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SERMONS
THE REV. JAMES SAURTN,
LAT£ FASTOR OF THE FRENCH CHURCH AT THE HAOCE.
ifrom the iFratcft,
BY THE
REV. ROBT ROBINSON, REV. HENRY HUNTER, D.D.;
ANU
REV. JOSEPH SUTCLIFFE, A.M.
A JXBVr EDZTZOXr, VrXTH ADDZTIOITAI. szmxxoxTS :
REVISED AND CORRECTED
BY THE REV. SAM?^ BURDER, A.M.
Late of Clare Hall, Cambridge ; Lecturer of the United Parishes of Christ Churchy
J^ewgate Street, and St. Leonard, Foster Lane, London.
varnn a likeness of the author, and a general index.
PRIMTED FROM THE LAST LOJVDOJ^ EDITIOJ^.
PZIZNCETON, N. J.
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED, BY D. A. BORRENSTEIN ;
FOR SALE BY
G. & C. CARVILL, JOHN P. HAVEN, NEW YORK; A. FINLEY. E. LITTELL,
PHILADELrniA ; and RICHARDSON & LORD, BOSTON.
1827.
^/erT ^^ iV^^^eJ^^^^r^-^^^.
PREFACES
TO THE LAST ENGLISH EDITION.
Translations of works written in foreign languages possess a valufi
beyond the subjects discussed in them : in this respect, the congeniality of
sentiment which pervades, may assimilate them to our own productions.
But they are particularly useful to convince us, that mental cultivation
and energy are not confined to any country, but are the gifts of God, im-
partially bestowed upon nations widely separated as to situation. Nor are
these circumstances without their special influence, since we find the works
of learned men characterized by peculiarities, which strongly distinguish
them from each other. The transfusion of these into the languages of
other countries, gives them a circulation which contributes equally to the
instruction and pleasure of mankind in general.
Of this advantage the Sermons of M. Saurin are pre-eminently de-
serving. Nor has it been conferred on them in vain. They have been
most favourably received in this country, as the sale of several Editions
demonstrates. As many of them as have made eight volumes, have, for
some time, been before the public. The first live were translated by the
Rev. R. Robinson. The sixth by the Rev. Dr. H. Huxteu ; and the
last two by the Rev. J. Sutcliffe.
In the present Edition they are compressed into Six Volumes, the last
of which contains three additional Sermons, now first printed in English ;
one on Regeneration, translated by the Rev. J. Sutcliffe ; and two others
by M. A. BuRDER. Of the manner in which they are rendered, the near
relationship of the translator forbids me to speak, otherwise than to ex-
press a confident hope, that they will not be found unworthy of being as-
sociated with those which precede them.
iv PREFACE TO THE LAST ENGLISH EDITION.
-, . V ^ X^ . . \ \- *>>% • ^ - ' ^^
Thts Ediliofl has .been careiully corrected by the Rev. J. Sutcliffe,
previously to the work beijqg-put-to the press, through w^hich it has been
my province to guide and correct it. To those who value the great doc-
trincs^gf C|irist(anity^ these volumes cannot but prove highly acceptable :
nor can they fail of making a due impression on the mind, by the for-
cible and eloquent manner in which they exhibit truth and holiness.
SAMUEL BURDER.
Brixlable Lodge. Mdytlale,
Jan. 1, 1824.
MEMOIRS
mttotmntion in Jftnntt;
THE LIFE OF THE REV. JAMES SAURIN.
T- HE celebrated Mr. Saurin, author of the
following; sermons, was a French refugee, who,
with thousands of his countrymen, took shelter
in Holland from the persecutions of France.
The lives, and even the sermons, of the refu-
gees lire so closely connected with the history of
the rieformation in France, that, we presume,
a short sketch of the state of reliijion in that
kingdom till t'le banishment of the Protestants
by Lewis XIV. will not be disagreeable to
some of the younger part of our readers.
Gaul, which is now called France, in the
tim'> of Jesus Christ, was a province of the Ro-
man empire, and some of the apostles planted
Christianity in it in the first centuries, while
Christianity continued a rational religion, it
spread and supported itself without the help,
an! against the persecutions, of the Roman
■emperors. Numbers were converted from pa-
ganism, several Christian soc eties were form-
e 1, and many eminent m^n, having spent their
lives in preaching and writing for the advance-
ment of the gospel, sealed their doctrine with
their blood.
In the fifth century Clovis T., a pagan king
of Franc°, fell in love with Clotilda, a Chris-
tian princess of the house of Burgundy, who
ai:r9el to many him only on condition ofhis
becoming a <^hri«tian, to which he consented.
[A. I). 491.] The king, however, delayed the
performance of this condition till five years
after hi? marriage; when, being engaged in
a desperate battle, and having reason to fear
the total defeat of his army, he lifted up his
eyes to h°aven, and put up this prayer, Goi of
Qitf.fn ClnlUda ! Grant me the rictorj/, and I
vow to bf baptised, and thfnc (forth to ivorship
no other God but thee! He obtained the victo-
ry, anl at hi= return, was baptized at llheims
[Dec. 25. 496.] His sister, and more than three
thousand of his subjec-.ts followed his exam-
ple, and Christianity became the professed re-
ligion of Franc:?,
Conversion implies the cool exercise of rea-
son, and whenever passion takes the place, and
does the oifice of reason, conversion is nothing
but a name. Baptism did not was!i away the
sins of Clovis ; before it ha was vile, after it
he was infamous, [)rictising all kinds of treach-
ery and cruelty. The court, the armv. and the
common people, who were pagan when the
king was pagan, and Christian when he was
Christian, continued the same in their morals
after their conversion as before. When the
Christian church, therefire, opened her doors,
and delivered up her keys to these new cou-
B
verts, she gained nothing in comparison of what
sh€ lost. She increased the number, the rich-
es, the pomp, and the power, of her famdy :
but she resigned the exerci=e of reason, the suf-
ficiency of scripture, the purity of worship, tho
grand simpl city of innocence, truth, and vir-
tue, and became a creature of the state. A
virgin before ; she became a prostitute now.
Such Christians, in a long succes'^ion, con-
verted C iristianity into something worse than
paganism. They elevated the Christian church
into a temporal kingdom, and they degraded
temporal kingdoms into fi^fs of the church.
They founded dominion in grace, and they ex-
plained grace to be a love of dominion. And
by these means they completed that general
apostacy, known by the name of Popery^ which
St. Paul had tbretold, 1 Tim. iv. 1. and which
rendered the reformation of the sixteenth cen-
tury essential to the interests of all mankind.
The state of religion at that time [A U. 1.515.]
was truly deplorable. Kcclesiastical gorern-
ment, instead of that evangelical simplicity, and
fraternal freedom, whicii .lesus Christ and his
apostles had taught, was become a spiritual do-
mination under the form of a temporal empire.
A'l innumerable multitude of dignities, title?,
rights, honors, privileges,and pre-eminences be-
longed to it, and were all dependent on a sove-
reign priest, who, being an absolute monarch,
required every thought to be in subjection to
him. The chief ministers of religion were ac-
tually become temporal princes, and the high-
priest, being absolute sovereign of the ecclesi-
astical state, had his court and liis council, hi«
ambassadors to negociate, and his armies to
murder his flock. The clergy had acquired
immense wealth, and, as their chief study wa«
either to collect and to augment their revenues,
or to prevent the alienation of their estates,
they had constituted niunberless spiritual cor-
porations, with powers, rights, statutes, privi-
leges, and olRcers. The functions of the min-
istry were generally neglected, and, of conse-
quence, gross ignorance prevailed. All ranks
of men were extremely tlepraved in their mo-
rals, and the Po[)e's penitentiary had published
the price of every crime, as it was rated in tho
tax-book of the Uoman chancery. Marriages,
which reason and scripture allov/ed, the Pope
prohibited, and, for money, dispensed with
tho=e which both forbade. Church-benefices
were sold to children, and to laymen, who then
let then to under tenants, none of whom per-
formed the iluty, for whicli the profits were
paid ; but all having obtaiaod Ihcrn by siuio'.-iy,
MEMOIRS OF THE
spent their lives in fleecing the flock to repay
themselves. Tlie power of the pontiff was so
great that he assumed, anJ. what was more as-
tonishing;, was sn i'cred to exercise a supremacy
OV'T many Ifiiv^doms. When monarchs g;rati-
fi'vi his wrll, he ()ut on a triple crown, ascnii-
C'l a throne, snfforeil them to call liim Hoh-
ne.i9. an I to kiss his feet. When they disoblig-
ed him. he suspended all re!ii;:;ious worship in
their dominions ; published fdse and al)usive
libels, called bulls, which operated as laws, to
injure their persons; disjhars^ed tlieir subjects
from obedience ; and jj^ave their crowns to any
■who would usurp them. He claimed an infal-
libility of knowledge, and an omnipotence of
strength; and he forbade the world to examine
his claim. He was addressed by titles of blas-
phemy, and, thou<j:h he owned no juris liction
over himself, yet he affected to extend his au-
thority over heaven and bell, as well as over a
middle place called purgatory, of all which
places, he said, he kept the keys. This irreg-
iilar church polity was attended Avith quarrels,
jntriiTues, schisms, and wars.
Rfligion itself was made to consist in the
performance of numerous ceremonies, of Pagan,
Jewish, and Monkish extraction, all of which
niiglit be performed without either faith in
CJod, or love to mankind. The church ritual
was an address, not to the reason, but to the
senses of men : music stole the ear, and sooth-
ed the passions ; statues, paintings, vestments,
and various ornaments, beguiled the eye; while
the pause which was produced by that suilden
attack, which a multitude of oVijects made on
the senses, on entering a spacious decorated
edificp, was enthusiastically taken for devotion.
Blind obedience was first allovvetl by courtesy,
and then established by law. Public worship
■Was performed in an unknown tongue, and the
sacrament was adored as the body and blood
of Christ. The credit of the ceremonial pro-
duced in the people a notion, that the perform-
ance of it was the practice of piety, and religion
degenerated into gross superstition. Vice, un-
controlled by reason or scripture, retained a
Pagan vigour, and committed the most horrid
crimes: and superstition atoned for them, by
building and endowing religious houses, and
by bestowing donations on the church. Hu-
man merit was introduced, saints were invok-
ed, and the perfections of God were distribu-
ted by canonization, among the creatures of
the Pope.
_ The pillars that supported this edifice were
jmmense riches, arising by impoH from the
sins of mankind ; idle distinctions between su-
preme and subor hnate adoration; senseless ax-
ioms, called the divinity of the schools; preach-
ments of bufToonery or blasphemy, or both ;
cruel casuistry, consisting of a body of danger-
ous and scandalous morality; false miracles
and midnight visions; spurious books and pal-
try relics; oaths, dungeons, inquisitions, and
crusades. The whole was denominat<^d thf:
nOLY, CATHOLIC, A.\D APOSTOMC CHPUCU,
ond laid to the cliarge of Jesus Christ,
Loud complaints had licen made of those ex-
cesses, for the last hundred and fifty years, to
Uioic whoso busiiiGss it was to reiwria, and, as
bad as they ■were, they had o^wned the necessi-
ty of reformation, and had repeatedly promised
to reform. Several councils had been called
for the purpose of relorming; but nothing had
been done, nor could any thing be expected
from assemblies of mercenary men, who were
too dee|)ly interested m ilarkness to vole for
day. They were inflexible against every re-
monstrance, and. as a Jesuit has since express-
ed it, Thti/ ivonld not txliii^iiish one taper,
IhouirJi it uere to convert a.l the Hugonots in
France.
The restorers of literature reiterated and
reasoned on these complaints : but they reason-
ed to the wind. The church champions were
hard driven, they tried every art to support
their cause: but th'-y could not get rid of the
attack by a polite duplicity : they could not
intimidate their sensible opponents by anathe-
mas ; they would not dispute the matter by
scripture, and thev could not defend themselves
by any other method ; they were too obstinate
to reform themselves, and too proud to be re-
formed by their inferiors. At length, the f)lam-
tifTs hud aside the thoughts ofapplying to them,
anil, having found out the liberty uhcreuith
Christ had made them free, we\it about reform-
ing themselves. The reformers were neither
popes, cardinals nor bishops, but they were
good men, who aimed to promote the glory of
God, and the jrood of mankind. This v as the
state of the church, when Francis 1. ascended
the throne. [151/).]
^Vere we to enter into a minute examination
of the reformation in France, we would own a
particular intf rposition of Provide^ ce : but we
would also take the liberty to observe, that a
happy conjunction of jarring interests rendered
the sixteenth century a fit era for reformation.
Events that produced, protected, and persecu-
ted reformation, proceeded from open and iiid-
den, great and little, good and bad causes. The
capacities and the tempers, the virtues and the
vices, the views and the interests, the wives
and the mistresses, of the i)rinces ofthose times;
the abilities and dispositions of the officers of
each crown ; the powers of government, and
the persons wl.o wrought them : the tempers
and geniuses of the people ; all these, and ma-
ny more, ■vvere springs of action, wliich, in their
turns, directed the great events that -were exhi-
bited to public view. But our limits allow no
inquiries of this kind.
'i'he reformation which began in Germany
spread itself to Geneva, and thence into France.
The French hail a translation of the Bible,
which had iieen made by Guiarsdes Moulins.
[In l'22-l.] It had been revised, corrected, and
printed at Paris, by order of Charles \'III , and
the study of it nov,- began to prevail. [1487.]
The reigning king, who was a patmn of
learning, encourageii his valet de chambre,
Clement Marot, to versify some of J3avid's
Psalms, and took great pleasure in singino-
them,* and either protected, or persecuted the
*■ His majesty's favourite psalm, whicii he
sang when he went a hunting, was the 42d.
The queen used to sing the 6tii, and the king'i
mistress th« l^^Olh. Marot translated fifty,
REFORMATION IN FRANCE.
XI
reformation, as his interest seemed to him to
require. Although he went in procession to
bnrn the first martyrs of the reformed church,
yet in the same year, [1535] he sent for Me-
lancthon to come into France to reconcile reli-
gion^ differences. Although he persecuted his
own protestant suhjccts with infinite inhuma-
nity, yet wlien he was afraid that the ruin of
the German prolestants would strengthen the
hands of the em(ieror Charles V. he made an
alhance with the protestant princes of Germa-
ny, and he allowed the Duke of Orleans, his
second son, to ofler them the Iree exercise of
thpjr religion in the UuUeilom of Luxemburg.
He suffered his sister, the Queen of Navarre,
to protect the relormation in her country of
Bearil, and even saved Geneva, wlien Charles
Duke of Savoy would have taken it. It was
no uncommon thing in that age for princes to
trifle thus with religion. His majesty's first
concern was to be a king, his second to act like
a rational creature.
The reformation greatly increased in this
reign. The pious Queen of Navarre made her
court a covert Irom evcy storm, supplied
France with preachers, and the exile* at Gene-
va with money. Calvin, who had fled from
his rectory in France, and had settled at Gene-
va, [1531] was a ciiief instrument ; he slid his
catecliism, and other books into Fratice. [1541.]
Some of the bishops were inclined to the refor-
mation ; but secre'ly, for fear of the Christians
of Rome. The relbrmation was called Calvin-
ism. The people were named Sacramentari-
ans, FAitiierans, Calvinists ; and n ck-named
Hugonots, either from Hugon, a Hobgoblin,
because, to avoid persecution, they held their
assemblies in the night ; or from the gate of
Hugon, in Tours, where they used to meetj
or from a Swiss word, which signifies a
league.
Henry II., who succeeded his Father Fran-
cis, [l-')47] was a weak, and a wicked prince.
The increase of his authority was l/ie law and
the prophets to him. He violently persecuted
the Calvinists of FVance because he was taught
to believe, that heresy was a faction repugnant
to authority ; and he made an alliance with
the German protestant?. and was pleaed with
the title of Pro/ec/or of the Germanic liberties,
tliat is, protector of protestantism' This alli-
ance he made, in order to check the power of
Charles V. He was governed, sometimes by
his queen. Catharine de Medicis, niece of Pope
Clement Vil , who, it is saitl, never did right
except she did it by mistake : often by the
constable dc Montiiiorenci, whom, contrary to
the express command of his fatlier, in his dying
illness, he had placed at the head of adminis-
tration : chiefly by his mistress, Diana of Poi-
tiers, who hail been mistress to his father, and
who bore an implacable hatred to the protest-
Bi'za the other hundred, Calvin got them set
to music by the best musicians^ and every bo-
dy sang them as ballads When the reformed
churches made them a part of their worship,
the papists were forbidden to sing them any
more, and to sing a psalm was a sign of a Lu-
theran.
ants : and always by some of his favourites,
whom he suffered to amass immense fortune!
by accusing men of heresy. The reformation
was very much advanced in this reign. The
gentry promoted the acting of plays, in which
the comedians exposed the lives and doctrines
of the popish clergy, and the poignant wit and
humour of the comedians afforded infinite ih>er-
sion to the people, and conciliated them to the
new preachers. Beza, who had fled to Geneva,
[1548jcame backward and forward into P'rance,
and was achiefpromoterol the work. His La-
tin Testament, which he first published in thii
reign, [1556] was much read, greatly admired,
and contributed to the spread of the cause.
The New Testament was the Goliah's sword
of the clerical reformers, there vas none like it.
Francis IF. succeeded his lather Henry. [1559]
He was only in the sixteenth year of his age,
extremely weak both in body and mind, and
therefore incapable of governing the kingdom
by himself In this reign began those civil
wars, which raged in France for almost forty
years. They have been charged on false zeal
lor religion : but this charge is a calumny, for
the crown of France was the prize for which
the generals fought. It was that which inspi-
red them with hopes and fears, productive of
devotions or persecutions, as either of them
opened access to the throne. The interests of
religion, indeed, fell in with these views, and
so the parties were blended together in war.
The family of Charles the Great, which had
reigned in !<"' ranee for 236 years, either became
extinct, or was deprived of its inheritance, at
the death of Lewis the Lazy. [987.] Him,
Hugii Capet had succeeded, and had transmit-
ted the crown to his own jioslerity, which, in
this reign, subsisted in two principal branches,
in that of V'alois, which was in possession of
the throne, and in that of Bourbon, the next
heir to the. throne of France, and then in pos-
session of Beam. 1 he latter had been driven
out of the kingdom of Navarre: but they re-
tained the title, and were sometimes at Beam,
and sometimes at the court of France. The
house of Guise, Dukes ot Lorrain, a very rich
and powerful family, to whose niece, Mary
Queen of Scots, the young king was married,
pretended to make out their descent from
Ciiarles the great, and were competitors, when
the times served, with the reigning family for
the throne, and, at other times, with the Bour-
bon fimi'y, for the apparent heirship to it.
With these views they directed their family
alliances, perfected t! emselves in military skill,
and intrigued at court lor the administration of
affairs. These three houses formed three yar-
ties. The house of Guise (the chiefs of which
were five brethren at this time) headed one ;
the king of Na\arre, the princes of the blood,
and the great officers of the cruwn, the other;
the Queen mother, who managed the interest!
of the reigning family, extrcised her policy on
both, to keep either from becoming too strong ;
while the leeble child on the throne was alter-
nately a prey to them all.
Protestantism had obtained numerous con-
verts in the last reign. Several princes of lli»
blood, some chief otiieers of the orowi>, and
XII
MEMOIRS or THE
many principal families, had embraced it, and
its partisans were so numerous, both in Paris
and in all the provinces, that each leader of
the court parties deliberated on the policy of
strengthening his jiarty, by openly espousing-
Ihe reformation, by endeavouring- to free the
protestants from penal laws, and hy obtaining'
a free toleration lor them. At length, the
house of Bourbon declared for Protestantism.
and,of consequence, the Gu-ses were inspired
■with zeal for the support of the ancient reli-
gion, and took the Roman Cathol.cs under
their protection. The king of Navarre, and
the prince of Conde, were the heads of the
first : I'Ut the Duke of Guise had the address
to obtain the chief mamigemeiit of affairs, and
the protestants were persecuted with insatiable
fury all the time of this reign-
Had religion tlien no share in thesecommo-
tio?is.^ Certainly it had, with many of the
princes, and with mnltitndes of the soldiers:
but they were a motley mixture; one iought
for his coronet, another for his land, a third
for liberty of conscience, and a fourth for pay.
Courage was a joinlstock, and they were mu-
tual sharers of gain or loss, praise or blame.
It was religion to secure the lives and proper-
ties of no!-ie families, and thougli the common
people had no lordships, yet they had the more
valuable rights of conscience, and for them
they fought". We mistake, if we imagine that
the French have never ufiderstcod the nature
o! civil and religious liberty; they have well
uiulprsliiod it, though they have not ! een able
to obtain it. Huuin cuinxie would have been
as exjiressive a motto as any that the protest-
anl generals could have borne.
The persecution of the protestants was very
severe at this time. Counsellor Du Bouru', a
geitleman ■ f enunent quality, and great merit,
■n'as burnt lor heresy, and the court was inclin-
ed, not only to rid France of protestantism,
but Scotland also, and sent La Brosse with
three thousand men, to assist the queen of Scot-
land in that pious design. Thiswas frustrated
by the intervention of queen Elizabeth oi Eng-
land. The pei-secution becoming every day
more intolerable, and the knig being quite in-
sccessible to the remonstrances of his peojde,
the protestants held several consultations, and
took the opinions ot their ministers, as well as
those of their noble partisans, on the question,
whetlier it were lawlul to take up arms in
their own defence, and to make Vv'ay for a h-ee
access to the king to present their petitions?
