-
antennal impressions shallow, vertex slightly longitudinally
elevated, finely and closely punctured in front, more distinctly
but not so closely behind. Thorax widest before the middle,
sinuated behind ; the basal margin, however, not contracted,
and alittle prominent at the sides; the surface finely and
closely punctate, with a small antescutellar impression.
Scutellum small, medially grooved. E/ytra wider than thorax
at the base, slightly and very gradually expanded behind,
their sculpture rather fine and close, yet ill-defined, not
evidently punctiform nor granular, slightly rugose, the suture
distinct, the two discoidal lines on each also ill-defined.
Legs rather slender, tibiz very nearly straight.
The clavate posterior femora and thick, curvate, apically
prolonged tibize distinguish S. cyanea. In S. aciphylle the
414 On new New-Zealand Coleoptera.
head is very oviform, the eyes rather distant from the thorax,
flat, and strongly transverse, the basal margin of the thorax
is more distinct and more protuberant at the sides, the hind
tibiz are stout and curvate, and the notch of the maxillary
palpi is wide but not deep; in S. rectipes the apical emargi-
nation of the palpi is more like that of the typical species,
S. cyanea, but the insect itself is smaller.
6. Length 34; breadth 14 line.
Otira Gorge. One; found by Mr. J. H. Lewis.
Baculipalpus maritimus, sp. uv.
Elongate, subdepressed, slightly nitid, testaceous; tips of
mandibles and the tibial spurs piceous; elytra sometimes
with a pale fuscous vitta along each side; clothed with fine,
slender, decumbent hairs similar in colour to the derm.
Head not constricted behind, vertex convex, depressed
anteriorly, and finely setose there, with an angular infuscate
space behind each eye; its surface not very closely punc-
tured, interstices minutely sculptured; epistome and Jabrum
truncate in front, both a little depressed in the middle.
Thorax subcylindric, moderately narrowed behind the middle,
base and apex slightly incurved ; its surface a little uneven,
its sculpture like that of the head, rather shallow. Scutellum
curvilinearly triangular, not smooth. Elytra elongate and
subparallel, rather wider than thorax at the base, apices
rather sharply rounded individually, so that the apical ventral
segment is visible between them—it does not, however, pro-
trude; inside each shoulder an indistinctly elevated line
proceeds backwards, the sculpture is shallow, rather coarser
than that of the thorax, and a little rugose. Legs long and
slender.
Tibie finely bicalearate. Front tarsi rather narrow, basal
joint elongate and cylindrical ; second and third triangular ;
penultimate rather short, hardly at all expanded, excavate
above but not truly lobate ; fifth slender, claws thickened
and angulate at base; basal joint of the posterior longer
than the remaining three combined. Eyes large, transverse,
not rotundate, almost truncate in front and behind, distinctly
facetted, extending downwards, and not prominent as in
Thelyphassa and Dammarobius. Mandibles bifid at apex.
Mazillary palpi elongate, basal joint short, second elongate,
third short, oblique at extremity; the terminal attached to
the preceding one by a short stalk near its hinder part, so
that the long frontal portion extends forwards three or four
times as much as the other part is prolonged backwards ; the
On new European Mammals. 415
outer edge is widely incurved throughout its whole length,
the inner is straight for two-thirds of its length, but forms a
curve towards the extremity, the width barely exceeds a
fourth of the length. Antenne filiform, extending backwards
to the hind thighs, inserted on the front just before the eyes ;
basal articulation slightly bent, gradually thickened, rather
longer than third ; second nearly twice as long as broad.
Male.—Abdomen finely sculptured and pubescent ; pen-
ultimate ventral segment with a semicircular line in the
middle which, in some lights, might be mistaken as indicating
an excision, the extremity with a series of small setigerous
triangular projections; terminal segment deeply medially
cleft.
‘emale.— Terminal ventral segment simple, much narrowed
towards the extremity. Last joint of the maxillary palpi
subtriangular, its apex oblique. Middle of head and thorax
more or less infuscate longitudinally. Apices of elytra
sharply rounded.
Differs from the corresponding sex of B. rarus by the
absence of the longitudinal sulcus on the vertex, by its
longer thorax not being narrowed near the anterior angles,
and by the elytra being more dehiscent at the extremity.
6. Length 4%; breadth 14 line.
Invercargill.
This interesting species was found under logs on the sea-
beach by Mr. A. Philpott, about forty years after my unique
specimen of B. rarus was found on the Waitakerei Range.
Mount Albert, Auckland, N.Z.,
26th June, 1908.
LIV.—Twelve new European Mammals.
By Gerrit 8. MILLER.
THE collection of European mammals in the British Museum
contains representatives of ten hitherto unnamed forms.
These are here described, together with two new races of
Sorex included among some material sent to me for examina-
tion in London by the authorities of the United States
National Museum.
Sorex araneus fretali's, subsp. n.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). B.M. no. 8. 9. 2. 1.
Collected at Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands, July 14, 1908,
416 Mr. G. 8. Miller on
by R. H. Bunting, Esq. Original number 3. Presented by
Oldfield Thomas.
Characters.—Like Sorer araneus araneus, but skull with
rostral portion shortened, broadened, and deepened, and
anterior teeth (2', 2”, 7’, and 7;) more robust than in the main-
Jand animal. Colour essentially as in true araneus, except
that the underparts in several of the Jersey specimens are a
pale, almost whitish buffy grey, decidedly lighter than in
any skins of the other races yet examined.
Measurements.—Type. Head and body 63 mm.; tail 48°2;
hind foot 13; condylo-basal length of skull 18°8; man-
dible 10°0 ; upper tooth-row 8-4. _
Specimens examined.— Five, all from the island of Jersey.
Sorex araneus bergensis, subsp. n.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). No. 84664 U.S.
National Museum. Collected at Gravin, Hardanger, Norway,
June 10, 1898, by Thora Stejneger. Original number 13.
Diagnosis.—Larger than Sorex araneus araneus (hind foot
13°6 to 14°4 mm.; condylo-basal length of skull 19 to 20 mm.)
and colour in summer pelage darker, the dark brown or
blackish dorsal area sharply defined from yellowish brown of
sides.
Measurements.—T ype. Head and body 80°5 mm.; tail 44°5;
hind foot 13°6; condylo-basal length of skull 19-4; man-
dible 10°2 ; upper tooth-row 8°6. Average and extremes of
eleven specimens from the Bergen district, Norway : *head
and body 78°7 (76-88) ; tail 49°3 (44-56) ; hind foot 13°8
(13:6-14:4).
Specimens examined.—Twenty-six, from the following
localities in South-western Norway :—Skjerdal, Nordtjord, 7 ;
Opheim, Bergen, 4; Gravin, Bergen, 8 (U.S. N. M.); near
city of Bergen, 7 (B. M. and U.S. N. M.).
Remarks.—This Jarge race of Sorex araneus differs notice-
~ably from the small true araneus of Sweden and Eastern
Norway, and ‘more nearly resembles the Pyrenean and
Alpine races. From these large forms, however, it is
distinguishable by its darker colour. Its range appears to be
confined to the Atlantic slope of Western Norway. On the
eastern watershed it is replaced by true araneus, even as far
north and west as the upper portion of the Gudbrandsdol.
Sorex araneus pyrenaicus, subsp. n.
Type.—Adult female ‘skin and skull). B.M. no. 8. 8. 4.301.
new European Mammals. AIT
Collected at ’ Hospitalet, Ariége, France (altitude 4700 ft.),
August 25, 1905, by G. S. Miller. Original number 7076.
Characters. —Very similar to Sorex araneus tetragonurus,
but distinguishable by the duller, less evidently tricoloured
summer pelage (winter coat not known), in which the back
rarely if ever assumes the blackish tints often seen in the
Alpine form *.
Measurements.—Type. Head and body 72 mm.; tail 51 ;
hind foot 14; condylo-basal length of skull 20°0; mandible 10-0;
upper tooth-row 88. Average and extremes of six specimens
from the type locality: head and body 70°6 (69-72) ; tail
47 (44°4-51) ; hind foot 13°3 (13-14).
Specimens ‘ewamined.—Thirty-two, from the following
localities in the Pyrenees :—Porté Pyrénées-Orientales
(Spanish watershed), 9; l’Hospitalet, Ariége, 12; Ax-les-
Thermes, Ariége, 2; Barégzes, Hautes-Pyrénées, 9.
Sorex minutus lucanius, subsp. n.
Type —Adult (skin andi skit), Mi no 8. Den Le
Collected at Monte Sirino, Lagonegro, Italy, by A. Robert
Original number 2585.
Diagnosis. —Similar to Sore# minutus minutus, but with
molars and anterior upper incisor noticeably enlarged.
Measurenents—Head and body ; tail 42 mm.; hind
foot 10°4; condylo-basal length of skull 16; mandible 8-0;
upper tooth-row 7:0.
Specimen examined.—he type.
Sorex alpinus hercynicus, subsp. n.
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull). No. 112928 U.S.
National Museum. Collected at Miuseklippe, Bodethal,
Harz Mountains, Germany, October 18, 1901, by F. L. i
Beettcher. Original number 265,
Diagnosis. —Similar to Sores alpinus alpinus, but with
smaller skull and teeth (condylo-basal length of skull 19 to
19°6 instead of 19°4 to 20°6 mm. ; upper ~ tooth-row 86 to
9 mm.).
Measurements.—T ype. Head and body 71 mm.; tail 67;
hind foot 15°4; condylo-basal length of skull 19-2 ; man-
dible 10°0 ; upper tooth-row 84.
Specimens ecamined.—Eleven (all in the U.S. National
* Sorex tetragonurus, Hermann,=S. @raneus nudus, &c., Fatio, and
S. a. alticola, Miller.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Voll. iii. 29
418 Mr. G. S. Miller on
Museum) from the following localities in Germany :—Bahiren-
berg, Harz Mts.,2 ; Miuseklippe, Bode Valley, Harz Mts., 2;
Eulengrund, Silesia, 3; Wolfshau, Silesia, 2 (the last two
localities in the Riesengebirge).
Remarks.—In external measurements the Alpine shrew of
the Harz Mts. and Riesengebirge agrees with the Swiss.
animal; but the differences in length of skull and of tooth-
rows seem enough to warrant the recognition of the two
forms as distinct.
Crocidura cane, sp. n.
Type.—Adult male (in alcohol). B.M. no. 84. 3. 14. 2.
Crete (no exact locality).
Diagnosis.—Size and general appearance as in the smaller
forms of Crocidura russula, and skull with similarly deep
cranium ; but second upper premolar as large as third, and
entire anterior portion of upper tooth-row unusually long
relatively to cheek-teeth.
Measurements.—T ype. Head and body 65 mmwn.; tail 42;
hind foot 11°8 ; condylo-basal length of skull 18°4; upper
tooth-row 8'2.
Specimens examined.—Two, both from the island of Crete.
Sciurus vulgaris segura, subsp. n.
Type. Adult female (skin and skull). B.M. no, 8.9. 24.3.
Collected at Molinicos, Sierra de Segura, Jaen, Spain, Octo-
ber 2, 1907, by M. de la Escalera.
Characters.—Similar to Scturus vulgaris infuscatus (Cab-
rera) of Central Spain, but back less blackish, its underfur
light grey, tail less red and with white area on under surface
less well developed (essentially absent in three among eleven
skins), and cheeks light grey, not noticeably contrasted with
white of throat.
Colour.— Summer pelage : upperparts a fine inconspicuous
grizzle of wood-brown and blackish, the general effect re-
sembling the mars-brown of Ridgway, blackening on flanks,
across posterior half of back, and on postero-external side of
thighs (in some specimens the light element is more nearly
russet and the black is essentially absent); ears and crown
like back, but face with a rusty wash, and muzzle and cheeks
to behind base of ears light clear ecru-drab, so pale as to form
no marked contrast with white of throat; underfur of head,
back, sides, and limbs pale ecru-drab like that of cheeks,
appearing conspicuously at surface in specimens with abraded
pelage; feet a dull ferruginous, this colour extending up
new Huropean Mammals. 419
outer side of thigh and over entire fore leg, in both regions
diluted by the ecru-drab of underfur; entire underparts and
inner surface of legs buffy white to base of hairs; tail
blackish, slightly tinged with dull red, the hairs becoming
ecru-drab at base; whole tail sprinkled with pure white
hairs, more numerous along median line below than else-
where, and usually forming a distinct white median area as in
S. v. tnfuscatus.
Skull and teeth—The skull and teeth do not differ appre-
ciably from those of the Central Spanish form.
Measurements.—Type. Head and body 245 mm. ; tail 195;
hind foot 61; condylo-basal length of skull 51:8 ; zygomatic
breadth 33°4; mandible 35°6; maxillary tooth-row (alveoli)
10°4 ; mandibular tooth-row (alveoli) 10-0.
Evotomys glareolus istericus, subsp. n.
1900. Evotomys hercynicus hercynicus, Miller, Proc. Washington Acad.
Sci. 11. p. 100, July 26, 1900 (not Hypudeus hercynicus, Mehlis,
1831).
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull). B.M. no. 4. 4. 6. 72,
Collected at Bustenari, Roumania, May 3, 1899, by W.
Dodson. Original number 88.
Characters.—Audital bullae more abruptly inflated on inner
side than in the typical subspecies (= Hvotomys hercynicus
rubidus, Miller, 1900) ; colour lighter and brighter (dorsal
area rather narrow, clear yellowish rufous or a little more
brownish, slightly varied by dark hair-tips ; sides a noticeably
contrasted buffy grey, produced by a grizzling of cream-bulf
mixed with blackish and whitish hairs; underparts varying
from creamy white to a yellowish cream-buff; feet buffy
white; tail distinctly bicolor, dark brown above, buffy white
below).
Measurements.—Ty pe. Head and body 96 mm. ; tail 43:5;
hind foot 17-4; condylo-basal length of skull 23:2; zygo-
matic breadth 13:0; mandible 142; maxillary tooth-row
(alveoli) 5:0 ; mandibular tooth-row (alveoli) 5:0.
Specimens ewvamined. — Forty-one, from the following
localities: — Bustenari, Roumania, 1; Hatszeg, Hunyad,
Austria-Hungary, 11; Somorja, Western Hungary, 1;
Marxheim, Bavaria, Germany, 238.
Remarks.—Contrary to my supposition in 1900, the red-
backed vole of the Harz Mountains, together with that of
Denmark, proves to be the dark form named rudidus by
Baillon. This being the case, the supposed discrepancies in
29
420 | Mr. G. S. Miller on
the original description of Mus glareolus, Schreber*, dis-
appear f, and the name Hvotomys glareolus becomes available
for the small European red-backed voles, and in a subspecific
sense for the dark western continental form. The Evotomys
hercynicus of my preliminary revision is thus left unnamed.
Its range appears to be about coincident with the drainage
system of the Danube.
Microtus sarnius, sp. n.
Type—Adult male (skin and skull). B.M. no. 8.9. 2.27.
Collected at St. Martin’s, Guernsey, Channel Islands, July 23,
1908, by R. H. Bunting. Original number 52. Presented
by Oldfield Thomas.
Characters.—Like the large forms of Microtus agrestis
(condylo-basal length of skull about 28 mm.), but middle
upper molar with second inner triangle absent; colour above
essentially as in M. agrestis agrestis, though somewhat less
dark and reddish; underparts a strongly contrasted light grey
(nearly the grey no. 9 of Ridgway).
Measurements.—Type. Head and body 118 mm.; tail 42 ;
hind foot 18:5; condylo-basal length of skull 27:8 ; zygo-
matic breadth 16:0; mandible 17°43; maxillary tooth-row
(alveoli) 6°8 ; mandibular tooth-row (alveoli) 6°8.
Specimens examined—Kight, all from the island of
Guernsey.
Remarks.— While its external and cranial characters show
that this species is a member of the Mcrotus agrestis group,
the pattern of its enamel folding is exactly similar to that of
M. arvalis. In the suppression of the second inner triangle
of m? it shows the extreme of a tendency the exact opposite
to that which has produced the local Hebridean form,
M. agrestis easul. The eight specimens, though representing
all ages from less than half-grown young to fully adult, show
no noteworthy variation in colour or in teeth.
Pitymys provincialis, sp. n.
Type.—Adult female (skin and skull). B.M. no. 8.8.4.265.
Collected at St. Gilles, Gard, France, April 26, 1908, by
G. S. Miller. Original number 7605.
Characters.—A small member of the Pitymys dibericus
group (hind foot about 14°6 mm. ; condylo-basal length of
* ‘Saugethiere,’ iv. p. 680.
+ Specimens collected by Mr. Oldfield Thomas at Hillerdd, Zealand,
exactly agree with the indication “cinnamon-brown” (zimmtbraun) of
Schreber’s accoun’,
new Huropean Mammals. 421
skull 22-6 to 23 mm. ; upper tooth-row about 5 mm.) ; skull
essentially as in P. duodecimcostatus, except for its much
smaller size ; audital bulla very small and flat; colour pale
(type: upperparts a light wood-brown, becoming paler and
more cream-buff on sides; underparts a light grey, formed by
the blending of slate-grey under-colour with creamy white of
hair-tips ; teet soiled whitish ; tail whitish throughout, the
upper surface sprinkled with brown hairs).
Measurements.—Vype. Head and body 96 mm.; tail 22 ;
hind foot 14°6; condylo-basal length of skull 22-4; zygo-
matic breadth 14:4; mandible 15°3; maxillary tooth-row
(alveoli) 5°3 ; mandibular tooth-row (alveoli) 62.
Specimens ecamined.—Five from the type locality ; two
skulls from Var, France (no exact locality) ; a skull labelled
*“* Provence ” and another marked ‘ France.”
Remarks.—From its nearest geographical ally, Pitymys
duodecimeostatus, this species is at once distinguishable by its
much smaller size, a character in which it resembles the small
Iberian forms related to P. lusitanicus. From these latter it
differs, however, in the conspicuously projecting upper
incisors and very narrow interorbital region.
Mus spicilegus hispanicus, subsp. n.
Type.— Adult female (skin and skull). B.M. no. 8.8.4.101.
Collected at Silos, Burgos, Spain, October 12, 1906, by
G. §. Miller. Original number 7272.
Characters.—Like the Hungarian Mus spicilegus spicilegus,
but general colour paler and more yellowish (back and sides
ranging from buff to a pale buffy grey, lighter and _ less
yellow than the cream-buff of Ridgway, the median dorsal
region faintly “lined” with black, the sides gradually be-
coming clear buff or buffy grey, this colour continuing forward
over cheeks and above eye to muzzle; basal portion of hairs
slate-grey ; underparts sharply defined buffy white, slightly
clouded by slate-grey under-colour ; feet and tail like belly,
the tail with a narrow dusky dorsal area extending to tip;
ears thinly clothed, their colour buffy or greyish in harmony
with surrounding parts).
Measurements.—Vype. Head and body 79 mm.; tail 50;
hind foot 14*4; condylc-basal length of skull 19°4; zygo-
matic breadth 11:0; mandible 11:4; maxillary tooth-row
(alveoli) 3-4; mandibular tooth-row (alveoli) 3:2.
Specimens examined.—Seventy-one, from the following
localities in Spain:—Silos, Burgos, 12; Castrillo de la
Reina, Burgos, 3; Venta del Baul, Granada, 7 ; Elche, Ali-
422 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
cante, 24; Alcoy, Alicante, 12; San Cristobal, Minorca, 7;
Inca, Majorca, 6.
Remarks.—TVhe yellowish form of Mus spicilegus charac-
teristic of the central and southern portions of Spain is
readily distinguishable from the clear greyish-brown animal
of Hungary. Skins from the Balearic Islands, while not so
yellow as those from the mainland, appear to be referable to
the same race.
Mus spicilequs lusitanicus, subsp. n.
Type.—Adult male (skin and skull). B.M. no. 98. 2. 2.30.
Collected at Cintra, Portugal, January 28, 1896, by Oldfield
Thomas. Original number 52. Presented by the collector.
Characters. —Essentially as in Jus spicilegus spicilequs and
AM. s. hispanicus, but colour of upperparts a light yellowish
wood-brown with an evident russet tinge, the sides paler and
more buffy ; a narrow clear buff area on sides bordering the
pale cream-buff of underparts and accentuating the line of
demarcation.
Measurements.—Type. Head and body 77 mm.; tail 60;
hind foot 16°2; condylo-basal length of skull 19°8; zygo-
matic breadth 10°6; mandible 11°6; maxillary tooth-row
(alveoli) 3°6; mandibular tootl-row (alveoli) 30.
Specimens evamined.—Six, all from the neighbourhood of
Cintra.
LV.—Descriptions of new African Lepidoptera.
By G. T. Bernune-Baxker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Lycenide.
Oberonia trypherota, sp. un.
3. Both wings white, with blackish markings. Primaries
with apex and termen broadly blackish, apex extending for
two-thirds towards the end of the cell, termen shortly invaded
upwards very finely with white from the tornus: secondaries
with a postimedian curved row of fine grey dashes, closely
followed by the subterminal grey scalloped line, the scallops
extending into the narrow black termen, and so enclosing a
series of terminal black spots with white irides; a dusky
patch at the apex; fringes whitish. Underside: primaries
with a curved postmedian row of fine, grey, isolated, inter-
new African Lepidoptera. 423
nervular dashes, followed by a very fine, slightly scalloped,
grey line, closely succeeded by a terminal row of blackish
spots; termen finely black: secondaries with two basal
black spots, one in the cell, one above it, a black spot at
the apex, and a smaller one about halfway along the inner
margin ; an irregular series of isolated grey dashes, broken
inwards below vein 3; the upperside terminal markings
showing through very finely.
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, July.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Notodontidz.
[LAPHRODES, gen. Nov.
¢g. Palpi upturned, barely reaching vertex, roughly and
thickly scaled; antennz fasciculate; legs roughly haired.
Neuration: primaries, vein 2 at a quarter before the lower
angle, 3 just before, 4 from the angle, 5 from just above the
middle of the discocellulars; 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 8 and 9
on avery long stalk just in front of the apex, 9 and 10
about midway between end of cell and apex, 11 from two-
thirds along the cell; 12 long, terminating only a little before
11: secondaries with 3 and 4 stalked from the lower angle,
5 from the middle of the discocellulars, 6 and 7 stalked from
the upper angle (the stalks in both cases are short), 8 ap-
pressed on to the cell for a third.
Type, Hlaphrodes nephocrossa, B.-B.
This is near Phalera, but the neuration is not quite
similar and there is no areole.
Elaphrodes nephocrossa, sp. 0.
3. Primaries ochreous grey, with the base broadly dark
grey; a broad wedge-shaped band in the median area of the
ground-colour, its broadest side being on the costa ; a broad
dark band from the apex to the inner margin up to the
tornus, hollowed slightly in the middle externally, with its
internal edge very deeply serrated ; reniform dark: second-
aries pale straw-colour, with termen very broadly dusky,
indefinite as to its internal edge.
Expanse 56 mm.
Hab. Ituri Forest, between Makala and Beni.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
424 Mr. G. I’. Bethune-Baker on
Gargetta concolora, sp. n.
g@. Both wings uniform dark brown. Primaries rather
darker than secondaries, with the least trace of a dark dotted
median line and a trace of an angled postmedian line, also a
trace of a paler scalloped subterminal line: secondarics
markless.
Expanse 40 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, May.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
METOPOLOPHOTA, gen. nov.
Palpi thickly scaled, end segment minute, barely reaching
the apex; antennz bipectinate to the tips; face roughly
scaled, with a projecting tuft below the socket of each an-
tenna; thorax probably tufted (but the single specimen is
rubbed). Primary with extreme base of costa curved, then
straight to near apex, when it is suddenly depressed ; termen
rounded at apex, receding and slightly hollowed; wing
narrow, expanding but slightly: secondaries subtriangular,
with arched costa. Neuration: primaries with vein 3 from
just before the apex, 4 from the apex, 5 from just above the
middle of the discocellulars ; 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 8 and 9
on a very long stalk just in front of the apex, 9 terminating
on the costa; 11 long, from two-thirds along the cell: second-
aries with 3 and 4 from the lower angle, 5 from the middle,
6 and 7 on a short stalk from the upper angle.
Type, Metopolophota epinephela, B.-B.
Metopolophota epinephela, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax whitish grey. Primaries creamy
grey, with a broad dark brown costal dash extending into
the cell towards the middle; inner margin scaled with
brownish ; a broad dark streak below tlie cell from vein 2 to
vein 4; termen broadly brownish except at apex ; a trace of
a costal spot beyond the cell and two small ones below each
other in front of the apex; fringe tessellated white and
brown : secondaries uniform spotless dull brown.
.Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Ituri Forest, between Beni and Makala.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
new African Lepidoptera. 425
Arbelide.
Marshalliana nubifera, sp. u.
g. Primaries grey, dusted more or less all over with
darker grey, densely and darkly in a broad line below the
cell, with an L-shaped extremity ; a very broad and dark
postmedian area from the costa to below vein 2, extending
inwards below the cell into the angle of vein 2 ; costa darkly
dusted, as also the termen, but the latter is interrupted by
paler veins; a dark elongate lozenge patch in the cell:
secondaries uniform brownish grey.
Expanse 382 mm.
Hab. Nairobi, April.
Type in my collection.
Metarbela endomela, sp. u.
3. Frons pale grey, vertex dark brown, autenne pale
brownish grey, collar pale brownish, thorax and dorsal
tufts dark brown, abdomen pale greyish brown with darker
dorsum. Primaries pale greyish brown, reticulated more or
less distinctly all over with dark lines; the only lines at all
prominent are an oblique one from the costa at a quarter
from the apex and a short oblique one from the centre of
vein 2 to the inner margin at a third from the tornus ; these
and all the other reticulatory lines are fine; a short, broad,
dark basal dash below vein 1: secondaries pale grey, finely
reticulated. ‘The reticulations in both wings are very
irregular.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Kamililo, Nandi Country, January.
Type in my collection.
Metarbela obliqualinea, sp. n.
3g. Head and thorax ochreous grey ; abdomen dirty pale
grey. Primaries pinkish ochreous, with a dark greyish line
along the lower part of the cell to beyond vein 2, from where
it descends obliquely to the tornus, the oblique part being
edged internally with creamy white; the usual Arbelid
detted lines are more or less present, less in the postmedian
area and condensed into the basal area, so that it has a very
pinkish shade: secondaries pale creamy white.
Expanse 30 mm.
426 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
Hab. British East Africa, Nairobi, February ; Machakos,
Kedong, Mutito-wa-N’du ; Uganda, Hoima.
Type in my collection from Nairobi. Specimens in the
British Museum from the other localities.
Limacodidag.
Miresa melanosticta, sp. n.
¢. Head and antenne ochreous brown; thorax and
abdomen madder-brown. Primaries madder brownish grey,
with a basal, dark purplish-brown, somewhat wedge-shaped
patch below the cell, edged externally by a waved, very
oblique, ochreous line from the costa at a quarter from the
apex to the inner margin at about a third from the base; a
shorter, ochreous, rather open \-shaped mark from about
vein 5 to the inner margin near the tornus, in the upper
stroke of the \/” are two black dots; an oblique ochreous
subapical dash from the costa, edged internally by a dark
purplish line and externally by a small indefinite similar
patch ; termen finely ochreous grey ; fringes madder-brown:
secondaries uniform madder-brown.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Kamililo, Nandi Country, June.
Type in my collection.
Parasa charopa, sp. 0.
¢@. Head and thorax orange fawn-colour ; patagia edged
laterally with green; abdomen cream-colour. Primaries
bright orange-red, with a broad pale green band from the
lower margin of the cell to the middle of the inner margin,
externally bordered by a fine black line; veins in post-
median and subterminal area finely blackish: secondaries
ochreous creamy. Both wings are very thinly scaled, giving
a subhyaline appearance.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Mawamba, Makala, Congo Free State, March 1906.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Narosa nephochloéropis, sp. n.
g. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish ; fore legs pale
green, ringed with white. Both wings white: primaries
more or less clouded with green in the basal area and ex-
tending slightly into the median area; a broad postmedian
cloudy band of green, angled strongly outwards between
veins 5 and 7, and bordered broadly with grey; termen
new African Lepidoptera. 427
finely green, edged internally with a narrow white line ;
fringes white and green interspersed: secondaries shiny
white, with white fringes.
Expanse 25 mm.
Hab. Elburgon Railway Station (Uganda Railway), July 2,
1903.
ln my collection.
Narosa hedychroa, sp. nu.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, middle segments
of the latter brownish grey. Primaries whitish, slightly
scaled more or less all over with pale smoky brown, which
colour deepens in the postmedian area into a dark spot,
from whence descends a strongly serrated brown line to the
inner margin; termen with fine internervular dark dashes :
secondaries suffused all over with pale smoke-brown.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State.
In my collection.
Narosa trilinea, sp. n.
$. Head and thorax yellowish white, abdomen dirty
white. Primaries white, with three orange-yellowish suf-
fused indefinite bands, sharply edged externally with white,
viz. a broad band below the cell, an irregular median one
angled outwards on the fold, a postmedian one interrupted
at vein 3, and a short subterminal cloud from the costa
confluent with the latter; a dark terminal spot just above
the tornus: secondaries uniform creamy white.
Expanse 16 mm.
Hab, Makala, Congo Free State, April 1906.
In my collection.
Paraphanta rufilinea, sp. n.
g. Head, thorax, and abdomen red-brown. Primaries
reddish brown, with a darker reddish basai area extending to
about the end of the cell and obliquely terminated, edged
externally with a fine white line; subterminal line reddish
from before the apex, obliquely straight to the inner margin
in front of the tornus ; termen finely reddish: secondaries
uniform pale straw-colour.
Expanse 18 mm.
Hab. Butebbe, Uganda; Makala, Congo Free State.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton,
428 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
Lasiocampide.
Leipacxais ituria, sp. n.
@. Thorax pale ochreous, abdomen pale rufous brown.
Primaries pale ochreous grey, with an irregular rufous ante-
median line, followed by a spot in the cell; postmedian
rufous line oblique, serrate, and irregular, followed by a
rufous tinge over the pale ground-colour; subterminal line
highly irregular and serrated, almost fractured at vein 3,
from where it descends obliquely to the inner margin;
termen clouded with very pale rufous: secondaries uniform
warm rufous, with a very fine dark terminal line.
Expanse 46 mm.
Hab. Mawamba, Makala, March 1906.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Lymantride.
Olapa makala, sp. n.
3d. Thorax dirty grey, abdomen yellowish grey, all the
legs whitish. Both wings hyaline milky white: primaries
with a trace of a grey dash closing the cell: secondaries with
a small distinct black spot near middle of the inner margin,
but on the basal side of the middle.
Expanse 43 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, July.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton,
Euproctis mediosquamosa, sp. ni.
6. Head cream-colour, thorax and abdomen pale straw-
colour. Both wings creamy white: primaries with base
suffused with bright palish straw-colour; a curved straw-
colour median line, a similar postmedian line, the interspace
being sparingly suffused with dark scales except on the
costa, where it is broadly bright straw-colour; a trace of
another similar line and a similar interrupted subterminal
line somewhat obscure: secondaries uniform whitish.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Makala, Beni, July.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Lelia beni, sp. n.
é. Head, thorax, and abdomen slightly yellowish ; an-
tenne greyish. Both wings milky white, somewhat diapha-
new African Lepidoptera. 429
nous, secondaries more so than the primaries: primaries
with two small black spots, a round one in the angle of
vein 2 and a longer one closing the cell: secondaries spotless.
Expanse 37 mm.
Hab. Makala, Beni, Ituri Forest, July 1906.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Lelia kitchingt, sp. n.
¢d. Head and collar orange-yellow, thorax creamy, abdo-
men ochreous. Both wings pure white, with a black spot
closing the cell: primaries with a small spot of black scales
on the costa near the base, with an obscure and very slight
dark costal irroration for about half the length of the cell.
Expanse 48 mm.
Hab. Patigo, Acholi Country, 4000 feet.
In my collection.
Hypside.
Solve disticta, sp. nu.
3d. Head orange-yellow; antennz yellow, with dark grey
pectinations; collar and mesothorax deep orange, with a
black lateral spot ; metathorax pale smoke-grey ; abdomen
pale smoke grey, with the dorsum yellowish on the penulti-
mate segments; ventral surface yellowish. Both wings
uniform very pale smoke-grey, with a single black spot at
the end of the cell in each wing ; the secondaries are rather
paler than the primaries.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Entebbe, Uganda, December.