It was unanimously resolved, that it was law-
ful, and it was agreed, that a certain number
of men should be chosen, who should go on a
fixed day under the direction of Lewis prince
of Conde, present their petition lo the king,
and seize the Duke of Guise, and the cardinal
cf Lcrrain, his brother, in order to have them
tried before the states. This affair v.'as discov-
ered to the Duke by a false brother, the design
was defeated, and twelve hundred were be-
headed. Guise pretended to have suppressed
a rebellion that was designed to end in the de-
throning of the king, and by this manreuvre,
lie procnre 1 the general lieutenancy of the
kingdom, and thv glorious title of Cciisarator
of his country. He pleased the puerile kin*
by placing a few gaudy horse-guards round his
palace, and he infatuated the poor child to
think himself and his kingdom rich and hap-
py, while his protestant subjects lay bleeding
through all his realm.
The infiiiite va\ue of an able statesman, in
such important crises as these, might here be
exem|>bfied in the conduct of ■ icha'l de
Ij'llospital. who was at this time [156U] pro-
moled to flie chancel-lordship: but our limits
will not allow an enlargement. He was the
mo't consummate polit.cian that France ever
employed. He had the wisdom of governing
without the folly of discovering it, and all his
actions were guided by that cool moderation
wliich always aceomj'aines a superior know-
led:,'e of mankind. Fie was a concealed protest-
ant of the most liberal sentiments, an entire
friend to religious liberty, and it was his wise
management that saved France. It was his
fixed opinion, that fiike tolkration was-
sound policy. We must not wonder that rigid
papists deemed him an atheist, while zealous,
but mistaking protestants, pictured him carry-
ing a torch behind him, to guide others but not
himself. The more a man resembles God, the
more will his conduct be censured by igno-
rance, partiality and pride !
The FJukeof Guise, in order to please and
strengthen his party, endeavoured to establish
an inquisition in France. The chancellor, be-
ing willing to parry a thrust which be could
not entirely avoid, was forced to agree [Vlay
1560] to a severer edict than he could have
w shed, t J defeat the design. By this edi^t,
the cognizance o! the crime of heresy was taken
from the secular judges, and given to the bish-
ops alone. The Calvinists complained of this,
because it put them into the hands of their
enemies, and although their Lordships con-
demned and burnt so many heretics, that their
courts were justly called chambrts ardtnles,*
yet the zealous catholics thought them less el-
igible than an inquisition after the manner of
Spain.
Soon after the making of this edict, [Aug,
150O] many families having been ruined by
it. Admiral Coligny presented a petition to the
king, in the names of all the protestants of
France, humbly praying that they might be
allowed the free exercise of their religion.
The king referred the matter to the parlia-
ment, who were to consult about it w.th
the lords of the council. A warm debate en-
sued, and the catholics carried it against the
protestants by three voices. It was resolved,
that people shoukl be obliged, either to con-
form to the old established church, or to quit
the kingdom, with permission to sell their es-
tates. The protestants argued, that in a ] oint
of such importance, it would be unreascmable,
on account of three voices, to inflame all France
with animosity and war : that the method of
banishment was impossible to be executed ;
and that the obliging of those, who continued
in P'rance, to submit to the Romish religion,
against their consciences, was an absurd at-
* JjUiiiiii;r couii^ — lire olhces.
REFORMATION IN FRANCE.
XJII
tempt, and equal to an impossibilit)'. The
chancellor, and the protestant Lords, used ev-
ery effort to procure a toleration, wnile the
catholic party urged the necessity of unifor-
mity in relii^ion. At leny^th two of the bish-
ops owned the necessity of reforming, pleaded
sirenuou-ly lor moderate mpa-^urHy, and propo-
sed the deciding of these <ontroversies in an as-
seiibly of the states, assisted hy h national
council, to be summoned at the latter end of
the year. To this proposal the assembly
agreed.
The court of Rome having laid it dov^n as an
indubitable maxim in church police, that an
inquisition w<is the only sup[>ort of the hierar-
chy, and th-eading the consequences of allow-
ing a nation to reform itself, was alarmed at
this intelligence, and instantly sent a nuncio in-
to France. His instruction- were to prevent,
if possible, the calbng of a national council,
and to promise the rfafsemt'ling of the general
council of Trent. The protestants had been
too oflen dupes to such artifices as these, and,
being tuUy convinced of the futility of general
co.uncils, they refused to submit to the coun-
cil of Trent now for several good reasons. The
pope, they said, who assembled the council,
was to be judge in his own cause : the coun-
cil would be chiefly composed of Italian bish-
ops, who were vassals of the pi>|)P, as a secular
prince, and sworn to him as a bishop a)id head
of the church: the legates would pack a ma-
jority, and bribe the poor bishops to vote :
each article would be first settled at Home,
and then proposed by the legates to the coun-
cil : the Km|)eror, by advice of the late coun-
cil of Constance, ha. I given a sate conduct to
John Huss, and to Jerome of Prague; however,
when they appeared in the council, and propo-
sed their doubts, the council condemned them
to be burnt. The piotestants had reason on
their side, when they rejected this method of
reforming, for the art of procuring a majority
of votes is the soul of this system of church
government This art consists in the ingenu-
ity of finding out, and in the dexterity of ad-
dressing each man's weak sicie, his pride or
his ignorance, his envy, his gravity, or his ava-
rice : and the possessing of this is the perfec-
tion of a Legate of Rome.
During these disputes, the king died without
issue, [Dec. 5, 1 >eO] and h;s brother Charles
IX. who was in the eleventh year of his age,
succeeded him. [Dec. 13.] The states met at
the time pro[>osed. The chancellor opened
the session by an unanswerable speech on the
ill policy of persecution, he represented the mis-
erics of the protestants, and proposed an abate-
ment of their sufferings, till their complaints
could be heard in a national council. The
Prince ofConde and the King of Navarre were
the heads of the protestant party, the Guises
were the heads of their opponents, and the
queen mother, Catharine de Aledicis, who had
obtained the regency till the king's majority,
and who began to dread the power of the Gui-
ses, leaned to the protestants, which was a
grand event in thair favour. After repeated
meetings, and var.ous warm debates, it was
agreed, as one side would not submit to a gene-
ral council, nor the other to a national assem-
bly, that a conftrtnce should be held .it Poissy,
between both parties [July l.')6 1] and an e.lict
was made, thai no pcrso is should molest the
prole-taiits, t'lat the impri-o'ieil should be re-
leased, and the exdescalleil home. [Aug. 1,>G| .]
The conference at Pois.-y was held, in the
presence of the king, the princes ol the blood,
the nobility, cardinals, prelates, and grandees
of both parties. On the popish side, six cardi-
nals, four bishops, and several tlignified clergy-
men, airl on the protestant aliout twelve of
the most lamous reformed ministers, mana-
ged the dispute. Beza, who spoke well,
knew the world, and hail a ready wit, and a
deal of learning, displayed all his powers in fa-
vour of the relorRiation. The papists reason-
ed where they could, and where they could not
thpy railed. The conference ended [Sept. 29]
where must public disputes have ended, that is,
where they b gan ; lot great men never enter
these lists, without a previous determination
not to submit to the disgrace of a public de-
feat.
At the close of the last reiirn, the rum of pro-
testantism seemetl inevitable : but now the re-
formation turned like a tide, overspread every
place, and seemed to roll away all opposition,
and, in all probability, had it not been li.r one
sad event, it would now have subverted pope-
ry in this kingdom. The king of Navarre^
who was now lieutenant general of France,
had hitherto been a zealous pmtestant, he had
taken incredible pains to su|)port the reforma-
tion, and had assured the Danish ambassador
that, in a year's time, he would cause the true
gospel to be preached throughout Fiance.
The Guises caballed with the pope and the
king of Spain, and they offered to invest the
king of iSavarre with the kingdom of Sardi-
nia, and to restore to him that part of the kinc^-
dom of Navarre, which lay in Spain, on condi-
tion of his renouncing protestantism. The
lure was tempting, and the king deserted, and
even persecuted the piotestants. Pro.videiice
is never at a loss for means to effect its desio-nc
The queen of iNavarre, daughter of the last
queen, who had hitherto preferred a dance to
a sermon, was shocked at the king's conduct,
and instantly became a zealous iroteslant her-
self. She met with some unkind treatment,
but nothing could shake her resolution ; Hud
/, said she, the kingdoms in my hand. I irnuld
throw them into the sea, rulhtr than defile my
conscunce by going to mass. This courageous
profession saved her a deal of trouble and dis-
pute !
The protestants began nov/ to appear more
publicly than before. The queen of Navarre
caused Beza ojjenly to solemnize a marriage in
a noble larnily, after the Geneva manner.
This, which was consu^imated near the court,
emboldened the ministers, and they preached
at the countess de Senignan's, guarded by tlie
marshal's provosts. The no! iliiy thought that
the common people had as good a right to hear
the gospel as themselves, and caused the re-
formed clergy to preach without the walls of
Paris. Their auditors v.-cre thirty or forty
thousand pcorle, divided into three companies.
XIV
MEMOIRS OF THE
the women in the middle surrounded by men
on foot, and the latter by men on horseback ;
and during the sermon, the governor of Paris .
placed *ol liers to guard the avenue?, and to
prevent disturbances. The morlili/ of this
w^nrship cannot be disputed, lor if God be
worshipped in sjiirit and ui trnth. the | lace is
indiilerent. The expediency of it may be
doubtr>d : "liut, in a persecution ot forty years,
the French prolestants had learnt that their
political masters did not consider how rational,
but how formiLlable they were.
The Guisps, and their associates, being quite
dispirited, retired to the r estates and the
queen rodent, by the chancellor's advice, grant-
ed an el ct 10 eimlile the protestants to preach
in all pjirts ot the k ngdom, excspt in Pa 'is.
and in other walled cities. The parliaments
of France had then the power of refusing to
register royal edicts, an.l the chancellor had oc^
casion for all his address, to prevail over tlie
scruples an 1 ill humour of the parliament to
procure the registering ot this. He begged
leave to say, that the question before them was
one ol' those which had its difficulties, on what-
ever side it was viewed ; that in the present
ca«e one of two things must be chosen, ei-
ther to put all the adherents of the new reli-
gion to the sword ; or to banish them entirely,
allowing them to dispose of their eflects ; that
the first point could not be execut d, since
that parly was too strong both in leaders and
partisans; and though it could be dojie, yet
as it was staining the king's youth with the
bloo i of so many of his subjects, perhaps when
he came of age he would demand it at the
hands of his governors ; with regard to the se-
cond point, it was as little feasible, and could
it be effected, it would be raising as many des-
perate enemies as exiles: that to enforce con-
foiinity against conscience, as matters stood
now, was to lead the people to atheism. The
edict at last was passed, [Jan. 1562.] but the
house registered it with this clause, inconsjd-
irutiun of I lie present Juncture of the limes:
but not approving of the new religion in any
manner, and till the king shall otherwise ap-
point. So hard sat toleration on the minds of
papists.
A minority was a period favourable to the
viev/s of the Guises, and this edict was a hap-
py occasion of a pretence for commencing hos-
tilities. The Duke, instigated by his mother,
went to Vassi, a tov/n adjacent to one of his
lordships, and, some of his retinue picking a
quarrel with some prolestants, who were
hearing a sermon in a barn, ha interested him-
self in it, wounJeti two hundred, and left sixty
dead on the spot. This was the first protest-
ant hlool that was shed in civil war. [Mar.
1, 1562.]
The news of this afTair flew like lightning,
and, while the Duke v/as marching to Paris
with a thoii'and horse, the city, anil the pro-
vinces rose in arms. The chancellor was ex-
tremely alflicled to see both sides preparing for
war. and endeavoured to dissuade them from
it. The constable told him, it did not belong
to mm of the long robe, to give their judgment
XDilk relation to war. To which he answersd,
that though he did not bear arms, he knew when
they ought to be used. After this, they excluded
him from the councils of war.
The queen-regent, alarmed at the Duke's
approach to Pari^. threw hersdfii to the hands
of the Prot<-stiints. and ord( re d Conde to take
up arms. [.Auu. 156-2] War began, and bar-
barities and i-rue!t:e^ were praclistd on both
sider. The Duke of Guise was assassinated,
the king of iSavarre was kilbd at a sifge, fif-
ty thousand prolestants were slain, and. alter
a year had been spent in thes-e contusions, a
peace was concluded. [A. D 1563.] AH that
the prolestants obtained was an edict which
excluded the exercise of their religion frora
cilifs, and restrained it to their own lamilies.
Peace did not continue long, lor the proles-
tants, having received intelligence, that the
Pope, the house of Ausir.a, and the house e>f
Guise, had conspired their ruin, and fearing
that the king, and the court, were inclined to
crush them, as their rights were every day in-
fringed by new edicts, took up arms asain in
their own defence. [.A. D. 1567.] The city
of Rochelle declared lor them, and it served
them for an asylum lor sixty years. They
were assisted by Queen F.lizabflh of England,
and by the German princes, and they obtain-
ed, at the conclusion olthis second war, [.A. D«
I56t>] the revocation of ail penal eilicis, the
exercise of their religion in their families, and
the grant of six cities lor their security.
The 1 ope. the king oi Spain, and the Gui-
ses, finding that they could not (ire^'ail while
the wise chancellor retained his ii.fluence,
formed a cabal against him, and got him re-
moved. [June, 1568.] He resigned very rea-
dily, and retired to a country seat, where he
sp nt the remainder of his days. A strange
confusion followed in the direction of affairs;
one edict allowed liberty, another forbade it,
and it w'as plain to the jirotestants that their
situation was very delicate and dangerous.
The articles of the last peace bad never been
performed, and the papists every w here in'^ult-
cd their liberties, so that in three months time,
two thousand Hugonots were murdered, and
the murderers went unpuii. shed. War broke
out again. [\. D. 1568.] Queen Elizabeth
assisted the prolestants with money, the Count
Palatine helped them with men, the Queen
of Na\arre parted with herrings and j< wels
to support them, and, the Prince of Conde
being slain, she declared her son, prince Hen-
ry, the head and protector of the proK slant
cause, and caused medals to be struck with
these words: a safe peace, a complete victory, a
glorious dnith. Her rnaje.-ty did every thing
in her | ower for the advancement of the cause
of religious liberty.aiul she used tosay,lhal lib-
erty of conscience ought to be preferred befort
honours, digiiilus, and I fe itsilf. She cai-sed
the Nt wTeslament, the calcclni-m. and tlje lit-
urgy of Geneva,lo be tiHii.-lated,and printed at
ilochelle. She abolishcii [lopery. and establish-
ed protestantism in her own dimimons. In her
leisure hours, she expressed her zeal by work-
in" tapestries with her ov/n hands, in which
she represented the monuments of that liberty,
which she procured by shalang off the yoke of
REFORMATION IN FRANCE.
XV
the Pope. One suit consisted of twelve pieces.
On each piece was represented some scrip-
ture history of delirerance ; Israel coming-
out of Ei^ypt, Joseph's release from prison, or
soniethnig- of the like kind. On the lop of
each piece %vere these words, uhcre Ike spi-
rit is fherf is librrli/, and in Ihe corriers of
each were broken chains, fetters, and gibliols.
One piece represented a con<:;re2:ation at Mas^,
and a fox, in a iriar's liabit, olficiatin^ as a
priest, ^rinninsf horribly and saying;, the Lord
be with i/nii. The pieces wore fashionable
patterns, and dexterously directed the needles
of the ladies to help forward the reformation.
After mmy ne;;(itiations a peace was con-
cludeil, [1570] and the free exercise of religion
was allowed in all but walled cities, two cities
in every province were assigned to the pro-
testants ; they were to be admitted -into all
universities, schools, hospitals, public offices,
royal, seigniorial, and corporate, and to render
the peace ofeverlasting durat oti, a match was
proposed between Henry of Navarre, and the
sister of King ' harles. These articles were ac-
cepted, the match was agr°ed to, everv man's
sword wa« put up in it^s sheath, and ihe queen
of Xavarre, her son. King Henry, the princes
of the blood, and the principal proteslants, went
to Pans to celebrate the marriage [Aug. 15.
1,57-'.] A few days after the marriage, the A l-
miral, who was one of the principal protest-
ant leaders, was assa sinated. [Aug. "JS ] This
alarmed the king of Navarre, and the prince of
Conde, but ths king and his mother promisingto
punish thf assassin, th.iy wcr^ quiet. The next
Sunday. [A:ig. 9, "24] being Si. Bartholomew's
da}', when the bells rang for morning prayers,
the Duke of Guise, brother of the last, appear-
ed with a great number of soldiprs and cit zens,
and began to murder the Hugonots; the
wretched Charles appeared at the windows of
his palace, an 1 endeavoured to shoot those who
fled, crying to their pursuers, Ki/l them, kill
Ikeni The massacre continued seven days, sev-
en hundred houses were pillaged; five thousand
people perished in Paris; neither age, nor sex,
nor even women with child were spared; one
butcher boasted to the king that he had hewn
down a hundred and fifty in one nighf. The
rage ran from Paris to the provinces, where
twenty five thousand more were cruelly slain ;
the queen of Navarre was poisoned ; and, dui--
ing the mas-acre, the king olfered the kin" of
Navarre, and the young prince of Coile, son
of tne lat= prince, if they would not if-nounce
Hugonotism, either death, mass, or bast He : for
he said he would not have one left to reproach
him. This bloo ly affair does not lie between
Charles IX., his mother Catharine of Medicis,
and the Duke of Guise; for the church of
Rome, and the court of Spain, by exhibiting
public rejoirings on the occasion, have adopted
it fur their own, or, at least, have claimed a
share.
Would any one after this propose passive obe-
dience and nonresistance to French protestanls.'
Or can we wonder, that, abhorring a church,
who offered to embrace them with hands reek-
ing with the blood of their brethren, they put
on their armour ajjain, and commenced a fourth
civil war.' The lale'massacre raised up also
another party, called Politiciavs, who propo-
sed to banish the family of Guise from France,
to remove the queen mother, and the Italians,
from the government, and fo restore peace to
the nation. This faction was headed by Mont-
morenci, who had an eye to the crown. Dur-
ing these troul'les, the king died, in the twen-
ty-fifth year of his age. [1674.] Charles had
a lively little genius, he comj osed a 1 ook on
hunting, and valued himself on his skill in phy-
siognomy. He thouglit courage consisted in
swearing and taunting at his courtiers His
diversions were hunting, music, women, and
wine. His court was a common sewer of lux-
ury and impiety, and, while his favourites were
fleecing his people, he employed liimself in the
making of rhymes. The part which he acted
in the Bartholoinean tragedy, the worst crime
that was ever perjietrated in any Christian
country, will mark his reign with infa my, to
the end ot' time.
Henry HI who succeeded his brother Charles,
wa« first desDJsed, and then hated, by all his
subjects. He was so proud that he set rails
round his table, and ajtecte I the pomp of an
eastern king: and so mean that he olten walk-
ed in procession with a be-garly Irotlierhood,
with a string of beads in his hand, and a whip
at his girlie. He was so crelulous that he
took the sacamsnl with the Duke of Guise,
and with the cardinal of Dorrain, his brother;
and so treacherous, that he caused the a«as-
smation of them both. He boasted ofbein-a
chief adviser of the late massacre, and the pro-
testants abhorred him for it. The papists ha-
ted him for his adherence to the Hu'onot
house of Bourbon, and for the edicts which
he sometim?s granted in favour of the protest-
atits. though his only aim was to weaken the
Guises. 'J'he ladies held him in execration
(or his unnatural practices: and the duiche«s
of Montpensier talked of clipping his hair, and
o. making him a monk. His heavy taxes,
which were consumed by his favourites, excit-
ed the populace against him, and, while his
kingdom was covering with carnage and drench-
ing in blood, he was training lap-dogs to tum-
ble, and parrots to prate.
In this reign was formed the famous league,
I lo7b] which reduced France to the most mise-
rable condition that could be. The chief pro-
moter of it was the duke of Guise Thepre-
tence was the preservation of the Catholic reli-
gion. The chief articles were three. " The de-
fence of th° Catholic religion. The establish-
ment ot Henry 111. on the throne. The main-
taining of the liberty of the kingdom, and the as-
sembling of the states." Those who entered iiw
to the league promised to obey such a general as
should be chosen for the defence of it, and the
whole was confirmed by oath. The weak
Henry subscribed it at first in hopes ofsubdu-
ing the Hugonots; the queen mother, the Gui-
ses, the pope, the king of Spain, many of the
clerg}', and multitudes of the people became
leaguers. When Henry perceived that Guise
was aiming by this league to dethrone him,
he favoured the protestants, and they obtained
an edict tor the freo exercise of their religion ;
XVI
MEMOIRS or THE
[1576] but edicts were vain tiling's against the
power of the league, and three civil wars ra-
ged in this rei2;ii.
Guise's preteiuleil zeal for the Romish reli-
gion allured the cler2:y, and France was filled
with seditious hooks and sermotis. The preach-
ers of the league were the most furious of ali
sermon monj^ers. They preached up the ex-
cellency of the established church, the necessi-
ty of uniformity, tlie horror of Husconotism.
the merit of killin,? the tyrant on the throne,
(for so they called the king) the genealogy of
the house of Guise, and every thing else that
could inflame the madness of party ra^e. It is
not enougli to say that these a'andoned cler-
gjmon disgrac-'d their olfice ; truth obliges us
to add, they were protected, and preferred to
dignities in the church, both in France and
S()a n.