Type in my collection.
Arctiide.
Estigmene ochreomarginata, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax dark brown; abdomen yellow, with
black dorsal spots. Primaries uniform spotless dark brown,
with costa narrowly ochreous: secondaries uniform pale
straw-colour.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Patigo, Acholi Country, 4000 feet, and Ituri Forest,
Congo Free State.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
430 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
Noctuide.
Borolia confluens, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax very pale whitish grey, abdomen
cream-colour. Primaries pale ochreous grey, with a very
pale slightly brownish stripe along the fold almost confluent
with a similar stripe from the termen along vein 4; a similar
coloured wedge-shaped dash above the. tornus; a similar
coloured indefinite dash from the costa at the apex to the
reniform stigma; orbicular stigma very pale and small,
pupilled with pale brown, confluent with the equally pale
reniform, which is also centred with: pale brownish: second-
aries uniform whitish.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. Nairobi, April.
Type in my collection.
Westermannia ochreoplaga, sp. n.
3. Head rufous brown, thorax and abdomen dull brown.
Primaries dull brownish, with a trace of a waved basal paler
line ; a broad, oblique, ochreous-grey, median band, curved
on its internal edge, excurved rather strongly below the
costa on its external edge and then waved; an almost
parallel subterminal pale brown line, darkly spotted and
dashed on its external edge, with a paler margin to the spots
and dashes; termen finely dark: secondaries uniform
darkish brown.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State.
In my collection, also in that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Hypothripa sexilinea, sp. nu.
3. Head and thorax pale grey, collar with a dark bar,
abdomen brownish. Primaries clear pale grey, with a
curved, sharply defined, black basal line from the costa into
the base; a twin, deeply curved (almost angled) on the
fold, fine dark median line, the inner of the two being fainter
and finer than the outer of the twin lines ; a postmedian
similarly curved pair of lines, but the curve is in the radial
area and the outer line of the two is the fainter; these two
lines arise ina large dark grey costal patch; subterminal
line sharply defined blackish, waved and slightly serrate; a
short curved dark line from the tornus to the postmedian
line; termen finely black, with fine black points between
new African Lepidoptera. 131
the veins ; a dark short indefinite dash below the apex in the
terminal area; fringes pale grey, with two dark dividing-
lines: secondaries darker grey.
Expanse 23 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, April 1906.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Arcyothora mesonephele, sp. u.
?. Frons ochreous grey ; vertex and collar pale greyish,
the latter tipped with white ; thorax greyish, with ochreous
patagia, Primaries pale brownish grey, with a restricted
ochreous basal patch, extending but little below the cell; a
dark strongly ex-angled postmedian line edging the brownish-
grey area, in the angle of which (line) is a good-sized patch
of whitish-grey irroration; area beyond this line ochreous,
with a.terminal brownish patch between veins 2 and 6; two
small brownish costal spots in front of the apex : secondaries
brownish grey, with pale costa.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, March.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Ogovia angulata, sp. n.
¢. Head and thorax pinkish grey, abdomen darker grey.
Both wings pale ochreous grey: primaries more or less
irrorated with pale pinkish red; a curved antemedian pale
reddish line rising in a dull reddish costal spot; reniform
reddish, a largish costal pale reddish patch before the apex ;
costa more or less reddish grey, with a few spots on it; a
trace of a subterminal row of grey internervular dashes;
termen with a row of dark points between the veins, termen
finely dark: secondaries with the termen broadly grey.
Expanse 52 mm.
Hab, Ituri Forest, Mawamba to Makala, March 1906.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Ercheia excavata, sp. n.
?. Head, thorax, and abdomen darkish grey. Primaries
darkish grey, with a basal blackish line, sharply waved; an
outwardly oblique, strongly marked, interrupted, dark median
line ; postmedian line subcrenulate and somewhat obscure ;
subterminal double line subserrate, excavated outwardly in
the radial area, followed by another serrate line; termen with
a preterminal strongly crenulate dark line; reniform stigma
432 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
obscurely dark ; above the tornal area is a cloudy whitish-
grey indefinite patch: secondaries uniform dull brownish
grey, with darker, indefinite, waved median, postmedian, and
subterminal lines.
Expanse 59 mm.
Hab, N’tebi, Uganda, August.
Type in my collection.
Ophiusa pectinicornis, sp. n.
dé. Head and thorax pale brownish; abdomen pale
ochreous grey, with darkish grey dorsum. Primaries pale
brownish, with a chestnut tinge in parts ; a double dark spot
at the base on the costa; a broad, dark, strongly waved
antemedian line, with a pale internal edge ; orbicular stigma
traceable, with a dark point in it; reniform chestnut-colour,
with a dark edging; postmedian line double, dark, with
paler infilling, very strongly and acutely angled near the
costa, angle filled with pale ochreous ; a chestnut patch on
the costa above the angle ; a small grey apical patch divided
from the chestnut one by a curved whitish line; a curved,
oblique, subterminal row of dark spots; all the wing more
or less darkly irrorated: secondaries dark grey, paler towards
and at the base.
Expanse 50 mm.
Hab. Ituri Forest, Congo Free State.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Capnodes pyrochroa, sp. u.
dg. Palpi red; head and collar ochreous, irrorated with
red; thorax reddish ochreous; abdomen grey. Primaries
red, with the basal half mixed with ochreous; a subbasal
indefinite line of grey, followed by a dark dot in the cell,
which is edged externally by a larger spot of ochreous; reni-
form grey, postmedian line dark grey, serrate, excurved
below the costa, below which it is waved basewards; area
beyond this line mostly grey with red showing through ;
subterminal line serrate and indefinite: secondaries red,
with a subbasal, oblique, dark grey line and faint traces of
postmedian and subterminal lines ; costa, apex, and termen
somewhat clouded with grey.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. lturi Forest, Congo Free State.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
~~
new African Lepidoptera. 43:
Diomea disticta, sp. n.
6. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Primaries
dark umber-brown, with darker indefinite antemedian. and
median bands; beyond the latter the postmedian area is
slightly irrorated with greyish, in which are two small,
distinct, cream-coloured spots, one beyond the ceil, the other
on vein 2 ; a trace of avery interrupted dark band following
these; subterminal line dark velvety, strongly waved three
or four times, in which is a small dark patch above the
centre; termen with internervular cream dots, edged in-
ternally with small dark velvety dentations: secondaries
hike the primaries, with most of the markings more or less
distinctly carried through, but without the two cream-
coloured spots.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. Ituri Forest, Congo Free State.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
DELTOIDINE.
Sarmatia indenta, sp. un.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish. Primaries with
the base pale greyish brown up to the dark dentate ante-
median line ; median area rather darker up to the broadish
indented white postmedian line, area beyond this whitish
grey finely irrorated with whitish, the central portion of it
being tinged with deep cream and margined externally by an
angled line of the same colour ; a darkish, cloudy, apical
costal patch and a less dark, smaller, cloudy, curved, indefi-
nite dash around the tornus ; termen darkly dotted : second-
aries uniform brownish grey.
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. Makala, May.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Hypena leucosticta, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax dull chocolate-brown, abdomen
greyish brown. Primaries dull pale chocolate brown, with
a fine antemedian line broken inwards at the upper margin
of the cell and very oblique outwards from the lower margin
of the cell; a darkish dot at the end of the cell; pale post-
median line twice indented outwards and waved, a dark patch
from thence to the apex edged internally by a short, curved,
costal white dash ; two velvety, deep brown, irregular small
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 30
434 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
spots at the bottom of the dark patch ; two subapical small
white spots below each other; termen very finely dark,
edged internally by a fine whitish line: secondaries uniform
brown.
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. Ituri Forest, Congo Free State.
Type in my collection.
Hypena poliopera, sp. n.
d. Head and thorax pale madder-brown ; thorax madder-
grey, with dark dorsal tufts on the two penultimate segments.
Primaries pale purplish brown, with an obscure angled and
waved paler antemedian line, darkly edged externally ; post-
median line oblique, composed of a series of crescents
gradually increasing in size, edged internally with rufous,
more broadly at the inner margin ; two cloudy, dark, obscure,
somewhat parallel lines, subterminal line composed of a row
of white spots, darkly edged internally, somewhat waved ;
termen finely dark, edged internally by small lanceolate
fawn-coloured internervular dashes; a pale lavender-grey
costal patch borders the postmedian line and extends into a
large similar apical patch, and on the inner margin near the
tornus are two similar spots: secondaries uniform greyish
brown.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Ituri Forest, Congo Free State.
In wy collection aud that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Hypena orthogramma, sp. 0.
¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen dull olive-brown. Pri-
maries uniform dull olive-brown, with a slightly oblique and
slightly incurved white postmedian line; an obscure trace of
a waved row of subterminal dark dots, edged in some cases
internally with whitish : secondaries uniform dull brown.
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Agaristide.
gocera tricolora, sp. n.
Palpi porrect, second segment with a broad fringe of long
black hairs below, ringed beyond with a creamy fine line,
end segment dark brown; head and thorax black; abdomen,
new African Lepidoptera. 435
dorsum narrowly black, laterally and ventrally chrome-
yellow. Primaries black, inner margin broadly bright
crimson-red for over three-quarters, base black, with a cream
dot at the roots; a very oblique broadish cream band across
the antemedian and median areas, interrupted in the former
area by the black ground ; a small subcostal creamy spot in
the middle of the costa; a large, subovate, oblique, post-
median, creamy patch; a metallic leaden-blue line edges the
main markings : secondaries bright crimson-red, with termen
broadly deep black, very slightly tapering, narrower near the
anal angle.
Expanse 48 mm.
Hab. Makala, April and June.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Rhanidophora septipunctata, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax yellow; palpi black, with restricted
yellow bases; abdomen rose-pink. Both wings dove-grey :
primaries darker than secondaries, with three white cell-
spots, that in the middle and the one at the end of the cell
being large ; a white spot above, the last of the three, a small
white spot between the first and second but below the cell,
a white spot on the inner margin at a quarter from the base,
and another just beyond the middle, all the spots more or
less round: secondaries with a pale pink suffusion at the
base, in the cell, and along the inner margin.
Expanse 59 mm.
Hab, Makala-Beni, July.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Geometride.
Negla iturina, sp. n.
3 2. Head and thorax whitish, spotted with black ; abdo-
men yellowish, with a row of black spots on each side of the
dorsum. Both wings white, spotted with blackish: pri-
maries with a subbasal row of three spots, the largest being
that on the costa; beyond this are two larger costal spots ;
a postmedian waved row of six or seven spots; a large apical
black area, terminating abruptly below vein 4, below this the
terminal blackish area is continued, the white ground deeply
invading it at the veins; cell closed with an oval spot:
secondaries with a spot closing the cell; a postmedian
curved row of seven roundish spots ; termen broadly blackish
in deep scallops, caused by the white ground ee deeply
436 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
the black, in some cases extending finely through to the
fringes.
Expanse 49-51 mm.
Hab. Makala and Ituri Forest, March—July 1906.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Pyralide.
PyraLinz.
Stemmatophora flammans, sp. 0.
Head and thorax red. Primaries flame-red, with ochreous
irroration in parts ; a double-angled median line from the
cell to the inner margin, in the inner angles of which are
small patches of ochreous; postmedian line strongly crenu-
late and waved, edged externally with ochreous ; subterminal
and inner marginal areas somewhat ochreous, as also the
internervular spaces of veins 2 to 4: secondaries very pale
straw-colour ; the whole of the wings havea slightly lustrous
appearance.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, May.
In the Powell-Cotton coliection.
PYRAUSTINE.
Pilocrocis nubilinea, sp. un.
d. Head and thorax pale chrome-yellow, abdomen darker.
Both wings pale chrome-yellow, with greyish markings:
primaries with a small basal costal spot, followed by a second
costal spot; a smal] subbasal patch below the cell; a median
V-shaped mark on the inner margin, with a small dot above
the inner stroke of the V and a large one above the outer
stroke ; a subterminal irregular broad line strongly angled
outwards about vein 6; a short broad dash from the apex to
near the angle of the previous line, and almost touching it
at the lower extremity : secondaries with a small dot in the
cell, a short dash below the angle of vein 2, a strongly thrice-
waved postmedian line; an apical dash to about vein 5.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Ituri Forest, Congo Free State.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Phryganodes flavipectus, sp. 0.
¢. Palpi ochreous yellow, terminal segment dark grey ;
head, thorax, and abdomen dark sooty brown; legs creamy
ochreous yellow, hind pair with dense dark tufts. Both
new African Lepidoptera. 437
wings uniform dark sooty brown: primaries markless except
for a trace of a dark spot at the end of the cell: secondaries
with a single small ochreous dash, almost a spot, at the end
of the cell.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, April.
In the Powell-Cotton collection.
Phyganodes stygichroa, sp. nu.
3. Head and thorax dark greyish brown, abdomen slightly
paler. Both wings darkish greyish brown: primaries with
an antemedian dark line from the upper margin of the cell
to the inner margin ; postmedian line very irregular, strongly
projected outwards between veins 2 and 5, where the edge is
crenulate, receding rapidly basewards along vein | and
descending to the margin in a short double curve; this line
is somewhat edged externally with creamy, and has three
deep cream-coloured dots below the costa: secondaries with
the postmedian line only, similar to that in the primaries,
bat without the three cream-coloured dots.
Expanse 37 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, May.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Sylepta fulviceps, sp. n.
3g. Head and collar tawny, thorax and abdomen pale
grey. Both wings uniform pale slate-grey, with a lustrous
bluish-lilac sheen in certain lights: primaries with a very
fine small subbasal pencil of dark purplish scales just below
vein l.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State, April.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton.
Glyphodes incomposita, sp. n.
g. Head, thorax, and both wings dove-grey, the latter
with pearly diaphanous patches finely and darkly edged.
Primaries with a median patch across the cell from the costa,
followed by a small costal spot; a broad postmedian patch
to vein 2, deeply indented by the end of the cell : secondaries
with a broad median patch projected outwards at its centre
and extending slightiy towards the anal angle.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. Makala, Congo Free State ; Lagos.
In my collection and that of Major Powell-Cotton ; also
(from Lagos) in the British Museum.
438 On a new Hesperid from Peru, a
LVI.—Description of a new Hesperid from Peru, belonging
to the Subfamily Pyrrhopygine. By Hamitton H.
Druce, F.L.S. &e.
Yanguna mabillei, sp. n.
3. Upperside: fore wing blue-black, with a pure white
transverse central fascia commencing broadly just below the
subcostal nervure and extending to the submedian nervure,
where it becomes narrowed to a point and divided by the
black nervules, z. e. the median and .the lower median nervule ;
base of wing broadly and unevenly bright red; cilia reddish
brown. Hind wing: basal and discal areas bright red; inner
margin, apex, outer and abdominal margins broadly and
evenly blue-black; extreme basal areas thickly clothed with
deep black hairs ; cilia from apex to anal angle, where it is
longest, reddish brown.
Underside: fore wing blue-black, with the white trans-
verse fascia as above and a slight reddish irroration at the
base. Hind wing blue-black, with a distinct, clearly defined,
bright red fascia commencing on the costal margin close to
the base and extending to the middle of the wing; cilia of
both wings as above.
Head black, with two whitish spots between the eyes ;
collar grey ; thorax bright red interspersed with black
hairs. Abdomen black, annulated with bluish grey; anal
tuft reddish brown. Palpi black, with some grey scales.
Legs black, fringed with grey. Antenne black.
Expanse 24 inches.
Hab. Huancabamba, E. Peru, 6000-10,000 feet (Boetiger,
type Mus. Druce).
This fine insect, although somewhat like Y. cometes, Cr.,
has not the white fringes of that group, and seems to be
allied to the species lately described and well figured by
MM. Mabille and Boullet in ‘ Annales des Sciences Natu-
relles,’ 9th series, Zool. t. vil. p. 186, pl. xiii. fig. 2 (1908).
It differs from that, however, by the broad white transverse
band on the fore wing and by the more extensive red on the
hind wing below. Described from two specimens, one of
which has the cilia of the hind wings more concolorous with
the border, and which may be its more usual colouring.
On new Mammals from the Malay Peninsula §c. 439
LVIJ.—Diagnoses of new Mammals collected by Mr. H. C.
Robinson in the Malay Peninsula and kthio Archipelago.
By OLpFieLD Tuomas and R. C. Wroucuton.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE National Museum owes to the authorities of the Selangor
Museum, and especially to Mr. H. C. Robinson, a further
magnificent collection of mammals of all groups, and of these
a full account is being forwarded to the ‘Journal of the
Federated States Museums.’ In the meantime, however, to
avoid clashing, it is thought better that the following
diagnoses should be published at once.
(1) Presbytis cristata pullata, subsp. n.
A local race of P. cristata, characterized by its darker
colouring, especially on the forehead and forearms, and its
sinaller teeth.
Hab, Batam and Bintang Islands, Rhio Archipelago.
(Type from Batam.)
Type. Adult female. Original number 906. Collected
12th July, 1908.
Ten specimens examined,
(2) Cynopterus (Niadius) harpax, sp. n.
About the same size as C. (V.) minor, Lyon, but the
molars, although with the extra cusps typical of Niadius,
comparatively narrow and tapering backwards, as in true
Cynopterus.
Dimensions of tie type :—
Forearm 72 mm. Front of canine to back of m!
(alveoli) 10-5.
Hah, Semangko Pass, Selangor, Pahang Boundary.
Type. Male. B.M. no. 8.7.20.7. Original number 571.
(3) Scturus vittatus nesiotes, subsp. n.
A plantain-squirrel most resembling the mainland S. v.
peninsularis, from which it differs by its greyer colouring,
less conspicuous lateral stripe, and more brightly coloured
hands and feet.
Hab. Batam Island, Rhio Archipelago. (Type from
Tanjong Turut.)
Type. Adult male. Original number 920. Collected
14th July, 1908.
Filteen specimens examined.
440 On new Mammals from the Malay Peninsula cc.
(4) Sciurus vittatus subluteus, subsp. n.
A local form distinguishable from all others by its dingy
pale yellow-coloured abdomen. General colouring greyer
and teeth smaller than in typical vittatus.
Hab. Si Karang, 8.E. Johor.
Type. Adult male. Original number 1250. Collected
1st August, 1908.
Hight specimens from the mainland and one from Tingi
Island examined.
(5) Sciurus seimundi, sp. n.
A squirrel allied to and resembling S. robinson?, Bonh.,
but having the dark colour of the back prolonged downwards
on the flanks, thus greatly narrowing the broad white ventral
area characterizing that species.
Hab. Kundur Island, Rhio Archipelago. (Type from
Bliah.)
Type. Old male. Original number 1505. Collected
21st August, 1908.
(6) Rhinosciurus peracer, sp. n.
Tail-hairs tipped with buffy ochraceous, white in the
geographically neighbouring FR. tupazordes. Skull with com-
paratively small bullze, more as in the Bornean ZR. laticaudatus.
Hind foot of type 41 mm.
Hab. Maxwell’s Hill, Perak.
Type. Female. Original number 89. Collected Ist Sep-
tember, 1908.
(7) Rhinoscturus leo, sp. n.
Externally resembling the last, but colours brighter.
Specially characterized by its exceptionally large bulla,
which distinguish it from all other forms in the genus.
Hab. Singapore Island and adjacent mainland. (Type
from Changi, Singapore.)
Type. Old male. Original number 1122. Collected
24th July, 1908.
Seven specimens from Singapore and one from the main-
land examined.
(8) Rhinosciurus leo rhionis, subsp. n.
A local form of the last, from which it differs by its larger
size, richer general colouring, more evident shoulder-stripes,
and more buffy lower surface.
On the Genus Puerulus, Ortmann. 441
Hab. Rhio Archipelago. (Type from Karimon.)
Type. Adult female. Original number 1366. Collected
13th August, 1908.
Seventeen specimens examined from the islands of Kari-
mon, Kundur, Batam, and Bintang.
(9) Mus rattus rhionis, subsp. n.
- A rat of the albescens type of the rattus group, but darker
than any known Malayan form.
Hab. Bintang and Batam Islands, Rhio Archipelago.
(Type from Bintang.)
Type. Adult male. Original number 739. Collected
8th June, 1908.
A series of eighteen specimens, of both sexes and all ages,
from the two islands examined. The general appearance
throughout is very uniform.
(10) Sus andersont, sp. n.
A pig of the S. vtttaius group allied to S. rhionis, but with
conspicuously smaller teeth.
Upper length of skull 310 mm. p?10xX4:3 mm.; p*® il x
Sa; p 10:3 x 12.
Hab. Islands of the Rhio Archipelago. (Type from Batam
Island.)
Type. Adult female. Original number 927. Collected
15th July, 1908.
Four specimens examined.
LVIIIl.—The Genus Puerulus, Ortmann, and the Post-larval
Development of the Spiny Lobsters (Palinuride). By
W. T. Caiman, D.Sc.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE genus Puer was established by Ortmann * in 1891 for
the reception of Panulirus angulatus, Spence Bate, and a new
species trom Japan described under the name of P. pellucidus.
The genus was distinguished from Senex (=Panulirus) by
having the antennular segment unarmed and the cephalo-
thorax with a pair of lateral ridges, giving it a prismatic
* Zool. Jahrb. Syst. vi. pp. 15 & 37 (1891).
442 Dr. W. T. Calman on the Genus Puerulus and the
instead of cylindrical form. In 1894 the same author * added
a third species, P. spiniger, from Amboina, and in 1897 he
replaced the preoccupied name Puer by Puerulust. In
1905 Bouvier, overlooking the change in the generic name,
described a species, Puer atlanticus, from the Cape Verde
Islandst and Dahomey§. Judging from the very brief
description of Bouvier’s species, I suspect that it will prove to
be identical with Panulirus inermis, described by Pocock ||
from Fernando Noronha, of which the type is in the
British Museum.
Among these species, the first-named, P. angulatus, stands
apart. Although the type specimen described by Spence
Bate J was only 36mm. in length of body and was obviously
immature, Alcock ** has since described specimens measuring
up to 169 mm. in length, and showing in the males the
orifices of the genital ducts. In a female specimen, 164 mm.
in length, for which I am indebted to Dr. N. Annandale,
Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, the orifices
of the oviducts are distinctly visible. ‘here can be no doubt
that these specimens are adult or nearly so, and that P. angu-
latus is a perfectly distinct and independent species, which
may be taken as the type of the genus Puerulus. Alcock, it
is true, ignores the genus altogether, and retains the species
in the genus Panulirus. It appears to me, however, that
Puerulus, as represented by this species, may well stand as a
valid genus, which is probably more closely allied to Lznu-
parus than to Panulirus. It resembles Linuparus not only
in the prismatic form of the carapace, but also in the dispo-
sition of the pleopods in the female sex ; in Puerulus and
Linuparus the pleopods of the second abdominal somite of
the female resemble those of the three following somites,
having the endopodite narrow and the appendix interna large ;
in Panulirus, as in Palinurus and Jasus, the pleopods of the
second somite differ greatly from the succeeding pairs, having
the endopodite broad and foliaceous like the exopodite, and
the appendix interna reduced to a vestige {T.
* Semon’s “ Forschungsreisen,” v. (Denkschr. Med. Nat. Ges. Jena,
viii.) p. 19 (1894).
+ Amer. Journ. Sci. (4) iv. p. 290, footnote (1897).
¢ Bull. Mus. Oceanogr. Monaco, xxviii. p. 2 (1905),
§ Op. cit. xxix. p. 6 (1905).
|) Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xx. p. 516 (1890).
q ‘ Challenger’ Macrura Rep. p. 81 (1888).
** Cat. Indian Deep-sea Macrura and Anomala, p. 185 (1901).
++ I may take this opportunity of correcting an error in my recently
ublished volume on Crustacea in Sir Ray Lankester’s ‘ Treatise on
Zoology.’ On p. 312 the Scyllaridea are defined (following must recent
Post-larval Development of the Spiny Lobsters. 443
The remaining three species referred to Puerulus (P. pellu-
cidus, P, spiniger, and P. atlanticus) are all described from
specimens of small size (not exceeding 22 mm. length), and
this circumstance, together with the slight development of
the spines on the carapace and the general thinness of the
integument, suggests that they areimmature forms. Ortmann
has discussed this possibility in describing P. spiniger (loc.
cit.), which was found together with small specimens of
Panulirus versicolor (or, as Ortmann called it, P. polyphagus),
and which resembles that species in having no exopodite on
the third maxilliped. Ortmann notes, however, that the
young specimens of Panulirus did not exceed in size those of
Puerulus, although the former had assumed the specific
characters of the adult in the spinulation of the carapace and
in other respects ; he infers that Puerulus spiniger cannot be
the young form of Panulirus versicolor, and he further con-
cludes that the differences between the two genera are so
great that Puerulus, if not an adult, must be the young of
some hitherto undiscovered form of Palinurid.
It appears to have escaped notice that these small species
of Puerulus agree exactly with Boas’s* description of what
he calls the ‘* Natant ’’-stage of the Palinuride. Boas found
vestiges of exopodites persisting on the thoracic legs of some
of his specimens, and he further notes that they retained
larval characters in the relative shortness of the antennular
peduncle, in having the third maxillipeds separated from each
other at the base, and the maxillipeds and maxille soft,
sparsely setose, and of embryonic appearance. The absence
of the ‘‘ cervical”’ groove (c), the presence of lateral ridges,
and the smal] number of spines on the carapace are also
mentioned, and an important larval character was found in the
persistence of coupling-hooks on the appendix interna of the
pleopods. The specimens measured up to 25 mm. in length.
Boas also mentions that he had examined specimens otf
young Palinuride of about the same size as those in the
Natant-stage, but agreeing with the adult except in the
absence of sexual characters,
authors) as lacking the first pair of pleopods. I overlooked the fact that
these appendages are described as present in the female of Palinureilus
by Boas (Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. (6) i. pp. 92 & 183 (1880),
and Zool, Anz. v. p. 118, 1882) and by Spence Bate (Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. (5) vil. p. 220, 1881), I find that they are also present in a male
specimen belonging to this genus in the British Museum collection.
* “Studier over Decapodernes Slaegtskabsforhold,’” Kgl. Danske
Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. (6) 1. p. 83 (1880),
414 Dr. W. 1. Calman on the Genus Puerulus and the
Among the Palinuride collected by Dr. C. W. Andrews,
F.R.S., on his recent visit to Christmas Island are five
specimens presenting the characters of “ Puerulus spiniger,”
Ortmann. They are all about 25 mm. in length of body, and
were collected partly on the reef and partly in crevices in the
piles of the pier at Flying-Fish Cove. In all of them the first
four pairs of legs have, on the outer side of the basipodite,
a soft shrivelled process, which is no doubt the vestige of an
exopodite. The antennular peduncle is much shorter than
the antennal; the third maxillipeds are widely separated
at the base, and the other mouth-parts are soft, without
sete, and imperfectly formed ; the appendix interna of the
pleopods has an apical group of coupling-hooks. In all these
characters the specimens agree with those described by Boas,
and I see no reason to dissent from his conclusion that they
represent a late stage, which may perhaps be called post-
larval, in the development of a species of Palinurid.
I believe, however, that it is possible to go further, and to
assign these specimens, with considerable confidence, to the
species Panulirus versicolor (Latreille) *. As in the case of
the specimens described by Ortmann from Amboina, those of
the present collection were found together with young indi-
viduals of the species just named, some of which do not
exceed the “ Puerulus”’ form in size (25 mm.). The smaller
specimens of the Panulirus differ trom the larger (up to
74 mm. in length) in some small details of structure, e. g. in
having the antennular peduncle shorter instead of longer than
the antennal, in which they resemble the Pweru/us-form.
They also differ from the larger specimens in the less brilliant
colouring, the bright purple being replaced, in the smaller
spirit-specimens, by brown, and the longitudinal striping of
the legs being undeveloped. ‘The general pattern of the
coloration remains, however, the same. Ortmann describes
(loc. cit.) the “ Jugendfirbung” of this species, mentioning
especially a W-shaped marking on the carapace formed by a
longitudinal white band on each side, and a pair of bands
converging to the middle line from the hinder ends of these.
He notes that in specimens of 26°5 and 33 mm. length this
pattern was no longer visible. It would, perhaps, be more
correct to say that the converging bands lose their importance
as the colour-pattern increases in complexity, although they
can still be recognized even in very large specimens. The
* As defined by Pfeffer, “ Mitth. Mus. Hamburg” (Jahrb. Hamb. wiss.
Anst.) xiv. pp. 205 & 262 (1897).
Post-larval Development of the Spiny Lobsters. 445
longitudinal lateral bands are always conspicuous. In the
general pattern of their coloration the Puerulus-forms agree
exactly with the youngest specimens of Panulirus. In three
out of the five specimens collected by Dr. Andrews this
pattern is very conspicuous, and in the other two, which are
much paler, it can still be traced. In all, the ground-colour
is a more or less rich brown and the lighter bands and spaces
are yellowish or light buff. The lateral longitudinal bands
(which do not coincide with the lateral ridges of the cara-
pace) and the convergent bands completing the W are very
well marked; the abdominal somites have each a light band
posteriorly, with a fainter indication of the narrow marginal
dark band seen in the young Panulirus. Further, if the
carapace of one of the more darkly pigmented specimens of
the Puerulus-form be examined under a lens, numerous
darker spots can be seen, which correspond exactly in their
arrangement with the spines on the carapace of a Panulirus of
similar size. These spots no doubt represent the rudiments
of the spines in course of development under the semi-
transparent cuticle.
Boas states that thespecimens of the Natant-stage examined
by him represented several species belonging to both the
longicorn and the brevicorn types of Palinuride. It does
not seem possible at present to refer any of the other
‘““Puerulus”’ species to definite species of adult Palinuride.
Perhaps the ‘ Puer atlanticus” of Bouvier (= Panulirus
inermis, Pocock) may be the young of Panulirus guttatus
(Latr.), in company with which it has been found (Pocock,
Bouvier), and which it resembles in having a reduced
exopodite on the third maxilliped,
In the British Museum collection are four specimens of a
Palinurid in the Natant-stage from Stewart Island, New
Zealand, which I suppose to belong to a species of Jasus.
These have the general facies of the “ Puerulus’’ forms
described above, the integument being soft and semitrans-
parent, the carapace somewhat depressed, with a longitudinal
ridge on each side and with a small number of spines ante-
riorly. There is, however, a well-marked median rostral
tooth, which is bent downwards, but does not reach the
antennular segment as it does in the adult Jasus. Traces of
exopodites are found on all but the last pair of legs.
The conclusions reached may be summed up as follows :—
(1) Puerulus, Ortmann, 1897 (=Puer, Ortmann, 1891),
is a valid genus of Palinuride, of which the type species is
P. angulatus, Spence Bate. It agrees with Linuparus,
446 Mr. E. 8. Russell on the Cephalopoda
White, and differs from the other genera of the family in the
character of the pleopods in the female sex.
(2) The remaining species assigned to Puerulus, P. pelluci-
dus, Ortm., P. spiniger, Ortm., and P. atlanticus, Bouvier
(= Panulirus inermis, Pocock), are founded on specimens in
a stage of development intermediate between the Phyllosoma
and the adult form, called by Boas the “ Natant-stage.”
(3) Puerulus spiniger, Ortmann, is the Natant-stage of
Panulirus versicolor (Latreille), and it passes into the adult
form without any perceptible increase of size, while preserving
unchanged the general pattern of coloration.
(4) Jasus passes through a Natant-stage differing from
those which have been referred to Puerulus in possessing a
median rostral tooth.
LIX.—Preliminary Notice of the Cephalopoda collected by
the Fishery Cruiser ‘Goldseeker, 1903-1908. By E. 5S.
RussELL, M.A., Research Student, University of Glasgow.
THE collection of Cuttlefish made by the ‘ Goldseeker’ under
the International Committee for the Investigation of the
North Sea (Scotland), and entrusted to me by Professor
D’Arcy W. Thompson for description, contains representatives
of sixteen species, of which three are new. The collections
were made on the east and north coasts of Scotland, round the
Shetlands, and between the Shetlands and the Faeroes.
Ocropopa. Sepiola rondeletii, Zeach, var.
; nt . scandica, Stp. (=S. oweniana,
Polypus arcticus (Prosch). Pfeffer, 1908).
piscatorum ( Verril).
faeroensis, sp. n.
Moschites cirrosa (Lamarck).
— atlantica, D’Orbigny.
aurantiaca, Jatta.