The nearerthe Guisesapproachedtothecrown
the more were they inflamed at the sight of it.
They obli:j;ed the king to forbid the exercise of
the protestant religion. They endeavoured to
exclude the king of N.-varre, who was now the
next heir to tlie throne, from the succession.
They began to act so haughtily that Henry
caused the Duke and the cardinal to be assas-
sinated. [I5illl.] The next year he himself was
assassinated by a friar. [1589.] Religion flou-
rishes where nothing else can grow, and the
reformation spread more and more in this reign.
The exiles at Geneva filled France with a new
trimslation of the Bible, with hooks, letters,
cateciiisms, hymns, and preachers, and the
people, contrasting the religion of Christ with
the religion of Home, entertained a most seri-
ous aversion for the latter.
In the last king ended the family of Valois,
and the next heir was Henry IV. of the house
of Bourbon, king of Navarre. His majesty
had been educated a protestant, and had been
the protector of the party, and the j)rote'tants
had reason to expect much from him on his
ascending the throne of France : but he had
many difficulties to surmount, for could the
men who would not bear a Hugonot subject,
bear a Ilugonot king.' Some of the old fac-
tion disputed his title, and all insisted on a
christian king. Henry had for him, on the
one side, almost all the nobility, the whole
court of the late king, all protestant states, and
prirces, and the old Hugonot troops; on the
other, he had against him, the common people,
most of the great cities, all the parliaments
except two, the greatest part of tlie clergy,
the pope, the king ol Spain, and most catholic
states. Four years his majesty deliberated,
negotiated, and fought, but could not gain
Paris. At length, the league set up a king of
the house of Guise, and Henry found that the
throne was inaccessible to all but papists ; he
therefore renounced heresy before Dr. Benoit,
a moderate papist, and professed his conversion
to popery. Paris opened its gates, the po])e
sent an absolution, and Henry became a riiost
clirislKin king. [159-1] Every man may re-
joice that his virtue is not put to the trial of
refusing a crown !
When his majesty got to his palace in Paris,
he thought proper to conciliate hii new friends
by showing them particular esteem, and play-
ed at cards the first evening with a lady of
the house of Guise, the most violent leaguer
in all the party. His old servants, who had
shed rivers of blood to bring the house of
Bourbon to the throne, thought themselves
neglected. While the prolestants weie slight-
ed, and while those, who had fo'lowed the
league, were disengasing themselves from it
on advantageous conditions, one of the king's
old friends said, " We do not envy your kill-
ing the fatted calf for the prodi"al son, pro-
vided you do not sacrifice the obedient son to
make the better entertainment for the prodi-
gal. 1 dread tho«e bargains, in which things
are given up, and nothing got but mere words;
the words of those who hitherto have had no
words at all."
By ascending the throne of France. Henry
had risen to the highest de2:ree of wretched-
ness. He had offered violence to his con-
science by embracing popery; he had stirred
up a general discontent among the French
protestants; the queen of I'ngland, and the
protestant states, re|)roached him bitterly; the
league refused to acknowledge him till the
pope had absolveu him in form ; the king of
Spain caballed for the crown ; several cities
held out against him ; many of the clergy
thought him an hypocrite, and refused to in-
sert his name in the public prayers of the
church ; the lawyers published libels against
him; the Jesuits threatened to assassinate him,
and actually attempted to do it. In this deli-
cate and difficult situation, though his majesty
manifested the frailty of humanity by renounc-
ing protestantism, yet he e iricated himself
and his subjects from the fatal labyrinths in
which they were all involved, so that he de-
servedly acquired from his enemies the epi-
thet Great, though his friends durst not give
him that of Good.
The king had been so well acquainted with
the protestants, that he perfectly knew their
principles, and, could he have acted as he
would, he would have instantly granted them
all that they wanted. 1 heir enemies had
falsely said, that th^y were enemies to govern-
ment: but the king knew better ; and he also
knew that the claims of his family would have
been long ago buried in oblivion, had not the
protestants supported them Marshal Biron
had been one chief instrument of bringing
him to the throne. The Marshal was not a
good Hugonot, nor did he profess to be a pa-
pist: but he espoused the protestant party,
for he was a man of great sense, and he hated
violence in religion; and there were many
more of the same cast. Parties, however, ran
so high that precipitancy would have lost all,
and Henry was obliged to proceed by slow and
cautious steps.
The deputies of the reformed churches, soon
waited on his majesty to congratulate him,
and to pray for liberty. The king allowed
them to hold a general assembly, and ofl'ered
them some slight satisfaction : but the hardy
veteran Hugonots, who had spent their days
in the field, and who knew also that persons,
who were of approved fidelity, might venture
REFORMATION IN FRANCE.
XVll
to give the king their advice without angering
him, took the liberty of reminding him that
they would not be paid in compliments for so
many signal services. Their ancestors and
they had supported his right to the crown,
along with their own right to liberty of con-
science, and as Providence had granted the
one, they expected that the other would not
be denied. The king felt the force of these
remonstrances, and ventured to allow them to
hold provincial assemblies ; after a while, to
convene a national synod, and, as soon as he
could, he granted them the famous Edict of
Nantz. [1398.]
The Edict of Nantz, which was called per-
petual and irrevocable, and which contained
ninety-two articles, besides fifty-six secret arti-
cles, granted to the Protestants liberty of con-
science, and the free exercise of religion ; ma-
ny churches in all parts of France, and judges
of their own persuasion ; a free access to all
places of honour and dignity ; great sums of
money to pay off their troops ; a hundred pla-
ces as pledgesof their future security, and cer-
tain funds to maintain both their preachers
and their garrisons. The king did not send
this edict to be registered in parliament, till
the pope's legate was gone out of the king-
dom, so that it did not go there till the next
year. Some of the old party in the house
boggled at it very much, and particularly be-
cause the Hugonots were hereby qualified for
offices, and places of trust ; but his majesty
sent for some of the chiefs to his closet, made
them a most pathetic speech on the occasion,
and, with some difficulty, brought them to a
compliance. It is easy to conceive that the
king might be very pathetic on this occasion,
for he had seen and suffered enough to make
any man so. The meanest Hugonot sol-
dier could not avoid the pathos, if he related
his campaigns. But it is very credible, that it
was not the pathos of his majesty's language,
but the power in his hand, that aflected these
intolerant souls.
No nation ever made a more noble struggle,
for recovering liberty of conscience out of the
rapacious hands of the Papal priesthood than
the French. And one may venture to defy
the most sanguine friend to intolerance to
prove, that a free toleration hath, in any coun-
try, at any period, produced such calamities in
society as those which persecution produced
in France. After a million of brave men had
been destroyed, after nine civd wars, after
four pitched battles, after the besieging of se-
veral hundred places, after more than three
hundred engagements, after poisoning, burn-
ing, assassinating, massacreing, murdering in
every form, France is forced to submit to
what her wise Chancellor de L'Hospital had
at first proposed, a frek tolkratioiv.
Most of the zealous leaguers voted for it, be-
cause iliey had found by experience, they said,
that violent proceedings in matters of religion
prove more destructive than edifying: A noble
testimony from enemies' moutlis !
France now began to taste tlie sweets of
peace, the king employed himself in making
his subjects hfinpv. and the far greater part of
C
his subjects, endeavoured to render him so.
Thff Protestants applied themselves to the
care of their churches, and, as they had at
this time a great many able ministers, they
flourisheil, and increased the remaining part
of this reign. The doctrine of their church-
es was Calvinism, and their discipline was
Presbyterian, after the Geneva plan. Their
churches were supplied by able pastors ; their
universities were adorned with learned and
pious professors, such as Casaubon, Daille,
and others, whose praises are in all the re-
formed churches ; their provincial, and nation-
al synods were regularly convened, and their
people were well governed. Much paini
were taken with the king to alienate his mind
from his Protestant subjects : but no motives
could influence him. He knew the worth of
the men, and he protected them till his death.
This great prince was hated by the Popish
clergv for his lenity, and was stabbed in his
coach by the execrable Ravillac, whose name
inspires one with horror and pain. [May 14,
1610.]
Lewis XIII. was not quite nine years of
age, when he succeeded his father Henry,
The first act of the queen mother, who had
the regency during the king's minority, was
the confirmation of the edict of Nantz. Lewis
confirmed it again at his majority, promising
to observe it inviolably. [1614.] Tlie Protes-
tants deserved a confirmation of their privileges
at his hands ; for they had taken no part in the
civil wars and disturbances which had troubled
his minority. They had been earnestly so-
licited to intermeddle with government : tut
they had wisely avoided it.
Lewis was a weak ambitious man ; he was
jealous of his power to excess, though he did
not know wherein it consisted. He was so
void of prudence, that he could not help ex-
alting his flatterers into favourites, and his fa-
vourites into excessive power. He was so
timorous that his favourites became the objects
of his hatred, the moment after he had elevat-
ed them to authority : and he was so callous
that he never lamented a favourite's death er
downfall. By a solemn act of devotion, at-
tended, with all the force of pictures, masses,
processions, and festivals, he consecrated his
person, his dominions, his crown and his sub-
jects to the Virgin Mary, desiring her to de-
fend his kingdom, and to inspire him with
grace to lead a holy life. [1638.] The Popish
clergy adored him for thus sanctifying their
superstitions by his example, and he, in return,
lent them his power to punish his Protestant
subjects, whom he hated. His panegyrist*
call him Lewis the Just : but they ought to
acknowledge that his majesty did nothing to
merit the title, till he found himself dying.
Lewis's prime minister was an artful, en-
terprising clergyman, who, before his eleva-
tion, was a country bishop, and, after it, was
known by the title of Cardinal de F>,ichlieu :
but the most proper title for his eminence is
that, which some historians give him, of the
Jupiter Maciator of France. He was a man
of great ability: but of no merit. Had his
virtue been a? great as his cnpacity, he ought
XVlll
MEMOIRS OF THE
not to have been iiitrnsteil with government,
because all Cardinals take an oath to* the
Pope, and although an oath does not bind a
bad man, yet as the taking of it gives hin^
credit, so the breach of it ruiiis all his pros-
pects among those with ■whom he hath taken
it.
The Jesuits, who had been banished from
France, for attempting the life of Henry iV.
[1594.] had been recalled, and restored to their
houses, [1604.] and one of their society, un-
der pretence ofbeing responsible, as a hostage,
for the whole fraternity, was allowed to attend
the king. The Jesuits, by this mean, gained
the greatest honour and power, and, as they
excelled in learning, address, and intrigue,
they knew how to obtain the king's ear, and
how to improve his credulity to their own ad-
vantage.
This dangerous society was first formed
[1534.] by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish deserter,
who, being frightened out of the army by a
■wound, took it into his head to go on pilgrim-
age, and to form a religious society for the sup-
port of the Catholic faith. The Popes, who
knew how to avail themselves of enthusiasm
in church government, directed this grand
spring of human action to secular purposes,
and, by canonizing the founder, and arranging
the order, elevated the society in a few years,
to' a height that astonished all Europe. It was
one opinion of this society, that the authority
of kings is inferior to that of the people, and
tliat they may be punished by the people in
certain cases. It was another maxim with
them, that sovereign princes have received
from the hand of God a sword to punish he-
retics. The Jesuits did not invent these doc-
trines ; but they drew such consequences from
them as were most prejudicial to the public
tranquility; for, from the conjunction of these
two principles, they concluded that an hereti-
cal prince ought to be deposed, and that here-
sy ought to be extirpated by fire and sword,
in case it could not be extirpated otherwise.
In conformity to the first of these principles,
two kings of France had been murdered suc-
cessively, under pretext that they were fou-
tors of heretics. The parliament in this reign
[1615.] condemned this as a pernicious tenet,
and declared that the authority of monarchs
was dependant only on God. But the last
principle, that related to the extirpation of
heresy, as it flattered the court and the clergy,
came into vogue. Jus divinum was the teit
of sound orthodoxy; and this reasoning be-
came popular argumentation. Princes may
put heretics to death ; therefore they ought to
put thtm to death.
Richlieu, who had wriggled himself into
power, by publisliing a scandalous libel on the
protestants of France, advised the king to es-
tablish his authority, by extirpating the intes-
tine evils of the kingdom. He assured his
majesty that the Hugonots had the power of
doing him mischief, and that it was a princi-
ple with them, that kings might be deposed
by the people. The Protestants replied to his
invectives, and exposed the absurdity of his
vcaconing. llichlieu reasoned thus. John
Knox, the Scotch reformer, did not bclier*
the divine authority of kings. Calvin held a
correspondence with Knox, therefore Calvin
did not believe it. The French reformed
cliurch derived its doctrine from Calvin's
church of Geneva, therefore the first Hugo-
nots did not believe it. The first Plugonots
did not believe it, therefore the present
Hugonots do not believe it. No man, who
valued the reputation of a man of sense, would
have scaled the walls of preferment with such
a ridiculous ladder as this I
The king, intoxicated with despotic princi-
ples, followed the fatal advice of his minister^
and began with his patrimonial province of
Bcarn, where he caused the Catholic religion
to be established. [1620.] The Hugonots
broke out into violence, at this attack on their
liberties, whence the king took an opportu-
nity to recover several places from them, and
at last made peace with them on condition of
their demolishing all their fortifications except
those of Montauban and Piochelle. Arnoux,
the Jesuit, who was a creature of Richlieu's,
was at that time, confessor of Lewis the
Just.
The politic Richlieu invariably pursued his
design of rendering his master absolute. By
one art he subdued the nobility, by another
the parliaments, and, as civil and religious
liberty live and die together, he had engines
of all sorts to extirpate heresy. He pretended
to have formed the design of re-uniting the
ivfo cluirches of Protestants and Caiholics.
He drew off from the Protestant party the
dukes ol' Sully, Bouillon, Lesdeguieres, Ro-
han, and many of the first quality : for he had
tlie world, and its glory to go to market with-
al ; and he had to do with a race of men, who
were very different from their ancestors.
Most of them had either died for their pro-
fession, or fled out of the kingdom, and seve-
ral of them had submitted to practise mean
trades, in foreign countries, for their support :
But these v.'ere endeavouring to serve God and
mammon ; and his eminence was a fit casuist
for such consciences.
The Protestants had resolved, in a general
assembly, to die rather tlian to submit to the
loss of their liberties : but their king was weak,
their prime minister was wicked, their cleri-
cal enemies were powerful and implacable,
and they were obliged to bear those infractions
of edicts, which their oppressors made every
day. At length Richlieu determined to put a
period to their hopes, by the taking of Rochelle.
The city was besieged both by sea and land,
and the eflbvts of the besieged were at last
overcome by famine, they had lived Avithout
bread for thirteen weeks, and, of eighteen
thoupand citizens there were not above five
thousand left. [1G25.] The strength of the
Protestants was broken by this stroke. Mon-
tauban agreed now to demolish its Avorks, and
Xhcjast king confirmed anew the perpetual and
irrevocalile edict of Nantz, as far as it concern-
ed a free exercise of religion.
The Cardinal, not content witli temporal
pov.'cr, had still another claim on the Protes-
tants, of a spiritual kind. Cautionary town*
REFORMATION IN FRANCE
XIX
must be given up to that, and conscience to
this. He suffered the edict to be infringed
every day, and hs was determined not to stop
till he had established a uniformity in the
church, without the obtaining of which, he
thought, that something was wanting to his
master's power. The Protestants did all that
prudence could suggest. They sent the fa-
mous Amyraut to court to complain to the
king of the infraction of their edicts. [1631.]
Mr. Amyraut was a proper person to go on
this business. He had an extreme attachment
to the doctrine of passive obedience. This
rendered him agreeable to the court : and he
had declared for no obedience in matters of
conscience, and this made him dear to the Pro-
testants. The synod ordered him not to make
his speech to the king kneeling, as the deputies
of the former synod had done : but to procure
the restoring of the privilege, which they for-
merly enjoyed, of speaking to the king, stand-
ing as the other ecclesiastics of the kingdom
"were allowed to do. The cardinal strove,
for a whole fortnight, to make Amyraut sub-
mit to this tacit acknowledgment of the cleri-
cal character in the Popish clergy, and of the
want of it in the reformed ministers. But
Amyraut persisted in his clami, and was in-
troduced to the king as the sj'nod had desired.
The whole court was charmed with the depu-
ty's talents and deportment. Richlieu had
many conferences with him, and, if negotia-
tion could have accommodated the dispute be-
tween arbitrary power and upright consciences,
it would have been settled now. He was
treated with the utmost politeness, and dis-
missed. If he had not the pleasure of reflect-
ing that he had obtained the liberty of his
party, he had, however, the peace that ariseth
from the consciousness of having used a pro-
per mean to obtain it. The same mean was
tried, some time after, by the inimitable Du
Bosc, whom his countrymen call a per-
fect ORATOR, but alas I he was eloquent in
vain.
The affairs of the Protestants waxed every
day worse and worse. They saw the clouds
gathering, and they dreaded the weight of the
storm: but they knew not whither to flee.
Some fled to England, but no peace was there.
Laud, the tyrant of the English church, had a
Richlieu's heart without his head; he perse-
cuted them, and, in conjunction with Wren,
and other such churchmen, drove them back
to the infinite damage of the manufactures of
the kingdom. [1634.] It must affect every lib-
eral eye to see such professors as Amyraut,
Cappel, and De La Place, such ministers as
Mestrezat and Blondel, who would have been
an honour to any community, driven to the
sad alternative of flying their country, or of
violating their consciences. But their time
was not yet fully come.
Cardinal Richlieu's hoary head went down
to the grave, [1042.] without tlie tears of his
master, and with the hatred of all France.
The king soon followed him, [1643.] complain-
ing, m the words of Job, vu/ suul is itcan/ of my
lije. The Protestants had increased greatly
in Bumberi in this reign, though they had lost
their power : for they were now computed to
exceed two millions. So true is it, that violent
measures in religion weaken the church that
employs them.
Lewis XIV. was only in the fifth year of his
age at the demise of his lather. The queen-
mother was appointed sole regent during hig
minority, and Cardinal Mazarine, a creature of
Richlieu's, was her prime minister. [1643.]
The edict of Nantz was confiimed by the re-
gent, and again by the king at his majority^
[1652.] But it was always the cool determina-
tion of the minister to follow thelateCardinal'i
plan, and to revoke it as soon as he could, and
he strongly impressed the mind of the king^
with the expediency of it.
Lewis, who was a perfect tool to the Jesuits,
followed the advice of Mazarine, of his confes-
sors, and of the clergy about him, and as soon
as he took the management of afi'airs into hi«
own hands, he made a firm resolution to de*
stroy the Protestants. [1661.] He tried to
weaken them by buying off their great men,
and he had but too much success. Some, in-
deed, were superior to this state trick; and it
was a noble answer which the Mai-qnis de
BoLigy gave, wiien he was offered a marshal's
stafl', and any government that he might make
choice of, provided he would ttu-n Papistr.
"Could I be prevailed on, said he, to betray
my God, for a marshal of France's stafl', I might
betray my king for a thing of much less con-
sequence: but I will do neither of them, but
rejoice to find that my services are acceptable,
and that the religion which I profess, is the on-
ly obstacle to my rewar(i." Was his majesty
so little versed in the kn.owledge of mankind,
as not to know that saleable virtue is seldom
worth buying.'
The king used another art as mean as the
former. He exhorted the bishops to take
care, that the points in controversy betwixt
the Catholics and Calvinists should |be much
insisted on by the clergy, in their sermons, es-
pecially in those places that were mostly inha-
bited by the lattei', and that a good number of
missionaries should be sent among them, to
convert them to the religion of their ancestors.
It should seem, at first view, that the exercise
of his majesty's power in this way would be
formidable to the Protestants, for, as the king
had the nomination of eighteen archbishops,
a hundred an.d nine bishops, and seven hun-
dred and fifty abbots, and as these dignitaries
governed the ini'erior clergy, it is easy to see
that all tlie Popish clergy of France were crea-
tuics of the court, and several of them v/ere
men of good learning. But the Protestants had
no fears on this head. They were excellent
scliolars, masters of the controversy, hearty in
the service, and the mortifications, to which
they had been long accustomed, had taught
them that temperate coolness, Avhich is so es-
sential in the investigating and supporting of
truth. They published, therefore, unanswer-
able arguments for their non-conformity. The
famous Mr. Claude, pastor of the church at
Charenton, near Paris, wrote a defence of the
reformation, whicli all the clergy in France
could not anjwT. The bishops, hewaver, sm-
XX
MEMOIRS or THE
swcred the Protestants all at once, by procu-
ring an edict which forbade them to print.
The king, in prosecution of his design, ex-
cluded the Calvinists from his household, and
from all other employments of honour and
profit; he ordered all the courts of justice, erect-
ed by virtue of the edict of Nantz, to be abol-
ished, and, in lieu of them, made several lavrs
in favour of the Catholic religion, which debar-
red from all liberty of abjuring the Catholic
doctrine, and restrained those Protestants, who
had embraced it, from returning to their for-
mer opinions, under severe punishments. He
ordered soldiers to be quartei'ed in their hou-
ses till they changed their religion. He shut
up their churches, and forbade the ministerial
function to their clergy, and, where his com-
mands were not readily obeyed, he levelled
their churches with tlie ground. At last he
revoked the edict of Nantz, and banisliedtliem
from the kingdom. [Oct. 22, 1685.]