Calliteuthis reversa, Verrzil.
Brachioteuthis bowmani, sp. n.
Dzucapopa. Tracheloteuthis riisei, Steenstrup
Loligo forbesii, Steenstrup, (including T. behnii, Stp.).
media (Z.). | Desmoteuthis hyperborea (Steen-
Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje). | strup).
glaucopis, Lovén. Taonidium pfefferi, sp. n.
Polypus faeroensis, sp. n.
The body is very plump and is much larger than the head.
There is a distinct constriction between head and body.
The breadth of the head is about three-quarters that of the
body, its depth about three-fifths.
The colour is a fine reddish purple, of a deep shade on the
collected by the Fishery Cruiser * Coldseeker/ AAT
back and sides, becoming paler on the ventral surface and on
the funnel. The colour is due to minute chromatophores,
which are closely crowded together on the dorsal surface of
the head, body, arms, and web, more scattered on the ventral
surface, and sparsely dotted on the funnel. Chromatophores
occur also to a slight extent on the sides of the arms outside
the limit of the web, especially on the inner (dorsal) aspect.
Chromatophores are completely absent from the internal (oral)
surface of the arms and web, except for a few at the tips of
the arms.
The skin is of a firm consistency and there is no lateral
fold of the mantle.
The papillation is characteristic. All over the dorsal
surface of head, body, and web there are papillary areas ;
these are more or less circular patches of a lighter colour than
the surrounding skin, having in the centre a low conical
papilla, while round the periphery stand six or seven smaller
papille. In a large female these areas are as much as 7 mm.
in diameter, and the peripheral papille are distant from the
central one ; but in two smaller males the areas are smaller
and less well defined, and the peripheral papilla are set close
round the base of the central papilla. The papille are
whitish in colour, owing to the absence of chromatophores
from their tips. These papillary areas are not found at the
sides nor on the ventral surface of the web.
Above the eyes, which are small, there is a large conical
cirrus, 2-3 mm. high, on which are set a number of small
papilla (much as in some specimens of Polypus arcticus,
figured by Verrill). Round the eyes, but not extending to
the lower lid, are a number of large papille, which may have
subsidiary papille at their base.
It is not improbable that the “ papillary areas” are directly
comparable with the papillated cirrus above the eyes. One
has only to suppose them erectile to have the homology
clearly demonstrated. In the two small males the areas have
indeed much the look of half-collapsed papillated cirri,
The ventral surface is perfectly smooth.
The funnel is large, 1-6 cm. long in the smallest male.
The free margin below the mantle-flap shows a broad sinus.
The arms are stout and well developed. The order of size
is 1, 2, 3, 4, but the differences are not great. The dorsal
arms (measured from the beak) are a little more than three
times the length of the mantle (measured dorsally to the eye).
There is a strong web which occupies from one-quarter to
one-third of the length of thearms. It is more or less equally
developed between all the arms, except between the ventral
A418 Mr. E. 8. Russell on the Cephalopoda
pair, where it is less developed. The suckers are in two rows
slightly alternating, and are perfectly formed, though small,
at the extreme tips of the arms. Near the mouth three or
four suckers stand in a single row. There are about 60-70
suckers on each arm of the large female, and the largest of
them measures 4 mm. in diameter.
The hectocotylisation closely resembles that of P. areticus,
but it is, relatively to the length of the arm, very much
smaller. Thus it measures 14 mm. in length on an arm
measuring 11°4 cm. The calamus brachialis is small and
triangular, the ligula copulatoria is broadly oval and comes
to a blunt point. There are 11-13 ridges on the ligula. The
hectocotylised arm is little shortened; the web is developed
especially on the ventral side; there is a sperm-canal (21 mm.
long) running down the ventral edge of the web to midway
between the third and fourth arms, .
I give below the dimensions of a large female and of a
male :—
Dimensions (in em.).
o. d.
Length of mantle, dorsally, to eyes ........ 48 4:2
Breadth of mantles cise slate okay pasion e 4-0 3°6
os head, dorsally, across eyes ...... 3:0 2°5
Depehsol boy eaten eiee epee eae ee 37 30
Snead Me a eruh acs cits atte tue en tte ree epee 2'2 1:8
Length of first arm, from beak ............ 170) 3=13:2
op second arm, from beak .......... 160 126
5 third (non-hectocotylised) ........ 150 125
. », , (nectocotylised) 2...,..2. .2u 24 te ee
~ POUTCHP ALIN ” «2c vekiae's 2 wenese tate 1405 eo
+ web between first pair ofarms.... 42 38
= 2 fourth pair ofarms .. 3:0 ‘3
Number of suckers on first (right) arm ...... 73 67
The hectocotylised arm of the male measures 11 4 em. in
length, of which 10 cm. bear suckers (to the number of 40).
The hectocotylised part is 1:4 cm. long and 9 mm. broad.
The ligula bears 13 transverse ridges.
Polypus faeroensis is fairly closely allied to P. areticus
(Prosch), but it differs in certain well-defined ways. The
body is not so broad, and the distinction between head and
body is very much better marked. The arms are longer in
proportion to the body. The hectocotylised arm is much
longer and the hectocotylised part much shorter than in
P. arcticus (Octopus bairdii of Verrill), in which the hecto-
cotylised part is one-third the length of the arm. Finally,
the papillation is distinctive.
collected by the Fishery Cruiser ‘ Goldseeker.’ 449
In a large female of P. arcticus, measuring in overall
length 17 cm., the breadth of the mantle was 5:5 cm., of the
head 4'1 cm., while the longest arm was only 12°5 cm. in
length (Verrill, Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1879 (1882),
p. 399, pl. xli. figs. 1, 2, 3a, pl. xlii. figs. 1-5). In a large
male (16°3 em. overall) the hectocotylised arm was 8°5 cm.,
the hectocotylisation 3°3 cm. long.
With the North Atlantic species, P. ergasticus (Fischer),
P. sponsalis (Fischer), and P. profundicola, Massy, this
species shows no points of special similarity.
One large female and two smaller males were taken by the
‘ Goldseeker’ on Aug. 24th, 1908, in 1030 m. at Sta. 194
(Faeroe Channel), associated with half a dozen specimens of
P. piscatorum (Verrill).
Brachioteuthis bowmant, sp. n.
The body is fusiform and runs out into a sharp point
behind. ‘The anterior border of the mantle is free all round,
almost straight or slightly convex above, not produced in an
obtuse angle. At the sides, just above the level of the lower
border of the eye, the mantle-border projects slightly, the
mantle-cartilage, which articulates with the funnel, running to
the end of this projection. ,
The pen is clear brown in colour and is plainly visible
along the mid-dorsal line, where it is 1 mm. broad. At the
insertion of the fin it broadens out and the margins become
folded down ; near the tip the margins fuse to form a hollow
cone, 11 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth at the base.
The fin resembles in shape that of Ommatostrephes sagitta-
tus. It occupies the posterior third of the mantle.
The funnel is rather broad and is free only at the tip.
The hinder margin is thin and shows a shallow sinus. The
connective cartilage exhibits a longitudinal groove, 7 mm. in
length, slightly enlarged at the posterior end. The connective
on the mantle is a linear ridge, 10 mm. in length.
There is a pair of long and broad adductor muscles.
The sides of the funnel run up as broad bands to the mid-
dorsal line, where they fuse with the neck. At the line of
fusion there is a longitudinal horny piece with two lateral
grooves like those of the connective cartilage on the funnel.
This piece is 6°55 mm. long and lies directly below the front
end of the pen, whose incurved margins articulate with the
grooves.
The head is very large, with enormous eyes, — It 1s broader
than the mantle-opening.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, i. 3l
450 Mr. E. 8. Russell on the Cephalopoda
The actual visceral sac is very small, being narrowly
triangular and not extending back much beyond the insertion
of the fins. The gills are very long and slender.
The mantle is covered with small pale red chromatophores,
which are present also on the dorsal aspect of the fins. The
head is more deeply coloured in shades of brown and crimson,
the chromatophores being aggregated especially at the antero-
ventral border of the eye. ‘I'he eye is covered over by a skin
set with chromatophores and resembling the skin of the head.
In front there is a deep transverse groove with puckered edges;
it is 3mm. long, has a muscular margin, and marks the
opening from the anterior chamber ‘of the eye to the exterior.
Chromatophores are present also on the arms and tentacles.
The order of the arms is 2, 3, 4, 1. They are without web
or keel, except the ventral pair, which have a narrow fin on
their extero-ventral edge. The second pair are about two-
thirds the length of the mantle. The suckers are in two
slightly alternating rows, and they are not continued right
down to the mouth, 2-3°5 mm. being without suckers. The
cups of the suckers are nearly globular, inserted very ob-
liquely on pedicels, slender above, swollen below. The horny
ring is higher above, has 5-8 square teeth on its upper half,
and is smooth on its Jower half.
On the second and third arms, and to a less extent on the
first arms also, the swollen part of the pedicels of the external
row of suckers gives off a slender cirrus, whose length may
equal the diameter of the cup. The cirri are not free, but are
bound to the arm throughout their length by a fold of thin
skin. Tentacles are fairly stout, 60 mm. in length, more or
less triangular in cross-section. ‘The club is 13 mm. long,
5 mm. broad, and is thin and flattened from above down-
wards for 10 mm. of its length, then at the tip the plane of
the club is twisted inwards through a right angle, so that its
ventral surface becomes vertical and looks inwards. This
terminal part is 4°5 mm. long and has a thin vertical sucker-
less crest. ‘The axis of the tentacle is not itself expanded to
form the club, the lateral portions of which are formed rather
by the long pedicels of the marginal suckers, which are
bound together in a membranous expansion of the axis. In
the terminal portion the axis is without suckers, but its
ventral expansion bears three rows, of which the lowest are
the largest. At the twist of the club there are two irregular
transverse rows of large suckers, about five suckers in each
row. These are the largest suckers on the club. The main
body of the club bears on its ventral surface numerous thin-
stalked minute suckers irregularly disposed in about 12-15
collected by the Fishery Cruiser * Goldseeker.’ 451
rows. Towards the proximal end of the club the suckers
stand in fewer rows. Sessile suckers extend in about four
scattered rows halfway down the internal face of the tentacle ;
these are very minute and become very sparsely scattered as
they reach the middle of the tentacle.
The cups of the suckers on the club are hemispherical and
the horny ring bears in its upper half fine pointed teeth.
There is a well-developed buccal membrane with about
eight ill-defined angles.
A single specimen, apparently a female, was taken on
June 9th, 1908, at Sta. 15¢ in 778 m.
Dimensions.
mm
Length of mantle (and pen) .......... 61
Breadth of mantle at collar .......... 16
Length of fin in middle line.......... 29
IBreadibla, Of tiny cay... ccag ea rete «ks 4]
= head aGrOgs! YER) a. sce «1s a1 17
as 9) sin irontof eyes’ ss... 12
Vertical diameter of eyeball .......... 11
Horizontal diameter of eyeball ........ 13
Mengtlnai headers ot saciets op ely Soko 12
# ATS ATU varece. case age sr cus vgs sos 24
. BECONGrALMIN arate ta so eehey 40
a ChindWarmisns see enacts ler 36
FOULEMEATON 14.45% ofa) sh tete 1s hers 35
+ LOMENCLES a thatelccs teeters oc 60
This species, which is named after Dr. Alex. Bowman,
naturalist on board the ‘ Goldseeker,’ is very close to the only
other species of the genus, B. beanz7, Verrill. It is described
as new because it seems to offer several points of difference
and because it does not resemble at all closely Verrill’s figures
(Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1879 (1882), p. 424, pl. xlv.
figs. 3-3 b, pl. xlvi. figs. 2, 2a). ‘The great size of the eyes,
the pigmented cornea, the shape of the anterior margin ot the
mantle, the peculiarities in the structure of the suckers and
of the tentacular club seem to warrant its separation from
Brachioteuthis beanit.
Taonidium pfeffert, sp. 0.
The body is flattened dorso-ventrally. It is oval in
outline, the sides curving in sharply at the posterior end,
where the terminal part of the pen runs out, fringed by the
small fins, which together form a broad ellipse. This terminal
portion is 3mm. long by 2°7 mm. broad. The tip of the
pen extends a very little way beyond the fins. The length
452 Mr. E. S. Russell on the Cephalopoda
of the mantle mid-dorsally to the insertion of the fins is
16°5 mm. ; its greatest breadth is about halfway along the
back, where it measures 11°5 mm. In front the dorsal edge
of the mantle is transverse, with a sinuous margin, and
measures 6°5 mm. across. It is distinctly produced at the
corners and curved sharply back in the middle line, where it
is fused with the head. The ventral margin of the mantle
exhibits two deep bays laterally where it is fused with the
siphon, and in the middle it is produced forward in a small
flap-like process. The mantle is very delicate and trans-
lucent, of a clear whitish tinge in formalin, probably quite
transparent during life. On the back there are a few oval
chromatophores of large size (up to 2 mm.): one is situated
at the fusion of mantle and neck, and along the lateral
margins there are about five on each side. On the ventral
surface the chromatophores have a similar arrangement—a
pair opposite the base of the funnel, a pair behind and
external to these, then two or three on each lateral margin,
and three or four near the base of the tail.
The organs of the body seem confined to the anterior two-
thirds of the mantle-sac. The musculature is reduced. In
the posterior third there are delicate transverse bands or
hoops of muscle; the anterior two-thirds are more muscular.
The neck and head are continuous and very narrow; the
distance from the mantle to the circle of arms is 3 mm., and
the head is only slightly swollen at the insertion of the large
stalked eyes. It is only 1-4 mm. broad below the arms. In
the median line dorsally are two chromatophores, and another
lies close below the origin of the first pair of arms. Ventrally
the funnel covers over another small chromatophore.
The eye-stalks are very large, 3 mm. in length, 1°8 mm.
broad in the middle, while external to their insertion on the
head they exhibit a swelling. There is a large and con-
spicuous squarish chromatophore on the dorsal surface of
each stalk, red round the edges, but appearing dark in the
centre owing to the pigment of the eye shining through.
The eyes show iridescent pigments—red, yellow, green,
purple, and dark blue.
The funnel is large and reaches forward to about half the
length of the eye-stalks. It measures 4°5 mm. across at its
base.
The arms form a circle round the mouth, which in this
specimen protrudes a little and is surrounded by a thick
frilled sheath. ‘The arms are very small, and are unwebbed
and without fins. The two lateral pairs are the largest.
The lengths of the arms are 2 mm., 2°5 mm., 2°7 mm., and
collected by the Fishery Cruiser ¢ Goldsecker.’ 453
2mm. The suckers are in two irregular rows and have a
smooth horny ring.
The tentacular arms are long (17 mm.) and stout, not
expanded distally to form a club. On the terminal 3°5 mm.
there are four rows of subequal suckers, which bear mostly a
few irregular blunt teeth on the upper half of their horny
ring. All along the ventral aspect of the stalk there are
2-3 rows of very small suckers. These are not too well
preserved, but they seem to have had minute cups and delicate
stalks,
There are half a dozen chromatophores on the back of the
*fclub” and one or two on the back of the stalk. The pen is
apparently very delicate, being clearly visible only at the
posterior end between the fins, where it forms acone. It is
traceable up the mid-dorsal line as a transparent streak.
A single specimen was taken on Aug. 31st, 1907, in
60° 3! N., 3° 53! W., in 505m. It is, however, very probably
a surface form.
Taonidium pfeffert is not unlike Taonidium suhmi (Lan-
kester), and, indeed, Dr. Hoyle, who examined the specimen,
put it down to that species. Dr. Pfeffer, however, was of
opinion that the specimen was specifically distinct, and
examination of the question has led me to share his opinion.
It differs from Taontdium suhmi in its broader shape, in the
order of the arms, structure of tentacle-stalk, arrangement of
chromatophores, and in the outline of the anterior mantle-
margin. In TY. suhmi (Hoyle, Chall. Rep. xvi. (1886)
p. 192, pl. xxxu. figs. 5-11) the body is fusiform, with the
length more than three times the breadth; the order of the
arms is 4, 3, 2, 1, there are no suckers on the stem of the
tentacles, the chromatophores are in about eight rows, and
the mantle-margin is straight.
In some respects Taontdium pfeffert approaches close to
the genus Owenia, Pfeffer, with its single species Owenta
megalops (Prosch); but the two genera are probably hardly
distinct from one another.
The species is named in honour of Dr. Georg Pfeffer,
Hamburg.
Moschites cirrosa (Lamarck).
Examination of specimens from Naples and from Plymouth
has convinced me of the identity of the common JZ. cirrosa
of our shores with the Mediterranean MV. aldrovandi. Among
the specimens of Moschites collected by the ‘Goldseeker ’
there are two distinct types—one the true al/drovandi form,
with its reddish colour and its arms all closely bound
454 Mr. E. S. Russell on the Cephalopoda
together to form a deep conical “ umbrella-cavity ”; the other
a greyish form, with the arms connected up by a loose web,
so that the ‘umbrella-cavity ” is very flat and open. The
latter form seems to occur chiefly in the north of Scotland
and in the Shetlands. I hesitate to assign to it specific
rank, but it will be described and figured in the complete
account as a new variety.
The majority of the specimens were females, but one or
two small males also occurred. One male of the aldrovandi
type showed a small hectocotylisation exactly resembling
that figured by Jatta for M. aldrovandi. I have had an
opportunity of examining also a male of this same type,
11 cm. in length, in the Museum of University College,
Dundee. It had been taken at Aberdeen in October 1893,
and showed quite clearly the hectocotylisation typical of
M. aldrovandi. One small male belonging to the other form
of M. cirrosa showed a slight hectocotylisation of the same
general character. In no case did I observe the paired cirri
on the tips of the arms of the male which are described by
Steenstrup and by Posselt as distinctive features of JL. cirrosa,
There can be no doubt, I think, that Lamarck’s Octopus
cirrhosus and Rafinesque’s Eledone aldrovandi are identical,
and that the Eledone cirrosa described by Steenstrup and by
Posselt is quite a different species, probably a northern form,
It is unfortunate that the rule of priority demands the
naming of our common British species Moschites cirrosa,
when the identical Mediterranean form has been so beauti-
fully described and figured by Jatta under the name of
Moschites aldrovandt.
Rossia glaucopis, Lovén.
This is distinctly a northern form, being recorded from
the Norwegian coast, Spitzbergen, Greenland, and in British
waters hitherto only from the Shetlands and (as 2. sublevis)
from 250 fath. to the south-west of Ireland (Smith), It was
taken by the ‘Goldseeker’ chiefly in deep water in the
Faeroe Channel and near the Shetlands, but one small
specimen was taken in 200 m. as far south as Kinnaird
Deeps. Eggs of this species, imbedded in a mass of soft
sponge and containing the remarkably large embryos
(6-7 mm. long), were taken in 110 m. at 60° 23! N.,
O° 14’ W.
Sepiola aurantiaca, Jatta.
This is undoubtedly a good species of Sepiola. About
collected by the Fishery Cruiser ‘ Groldseeker.’ 455
twenty specimens were taken at various localities on the east
coast of Scotland, near Shetland, and in the Faeroe Channel,
which agree closely with Jatta’s descriptions and figures.
The only point of difference which should be mentioned is
that the two adult males in my possession show foliaceous
processes at the base on the first left arm only. Jatta
describes these as occurring to a slight extent on the first
right arm also. The distinctive characters of this beautiful
species are the full red colour of the back, due to the nume-
rous small and crowded chromatophores, the deeply sinuous
outline of the inferior margin of the mantle, the deeply incut
fins, and in the male the foliaceous hectocotylisation. The
tentacular club bears in my specimens 8-10 rows of small
suckers.
Sepiola aurantiaca has hitherto been recorded only from
Mediterranean waters.
Calliteuthis reversa, Verrill.
Two small examples of this remarkable species were taken
with the Petersen young-fish net at Sta. 59° 54! N., 7° 6 W.,
in 250 m. They are only 14 mm. and 17 mm. in length.
They lack the dark brown colour inside the arms, on the
buccal membrane, and along the edge of gill, which Verrill
describes for this species, but they show the typical arrange-
ment of the luminous organs on the ventral surface and
on the ventral and ventro-lateral arms. Dr. G. Pfeffer,
who very kindly examined my specimens of Oigopsida, has
confirmed this identification.
Calliteuthis reversa has not previously been recorded from
British waters. Verrill records it from the deep water off
the north-eastern coast of America in 365-2369 fath. It has
been found in New Zealand and Japanese waters (Hoyle) and
also in the Mediterranean (Pfeffer).
The collection was worked over in the Embryological
Laboratory of Glasgow University during the winter sessions
1907-8 and 1908-9. A full account of the collection, with
figures of the new species, will appear in connexion with the
‘ Reports of the North Sea Fisheries Investigation Committee
(Northern Area).’
March 1909,
456 Bibliographical Notice.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
A Naturalist in Tasmania. Wy Georrrny Suirn, M.A.
Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1909.
Mr. Grorrrey Sairn, a Fellow of New College, Oxford, in this
most delightful book has set down the results of a six-months’
survey of Tasmania, carried out during the spring and summer of
1907-8. The expedition was undertaken at the suggestion of
Prof. G. C, Bourne, the Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy
at Oxford, and the aim thereof was to survey the freshwater fauna
of Tasmania. The Author has done this, and much more, and
in these pages the results of his trip are set forth after a most
charming and lively fashion.
A fortnight was spent in dredging work on the Great Lake and
incursions into the surrounding bush. This lake has earned a
considerable reputation among fishermen for the size and number
of the trout which it contains ; and this is not surprising; for these
trout are giants, scaling 25 pounds. They are, the Author remarks,
the “ordinary English Brown Trout,” introduced in 1864, which,
by dint of good living and freedom from enemies, have nothing to
do but wax and grow fat—which they do, having a superabundance
of ground food in the shape of small Crustacea. But this diet can
be varied at will, since the lake abounds with two species of native
trout belonging to the genus Galaxias, which, swimming in large
shoals, afford an easy prey to the alien race.
Of the Crustacea Mr. Geoffrey Smith had the good fortune to
find a new form of the very remarkable ground-shrimp (Anaspides
tasmanie), common at a high elevation on Mount Wellington and
in clear tarns on Mount Field and the Harz Mountains. This new
form, to which he has given the name Puranaspides lacustris, differs
conspicuously from the typical Anaspides, and appears to be more of
a free-swimming type and confined to the Great Lake, Here also
he found several species of the peculiar Crustacean genus Phreatoicus.
Several distinct species of the genus occur here and in great abun-
dance. This genus is ‘‘ confined to the alpine regions of Southern
Australia and New Zealand.” ‘These two genera, it would seem,
stand in the same relation to other Crustacea “‘ as the Platypus does
to ordinary Mammals.”
Of the Giant Crayfish (Astacopsis franklinii), the largest fresh-
water crayfish in the world, some interesting facts are given here.
All the specimens he found were “smothered with a parasitic flat-
worm (Z'emnocephaia) about a quarter of an inch long,” and crowded
together “in such numbers as to appear like a green foam covering
the animal.”
Of the larger and more interesting mammals, the Thylacine and
the Dasyure, he has much to say that is worth reading, if not new.
The Thylacine, at any rate, appears to be on the verge of extinction.
But as to these, and much more, we must refer the reader to the
book itself, which is in every way a most entrancing volume.
WAP E:
THE ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
[EIGHTH SERIES.]
No. 18. JUNE 1909.
LX.— Descriptions of some new Spectes of Heterocera, chiefly
from Tropical South America. By HERBERT DRUCE,
F.L.S. &e.
Fam. Syntomida.
Bombiliodes simulans, sp. n.
Female.—Head, palpi, antenne, collar, tegule, thorax, and
abdomen black, the sides of the abdomen green, the base of
the abdomen white; legs black, spotted with white. Pri-
maries black, the cell and a streak below the cell hyaline, the
fringe black: secondaries black, hyaline at the base. The
underside of both wings the same as above.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Cayenne (Mus. Druce).
Napata bettgeri, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, and antenne black, front of head
spotted with white; collar bright carmine; tegule and
thorax black ; abdomen metallic blue; the underside of the
thorax and abdomen white; legs black. Primaries black,
the apex white ; a large square hyaline spot at the end of
the cell and two hyaline spots beyond the cell nearest the
anal angle; the fringe at the apex white, on the outer margin
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 32
458 Mr. H. Druce on
black: secondaries hyaline white, broadly bordered with
black; the fringe black. Underside very similar to the
upperside, but with wings shot with bright blue.
Expanse 13 inch.
flab. E. Peru, Huancabamba, 6000-10,000 feet (Beettger,
Mus. Druce).
Allied to Napata cincticollis, Felder, from which it differs
in having the spots white instead of yellow and the apex of
the primaries white.
Correbia flavata, sp. n.
Male.—Head, antenne, palpi, abdomen, and legs black,
the legs banded with white; back of the head, collar, tegule,
and thorax orange-red. Primaries orange: secondaries
black, slightly hyaline at the base. Underside of both
wings black, the base and costal margin of the primaries
orange-red.
Expanse 12 inch.
Hab. W. Colombia, San Antonio, 5800 feet (G. M/. Palmer,
Mus. Druce).
Fam. Arctiade.
Idalus viridis, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, and thorax pale green; the
palpi and underside of the thorax red; antenne black ; ab-
domen and legsred. Primaries pale green, the costal margin
yellow; two small black streaks on the margin ; the fringe
green : secondaries pale green, the inner margin and anal
angle red; the fringe greenish white. The underside very
similar to the upperside.x—Female like the male, but con-
siderably larger.
Expanse, ¢ 14, 9 12 inch.
Hab. E. Peru, Chanchamayo, 2000-7500 feet (Idus. Druce).
Automolis rosa, sp. n.
Female.—Head yellow, palpi red, collar pink; tegule
yellow, edged with pink; thorax and abdomen pale yellow ;
abdomen clothed with pink hairs at the base ; antennz black,
yellow at the tips; legs pale yellow. Primaries pink, the
costal margin from the base to the middle yellow; a wide
yellow band crosses the wing about the middle from the
costal margin to the inner margin; the outer margin broadly
yellow; the fringe yellow: secondaries pale cream-colour,
new Species of Heterocera. 459
slightly shaded with pink on the inner margin; the fringe
cream-colour. Underside very similar to the upperside.
E:xpanse 2 inches.
Hab. W. Colombia, San Antonio, 5800 feet (G. M. Palmer,
Mus. Druce).
Opharus palmer, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegulx, thorax, and base of abdomen
orange-brown ; the tegule edged with dark brown; palpi
and antenne black ; abdomen black, banded with orange-
brown; the anus yellow; legs dark brown. Primaries dark
brown, thickly streaked with fine orange-coloured lines; the
veins orange-brown ; the fringe dark brown: secondaries
blackish brown, whitish at the base. Underside dark brown,
the costal margin and apex of the primaries orange-yellow.
Expanse 2% inches.
Hab. W. Colombia, San Antonio, 5800 feet (G@. Mf. Palmer,
Mus. Druce).
This species is allied to Opharus rhodosoma, Butler.
Fam. Noctuidae.
Subfam. Acroyrerivz.
Macronoetua dolens, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, and sides of thorax dark
grey; antenne black, the centre of the thorax and the sides
of the abdomen silvery grey ; the centre of the abdomen and
anus dark blackish grey; the legs, underside of the thorax,
and abdomen dark grey. Primaries very dark blackish
grey, the apex and inner margin pale silvery grey; several
very fine black waved lines cross the wing from the costal to
the inner margin; the fringe dark grey : the secondaries pure
semihyaline white, the veins black at the apex. Underside :
primaries greyish white, darkest along the costal margin:
secondaries as above.
Expanse 2$ inches.
Hab. KE. Peru, Huancabamba, 6000-10,000 feet (Bettger,
Mus. Druce).
Allied to Macronoctua onusta, Grote, from North America.
Calymniodes acamas, sp, n.
Male.—Head, collar, and tegule reddish brown, speckled
with minute white dots; antenne dark brown; thorax and
32D
O m
460 Mr. H. Druce on
upperside of the abdomen dark brown; underside of the
thorax, abdomen, and legs pale reddish brown, the legs
speckled with white. Primaries dark brown ; a large silver-
white spot at the base of the cell; a white streak below the
basal spot and three small silvery-white dots at the end of
the cell ; a double row of small black spots cross the wing
from near the apex to the middle of the inner margin; a
waved reddish-brown line extends from the apex to the anal
angle; a marginal row of small greyish spots extends from
the apex to the anal angle; the fringe dark brown: second-
aries pale brown, palest at the base; a dark brown spot at
the end of the cell; the fringe pale brown.—Female very
similar to the male, but paler in colour.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab, Bolivia (G. Garlepp, Mus. Druce).
Geroda leucocycla, sp. n.
Female.— Head, antenne, collar, tegule, thorax, abdomen,
and legs pale brown. Primaries pale reddish brown, crossed
from the costal to the inner margin by three waved whitish-
brown lines edged with black dots; a white spot at the end
of the cell ; the fringe dark brown: secondaries dark brown,
the marginal line pale reddish brown.
Expanse 1} inch.
flab. Colombia, Minca, 2000 feet (H. H. Smith, Mus.
Druce).
Subfam. Frasrrrayvz.
Mictochroa albirena, sp. n.
Female,—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and base of abdo-
men greenish white ; abdomen pale brown; antennz black ;
legs black, banded with white. Primaries brown, greenish at
the base; a large white spot at the end of the cell irrorated
with greenish scales ; the anal angle and part of the outer
margin white; the fringe pale brown: secondaries blackish
grey, the fringe grey. The underside of both wings blackish
grey.
Expanse 1,), inch.
Hab. Colombia, Sierra del Libane, 6000 feet (H. #.
Smith, Mus. Druce).
new Species of Heterocera. 461
Mictochroa harmonica, sp. n.
Male.—Head and antenne brown; collar, tegule, and
thorax pale brown, thickly irrorated with white scales and
hairs ; the base and underside of the abdomen grey; the
upperside of the abdomen brown; the legs brown, banded
with white. Primaries dark brown, irrorated with purplish-
grey scales at the base ; a waved black line crosses the wing
from the costal to the inner margin; a large pale brown
spot edged with white at the end of the cell, beyond which a
pinkish-green curved line crosses the wing; the marginal
line spotted with black; the fringe alternately brown and
white : secondaries pale brown, with a submarginal dark line
extending from the apex to the inner margin; the fringe
pale brown.
Expanse 1,°, inch.
Hab. Colombia, Sierra del Libane, 6000 feet (H. H. Smith,
Mus. Druce).
Mictochroa thermoptera, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen reddish
brown; palpi red ; antenne black ; underside of abdomen
and legs pale brown. Primaries red-brown, crossed about
the middle from the costal to the inner margin by a wide
dark brown band, edged on the outer side by several very
indistinct, narrow, waved, greyish-white lines; a large
reddish-brown spot on the costal margin close to the apex ;
the fringe red-brown : secondaries blackish grey; the fringe
red.
Expanse 1} inch.
Hab. 3.4. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Chalenata ustota, sp. n.
Male.—Head, antennee, collar, tegule, thorax, abdomen,
and legs brown. Primaries sordid white, thickly irrorated
with brown scales at the base of the wing; a wide dark
brown band crosses the wing about the middle from the costal
to the inner margin; the outer margin spotted with black ;
the fringe brownish white : secondaries brownish white, with
marginal black spots ; the fringe white.
Expanse | inch.
Hab. Colombia, Minca, 2000 feet (4. Hl. Smith, Mus.
Druce).
462 Mr. H. Druce on
Eublemma rhodocraspis, sp. n.
Female.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, abdomen, and legs
white. Primaries white, shaded along the costal margin with
very pale fawn-coloured scales; a large elongated fawn-
coloured spot at the anal angle; the fringe very pale fawn-
colour: secondaries white, very broadly bordered with fawn-
colour from the apex to the anal angle; a few black scales
near the anal angle ; the fringe pale fawn-colour.
Expanse 1 inch.
flab. Borneo, Elopura (Pryer, Mus. Druce).
Tarache micropis, sp. 0.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, abdomen, and legs
white; antennz pale brown. Primaries: the base and costal
half of the wing white, crossed by bluish-grey lines ; a small
round black spot at the end of the cell ; the apex and outer
half of the wing greyish brown ; the fringe brown and white :
secondaries pure white, slightly dusky at the apex. Under-
side very similar to the upperside, but paler in colour; the
costal margin of the primaries blackish brown.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. Parana, Castro (Z. D. Jones, Mus. Druce).