"A thousand dreadful blows,"' says Mr. Sau-
rin, "were struck at our afflicted churches, be-
fore that which destroyed them : for our ene-
mies, if I may use such an expression, not con-
tent with seeing our ruin, endeavoured to
taste it. One while, edicts were published
against those, who, foreseeing the calamities
that threatened our churches, and not having
power to prevent them, desired only the sad
consolation of not being spectators of their ru-
in. [Aug. 1669.] Another while, against those,
■who, through their weakness, had denied their
religion, and who not being able to bear the
remorse of their consciences, desired to return
to their first profession. [May, 1679.] One
•while, our pastors were forbidden to exercise
their discipline on those of their flocks, who
had abjured the truth. [June, 1680.] Another
while, children of seven years of age were al-
lowed to embrace doctrines, which, the church
of Rome says, are not level to the capacities of
adults. [June 1681.] Now a college was sup-
pressed, andthenachurchshutup. [Jan. 1683.]
Sometimes we were forbidden to convert infi-
dels; and sometimes to confirm those in the
truth, whom we had instructed from their in-
fancy, and our pastors were forbidden to exer-
cise their pastoral ofTice any longer in one
place than three years. [July IGlJ.l.] Some-
times the printing of our books was prohibited,
and sometimes those wliich we had printed
were taken away. [Sept. 1685.] One while, we
were not suflTered to jireach in a church, and
another while, we were punished for preach-
ing on its ruins, and atlength we were forbidden
to worship God in public at all. [Oct. 1685.]
Now we were banislied, then we were forbid-
den to quit tlie kingdom on pain of death.
[1689.] Ilerc we saw the glorious rewards
of those who betrayed their religion; and there
W'e belield those who had tlie courage to con-
fess it, a haling to a dungeon, a scaffold, or a
galley. Here, we saw our persecutors draw-
ing on a sledge the dead bodies of those who
had expired on the rack. There, we beheld a
false friar tormenting a dying man, who was
terrified, on tlie one hand, with the fear of
hell if he sliould apostatize, and, on the other,
with the fcnr of leavinq," his cjiildren without
bread if he should continue in the faith : yon-
der, they were tearing children from their pa»
rents, while the tender parents were shedding
more tears for the loss of their souls, than for
that of their bodies, or lives."
It is impossible to meet with parallel instan-
ces of cruelty among the heathens in their per-
secutions of the primitive christians. The
bloody butchers, w^ho were sent to them un-
der the name of Dragoons, invented a thou-
sand torments to tire their patience, and to
force an abjuration from them. "They cast
some," says Mr. Claude, "into large fires and
took them out when they were half i-oasted.
They hanged others with large ropes under
their arm-pits, and plunged them several times
into wells, till they ])romised to renounce their
religion. They tied them like criminals on the
rack, and poured wine with a funnel into their
mouths, till, being intoxicated, they declared
that they consented to tui'n Catholics. These
cruel proceedings made eight hundred thou-
sand persons quit the kingdom.
If the same actions may proceed from difler-
ent principles, it must always be a hazardous,
and often an unjust, attempt, to assign the true
motives of men's conduct. But public actions
fall under public notice, and they deserve cen-
sure, or commendation, according to the obvi-
ous good or evil, which they produce in socie-
ty. The art of governing requires a superior
genius, and a superior genius hides, like a lofty
mountain, its summit in the clouds. In some
cases, a want of capacity, and, in others, a fund
of selfishness, would prevent a subject'.s com-
prehension of his prince's projects, and, consc/-
quently, his approbation of the prince's mea-
sures; and, for these reasons, the cabinets of
princes should be the least accessible, and their
hearts the most impenetrable parts of their do-
minions : but when the prince would reduce
his projects to practice, and cause his imagina-
tions to become rules of action to his subjects,
he ought to give a reason for his conduct, and
if his conduct be rational, he will do so, for as
all lav/ is founded in reason, so reason is its best
support. In such a case, the nature of the
thing, as well as the respect tliat is due to the
rank of tlie prince, would require ustobe either
mute or modest, on the motive; and the same
reasons would require us to consider the rea-
sonableness, or unreasonableness, of the law,
for if it be not reason, it ought not to be law;
and nothing can prevent our feeling the good or
ill effects of the whole action.
To disfranchise, and to banish, to imprison,
and to execute, some members of society, are
paitial evils : but they are also sometimes gen-
eral benefits, and the excision of a part may be
essential to the preservation of the whole. The
inflicting of these punishments on the French
Protestants, might possibly be essential to tlie
safety of the whole nation. Or, perhaps his
majesty might think it essential to monarchy;
perhaps the clergy might think it essential to
orthodoxy ; perhaps the financiers, and the
king's mistresses, might think it essential to the
making of their fortunes ; but we have noth-
ing to do with these private views, the ques-
tions are, "Was it essential to the general safely
REFORMATION IN FRANCE.
XXI
and happiness of the kingdom ? Was it agree-
able to the unalterable dictates of right rea-
son ? Was it consistent with the sound, ap-
proved maxims of civil policy ? In these views,
we venture to say, that tlie repeal of the edict
of Nantz, which had been the security of the
Protestants, was an action irrational and irre-
ligious, inhuman and ungrateful, perfidious,
impolitic, and weak. II respect to religion,
and right reason, were to compose a just title
for the perpetrator of such a crime, it might
call him, a most inhiimcm tyrant : certainly it
would not call him, a most Ckristicm kinfi.
It was an irrational act, for there was no fit-
ness between the punishment and the sup-
posed crime. The crime was a mental error :
but penal laws have no internal operation on
the mind. It was irreligious^ for religion ends
where persecution begins. An action may be-
gin in religion : but when it proceeds to injure
a person, it ceaseth to be religion, it is only a
denomination, and a method of acting. It was
inhuman, for it caused the most savage cruel-
ties. It was as ungrateful in the house of
Bourbon to murder their old supporters, as it
was magnanimous in the Protestants, under
their severest persecutions, to tell their mur-
derer, that they thought that blood well em-
ployed, which had been spilt in supporting
the just claim of the house of Bourbon to the
throne. It was, to the last degree, perfidious,
for the edict of Nantz had been given by Hen-
ry IV. for a perpetual, and irrevocable decree ;
it had been confirmed by tlie succeeding prin-
ces, and Lewis XIV. himself had assigned in
the declaration the loyalty of the i'rotestants,
as a reason of the confirmation. My subjects
of the pretended reformed religion, says he,
have given me unciuesiionable proofs of their
affection and loyally. It had been sworn to by
the governors and lieutenants general of the
provinces, by the courts of parliament, and by
all the officers of the courts of justice. What
national perjury ! Is it enough to say, as this
perjured monarch did. My grandfather Henry
IV. loved you, and ivas obliged to you. My fa-
ttier, Lewis XIII. feared you, and wanted your
assistance. But I neither love you, nor fear
you, and do not want your services. The ill
policy of it is confessed on all sides. Where
is the policy of banishing eight hundred thou-
sand people, who declare that a free exercise
of religion ought not to injure any man's civil
rights, and, on this principle, support the king's
claim to the crown, as long as lie executes the
duty of the office? Where is tlie policy of do-
ing this in order to secure a set of men, who
openly avow these propositions, tlie Pope is
superior to all law : It is right to kill that
prince, whom the Pope excommunicates : If a
prince become anArian, the people ought to de-
pose him ? Where is the policy of banishing
men, whose doctrines have kept in the king-
dom, during the space of two hundred and fit-
ty years, the sum of two hundred and fifty mil-
lions of livres, which, at a. moderate calcula-
tion, would otherwise have gone to Rome for
indulgences, and annates, and otlier such
trash ? Who was the politician, the Count d'
Avaux, who, while he wps ambassador in Hol-
land, from 1685 to IGHS, offered to prove that
the refugees had carried out of France more
than twenty millious of properly, and advised
the king to recall it, by recalling its owners.'
or the king, who refused to avail himself of
this advice? AVho was the politician, the in-
tolerant Lewis, who drove his Protestant sol-
diers and sailors out of his service? or the be-
nevolent prince of Orange, wlio in one year,
raised three regiments of I-'rench refugee sol-
diers, commanded by their own oflicers, and
manned thiee vessels, at the same time, with
refugee sailors, to serve the Dutch, while
France wanted men to equip her fleets ? The
Protestants, having been for .«ome time, exclu-
ded from all offices, and not being suffered to
enjoy any civil or military emjiloyments, had
applied themselves cither to tlie mnnulactures,
or to the imjiroviiig of their money in trade.
Was it policy to banisli a Mons. A incent, who
employed more than five liimdred workmen .•"
Was it policy on the side of that prince, who
demolished manufactories? or on the side of
those who set them up, by receiving the i-efu-
gee manufacturers into their kingdoms? Had
England derived no more advantage from its
hospitality to the refugees tlian the silk manu-
facture, it would liave amply repaid the nation.
The memorials of the intendants of tlie provin-
ces were full of such complaints. [1G9C.] The
intendant of Piouen said that the refugees had
carried away the manufacture of hats. The
intendant of Poitiers said that they Iiad taken
the manufacture of druggets. In some provin-
ces the commerce was diminished several mil-
lions of livres in a year, and in some ball' the
revenue was sunk. \Vas it policy in the king
to provoke the Protestant states, and princes,
Avho had always been his faithful allies against
the house of Austria, and, at the same time, to
supply them v/ifheiglithunthed thousand new
subjects? After all, it was a wewA- and /oo/-
ish step, for the Protestants were not extirpa-
ted. There remained almost as many in the
kingdom as were driven out of it, and, even at
this day, though now and then a preacher
hath been hanged, and now and then a family
murdered, yet the oiiulent pi'ovince of Langue-
doc is full of Protestants, the Lutherans have
the university of Alsace, neither art nor cruel-
t)' can rid the kingdom of them ; and some of
the greatest ornaments of France, now plead
for a FREE TOI.ERATIOW.
The refugees charge tlieir banishment on
the clergy of France, and they give very good
proof of their assertion, nor do they mistake,
when they affirm that their sufferings are a
part of the religion of Rome ; for Pope Inno-
cent XI. highly approved of tliis persecution.
He wrote a brief to the king, in which he as-
sured him that what he had done against the
heretics of his kingdom would be immortalized
by the eulogies of tlie Catholic church. He
delivered a discourse in the consistory, in
which he said, lite most Christian king^s seal
and PIETY, did wonderfully appear in extirpa-
ting heresy, and in rlrnring his irluile king-
dom of if in a very few months. [March 18,
I6ii9.] He ordered Te Deum to be sung, i»
give thanks (o God for this return of tlie he-
XXll
MEMOIRS OF THE
retics into the pale of the cluirch, wliich was
accordingly done with great pomp. [Ap. 28.]
If this persecution wore clerical policy, it was
bad, and, if it were the religion of the French
clergy, it was worse. In eitlier case the church
procured great evil to the state. Lewis XIV.
was on the pinnacle of glory at the conclusion
of the peace of r^imeguen. [1679.] His do-
minion was, as it were, established over all
Europe, and was become an inevitable preju-
dice to neighbouring nations ; but, here he be-
*an to extirpate heresy, and here he began to
fall, nor has the nation ever recovered its gran-
deur since.
Protestant powers opened their arms to these
Tenerable exiles. Abbadie, Ancillon, and
others fled to Berlin. Bainage, Claude, Du
Bosc, and many more, found refuge in Holland.
The famous Dr. Allix, with numbers of his
lirethren, came to England. A great many fa-
milies went to Geneva, among which v/as that
of Saurin.
IVIr. Saurin, the father of our author, was an
eminent Protestant lawyer at Nismes, who,
after the repeal of the edict of Nantz, retired
to Geneva. [16fi5.] He was considered at
Geneva a^ tlie oracle of the French language,
the nature and licauty of wljich he thoroughly
understood. He had four sons, whom he
trained up in learning, and who were all so re-
markably eloquent, that eloquence was said to
be hereditary in the family. The Reverend
Lewis Saurin, one of the sons, was afterwards
pastor of a French church in London. Saurin,
the father, died at Geneva. James, the author
of the following sermons, was born at Nismes,
[1677.] and went with his father into exile, to
Geneva, where he profited very much in learn-
in».
In the seventeenth year of his age, [1694.]
Saurin quitted his studies to go into the army,
and made a campaign as cadet in lord Gallo-
way's company. Tlie next year, [169.5.] his
captain gave him a pair of colours in his regi-
ment, which then served in Piedmont : but the
year after, [1696.] the duke of Savoy, under
whom Saurin served, having made his peace
with France, Saurin quitted the profession of
arms, for which he was never designed, and re-
turned to Geneva to study.
Geneva was, at that time, the residence of
some of the best scholars in Europe, who Avere
in the highest estimation in the republic of let-
ters. Pictet, Lewis Tronchin, and Philip ?*Ies-
trezat, were professors of divinity there, Al-
phonso Turetin was professor of sacred history,
and Chouet, who was afterward taken from his
professorship, and ailmitted into the govern-
ment of the repul)lic, was professor of natural
philosophy. The other departments were filled
with men epually eminent in their several pro-
fessions. Some of them were natives of Ge-
neva, others were exile? from Italy and France,
several of them were of noble families, and all
of them were m^n of eminent piety. Under
these great masters, Saurin became a student,
and particularly applied himself to divinity, as
he now began to think of devoting himself to
the ministry. [ 160(1. | To dedicate one's self
to the ministry in a wealthy nourishing cliurch,
where rich benefices are every day becoming
vacant, requires very little virtue, and some-
times only a strong propensity to rice : but to
choose to be a minister, in such a poor,banished,
persecuted church, as that of the French Pro-
testants, argues a noble contempt of the world,
and a supreme love to God, and to the souls of
men. These are the best testimonials, how-
ever, of a young minister, whose profession is
not to enrich, but to 'save himself, and them
who hear him.' 1. Tim. iv. 16.
After Mr. Saurin had finished his studies,
[1700.] he visited Holland, and England. In
the first he made a very short stay : but in the
last he staid almost five years, and preached
with great acceptance among his fellow exiles
in London. Of his person an idea may be for-
med by the annexed copperplate,* which is said
to be a great likeness, and tor which I am in-
debted to my ingenious friend, Mr. Thomas
HoUoway, as I am to his amiable brother, Mr,
John HoUoway, for several anecdotes of Sau-
rin. His dress was that of the French clergy,
the gown and cassock. His address was per-
fectly genteel, a happy compound of the affa-
ble and the grave, at an equal distance from
rusticity and foppery. His voice was strong,
clear, and harmonious, and he never lost the
management of it. His style was pure, unaf-
fected, and eloquent, sometimes plain, and
sometimes flowery : but never improper as it
was always adapted to the audience for whose
sake he spoke. An Italian acquaintance of
mine, who often heard him at the Hague, tells
me, that in the introductions of his sermons, he
used to deliver himself in a tone, modest and
low ; in the body of the sermon, which was
adapted to the understanding, he was plain,
clear, and argumentative, pausing at the close
of each period, that he might discover, by the
countenances and motions of his hearers, wheth-
er they were convinced by his reasoning; in
his addresses to the wicked, (and it is a folly to
preach as if there were none in our assemblies,
Mr. Saurin knew mankind too well) he was of-
ten sonorous, but oftener a weeping suppliant
at their feet. In the one, he sustained the au-
thoritative dignity of his office, in the other he
expressed his master's, and his own benevo-
lence to bad men, ' praying them in Christ's
stead to be reconciled to God.' 2. Cor. v. 20.
In general, adds my friend, his preaching re-
sembled a plentiful shower of dew, softly and
imperceptibly insinuating itself into the minds
of his numerous hearers, as dew into the pores
of plants, till the whole church was dissolved,
and all in tears under his sermons. His doc-
trine was that of the French Protestants, which
at that time was moderate Calvinism. He
approved of the discipline of his own churches,
which was Presbyterian. He was an admira-
ble scholar, and which were his highest enco-
miums, he had an unconquerable aversion to
sin, a supreme love to God, and to the souls of
men, and a holy unblemished life. Certainly
* The engraving accompanying this volume
is an exact fac-simile from the one in the Lon-
don edition, alluded to in the teit.
REFORMATION IN FRANCE.
XXIII
he had some faults : biit, as I never heard of
any, I can publish none.
During his stay in England, he married a
Miss Catherine Boyton, by whom he had a
son, [1703.] named Philip, who survived him ;
but whether he had any more children 1 know
not. Two years after his marriage, [1705.] he
returned to Holland, where he had a mind to
settle : but the pastoral offices being all full,
and meeting witli no prospect of a settlement,
though his preaching was received with uni-
versal applause, he was preparing to return to
England, when a chaplainship to some of the
nobility at the Hague, with a stipend, was of-
fered to him. This situation exactly suited his
wishes, and he accepted the place. [1705.]
The Hague, it is said, is the finest village in
Europe. It is the residence of the States Ge-
neral, of ambassadors, and envoys from other
courts, of a great number of nobility and gen-
try, and of a multitude of French refugees.
The princes of Orange have a spacious palace
here, and tlie chapel of the palace was given
to the refugees for a place of public worship,
and, it being too small to contain them, it was
enlarged by above half. The French church
called him to be one of their pastors. He ac-
cepted the call, and continued in his office till
his death. He was constantly attended by a
very crowded and brilliant audience, was
heard with the utmost attention and pleasure,
and, what few ministers can say, the effects of
his ministerial labours were seen in the holy
lives of great numbers of his people.
When the prmcess of Wales, afterward
Queen Caroline, passed through Holland, in
her way to England,Mr.Saurin had the honour
of paying his respects to that illustrious lady.
Her royal highness was pleased to single him
out from the rest of the clergy, who were pre-
sent, and to say to him. Do not imagine that,
being dazzled icith the glory which this rerolu-
tion seems lo promise me, I have lost sight of
that God from u-hom it proceeds. He hath
been pleased to distinguish it unth so many ex-
traordinarj/ marks, that I cannot mistake his
divine hand ; and as I consider this long train
of favours as immediately coming from him, to
Him alone I consecrate them. It is not aston-
ishing, if Saurin speaks of this condescension
with rapture. They are the kind and Chris-
tian acts of the governors of a free people, and
not the haughty airs of a French tyrant, insult-
ing his slaves, that attach and inflame the
hearts of mankind. The history of this illus-
trious Christian queen is not written in blood,
and therefore it is always read with tears of
grateful joy.
Her royal higliness was so well satisfied of
Mr. Saurin's merit, that soon after her arrival
in England, she ordered Dr. Boulter, who was
preceptor to prince Frederic, the father of
his present majesty, to write to Saurin, to
draw up a treatise on the education of princes.
Saurin immediately obeyed the order and pre-
fixed a dedication to the young princes. The
book was never printed : but, as it obtained the
approbation of the princess of Wales, who was
an incomparable judge, we may conclude that
it was excellent in its kind. This was follow-
ed by a handsome present from the princessjto
the author. His most considerable work wa»
entitled Discourses historical, critical and mo-
ral, on the most memorable events of the Old and
JS'ew Testament. This work was undertaken
by the desire of a Dutch merchant, who ex-
pended an immense sum in the engraving a
multitude of copper plates, which adorn the
work. It consists of six folio volumes. Mr.
Saurin died before the third was finished : but
Mr. Roques finished the third, and added a
fourth on the OldTestament: and Mr. de Beau-
sobre subjoined two on the New Testament.
The whole is replete with very extensive learn-
ing, and well worth the carelul perusal of stu-
dents in divinity. The first of these was trans-
lated into English by Chamberlayne, soon after
its first publication in French.
His Dissertatioji on the expediency of some-
times disguising the truth, raised a furious cla-
mour against our author : he does not decide the
question : but he seems to take the affirmative.
This produced a paper war, and his antago-
nists unjustly censured his morals. The mild-
ness of his disposition rendered him a desirable
opponent, for though he was sure to conquer,
yet he subdued his adversary so handsomely,
that the captive was the better for his defeat.
But others did not controvert Avith so much
temper. Some wrote against him, others for
him. At length the synod decided the dispute
in his favor.
He published a small, but valuable piece on
The state of Christianity in France. It treats
of many important points of religion, in
controversy between the Cathohcs and Protest--
ants.
There are twelve volumes of his sermon?.
Some are dedicated to his Majesty George II.
and the king was pleased to allow him a hand-
some pension. Some to her majesty Queers
Caroline, while she was princess of Wales,
One to Count Wassanaer, a Dutch nobleman.
Two were dedicated to his Majesty, after his
decease, by his son. Professor Dumont, and
Mr. Husson, to whom Mr. Saurin left his manu-
scripts, published the rest, and one volume is
dedicated to the Countess Dowager of Albe-
marle. The English seem therefore, to have' a
right to the labours of this great man.
Mr. Saurin died at the Hague, on Dec. 30th,
1730, most sincerely regretted by all his ac-
quaintances, as well as by his church, who
lost in him a truly primitive Christian minis-
ter, who spent his life, in watching over his
flock, as one who knew that he must give an
account.
In regard to this translation, it was first un-
dertaken by the desire of a small circle of pri-
vate friends, for our mutual edification. If I
have suffered my private opinion to be prevail
ed over by others, to print this translation, it is
not because I think myself able to give lan-
guage to Saurin : but because I humbly hope
that the sentiments of the author may be con-
veyed to the reader, by this translation. His
sentiments, I think, are, in general, those of
the holy Scrir>ture, and his manner of treating
Ihem well adapted to impress them on the
heart. I liave endeavoured not to disguise hi?
XXIV
MEMOIRS, &«.
meuniiig, though I havo not been able to adopt
his S'tyle, lor which delect, though I print them
by private subscription, for the use of my
friends, on v/hose candour I depend, yet 1 do not
offer to publish them to the world, for the lan-
guage of Mr. Saurin. I should have been glad
to have pleased every subsci'iber, by inserting
those seinions, which were most agreeable to
liim, liad I known Avhich they were : but as
this was impossible, I have followed my own
judgment, or perhaps exposed my want of it.
The first volume aims to secure tlie doctrine of
R God, against the attacks of atheists. In the
•econd, we mean to plead for the holy Scrip-
tures against Deists. In the third, we intend
to take those sermons, which treat of the doc-
trines of Christ lanili/, as we humbly conceiye
that the NewTestament is something more than
a system of moral philosophy. And the last
volume, we dedicate to vioral subjects, because
we think Christianity a holy religion, produc-
tive of moral obedience in all its true disciples.
May the God of all grace bless the reading of
them to the weakening of the dominion of sin,
and to the advancement of the kiugdom of our
blessed Redeemer, Jesus Christ.
Ch^j'erlon ) ^ ROBINSON
Mprii loth, 17/0. i
SERHONS
HISV. JAMES SAUHZN,
TRANSLATED
BY THE REV. ROBERT ROBINSON.
PREFACE,
BY TBS REV. ROBERT ROBZNSOXf.
1- HAT spirit of inquiry which produced
the Reformation, operated in France, as in
other countries, and gave being to an endless
variety of different sentiments of rehgion.
All the reformers, however, agreed in one
grand article, that is, in substituting the au-
thority of the holy Scriptures in the place of
the infallibihty of the Bishop of Rome.
The elevation of an obscure book, (for such
to the shame of Popery the Bible had been,)
to the dignity of a supreme judge, whose de-
cisions were final, and from whicn there lay no
appeal, naturally excited the attention of some
who were capable, and of many who thought
themselves so, to examine the authenticity of
so extraordinary a book. At the Reformation,
the infallibility of the Pope was the popular
inquiry ; and, after it, the infallibility of Jesus
Christ came under consideration. Curiosity
and conscience concurred to search, and seve-
ral circumstances justified the inquiry.
Many spurious books had been propagated
in the world : the Jewish nation, and the Ro-
mish church, paid as much regard to tradition
as to the holy Scriptures : Protestants derived
different, and even contrary doctrines, from
the same Scriptures ; the authenticity of some
books of both Testaments had never been uni-
versally acknowledged, and the points in liti-
gation were of the last importance. These
considerations excited the industry of a multi-
tude of critics. One examined the chronolo-
gy of the Bible, another the geography of it,
a third its natural philosophy, a fourth its his-
tory ; one tried its purity by the rules of
grammar, another measured its style by the
laws of rhetoric ; and a most severe scrutiny
the book underwent,
Nothing came to pass in this inquiry but
what might have been expected. Some de-
fended the book by solid, and some by silly ar-
guments ; while others reprobated it, as void
of any rational proof at all. There are pre-
requisites essential to the investigation of
truth, and it is hardly credible, that, all who
emamined, or who pretended to examine the di-
vinity ofthe Christian canon, possessed them.
No sooner had Charles IX. published the
first edict of pacification in France, in 15G2,
than there appeared at Lyons along with
mady other sects, a party who called them-
selves Deists. The edict provided that no
person should be prosecuted on account of
matters of conscience, and this sect claimed*
the benefit of it.
Deists differ so much from one another, that
it is hard to define the term Deism, and to say
precisely what the word stands for. Dr.
Samuel Clarke takes the denomination in the
most extensive signification, and distinguish--
es Deists m\.o four classes.
' The first class believe the existence of a
Supreme Being, who made the world, but
who does not at all concern himself in th&
management of it
' The second consists pf those who believe^ ^
not only the being, but also the providence of
God with respect to the natural world ; but
who, not allowing any difference between mor-
al good and evil, deny that God takes any no-
tice ofthe morally good or evil actions of men ;.
these things depending, as they imao-ine, on
the arbitrary constitution of human laws.
' The third sort, having right apprehensions
concerning the natural attributes of God,
nd his all-governing Providence, and some
notion of his moral perfections a.\so, yet beinof
prejudiced against the notion of the immor-
tality of the human soul, believe that mea
perish entirely at death, and that one genera-
tion shall perpetually succeed another, with-
out any future restoration, or renovation of
things.
' The fourth consists of those who believe
the existence of a Supreme Being, together
with his providence in the government ofthe
world, as also the obligations of natural reli-
gion : but SO far only as these things are dis-
coverable by the light of nature alone, with-
out believing any divine revelation. These
last are the only true Deists !'
The rise of the Deists, along with that of
other sects and parties among the reformed
churches seemed to confirm one argument of
the Roman Catholics against the Reformation.
When the Reformers had pleaded for the suf-
ficiency of revelation, and for the private right
of judging of its meaning, the divines of the
church of^Rome had always replied, that una-
nimity in the faith is the test of the true
church of Christ ; that the church of Rome
had always enjoyed such a unity : that the
allowance of liberty of conscience would pro-
duce innumerable opinions ; that people of
tiie same sentiments would associate for the
support and propagation of their pretended
faith : and that, consequently, religious parties
would counteract one another, to the entire
subversion of Christianity itself Hence they
inferred the absurdity of that principle on
which Protestan*.'"'m stood, and the absolute
necessity of a living infallible judge of reli-
gious truths. The event above-mentioned
seemed to confirm this reasoning.
When these ideas entered the mind of a
man of fruitful genius in the chuxcih of Rome;
XXVI
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
they operated in the most eccentric manner
imaginable. A popular orator, or, who did
ten times more mischief, a court-chaplain,
would collect a few real improprieties among
Protestants, subjoin a thousand more irregu-
larities of his own invention, mere creatures of
his superstitious fancy, paint them in colours
the most frightful, exhibit them to pubhc view
under images the most tragical, ascribe them
all to that horrid monster— the right of private
judgment, and by these means to endeavour
to establish the old system, that destroyed
men's lives, on the ruins of that new one,
which benevolently proposed to save them.
The weaker protestants were intimidated
by this vile bombast ; and the wiser, who had
been educated Papists, that is to say, whose
tender minds had been perverted with a bad
philosophy, and a worse divinity, were hard
pressed with this idle argument. The famous
Peter Viret, who was pastor of the reformed
church at Lyons, at this first appearance of
the Deists, not only wrote against them ; but,
we are sorry to say, he did more, he joined
with the archbishop's vicar in persecuting
them. What a motley figure ! The voice of
Jacob, and the hands of Esau !
Some of the more candid Protestants con-
tented themselves with making two observa-
tions, which they thought were sufficient to
answer the objections of Rome on this article.
First, they said, It is not true that there are
no religious controversies in the church of
Rome ; there are two hundred and thirty-
beven contrarieties of doctrine among the Ro-
mish divines Secondly, if it were true, the
ijuiet of the members of that church would
Hot prove their unity in the faith. A negative
ilnanimity, that is, a freedom from religious
differences, may proceed from ignorance, neg-
ligence, or fear : the two first resemble the
quiet of night, where all are asleep : or
the stillness of a church-yard, where all are
dead ; and the last the taciturnity of a slave
under a tyrant's rod. These observations
were not impertinent, for although none of
our disputes are managed without humbling
Biarks of human infirmity, yet, on a cool bal-
ance of accounts, it will appear, that the mor-
al good produced by liberty of conscience is
far greater than the moral evil suffered. Pee-
vish tempers, and puerile mistakes mix with
free inquiry ; but without inquiry fair and
free we should have no religion at all.
Had the Protestants done only that with the
writings of Moses and Paul, which they did
with the writings of Homer and Tacitus, had
they fetched them out of dusty holes in libra-
ries, exposed them to public view, and left
them to shift for tliemselve3,tlieirauthenticitv,
we presumCjWould have sinned with inimitable
lustre ; for fewer objections have lain against
the book, than against the methods that have
been used to enforce it. But that fatal notion
of uniformity, this absurd dogma, unity in the
faith is the test of a true church, misled those
worthy men, and they adopted the spirit of
persecution, that child of tlie "mother of
abominations," Rev. xvii. 5, whom folly had
produced, and whom cruelty had hitherto
maintained.
In .order to vie with the church of Rome
yn point oJ'unifl'T.-.nnty, nndtocxc^-'l it- in point
of truth, the reformers extracted, what they
supposed, the sense of Scripture ; not on plain;
obvious, essential truths ; but on doctrines ex-
tremely perplexed and difficult ; these extracts
they called Confessions of Faith ; these they
signed ; and all who refused to sign them
they disovimed, and persecuted out of their
communities.
Having done these things not according to
the pattern showed by theii* divine Master, ia
his plain and peaceful sermon on the Mount
of Olives, Heb. viii. 5, but according to the
arcana imperii of " the woman who sitteth
on seven mountains and who reigneth over
the kings of the earth," Rev. xvii. 9, Id, they
boasted of enjoying as good a uniformity as
that of which the Catholic church vaunted.
If they, who first prosecuted these unrighte-
ous measures in the Protestant churches, could
have foreseen the dismal consequences of them,
surely they must have lain in sackcloth and
ashes, to lament their anti-christiah zeal,
which, by importing eXotics from Rome, hj
planting them in reformed churches, and by
flittering the magistracy into the dirty work,
of cultivating them, spoiled the growth of rea-
son and religion, and cherished, imder theit
deleterious shade, nothing but that unprofita-
ble weed, implicit faith.
Let a dispassionate spectator cast his ey&
on the Christian world, and, when he has seen
the rigoroUs measures that have beerl used to
establish, as it is called, the faith of the Re-
formers, let him turn his eye to the church of
Rome on the one hand, and to sectaries on the
other, and attend to the consequences of these
measures among both. Catholics laugh at
Protestant arguments against the infallibility
of the Bishop of Rome. See, say they, mu-
tant clypeus, the reformed have destroyed one
Pope to create a hundred. Calvin is infalli-
ble at Geneva, Luther in Germany, in Eng-
land Cranmer, and in Scotland Knox ! How
wise the doctrine of infallibility ! how just
and necessary the practice of the Inquisition ',
The pretended Protestants have tried in vain
to govern churches without severity ; they
themselves, who have exclaimed the most vi-
olently against it, have been obliged to adopt
it. Sectaries, on the other hand, avail them-
selves of these practices, and not distinguish-
ing between Christianity itself and the pro-
fessors of it, charge that on the laws of our
prince, which is chargeable only on the inad-
vertency of his subjects.
Other times, other manners ! Whether the
reproaches of the Papists, tiie increase of learn-
ing, piety, and experience, or whatever else
have meliorated the reformed churches, the
French Protestants rarely persecute; and when
they do, it is plain, they do that as a body in
a synod, which not one of them would dare
to avow as a private divine. Dangerous dis-
tinction ! Should an Upright man vote for u
measure which he would blush to enforce i
Should he not endeavour to abrogate canons,
which, for the soul of him he has not impiety
^enough to execute.' Shall Protestants renounce
that merchandise of Rome, which consists of
odours, and ointments, and chariots, and pur-
ple, and silli, and sairlct, and continue that
more scandalous traffic which consists of
'•sjaves uiid sou's 'A'nv^n':'' Rev. .will. ISvlTV
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
XXVll
•' If a counsel, or a work, be of God, ye can-
not ovei throw it," Acts v. 3;{, 39, is one of
the surest axioms iti the world ; and if there
be such a thins; in the world as dignity, that
is, propriety of character, it must be in that
Christian, who, disdaining; every carnal wea-
pon, maintains the truth of his religion by
placid reasoning, and by a holy life. Other
influence is unscriptural, and unnatural too.
We may admire the genius of a Ue'st, avail
ourselves of Ills learning, and laraant his abu?e
of both: bat we may not touch his person,
his property, his liberty, his charact'5r, his
peace. " To his own Matter he standetii or
fallnth." Roai. xiv. 4.
We beg leave to subjoin three observations
in regard to deism. Deists are not so nume-
rous a? some have imagined. Real Christians
have occasioned violent prejudices against
Christianity. Very lew Daisls have taken up
the argument on its true grounds ; and they,
who have, could not support it.
Deists are not so nunifrous as some, have tm-
agined. Mons. de Voltaire has thought pro-
per to inform his countrymen, in his Additions
to his Gcntral Hisinri/, that ' Deism, wJiich
Cliarles II. seemed openly to [jrof^-ss, became
the reigning religion' in England: thi't 'the
sect is become very numerous:' and that 'a
num'ier of eminent writers have made open
profession of lieism.' How this agreeable
French writer came to know this, who can tell,
if, as he affirms a httlc lower, ' Deists allow
a diversity of opinions in other:=, and seldom
discover their own ;' and, if Deists have only
a private form of worship, each worshipping
God in his own house, and assisting without
scruple at all public cercnionies.' Surely
Mons. Vo'.taire mistook, he meant to describe
a hypocrite, atid not a Deist.
If a Deist be one who, having examined t'le
religion of nature, and the religion of .Scrip-
ture, gives the preference to the I'ormer, and
rejects the latter, it may be affirmed, I think,
that the num'jsr of Deists is very small. In a
comparative viev/, the number is too incon-
siderable to be mentioned. The rank of a
Herbert, the wit of a Shaftesbury, the style
of a Bolingbtoke, the scurrilous buffoonery of
a Wonlston, along with the wisdom and piety
of the Lockes, and Lelands, and Lardners,
who have o[]po3ed them, have given a name
to deism; but the number of its professors is
trifling, and of no account. If Mons. de Vol-
taire meant to relate an historical fact, he
ought to have enumerated the vumcrous pro-
fessors of Christianity, ami the ernintnt writers
in defence of it, and then the numerous pro-
fessors of deism would have diminished and
disappeared. If he meant to give a sanction to
deism on account of its numerous defenders,
he is a fresh example of that weakness, to
which great philosophers are sometimes sub-
ject, the weakness of saciificing a sound logic
to a silly prejudice.
Two sorts of people are fond of multiplying
Deists; liigots, and Deists lliemselves. De-
ists take the liberty of associating with them-
selves Confucius, Zoroajlcr, Socrates, and all
the ancient philosophers. They first suppose
that these philosophers would have rejected
revelation, had it been proposed to them, and
then they speak of them as if they had actu-
ally rejected it. But, if the gospel be not a
system ol absurdity, adajited to credulity, the
probability is greater that they would have re-
ceived, than that they would have rejected it;
and if, as Lord Bolingliroke says, 'il must
be admitted, that Plato insinuates, in many
places, the want, or the necessity of a divine
revelation, to discover the external service
God requires, and the expiation for sin, and
to give stronger assurances of the rewards and
punishments that await men in another world;'
it becomes highly probable, that Plato would
have embraced the Christian revelation; atid
were the testimony of Jesus Christ admissible,
it is absolutely certain, that, "• il' the mighty
works, which were done in Judea, had been
done among the heathens, many heathens
would have repented of Paganism in sackcloth
and ashes," Matt. xi. 21, &c. To the army
of philosophers they add all those Christians,
who do not understand, or who do not prac-
tise, the dictates of Christianity. With thia
hypothetical reasoning they attack Christian-
it}', and boast of tuimbers, while all their vo-
taries are so feii\ that a child may write them.
Bigots, wlio make Scripture, and their sense
of It, the same thing, practise the same pious
fraud, and turn over all those to the deistical
party, who do not allow their doctrines.
Hence the popular notion of the multiplicity of
Deists.
From the charge of deism first, the populace
ought to be freed. Too many of them live
without any religion. The religion of nature
is as unknown to them as the religion of Scrip-
ture. When they think of religion, their er-
ror is credulity, and their spiritual guides
soon find, that the believing of too much, and
not the believing of too little, is their mistake.
They are wicked: but they are not Deists;
for the term dfisiu surely stands for admitting
the religion of nature, as well as for the re-
nouncing of revelation. But of both, in gene-
ral, they are alike ignorant.
They, vho renounce popular doctrines, are
not therefore Deists The learned and pious
Dr. Bekker, one of the pastors at Amster-
dam, renounced the popular opinion of the
power of the devil, and published a book
against it in 1G91. He seemed to doubt also
of the eternity of hell-torments. He was re-
puted a Deist, and the consistory, the classes,
and the svnods, proceeded against him, sus-
pended him first from the communion, and
deposed him at last from the office of a minis-
ter. Yet Dr. Bekker was a fast friend of re-
velation, and all his crime lay in expounding
some literal passages of revelation allegorical-
ly. Not the book : but the received meaning
of it, he denied.
The Deists ought not to claim them, who
affirin, that it is not the properly of the trut/is
of revelation to square uith philowphy. Mons.
Voltaire takes Pomponatius for a Deist.
Pomponatius denied the natural immortality
of the soul ; he affirmed, that it could not be
proved by principles of philosophy : but he
XXVIU
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
believed, anJ maintained the immortality of
the soul on the testimony of revelation. This
learned Italian philofoplier was persecuted by
the monks ; his bnok, it is said, was burnt liy
the Venetians; and the modern Deists have
adopted him ; yet Pomponalius was a believer
of revelation, anil, by believnig ths immortality
©f the soul on the testimony of S':riplure, he
discovered the most profound veneration for
it, a deference exactly similar to that .which
trinitarians pay to its testimony concerning
the nature of God.
What Po;nponatius affirmed of the immor-
tality of the soul, Bayle affirmed of all Hit
mysteries of the gospel ; but we do not allow
that Bayle was therefore a Deist. Thus he
writes: ' If one of the apostles, St. Paul for
instance, Avhen among the Athenians, had be-
eought the Areopagus to permit him to enter
the li-ts against all philosophers ; had he
offered to maintain a disputation upon the
three persons, wIki are but one Gol; and if,
before he began the disputation, he had ac-
knowledged the truth of the rales laid down
by Aristotle in his logic, whetlier, with regard
to the terms of opposition, or the character-
istics of the premises of a demonstrative syl-
logism, &c. : lastly, if, after these prelimina-
ries were well settled, he had answered, that
our reason i? too weak to ascend to the know-
ledge of the mysteries in opposition to which
objections were proposed to him ; in such a
case, he would have suffered as much shame,
as It is possible for a defeated opponent to
meet with. The Athenian philosophers must
have gained a complete victory ; for he would
have been judged and condemned agreeably
to the maxims, the truth of which he had
acknowledged before. But had the philoso-
phers em|)loyed those maxims in attacking
him, after he had informed them of the foun-
dation of his faith, he might have opposed the
following barrier to them ; that his doctrines
were not within the cognizance of reason ;
that they had been revealed by heaven ; and
that mankind must believe them, though they
eould not compreliend them. The disputa-
tion, in order for its being carried on in a re-
gular manner, must not have turned up(m the
following question, whether these doctrines
were repugnant to the rules of logic and me-
taphysics : but on the question, whether they
had been revealed by heaven. It would
have been impossible for St. Paul to have
been defeated, except it could have been prov-
ed to him. tliat God did not require those
things to be believed.'* This reasoning iloes
not appear to favour deism ; it seems to
place the mysteries of Christianity on their true
base.
Neither are those to be reputed Deists,
who doubts or dtni/., the inspiration of some
books which are usualbj accounted sacred. Lu-
ther denied the inspiration of the F.pistle
to St. James; Grotius that of the Song of
Solomon; and Dionysius, Bishop of Alexan-
dria, denied that the Apocalypse was written
* Gen. Diet. vol. x. Illustration upon the
Manichcc!.
by the Apoitle John ; yet no one ef these was
a Deist.
Nor ought the Deist to claim those learned
critics, who allow that the Scriptures have un-
dergone the fate of all other books, and who
therefore expose and amend the errors ot
copyists, expunge interpolations, restore mu-
tilated passages, and deal with the writings
of St. Paul as they do with the writings of
Thucydides. The chronology, the geogra-
phy, the history, the learning of the Bible,
(if the expression be not improper) must ne-
cessarily submit to a critical investigation, ami
upright critics have self-evident rules of trial.
The most severe piece of (;ritici?m on revela-
tion is at the same time one of the most ex-
cellent defences oi it. One single rule, hfA
it been thought worthy ot that attention
which it merits, would have spared the wri-
ting of many a folio, and have freed some
Christians from many a religious reverie.*
Yet the author of this piece of criticism, the
great IjO Clerc, has been, by some of his big-
otted countrymen, accounted a Deist.