Tarache ochrochroa, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, abdomen, and legs
yellowish white ; antennz black. Primaries yellowish white,
clouded along the costal margin and at the base with pale
brown ; a broken wide brown band irrorated with bluish-
white scales crosses the wing from the apex to the inner
margin nearest the anal angle; the marginal line spotted
with black dots; the fringe yellowish white and black:
secondaries yellowish white, the fringe the same colour.
Expanse 1 inch. ;
Hab. Brazil, Goya (Perrens, Mus. Druce).
Tarachidia semibrunnea, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen white ;
antenne black ; legs brown, banded with white. Primaries:
the basal half white, crossed from the costal to the inner
margin by a narrow brown line; the apical half of the wing
brown, with a whitish spot on the costal margin close to the
new Species of Heterocera. 463
apex; the fringe dark brown: secondaries white, clouded
with pale brown near the apex ; the fringe pale brown. The
underside very similar to the upperside, but the brown on
the primaries much paler.
Expanse ? inch.
Hab. Paraguay (W. Reeve, Mus. Druce).
Erastrioides albiguttata, sp. n.
Male.— Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen
greenish white; antenne and palpi black; legs black,
banded with white. Primaries pale olive-green, pinkish at
the base ; a small spot in the cell, one below the cell, and a
large elongated spot at the end of the cell; a large angular-
shaped spot on the inner margin close to the apex all white ;
a rather wide dark brown submarginal band crosses the wing
from the apex nearly to the anal angle; the fringe alter-
nately black and pale olive-green : secondaries sordid white,
the apex, outer and inner margins clouded with dusky brown.
‘The underside dusky grey.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab, 8... Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Parangitia veluta, sp. n.
» Male.—Head and palpi dark brown; collar and tegule
dark brown, thickly irrorated with greyish hairs ; thorax and
abdomen pale fawn-colour; anal tuft black; antenne pale
brown ; legs dark brown. Primaries very dark brown, with
a large black mark across the wing near the apex; the fringe
dark brown: secondaries dark brown, palest at the base.
The underside of both wings dark brown.
Expanse 13 inch.
Hab. Peru, La Oroya, Carabaya, 3000 feet (G@. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Parangilia rufa, sp. 0.
Male.— Head, palpi, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen
reddish brown ; antenne black ; legsdark brown, Primaries
dark brown, irrorated with lighter brown scales near the
base; a minute white dot at the end of the cell and some
waved black streaks near the anal angle; the fringe dark
brown : secondaries dark brown, the fringe alternately light
and dark brown. Underside: primaries dark brown, palest
464 Mr. H. Druce on
at the apex and along the outer margin: secondaries uni-
formly dark brown.
Expanse 13 inch.
Hab. 8.E. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Parangilia cana, sp. 0.
Female.—Head and palpi reddish brown; collar grey;
tegule, thorax, and abdomen pale brown, thickly irrorated
with grey scales and hairs ; legs reddish brown. Primaries
pale reddish brown, thickly irrorated with grey scales; a
distinct black spot at the end of the cell; a dark brown
patch beyond the cell; a reddish-brown patch at the apex
and anal angle; the fringe alternately pale and dark brown:
secondaries dark blackish brown, palest at the base; the
fringe pale brown.
Expanse 1} inch.
Hab. 8.K. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Parangilia virescens, sp. n.
Female.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen
brownish grey ; antenne and palpi black ; legs dark brown,
banded with pale brown. Primaries dark brown, the basal
half of the wing heavily spotted with bright green; three
small black dots in the cell ; a white spot at the end of the
cell; a black streak and dot beyond the cell; four green
spots on the outer margin close to the anal angle; the fringe
alternately green and brown: secondaries dark brown, the
fringe pale brown.
Expanse 14 inch.
flab. S.E. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Angitia albirufa, sp. n.
Female.—Head, palpi, collar, tegule, and thorax dark
red-brown ; abdomen paler brown; antenne black; legs
dark brown, banded with greyish white. Primaries dark
reddish brown; the anal angle and half the outer margin
fawn-colour; an indistinct spot at the end of the cell paler
brown: secondaries black, the fringe reddish brown.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. §.E. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (@. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
new Species of Heterocera. 465
Paracodia albiceps, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, and collar fawn-colour; tegule,
thorax, and abdomen dark brown; antenne and legs brown.
Primaries dark brown, crossed from the costal to the inner
margin by two waved reddish lines, the first near the base,
the second beyond the cell, the marginal line dotted with
black ; the fringe dark brown: secondaries brownish white,
thickly irrorated at the apex with brown scales ; the mar-
ginal line dotted with black ; the fringe brownish white.
Expanse 3 inch.
Hab. Colombia, Valparaiso, 4500 feet (//. H. Smith,
Mus. Druce).
Fam. Lasiocampida.
Ormiscodes mota, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, and thorax orange-yellow ;
palpi black ; antenne pale yellow; legs black, clothed with
yellow hairs; abdomen black, each segment edged with
white; the anal tuft orange-yellow. Primaries red, the
costal margin edged with black; a large >—-shaped white
mark, edged with black on the upperside, at the end of the
cell; the veins all yellow; the fringe yellow: secondaries
red, the veins yellow, the fringe white. Underside very
similar to the upperside, but rather darker in colour; the
costal margin of the secondaries white, below which is a broad
black line from the base to the apex.
Expanse 34 inches.
Hab. W. Colombia, San Antonio, 5800 feet (G. M. Palmer,
Mus. Druce).
This species is allied to Ormiscodes radama, Druce, from
S.E. Peru.
Fam. Notodontide.
Poresta striata, sp. n.
Female.—Head, antenna, palpi, collar, tegule, and thorax
black-brown ; abdomen above dark brown; underside and
legs reddish brown. Primaries dark brown, thickly striated
with fine black lines ; a fine pale brown line crosses the wing
from the apex to the middle of the inner margin ; the fringe
466 On new Species of Heterocera.
dark brown: secondaries reddish brown, the fringe pale
brown. The underside of both wings brown.
Expanse 2 inches.
Hab. K. Peru, Huancabamba, 10,000 feet (Betiger, Mus.
Druce).
Poresta albonotata, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, collar, and tegule black ; antenne
black ; thorax and upperside of abdomen reddish brown, the
sides of the abdomen black ; a white line extends from the
base to the anus, which is thickly clothed with black hairs ;
the underside of abdomen and legs reddish brown. Primaries
reddish brown, striated with fine yellowish lines; a large
white spot at the base; a white line crosses the wing from
the apex to the middle of the inner margin ; a wide greyish
line extends from the base to the anal angle; the fringe dark
brown: secondaries red-brown, palest at the base ; the fringe
white. Underside of both wings brown, thickly irrorated
with grey scales.
Expanse 24 inches.
Hab. §.H. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Lepasta argentilinea, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, antenne, collar, tegule, and thorax
brown; tegule and thorax streaked with pale yellowish
brown, the base of the thorax dark brown; abdomen and legs
reddish brown. Primaries dark brown, the costal margin
pinkish, with a silver line extending from the base to the
apex ; a submarginal line extends from the apex round the
outer margin to the anal angle and from the anal angle to
the base ; three silvery streaks cross the wing, almost reaching
the outer submarginal line; the marginal line yellow; the
fringe dark brown: secondaries pale brown, palest at the
base and along the inner margin; the fringe pale yellowish
brown. Underside pale brown, with a marginal row of black
spots on the primaries.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. 8.E. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
Allied to Lepasta grammodes, Felder.
Dicentria florella, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, and thorax olive-green; antenne
The Generic Arrangement of the African Squirrels. 467
pale brown; tegulea white ; abdomen black; the underside
and the legs grey. Primaries white, crossed near the base
from the costal to the inner margin by a wide olive-green
band, edged with black on the inner side; this band narrows
in the middle ; an elongated olive-green spot on the costal
margin near the apex ; the fringe green and white: second-
aries white, shaded with brown at the apex and along the
inner margin. Underside of both wings white, the costal
margin of the primaries pale brown.
Expanse 13 inch,
Hab. S.K. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet ; Oconeque,
Carabaya, 7000 feet (G. Ockenden, Mus. Druce).
This species is allied to Dicentria peruda, Druce.
Meragisa rufipuncta, sp. n.
Male.—Head grey ; palpi black, the third joint yellowish
brown; antenna black; collar black ; tegula grey, tipped
with black ; thorax grey ; abdomen blackish brown, the base
clothed with yellow hairs; the anus grey; the underside of
the thorax, abdomen, and legs yellow. Primaries silvery
grey, crossed by fine waved black lines and irrorated with
black scales ; a large reddish-brown spot close to the base,
one in the cell, two near the apex, and one at the anal angle;
the fringe alternately black and grey: secondaries greyish
black, the base and inner margin yellow; the fringe yellow
and black. Underside: primaries blackish grey, the base
and outer margin from the apex to the anal angle yellow:
secondaries pale yellow, clouded with dark grey beyond the
middle.
Expanse 24 inches.
Hab. 8.E. Peru, Santo Domingo, 6000 feet (G. Ockenden,
Mus. Druce).
LXI.—The Generic Arrangement of the African Squirrels,
By OLDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
In the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society for
last year * I ventured to give a list of the Asiatic Squirrels,
* xviii. p. 246,
468 | Mr. O. Thomas on the
sorted into their respective genera, in the modern restricted
sense of the word, and the present paper is an attempt similarly
to arrange the African species.
These latter are in a sense much more complicated and
difficult than their Asiatic allies, as the groups are less
obvious in general character, so that a careful study of the
teeth of every species has had to be made and the animals
sorted accordingly.
It proves unfortunately that a larger number of genera
than is either pleasant or convenient demand recognition, if
we are to uphold the sound principle enunciated by Forsyth
Major that squirrels should be classified by their dental and
cranial characters just as other rodents are, and do not rely
on such superficial characters as the presence or absence of
stripes, or similar external characters. I have tried to be as
conservative as possible, but there seems no stopping-place
between the present arrangement and the wholesale and
inconvenient lumping of all the forms in a single genus.
Such a lumping would conceal the natural relationships of
the different species and ignore all the important structural
characters now dealt with.
The basis of this work is the classical paper of 1893 *, by
Dr. Forsyth Major, adopted and modified by myself in 1897 +,
but now become more or less obsolete, and needing bringing
up to date by the examination of the skulls and teeth of all
the species known.
The following is a synopsis of the genera which appear to
be recognizable :—
I. Size not minute, skull-length at least 50 mm. Skul] normal;
anterior zygoma-root slanted, its anterior face looking downwards
and forwards. (Sciurinz.)
A. Fur soft, not spinous. Palate not or little produced behind molars.
Postorbital processes well developed, directed outwards, near
middle of combined orbito-temporal fossa.
a. Size small or medium; greatest skull-length less than 62 mm.
a?. Lower molars basin-shaped as in Scirus.
a’, Skull normal, forehead flat. Anteorbital foramen in front
of level of premolars,
a*, Cheek-teeth : HAE co cyaic ubite Sid Gee RE 1. Sciurus.
* P. Z.S. 1893, p. 179; classification on p. 189,
+ P. Z.S. 1897, p. 933.
t S. persicus, with only ; cheek-teeth, but similar to true Sciwus in
all other characters, should form a special subgenus, which might be
called Tenes.
Generic Arrangement of the African Squirrels. 469
b, Cheek-teeth 4 cs Br, é coho ci aan a 2. Heliosciurus.
6°. Skull high, forehead level. Anteorbital foramen above p’.
Cheek-teeth 7 ..................06.- 3, Myrsilus.
6?, Lower molars more or less ridged transversely. Teeth 7
c3, Lower molars regularly and deeply ridged, without high
cusps, Miuzzleyery long +. :.%...... 4, Funisciurus.
d°, Lower molars irregularly ridged, with high cusps. Muzzle
not specially elongated .............. 5. Paraverus.
b. Size very large, skull-length exceeding 64 mm.; zygoma-root
bowed over as in Xerus, its front edge surpassing the maxillo-
premaxillary suture. Cheek-teeth :
c*, Skull normal. Muzzle short; bulle large; anteorbital
foramen TOUNMEEAE 52/55 vals. a aletoete es « 6. Protoxerus.
d’. Skull elongate. Muzzle long; bulle small; anteorbital
> . 5 , .
foramen slte- like si. 5 eG) -a eee ts oral ttoel 7. Epizerus.
B, Fur spinous. Palate produced in middle line some way behind
molars. Ridge of zygoma-root strongly bowed forwards. Post-
orbital processes directed backwards, near the hinder end of the
combined orbito-temporal fosse.
e. Brachyodont, or very slightly hypsodont. (Size smaller, skull-
length below 53 mm.)
e*. Cheek-teeth :. Skullflattened:..-5 0200 +1 8. <Atlantoverus.
f°. Cheek-teeth F: Skull more arched ....,. 9, Xerus.
d. Strongly hypsodont. (Length of skull above 55 mm.)
g°. Cheek-teeth re Skull arched, broad and heavy.
10. Geosciurus.
h®?, Cheek-teeth 2 Skull high, narrow ...... 11. Eucrerus.
II. Size minute, skull-length about 25 mm. Skull highly abnormal;
anterior zygomatic plate vertical; postorbital processes minute ;
orbits occupying practically the whole of the orbito-temporal fosse.
(Nannosciurine. )
e. Cheek-teeth * Ectopterygoid suppressed..,.. 12. Myosciurus.
1. Scrurus.
Type.
Linn. Syst. Nat. (10) i. p. 68 (1758)
tee fet te chale) ena ne » S. vulgaris,
Three African species, with distinctly basin-shaped lower
molars and ; cheek-teeth, may be provisionally referred to
Sciurus. They are not very uniform among themselves in
their skull-shapes, nor is any one of them closely similar to
S. vulgaris, but the many forms of Sezwrus found in the Hast
present so great a range of variation that no tangible or
constant characters can be found to separate off these African
species.
The three are S. poensis, Smith, lucifer, Thos., and
puwenzori2,, Schwann,
470 Mr. O. Thomas on the
It is rather a surprise to find S. poensis is not a Funisciurus,
but has Scéwrus-like basin-shaped molars. S. Jucifer is more
doubtful, and may perhaps be a Parawerus, but no specimens
with unworn teeth are as yet available.
2. HELIOSCIURUS. ,
ype
Trouessart, Le Nat. ii. no. 37, p. 292 (1850) ...... i. gambianus #,
Sciurus b, a, Major, P. Z.S. 1893, p. 189.
Skull square and strongly built. Anteorbital foramen
well in front of the level of the cheek-teeth. Anterior ridge
of zygoma-root strongly marked, stopping abruptly just at
the maxillo-premaxillary suture.
Teeth = the single premolar large, its anterior cusp very
prominent and evidently taking on the function of p’. Molars
of typical Sciurus structure, the lower ones clearly basin-
shaped, without trace of transverse ridges.
Range. Ethiopian Region except South Africa.
List of species below.
3. MyYRSILUS. 1
ype.
Genus novelist. 22's ooh ste apie aie lee site oe M. aubinnit
(Macroxus aubinnit, Gray).
External form normally Sciurine, but tail unusually long
and slender.
Skull unusually shaped, very high, strongly convex in the
naso-frontal region; maxillary masseteric fossa large, its
upper ridge extending some way past the maxillo-premaxillary
suture, as in Protoxerus ; anteorbital foramen large, rounded,
open, its hinder edge above p*, the part of the zygoma-root
behind it reduced to a broad bar, an approach to this structure
being shown by Protowerus.
5
Cheek-teeth 3.
Lowe molars ratherof the irregular basin-shaped structure
found in Protoxerus, not.transversely ridged.
Range. W. Africa ; Liberia to Ashantee.
Myrsilus is a very peculiar form whose affinities I feel by
* H. annulatus, Trouessart et ruct. al., but the evidence for the
identification of Desmarest’s non-loalised S. annulatus, of which the
type no longer exists, with the Gambian squirrel is so insufficient that
IT am not prepared to accept it.
Generic Arrangement of the African Squirrels. 471
no means sure about. Probably it is most akin to Protowxerus,
in which Dr. Forsyth Major included it, but the shape of its
skull is so very different that there can be no doubt it should
be allowed generic rank.
4, FUNISCIURUS. Type
Trouessart, Le Nat. ii. no. 37, p. 293 (1880) ........ F. lemniscatus.
Xerus, subg. Paraxerus, Major, t. c. p. 189 (in part. ;
not the type).
Skull elongate, smooth, rounded above, with a long muzzle ;
anterior ridge of zygoma-root falling far short of the maxillo-
premaxillary suture ; infraorbital foramen narrow, slit-like,
in front of the level of p’.
Cheek-teeth 3 hypsodont, rounded in section. P* pro-
portionally well developed. P* without specially marked
anterior cusp. Lower molars consisting of four well-marked
transverse ridges, subequal in height, with well-defined
(usually blackened) clefts between them; no_ individual
cusps much surpassing the general level of the teeth. (See
figures by de Winton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii. p. 10,
1898.)
Range. West African Subregion only *.
‘This genus would seem to be the representative of
Paraxerus in the West African Forest region. The teeth
of Funisccurus are very highly specialized, far more so than
in Parawxerus, and may be readily recognized by the characters
above given.
5. PARAXERUS. Type
Xerus, subg. Paraxerus, Major, P. Z.S. 1893, p.189.... P. cepapi.
Skull somewhat elongate and rounded, but less so than in
Funiscturus, the muzzle intermediate between that of the
latter and normal squirrels. Anteorbital foramen and
zygomatic ridge as in Funiseturus.
Cheek- teeth 2 P* well developed ; p* rounded in section,
without prominent anterior cusp. Mbolars rather hypsodont,
and with a tendency to the development of the transverse
ridges found in Funzscturus, but less specialized than those
of the latter. Lower molars similarly with four transverse
* Unless Sevurus flavivittis, Peters, proves to belong to this genus,
472 Mr. O. Thomas on the
ridges, but these are irregular in development and shape,
and are considerably surpassed in height by the lateral
cusps, especially that at the antero-internal corner of each
tooth.
Range. Ethiopian Region, most numerous in the east and
south.
6. PROTOXERUS. Type
Xerus, subg. Protoxerus, Major, P. Z. 8. 1893, p. 189... P. stangert.
Size very large. Skull heavily built, of normal shape;
upper part of anterior zygoma-root bowed over as in the
Spiny Squirrels (Xerus, &ec.), its ridge carried forward beyond
the maxillo-premaxillary suture; anteorbital foramen rounded,
often very large.
Cheek-teeth = in structure somewhat intermediate between
those of Xerus and the true Squirrels. (Cf. figures by
Major, l. c.)
Range. West African Forest region, eastwards into
Uganda.
The six known forms of Protozerus were worked out by
me in 1906*, and considered all to be subspecies of
P. stangert.
7. EPIXERUS. r
ype.
Genus noyiiact- ciaskes > Pepe tacae een oe EF. wilsont
(Sciurus wilsont, du Ch.),
General characters as in Protoverus, but the skull elongated,
with a long muzzle, as in Fundsciurus. Anteorbital foramen
narrow, compressed, slit-like. Bulle comparatively very
small. Palate produced behind molars further than in any
of the previous genera, more approaching the Xerus group.
Cheek-teeth = Lower molars simple, basin-shaped, each
with four well-marked cusps at the corners.
Range. West Africa.
The two Giant Squirrels that I refer to this genus,
E. wilsoni and ebii, were transferred by de Winton from
Major’s Protorerus to Funisciurus, a transference which I
accepted in my paper on African Giant Squirrels, but I now
think that, judging by the characters of the zygomatic ridge
and molar structure, their resemblance to Funisciurus 1s
merely accidental, and that they ought to constitute a group
by themselves.
* Ann, Mag. N. H. (7) xviil. p. 295 (1906).
Generie Arrangement of the African Squirrels. 473
8. ATLANTOXERUS. ys
Xerus, subg. Atlantoxerus, Major, P. Z.S. 1893, p.189.. A. getulus.
Skull broad, low, and depressed; the forehead flat.
Zygomata widely expanded.
Cheek-teeth 7 p well developed, standing in front of the
middle of p*, which is much smaller than m’.
Molars brachyodont, at least as compared with those of
Geosciurus and Euxerus, simple in structure.
Range. N. Africa, Morocco, &c.
9, XERUS.
Sciurus, subg. Xerus, Hempr. & Ehrenb, Symb. Phys. Type.
fegtomb tor plete (SSA) caries sc aceon ye howe es X. brachyotus.
Skull much more bowed than in Afélantoxerus, its upper
profile convex. Zygomata rather less expanded.
Cheek-teeth o p' little smaller than m’.
Molars brachyodont, simple.
Range. N.E. Africa (Abyssinia, Somali, and EK. Africa).
10. GEOSCIURUS.
Geosciurus, A. Smith, S. Afr. Quart. Journ. ii. p. 128 Type.
GSS E ire reeks toa aa sc, a\ohecavarery cud suatete a ekg denen G. capensis *.
Skull large, heavy, bowed, with very thick zygomata.
Postorbital processes thick, short, directed backwards close
to the hinder end of the orbito-temporal fossa.
Cheek-teeth 33 p large, rounded.
Molars very heavy, hypsodont, rounded.
Range. South Africa, western half.
11. EUXERUS. Type:
SCH LYON A) Shep omc ano oc a CORE ee EF. erythropus
(Sciurus erythropus, Geoff.) ,
Skull high, long, narrow; the zygomata very little ex-
panded, in marked contrast to those of the other three genera
* Palmer (Index Mamm., p. 294) states that the type of Geosevurus is
Geoffroy’s Sceiurus erythropus, but he must have been deceived by the
somewhat unusual typography of Smith’s paper. The S. African species
is clearly the type.
+ In Palmer’s Index (p. 668) Rafinesque’s genus Tenotis is stated to
have “ Sciurus erythropus” as its type, but I fear that the rules do not
admit of this allocation. For, firstly, that species (which Rafinesque
Ann. & Mag. N. llist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. oe
ATA Mr. O. Thomas on the
of this group. Postorbital processes much reduced, directed
backwards.
Cheek-teeth 2 ; p’ disproportionally small as compared with
the large p*, which is of nearly the same size as the molars.
Molars highly hypsodont.
Range. West African Forest region, extending eastwards
into British East Africa,
12. Myoscrurus. T
ype-
EVE eI ee M. minutus
(Seiurus minutus, de Chaillu).
Size very small, the single species not larger than a house-
mouse.
Skull as in the Oriental Nannoscturus, with the exception
that the ectopterygoid is aborted and the tooth-row is a little
further back, the lower edge of the zygoma-root coming
opposite the premolar instead of the anterior or middle molar.
Cheek-teeth 4 as against © in Nannosciurus.
ede 5
Genus noyum
Molars smaller than in Nannoscturus, but similar in
structure.
Range. West Africa (Gaboon).
The absence of p’, present in all the Asiatic Nannosciur?,
and the suppression of the ectopterygoid, well-developed in
the members of that genus, as in nearly all other squirrels,
indicate that the African Pigmy Squirrel should be separated
generically from its Asiatic allies.
The following is a list of the African Squirrels placed in
their respective genera. The species are arranged alpha-
betically in each genus. Forms which have been described
had not seen, but was merely quoting from Geoffroy) was said to be
“nerhaps a species of my genus Tenotis....”; and the rule ( Science,’
1907, p. 521) says distinctly (e. y) that a species which the author
doubtfully refers to his genus cannot be taken as the type of it. Nor
can Tenotis be taken as a monotypic genus (rule c), though “ 7. griseus ”
is the only species mentioned, tor the genus is distinctly formed for
“all the squirrels with pouches....”; so that all the pouched squirrels
known in 1817 would have been included in it, and it would have been
equally valid had the doubtfully included 7. griseus not been mentioned.
Secondly, the definite quotation of Tenotis as a synonym of Tamias by
Allen (Mon. N. Am. Rod. p. 779, 1877) appears to me in such a case
to bear the authority of a “ first reviser,” and so to settle the question.
I fail to see any reason why Geoffroy’s obvious misprint of “erythopus”
should not be corrected into erythropus,
Generic Arrangement of the African Squirrels. 475
as subspecies are not included, unless there is a probability
of their deserving specific rank :—
1. Sciurus, Linn, 6. Paraxerus, Maj.
lucifer, Thes. alexandri, Thos. §& Wr.
poensis, A. Smith. antonie, Thos. § Wr.
ruwenzorii, Schw. aruscensis, Pag.
beehmi, Reich.
cepapi, A. Smith.
emini, Stwhlm.
2. Heliosciurus, Trouess.
abassensis, Newm. | ganana, Rhoads,
bongensis, Heug/. jacksoni, de Want.
gambianus, Og. (=annulatus, | ochraceus, Huet.
: ra) a | palliatus, Pet.
isabellinus, Gr. | pauli, Watsch.
-suagy Neum. sponsus, Thos. § Wr.
enize, Neum. ulei, Thes.
multicolor, Riipp. at
mutabilis, Ee 6. Protoxerus, Maj.
punctatus, Lemm. oa :
rufobrachiatus, Waterh. stangeri, Waterh. (with five
subspecies),
undulatus, Trwe.
7. Epixerus, Thos.
3. Myrsilus, Thos. ebii, Temm.
aubinni, Gray. | wilsoni, du Chazllu.
sale, Jent.
8. Atlantoxerus, Maj.
4, Funisciurus, Treuess, getulus, Linn.
akka, de Went. |
anerythrus, Thos. 9. Xerus, Hempr. §& Ehr.
auriculatus, Matsch. brachyotus, H. & £.
earruthersi, Thos. rutilus, Cretzschm.
congicus, Kuhl.
erythrogenys, Waterh. 10. Geosciurus, A. Soe.
isabella, Gray.
lemniscatus, Le C. capensis, Kerr.
leucostigma, Temm.
mandingo, Thos. 11. Euxerus, Thos,
mystax, de Wint. | erythropus, Geoff.
pembertoni, Thos. microdon, Thos.
pyrrhopus, #. Cur.
raptorum, Thos. 12. Myosciurus, Thos.
ema terns ee minutus, du Chaillu.
Owing to want of skulls I am unable definitely to place :—
flavivittis, Peters, whose external appearance is that of Funiscturus
congicus, but whose geographical position and shape of skull
(as figured by Peters) suggest Paraxerus. a.
bayonii, Bocage, probably related to Se’urus poensis, but Funisciurus
substriatus has.a similar indistinct lateral band, and perhaps a
real relationship to it.
33%
476 Mr. R. E. Turner on some
LXII.— Remarks on some Genera of the Scoliide, with
Descriptions of New Species. By Rowxianp E. Turner,
¥.Z.8., F.E.S.
Genus Iswara, Westw.
Iswara, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (2) i. 7, p. 252 (1851), gd.
Myzine, Radosz. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. xx. p. 40 (1886), ¢.
Komarowia, Radosz. l. c. p. 41, 9.
Milluta, André, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 143 (1898), g.
Magrettina, Ashm. Proc. Ent. Soc. Ry adthngtgn: iy. p. 144(1901), 3.
There is considerable variation in different species of this
genus in the neuration, especially in the shape of the second
cubital cell, which is sometimes pointed on the radial nervure
as in typical Mil/uta, but longer than the third in J. tartara,
Sauss. There seem, however, to be so many intermediate
forms that I cannot regard the character of generic importance.
The radial cell also varies in length and is more or less
truncated at the extremity ; Ashmead says that it is lanceo-
late in nocturna, Mor., but in the original description
Morawitz distinctly says ‘‘die Spitze mehr oder weniger
deutlich abgestutzt.”” The antennz also vary much in length,
but this might be expected in insects which have become
adapted to nocturnal habits. I have not seen specimens of
Milluta chobauti, André, or of Magrettina nocturna, Mor.,
the species given as typical of those genera ; but a specimen
in the British Museum from Ormarah, Baluchistan, corresponds
well with André’s description in most respects, the inter-
mediate coxeare, however, narrowly separated. Radoskowsky
gives good plates of the male genitalia, which differ much
from typical Myzine, but do not seem to show any affinity to
Methoca. The only female I have seen, Komarowzia victoriosa,
Radosz.=T. tartara, Sauss., seems to me to show conclusively
that the genus is nearest to Myzine. Much more material is
required for a thorough study of the genus, but until this is
available it is better to abstain from any attempt at generic
subdivision. Mons. André has probably overlooked Iswara
owing to Westwood’s mistake in placing it in the Thynnide,
I agree with him in treating the distinctions given by
Ashmead ‘for Magrettina as specific and not generic ; but I
cannot consider the genus correctly placed in the Mutillide.
~ Myzine clavicornis, sp. n.
g. Clypeus short, very minutely punctured, convex, and
longitudinally subcarimate at the base, the apical margin
Genera of the Scoliide. 477
truncate, a smooth obliquely depressed triangular truncation
from the centre to the apex. Head closely and rather finely
punctured, most closely on the front; the inter-antennal
prominence absent, only represented by a small tubercle on
each side above the base of the antenna; eyes widely and
rather deeply emarginate ; the ocelli small, the posterior pair
rather nearer to the eyes than to each other. Antenne as
long as the thorax and median segment combined; the scape
shining, very sparsely punctured beneath and no longer than
the third joint of the flagellum; the jomts cf the flagellum
gradually increasing in thickness to the apex, the apical
joint nearly twice as thick as the basal. Thorax deeply but
sparsely punctured, the mesopleure more coarsely punctured ;
pronotum a little shorter than the mesonotum, considerably
narrowed anteriorly ; scutellum large and subtriangular, very
narrowly truncate at the apex. Median segment a little
shorter than the scutellum, almost vertically truncate at the
apex, more closely punctured, with a longitudinal depression
in the middle, the sides rugose. Abdomen slendcr, tapering
slightly at the extremities, about one quarter longer than the
head, thorax, and median segment combined; the basal
segment smooth and shining, depressed anteriorly, with a
short petiole; the other segments deeply but sparsely
punctured, broader than long; the seventh dorsal segment
deeply and narrowly emarginate at the apex for the reception
of the long recurved aculeus; the ventral segments shining,
with a few fine scattered punctures. Radial cell more than
two and a half times as long as its greatest breadth, extending
for about two-fifths of its length beyond the third cubital
cell; the stigma a little more than half as long as the radial
cell on the costa. Second cubital cell rnomboidal, more than
twice as long on the cubital as on the radial nervure, the
third cubital cell twice as long as the second on the radial,
and more than half as long again on the cubital nervure ;
the two recurrent neivures received slightly beyond the
middle of the second and third cubital cells.
Black, with sparse white pubescence; the mandibles
(except at the apex), a triangular mark at the apex of the
clypeus, a minute spot above the base of each antenna, the
pronotum with a large black mark reaching from the anterior
margin to beyond the middle, the tegule, a broad transverse
band at the apex of dorsal abdominal segments 1-6 slightly
sinuate anteriorly on the first segment, the tibize, tarsi, and
the apex of the femora yellow ; the first dorsal abdominal
segment and the second more obscurely, ferruginous. Wings
478 Mr. R. E. Turner on some
hyaline, nervyures colourless, the stigma and costa pale
lutaceous.
Length 7, exp. al. 10 mm.
Hab. Deesa, N.W. India (Nurse). October.
Type in coll. Nurse.
The antenne are proportionally shorter and much more
strongly clavate than in other species of Myzine.
Myzine subpetiolata, Cam.
Plesia subpetiolatus, Cam. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. xviii. p. 135
(1907), 3.
?. Mandibles falcate, acute at the apex. Head smooth
and shining, sparsely punctured on the front; the clypeus
slightly produced and truncate at the apex; the antenne as
long as the thorax without the median segment, the seape
smooth and shining on the inner side, punctured and with
long sete on the outer side, the first joint of the flagellum
eoneealed, the seeond distinctly shorter than the third; the
head subreetangular, slightly rounded at the posterior angles,
a little broader than long and slightly convex; the ocelli in
a triangle on the vertex, the posterior pair more than half as
far again from each other as from the anterior, and nearly
twice as far from the eyes as from each other. Thorax and
median segment shining, with a few scattered setigerous
punctures, the pleure very sparsely punctured ; a few fine
oblique striz on the sides of the median segment near the
base; the pronotum one-third broader posteriorly than
anteriorly, as long as the breadth on the anterior margin and
narrower than the head; mesonotum short, the scutellum a
ttle shorter than the median segment. Abdomen as long
as the head, thorax, and median segment combined, smooth
and shining, with a few scattered hairs on the sides and on
the apical margins of the ventral segments, the apical
segment triangular. The second cubital cell is almost as
Jong on the cubital nervure as the first, and extends along
the transverse cubital nervure for rather less than half its
length.