Finally, we caimot resign those btightest
ornaments of the Christian church, whose sense
and grace will not allow them to be (iogroati-
cal, and uho h(silate about some doctrines grn-
erally received by their otrn communitiis. The
celehrated Phibp Melancifon has been taxed
with scepticism: but far be the imputation
fiom him! ' He was one of the wisest and
best men of his age' says a certain historian ;
' he was of a sweet, peaceful disposition, had a
great deal of wit, had read much, and hi*
knowledge was very extensive, 'i'he combi-
nation of such qualities, natural and acquired,
is ordinarily a foundation for diffidence. Me-
lancthon was by no means free from doubts,
and there were abundance of subjects, upon
which he durst not pronounce this is so, and
it cannot be otlurwise. He lived among a
sect of people, who to him appeared passion-
ate, and too eager to mix the arts of human
policy, and the autliority of the secular arm,
with the affairs of the church. His tender
conscience made him afraid that this m^ght bo
a mark of reprobation. Although he drew
up the .^ugsburgh Confession, yet he hated
disputes in religion, and when his mother ask-
ed him how she should conduct her belief
amidst so many controversies. Continue, an-
swered he, to believe and pray as you have
hitherto done, and let these wars ol controver-
sy give you no manner of trouble.' This is
the Melancthon who was suspected of de-
ism !
Several more classes might be nd<led to these:
but these are sufficient to prove thiit real De-
ists are not by far so mumerous as reputed
ones. The cause of deism, unsupported by
reason, may magnify its little all : but th«
* Mons. he Clerc expresses this rule thus;
Malta rideri in virsionibus emphulka. cpia>. in
ipsisfonlibus nullam emphusin habrnt. — Ars.
Crit. lorn. i. p. 2. s. i. c. 4. This rule of in-
terpretation, which regards the idiom of a
hiiiguage, deserves more attention, it should
seem, than hath been usually paid to it.
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
XXIX
eaasa of revelation has little to fear from the
learning, less from the morality, and nothing
from the number of its opponents.
When some atheists appeared in the Jew-
ish church, anil attacked the knowledge and
worship of God, the people of God were in-
timidated : but, the royal I'salmist justly ob-
serves, '• They were in great fear, wliere no
fear was," Psal. liii. 5. Similar events have
pro luced similar fears in the Christian church,
and to these honest, but ignorant fears, we
ascribe the much o:reHtcr part ot those pious
frauds with which Christians have disgraced
the cause of God. Most of the fatliers, most
of *he church of Rome, and some Protestant
churches, have treated Christianity like an
old crazy palace, which requires props or sup-
porters on every side ; and they have mani-
fested groat injudiciousness in the choice of
supporters. The gospel stands like a stately,
stunly oak, defying the attack of every storm :
but they, who hail pitched their tent beneath
it's shade, heard a rustlinjr among the leaves,
trembled for the fate of the tree, and, *o secure
it, surrounded it wUh a plantation of oziers.
To this ignorant timidity, and not to the base
tricks of knavery, the sordid arts of a sorry
avarice, or the barbarous pleasure of shedding
human blood, we charitalily attribute the
greatest absurdities in Ihe Christian church.
Tliese absurdities, however, have produced
very bad effects, and they oblige us to ov/n,
that real Chrisliunshave occasioned violent pre-
judices against Christianily.
Some Christians have endeavoured to sup-
port the cause of Clirislianity by spurious
books ; some by juggling tricks, called mi-
racles; some by the impositiDn of supersti-
tious ceremonies ; some by the propagation of
absurd doctrines; some have pretended to ex-
plain it by a wretched philosophy ; others
have exposed it to derision under pretence of
adornin;< it with allegory; some havp pleaded
for it hy fines, and fires, and swords ; others
have incorporated it with civil interests ; most
Viavo laid down filse canons of interpretation,
and have resembled that syn ,d which con-
demned the aforementioned Dr. Bekker, be-
cause he 'had explained the holy Scriptures
so as to make them contrary to the Catechism,
and particularly to //le Articles of Faitk which
he had himself subscribed.' Above all, the
loose lives of the professors of Christianity,
and particularly of some of the ministers of it,
have " covered the daughter of Sion with a
cloud, and have cast down from heaven
unto the earth the beauty of Israel." Lam.
ii. 1.
Involve Christianity in all these thick mists,
surround it with all these phenomena, call a
•weak eye, or a wicked heart, to contemplate
it, and, without a spirit of prophecy, the dis-
covery may be foretold ; the observer will be-
come a reasoner .... a philosopher
. . . a DlilST.
These are tlie topics, and not the gospel it-
self, which most Deists have attacked : but if
•we agree to exonerate Christianity of all these
incumbrances; what have Deists to answer.'
Very few of them have taken up the argu-
ment on its true grounds, a7id they who hare
could not support it.
When a Frenchman undertakes to attack
Christianity, the disputes of his countrymen
afford him an ample supply ; he bf)rrows arms
of every party of Christians, he conquers
Popery with Protestant weapons, opposes the
virions of quietism with the subtleties of Jan-
senism, the mysteries of Jansenius with the
laws of good sense; and, having defeated ab-
surdity, he vainly imagines he has obtained
a victory over Christianity. English Deists
have taken the same method, and as our coun-
try has the same excesses, they have an am-
ple field of glory before them. Christianity
has nothing to do with the errors of St. Austin,
or the dreams of Madam Bourignon ; but it
is founded on a few facts, the evidence of
which can never be disproved. The know-
ledge of these is a preservative against De-
ism.
To establish these facts was the original de-
sign of Mens. Saurin in the following sermons,
as it is mine in endeavouring to translate them.
Those who are acquainted with his sermons,
well know, that there are in the twelvo
volumes many more on the same topics : but,
as it was impossible to put them all into ona
volume, I have been obliged to make the best-
choice in my power, and have arranged them
in the following order : —
The tirst sermon contains a set of rules es-
sentially necessary to the investigating oUruth^
and a lew reasons to enforce tiie practice
of them. The second proposes an examina-
tion of the truths of Chrisltumly, and settles
rules of disputation peculiar to this controver-
sy. The /af/i- follow in the succeeding ser-
mons, the birth, the ministry, the resurrection
of Jesus Christ, &:c- Four of the last dis-
courses expose iiijidelilj/ and recommend Chris-
tiaiiily; and the last of all is an exhortation
to him who is supposed to have (ound the
gospel of Christ, to hold it fast, as a system ot"
truth, and to avoid those snares, into whicli
Christians are liable to be drawn.
iViay our readers " have these things always
in remembrance; for we have not followed
cunningly devised fables," 2 Pet. i. 15. &cc^
but a sure word rf prophecy, history and pre-
cept, which liolfi mtn of God spake, as thei/
were moved by the Ho:y Ghost.
^ Three times have I taken pen in hand to
account to my subscribers in a preface for my
choice of the sermons that compose this volume.
But one thought hath as often confused me at
the outset, and obliged me to lay it aside. I
am struck with an idea of the different de-
grees of labour necessary to two men, one of
whom should conceive the project of disunit-
ing Christians, and the other that of cement-
ing them together in mutual love. The first
need not trouble himself with study, examina-
tion, and argument ; he would not be obliged
either to divest himself of his own preposses-
sions, or to expose those of others ; he need
not sit whole nights and days either to exam-
* Here commences Mr. Robinson's preface
to the third volume of the first edition.
x-xx
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
ine his own theses, or impartially to weigh
those of his opponents : let him only take
popular prejuilices, cover them with the
sacrecl style of Scripture, or conceal them un-
der the impenetiable jargon ol' the schools ;
let him animate Ihem with parly spirit, call it
religious zeal, and denounce juilgment on all
who do not believe the whole to be essential
to salvation ; and the work will be done.
Such a man, I think, resembles a light-
heeled enemy, tripping over a spacious field,
and scattering, a? he goes, the seeds of an end-
less number of weeds : while the man, who
adopts a contrary plan, must be forced, like
the patient prying weeder, to stoop and toil,
step by step, day after day, feeling many a pain,
and fetching many a sigh, to pull the noxious
produce up.
According to my first proposal, this volume
ought to consist of sermons on Ihc ductnms of
Clirisliariit//. My intimate friends, who first
encouraged, and subscribed for this translation,
thoroughly understood me : but I might have
foreseen, that their partiality would procure
oiher purchasers, unacquainted with my no-
tions of men and things, and who probably
might expect to find each his own system of
r-ligion in a volume of sermons on the doc-
trines of our common Lord. I am necessita-
ted therefore to explain myself, and to be-
speak a candid attentioti, while 1 endeavour to
do so.
Very early in life I was prepossessed in fa-
vour of the following positions: — Christianity
is a religion of divine original — a religion of
di /ine original must needs be a perfect rpli-
gion. and answer all the ends, lor which it was
revealed, without human additions. — The
Christian religion has undergone consitierable
alterations since the times ot Jesus Christ and
his apostles, and yet, Jesus Cliriat was then ac-
counted the Jinislier, as well as the aulhor of
Jiiiih, ?Ieb. xii. 2. The doctrines of revelation,
as they lie in the inspiied writings, difl'er very
much from the same doctrines, as they lie in
creeds of human composition. — The moral
precepts, the positive institutes, and the reli-
gious afl'ections. which constitute the devotion
of most modern Christians, form a melancholy
contrast to those, which arc described by the
guides, whom they profess to follow The
light of nature, and that of revelation ; the op-
erations of right reason, the spirit of the first,
and the influence of tJie Holy Giio-t, the soul
of the last: both proceeding from the same
uniform Supreme Being, cannot be supposed
to be destructive of each other, or, even m the
least degree, to clash together- The finest
idea, that can be formed of the Supreme Be-
ing, is that of an infinite intelligence always in
harmony with itself: and. accordingly, the
best way of proving the truth of revelation is
that of showing the analogy of the plan of re-
demption to that of creation and providence.
Simijlicity and majesty characterize I oth na-
ture and Scripture : sim))licity reduces those
benefits, which are essential to the real happi-
ness of man, to the size of all mankind ; majes-
ty makes a rich provision for the employment
find super-added felicity of a few superior ge-
niuses, who first improve themselve*, and then
felicitate their inferior brethren by simplifying
their own ideas, by refining and elevating those
of their fellow-creatures, by so establishing a
social intercourse, consolitlating fraternal love,
and along with it all the recijirocal ties, that
unite mankind. Men's ideas of objects essen-
tia! to their happiness are neither so dissimilar,
nor so numerous, as inattentive spectators are
apt to suppose. \"ariety of sentiment, which
is tht life of society, cannot be dastructive of
real religion. Mere mental errors, if they be
not entirely innocent in the account of the Su-
preme Governor of mankind, cannot be, how-
ever, objec;ts of blame and punishment among
men. Christianity could never be intended to
destroy the natural rights, or even to di-
minish the natural j^rivileges of mankind.
Tliat religion, which alltiws the just claims,
and secures the social happiness of all mankijid,
must needs be a better religion than that,
which provides for only a part at the expense
of the rest. God is more glorified by the good
actions of his creatures, expressive of homage
to him, and productive of universal, social
good, than he is by uncertain conjectures, or
even accurate notion?, which originate in self-
possession and terminate in social disunion.
How clear soever all these maxims may be, a
certain degree of ambition or avar ce, igno-
rance or malice, presumption or dilFideiice, or
any other irregular passion, will render a man
blind to the clearest demonstration, and insen-
sible to the most rational and affecting persua-
sion. 'I hese positions, mere opinions and pre-
possessions Ijelore examinalion, became de-
monstrative truths after a course of diligent
search ; and these general principles have op-
erated in the choice of the sermons, wliich
compose this volume of the principal doctrines
of Christianity.
But, previous to all inquiries concerning the
doctrines of Christianity, it is absolutely ne-
cessary to eslabli.-h that of CHUISTIAJf LIBER-
TY ; tor, say what we will, if this prelim-
inary doctrine of right be disallowed, volunta-
ry piety is the dream of an enthusiast ; the
oracles of God in the Christian v.orld, like
those of the Sybils in pagan Rome, are sounds
convertible to senatorial sense; and the whole
Christian mission, from the first prophet down
to the la^t minister, is one long muster-roll of
statesmen's tools, a disgrace to their species, a
contradiction to their profession, a dishonour to
their God !
Christian liberty in Italy, is liberty to be a.
Roman Catholic, that is, liberty to believe
what the bishop of Rome affirms to be true,
and liberty to pprf(jrm what he commands to
be done. Chri^tian liberty in some relormed
churches is liberty to renounce what the refor-
mers renounced, to believe what they alfirmed,
and to practice what they required. But w©
whohare not so learned Christ, define Christian
liberty otiierwise : and if we be asked, What
is Christian liberty ? we answer, It is liberty
to be a Christian. One part of Christianity
consists of propositions to be believed. Lib-
el ty to be a Christian believer is liberty to ex-
amine these propositions, to form a judgment
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
XXXI
of them, and to come to a self-determination,
according; to our own best abilities. Another
part of Christianity consists of duties to be
performed. Liberty to be a practical Chris-
tian is liberty to perform these duties, either
as they resjard GoJ, our neighbour, or our-
selves. Liberty to be a Christian, implies lib-
erty not to be a Christian, as liberty to exam-
ine a proposition implies liberty to reject the
arjjuments brouglit to support it, if they a|)-
pear inconclusive, as well as liberty to admit
them, if they appear demonstrative. To pre-
tend to examine Christianity, before we have
established our ri,ght to do so, is to pretend to
cultivate an estate, before we have made out
our title to it.
The object of Christian liberty, that, with
•which a man, who would examine Christiani-
ty, ha? to do, is a system of Christian doctrine :
but, having eslalilished the doctrine of right,
belore we proceeil to exercise this right by ex-
amining the religion proposed to mankind by
Jesus Ciirist, it is absolutely necessary to in-
quire what we ought, on sound principles of
just and fair reasoning, to expect to find in it.
I know f():ne trutlis without revelation, I
have a full demonstration in nature, that there
is one Go 1 — that it is impossible tliere should
be more than one — that he is an intelligent
sp rit — and that he is a wise and bountiful Be-
ing. Should any religion, which pretends to
be divine, affir.ii that there is a plurality of gods;
God is not an intelligent Spirit — God is an un-
wise and an unkind b(Mng — I should have a
right to reject this |iretended revelation. In-
deed, should a revealed reliirion allow my de-
monstrations, and afterwards explain them in a
manner quite subversive of my former expli-
cations of th^m : f.houl I it affirm, God is, as
you say, a wise and bountiful being : hut he
displays his wisdom and goodness not in gov-
erning his intelligent creatures as you have
imagined ; sucli a moral government, I will
prove to you, would show a defect of wisdom
and goodness ; but he disphiys the supreme
perfection of both, by providing for such and
such interests, and by bestowing such and such
benefits, as have either escaped your notice, or
were beyond your comprehension. In this
case I ought not to reject revelation, for, al-
though I can demonstrate without inspiration
the wisdom and goodness of GoJ, yet I cannot
pretend by the light of nature to know all the
directions, and to ascertain all the limits of these
perfections.
Lay (^hristirfnity before me who will, I ex-
pect to find three things in it, which I call anal-
ogy, proportion, and perfection. Each of
these articles opens a wide fisld of not incuri-
ous speculation, and each fully ex[)lained and
applied would serve to guide r.ny man in his
choice of a religion, yea in his choice of a i)arty
amon;; the various divisions of Ciiristians :
but alas ! we are not employed now-a-days in
examining and choosing religious principles for
ourselves, but in subscribing, and defending
those of our ancestors ! A few hints then shall
serve.
By analogy I mean resemblance, and, when
I say revealed religion must bring along with
itan analogical evidence, 1 mean, it must re-
semble the just dictates of nature. The rea-
son is plain. The same Supreme Being is the
author of both. ^J'he God of nature has form-
ed man for observing objects, comparing them
together, laying down principles, inferring con.
sequences, reasoning and self-determining ; he
has notonly empowered all mankind to exer<"ise
these abilities, but has even constrained them
by a necessity of nature to do so; he has not
only rendered it impossible for men to excel
without this exercise, but he has even rendered
it impossible for them to exist safely in society
without it. In a word, the God of nature has
made man in his own image, a self-determining
being,and,to say nothing of the nature of virtue,
he has rendered free consent essential to every
man's felicity and peace. With his own con-
sent, subjection makes him happy; without it,
dominion over the universe would make hira
miserable.
The religion of nature, (I mean by this ex-
pression, here, the objects, which display the
nature of the Deity, and thereby discover the
obligations ol mankind) is in perfect harmony
with the natural constitution of man. All nat-
ural objects offer evidence to all : but force it
on none. A man may examine it, and he may
not examine it ; he may admit it, and he may
reject it : and, if his rejection of the evidence
of natural religion be not expressed in i<uch
overt acts as are injurious to the peace of civil
society, no man is empowered to force him, or
to punish him; the Supreme moral Governor
of the world himself does not distiiiijuish hirn
here by any exterior punishments; at most he
expresses his displeasure by marks attached to
the person of the culprit, and concealed from
all the rest of his lellow creatures ; and the
glory of civil society is not to encroach en the
moral government of God.
Christianity comes, pretends to come from
the God of nature; I look for analogy, and I
find it : but I find it in the holy Scrijitures, the
first teachers, and the primitive churches. In
all these, I am considered as a rational crea-
ture, objects are proposed, evidence is ofl'ered:
if 1 admit it, I am not entitled thereby to any
temporal emoluments; if I refuse it, I am not
subjected to any temporal punisnments; the
Vv-hole is an atiair of conscience, and lies be-
tweeii eacli individual and his God. I choose
to be a Christian on this very account. This
freedom whicli I call a perfection of my na-
ture ; this self-determination, the dignity of
my species, the essence of my natural virtue;
this I do not forfeit by becoming a Christian ;
this I retain, explained, confirmed, directed, as-
sisted by the regal grant of the Son of God.
Thus the prerogati\es of Christ, the laws of
his religion, and the natural rights of mankind
being analogous, evidence arises of the divin-
ity ol the religion ofJesus.
I believe it would be very easy to provei^
that the Christianity of the church of Rome,
and that of every other establishment, because
they are establisliments, are totally destitute of
this analogy. The religion of nature is not ca-
pable of establishment, the religion of Jesus
Christ is not capable of establishment : if the
XXXll
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
religion of any church be capable of establish-
m2nl, it is not analogous to that of Scripture, or
that of natare. A very simple example may
explain oar meaning. Natural relig;ion re-
quires a man to pay a mental homage to the
Daity, to venerate his perfections, by aJorina;
anJ confiding in them. By what possible
ni?aas can lh?s3 pious operations of the mind
be established? could they be forced, their na-
ture would be destroyed, and they would cease
to be piety, which is an exercise of jud;^ment
and will, (levealed religion requires man to
pay a m2ntal homage to the Deity through Je-
IU3 Christ, to venerate his perfections by ador-
ing and confiding in them as Christianity di-
rects ; by repentance, by faith, by hope, and
so on. IIovv is it possible to establish those
spiritual acts? A human establishment re-
quires man to pay this Christian mental ho-
mage to the Deity by performing some exter-
nal ceremony, suppose bowing to the east.
The ceremony, we grant, may be established:
but, the voluntary exercise of the soul in the
performance, which is essential to the Chris-
tianity of the action, who in the world can es-
tablish this? Il' the religion of Jesus be consid-
ered as consisting of external rites and internal
dispositions, the former may be. established;
but, be it remembered, the establishment of
the exterior not only does not establish the in-
terior, but the destruction of the last is previ-
ously essential to the establishment of the first.
No religion can be estalilished without penal
sanctions, and all penal sanctions in cases of re-
ligion are persecutions. Before a man can
persecute, he must renounce the generous tol-
erant dispositions of a Christian. No religion
can be established without human creeds ; and
subscription to all human creeds implies two
dispositions contrary to true religion, and both
expressly forbidden by the author of it. These
two dispositions are, love of dominion over
conscience in the imposer, and an abject pre-
ference of slavery in the subscriber. The first
usurps the rights of Christ; the last swears
allegiance to a pretender. The first domi-
neers, and gives laws like a tyrant; the last
truckles like a vassal. The first assumes a do-
minion incompatible with his frailty, impossi-
ble even to his dignity, yea denied to the dig-
nity of angels ; the last yields a low submission,
inconsistent with his own dignity, and ruinous to
that very religion, which he pretends by this
mean tosupport. Jesus Christdoes notrequire,
he does not allow, yea,heexpressly forbidsboth
these dispositions, well knowing,that an allow-
ance of these would be a suppression of the finest
dispositions of the human soul, and a degrading
of revelation beneath the religion of nature.
If human inventions have formerly secularized
Christianity, and rendered such bad disposi-
tions necessary in times of ignorance, they
ought to be exploded now, as all Christians
now allow this theory: — The Son of God did
not come to redeem one part of mankind to
serve the secular views, and unworthy passions
of the other: but he obtained freedom for both,
that both tnij^lil serve, him without fear in ho-
liness and righteousness all the days of their
lives. Luke i. 74, 75. Whsrj churches reduce
this theory to practice, they realize in aetaal
lite what otherwise makes only a fine idea de-
cypherod in books, and by so doing they adorn
their Christianity with the glorious evidence
of analogy.
Suppose the God of nature should think pro-
per to reveal a simple system of astronomy,
and to require all mankind to examine and be-
lieve this revelation on pain of his displeasure.
Suppose one civil government, having examin-
ed this revelation, and explained the sense, in
which they understood it, should endeavour to
establish theirexplication Ly temporal rewards
and punishments. Suppose they should re-
quire all their subjects to carry their infants in
their arms to a public school, to answer certain
astronomical interrogations, to be put by a
professor of astronomy ; as, in general, wilt
thou, infant of eight days old! wilt thou be an
astronomer? Dostthou renounce all erroneous
systems of astronomy? In particular, dost thoU
admit the true Copernican system ? Dost tliou
believe the revealed explication of this system ?