Ferruginous red; the apex of the mandibles, eyes, ocelli,
and the dorsal abdominal segments black; the ventral
segments of the abdomen, apex of the pygidium, meso-
sternum, and femora fusco-ferruginous ; a large spot on each
side of the second and third abdominal segments, and a
smaller one on the fourth creamy white. Wings hyaline,
nervures fusco-ferruginous.
Length 9, exp. 12 mm.
Genera of the Scoliide. 479
Hab. Quetta (Nurse). May.
This species and Plesia baluchistanensis, Cam., are un-
doubtedly incorrectly placed in Plesta. The male of the
present species seems to be near Mera ciliata, Mor., which
is only known to me by description, but subpetiolata is much
more strongly punctured.
Muyzine baluchistanensis, Cam.
Plesia baluchistanensis. Cam. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xviii.
(1907), 3.
Q. Head nearly half as broad again as long, almost
rectangular, smooth and shining, with a few punctures above
the base of the antenne; the clypeus advanced and rather
broadly truncate at the apex. Scape above clothed with
long fulvous hairs, the second joint of the flagellum scarcely
longer than the first or third. A fringe of long pale fulvous
pubescence on the posterior margin of the head. Pronotum
smooth and shining, with a few scattered punctures near the
anterior margin, much broader than long, and very little
narrowed anteriorly ; propleuree sparsely punctured, with
long, thin, greyish pubescence. Mesonotum and scutellum
shining, the latter with a few large punctures near the apex,
the mesopleurze punctured and clothed with long greyish
pubescence ; a small round depression on each side near the
base of the scutellum covered with very short greyish
pubescence. Median segment shining, with a deep longi-
tudinal sulcus. Abdomen shining, very sparsely and
shallowly punctured, with sparse greyish pubescence on the
sides. ‘lhe second cubital cell extends along the transverse
cubital nervure for less than one-third the length of that
nervure.
Black; the abdomen bright ferruginous; mandibles and
tarsi ferruginous ; calcaria whitish; tegule testaceous; an
obscure creamy spot, obsolete in some specimens, on each
side of the second and third abdominal segments. Wings
pale fulvo-hyaline, nervures fuscous, the stigma almost
black.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. S.W. Persia (Escalera) ; Quetta (Nurse).
Pecilotiphia albomaculata, Cam.
Pecilotiphia albomaculata, Cam. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. xiv.
p. 274 (1902), d.
A specimen sent by Colonel Nurse has three cubital cells
480 Mr. R. E. Turner on some
instead of two, as in the type. Colonel Nurse remarks:
“It should therefore stand as Myzine albomaculata, Cam.,—
and the genus Pecilotiphia, founded on an abnormal specimen,
must be suppressed.” ‘The same insect has been described
by Nurse as the male of Myzine apimacula, Cam., which has
the neuration of Plesda, and although this association of the
sexes is not quite certain, it does not seem improbable ;
though the male differs from other oriental species of Plesta
in the short petiole and the deep slit in the apical dorsal
segment. The female apimacula differs from most species of
Plesia in the very feeble development of the sculpture of the
apical dorsal segment, agreeing in- this with the peculiar
female, P. tricolor, Sm. The latter species may prove to be
the female of Myzine dimidiaticornis, Bingh., which agrees
with Plesta in the almost complete absence of the slit for the
reception of the aculeus on the seventh dorsal segment,
which is present in all true Myzine known tome. Dimnidiati-
cornis agrees with tricolor in the length of the second cubital
cell, the elongate head, and the colour of the antenne.
Specimens of P. tricolor from Assam have the head distinctly
longer in proportion than the typical Borneo form. I fully
agree with Nurse in sinking Pecilotiphia.
Plesia nursei, sp. n.
g. Clypeus slightly produced and very narrowly truncate
at the apex, almost smooth, thinly covered with short white
pubescence. Antenne stout, as long as the head, thorax,
and median segment combined; the scape closely and rather
finely punctured, shorter than the third joint of the flagellum.
Interantennal prominence bilobed, covering the base of the
scape. Head closely and deeply punctured, more shallowly
on the vertex than on the front, with sparse white pubescence,
the eyes widely but not deeply emarginate. ‘Thorax rather
sparsely punctured; the pronotum nearly as long as the
mesonotum, Jess than twice as broad as the length in the
middle, narrower than the head, the anterior margin straight
with slightly prominent angles. Median segment punctured-
rugose, rounded, much longer than the breadth at the base.
Abdomen elongate, slender, petiolate, the first segment as
long as the second and third combined, the basal third of the
segment very narrow and flattened, the apical two-thirds
nodose, constricted at the extreme apex; all the segments
shining and very sparsely punctured, the seventh dorsal
segment not emarginate at the apex.
Black; the mandibles (except at the extreme apex), the
Genera of the Scoliidx. 481
clypeus, the apex of the interantennal prominence, a very
narrow transverse band at the apex of abdominal segments
2—5, broadly interrupted on the second segment, the anterior
coxee beneath, the apex of the mesostérnum between the
intermediate coxa, the apex of the anterior femora, the
anterior and intermediate tarsi and the tibiz above, the base
of the posterior tibiz and the basal joint of the posterior tarsi
pale yellow. Tegule yellow at the base. Wings hyaline,
nervures black.
Length 13-14 mnz.
Hab. Simla (Nurse). September.
Described from two specimens.
Near P. mandalensis, Magr., but the head is rather more
coarsely punctured, the angles of the pronotum are more
prominent and the first abdominal segment much longer.
Also very mear P. eetensa, Turn., from Burma, but that
species has a carina on the clypeus and the pronotum nar-
rowed anteriorly ; the third cubital cell in the present species
and in mandalensts is only slightly longer than the second
on the radial nervure, whereas in extensa it is nearly half as
long again.
Plesia (Mesa) asmarensis, sp. n-
6. Clypeus broad, very slightly produced, punctured and
clothed with grey pubescence, the anterior margin subtruncate.
Antenne rather slender, as long as the head, thorax, and
median segment combined. Head small, coarsely and closely
punctured, the mterantennal prominence raised into at
oblique carina on each side above the base of the antenne ;
the eyes broadly emarginate on the inner margin. Thorax
shining, more finely and sparsely punetured; the pronotum
narrower than the head, the anterior angles prominent ;
mesopleure and median segment coarsely punctured rugose ;
the median segment rounded, longer than the breadth at the
base, and narrowed to the apex. Abdomen very slender,
half as long again as the head, thorax, and median segment
combined; the basal segment as long as the second and
third combined, very slender, very narrow at the base, the
apical two-thirds swollen and clavate, constricted at the apex,
where the breadth is not more than one-fifth of the length
of the segment; second segment longer than the third,
gradually broadened to the apex, narrower than the third
segment. All the segments shining, very minutely punctured,
the seventh dorsal segment narrow, with a few large
punctures near the apex, and a distinct, median, longitudinal
482 Mr. R. E. Turner on some
carina, the apex scarcely emarginate. The second and third
cubital cells are about equal in length on the radial nervure ;
the first recurrent nervure is received just beyond the middle
of the second cubital cell, the second at one-quarter from the
base of the third cubital cell. The basal joint of the posterior
tarsi 1s nearly equal in length to the second and third joints
conmibined.
Black; a small spot at the apex of the clypeus, a small
spot on each side at the apex of the second to fifth abdominal
segments, continued in a very narrow band, interrupted in the
middle, on the apical margin of the fourth and fifth segments,
the anterior tibiz and tarsi above, the basal joint of the
intermediate tarsi and the spines of the tibie yellowish
white. Wings hyaline, slightly iridescent, nervures black.
Length 10, exp. 14 mm.
Hab. Asmara, Erythrea (purchased from H. Rolle).
This is not a Myzine, but the male of a Plesia, and seems
to be nearest to clavata, Sauss., from the Transvaal. The
almost total absence of a deep slit in the seventh dorsal
segment to receive the recurved aculeus of the hypopygium is
noticeable in this group as in most of the Oriental species of
Plesia.
Tiphia rufofemorata, Sm.
Tiphia rufofemorata, Sm, Cat. Hym. B. M. iii. p. 83 (1855), 9.
Tiphia cassiope, Cam. Mem. Manchester Phil. Soc. xli. p. 46 (1896), 2.
Described by Smith from Northern India. I have seen
specimens from Simla (coll. Nurse) and Masuri, all much
smaller than the type.
Length 6-12 mm.
Anthobosca moderata, sp. n.
g. Clypeus short, not advanced, and very broadly truncate
on the apical margin; minutely punctured, with a short,
delicate, longitudinal carina which does not extend either to
the base or the apex, thinly clothed with grey pubescence.
Head rounded, finely and closely punctured, sparsely clothed
with long grey pubescence; the antenne inserted rather
nearer to the eyes than to each other, shorter than the thorax
and median segment combined, stout, slightly tapering to
the apex and very finely pubescent; the third joint of the
flagellum longer than the second. Posterior ocelli further
from the eyes than fram each other. Thorax and median
segment very firely and ¥losely punctured, opaque, the pro-
pleure shining and eee punctured, the pronotum
Genera of the Scoliide. 483
very little narrowed anteriorly ; scutellum more than half as
long as the mesonotum and rounded at the apex ; median
segment nearly three times as broad as long, obliquely sloped
posteriorly. Abdomen finely shagreened, fusiform, as long
as the head and thorax combined. Second abscissa of the
radius half as long again as tlie first and fully half as long
as the third; the first recurrent nervure received just before
the middle of the second cubital cell, the second just before
the middle of the third cubital cell. The cubital nervure
of the hind wing originates at the apex of the submedian
cell.
Black ; clypeus, posterior margin of the pronotum, a spot
on the posterior margin of the mesonotum, a large spot on
the postscutellum, the base of the tegule, two spots on each
side at the apex of the median’ segment, a spot on each side
of each of the five basal abdominal segments, the base of the
seventh segment, the apex of the anterior femora, the anterior
tibize above, the base ot the intermediate and posterior femora,
and the basal joints of all the tarsi yellowish white. Wings
hyaline, the anterior pair with a faint fuscous tiat, nervures
black. The division of the first cubital cell is indicated by
a colourless scar.
Length 12, exp. 17 mm.
Hab. Townsville, Q.
Anthobosca flavicornis, Sauss.
Cosila flavicornis, Sauss., Grandidier, Hist. Madagascar, xx. p. 233
(1892), 2.
Hab. Victoria (C. French) ; Tasmania; Cairns, Q.
The specimen from Victoria seems to be typical; that
from Tasmania has the scape and all the tibie and tarsi
fulvous; that from Cairns whilst differing little in colour
from the typical form has the second abscissa of the radius
fully as long as the first, whereas the two southern specimens
have it distinctly shorter. The wings are darker in the
Victorian specimen than in the others.
As there is a good deal of confusion in connection with
some of the Fabiician species of Ziphia and Scolia in the
Banksian collection, a list of them with remarks may be
useful.
Genus Trputa, Fabr.
1. 7. femorata, Fabr.—The well known European species.
2. T. quinquecincta, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. This is
A84 Mr. R. E. Turner on some
co
a female of the common North-American Plesia subsequently
described by Fabricius as Tiphia namea, which name
must sink. The locality given by Fabricius is of course
erroneous.
T. variegata, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. This is the
European Palarus flavipes, Fabr., described by Fabricius as
Crabro flavipes. Both names appeared in the same work,
but variegata has priority. The species must therefore
stand as Palarus variegata, Fabr. The type has the scutellum
and postscutellum yellow. ;
. I. hemorrhoidalis, Fabr.—The specimen in the Banksian col-
lection, not the type, agrees with the short description, but
is a Stizus which I identify with little doubt as S. chrysor-
rhous, Handl.
. ZT. radula, Fabr._-Type in Banksian collection. A common
Australian species, now known as Dielis radula.
. T. collaris, Fabr.—The specimen in the Banksian collection is
marked, probably erroneously, as the type. It is the
Oriental species now known as Dielis fimbriata, Burm,
. T. pedestris, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection, without the
abdomen. A female Thynnus of the typical group. It
seems to be still unique.
Genus SCOLIA.
_ S. nigrita, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. A common
African species.
. S. quadrimaculata, Fabr.—Previously figured by Drury as Vespa
maculata.
. S. septemcincta, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. A common
Australian species. I have no hesitation in sinking the
name, considering it to be the male of Diels radula, Fabr.
. S. flavifrons, Fabr.—A common South European species.
. 8. ferruginea, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. Locality,
Cooktown, Queensland.
_ 8S. quinquefasciata, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. I am
not sure that this is the same insect described by Saussure
under the name, the description being too short for
certainty.
_ §. radula, Fabr.—Previously figured by Drury as Sphex
plumipes.
. S. morio, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. This is a female
of the species now standing in the British Museum collection
as Scolia cyanea, Lep.
S. bicincta, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. A common
North American species.
Genera of the Scoliide. 485
10. S. verticalis, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection. I have been
unable to find specimens of this male in recent Australian
collections.
11. S. quadripustulata, Fabr.—Type in Banksian collection, A
common Oriental species.
12. S. quadripunctata, Fabr.—A well-known species.
13. S. sexcincta, Fabr.—The specimen in the Banksian collection,
not the type, is the male of Plesia quinquecincta, Fabr.
(Tiphia q.). Whether it is identical with the type I
cannot say.
Family Mutillide.
Subfamily Mrruosrva.
Typhoctes guatemalensis, sp. n.
@. Head subquadrate, a little broader than long, broader
than the pronotum, punctured closely, the punctures tending
to become confluent longitudinally, very thinly clothed with
black pubescence ; eyes extending rather nearer to the base
of the mandibles than to the posterior margin of the head,
elongate ovate; ocelli absent. Antenne filiform, nearly as
long as the thorax, the second joint of the flagellum half
as long again as the first and a little longer than the third,
the apical joints slender but short. Pronotum a little
narrower than the head, as broad as the metanotum, from
which it is separated by a deep transverse suture ; longi-
tudinally striated and sparsely clothed with long greyish
pubescence. Pleure finely horizontally striate. Metanotum
longer than the pronotum, longer than broad, obliquely sloped
posteriorly, not truncate, longitudinally striated in the middle
and at the base, obscurely punctured at the sides and apex.
Abdomen shining, very finely and closely punctured, very
sparsely clothed with long cinereous pubescence on the sides
and apex, a transverse band of short whitish pubescence at the
apex of each segment; first segment triangular, attached to
the thorax by a short petiole, the second segment large, twice
as long as the third, with a strong constriction between the
first and second segments. Intermediate tibiee with two
apical spines.
Black ; the two basal joints of the flagellum testaceous ;
the metathorax (except a large black spot at the base), the
first abdominal segment (except a triangular black spot at
the apex), the base of the posterior tibiz, and the inter-
mediate and posterior trochanters and coxe ferruginous ;
caicaria white.
Length 7 mm.
486 On new Mintillides from Queetfeland.
Hab. San Geronimo, Guatemala (Champion).
Type in B. M., ex coll. Godman-Salvin.
I place this species in T'yphoctes with some doubt, not
having seen a typical female of the genus, It appears,
however, to approach more nearly to that genus than to
Myrmosa, especially in the shape of the first abdominal
segment and the complete absence of ocelli.
LXIII.—Two new Mutillide from Queensland.
By the late Lieut.-Col. C. T. Bincuam.
Mutilla (Ephutomorpha ?) doddi, sp. n.
g. Antenne dark castaneous brown almost black, slightly
paler at their apices; clypeus, cheeks, face in front, and head
above covered with long dense gulden yellow pile, beneath
and the space behind the eyes with short black scattered
hairs; pro- and mesonotum, the tegule, scutellum, post-
scutellum, median segment, and abdomen dark castaneous
brown covered with short erect hairs, black on the thorax,
white on the median segment and 1st abdominal segment ;
on the 2nd and following segments the hairs are black with
a tuft of long snow-white hairs laterally at base and apex of
the 2nd and at the bases of the 3rd and 4th segments, apices
also of the 3rd and following segments with a broad band of
white hairs medially. Wings dark fuscous brown with little
or no iridescent gloss, their bases up to the discoidal cell in
the fore and to apex of median cell in the hind wing hyaline;
the fore wing with one recurrent nervure only. Legs black
with black pile, the intermediate and posterior legs with the
femora above except at apex and the Lst joint of the tarsi at
base with long white hairs. Head small, narrow, much
narrower than the thorax; mandibles simple, acute; eyes
round, very convex; antenne minutely punctured, opaque ;
thorax densely and somewhat coarsely punctured, the pro-
thorax dentate antero-laterally ; mesonotum convex, with a
deep, smooth, short, transverse sulcus between it and the
scutellum, the latter conical, raised, rounded above; median
segment depressed, very coarsely cribrate, the sides pro-
duced posteriorly into short triangular lamine; abdomen
finely and closely punctured.
Length, 8,17; Exp. 32 mm.
Hab. Queensland, North Australia.
New Tabanus Species from India and Assam. 487
This very beautiful insect was collected by Mr. F. P. Dodd
at Townsville in Queensland. It is a remarkable form,
combining the characters of two genera as given by Mons.
Ernest André in Wytsman’s ‘Genera Insectorum,’ 11 Fase.
Mutillide. With the eyes of the genus Hphutomorpha,
André, round, entire, and prominently convex, it has the
dentate median segment proper only to Odontomutilla, Ash-
mead. The ? is unknown. ‘Type in British Museum.
Ephuiomorpha aurigera, sp. 0.
¢. Antenne pale reddish yellow, infuscate towards apex,
the terminal three or four joints black; head dark red ;
thorax and legs reddish yellow; abdomen metallic purple,
with a coppery sheen in certain lights; thorax above sparsely,
abdomen more densely clothed with bright metallic golden
pile; on the abdomen this is restricted to a broad longi-
tudinal band down the middle, narrowing posteriorly and
changing abruptly on the apical three segments to silvery.
Head, thorax, legs, and abdomen very sparsely covered also
with long erect black hairs. Head transverse, slightly
broader than the thorax; eyes very convex, round and pro-
minent; thorax elongate, subrectangular, narrowed somewhat
posteriorly ; abdomen sessile; head and thorax somewhat
coarsely, abdomen more finely punctured.
Length 54 mm.
Hab. Queensland, N.E. Australia.
Taken by Mr. F. P. Dodd. Type in British Museum.
LXIV.—four new Tabanus Species from India and Assam.
By GERTRUDE RICARDO.
THE descriptions of these four Tabanus species are now
published at the request of Mr. F. M. Howlett, of the Agri-
cultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bengal, as he needs the
names for use in a report being prepared in India. They
will be incorporated shortly in a paper on all the Yabanus
species of the Oriental Region. The types are all preserved
in the British Museum Collection,
Tabanus khasiensis, 9 , sp. n.
Type (¢) and two other females from Khasi Hills, Assam,
1000-3000 ft., in Brit. Mus. Coll. One female from Meerut
in Calcutta Coll.
488 Miss G. Ricardo on new Tabanus Species
A black medium-sized species, with white bands on the
abdomen. Antenne, palpi, and legs blackish. Wings hya-
line, tinged with brown.
Length 15-16 mm.
Nearly allied to Tabanus justorius, Rondani, from Borneo,
but distinguished by the more hyaline wings, the forehead
parallel, and the palpi darker.
Face covered with greyish tomentum in the middle, on the
cheeks and subcallus with yellowish-brown tomentum, the
pubescence black. Beard black. Paipi on outside appearing
blackish, covered with grey tomentum and with black pubes-
cence, on the inside obscure reddish yellow, long and pointed,
stouter at the base. Antenne dull reddish black or black,
the first two joints with grey tomentum and black pubescenee,
the tooth of the third joint small. Forehead same colour as
subcallus, the same width throughout, with a few black hairs,
nearly seven times as long as it is broad; the frontal callus
oblong, narrow, brown, not reaching the eyes, furrowed in
the middle, with a long, narrow, linear extension. Thoraz,
scutellum, and abdomen brownish black, the former with
grey tomentum and traces of two stripes, a tuft of white hairs
behind the base of wings; breast black, with grey tomentum
and black and white hairs. Scutellum on outer border
covered with grey tomentum, pubescence black, white on the
outer grey border. Abdomen with distinct white-haired
bands on every segment except the seventh, enlarging
slightly in the middle to half-moon spots and wider at the
sides; underside similar. Legs black or brownish black,
with black pubescence ; coxe with white pubescence and a
few white hairs on hind femora below; the tibize are some-
times obscurely reddish brown at base. Wangs clear, tinged
faintly with brown ; in one specimen it is more distinct and
borders the longitudinal veins.
Tabanus leucohirtus, 2? , sp. n.
Type (2) and two others from Kanara, Bombay, sent for
identification by Mr. F. M. Howlett.
A medium-sized dull reddish-brown species, not unlike
Tabanus fumifer, Walker, in appearance, but distinguished
from it by the absence of spots on the abdomen and by the
dark beard and hairs on tace. Wings tinged with brown.
Legs blackish brown ; tibize obscurely red.
Length 20-22 mm.
Face covered with grey tomentum, pubescence brown, but
some white hairs are visible on the sides of face; beard is
from India and Assam. 489
similar, but very scanty. Palpi dull reddish, thickly
covered with black hairs, large, stout, ending in an obtuse
point. Subcallus, forehead, and sides of cheeks covered with
yellowish-brown tomentum. Antenne bright reddish, the
apex black ; the first two joints with black pubescence; the
third joint long and slender, the tooth near the base distinct,
crowned with a few black hairs. Forehead narrow, about
seven times as long as it is narrow, very slightly narrower
anteriorly ; the frontal callus dark reddish brown, narrow,
oblong, not reaching the eyes, prolonged as a narrow raised
line towards the vertex; hairs on forehead black. Thorax
brown, with yellowish-brown tomentum and scattered black
pubescence; a few appressed pale yellow hairs are visible
chiefly on the anterior half of dorsum and at sides. Scutel-
lum similar. Abdomen dull reddish, appearing darker owing
to the dense short pubescence ; segmentations obscurely
yellowish or lighter, a few white hairs at the sides of abdo-
men; underside brown, but with grey tomentum on the
sides and the segmentations, which latter are wider and more
distinct ; the pubescence black. Legs with black pubescence,
but the fore coxz with long white pubescence ; the fore tibiz
reddish at base, the others reddish brown. Wéangs with
brown veins and stigma, tinged with brown on the fore
border, becoming paler on the posterior border.
Tabanus bicallosus, § 2, sp. n.
Type (¢) from Pusa, Bengal.
Type (¢ ) and three other females from the same place.
These specimens were sent to me for identification by
Mr. F. M. Howlett from India.
This small species might at first sight be taken for a small
specimen of Tabanus striatus, Fabr., but is at once distin-
guished from it by the two separate calli of the forehead.
It is very nearly allied to Tubanus gratus, Loew, which is
distributed over South, Central, and West Africa, reaching
up to Egypt, as I had a specimen sent me from the Suez
Canal. ‘The wholly yellow legs, narrower median stripe of
abdomen the same width throughout (in the African species
it is wider on the third and fourth segments), and the pro-
longation of the thoracic stripes on to the scutellum seem the
only differences between the Indian and the African
specimens,
Black, with five grey stripes on the thorax and three on
the abdomen. Legs and antenne yellowish. Wings clear,
Length 10 mm.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 34,
490 New Tabanus Species from India and Assam.
? .—Face covered with grey tomentum and with white
pubescence. Beard white. Palpi greyish, with some white
hairs at base, and black hairs elsewhere, but these last are
not very numerous.
Antenne: the first joint yellow, the second and third red,
tooth at base small. Forehead broad, quite a third narrower
anteriorly, and four times as long as it 1s wide, covered with
yellowish-brown tomentum and with some black pubescence ;
the frontal callus yellowish brown, nearly square, and almost
reaching the eyes; beyond it and sometimes connected by a
very fine line is an irregular-shaped black or brownish callus
isolated in the middle of the forehead. Eyes with three
cross-bands. Zhorax: the median stripe is linear, the other
ones broad, sides of thorax greyish, with black pubescence.
Scutellum: the lateral stripes are continued here, leaving the
centre blackish. Abdomen narrow, all three stripes reaching
from the first to the sixth segment; sides grey, with white
pubescence ; underside covered with grey tomentum. Legs
uniformly reddish yellow, only the tarsi a little darker; the
femora with grey tomentum and white pubescence. Wings
clear, the stigma and veins yellow.
gd .—The male is identical. Eyes with large facets above ;
the small ones on the lower third of eyes are continued
round the head as a very narrow border.
Tabanus nemocallosus, 2, sp. n.
Type (2) and another female from Pusa, Bengal, sent to
me for identification by Mr. F. M. Howlett.
A medium-sized species, distinguished by the rather broad
forehead, not narrower anteriorly, with no callus or spots.
Abdomen blackish brown, marked with greyish-yellow
median and lateral spots.
Length 13 mm.
Face and forehead covered with greyish tomentum, the
former with white pubescence, Beard scanty, white. Palpi
yellowish white, with white pubescence, stout, ending in a
short point. Antenne reddish yellow, the first two joints
pale yellow, the third with hardly any tooth. TZhoraz, scu-
tellum, and abdomen blackish brown, the former with five
distinct greyish-yellow stripes; the dorsum with some grey
tomentum and with appressed pale fulvous pubescence ;
scutellum with the same and with grey tomentum. Abdomen
with an almost continuous median stripe formed of grey,
tomentose, narrow, triangular spots, and with irregular-
shaped, roundish, grey, tomentose spots on the sides, the
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 491
pubescence on these short, pale fulvous ; some black pubes-
cence on the dark parts of the dorsum, the sides of the first
two or three segments pale reddish; underside lighter,
covered with grey tomentum. Legs pale yellowish red, the
tarsi brown; the pubescence white on femora and tibie,
black on the tarsi. Wings hyaline, with brown veins and
yellow stigma; a long appendix on branch of the third vein.
LXY.—Oriental Rhynchota Heteroptera.
By W. L. Distant.
Ficvrzs of the genera here proposed and of most of the new
species will appear in the Appendix to the Rhynchotal
portion of the ‘ Fauna of British India,’ now in preparation.
Fam. Lygeide.
Dinomachus indicus, sp. n.
Head greyish brown, pilose, with some darker spots near
base ; pronotum brownish ochraceous, darkly punctate,
transversely impressed before middle, the auterior area or
lobe discally dark castaneous, the margins narrowly ochra-
ceous ; scutellum brownish ochraceous, darkly punctate,
with a central longitudinal line (not reaching base) and the
apex pale ochraceous ; corium pale dull ochraceous, longi-
tudinally punctate, the apical angles castaneous ; membrane
subhyaline, the veins a little darker ; body beneath thickly
greyishly pilose (imperfectly seen in carded typical specimen) ;
legs brownish ochraceous, posterior tibize with three broad
dark annulations; antennz greyish brown, first joint slightly
passing apex of head, second joint a little longer than third
(fourth mutilated in typical specimen) ; pronotum with the
lateral margins strongly sinuate, the posterior margin con-
cavely sinuate before scutellum, the posterior area or lobe
much more strongly punctate than the anterior area, the
pale narrow margins impunctate; legs somewhat longly
pilose ; rostrum imperfectly seen in carded typical specimen.
Length 64 mm.
Hab, “India” (Vienna Museum),
Pamera emersoni, sp. 0.
Head and anterior lobe of pronotum black, posterior
34*
492 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
pronotal lobe more purplish black, with an ochraceous sub-
marginal line near each lateral angle; scutellum black ;
corium ochraceous with dark punctures, inner margin and
apex of clavus, inner marginal area and apical margin of
corium black ; membrane fuscous brown, with curved longi-
tudinal whitish lines; body beneath, legs, and rostrum
black ; second joint of rostrum, apices of anterior femora,
apical halves of intermediate femora, and anterior and
intermediate tibize and tarsi, ochraceous, the latter infuscate
at apices; (posterior legs mutilated in typical specimen ;)
antenne black, the apical joint with its basal half stramineous,
first joint slightly passing apex of head, second and fourth
joints subequal in length, each a little longer than third ;
pronotal collar broad, anterior pronotal lobe about one and
a half times as long as posterior lobe and very distinctly
narrower; corium with the dark punctures in longitudinal
series; anterior femora finely but prominently spined beneath;
rostrum reaching the anterior coxe.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. Ceylon (Vienna Museum).
ADAUCTUS, gen. nov.
Subovate; head about as long as broad, subtriangular,
obliquely narrowed anteriorly, the central lobe prominent ;
ocelli near base and close to eyes; antenne with the basal
joint slightly passing apex of head, second joint a little
longest; rostrum reaching the intermediate cox, basal
joint not reaching base of head, second joint extending to
anterior coxe; pronotum not transversely constricted, the
lateral margins strongly carinate, and anteriorly moderately
rounded and narrowed, posterior margin truncate ; scutellum
a little longer than broad, the lateral margins obliquely
straight ; corium apically strongly broadened, the apical
maxgin wide, obliquely straight, claval ridges prominent ;
memb-wane slightly passing abdominal apex (veins to both
corium and membrane will be shown in figure); anterior
femora thickened, finely spined beneath, tibie somewhat
longly spinuJose ; sternum coarsely punctate, the prosternum
more finely pwnctate.
In the enumeration of the Oriental Lygzide to be
placed near Dinieta and Microcoris.
Adisuctus cupreus, sp. 0.
Head, pronotum, ‘and scutellum pale cupreous ; lateral
margins of the pronotum» (not extending to the lateral
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 493
angles) pale ochraceous; corium stramineous; two small
spots in clavus, three on outer margin of claval suture, one
beyond middle of costal margin, a large transverse spot at
apical angle, and a linear spot near middle of apical margin,
fuscous brown; membrane hyaline with the veins pale
brownish ; antenne, rostrum, body beneath, and legs pale
cupreous ; antenne with the second joint longer than either
third or fourth, which are subequal in length and a little
darker in hue than first and second, fourth pale at base;
pronotum with rather more than basal half thickly punctate,
with an anterior broad smooth cicatrice not reaching the
anterior margin; scutellum punctate, the disk (so far as
can be seen in typical specimen) less punctate; corium
sparingly punctate, the scutellum longitudinally punctate.
Length 44 mm.
Hab. Bengal; Pusa (Lefroy).
ABANUS, gen. nov.
Head about as long as broad, angularly narrowed anteriorly,
the central lobe prominent; ocelli near base and eyes;
antennee with the basal joint shorter than head but pro-
jecting beyond it, second joint a little longer than third,
third and fourth subequal in length; rostrum reaching the
intermediate coxe, first joint very slightly passing base of
head ; pronotum elongate, about as long as broad at base,
with a narrow anterior collar, the lateral margins nearly
straight and moderately laminately reflexed, an obscure
transverse impression a little behind middle; scutellum
elongate, longer than broad; hemelytra long and narrow,
membrane with the venation much as in Letheus; anterior
femora moderately incrassate, finely spined beneath near
apex ; tibie spinulose ; tarsi with the basal joint as long or
longer than the two remaining joints together.
To be placed near the genus Letheus.
Abanus coloratus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum dull black; extreme
lateral margins of pronotum more piceous than black ; apex
of scutellum ochraceous ; body beneath dull black; rostrum
piceous brown, its basal joint and apex black; coxe and
legs more or less piceous brown; clavus pale piceous black,
corium castaneous, an inner line before clavus, lateral
margin for about two-thirds its length, and a transverse
fascia before apical area pale ochraceous, apical area black ;
494 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
membrane piceous black and not quite reaching abdominal
ap-x; antenne brownish ochraceous; structural characters
as in generic diagnosis.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Bengal; Chapra (Mackenzie).
Eremocoris naini, sp. 0.
Head, pronctum, and scutellum dull black; clavus and
corium dull ochraceous, punctured and shaded with piceous,
the costal margin narrowly ochraceous, a rather distinct
piceous spot near middle of costal area, and a similar,
rather more obscure spot on disk near apex of clavus;
membrane pale piceous, the posterior margin and veins
greyish white, forming a looped linear spot near apical
margin of corium ; body beneath and femora black ; tibie,
tarsi, and rostrum (excluding basal joint) brownish ochra-
ceous; antenne black, stout, first joint passing apex of
head, about subequal in length to third joint, second joint
considerably longer than either first or third, fourth joint
mutilated in typical specimen ; head very thickly punctate ;
pronotum with the anterior lobe thickly finely punctate,
convex and longer than the posterior, which is flat and more
coarsely punctate, the lateral margins sinuate at the trans-
verse impression, anteriorly convexly rounded, the posterior
angles a little thickened and slightly piceous brown; corium
somewhat coarsely punctate, the pale narrow costal margin
impunctate except at the region of the piceous central spot ;
membrane scarcely passing the abdominal apex; rostrum
reaching or slightly passing the posterior coxe.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. Kumaon; Naini Tal, 6400 ft.
MANATANUS, gen. nov.
Head about as long as broad, subacutely narrowed
anteriorly, somewhat longitudinally conically ridged above ;
antenne with the first joint considerably extending beyond
apex of head, second: joint a little longest, third and fourth
almost subequal in length or third only slightly longer than
fourth; rostrum almost reaching the posterior coxe, first
joint about reaching base of head; pronotum about as long
as broad, transversely impressed a little behind middle, the
lateral margins almost straight but roundly narrowed
anteriorly, basal margin concave before scutellum ; hemelytra
scarcely extending beyond middle of abdomen, membrane
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 495
small; anterior femora incrassate and spined beneath near
apices ; scutellum a little elevated.
In my enumeration of the Oriental Lygzide I place this
genus near Lua, Dist.
Manatanus montanus, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black; lateral margins of
the anterior lobe of pronotum (broadened posteriorly) white ;
antennz black; abdomen above and body beneath black ;
rostrum and legs ochraceous, basal joint of rostrum, anterior
femora (excluding apices), more than apical halves of inter-
mediate and posterior femora (excluding apices), and the
tibiz more or less black or piceous; clavus piceous brown,
corium greyish white or pale stramineous, two elongate
black spots before middle and the apex broadly black ;
membrane narrow, whitish, sometimes divided by black into
two large whitish spots.
Var.—Posterior pronotal lobe more piceous brown than
black ; first and second joints of antenne piceous brown or
ochraceous ; intermediate and posterior femora and all the
tibize ochraceous.
Length 44 mm.
Hab. Simla Hills; Mantiana (Ind. Mus. & Coll. Dist.) ;
Kumaon ; Naini Tal (Ind. Mus. & Coll. Dist.).
This species was found under stones.
Fam. Pyrrhocorida.
ABULFEDA, gen. nov.
Head about as long as broad, anteriorly subangularly
produced, the central lobe prominent; antenne robust,
basal joint longest, almost as long as second and third joints
together ; pronotum gradually narrowed anteriorly, the
lateral margins sinuate, transversely impressed before middle,
anterior lobe raised and smooth, posterior lobe very coarsely
punctate, transversely punctate before anterior margin, the
anterior lateral margins ridged; scutellum triangular,
smooth, almost obsoletely punctate; clavus and corium
thickly strongly punctate; membrane not quite reaching
abdominal apex; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe,
basal joint about, or almost, reaching base of head ; anterior
femora moderately thickened, shortly spined beneath.
This genus has the anterior area of pronotum completely
circumscribed by continuous punctures and is allied to
Euscopus.
496 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
Abulfeda punctatus, sp. 0.
Head dul] piceous black ; antennze piceous black, the base
of the front joint pale stramineous; pronotum shining
black, the lateral margins very narrowly and the posterior
lateral angles more prominently ochraceous; scutellum
piceous black, opaque ; corium black, somewhat shining ;
membrane piceous black ; body beneath dull, greyish black,
opaque, the stigmata black; rostrum and legs testaceous
brown ; structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green).
Euscopus albatus, sp. p.
Body and hemelytra piceous brown; membrane ochraceous
brown; lateral margins of the pronotum and corium, and
a short broad basal subcostal fascia to corium, ochraceous;
an irregular transverse fascia before apex of corium white
with dark punctures ; abdomen beneath more or less cre-
taceously tomentose, the stigmata black; legs brownish
ochraceous, fourth joint piceous with the base pale stra-
mineous, first joint almost as long as the second and third
together, second and fourth subequal in length, each longer
than third; head finely granulose and with a slight central
longitudinal ridge; posterior pronotal lobe distinctly punc-
tate, the lateral margins strongly sinuate, the transverse
impression dividing the lobes profound, the anterior lobe a
little raised and almost smooth; scutellum and corium
somewhat thickly punctate; rostrum almost reaching the
posterior cox; anterior femora strongly spined beneath.
Length 84 mm.
Hab. Bombay (Dizon).
Fam. Phymatide.
Glossopelta lineolata, sp. n.
Body above black; pronotum with the anterior lateral
margins, a transverse fascia (medially interrupted) between
the humeral angles, the discal carination, and a small darkly
punctate spot at base, ochraceous ; scutellum with a central
longitudinal line and some macular suffusions on the apical
half ochraceous; connexivum, body beneath, legs, and
rostrum pale ochraceous ; head beneath black; antenne
brownish ochraceous, basal joint (excluding apex) and apex
of apical joint black; membrane, as seen on each side of
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 497
apical half of scutellum, violaceous ; corium, as seen on each
side of basal half of scutellum, black, posteriorly outwardly
ochraceous; anteocular and postocular portions of head
almost equal in length, centrally longitudinally sulcately
impressed behind eyes, apical jomt of antennz about as
long as the two preceding joints together ; pronotum coarsely
punctate on the posterior half, two anteriorly curved
carinations on disk, between which is a fine longitudinal
sulcate impression, the lateral angles anteriorly very slightly
directed forward, their apical margins a little concave ;
scutellum thickly finely punctate, coarsely punctate at base ;
connexivum only visible at middle.
Length 10 mm.
Hab, Assam; Khasi Hills (Lefroy). Burma (Coll. Dist.).
Fam. Aradide.
Mezira tenuicornis, sp. u.
Fuscous ; antennz, spinous antenniferous tubercles,
posterior pronotal lobe and lateral margins of the anterior
lobe, corium, connexivum, body beneath, and legs more
fuscous brown; membrane greyish with dark veins, the
lateral basal angles ochraceous; antenne with the first,
second, and fourth joints incrassate, third joint slender and
much the longer; head granulose, spines in front of eyes
long, acute, behind eyes tumid and distinctly laterally
spined ; pronotum granulose, the anterior area sculptured,
the anterior angles broadly, somewhat roundly, subangularly
produced, the lateral margins sinuated before middie and
roundly ampliated towards base; scutellum granulose and
subrugulose; corium granulose, the apical margins strongly
sinuate, the lateral margins near base distinctly ampliated ;
membrane not quite reaching posterior margin of penultimate
abdominal segment; abdomen above granulose; rostrum
scarcely passing base of head.
Length 7-8 mm.
Hab. Simla Hills; Mantiana, 8000 ft. (Annandale).
Near M. tenericornis, Bergr.
Under bark of fir (Annandale).
Ear Heprda:
Hebrus bengalensis, sp. u.
Head black, with a greyish marginal line in front of eyes
and a more or less ochraceous line at inner margins of eyes
498 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
finely pilose on basal area; pronotum dark castaneous, the
anterior marginal area greyishly pilose, continued centrally
towards middle by a wedge-shaped fascia; scutellum black ;
corium black, with short coarse pale hairs, a very prominent
claval greyish fascia widening posteriorly and a curved more
obscure greyish line before basal half of costal margin;
membrane shining brownish, with a pale central subapical
spot and a pale marginal line; body beneath black, legs
pale ochraceous; antennez dull ochraceous, with fine pale
hairs, second joint shorter than first or third, fourth and
fifth joints subequal in length; pronotum with the lateral
margins strongly sinuate, the lateral angles prominent ;
scutellum with the apex angalarly rounded, not incised.
Length 2 mm.
Hab. Lower Bengal (Coll. Dist.).
Merragata pallescens, sp. un.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum pale cinnamon-brown ;
corium ochraceous, the claval area milky white, base of
costal margin narrowly black; membrane milky white, head
beneath and sternum pale cinnamon-brown; abdomen
beneath piceous, legs and rostrum ochraceous; antenne
ochraceous, with fine hairs, third joint a little shorter than
second, fourth piceous and about subequal in length to
third; pronotum with the lateral margins strongly sinuate,
the lateral angles broadly prominent, the basal margin
moderately concave before scutellum; apex of scutellum
broadly subtruncate, very slightly angulate on each side, the
disk transversely foveately depressed.
Length 2 mm.
Hab. East Bengal ; Rajshai (Annandale).
I have only seen a single specimen of this beautiful and
distinctly marked species.
TIMASIUS, gen. nov.
Head moderately elongate, a little depressed anteriorly,
with two central longitudinal ridges not reaching apex;
eyes strongly granulate; antenniferous tubercles spinous
externally ; antennz five-jointed ; pronotum with the lateral
margins strongly sinuate, the lateral angles broadly roundly
prominent, transversely impressed before middle, and with
two strong central longitudinal ridges; scutellum sub-
triangular, strongly, centrally, longitudinally ridged ; corium
and membrane subequal in length.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 499
Allied to Hebrus, but differing in the more elongate body,
the spinous antenniferous tubercles, and the centrally ridged
head, pronotum, and scutellum.
Timasius splendens, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black ; pronotum with two
central small spots of ochraceous hairs on anterior marginal
area; corium bluish grey, with the margins, apical angle, a
suboblong spot on disk, and the apex of clavus black ;
membrane dull blackish, with some greyish suffusions, the
most prominent of which is a central subapical longitudinal
line; body beneath black ; legs ochraceous, the tibize and
apices of femora and tarsi black ; antenne piceous or black,
with short fine hairs, second joint slightly shorter than first,
third and fourth subequal in length, each a little longer than
fifth; pronotum sparingly coarsely punctate; scutellum
finely granulose, the central ridge prominent ; other struc-
tural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Length 3 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green).
“Qn rocks in mid-stream”’ (H. E. Green).
Timasius atratus, sp. i.
Black; legs pale ochraceous, posterior tibiz pale piceons ;
head opaque, with two central carine terminating about onc-
third before apex, antenniferous tubercles spmously pro-
duced, eyes strongly granulose ; antennz ochraceous, pilose,
first joint longer than second, a little shorter than third,
fourth and fifth subequal in length, almost fused ; pronotum
with its disk considerably mutilated in typieal specimen, but
apparently bicarinate, the lateral margins strongly sinuate,
the lateral angles roundly prominent ; scutellum longitudi-
nally carinate ; pronotum, scutellum, and corium shining
black ; membrane piceous black, opaque ; legs pilose.
Length 24} mm.
Hab, Ceylon ; Madulsima (Bainbrigge-Fletcher).
Fam. Hydrometride.
Microvelia albomaculata, sp. n.
Dull piceous black with a greyish pubescence, which is
more pronounced and forms a marginal fascia to head con-
tinued inside eyes to base and a submarginal fascia to
pronotum ; a reddish-ochraceous anterior marginal fascia
500 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
to pronotum, not reaching the anterior angles; hemelytra
largely spotted with greyish white, of which a large spot
occupies the greater part of clavus excluding apex, corium
with two large basal marginal spots, three irregularly shaped
spots in transverse series a little beyond middle, a large
subapical membranal spot and a smaller subapical spot at
inner margin; legs pale ochraceous ; antenne fuscous, first
joint very slightly longer than second or third joints, which
are shortest and subequal in length, fourth longest, its apex
distinctly acuminate ; head subglobosely arched ; lateral
angles of the pronotum subangularly prominent; lateral
margins of the hemelytra concavely sinuate and finely shortly
hirsute ; apices of tibiz and tarsi more or less obscurely
fuscous.
Length 2 mm.
Hab. E. Bengal ; Rajshai (Annandale).
Microvelia kumaonensis, sp. 1.
Head, pronotum, and body beneath dull black ; apex of
head, anterior margin of pronotum (centrally interrupted
and not reaching anterior angles), margin of lateral pro-
notal angles, legs, and rostrum pale ochraceous; lateral
margins of head, continued inside eyes to base, greyishly
fasciately pubescent; hemelytra pale piceous brown, with
prominent greyish-white spots, an elongate spot in clavus,
a large subbasal spot to corium, more obscure spots on apical
half of corium, and a prominent subapical spot ; antenne
brownish ochraceous, second joint slightly shorter than first
and distinctly shorter than third, fourth longest ; head sub-
globosely arched ; pronotum with the lateral angles broadly
subacutely prominent ; apices of tibize and tarsi more or less
pale piceous.
Length 2 mm.
Hab. Kumaon; Bhim Tal.
Microvelia diluta, sp. n.
Head and pronotum dull black ; anterior margin of pro-
notum reddish ochraceous ; hemelytra dull greyish white,
the veins piceous, the apical area darker and thus exhibiting
a large pale apical spot; body beneath and legs dull pale
ochraceous ; rostrum, disk of sternum, apices of femora,
tibize (more or less), and the tarsi piceous; antennz with
the first, second, and third joints ochraceous, their apices
and the whole of the fourth joint piceous, second joint
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. " 501
slightly shorter than first, more distinctly shorter than third ;
head globosely arched; pronotum with the lateral margins
sinuate, the lateral angles subangularly prominent ; hem-
elytra scarcely reaching the abdominal apex ; connexivum
granulose and pilose.
Length 24 mm.
Hab. Bengal; Calcutta, Rajshai (Annandale).
“Stridulates when irritated, producing a shrill scraping
sound which is perceptible for some yards. Feeds on dead
insects. Winged and apterous individuals occurring to-
gether.” (Nelson Annandale, in litt.)
Allied to M. repentina, Dist., but colour of antenne and
body beneath different. In some specimens the lateral
margins of the abdomen beneath are piceous.
Microvelia annandalei, sp. n.
Head and pronotum dull black ; pronotum with a trans-
verse dull ochraceous subanterior fascia not reaching the
lateral margins (this fascia is frequently discoloured and
difficult to recognize); hemelytra piceous, a basal claval
streak, and three spots on apical area (the apical spot linear)
dull greyish with a greenish tint; body beneath black ;
head beneath, margins of prosternum, lateral margins of
abdomen, and the legs, ochraceous ; antennz with the first,
second, and third joints ochraceous, apices of first and second
and the whole of the fourth joint piceous, second joint dis-
tinctly shorter than either first or third, third and fourth
subequal in length; head with the apex ochraceous and a
pale longitudinal line at inner margins of eyes; extreme
apices of the femora aud sometimes the intermediate and
posterior tibiz more or less infuscate; lateral angles of the
pronotum broadly subprominent.
Length 2 mm.
Hab. Lower Bengal; Port Canning (in brackish pools).
Fam. Reduviide.
EueEsinz.
Ploiariola mixta, sp. n.
Head cinnamomeous, clothed with a greyish pubescence,
eyes black ; antenne pale stramineous; pronotum cinna-
momeous, the anterior area and lateral margins speckled
with greyish ; body beneath and rostrum piceous, the apical
joint of the latter pale stramineous; anterior legs pale
A
502 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
cinnamon-brown, the femora and tibie annulated with pale
greyish ; intermediate and posterior legs pale stramineous ;
hemelytra greyish, thickly speckled and spotted with pale
brownish, three prominent dark spots on costal margin, the
first at about one-third from base, the second near middle,
the third before apex ; claval area thickly spotted ; scutellum
spined at base and apex.
Length 7 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green).
Allied to P. oculata, Reut., but with the pronotum nar-
rower and more elongate; intermediate and posterior legs
unspotted ; hemelytra much darker and altogether differently
spotted and marked.
Ploiariola polita, sp. n.
Head greyishly pubescent, finely spotted with black ;
antenne mutilated in typical specimen; pronotum with the
anterior area greyish white spotted with black, the posterior
area yellowish grey, with a central line, the lateral margins
(narrowly), and the basal margin (broadly and sinuately)
ochraceous ; rostrum pale stramineous spotted with brown ;
prosternum chocolate-brown, the margins ochraceous ; meso-
and metasterna black, greyishly tomentose; abdomen
mutilated in typical specimen; anterior legs greyish, coxe,
femora, and tibiz spotted with brownish, intermediate and
posterior legs thickly spotted with brownish; hemelytra
pale greyish white, claval and basal areas, the basal divi-
sional membranal veins, and the apical and inner margins
spotted with brownish, the pale areas indistinctly and sub-
obsoletely spotted ; scutellum spined at base and apex.
Length 7 mm.
Hab. Ceylon ; Hakgala (Green).
This is to be differentiated from the previous species
and those enumerated and described in the Faun. Brit.
Ind. by the more subquadrate pronotum, the thickly
spotted intermediate and posterior legs, and the very distinct
pattern and markings of the hemelytra.
CALPHURNIA, gen. nov.
Head with the postocular area considerably longer than
the anteocular area, rounded, convexly narrowed at base,
transversely constricted between the eyes, and with a more
or less distinct basal collar; antennze with the first joint
as long or longer than the head, pronotum, and scutellum
together, second joint a little shorter than third ; rostrum
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 503
passing base of head, basal joint reaching but not passing
eyes; pronotum elongate, narrowed anteriorly, with a pro-
minent anterior lobe distinctly divided above and beneath ;
scutellum not spined; hemelytra with the corium distinctly
transversely veined, the central membranal veins posteriorly
and lobately united, membrane slightly passing the abdo-
minal apex ; anterior coxe shorter than the femora, which are
again longer than the tibize ; imtermediate and posterior legs
long and slender ; anterior tarsi three-jointed ; legs in typical
form somewhat longly spinulose, but this does not appear to
be a constant character.
This genus has a superficial resemblance to Ploiariola,
from which it differs by the different shape of the head, the
distinct anterior lobe of the pronotum, the non-spinous
scutellum, the transversely veined corium, and the distinctly
veined membrane, &c.
Calphurnia reticulata, sp. n.
Body-and legs pale ochraceous ; hemelytra greyish white,
the venation fuscous ; membrane with the basal area speckled
with plumbeous and its apical and inner area spotted with
the same colour ; antenne a little darker and more brownish
in hue, first joint subequal in length to that of the head,
pronotum, and scutellum together, second joint a little
shorter than third; head distinctiy transversely impressed
between eyes and slightly pedunculate at base ; pronotum
with the anterior lobe about half the length of posterior
lobe, which is moderately widened towards base; anterior
coxze faintly and anterior femora distinctly annulated with
brownish near apex, intermediate and posterior legs dis-
tinctly finely spinulose; hemelytra scarcely passing the
abdominal apex; other structural characters as in generic
diagnosis.
Length 5 mm.
Hab. Calcutta. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green).
Calphurnia ? aberrans, sp. n.
Body and legs pale greyish brown; hemelytra greyish
white, somewhat thickly spotted and speckled with plumbeous,
the venation fuscous; antenne with the first joint about as
long as the intermediate femora, second joint shorter than
first, but much longer than third ; head narrowed at base,
but not distinctly pedunculate, transversely compressed
between the eyes; pronotum with the anterior lobe more
than half the length of the posterior lobe, which is a little
504 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
widened towards base; apex of anterior coxe and annula-
tions to anterior femora and tibiz brownish, posterior femora
with two blackish annulations—one before, the other near
middle; legs not spinulose ; hemelytra slightly passing the
abdominal apex; sternum and head beneath more or less
piceous.
Length 64 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (Green).
This species, by the longer antennz and different propor-
tional length of joints, the longer anterior pronotal lobe,
and the non-spinulose legs, differs from the typical form of
the genus as represented by C. reticulata. The distinct
venation of the hemelytra is, however, maintained, and I have
provisionally included it in Calphurnia.
Etymas, gen. nov.
Head strongly narrowed at base, transversely impressed
between eyes, anteocular a little shorter than postocular
area; rostrum reaching the anterior cox, first joint short,
not reaching eyes, second longest; antenne long, slender,
first joint longest, about as long as from apex of mesonotum
to apex of abdomen, second joint shorter than first and
about as long as abdomen; pronotum elongate, a little
widened at apex and a little shorter than anterior coxe ;
mesonotum laterally sinuate, moderately widened posteriorly;
apterous ; abdomen above with the lateral margins recurved
and ridged, almost meeting on apical area, the apical ap-
pendage globosely elongate and apically concavely excavate ;
anterior femora about one-third longer than the anterior
cox, slightly attenuated at junction with trochanters,
moderately sinuate on basal half, finely spinulose beneath
for nearly their entire length; anterior tibiz about half the
length of the femora; anterior tarsi single-jointed, about one-
fourth shorter than the tibiz; intermediate and posterior
legs long, slender, posterior femora slightly curved and
nearly as loug as the whole body, the tibiz considerably
longer than the femora, the posterior legs longer than the
intermediate legs.
Elymas presenians, sp. n.
Body above brownish ochraceous ; lateral margins of head
behind eyes, lateral margins of thorax above, lateral margins
of abdomen above, and the anal appendage black; body
beneath black; rostrum brownish ochraceous with black
Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera. 505
annulations; anterior cox and legs piceous, a subapical
annulation to femora and the base of the tarsi ochraceous ;
intermediate and posterior legs brownish ochraceous, becom-
ing piceous towards apices, apices of femora and bases of
posterior tibiz, and a subapical annulation to intermediate
tibiz, pale greyish ; antenne piceous; structural characters
as in generic diagnosis.
Length 12 mm.
Hab. Ceylon; Kandy (Green).
Plearia anak, sp. 1.
More or less pale ochraceous ; vertex with a transverse
fascia in front of eyes connected with two central lines
extending to base, brownish ochraceous ; a lateral longitu-
dinal fascia on each side of pronotum and two short central
lines to both meso- and metanota brownish ochraceous ;
abdomen above with more or less distinct central longitudinal
segmental lines, on each side of which are small dats and
spots to connexivum, fuscous; a spot near apex of anterior
cox, two large lateral spots on each side of anterior femora,
a spot on each side of base of rostrum, and an annulation
to basal joint of same fuscous brown, apical joints of rostrum
pale brownish; abdomen beneath with the lateral margins
irregularly pale brownish ; antenne a little darker in hue,
first and second joints subequal in length and each about as
long as abdomen; rostrum with the basal joint passing
eyes ; pronotum elongate, about as long as meso- and meta-
nota together, anteriorly roundly dilated, the anterior
margin truncate ; abdomen strongly attenuated at base,
beyond basal segment gradually ovately widened and again
narrowed towards apex; intermediate and posterior femora
a little darker in hue with their apices pale ochraceous ;
anterior trochanters with a single strong prominent spine,
Length 1] mm.
Hab. Lucknow (Aitken).
Gardena fasciata, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum chocolate-brown, pro-
notum with a broad sublateral greyish fascia on each side,
mesonotum with three central greyish fascie, the central
fascia broadest, the lateral fascie narrower; hemelytra
greyish brown; head beneath and sternum black, the latter
greyishly tomentose ; legs greyish brown, coxe (excluding
apices) and trochanters shining black ; abdomen above and
beneath greyish piceous; antenne mutilated in typical
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. iii. 35
506 Mr. W. L. Distant on Heteroptera.
specimen ; head about as long as mesonotum, shorter than
pronotum ; hemelytra extending to the base of the penulti-
mate abdominal segment ; anterior femora palely annulate
near apex, finely spinose beneath from about one-third from
base, anterior tarsi three-jointed ; rostrum reaching the base
of the anterior coxa, basal joint incrassate, darker than the
remaining joints ; intermediate tibie apically palely annu-
late, intermediate and posterior tarsi mutilated in typical
specimen.
Length 15 mm.
Hab. Ceylon ; Paradeniya (Green).
I have only seen an incomplete specimen of this well-
marked species.
TRIBELOCEPHALINE.
Opisthoplatys cornutus, sp. n.
Head, antennz, pronotum, connexivum, body beneath,
rostrum, and legs ochraceous; scutellum and corium fuscous
brown, basal and apical angles of the latter ochraceous ;
membrane piceous black; eyes black; antenne longly
pilose, first joint about as long as anterior femora, second
joint slightly longer than first, the antenniferous tubercles
above produced in short, prominent, slightly forwardly
curved tuberculous spines; rostrum with the basal joint
reaching but not passing eyes; pronotum with the anterior
lobe only a little more than half the length of posterior
lobe; scutellum granulose ; corium distinctly longitudinally
broadly ridged, the costal ridge more prominent and not
quite reaching apical angle, a second prominent discal ridge,
and a subclaval less prominent ridge, between the ridges
the colour is brownish ochraceous ; membranal veins a little
ochraceous at base.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. Travancore ; W. Ghats, Tenmalai.
APpocavUcts, gen. nov.
Head with the anterior lobe moderately porrect and a
little produced in front of eyes, but clothed with long curled
hairs, somewhat flattened on disk but longly produced and
apically curled downward at their apices on lateral and
anterior margins ; antenne pilose, first joint about as long
as head, second shorter than first, remaining joints very
slender; rostrum reaching the anterior coxe, first joint
reaching eyes, but not extending behind them; pronotum
On new Shells from South America. 507
narrowed anteriorly, the basal area centrally sulcately im-
pressed, on each side of which are two callosities making a
transverse series of four in all, the central ones largest ;
scutellum callous at base; elytra longly passing the abdo-
minal apex; legs slender, pilose, intermediate and posterior
tibize almost equally wide apart.
This very peculiar genus is to be readily separated from
Tribelocephala and Opisthoplatys by the long fleecy clothing
to the head.
Apocaucus laneus.
Head and pronotum castaneous brown, the long fleecy
clothing to the former pale brownish; scutellum and elytra
fuscous brown, the latter with the marginal areas paler ;
body beneath and legs pale castaneous brown, the femora
paler and more brownish ochraceous; abdomen beneath
smooth and shining ; legs and antenne finely pilose.
Length 54 mm.
Hab. %. Himalayas ; Kurseong.
Closely resembles a Monophilebus on the wing (N. Annan-
dale).
Postscriet.—The title of this paper, ‘‘ Oriental Rhyn-
chota,” signifies Rhynchota from the Oriental Region as
generally understood in zoo-geography. ‘The term, however,
appears to be sometimes used inexactly, as quite recently
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1909, p. 184), under the heading
“ Hemiptera nova orientalia,”’ Bergroth describes species
from Australia, Tasmania, and New Caledonia.
LXVI.—New Land, Freshwater, and Marine Shells from
South America. By H. B. Preston, F.Z.S.
[Plate X.]
Glandina chanchamayoensis, sp.n. (Fig. 7.)
Shell fusiform, pale flesh-colour ; whorls 64, somewhat
flattened, regularly increasing in size, coarsely, transversely
striate, with lines of growth and sculptured with fine, spiral
strize, presenting a decussate appearance ; sutures impressed,
narrowly ‘margined, crenulate ; columella curved, rather
abruptly truncate; peristome simple, whitish ; aperture
elongately, inversely auriform.
35*
508 Mr. H. B. Preston on new
Alt. 68°25, diam. maj. 27 mm.
Aperture: alt. 85°5, diam. 12°5.
Hab. Chanchamayo, Peru.
I am unable to find that any species at all approaching
this in size and sculpture has yet been recorded from Peru.
Glandina venezuelensis, sp. n. (Fig. 10.)
Shell somewhat acuminately fusiform, light reddish brown ;
whorls 7, the first four smooth, polished, the remainder
marked with coarse, closely set, irregular, transverse riblets
crossed by fine, wavy, spiral striz; sutures impressed, crenu-
late ; columella elongate, descending in an oblique curve ;
peristome thin; aperture elongately, inversely auriform.
Alt. 54, diam. maj. 21 mm.
Aperture: alt. 28, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Merida, Venezuela.
Allied to G. decussata, Desh., from Mexico and Texas; the
spiral sculpture in the present species is, however, finer, and
the transverse riblets are coarser, it is also of a larger size,
the aperture is broader and tie columella is less twisted
above and is longer and straighter than is the case with
G. decussata.
Solaropsis venezuelensis, sp.n. (Fig. 12.)
Shell depressed, thin, reddish horn-colour, painted with
three narrow, interrupted, spiral bands and numerous trans-
verse flame-markings of reddish purple; whorls 43, closely
hispid ; sutures deeply impressed ; umbilicus narrow and
deep; aperture rather obliquely lunate; peristome reflexed,
yellowish white, margins somewhat distant; columella de-
scending obliquely and reflexed, thus partly concealing the
umbilicus.
Alt. 7°25, diam. maj. 18:5, diam. min. 12 mm.
Aperture: alt. 7, diam. 6°5 mm.
Hab. Merida, Venezuela.
Epiphragmophora anceyana, sp.n. (Figs. 14, 148.)
Shell moderately solid, discoidal, depressed, white, bearing
traces of having been encircled by three narrow chestnut
bands ; whorls 44, striate, with fine lines of growth, the last
whorl descending somewhat abruptly ; sutures impressed,
chalky white; umbilicus wide, open, deep; aperture sub-
circular ; peristome thickened, dilated, slightly reflexed, the
margins joined by a thick parietal callus.
Alt. 12, diam. maj. 25, diam. min. 20°5 mm.
Shells from South America. 509
Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 14 mm.
Hab. Argentina.
The only species which in general outline approaches the
present form is HL. macasi, Higg., from Ecuador; this, how-
ever, is easily distinguished by its much larger size from
that now described.
Bulimus (Eurytus) dissimulans, sp. n. (Fig. 5.)
Shelf imperforate, ovate, thin, brown, painted with very
closely set, greyish-yellow, wavy, transverse lines, and in-
distinct, brownish, spiral bands; whorls 33, rapidly increasing
in size, rather flat, smooth ; sutures impressed ; columella
arched ; peristome slightly thickened, rose-coloured;. aperture
ovate, somewhat laterally contracted.
Alt. 30, diam. maj. 13 mm..
Aperture: alt. 18, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. Merida, Venezuela.
The extraordinary painting of this species at first gives
the impression that the shell is closely, vertically, striate ;
this, however, is not the case, the appearance being caused
by the closely set, greyish-yellow, transverse colour-lines.
Bulimus (Thaumastus) insolitus, sp.n. (Fig. 9.)
Shell imperforate, obtusely fusiform, solid, ground-colour
dark blackish brown ; extreme apex sunken ; whorls 54,
flattened, the earlier whorls sculptured with very fine, wavy,
transverse strize, presenting an almost finely granular appear-
ance, the later whorls very coarsely sculptured with transverse
ridges crossed by fine, spiral grooves, giving to this portion
of the shell a finely beaded appearance, the rows of beaded
tubercles being of a yellowish-brown colour, last whorl
descending rather rapidly, from the point where the last
whorl begins to descend there occurs a supersutural band
about three millimetres broad, continued as a peripheral band,
and increasing to six millimetres in breadth on the last whorl,
on this band the beaded sculpture is less marked and the
surface of the shell is of a correspondingly more uniform
blackish-brown colour; sutures impressed, crenulate, whitish,
especially towards the latter half of the last whorl; columella
thick, slightly excavated; peristome lightly, varicosely
thickened, brownish yellow, somewhat reflexed beiow, the
margins joined by a thick, polished, brown callus; aperture
ovate.
Alt. 70, diam. maj. 29°5 mm.
510 Mr. H. B. Preston on new
Aperture: alt. 33, diam. 16 mm.
Hab. Chanchamayo, Peru.
An extraordinary shell which it is not possible to compare
profitably with any species at present known ; the sculpture
is of the type of that of Thawmastus melanochila, Nyst, which
also occurred with it, but is much coarser ; the much blunter
form, sunken apex, and total absence of any trace of perfora-
tion are also among the characters which readily separate it
from that or any other known species.
Among the shells received from Chanchamayo, Peru, is a
good specimen of what is undoubtedly Bulimus pulcherrimus,
H. Ad.: the only specimen of this fine species hitherto seen
is, I believe, the type specimen in the British Museum con-
sisting of the last two and a half whorls of the shell, which
are figured in the Proc. Zool]. Soc. 1866, p. 442, pl. xxxviii.
fig. 8; as this figure is naturally somewhat inadequate I
take this opportunity of figuring the specimen (Pl. X. fig. 6)
which has recently come to hand.
Bulimulus latecolumellaris, sp.n. (Fig. 11.)
Shell cylindrically fusiform, perforate, moderately thin,
whitish, indistinctly banded and transversely tessellated with
pale reddish brown; whorls 8, slightly convex, embryonic
whorls smooth, later whorls lightly marked with lines of
growth and very faintly decussate; sutures deeply impressed,
slightly crenulate ; umbilicus obliquely lunate, very narrow,
deep, the whole umbilical region pure white; columella
white, outwardly expanded, extended into a very bread
twisted plait above, much excavated below; peristome white,
expanded, scarcely reflexed, a light callus joining the margins;
aperture obliquely inversely auriform.