And dost thou also believe that explication of
this revelation, which certain of our own pre-
decessors in the profession believed, which we,
your masters and parents, in due obedience, re-
ceive? Suppose a proxy required to answer
for this infant; all this, I, proxy for tliis child,
do steadfastly believe; and suppose from this
hour, the child became a reputed astronomer.
Suppose yet farther, this child should grow to
manhood, and in junior lite should be pressed,
on account of the obligation contracted in his
infant state, to subscribe a certain paper called
an astronomical creed, containing m;ithemati-
cal definitions, astronomical propositions, and
so on, and should be required for certain re-
wards to examine and approve, teach and de-
fend this creed, and no other, without incurring
the penalty of expulsion from all public schools,
a deprivation of all honour?, which he might
be supposed on other accounts to merit, an ex-
clusion from all offices of trust, credit, and pro-
fit, in some cases a loss of property, in others
imprisonment, in others death. In this sup-
posed case, I ask, would not the establishment
of this system be an open violation of the doc-
trine of analogy, and should I not have a right
to reason thus? The revelation itself is in-
fallible, and the author of it has given it me
to examine : but the establishment of a ^twn
meaning of it renders examination needless,
and perhaps dangerous. The God of nature
has given me eyes, instruments, powers, and
inclinations to use them ; ey^s, faculties, and
dispositions as good as those of my ancestors,
and instruments better : but all these advanta-
ges, which may be beneficial to me, if they con-
firm the truth of the explication ; may be fatal
to me, if they lag behind, or ken beyond the
bound of the creed. Nature says, a constella-
tion is a collection of stars, which in the heav-
ens appear near to one another. This is a
plain simple truth, I open my eyes, and admit
the evidence. Revelation says, each fixed star
is a sun, the centre of a system, consisting of
planets inhabited by intelligent beings, who
possess one sense and two faculties more than
the inhabitants of this globe, and who ■worship
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
XXXlll
the most high God in spirit and in truth, I can-
rot comprehend this whole proposition : but
there is nothing in it contrary to the nature of
things; and I believe the truth of it on the
testimony of the revealer. The established
explication of this proposition is that of Ptole-
my. He numbered the stars in the constella-
tioi) Bootes, and found them, or supposed he
found them, twenty-three, and this number I
am to examine and approve, teach and defend
against all opponents. What shall 1 say to
Tycho, who alfirms, Bootes contains only eigh-
teen ? Must I execrate Havelius, who makes
them fifty-two? After all, perhaps Fiamstead
maybe right; he says there are filty-four.
Does not this method of teaching astronomy
suppose a hundred absurdities? Does it not
imply 'he imperfection of the revealed system,
the infallibility of Ptolf-my, the err^neousness
of the other astronomers, the folly of t.:3mina-
tion, or the sldl greater madness of allowing a
conclusion after a denial of the premises, from
which it pretends to be drawn? When I was
an infant, I am told, I was treated like a man,
now I am a man, I am tieated like an infant.
I am an astronomer by proxy. The plan of
God requires faculties, and the exercise of
them : that of my country exchanges both for
quiet submission. I am, and I am not, a be-
liever of astronomy.
Were it alhrmed, that a revelation from
heaven established ;uch a method of main-
taining a science of speculation, reasoning, and
practice, every rational creature would have a
right to doubt the truth of such a revelation ;
for it would violate the doctrine of analogy,
by making the Deity inconsistent with him-
self. But we will pursue this track no fur-
ther ; we hope nothing said will be deemed
illiberal ; we distinguish between a constitu-
tion of things, and many wise and good men,
who submit to it, and we only venture to
guess, if they be wise and good men, under
such inconveniences, they would be wiser and
better men without them : at all ad>eniures,
if we owe much respect to men. we owe more
to truth, to incontrovertible, unchangeable
truth.
A second character of a divine revelation, is
proportion. By proportion I mean, relative
fitness, and, when I alfirm a divine revelation
must bring along with it proportional evi-
dence, I mean to say, it must appear to be ex-
actly fitted to those intelligent creatures, for
■whose benefit it is intended. In the former
article we required a similarity between the
requisitions of God and the faculties of men :
in this we require an exact quantity of requi-
sition commensurate with those faculties. The
former regards the nature of a revelation ; this
has for its object the limits of it. Were it pos-
sible lor God, having Ibrmed a man only for
Walking, by a messenger from heaven to re-
quire him to fly, the doctrine of analogy would
be vio'ated by this requisition; and were he to
determine a prodigious space, through which
he required him to pass in a given time, were
he to describe an immense distance, and to en-
join him to move through it with a degree of
7«locity impossible to him, the doctrine of pro-
E
portion would be violated ; and the God of
revelation would in both cases be made con-
tradictory to the God of nature.
The Christian revelation, we presume, an-
swers all our just expectations on these arti-
cles ; for all the truths revealed by it are anal-
ogous to the nature of things, and every article
in it bears an exact proportion to the abilities
of all those, for whose benefit it is given. Our
Saviour treats of the doctrine of proportion,
in the parable of the talents, and supposes the
Lord to apportion the number of talents, when
he bestows them, and the rewards and punish-
ments, which he distributes for the use, and
abuse of them, to the several ability of each
servant, iVlatt. xxv. 14. St. Paul depicts the
primitive church in all the beauty of this pro-
portional economy ; the same God workeih all
diversities of operations in all differences of ad-
ministrations, dividing, to (very man severally
as he mil, I Cor xii. 5, 6. 11. This economy,
he says, assimilates the Christian church to the
human body, and gives to the one as to the
other strength, symmetry, and beauty, evident-
ly proving\hat the author of creation is the
author of redemption, h-aming both by one uni-
form rule of analogy and proportion.
Full of these just notions, we examine that
description of revelation, which human creeds
exhibit, and we perceive at once, they are
all destitute of proportional evidence. They
all consist of multifarious propositions, each of
which is considered as essential to the whole,
and the belief of all essential to an enjoyment
of the benefits of Christianity, yea to those of
civil society, in this life, and to a participation
of eternal life in the wnild to come In this
case the iVeegiftsofGod to all are monopolized by
a few, and sold out to the many at a price, far
greater than nine-tenths of them can pay, and
at a price, which the remaining part ought not
to pay, because the donor has not empowered
these salesmen to exa<;t any price, because by
his original griint all are made joint proprie-
tors, and because the payment would be at
once a renunciation of their right to hold by
the original grant, and of their lord's preroga-
tive to bestow.
What can a declaimer mean, when he re-
peats a number of propositions, and declares
the belief of them all essential to the salvation
of man? or what could he reply to one, who
should ask him, which man do you mean, the
man in the stall? Is it Sir Isaac Newton : or
the man in the aisle ? It is Tom Long, the
carrier. God almighty, thte creator of both,
has formed these two men with difi"erent or-
gans of body, and different faculties of mind;
he has given them different advantages and dif-
ferent opportunities of improving them, he has
placed them in different relations, and empow-
ered the one to teach what the other, depend
on his belief what will, is not capable of learn-
ing. Ten thousand Tom Longs go to make
up one Newtonian soul. Is it credible, the
God who made these two men, who thorough-
ly knows them, who is the common parent,
tlie just governor, and the kind benefactor of
both, should require of men so different, equal
belief and practice? Were such a thiny sup-
XXXIV
REV. R. ROBINSONS PREFACE.
posable, how unequal and disproportional,
how inadequate and unlike himself must such
a Deity be ! To grasp the terraqueous globe
with a human hand, to make a tulip-cup con-
tain the ocean, to gather all the light of the
universe into one human eye, to hide the sun
in a snuff-box, are the mighty projects of chil-
dren's fancies. Is it possible, requisitions sim-
ilar to these should proceed from the only
wise God !
There is, we have reason to believe, a cer-
tain portion of spirit, if I may be allowed to
speak so, that constitutes a human soul ; there
are infinitely different degrees of capability
imparted by the Creator to the souls of man-
kind ; and there is a certain ratio by necessity
of nature, between each degree of intelligence
and a given number of ideas, as there is be-
tween a cup capable of containing a given
quantity, and a quantity of matter capable
of being contained in it. In certain cases
it might serve my interest could the palm
of my hand contain a hogshead : but in gen-
eral my interest is better served by an inabili-
ty to contain so much. We apply these cer-
tain principles to revelation, and we say, God
hath given in the Christian religion an infinite
multitude of ideas ; as in nature he hath created
an infinite multitude of objects. These ob-
jects are diversified without end, they are of
various sizes, colours, and shapes, and they are
capable of innumerable motions, productive of
multifarious effects, and all placed in various
degrees of perspicuity ; objects of thought in
the Christian religion are exactly similar; there
is no end of their variety; God and all his per-
fections, man and all his operations, the being
and employment of superior holy spirits,
the existence and dispositions of fallen spir-
its, the creation and government of the whole
world of matter, and that of spirit, the influen-
ces of Gbd and the obligations of men, the dis-
solution of the universe, a resurrection, a judg-
ment, a heaven, and a hell, all these, placed
in various degrees of perspicuity, are exhibited
in religion to the contemplation of intelligent
creatures. The creatures, who are required
to contemplate these objects, have various de-
grees of contemplative ability; and their du-
ty, and consequently their virtue, which is no-
thing else but a performance of duty, consists
in applying all their ability to understand as
many of these objects, that is, to form as many
ideas of them, as are apportioned to their own
degree. So many objects they are capable of
seeing, so many objects it is their duty to see.
So much of each object they are capable of
comprehending, so much of each object it is
their duty to comprehend. So many "emotions
they are capable of exercising, so many emo-
tions it is their duty to exercise. So many
acts of devotion they can perform, so many
Almighty God will reward them for perform-
ing, or punish them for neglecting. This I
call the doctrine of religious proportion. This
I have a right to expect to find in a divine re-
vchition, and this I find in the most splendid
maniiei in Christianity, as it lies in the Bible,
as it was in the first churches, and as it is in
some modern communities. I wish I could
»xohange the word some for all.
This doctrine of proportion would unroost
every human creed in the world, at least it
would annihilate the imposition of any. In-
stead of making one creed for a whole nation,
which, by the way, provides for only one na-
tion, and consigns over the rest of the world
to the destroyer of mankind ; instead of doing
so, there should be as many creeds as crea-
tures ; and instead of affirming, the belief of
three hundred propositions is essential to the
felicity of every man in both worlds, we ought
to affirm, the belief of half a proposition is es-
sential to the salvation of JVIary, and the belief
of a whole one to that of John, the belief of six
propositions, or, more properly the examina-
tion of six propositions, is essential to the sal-
vation of the reverend Edward, and the exam-
ination of sixty to that of the right reverend
Richard ; for, if I can prove, one has sixty de-
grees of capacity, another six, and another one,
I can easily prove, it would be unjust to re-
quire the same exercises of all ; and a cham-
pion ascribing such injustice to God would be
no formidable adversary for the pompousness
of his challenge, or the caparisons of his horse ;
his very sword could not conquer, though it
might affright from tlie field.
The world and revelation, both the work of
the same God, are both constructed on the
same principles ; and were the book of scrip-
ture like that of nature laid open to universal
inspection, were all ideas of temporal re-
wards and punishments removed from the stu-
dy of it, that would come to pass in the moral
World, which has actually happened in the
world of human science, each capacity would
find its own object, and take its own quantum.
Newtons will find stars without penalties. Mil-
tons will be poets, and Lardners Christians
without rewards. Calvins will contemplate
the decrees of God, and Baxters will try to
assort them with the spontaneous volitions of
men ; all, like the celestial bodies, will roll on
in the quiet majesty of simple propoition, each
in his proper sphere shining to the glory of
God the Creator. But alas I lie have not so
learned Christ !
Were this docti'ine of proportion allow-
ed, three consequences would follow. First,
Subscription to human creeds, with all their
appendages, both penal and pompous, would
roll back into the turbulent ocean, the 6'ea I
mean, from whence they came ; the Bible
would remain a placid emanation of wisdom
from God ; and the belief of it a sufficient test
of the obedience of his people. Secondly,
Christians would be freed from the inhuman
necessity of execrating one another, and by
placing Christianity in believing in Christ, and
not in believing in one another, they would
rid revelation of those hitolerable abuscs,which
are fountains of sorrow to Christians, and sour-
ces of arguments to infidels. Thirdly, Oppor-
tunity would be given to believers in Christ
to exercise those dispositions, which the pre-
sent disproportional division of this common
benefit obliges them to suj)press, or conceal.
O cruel theolosry, that makes it a crime to do
what 1 have neither a right nor n power to
leave undone!
I caW prrfectiam []\ndi ncccstary character
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
XXXY
of a Divine revelation. Ecery production of
an intelligent being bears the characters of the
int€lligence that produced it,/or as the man is,
10 is his strength, Judg. viii. 21. A weak ge-
nius produces a work imperfect and weak like
itself. A wise, good being, produces a work
wise and good, and, if his power be equ.il to
his wisdom and goodness, his work will resem-
ble himself, and such a degree of wisdom, ani-
mated by an equal degree of goodness, and as-
sisted by an equal degree of power, will pro-
duce a work equally wise, equally beneficial,
equally effectual. The same degrees of good-
ness and power accompanied with only half the
degree of wisdom, will produce a work as re-
markable for a deficiency of skill as for a re-
dundancy of efficiency and benevolence. Thus
the flexibility of the hand may be known by
the writing ; the power of penetrating, and
combining in the mind of the physician, may be
known by the feelings of the patient, who has
taken his prescription : and, by parity of rea-
son, the uniform perfections of an invisible God
may be known by the uniform perfection of
his productions.
1 perceive, I must not launch into this wide
ocean of the doctrine of perfection, and I will
confine myself to three characters of imperfec-
tion, which may serve to explain my meaning.
Proposing to obtain a great end without the
use of proper means — the employing of great
means to obtain no valuable end — and the de-
stroying of the end by the use of the means
employed to obtain it, are three characters of
imperfection rarely found in frail intelligent
agents ; and certainly they can never be attri-
buted to the Great Supreme. A violation of
the doctrine of analogy would argue God an
unjust being ; and a violation of thut of propor-
tion would prove him an unkind being ; and a
violation of this of perfection would argue him
a being void of wisdom. Were we to suppose
him capable of proposing plans impossible to
be executed, and then punishing his creatures
for not executing them, we should attribute to
the best of beings the most odious dispositions
of the nK)st infamous of mankind. Heaven
forbid the thought !
The first character of imperfection is propos-
ing to obtain a great end without the use of
proper means. To propose a noble end argues
a fund of goodness : but not to propose pro-
per means to obtain it argues a defect of wis-
dom. Christianity proposes the noble end of
assimilating man to God I and it employs pro-
per means of obtaining this end. God is an in-
telligent being, happy in a perfection of wisdom;
the gospel assimilates the felicity of human in-
telligences to that of the Deity by communica-
ting the ideas of God on certain articles to men.
God is a bountiful being, happy in a pei fection
of goodness; the gospel assimilates the felicity
of man to that of God by communicating cer-
tain benevolent dispositions to its disciples simi-
lar to the communicative excellencies of God.
God is an operative being, happy in the dis-
play of exterior works beneficial to his crea-
tures ; the gospel felicitates man by directmg
and enabling him to perform certain works
beneficent to his iellow-creaturc:. God con-
descends to propose this noble end, of assimila-
ting man to himself, to the nature of mankind,
and not to certain distinctions foreign from the
nature of man, and appendant on exterior cir-
cumstances. The boy, who feeds the farmer's
meanest animals, the sailor, who spends his
days on the ocean, the miner, who, secluded
from the light of the day, and the society of
his fellow-creatures, spends his life in a sub-
terraneous cavern, as well as the renowned
heroes of mankind, are all included in this con-
descending, benevolent design of God. The
gospel proposes to assimilate all to God : but
it proposes such an assimilation, or, I may say,
such a degree of moral excellence, as the na-
ture of each can bear, and it directs to means
so proper to obtain this end, and renders these
directions so extremely plain, that the perfec-
tion of the designer shines with the utmost
glory.
I have sometimes imagined a Pagan ship's
crew in a vessel under sail in the wide ocean ;
I have supposed not one soul aboard ever to
have heard one word of Christianity ; I have
imagined a bird dropping a New Testament
written in the language of the mariners on the
upper deck ; I have imaghied a fund of une-
ducated, vmsophisticated good sense in this
company, and I have required of this little
world answers to two questions ; first., what end
does this book propose .■' the answer is, this
book " was written, that we might believe
that Jesus is the Christ, the son of God, and
that believing we might have life through his
name," John xx. 31. I ask secondly, what
means does this book authorize a foremast man,
who believes, to employ to the rest of the crew
to induce them to believe, that Jesus is the
Son of God, and that believing, they also with
the foremast man, may have eternal felicity
through his name .-' I dare not answer this
question : but I dare venture to guess, should
this foremast man conceal the book from any
of the crew, he would be unlike the God,
who gave it to all ; or should he oblige the
cabin-boy to admit his explication of the book,
he would be unlike the God, who requires
the boy to explain it to himself; and should
he require the captain to enforce his explica-
tion by penalties, the captain ought to reprove
his folly for counteracting the end of the book,
the felicity of all the mariners ; for turning a
message of peace into an engine of faction ; for
employing means inadequate to the end ; and
so for erasing that character of perfection,
which the heavenly donor gave it.
A second character of imperfection is the
employing of great means to obtain no vahia-
ble end. Whatever end the author of Chris-
tianity had in view, it is beyond a doubt, he
hath employed great means to effect it. To
use the language of a prophet, he hath "shaken
the heavens, and the earth, and the sea, and
the dry land," Hag. ii. 6, 7. When the de-
sire of all nations came, universal nature felt
his approach, and preternatural displays of
wisdom, power, and goodness, have ever at-
tended his steps. The most valuable endf
were answered by his coming. Convictioi
followed his preaching; and truths, till then
XXXVl
REV. n. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
ihut up in the eounselj of God, were actu-
ally put into the possession of finite minds.
A general manumission followed his meritori-
ous death, and the earth resounded with the
praises of a ?piritual deliverer, who had set
the sons ol honda;i-e free. The laws of his
empire wore piiMished, and all his subjects
Wi3re happy in oheyini^ them. " In his days
the righteous flourished," and on his plan,
'abundance of peace would have continued
as lonij as the moon endured,' P-. Ixxii. 7.
Plenty of instruction, liberty to examine it,
and peace in obeying it, these were ends
worthy of the great means used to obtain
them.
Let us for a moment suppose a subversion
of the seventy-second psalm, from wlience I
have borrowed these ideas ; let us imagine
' the kings of Tarshish and of the isles bring-
ing presents,' not to express tlieir homage to
Christ : but to purchase that dominioi't over
the consciences of mankind, which belongs to
Jesus Christ ; let us suppose the boundless
wisdom of the gospel, and the innumerable
ideas of inspired men concerning it, shrivelled
up into the narrow compass of one human
creed; let us suppose liberty of thought taken
away ; and the peace of the world interrupt-
ed by the introduction and support of bold
uiurpations, dry ceremonies, cant phrases,
and puerile inventions ; in this supposed case,
the history of great means remains, the worthy
ends to be answered by them are taken away,
and they, who should thus deprive mankind
of the end of the sacred code would charge
themselves with the necessary obligation of
accounting for this character of imperfection.
Ye prophet-, and apostles I ye ambassadors of
Christ ! " How do ye say, we are wise, and
the law of the Lord is with us ? Lo ! certainly
in vain made he it, the pen of the scribes is
in vain !" Jer. viii. 8. Precaiious wisdom
that must not be questioned ! useless books,
which must not be examined 1 vain legislation,
that either cannot be obeyed, or ruins him who
obeys it.
All the ends, that can be obtained by hu-
man modifications of divine revelation, can
never compensate for the loss of that di nity,
which the perfection of the system, as God
gave it. acquires to him ; nor can it indemni-
fy man for the loss of that sponlatiiety, which
J! the essence of every effort, that merits the
name of human, and without which virtue it-
self is nothing but a name. Must we destroy
the man to make the Christian ! What is
there in a scholastic honour, what in an eccle-
siastical emolument, what in an archiepiscopal
throne, to indemnify for these losses ! Jesus
Christ gave his life a ransom for men, not to
empower them to enjoy these momentary dis-
tinctions ; these are far inferior to the noble
ends of his coming: the honour of God and
the jrospel at large ; the disinterested exercise
of mental abilities, assimdating the free-born
goul to its benevolent God ; a copartnership
with Christ in promoting the universal felicity
of all mankind ; these, these are ends of reli-
gion worthy of tha blood of Jesus, and de-
serving the sacrifice of whatever is called great
among men.
Thirdly, The destruction of (he end by the
use of the means employed to obtain it, is
a'-other character of imperfection. St.
li;'.;! falls Chriftianity unity, F-ph. iv. 3, &c.
lie denoaiinates it the unity of the Spirit, on
account of its author, oliject, and end. God
the Supreme Spirit, is the author of it, the
sjiirits, or souls of men are the (>hject, and the
s()irituality of human souls, that is, tlie perfec-
tion of wliich finite spirits are capable, is the
end of it. The gospel proposes the reunion
of men divided by sin, first to God. and then
lo one another, and, in order lo effect it, re-
veals a religion, which teaches one God, one
mediator between God and men, the man Christ
Jesus, one rule of faith, one object of hope, 1
Tim. ii, 5. and, lest we should imagine this
revelation to admit of no variet}', we are told,
Grace is giren to every one according lo the
proportional measui e of the gift f)/"Christianity,
Kach believer is therefore exhorted to spealt
the truth in lore, to ivalk with all loirliness,
meekness and long suffering, and to forbear
another in love. Here is a character of per-
fection, for these means employed to unite
mankind are productive of union, the end of
the means.