Alt. 54, diam. maj. 24 mm.
Aperture: alt. 22°5, diam. 15 mm.
Hab. Peru.
Allied to B. tupaet, @Orbigny, from Bolivia, but much
smoother in general appearance, the umbilical region is quite
without colour, and the embryonic whorls are not punctate
as is the case in that species, moreover the extraordinary
broadly plaited columella easily separates it from B. tupac.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) expatriatus, sp.n. (Fig. 4.)
Shell fusiform, acuminate, narrowly perforate, somewhat
thin, pale yellow; whorls 63, finely spirally striate, and
marked transversely with lines of growth ; sutures impressed,
Shells from South America. 511
whitish; peristome thin, slightly reflexed; columella de-
scending obliquely over the narrow umbilicus and suffused
into a very thin callus, which joins the lip above; aperture
inversely auriform.
Alt. 28, diam. maj. 11°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 12, diam. 5°5 mm.
fiab. EB. Bolivia.
‘he above species recalls in many ways Bulimulus lilia-
ceus, Fér., from Porto Rico; among the shells received from
Bolivia at the same time there are a number of specimens
which would appear to be the young of the present species ;
some of these are stained with bright pink about the umbilical
region, a character which is totally lacking in the adult shell.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) interruptus, sp.n. (Fig. 1.)
Shell fusiform, thin, semitransparent, yellowish white,
painted with five reddish-purple bands, the first four of which
are broken up so as to appear as rows of squarish blotches,
the fifth uninterrupted ; whorls 53, rather tlat, transversely
sculptured with lines of growth; sutures impressed ; colu-
mella somewhat arched and reflexed over the very narrow
perforation ; peristome acute, slightly reflexed, especially
towards the base; aperture oval.
Alt. 25°5, diam. maj. 10°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 6°5 mm.
Hab. Merida, Venezuela.
The shell appears to be greatly variable; its principal
forms are mentioned below.
Form “«a.”’—Painted with transverse bands of reddish
purple, interrupted for a space of about 14 mm, at the peri-
phery ; the last band, which is uninterrupted in the type, is
absent in this form.
_ Form “ B.”—Transverse bands more closely set and un-
interrupted ; ground-colour of shell flesh-colour.
Var. pallidus,nov. (Fig.2.)—Shell of a uniform yellowish-
white colour, smoother than the type, the growth-lines being
not nearly so noticeable.
Var. pallidus, form “ y.”—Flesh-coloured throughout.
Var. pallidus, form “ §.’—Pale yellow throughout.
Bulimulus (Drymeus) selli, sp.n. (Fig. 3.)
Shell fusiform, narrowly perforate, very thin, vitreous,
512 ; Mr. H. B. Preston on new
painted with interrupted bands and transverse zigzag flame-
markings of rich chocolate ; whorls 5}, sculptured with fine
regular spiral strie and marked with fine indistinct lines of
growth; sutures well impressed; columella arched, reflexed
over the narrow umbilicus; peristome acute, somewhat
broadly reflexed ; aperture oval.
Alt. 24, diam. maj. 13 mm.
Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 6 mm.
Hab. British Guiana.
Orthalicus powtssianus, Petit, var. niveus, nov.
Shell pure white, bearing only a very faint trace of the
infra-peripheral band ; lower portion of the columellar callus
slightly stained with very pale brown ; outer lip and interior
of shell pure white.
Taken with the animal alive by Mr. Mervyn G. Palmer at
Jimenez, Rio Dagua, West Colombia.
Planorbis pucaraensis, sp.n. (Fig. 15.)
Shell suborbicular, very depressed above, basally somewhat
convex, blackish brown ; spire slightly concave; whorls 3,
rapidly increasing in size, sculptured with strong, transverse,
arcuate lines of growth; sutures impressed ; umbilicus mode-
rately wide above, narrow and deep below ; columella oblique,
extending into a thin callus above; peristome simple, acute ;
aperture broadly sublunate.
Alt. 2°5, diam. maj. 6°75, diam. min. 5°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 2, diam. 2 mm.
Hab. Pucara, Peru, at an altitude of 12,500 feet.
Nassa flammulata, sp.n. (Fig. 13.)
Shell fusiform, moderately solid, pale yellowish painted
with transverse streaks of reddish brown, which appear as
flame-markings on the upper whorls; whorls 6, the first five
spirally grooved, the grooves being more noticeable above;
the last whorl transversely ribbed, the ribs being formed into
rows of tubercles by the spiral grooving, which is more
uniform on this whorl; sutures well impressed ; columella
slightly excavated and extending into a callus, which joins
the lip above; peristome simple, but not acute; canal short
and wide ; aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 13°25, diam. maj. 7 mm.
Aperture: alt. 5, diam. 2°5 mm.
Hab. 8. Peru.
Shells from South America. 513
There is a fine series of this species in the British Museum,
received in 1854 under the name of ‘‘Buccinum bolivianum,”
and labelled as coming from Cobija, which place is now well
within Chilian territory, though formerly belonging to the
Republic of Bolivia; as I am unable to trace the name
“ bolivianum” in any work, I have thought it well to describe
and figure the species as above.
Paludestrina valencia, sp.n. (Fig. 16.)
Shell small, perforate, fusiform, smooth; whorls 5, very
convex ; sutures deeply impressed ; umbilicus narrow; peri- .
stome simple ; aperture roundly ovate.
Alt. 2°5, diam. maj. 1:25 mm.
Aperture : alt. °25 mm.
Hab. Lake Valencia, N. Venezuela.
Mycetopus punctatus, sp.n. (Fig. 8.)
Shell elongate, thin, covered with a pale olive periostracum,
and exteriorly sculptured with faint strize radiating from the
umboes; umboes inconspicuous; anterior end rounded, gaping ;
posterior end produced, acuminate below; dorsal margin
straight; ventral margin slightly convex; interior of shell
nacreous, marked throughout with very fine radiating
punctate strie.
Long. 21°5, lat. 72 mm.
Tah. Rio Chenchi, U.S. Colombia.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fig. 1, Bulimulus (Drymeus) interruptus, sp. 2.
Hugs, 2: ) interruptus, var. pallidus, nov.
Fig. 3. —— (——) selli, sp. n.
Fig. 4. ( ) expatriatus, sp. n.
Fig. 5. Bulimus (Eurytus) dissimulans, sp. u.
Fig.-6: pulcherrimus, H. Ad.
Fig. 7. Glandina chanchamayoensis, sp. 1.
Fig. 8. Mycetopus punctatus, sp. n.
Fig. 9. Bulimus (Thaumastus) insolitus, sp. n.
Fig. 10. Glandina venezuelensis, sp. n.
“gq. 11. Bulimulus latecolumellaris, sp. 0.
Fig. 12. Solaropsis venezuelensis, sp. n.
Fug. 15. Nassa flammulata, sp. n.
Figs. 14 4, 148. Epiphragmophora anceyana, sp. n,
Fvg. 15. Planorbis pucaraensis, sp. n.
Fig. 16. Paludestina valencia, sp. n.
514 Mr. R. ©. Wroughton on
LXVII.—Four new African Mammals.
By R. C. Wrouauron.
IN my note on the forms of the small African monzoose with
a dark-tipped tail (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1907, xx. p. 110)
I arranged those of North-east Africa as subspecies of
Mungos sanguineus, Riipp. Recently Mr. L. M. Seth-Smith
has presented to the National Collection two specimens from
Uganda, which, while differing inter se, agree in having
unicoloured feet, a character which distinguishes them from
- all the four forms enumerated by me. In my key therefore
all the forms dealt with may be included in a subsection
characterized by having grizzled feet, while the two new
races, to be now described, constitute a second subsection, as
follows :—
Hands and feet unicoloured ochraceous.
Size smaller: hind foot 58 mm. Colour
darker (raw umber). (Entebbe.)...... M. 8. uganda, subsp. n.
Size larger: hind foot 64mm. Colour paler
(tawny ochraceous). (Mubende.) .... MM. 3s. galbus, subsp. n.
Mungos sanyuineus uganda, subsp. n.
About the size of M. s. ibee. Fur medium (15 mm. long
on back). Colour above ‘ clay-colour,” variegated with
black, giving a general effect near raw umber, below “ clay- -
colour.” Individual hairs of the back basally drab for 4
their length, distally “ clay-colour,” with a subterminal black
ring (2-3 mm. wide), darkening again towards extreme tip.
Crown, face, and cheeks finely grizzled buff and black.
Hands and feet “tawny ochraceous.” Tail coloured like
back, with a black tip 60-70 mm. long.
Skull as in bee.
Dimensions of type (measured on the skin) :—
Head and body 330 mm. ; tail 290; hind foot 58.
Skull: condylo-basal length 66; basilar length 60; zygo-
matic breadth 33; brain-case breadth 27; palate, breadth
across p* 22, length e—m1 21°5.
Hab. Entebbe, Uganda.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 9. 5.12.1. Collected 18th
July, 1908. ;
Mungos sanguineus galbus, subsp. n.
Size larger than any other known form of sangutneus.
Ground-colour bright ochraceous, variegated on the back with
Four new African Mammals. 515
black, which becomes obsolescent on the flanks and is entirely
absent on the throat, chest, and belly. Individual hairs
bright ochraceous buff, with a short greyish-white base, and
those of the back with a subterminal black ring. Crown
and face finely grizzled ochraceous and black, the black
obsolescent on the cheek, entirely absent on the upper lip.
Entire fore legs and hind feet ochraceous like the belly.
Tail coloured like back, with a black tip (apparently mutilated
in the type specimen).
Skull unfortunately missing.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 345 mm.; tail 270; hind foot 64; ear 28.
Hab. Mubende, Uganda.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 9. 5.12.2. Original num-
ber 45. Collected 7th April, 1908.
This animal curiously resembles UM. auratus, from Tette,
in colouring, except that the tawny suffusion on head and
face, so characteristic of all the forms of this group found
south of the Zambesi, is entirely absent. Its size and
colouring distinguish it at once from any other subspecies of
sanguineus,
When working out the Rudd Collection in conjunction
with Mr. Thomas, we were able to distinguish two well-
marked local races of Paraxerus cepapt (P. Z. S. 1908,
p. 043), a southern and a northern. An examination of the
material in the Natural History Museum Collection shows
that there are at least two other races north of the Zambesi
which merit description. ‘They are :—
Parawxerus cepapi soccatus, subsp. n.
A local form about the same size as typical cepap?, less
brightly coloured, and with somewhat stouter teeth and a
shorter broader skull.
Colour- pattern as in true cepapi, but the yellow suffusion,
especially on the limbs and flanks, so characteristic of cepapi
entirely absent. Hands and feet greyish white.
Skull short and broad ; nasals short ; teeth stout.
Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin) :—
Head and body 190 mm.; tail 160; hind foot 41; ear 20.
Skull: greatest length 42; basilar length 32; zygomatic
breadth 26°5 ; brain-case breadth 21 ; nasals11°5 ; palatilar
length 17; diastema 9; upper molar series (exclusive of
Baigonn »E:
5 lab. N. Angoniland (type from Vwaza, Hewe R.).
516 On Four new African Mammals.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no.7.2.4.6. Original number
863. Collected by Mr. C. B. C. Storey on the 11th Sep-
tember, 1906.
Four specimens, three males and one female (including
the type), taken together on the same day, are very like one
another in all essential features, one only amongst them
showing a rusty suffusion all over the body due to bleaching.
The constant absence of buffy colouring on the hands and
feet is very noticeable. The disproportionate breadth of the
skull is equally present in all four specimens.
Some specimens from the adjoining Nyasa-Tanganyika
Plateau appear to belong to this race.
Paraxerus cepapi quotus, subsp. n.
About the size of typical cepapt. Colouring much darker
and suffusion of colour on flanks and thighs wanting.
Colour-pattern as in true cepapt, but the marked suffusion
of buffy on the flanks and thighs entirely absent, that on fore
limbs darker. Hands and feet suffused with buffy, but to a
less extent than in cepap?.
Skull broad for its length, but not so markedly so as in
the Angoni form; nasals longer and narrowed anteriorly ;
teeth as in the Transvaal form.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 190 mm.; tail] 178; hind foot 42; ear 21.
Skull: greatest length 44; basilar length 35; zygomatic
breadth 26; brain-case breadth 20; nasals 13; . palatilar
length 18°5 ; diastema 10; upper molar series (exclusive of
py) 78.
Hab. Katanga Dist., Congo State.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 7. 12.13.16. Original
number 23. Collected by Mr. S. A. Neave on the 14th
March, 1907.
‘'wo specimens, both of which show the markedly dark
colouring which makes them distinguishable at sight from
any other form.
The forms of P. cepapt may be arranged in a key as
follows :—
A. Size larger: hind foot 42 mm.
a, Hands and feet suffused with buffy.
a, Shoulders, flanks, and thighs suffused
with orange-buff. (Limpopo Basin.). P. cepapi, A. Sm.
On some new Species of Coleoptera. 517
b’, Buffy suffusion on flanks and thighs
absent, that on shoulders reddish
brown. (Katanga Dist.,Congo State.) P. c. quotus, subsp. n.
b. Hands and feet greyish white .......... P. c. soccatus, subsp. n.
B. Size smaller: hind foot 39 mm. (Zambesi
ESC eee eee ROCIO DIC Ol ED OD Dac P. c. sind, T. & W.
LXVIII.—0n some new Species of Coleoptera from Rhodesia
and adjacent Territories, By GitBert J. ARROW.
(Published with the permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tue following notes and descriptions are incidental to the
systematic study of two important collections recently added
to the British Museum, that of Mr. S. A. Neave from North-
East Rhodesia and the Katanga District of the Congo Free
State, and another presented by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall
and made by him or on his behalf in Mashonaland and the
part of Portuguese East Africa immediately adjoining.
Copride.
Sisyphus callosipes, sp. n.
Niger, opacus, undique minute sat dense griseo-setosus; capite
grosse punctato, clypei margine antico profunde semicirculariter
exciso, dentibus 2 internis prominentibus, externis subobsoletis ;
prothorace leviter varioloso-rugoso, postice medio lineato-sul-
catulo, lateribus ante medium fortiter convergentibus, angulis
anticis acutis, deinde paulo sinuatis, dorso convexo; elytris sat
vegulariter striatis, ad apices valde attenuatis ; pedibus gracili-
bus, haud spinesis, trochanteribus haud productis ; metasterno
nitido, profunde impresso :
6, tibiis anticis sat robustis, subtus haud dentatis, pedibus inter-
mediis simplicibus, pedum posticorum femoribus clavatis, postice
medio callo lato, nitido, instructis, tibiis longis, curvatis, intus
serratis, extremitate intus abrupte dilatato.
Long. 10-11 mm. ; lat. max. 6-7 mm.
Hab. German East Africa: Massailand; British Central
Africa: Nyasaland; Katanga, 150-200 miles west of
Kambove; Mashonaland: Chirinda.
The female of this is hke the common Sisyphus crispatus,
Gory, but it is a larger species, the upper surface is less
rugose and clothed with a finer and closer pubescence. In
the male the hind trochanters are not produced and the front
518 Mr. G. J. Arrow on some
tibia is not furnished with teeth beneath; the hind femur is
flattened, broad in the middle and bears a broad shining
laminar appendix at its lower edge ; the hind tibia is strongly
curved, serrate within and has also a small laminar inner
appendix at its extremity.
Sisyphus gazanus, sp. n.
Niger, opacus, supra ferrugineo-indutus, setis erectis ferrugineis
undique tectus; clypeo antice dentibus 2 acutissimis internis
armato, externis subobsoletis; prothorace sat longo, lateribus
fere parallelis, paulo ante angulos anticos dentatis et deinde
convergentibus, angulis anticis acutis, dorso parum convexo;
elytris sat regulariter costatis, pone humeros latis, lateribus
deinde leviter arcuatim contractis; pedibus gracilibus, haud
spinosis, trochanteribus haud productis :
d, tibiis posticis curvatis, intus serratis; clypei dentibus 2 internis
remotis, intervallo haud angulato :
Q , clypei dentibus 2 internis haud remotis, intervallo angulato.
Long. 5-6 mm.; lat. max, 3-4 mm.
Hab. Gazaland: Chirinda, Chibababa (Qct., Nov., Dec.,
1901-1906).
This is of similar size and appearance to Sisyphus goryi,
Har., and like it clothed with rusty coarse setz and earthy
matter; indeed it is in all respects extremely like that species,
differing only in the rather longer legs, the elytra a little more
rounded at tle sides and less tapered behind, the very sharp
inner clypeal teeth, and feebler outer ones.
The sexual differences are slight in these and the small
species of Sisyphus generally, and the synonymy of these still
remains in the greatest confusion. Mr. Péringuey considers
S. goryi, Har., to be identical with S. crispatus, Gory ; but
the first is described from West and the second from South
Africa, and as a species exists in Senegambia to which the
description of S. goryi can be applied there seems no reason to
adopt Mr. Péringuey’sview. The latter’s species, S.nanniscus,
is the insect called S. rugosus by Roth (a pre-occupied name)
and considered by Gemminger and Harold to be the S. ocel-
latus of Reiche. The last appears to me to be another
species of which there are representatives in the British
Museum from Nyasaland and the interior of Angola. It is
peculiar in having denuded spots upon the pronotum, as
shown in Reiche’s figure. These names should accordingly
stand as follows :—
crispatus, Gory. Abyssinia to Cape Colony.
geryt, Péring. (nec Harold).
new Species of Coleoptera. 519
gazanus, sp. n. Gazaland.
goryt, Harold. Senegambia.
hirtus, Gory (nec Wiedem.).
hirtus, Wiedem. S. India, Ceylon.
nanniscus, Péring. Abyssinia to Natal.
rugosus, Roth (nee Gory).
ocellatus, Gemm. & Har. (nec Reiche).
ocellatus, Reiche. EK. Africa.
Onitis gazanus, sp. n.
Brevis, convexus, niger, subopacus, capite prothoraceque vage
viridibus vel ceruleis; clypeo crebre punctato, carina frontali
arcuata, integra, tuberculoque postico; pronoto rugose et dense
punctato, postice medio immarginato, anguste bifoveolato ;
elytris striatis, interstitiis convexis, minute sat dense punctatis ;
metasterno fortiter punctato; femoribus omnibus inermibus,
tibiis anticis quadridentatis :
6, tibiis anticis gracilibus, fortiter arcuatis, subtus breviter denti-
culatis ; clypeo rugose punctato:
@, elypeo transverse strigoso.
Long. 15-18 mm.; lat. max. 9°5-11°5 mm.
Hab. %. Mashonaland: Chirinda Forest.
This was found in numbers by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall.
It is a small compactly formed species allied to Onit’s caffer,
Bohem., but less shining and differently sculptured, with the
femora quite unarmed in both sexes. It is black, with the
head and prothorax sometimes faintly steel-blue, closely
punctured and dull above, and moderately shining beneath.
The head is closely punctured (the clypeus of the female
transversely striated), with an arcuate and entire frontal carina
and a slight frontal tubercle. The pronotum is densely and
rugosely punctured, with the marginal line not complete
behind and the basal fovee elongate and rather close together.
The elytra are striated, with the intervals convex and finely
punctured.
Melolonthida.
Apogonia (subgenus Rhynchogonia) minima, sp. n.
Rufo-castanea, modice elongata, capite sat punctato, clypeo tri-
angulari, acutissimo; prothorace fortiter punctato, marginibus
antico et postico fere parallelis, lateribus antice rectis, angulis
posticis arcuatis ; elytris crebre fortiter punctatis, punctis partim
520 Mr. G. J. Arrow on some
longitudinaliter ordinatis; pygidio grosse punctato, punctis
piliferis.
Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 3 mm.
Hab. S.E. Congo Free State: Katanga.
This is the smallest species of Apogonia known to me. It
is exceedingly like A. acuminata, Arrow, but smaller and
rather more numerously punctured and the clypeus is still
more sharply pointed. The pronotum is more strongly
punctured, the front and hind margins are rather more parallel,
and the sides appear straighter as seen from above and less
convergent towards the front. ‘The pygidium is also rather
more punctured, The sexes are alike, except in the dilatation
of the front and middle tarsi of the male.
Cetoniide.
Eccoptocnemis mashunus, sp. n.
Lete viridis vel cyaneo-viridis, nitidus, tarsis cyaneis, tibiis posticis
atque intermediis intus flavo-pilosis; capite crebre sat grosse
punctato, antice leviter emarginato; prothorace lato, lateribus
postice valde divergentibus, sat fortiter punctato, medio fere
levi; scutello vix punctato; elytris levibus, punctis nonnullis
minutissimis sparsutis; pygidio transverse strigoso; corpore
subtus medio toto levi, lateribus paulo punctatis, processu meso-
sternali circulari. ;
3. Pedibus posticis crassatis, tibiis dense flavo-setosis, pygidio
minus strigoso.
Long. 24-31 mm.; lat. max. 10°5-14 mm.
Hab, Mashonaland.
This species figures in Mr. Péringuey’s ‘Catalogue of
the South-African Coleoptera’ under the name of the West-
African E. barthi, Harold, to which it is closely related. It
agrees with it in the fiinge of yellow velvety hairs at the
inside of the middle and hind tibiew, very thick in the male,
but differs in the more shining and very feebly punctured
elytra and the relatively shorter and rather differently shaped
pronotum, the sides of which are less angulated at the middle,
so that they are more divergent behind, and the base rela-
tively broader. The sternal process is more narrowed be-
tween the middle coxe, and the mesosternal part of it almost
circular in shape.
Capt. Moser has described as a variety of Ceratorrhina
(Neptunides) polychroa, Thoms., a form, manowensis, Moser,
which is abundant at Chirinda, feeding upon pineapples.
It presents marked and constant differences from Thomson’s
new Species of Coleoptera, o21
species, and is not merely one of the many colour-varieties
of it. Its brown coloration is peculiar and practically in-
variable, and it is very distinctly more elongate than Q. poly-
chroa. The females are at once distinguishable by the curious
prolongation of the tips of the elytra, and the males have the
hind femora strongly curved.
Leucocelis cobaltinus, sp. n.
Niger, nitidus, prothoracis lateribus anguste rufis elytrisque obscure
ceruleis, corpore elongato, subtus parce setoso; capite dense
punctato, clypeo angusto, leviter bifido ; prothorace leviter punc-
tato, antice paulo densius, marginibus lateralibus medio angulatis,
postice fere parallelis, angulis posticis distinctis, basi regulariter
arcuata; elytris grosse seriato-punctatis, striis 2 vel 3 posticis ;
pygidio irregulariter annulato-punctato ; metasterni medio parcis-
Sime punctato, processu sat lato, rotundato :
¢, abdomine subtus paulo excavato, segmento ultimo medio
miuute producto, tarsis posticis multo longioribus.
Long. 12-135 mm.; lat. max. 6-7 mm.
flab. EH. Mashonaland: Chirinda Forest.
‘This is a rather large species, devoid of white spots, and
black, with the exception of the elytra, which are indigo- or
cobalt-blue, and a narrow red lateral border upon each side
of the pronotum.
Leucocelis ichthyurus, sp. n.
Niger, nitidus, clypeo, antennis pygidioque leete rufis, maculis parvis
albis inconspicue ornato, quarum 2 prothoracis lateralibus, 2 sub-
basalibus, elytrorum fascia mediana interrupta transversa punctis-
que nonnullis posticis ; capite toto crebre punctato, clypeo antice
leviter inciso ; prothorace fortiter punctato, medio leviore, lateri-
bus strigosis, basi omnino regulariter curvato, marginibus late-
ralibus postice paulo divergentibus, angulis posticis distinctis ;
elyiris fortiter seriato-punctatis, postice distincte striatis, ad
suturam spinose productis; pygidio opaco, parce punctato;
corpore subtus sat griseo-setoso, processu sternali lato, parum
producto ;
dg, tibia postice calcare interno gracilissimo, curvato.
2 , pygidio medio late sulcato, fere bicuspidato, segmento ventrali
ultime postice late fulvo-ciliato.
Long. 10-11°5 mm.; lat. max. 5-5°5 mm.
Tab. Mashonaland: Salisbury, Chirinda Forest.
I have seen a considerable number of specimens of this.
It is very nearly related to L. rubriceps, Raffray, and may
possibly prove to be a local race of it. It is a little larger
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. it. 36
522 Mr. G. J. Arrow on some
and much more scantily spotted with white, the spots being
always extremely small and not infrequently absent alto-
gether. ‘The antenne, head, and pygidium are red, bat not
the last ventral segment, and the pygidium is not spotted
with white, whereas in our specimen of L. rubriceps there are
four marginal spots. The body is a little longer and less
sharply narrowed behind, and the striz on the posterior part
of the elytra are less crowded.
In both these species the inner spur of the hind tibia is as
long as the first two joints of the tarsus. ;
Mr. Péringwey has transferred L. rubriceps to the genus
Mausoleopsis, on account of the asymmetrical front claws of
the male, thus disregarding not only the general form, bat
more important characters common to both sexes, e. g. the
prominent terminal spiracles of Mausoleopsis. It appears to
me highly inadvisable to base any genus upon a feature
found only in one sex.
Leucocelis opacipennis, sp. n.
Enea vel cuprea, nitida, elytris viridi-testaceis, opacis, pygidio,
pedibus, corpore subtus prothoracisque lateribus griseo-setosis,
punctis prothoracis utrinque 3, elytrorum marginis externi postice
3-4 discique nonnullis minutis ; corpore sat brevi; capite crebre
punctato, antice fere bifido; prothorace ubique fortiter punctato,
subcirculari, postice omnino arcuato, angulis nullis; elytris antice
et extus leviter punctatis, postice intus fortiter geminato-striatis ;
pygidio varioloso-punctato; mesosterno vix producto.
Long. 8-5-9 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm.
Hab, Katanga: 150-200 miles W. of Kambove, 3500-
4500 feet, 24th Sept., 1907.
This is a species allied to Z. spoliata, Har., which is
referred by Dr. Kolbe to his subgenus Amaurina, but it
differs from all the known species of that section in that the
elytra only are opaque. It is of short form, with the pro-
notum subcircular, very strongly punctured, the hind angles
obliterated, and the sides decorated with a border of greyish
hairs. There are six white spots forming two diverging
straight lines upon the pronotum, three or four at the poste-
rior part of the outer margin of each elytron, and usually a
few very minute ones upon the disk. The pygidium and
lower surface are fairly well clothed with grey hair, and
there are sometimes four basal patches of scales upon the
former.
The sexes seem almost identical.
bo
ww
new Species of Coleoptera. 5
Erotylide.
Platydacne ferruginea, sp. n.
Ferruginea, haud nitida, antennis, prothoracis et elytrorum margini-
bus externis, horumque lineis 4 longitudinalibus apice haud con-
junctis nigris ; corpore supra toto sat dense et minute punctato,
prothorace lato, baseos lateribus sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis,
marginibus lateralibus punctatis, haud crassis, regulariter arcuatis;
elytris convexis, postice acuminatis, fortiter punctato-striatis,
interstitiis modice convexis, crebre punctulatis,
Long. 14-17 mm.; lat. max. 6-7 mm.
Hab. N.K. Rhodesia: Serenje District; Katanga: Kam-
bove, Lufira River.
P. ferruginea is very closely allied to the typical species
of the genus, P. vittulata, Fairm., but rather narrower in
shape, with the ground-colour rusty brown instead of red.
The whole surface is very finely and rather closely punctured,
and the elytra are more deeply striate-punctate. Hach elytron
has the extreme outer edge and four narrow longitudinal
lines black, the outermost line extending almost to the suture
but not uniting with the others, which also remain distinct
at their extremities.
Platydacne levistriata, sp. v.
Subopaca, nigra, singulo elytro lineis rufis duabus ante apicem
conjunctis, plerumque ante medium haud apparentibus, interdum
etiam linea intermedia vestigiali antica ornato; corpore vix
punctato, prothorace quam longitudinem v1x latiore, lateribus
ad basin paulo divergentibus, postice fere rectis, basi regulariter
arcuato, angulis posticis acutis; elytris postice acuminatis, levis-
sime striatis, haud punctatis, interstitiis paulo convexis; antennis
gracilibus, haud late clavatis.
Long. 15-17 mm.; lat. max. 6-7 mm.
Hab. 8.E. Congo Free State: 150-200 miles W. of
Kambove.
This is very near P. rufovittata, Har. (described as a
species of Megalodacne). It is rather more oval in shape and
more pointed behind, the sides of the prothorax are more diver-
gent behind and the ‘hind angles sharper, and the elytra are
very lightly striated, without visible punctures in the striz
or between them.
36%
524 Mr. J. Ritchie on new Hydroida Thecata
LXIX.—New Species and Varieties of Hydroida Thecata
from the Andaman Islands. By James Ritcute, M.A.,
B.Sc., Natural History Department, the Royal Scottish
Museum.
In a collection of Hydroids kindly entrusted to me for
identification by Dr. Nelson Annandale, Superintendent of
the Indian Museum, there were contained such specimens as
had been dredged in the deeper waters of the Indian Ocean.
Of the twenty-four distinct forms in this collection I regard
four as new species and two as undescribed varieties. Fuller
descriptions of these, with figures, will be published, along
with the report on the rest of the collection, in an early
number of the ‘ Records of the Indian Museum,’ the object of
the present notice being merely to chronicle the occurrence
of a few interesting undescribed additions to the little-known
deep-water Hydroid fauna of Indian seas.
Campanularida.
Hebella crateroides, sp. n.
Trophosome.—Colony epizoic, with a creeping hydrorhizal
tube, which meanders over the stems and branches of other
Hydroids. The hydrothece, which arise at irregular intervals
from the stolon, are small and colourless, like a wine-glass in
shape, with firm walls marked in some cases by exceedingly
faint corrugations, and gracefully everted round the margin.
As the hydrotheca gradually diminishes in diameter from the
margin almost until the hydrorhizal tube is reached, the
hydranthophore is not distinctly indicated ; and the hydro-
theca cavity is separated from the common cavity of the
colony only by a delicate film. The hydranth bears from
about 6 to 8 tentacles.
Gonosome.—The gonangia, which are borne on short
indefinite stalks, are at least three times as large as the
hydrothece. They are roughly cylindrical in shape and
have irregularly corrugated walls, with an everted margin.
Three meduse, as a rule, develop from each blastostyle.
The manubrium is large and four stout tentacles are present
ere the medusa is set free.
This species is closely related to Hebella calcarata (A.
Agassiz), from which it may be distinguished by the much
smaller number of tentacles possessed by its hydranth and by
the inverted-cone shape of its hydrotheca,
i
from the Andaman Islands. 5205
Loc. Growing on Lytocarpus phoniceus (Busk), dredged
8 miles west of Interview Island, Andamans. Depth 270-
45 fathoms.
Sertularide.
Sertularella polyzonias (Linn.), var. cornuta, nov.
Trophosome.—Stem more definite than in var. gracilis of
British waters and branches more regular in their alternate
origin. The facies of the trophosome on the whole approaches
that of var. robusta, Kirchenpauer, from the Cape of Good
Hope.
Gronosome.— While the gonangia have the elongate-ovate
shape and the strongly marked corrugations of typical
specimens, they are surmounted by four stout spines lying
crosswise in a plane at right angles to the long axis of the
gonangium. ‘l’o this character is due the designation of the
variety.
Loc. (a) Andaman Islands. Depth 490 fathoms.
(6) 8 miles west of Interview Island, Andamans. Depth
270-45 fathoms.
Diphasta thornely?, sp. n.
Trophosome.—Colony delicate, unbranched, with a non-
fascicled stem, which springs from a creeping stolon. The
stems show no signs of nodes, but bear hydrothece from the
base upwards. The hydrothece are biserial, both rows lying
in the same plane, but they vary much in their position
relative to one another, for although in most cases they are
alternate or subalternate, on occasion an opposite arrange-
ment is simulated. A hydrotheca is deep and narrow, with
the inner edge adnate to the stem for practically its whole
length, with the exception of a short, horizontal, knobbed
ledge upon which the adcauline operculum is hinged. A
short upturned intrathecal septum projects into the hydro-
theca cavity from the middle of the abcauline wall, which
beneath this point becomes much thicker. ‘The distal part of
the hydrotheca resembles a bracket projecting from the stem.
‘he margin is smooth and rimmed, in shape arc-like, the
curve of the are bending outwards, and the aperture is tilted
somewhat towards the stem. The partition separating hydro-
theca cavity from stem cavity lies almost parallel to the
abcauline wall, and terminates in a thickened ridge.
Gonosome.—Stalkless gonothece arise from close below
526 Mr. J. Ritchie on new Hydroida Thecata
the hydrotheee. They are ovate in shape, with a bulging
shoulder, a short neck, and a circular aperture. The distal
half is ornamented with prominent scattered spines.
Loc. Andaman Islands. Collected by J. Wood-Mason.
Plumularida.
Aglaophenia septata, sp. n.
Trophosome.—Stem fascicled and unbranched, 74 mm.
high. 'The hydroclades are borne on the anterior tube of the
fascicle, which alone is divided by faint nodes into regular
internodes. The hydroclades are biserial, lie on the anterior
surface of the stem, from which they project at an angle of
40°-45°, and reach a maximum of 11mm. in length. Regu-
larly placed nodes occur on the hydroclades, the internodes
being divided by numerous strongly developed septa, four of
which project from the posterior wall of the hydrotheca,
while three arise from the anterior wall of the internode
proximal to the hydzotheca. Of these one traverses the base
of the mesial sarcotheca.
The hydrotheee are rather distant, very narrow at the
base, but widening greatly towards the top, almost obconical.
The anterior profile is straight but for a concavity opposite
the top of the mesial sarcotheca. The margin is horizontal
and has a prominent anterior tooth, flanked on each side by
four distinct sinuations. There is no intrathecal ridge, but
the posterior wall bends inwards just above the base of the
hydrotheca. The supracalycine sarcothece slightly overtop
the margin of the hydrotheca. They are large and cylin-
drical and possess an internal septum. The mesial sarco-
theca is about two-fifths the length of the hydrotheca, to
which it is altogether adnate except for a free spout-like tip.
A button of chitin projects into its cavity from the wall of
the hydrotheca, proximal to the point where it becomes free.
Of cauline sarcothece, one lies on the anterior of the
stem, proximal to the hydroclade- bearing process, anotlier lies
on the inner side of the proeess—both of these being large
and similar to the mesial sarcotheca,— while a third, a mere
perforation, lies on the anterior of the process itself.
Gonosome.—A kind of corbula, entangled amongst fibres
at the base of the colony, I assume to have belonged to the
colony. Itisofpeculiartype. A cylinder, formed of delicate
plates of chitin, contains five spherical reproductive bodies,
and along each side run two rows of projecting leaves.
Each of the lower rows contains about 9 tube-like leaves,
from the Andaman Islands. 527
furnished with small sarcothece: arranged biserially. Each
of the upper rows kas 10 broader leaves, often contorted, and
also bearing sarcothece irregularly arranged along the
margins. The structure seems to resemble a type of open
corbula where, instead of the leaves curling inwards to
protect the reproductive bodies, special delicate chitinous
wings have arisen betweem the leaves, these- enclosing the
gonangia in a cylinder.
Loe. Andaman Islands. Depth 490 fathoms.
Lytocarpus annandalet, sp. n.
Trophosome.—Colony dark brown in colour, unbranched,
with a fascicled stem traversed here and there by pale-coloured,
constrictions slanting from behind downwards and forwards.
‘The anterior tube, which is not divided into nodes, alone
bears hydroclades, and these are close set and alternate, and
are divided into regular hydrotheea-bearing internodes. The
hy drotheca are closely approximated, deep, and rudely ovate
in outline, with an aperture facing outwards from the stem
at an angle of about 45°. The lower half of their profile is
convex, the upper concave, while the margin bears a single
prominent anterior tooth, flanked by four sinuations on each
side. ‘The mesial sarcotheca is very broad, adnate- for
more than half the height of the hydrotheca, but with a free
spout-like extremity; the supra-calycine sarcothece are
also very large, reach just above the margin of the hydro-
theca, and possess a huge aperture. ‘They are cylindrical in
shape, the cylinder being broken by a constriction about
midway, which is associated with an internal ridge traversing
part of their cavity from the posterior wall.
The intrathecal ridge is little evident, but it projects into
the lumen of the hydrotheca from a knob of chitin terminating
an angular inbending of the posterior wall near the floor of
the cavity. The bases of the two sides of the angle are
marked by well-defined ridges projecting into the cavity of
the internode, while a third ridge arises just above the bases
of the supra-calycine nematophores. A shorter internodal
ridge arises from the proximal portion of the anterior wall.
Two characteristic ridges are associated with the mesial
nematophore: a knob of chitin projects into the nematophore
cavity from the hydrotheca wall, while a sinuous septum
traverses the base of the nematophore cavity.
‘wo large, scoop-shaped, cauline sarcothece lie at the
base of each hydroclade, and on the anterior of the hydro-
clade-bearing process is a small tubular sarcotheca.
528 Hydroida Thecata from the Anaaman Islands.
Gonosome.—A few structures, apparently phylactocarps,
replace hydroclades towards the base of the stem. They are
ivided into regular internodes each with three nematophores,
two lateral and one median and proximal. Unfortunately
no gonangia are present. These structures are readily seen
to be morphologically equivalent to hydroclades.
Loc. ‘ Investigator,’ Station 241, lat. 10° 12! N., long.
92° 20! 30" E., between the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Depth 606 fathoms.
Halicornaria hians, Busk, var. profunda, nov.
Tr ophosome.—Considerable variations are exhibited by the
trophosome, but these seem in the main to be due to differ-
ences in age. ‘The thecate internodes, while they are twice
as broad as long at the base of a hydroclade, gradually
lengthen till at the distal end their length may be to their
breadth as four to one. The mesial sarcotheca in mature
colonies is adnate almost to the lip of the hydrotheca, pro-
jecting beyond the margin as a short free spout; in young
colonies it does not reach even to the intrathecal ridge, and
at this stage closely resembles that of young colonies of
HI. variabilis, Nutting *. In all stages, however, its anterior
profile is concave, a character which distinguishes this species
from //, balei (Marktanner-Turneretscher).
The trophosome of this variety is distinguished from that
described and figured by Bale + by the greater length of the
thecate internodes compared with their diameter, the greater
depth and more erect posture of the hydrothece, and the
greater distance which separates the intrathecal septum from
the base of the hydrotheca. The less prominent nature of
the marginal teeth and the small size of the colonies (4 cm.)
are variations of little significance.
Gonosome.—The gonangia, which have not hitherto been
described, are quite unprotected and are borne on very short
stalk8, one at the base of each hydroclade. In shape they
are saucer-like, convex beneath, concave above, appearing as
perfect disks, up to 0°38 mm. in diameter, when viewed from
the anterior of the colony.
Loc. Andamans, 1899.
* Nutting, C. C., “ American Hydroids.—Part I. The Plumularide,”’
Smithsonian Institution, Special Bulletin (Washington, 1900), p. 127,
pl. xxxiil. fig. 7.
+ Bale, W. M., ‘Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes’
(Sydney, 1884), p, 179, pl. xiii. fig. 6, pl. xvi. fig. 7.
Bibliographical Notices,
929
LXX.—A new Specific Name for an Ovectolobid Shark.
By C. Tate Reaan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
I HAVE just received a copy of “A Revision of the Australian
Orectolobid,” by J. Douglas
(Journ. & Proc. R. Soe.
N.S. Wales, xlii. 1908).
Ogilby and A. R. McCulloch
In this
the authors describe and figure under the name Orectolobus
dasypogon, Bleek., a shark, from Torres Straits, which
appears
to bedistinct from that species, the typeof which, from Waigiou,
is in the British Museum.
I therefore propose for this new
form the name Orectolobus ogilby?, in honour of the Australian
ichthyologist who has studied this group of sharks.
The main differences between the two species may be shown
thus :—
Orectolobus ogilby?.
Gill-openings decreasing in size
from the first to the fourth; last
larger; last two closer together
than the rest.
Fringes on each side of the head |
in three separate groups,
Origin of first dorsal fin well
behind the middle of the total
length.
Distance between origins of
dorsals nearly 3 that from origin of
second dorsal to end of tail.
O. ogilbyt is certainly very closely allied to O.
O. dasypogon.
First gill-opening slightly smaller
than the rest, which are of equal
size and equidistant.
Fringes on each side of the head
in two groups, the more posterior
| equivalent to the last two in O.
| ogilbyt.
Origin of first dorsal fin in the
middle of the total length.
Distance between origins of
dorsals slightly more than 2 that
from origin of second dorsal to end
of tail.
dasypogon,
and the two species can scarcely be placed in different genera,
The genus Eucrossorhinus, established by me for O. dasy-
pogon, chiefly on account of the form of the gill-openings,
becomes a synonym of Orectolobus.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.
Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins (Order
Cetacea)
exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural
History). Illustrated by 33
Order of the Trustees, 1909.
Tue Guide-Books to the Zoological Department of the
History Museum have been steadily growing, both in
Figures. - London: Printed by
Price 4d.
Natural
size and
number, for years past, so that they now provide a fairly complete
530 Bibliographical Notices.
survey of the animal kingdom. In their entirety it might justly
be claimed for them that they form one of the most popular text-
books of zoology which has ever appeared. ‘Thus they differ from
most other books of their kind, which are of little use save as a
source of reference to the actual specimens exhibited.
In the Guide to the Whale-Room of the Museum Mr. Lydekker
has, in a surprisingly small space, contrived to pack an amazing
amount of information concerning these creatures, the most highly
specialized of all the Mammalia. Though most of the facts here
given have found their way long since into the majority of popular
natural history books, much is here included that will be new to
the general reader, as, for example, the fact that certain of the
whales, notably the Indian Porpoise, have’‘* minute scales embedded
in the skin of part of the back; and these suggest that whales
are derived from animals furnished with a complete bony armour.”
We should have preferred the term “bony nodules” in place of
“scales”; the nature of these would perhaps have been brought
home to the reader the more forcibly if it had been pointed out that
they were comparable to the bony plates covering the back of the
armadillo,
The short account of the extinct Cetaceans is admirable, and
adds immensely to the value of this most wonderful summary of a
group of animals of which little is known by the general public.
The illustrations have evidently been selected “with the greatest
care and are singularly well reproduced.
Guide to the Specimens illustrating the Races of Mankind (Anthro-
pology) exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum
(Natural History). WUlustrated by 16 Figures. London: Printed
by Order of the Trustees, 1908. Price 4d.
Mr. Lypexxer’s Guide to the Anthropological Collection is an
extremely useful piece of work. The formation and arrangement
of this collection, it should be remembered, was entirely carried
out by Mr. Lydekker. In the near future we -hope to see this
collection still further enlarged, for in this particular we are behind
our neighbours the Germans. ‘But to return to the Guide. In the
preparation of this the Author was confronted with a difficult task,
for a guide-book must of necessity be brief, and it could have been
no easy matter to condense even the main outlines of anthro-
pology in so small a space. The classitication of the races of
mankind is a thorny subject, and from its general unfamiliarity
an exceedingly difficult subject to present in a popular form; and
the Author has certainly come well out of the ordeal.
There is only one slip to which we would direct attention, and
this concerns the Bisharis, which on p. 11 are placed in the
Semitic group and on p. 12 are included in the Hamitic group,
being described as the purest East-African representatives thereof.
The illustrations, as in the Guide just noticed, are excellent.
PRESTON.
14B
Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol. TI. Pl. X
531
INDEX to VOL. IIT.
ABANUS, characters of the new genus,
493.
Abulfeda, characters of the new
genus, 495,
Acerodon, notes on the genus, 20;
new species of, 25,
Achatina, new species of, 182.
Adauctus, characters of the new
genus, 492.
Adelium, new species of, 411,
Adolopus, new species of, 223.
/figocera, new species of, 434,
AXthalotus, new species of, 318.
Aglaophenia, new species of, 526,
Agunga, new species of, 334.
Alcyonarians from the Gulf of Cutch,
on, 362,
Amallophora, new species of, 124.
Andersen, K.,on the genus Acerodon,
20; on the charactersand affinities
of Desmalopex and Pteralopex,
215; on a new species of Pteropus
from the Loyalty Islands, 233; on
new bats from the Solomon Islands,
266,
Andrews, Dr. C. W., on new steneo-
saurs from the Oxford clay of
Peterborough, 299, 384.
Angitia, new species of, 464.
Anomalurus, new species of, 351.
Anthobosca, new species of, 482,
Aphanus, new species of, 236,
Apocaucus, characters of the new
genus, 506.
Apogonia, new species of, 519,
Arber, E. A. N., on the fossil plants
of the Kent coalfield, 87.
Arctomys, new species of, 259.
Arcyothora, new species of, 431,
Ariphron, new species of, 135,
Arrow, G. J., on new coleoptera
from Rhodesia, 517.
Asilis, new species of, 401.
Aspilocoryphus, new species of,
320,
Astromuricea, new species of, 364.
Atkinsonianus, characters of the new
genus, 545,
Atlantoxerus, note on the genus,
473.
Austen, E. E., on new African phle-
botomic diptera, 280; on new
blood-sucking Muscide, 285.
Automolis, new species of, 458.
Avernus, new species of, 188.
Baculipalpus, new species of, 414.
Bather, F. A., on Kocidaris and some
species referred to it, 43; on the
type of Cidaris, 88.
Bdellolarynx, characters of the new
genus, 290.
Bethune-Baker, G. F., on new
African lepidoptera, 422.
Bingham, Lt.-Col. C. T., on two
new Mutillide from Queensland,
486.
Bitoma, new species of, 585.
Bombiliodes, new species of, 457.
Books, new :—Catalogue of the Lepi-
doptera Phaleene in the British
Museum, vol. vii., 382; Smith’s
Naturalist in ‘Fasmania, 456 ;
Guide to the Whakes, Porpoises,
and Dolphins in the British Mu-
seum, 529; Guide to the speci-
mens of the Races of Mankind in
the British Museum, 530.
Boomsiang, on the toxic action of
the bite of the, 271.
Borolia, new species of, 430.
Boulenger, G. A., on a new gobiid
fish from the Niger, 42.
Brachioteuthis, new species of,
449,
Brown, Major T., on new New-
Zealand coleoptera, 228, 335.
Bulimulus, new species of, 510.
Bulimus, new species of, 509.
Burr, M., notes on forficularia, 249,
253.
Byrne, L. W., on fishes from the
Irish slope, 279.
Calletzera, new species of, 92.
Callidula, new species of, 94.
Callistoplepa, new species of, 183.
Calliteuthis, new species of, 455,
532
Calman, Dr. W. T., on a new crab
from the Indian Ocean, 30; on the
genus Puerulus and the post-larval
development of the spiny lobsters,
441.
Calocarcinus, characters of the new
genus, 30.
Calphurnia, characters of the new
genus, 502.
Calymniodes, new species of, 459.
Capnodes, new species of, 432.
Celenorhinus, new species of, 89.
Cephalopoda, new, 446.
Cercaria, new species of, 238,
Chalenata, new species of, 461.
Chalinolobus, new species of, 150.
Char, on the, of Great Britain, 111.
Chauliops, new species of, 328.
Cheerops, note un the generic name,
315.
Choleva, new species of, 230.
Chubb, E. C., on mammals from the
Upper Zambezi River, 33.
Cichlosoma, new species of, 234.
Cidaris, on the type of, 83.
Cilibe, new species of, 408.
Cladocarpus plumosus, note on, 310.
Clark, A. H., on the genus Encrinus,
308.
Clark, Prof. H. L., on the type of
Cidaris, 88.
Cleis, new species of, 95.
Joleoptera, new, 223, 385, 517.
Colgan, N., on locomotion and the
use of slime-threads in the marine
mollusea, 354,
Consivius, characters of the new
genus, 320.
Correbia, new species of, 458,
Coxelus, new species of, 386.
Crane, G., on aleyonarians from the
Gulf of Cutch, 362.
Crocidura, new species of, 418,
Crustacea, new, 30, 122.
Culicoides, new species of, 280.
Cynopterus, new species of, 439.
Dasytes, new species of, 404.
Dasyurus hallucatus, new subspecies
of, 152.
Dendromus, new species of, 247.
Dermaptera, new, 249, 253.
Desmalopex, on the differential cha-
racters of, 213.
Diacrisia, new species of, 347.
Dicentria, new species of, 466.
Diniella, new species of, 334,
Dinomachus, new species of, 491.
INDEX.
Diomea, new species of, 433.
l)iphasia, new species of, 525.
Diptera, new, 280, 285, 487.
Dispholidus typus, on the toxie action
of the bite of, 271.
Distant, W. L., on new species of
rhynchota from Bengal, 40; rhyn-
chotal notes, 187,317; on Urie:tal
heteroptera, 491,
Dollman, G., on mammals
Katanga, 348.
Doxozilora, characters of the new
genus, 412.
Druce, H., on new heterocera from
Tropical S. America, 345, 457 ; on
new heterocera from Dutch New
Guinea, 347.
Druce, H. H., ona new hesperid
from Peru, 438.
Eccoptocnemis, new species of, 520.
ictropis, new species of, 93.
Elaphrodes, characters of the new
genus, 428.
Elaphroptera, new species of, 134.
Eleotris, new species of, 42.
Ellobius, new species of, 265.
Elops, revision of the genus, 37 ;
new species of, 38.
Elymas, characters of the new genus,
504,
Emarginea, new species of, 346.
Encrinus, note on the genus, 308,
Entomostraca, on Scottish, 122.
Eocidaris, note on the genus, 43.
Ephutomorpha, new species of, 487.
Epibomius, characters of the new
genus, 328.
Epiphragmophora, new species of,
508.
Epixerus, characters of the new
genus, 472,
Erastrioides, new species of, 463.
Ercheia, new species of, 431.
Eremocoris, new species of, 494,
Ismun, characters of the new genus,
330.
Esphalmenine, characters of the new
subfamily, 250.
Esphalmenus, characters of the new
genus, 251.
Estigmene, new species of, 429.
Eublemma, new species of, 462.
Euconchecia, new species of, 128.
Eucosmetus, new species of, 332.
Euhemerus, characters of the new
genus, 331,
Euproctis, new species of, 428.
from
INDEX.
Euscopus, new species of, 496,
Kusoma, new species of, 397.
Euxerus, characters of the new
genus, 475.
Evotomys, new subspecies of, 419.
Exoccetus exiliens, on the type of,
147.
Fischeria, new species of, 186.
Fishes, new, 38, 42, 115, 234, 270,
279, 529; on the anatomy and
classification of the scombroid, 66 ;
on the classification of teleostean,
75.
Fitz-Simons, F. W., on the toxic
action of the bite of the boomslang,
271.
Forficularia, notes on, 249, 253.
Funisciurus, note on the genus, 471.
Gadus luscus, on a young stage of,
153.
Gardena, new species of, 505.
Gardiner, C. L, on the sedimentary
rocks of the Tourmakeady district,
235.
Gargetta, new species of, 424.
Gathocles, new species of, 388.
Geological Society, proceedings of
the, 87, 235, 315, 383.
Georychus, new species of, 35.
Geosciurus, note on the genus, 473.
Geroda, new species of, 460.
Gibbus, new species of, 180.
Glandina, new species of, 507.
Glossopelta, new species of, 496.
Glyphodes, new species of, 437.
Gonodes, new species of, 346.
Gonsalyus, new species of, 314.
Griffini, Dr. A., on new species of
Gryllacris, 566,
Gryllacris, new species of, 366.
Grynoma, new species of, 231.
Gunther, Dr. A., on the type of
Exoceetus exiliens (L. Gmel.),
147.
Hematobia, new species of, 288.
Halicornaria hians, new variety of,
528.
Hasora, new species of, 91.
Hebrus, new species of, 497.
Hebella, new species of, 524.
Helicarion, new species of, 181.
Heliosciurus, note on the genus,
470.
Heterogramma, new species of, 270.
Heteroptera, new, 40, 317, 491.
Hilda, new species of, 41.
Hipposiderus, new species of, 268.
Holt, E. W. L., on fishes from the
Irish slope, 279.
Homarus vulgaris, on a case of
abnormal oviducts in, 1.
Homoptera, new, 4!, 187.
Homorus, new species of, 186.
Hybleea, new species of, 96.
Hyboscarta, new species of, 190,
ees note ona rare plumularian,
Hydroida Thecata from the Anda-
man Islands, 524.
Hymenoptera, new, 131, 476, 486.
Hypena, new species of, 433.
Hyperomma, new species of, 227.
Hypochrosis, new species of, 92.
Hypothripa, new species of, 430.
Idalus, new species of, 458.
Induna, new species of, 94.
Ischnodemus, new species of, 326.
Ischnorhina, new species of, 191.
Iswara, note on the genus, 476.
rad characters of thenew genus,
Kendall, Rev. H.G.O., on paleeolithie
implements from Hackpen Hill,
383.
Kinbergella, characters of the new
genus, 177.
Korobona, characters of the new
genus, 209,
Lelia, new species of, 428,
Langucys, new species of, 345.
pone) characters of the new genus,
(3,
Leipaxais, new species of, 428.
Leistera, characters of the
genus, 96.
Lemonia taraxaci, new subspecies of,
new
Lepasta, new species of, 466.
Lepidoptera, new, 7, 89, 100, 345,
347, 422, 438, 457; on the, col-
lected by W.J. Burchell in Brazil,
7, 98.
Leucocelis, new species of, 521, 522.
Lewisiella, characters of the new
genus, 398.
Longstaff, Mrs., on the genus Loxo-
nema, 315.
Lophochlora, new species of, 94,
Loxotephria, new species of, 93.
Lua, characters of the new genus,
342.
Lygzeus, new species of, 319,
Lyperosia, new species of, 285,
Lytocarpus, new species of, 527,
O34
Macaca, new species of, 380.
M‘Intosh, Prof., on a young stage
of Gadus luscus, 153; on the
British Spionide, 156; on the
Spionide collected by H.M.S.
‘Porcupine,’ 175.
Macronoctua, new species of, 459.
Macropes, new species of, 323.
Mahanarva, characters of the new
genus, 210.
Makonaima, characters of the new
genus, 205.
Mammals, new, 24, 35, 150, 233,
246, 257, 266, 351, 372, 374, 378,
380, 415, 439, 514.
Manatanus, characters of the new
genus, 494.
Maramaldus, characters of the new
genus, 393.
Marmosa, new species of, 379.
Marshalliana, new species of, 425,
Meragisa, new species of, 467,
Meriones, new species of, 262.
Merragata, new species of, 498.
Mesembriomys, note on the genus,
372.
argurus, new subspecies of,
Metarbela, new species of, 425.
Metaxina, characters ef the new
genus, 407.
Metopolophota, characters of the
new genus, 424.
Mezira, new species of, 497.
Microtus, new species of, 263, 420.
Microyelia, new species of, 499.
Mictochroa, new species of, 460.
Miller, G. S., on new European
mammals, 415.
Miocidaris, note on the genus, 62.
Miresa, new species of, 426.
Miselia, new species of, 545,
Mollusea, new, 180, 314, 446, 507 ;
on locomotion and the use of
slime-threads in the marine, 354.
Moschites, new species of, 453.
Moulton, J. C., on the rhopalocera
eollected by W. J. Burchell in
Brazil, 7, 98.
Mungos sanguineus, new subspecies
of, 514.
Mus, new subspecies of, 421, 441.
Muscide, new blood-sucking, 285.
Mutilla, new species of, 486.
Mycetopus, new species of, 515.
Myosciurus, characters of the new
genus, 474.
INDEX.
Myrsilus, characters of the new
genus, 470.
Myzine, new species of, 476,
Nadata, new species of, 347.
Napata, new species of, 457.
Narosa, new species of, 426.
Nassa, new species of, 512.
Naudarensia, new species of, 339.
Negla, new species of, 435.
Neoavernus, characters of the new
genus, 189.
Neolethzus, characters of the new
genus, 540.
Neomonecphora, characters of the
new penus, 206,
Neosphenorhina, characters of the
new genus, 205,
Nerine, remarks on species of, 156.
Nerinides, new species of, 175.
Nerthus, characters of the new
genus, 327.
Nicoll, Dr. W., notes on larval
trematodes, 237.
Nysius, new species of, 321.
Oberonia, new species of, 422.
Odontria, new species of, 400.
(Ecomys, new species of, 378.
Ogilby, J. D., on the generic name
Cheerops, 3165.
Ogovia, new species of, 431,
Olapa, new species of, 428.
Omalium, new species of, 228.
Onitis, new species of, 519.
Opharus, new species of, 459,
Ophiusa, new species of, 97, 432.
Opisthoplatys, new species of, 506,
Orectolobus, new species of, 529.
Ormiscodes, new species of, 465.
Orthalicus powissianus, new variety
of, 512.
Orthoptera, new, 366.
Otocinclus, new species of, 234.
Paguma, new spec‘es of, 377.
Palinuridz, on the post-larval de-
velopment of the, 441.
Paludestrina, new species of, 513.
Pamera, new species of, 491..
Pamerana, characters of the new
genus, 331.
Paracodia, new species of, 465.
Paradoxurus, new species of, 374.
Parangitia, new species of, 463.
Paraphanta, new species of, 427,
Parasa, new species of, 426.
Paraxerus, note on the genus, 471.
cepapi, new subspecies of,
515.
LW-D EX So,
Parnara, new species of, 90.
Pedilophorus, new species of, 596.
Permocidaris, note on the genus,
65.
Philematomyia, characters of the
new genus, 295.
Phryganodes, new species of, 436.
Phyciodes, new species of, 100.
Phymatophcea, new species of, 405.
Pilocrocis, new species of, 436.
Pirkimerus, new species of, 322.
Pitymys, new species of, 420.
Planorbis, new species of, 512.
Platydacne, new species of, 525.
Plesia, new species of, 480.
Ploearia, new species of, 505,
Ploiariola, new species of, 501.
Peecilia, new species of, 255.
Polydora, remarks on species of,
169.
Polypus, new species of, 446.
Pore-ta, new species of, 465,
Presbytis, new subspecies of, 439.
Preston, H. B., on new land and
freshwater shells from Africa,
180; on new land, freshwater,
and marine shells from 8. America,
507.
Promanus, new species of, 232.
Protarphius, new species of, 389.
Protopristus, characters of the new
genus, 225,
Protoxerus, note on the genus,
472.
Pseudachatina, new species of, 183.
Pseudelaphroptera, new species of,
99
vy.
Pseudoglessula, new species of, 185,
Pseudotharybis, characters of the
new genus, 126.
Pseudotrochus, new species of, 184.
Pteralopex, on the affinities of, 218;
new species of, 266.
Pterocyclophora, new species of,
348.
Pteropus, new species of, 233.
Puerulus, note on the genus, 441.
Pycnomerus, new species of, 395,
Pygospio elegans, note on, 166.
Pyragra, new species of, 254.
Quedius, new species of, 226.
Regan, C. T., revision of the genus
Elops, 87; on the anatomy and
classification of the scombroid
fishes, 66; on the classification of
teleostean fishes, 75; on the char
of Great Britain, 111; on new
freshwater fishes from South
America, 234; on a new cichlid
fish from La Plata, 270; new
specific name for an Orectolobid
shark, 529.
Reptiles, new, 300.
Reynolds, Prof. S. H., om the sedi-
meutary rocks of the Tourmakeady
district, 235.
Rhanidophora, new species of, 435.
Rhinochimeera, new species of, 279.
Rhinosciurus, new species of, 440.
Rhynchotal notes, 40, 187, 317.
Ricardo, Miss G., on new species of
Tabanus from India and Assam,
487.
Ridewood, Dr. W. G., on a case of
abnormal oviducts in Homarus
vulgaris, 1.
Ritchie, J., on a rare plumularian
hydroid, 310; on new Hydroida
Thecata from the Andaman
Islands, 524.
Rossia, new species of, 454.
Rothschild, Hon. W., on a new
Lemonia, 7.
Russell, E. S., on the cephalopoda
collected by the ‘ Goldseeker,’ 446,
Sadoletus, new species of, 329.
Salvelinus, new species of, 115.
Sarmatia, new species of, 433.
Sciurus, new species of, 418, 439;
note on the African species of,
469.
Scolecolepis, remarks on species of,
160, 175.
Scolia, note on the genus, 483.
Scoliide, on some genera of the,
476.
Scombroid fishes, on the anatomy
and classification of the, 66.
Scopelodes, new species of, 95.
Scott, T., on new and rare entomo-
straca, 122.
Selenopalpus, new species of, 413.
Sepiola, new species of, 454,
Sertularella polyzonias, new variety
of, 525.
Shark, new specific name for an
Orectolobid, 529.
Sisyphus, new species of, 517.
Small, W., notes on larval trema-
todes, 237.
Solaropsis, new species of, 508.
Soletellina, new species of, 314.
Soloe, new species of, 429,
Sorex, new subspecies of, 415,
5BE INDEX.
Sowerby, G. B., on a new species of
Soletellina, 314.
Sphodrosearta, new species of, 190.
Spio, on the British species of, 161 ;
new species of, 165,
Spionide, on the British, 156; on
the, collected by H.M.S. ‘ Porcu-
pine,’ 175.
Spiophanes bombyx, note on, 167.
Squirrels, on the generic arrange-
ment of the African, 467.
Stemmatophora, new species of,
436,
Steneosaurus, new species of, 300.
Stephanochasmus, notes on species
of, 244,
Stomoxys, new species of, 292.
Stopes, Dr. M. C., on plant-con-
taining nodules from Japan, 383.
Stygeromyia, new species of, 286.
Subulina, new species of, 186.
Sus, new species of, 441.
Swinhoe, Vol. C., on new Indo-
Malayan and African lepidoptera,
89.
Sylepta, new species of, 437.
Symphysius, characters of the new
genus, 391.
Synegia, new species of, 91.
Synelis, new species of, 94.
Tabanus, new species of, 487.
Tachynomyia, new species of, 137.
‘Taonidium, new species of, 461.
‘l'arache, new species of, 462.
Tarachidia, new species of, 462.
Tatera, new species of, 249.
Teleostei, on the classification of
the, 75.
Telephoromyia, new species of, 131.
‘Leutates, Characters of the new
genus, 335.
Thapsia, new species of, 181.
Thomas, O., on mammals from N.E.
Kimberley, 149; on mammals
from Turkestan, 257; on the N.
Australian species of Mesem-
briomys, 372; on new species of
Paradoxurus and a new Pagum),
374; on new species of (Xcomys
and Marmosa, 378; on two new
macaques from W,. Java, 380;
on the generic arrange nent of the
African squirrels, 467.
Thomson, Prof. J. A., on aleyo-
narians from the Gulf of Cutch,
362. :
Thynnidz, new species of, 131.
Thynnus, new species of, 158.
Timasius, characters of the new
genus, 498,
Tiphia, note on the genus, 483.
Tomaspis, new species of, 193.
Tomaspisina, characters of the new
genus, 206.
Trematodes, notes on larval, 237.
Triphyllus, new species of, 395.
Turner, R. E., on new or little-
known species of Thynnide, 131 ;
on some genera of the Scoliide, -
476.
Typhoctes, new species of, 485.
Ugana, characters of the new genus,
97.
Usilanus, characters of the new
genus, 341.
Uzza, characters of the new genus,
338.
Valleriola, new species of, 40.
Westermannia, new species of, 430.
Wroughton, R. C., on new species
of Dendromus and Tatera, 246;
on four new African mammals,
514.
Xanthocalanus, new species of, 122.
Xerus, note on the genus, 475.
Yanguna, new species of, 438.
Zyzomys, characters of the new
genus, 372.
END OF THE THIRD VOLUME.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
re
1
a
oT
a ee P
ie
7
oo
tt
BINDING SECT. JUL 16 198!
> 3 * a
Tha A nna | S and a Wexes iva hl Oo
ee £314110) 1 Sneass =
7 io tay
1 latural histor
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
eee
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
es
Ae
aka ed
1: hte
ee “
seus Cai
ite » phat abt adhe tg ta ey
stp ogha ee if t ' Hie et tae
a te fe deer
echo Ge ‘phe " i PAKS
mebe
mae
*
=
He
aS nae
+
peal (Te pet
ae deel
See riee per
SRSES
ey
se: _
pe
Saas
site
poe AS
ote x
eS
<7.
HEROES)
MT arte
:
phe
pas
Stay
Sr ie es
Sere Gre
So eee I ee
Ss SSS
Poa oa soe:
i?
f
;
4)
f
{
A,
eo =
x
xe
eae
5
eer
7
Le
I
Miyy: i
ore ems 9
Vbwtpatie geht
Pave Cae
+
3 hire :
, a rk
*. +
bite
Pig ta ts OO,
is at ies
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11