Should men take up the gospel in this sim-
plicity ; and, accommodating it to their own
imaginary superior wisdom, or to their own
secular purposes; should they explain this
union so as to suit their designs, and employ
means to protiuce it ; and should they denom-
inate their system Christianity, it would cer-
tainly be, in spite of its name, a Christianity
marked with the imperfection of its authors;
for in the Christian religion, in the thing it-
self, and not in its appellation, shines the glo-
rious character of perfection.
The Christian religion unites mankind. By
what common bond does it propose to do so?
By love. This is a bond of perf ctness, a most
perfect bond. This is praclicaHe, and pro-
ductive of every desirable end, and the mora
we study human nature, the more fully shall
we be convinced, that we cannot imagine any
religion to do more, nor need we desire more,
for tliis answers every end of being religious.
Had Jesus Christ formed his church on a sen-
timental plan, he must have employed many
means, which he has not employed, and he
must have omitted many directions, which he
has given. One of his means of uniting man-
kind is contained in this direction. Search the
scriptures, and call no man your master upon
earth ; that is to say, exercise your very difter-
ent abilities, assisted by very different degrees
of aid, in periodsof very different duration, and
form your own notions of the doctrines con-
tained in tlie scriptures. Is not this injunction
destructive of a sentimental union ? liace ten
thousand spectators in several circles around a
statue erected on a spacious plain, bid some
look at it through magnifying glasses, others
through common spectacles, some with keen
naked eyes, others with weak diseased cyea,
each on a point of each circle different from
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
XXXVll
that where another stands, and all receiving
the picture of the object in the eye by differ-
ent reflections and refractions of the rays of
light, and say, will not a command to look des-
troy the idea of sentimental union ; and, if the
establishment of an exact union of sentiment
be the end, will not looking, the mean ap-
pointed to obtain it, actually destroy it, and
would not such a projector of uniformity mark
his system with imperfection ?
Had Jesus Christ formed his Church on the
plan of a ceremonial union, or on that of a
professional union, it is easy to see, the same
reasoning might be applied, the laws of such a
legislator would counteract and destroy one
another, and a system so unconnected would
discover the imperfection of its author, and
provide for the ruin of itself.
These principles being allowed, we proceed
to examine the doctrines of Christianity, as
they are presented to an inquisitive man, en-
tirely at liberty to choose his religion, by our
different churches in their several creeds. The
church of Rome lays before me the decisions
of the council of Trent ; the Lutheran church
the confession of Augsburg : one nation gives
me one account of Christianity, another a
different account of it, a third contradicts the
other two, and no two creeds agree. The
difference of these systems obliges me to al-
low, they could not all proceed from any one
person, and much less could they all proceed
from such a person, as all Christians affirm
Jesus Christ to be. I am driven, then, to ex-
amine his account of his own religion contain-
ed in the allowed standard book, to which they
all appeal, and here I find, or think I find, a
right of reduction, that removes all those sus-
picions, which variety in human creeds had
excited in my mind concerning the truth of
Christianity.
The doctrines of Christianity, I presume to
guess, according to the usual sense of the
phrase, are divisible into two classes. The
first contains the principal truths, the pure
genuine theology of Jesus Christ, essential to
the system, and in which all Christians in our
various communities agree. I'he other class
consists of those less important propositions,
which are meant to serve as explications of the
principal truths. The first is the matter of
our holy religion, the last is our conception of
the manner of its operation. In the first we
all agree, in the last our benevolent religion,
constructed by principles of analogy, propor-
tion, and perfection, both enjoins and empow-
ers us to agree to dill'er. The nrst is the
light of the world, the last our sentiments
on its nature, or our distribution of its effects.
In general each church calls its own creed a
system of Christianity, a body of Christian
doctrine, and perhaps not improperly : but
then each divine ought to distinguish that part
of his system, which is pure revelation, and
so stands confessedly the doctrine of Jesus
Christ, from that other part, which is human
explication, and so maybe either true or false,
clear or obscure, presumptive or demonstra-
tive, according to the abilities of the explainer,
F
who compiled the creed. Without this dis-
tinction, we may incorporate all our opinions
with the infallible revelations of Heaven, we
may imagine each article of our belief essen-
tial to Christianity itself, we may subjoin a
human codicil to a djivine testament, and at-
tribute equal authenticity to both, we may
account a proposition confirmed by a synodical
seal as fully authenticated as a truth confirmed
by an apostolical miracle, and so we may
bring ourselves to rank a conscientious disciple
of Christ, who denies the necessity of episco-
pal ordination, with a brazen disciple of the
devil, who denies the truth of revelation, and
pretends to doubt the being of a God.
But here, I feel again the force of that ob-
servation, with which this preface begins.
How few, comparatively, will allow, that such
a reduction of a laige system to a very small
number of clear, indisputable, essential first
principles, will serve the cause of Christianity!
How many v.rill pretend to think such a reduc-
tion dangerous to thirty-five out of thirty-nine
articles of faith ! How many will confound a
denial of the essentiality (so to speak) of a
proposition, with a denial of the truth of it !
How many will go further still, and execrate
the latitudinarian, who presumes in this man-
ner to subvert Christianity itself! I rejoice in
prospect of that " day, when God shall judge
the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according
to his gospel," Rom. ii. 16, when we shall
stand not at the tribunal of human prejudices
and passions, but at the just bar of a clement
God. Here, were I only concerned, I would
rest, and my answer to all complainants should
be a respectful silence before- their oracles of
reason and religion : but alas ! I have nine
children, and my ambition is (if it be not an
unpardonable presumption to compare insects
with angels,) my ambition is to engage them to
treat a spirit of intolerance, as Hamilcar
taught Hannibal to treat the old Roman spirit
of universal dominion. The enthusiastic
Carthaginian parent going to offer a sacrifice
to Jupiter for the success of an intended war,
took with him his little son Hannibal, then only
nine years of age, and eager to accompany his
fatlier, led him to the altar, made him lay his
little hand on the sacrifice, and swear that he
would never be in friendship with the Romans.
We may sanctify this thought by transferring
it to other objects, and while we sing in the
church glory to God in the highest, vow per-
petual peace with all mankind, and reject all
weapons except those which are spiritual, we
may, we must declare war against a spirit of
intolerance from generation to generation.
Thus Moses wrote " a memorial in a book, re-
hearsed it in the ears of Joshua, built an altar,
called the name of it Jehovah my banner, and
said. The Lord hath sworn, that the Lord will
have war with Amalek from generation to
generation," Exod. xvii. 14 — 16.
We are neither going to contra?t human
creeds with one another, nor with the Bible ;
we are not going to affirm or deny any propo-
sitions contained in them ; we only design to
prove, that all consist of human explications
XXXVlll
REV. R, ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
as well as divine revelation, and consequently
that all arc not of equal importance, nor ought
any to be imposed upon the disciples of Christ,
either by those who are not disciples of the
Son of God, or by those who are. The sub-
ject is delicate and difficult, not through any
intricacy in itself, but through a certain infeli-
city of the times. An error on the one side
may be fatal to revelation, by alluring us to
sacrifice the pure doctrines of religion to a
blind benevolence ; and on the other an error
may be fatal to religion itself by inducing us
to make it a patron of intolerance. We re-
peat it again, a system of Christian doctrine
is the object of Christian liberty ; the articles,
which compose a human system of Christian
doctrine, are divisible into the two classes of
doctrines and explications: the first we attri-
bute to Christ, and call Christian doctrines,
the last to some of his disciples, and these we
call Awman explications; the first are true, the
last may be so ; the first execrate intolerance,
the last cannot be supported without the spirit
of it. I will endeavour to explain my meaning
by an example :
Every believer of revelation allows the
aothenticity of this passage of holy Scripture,
•* God so loved the world, that he gave his
only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth
in him should not perish, but hare everlasting
life," John iii. 16. If we cast this intopropo-
sitional form, it will afibrd as many propo-
sitions as it contains ideas. Each idea clearly
contained in the text I call an idea of Jesus
Christ, a Christian sentiment, a truth of reve-
lation, in a word, a Christian doctrine. Each
of these ideas of the text, in forming itself
into a proposition, will naturally associate with
itself a few other ideas of the expletive kind,
these I call secondary ideas, in distinction from
the first, which I call primary ; or, in plainer
etyle, ideas clearly of the text I name Chris-
tian doctrines, or doctrines of Christ, and all
the rest I call human explications of these doc-
trines ; they may be Christian, they may not ;
for I am not sure, that the next idea, which
always follows a first in my mind, was the next
idea to the first in the mind of Jesus Christ ;
the first is certainly his, he declares it, the se-
cond might be his ; but as he is silent, I can
eay nothing certain ; where he stops, ray infal-
libility ends, and my uncertain reason begins.
The following propositions are evidently in
the text, and consequently they are Christian
doctrines emanating from the author of Chris-
tianity, and pausing to be examined before the
intelligent powers of his creatures. — There is
an everlasting life, a future state of eternal
happiness — the mediation of the only begotten
Son of God is necessary to men's enjoyment
of eternal happiness — believing in Christ is es-
sential to a participation of eternal felicity —
€ve«y believer in Christ shall have everlasting
life — unbelievers shall perish — all the blessings
of Christianity originate in God, display his
love, and are given to the world. These, rue-
thinks, we may venture to call primary ideas
of Christianity, genuine truths of revelation :
but each doctrine will give occasion to many
question*, and although different expositors
will agree in the matter of each proposition,
they will conjecture very difierently concern-
ing the manner of its operation.
One disciple of Christ, whom we call Rich-
ard, having read this text, having exercised his
thoughts on the meaning of it, and having
arranged them in the prepositional form now
mentioned, if he would convince another dis-
ciple, whom we name Robert, of the truth
of any one of his propositions, would be oblig-
ed to unfold his own train of thinking, which
consists of an associated concatenation of ideas,
some of which are primary ideas of Jesus
Christ, and others secondary notions of his
own ; additions, perhaps, of his wisdom, per-
haps of his folly, perhaps of both : but all,
however, intended to explicate his notion of
the text, and to facilitate the evidence of his
notion to his brother. Robert admits the
proposition, but not exactly in Richard's
sense. In this case, we assort ideas, we take
what both allow to be the original ideas of our
common Lord, and we reckon thus ; here are
nine ideas in this proposition, numbers one,
three, six, nine, genuine, : primary ideas of
Christ; numbers two, four, five, secondary
ideas of Richard ; numbers seven, eight, se-
condary ideas of Robert ; the first constitutes
a divine doctrine, the last a human explica-
tion; the first forms one divine object, the last
two human notions of its mode of existence,
manner of operation, or something similar :
but, be each what it may, it is human expli-
cation, and neither synod nor senate can make
it more.
No divine will dispute the truth of this
proposition, God gave Jesus Christ to believ-
ers; for it is demonstrably in the text. To
this, therefore, Beza and Zanchy, Melancthon
and Luther, Calvin and Arminius, Baxter
and Crisp, agree, all allowing it a Christian
doctrine : but each associating with the idea
of gift other ideas of time, place, relation,
condition, and so on, explains the doctrine so
as to contain all his own additional ideas.
One class of expositors take the idea of
time, and by it explain the proposition. God
and believers, says one, are to be considered
contemplatively before the creation in the light
of Creator and creatures, abstracted from all
moral considerations whatever ; then God
united Christ to his church in the pure mass
of creatureship, without the contemplation
of Adam's fall. Another affirms, God gave
a Saviour to men in design before the exist-
ence of creatures : but in full contemplation,
however, of the misery induced by the fall.
A third says, God gave Christ to believers,
not in purpose before the fall : but in promise
immediately after it. A fourth adds, God
gives Christ to believers on their believi^ig,
by putting them in possession of the benefits of
Christianity. In all these systems, the ideas
of God, Christ, believers, and gift remain,
the pure genuine ideas of the text ; and the
association of <ime distinguishes and varies the
systems.
A second class of expositors take the idea
of relation, and one affirms, God and believers
are to be considered in the relative light of
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
XXXIX
governor and subjects, the characters of a
perfect government are discernible in the
giving of a Saviour, justice vindicates the
honour of government by punishing some,
mercy displays the benefit of government
by pardoning others, and royal preroga-
tive both disculpates and elevates the guilty ;
however, as the governor is a God, he retains
and displays his absolute right of dispensing
his favours as he pleases. A second says,
God and believers are to be considered in the
light of parent and children, and Christ is not
given to believers according to mere maxims
of exact government : but he is bestowed by
God, the common Father, impartially on all
his children. A third says, God and believers
are to be considered in the light of master and
servants, and God rewards the imperfect
services of his creatures with the rich benefits
of Christianity. A fourth considers God and
believers in the relation of king and en7isorf,
and say, God gave Christianity as an unalie-
nable dowry to his chosen associate. In all
these systems, God, Christ, believers, and
gift remain, the pure genuine ideas of the
text ; and the association of the idea o{ relation
distinguishes and varies the systems.
In general, we form the ideas of the Su-
preme Bein^, and we think, such a Being
ought to act so and so, and therefore we
conclude he does act so and so. God gives
Christ to believers conditionally, says one ; for
so it becomes a holyBeing to bestow all his gifts.
God gives Christ unconditionally, says ano-
ther; tor so it becomes a merciful Being to
bestow his gifts on the miserable. I repeat it
again, opposite as these may appear, they both
retain the notions of the same God, the same
Jesus, the same believers, the same giving :
but an idea concerning thejiltcsl ivay of bestow-
ing the gift, distinguishes and varies the sys-
tems. I call it the same giving, because all
divines, even they who go most into a scheme
of conditional salvation, allow, that Christ is
a blessing infinitely beyond all that is due to
the conditions which they perform in order to
their enjoyment of him.
Let us for a moment suppose, that this pro-
position, God gives Christ to believers, is the
whole of revelation on this subject. A divine,
who should affirm, that his ideas of time, rela-
tion, and condition, were necessarily contained
in this Scripture ; that his whole thesis was a
doctrine of Christianity ; and that the belief
of it was essential to salvation ; would affirm
the most palpable absurdities ; for, although
the proposition does say, Christ is God's gift
to believers, yet it does neither say, when
God bestowed this gift, nor why he bestowed
it, nor that a precise knowledge of the 7node
of donation is essentially requisite to salvation.
That God gave the world a Saviour in the
person of Jesus is a fact affirmed by Christ
in this proposition, and therefore a Christian
doctrine. That he made the donation abso-
lutely or conditionally, before the fall or after
it, reversibly or irrevocably, the proposition
does not affirm ; and therefore every proposi-
tion including any of these ideas is an article
of belief containing a Christian doctrine and
a human explication, and consequently it lies
before an examiner in different degrees of eri-
dence and importance.
Suppose a man were required to belieye thii
proposition, God gave Jesus to believers abso-
lutely; or this, God gave Jesus to believers
conditionally ; it is not impossible, the whole
preposition might be proved ariginal, genuine,
primary doctrine of Jesus Christ. Our pro-
position in this text could not prove it, and
were this the whole of our information on
this article, conditionally and unconditionally
would be human explications : but, if Christ
has given us, in any other part of revelation^
more instruction on this subject ; if he any
where affirm, either that he was given on
certain conditions to be performed by believ-
ers, or tliat he was not given so, then indeed
we may associate the ideas of one text with
those of another, and so form of the whole a
genuine Christian doctrine.
When we have thus selected the instruc-
tions of our divine Master from the opinions of
our fellow pupils, we should suppose these
questions would naturally arise. Is a belief of
all the doctrines of Christ essential to salva-
tion ? If not, which are the essential truths ?
If the parable of the talents be allowed a part
of his doctrine, and if the doctrine of propor-
tion taught in that parable be true, it should
seem, the belief of Christian doctrines must be
proportioned to exterior evidence and interi-
or ability ; and on these principles should
a congregation of five hundred Christians put
these questions, they must receive five hun-
dred different answers. JVho is sufficient for
these things! Let us renounce our inclina-
tions to damn our fellow-creatures. Let us
excite all to faith and repentance, and let us
leave the decision of their destiny to Almigh-
ty God. " When Christ cometh he will tell
Hs all things," John iv. 25; till then let us wait,
lest we should scatter " firebrands, arrows,
and death," and "make the hearts of the righ-
teous sad, whom the Lord hath not made sad,"
Prov. xxvi. 18, 19; Ezek. xii. 23. How
many doctrines are essential to salvation,
seems to me exactly such a question, as How
much food is essential to animal life ?
We will venture to go a step further. Were
we as capable of determining the exact ratio
between any particular mind and a given
number of ideas, as we are of determining
how many feet of water a vessel of a given
burden must draw; and were we able so to
determine how much faith in how many doc-
trines was essential to the holiness, and so to
the happiness of such a soul ; we shall not
then entertain a vain notion of exacting by
force these rights of God of his creature.
For, first, the same proportion, which renders
a certain number of ideas as essential to the
happiness of an intelligent mind, renders this
number of ideas so clear, that they establish
themselves and need no imposition. Secondly,
the nature of faith does not admit of imposi-
tion ; it signifies nothing to say, kings com-
mand it ; if angels commanded it, they would
require an impossibility, and exact that of me,
whicii they themselves could not perform.
Thirdly, God has appointed no means to en-
force belief, he has nominated no vicegerents
to do this, he has expressly forbidden the at-
tempt. Fourthly, the means that one man
must employ to impose his creed on another,
are all iiel'arious, and damn a sinner to make
a saint. Fifthly, imposition of human creeds
has produced so much mischief in the world,
so many divisions among Christians, and so
many execrable actions, attended with no one
good end to religion, that the repetition of this
crime would argue a soul infested with the
grossest ignorance, or the most stubborn ob-
stinacy imaginable. Sixthly, dominion over
conscience is that part of God's empire, of
■which he is most jealous. The imposition of
a human creed is a third action, and before
any man can perform it, he must do two
other exploits, he must usurp the throne, and
claim the slave. How many more reasons
might be added I From a cool examination
of the nature of God — the nature of man —
the nature of Christianity — the nature of all
powers within the compass of human thought
to employ — the history of past times-.— the state
of the present — in a word, of every idea that
belongs to the imposition of a human creed,
"we venture to affirm, the attempt is irrational,
unscriptural, impracticable, impossible. Creed
is belief, and the production of belief by penal
•anctions neither is, nor was, nor is to come.
The project never entered the mind of a pro-
fessor of any science except that of theology.
It is liigh time theologists should explode it.
The glorious pretence of establishing by force
implicit belief sliould be lef to the little ty-
rant of a country school ; let him lay down
dry documents, gird false rules close about
other men's sons, lash docility into vanity,
stupidity, or madness, and justify his violence
by spluttering. Sic volo, sic jubeo, stat pro ra-
tione volimlcii.
AVere Christians sincere in their professions
of moderation, candour, and love, they would
settle this preliminary article of impositioiv,
and, this given up, there would be nothing else
to dispute. Our objections lie neither against
surplice nor service-book; but against the
imposition of them. Let one party of Chris-
tians worship God as their consciences direct:
but let other parties forleit nothing for doing
the same. It may appear conjectural ; but
it is sincerely true, theological war is the most
futile and expensive contest, theological peace
the cheapest acquisition in the world.
Although the distinction of a divine revela-
tion from a human explication is just and ne-
cessary, although the principles of analogy,
proportion, :uid perfection, are undeniable,
and although, considered as a theory, the na-
ture and necessity of universal toleration will
be allowed to be as clear and demonstrative
as possible, yet, we are well aware, the allow-
ance of these articles in all their fair, just,
necessary consequences, would be so inimical
to many dispositions, and so efiectually sub-
versive of so many selfish interested systems,
that we entertain no hopes of ever seeing tlie
theory generally reduced to practice. Hea-
ven may exhibit a scene ol universal love, and
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
it is glorious to Christianity to propose it;
it is an idea replete with ecstatic joy, and,
thanks be to God, it is more than an idea, it
is a law in many Christian churches, alas !
little known, and less imitated by the rest of
their brethren. There is " a remnant of Ja-
cob in the midst of many people, as a dew
from the Lord, as the showers upon the grass,
that tarrieth not for man, nor waiteth for the
sons of men," Micah v. 7. These may cheer-
fully adopt the prophet's exultation, " Re-
joice not against me, O mine enemy ! If I fall,
I shall arise ; when I sit in darkness the Lord
shall be a light unto me, he will bring me
forth to the light, and I shall behold his right-
eousness," chap. vii. 8. " In the day that mj
walls are to be built, in that day shall human
decrees concerning conscience be far removed,"
ver. 11.
On these general principles the sermons in
this volume are selected, and on these the
reader will at once perceive why it does not
contain the whole system of any one subscri-
ber, or the whole system of the author. Each
contains primary truths, which all allow,
and secondary explications, which some be-
lieve, which others doubt, and which some de-
ny. I have not been able to form the volume
wholly on this plan -, but I have endeavoured
to approach it as nearly as my materials would
permit.
The first sermon is introductory, and exhib-
its Jesus Christ on the throne in the Christian
church, solely vested with legislative and ex-
ecutive power, prohibiting the exercise of ei-
ther in cases of religion and conscience to all
mankind. The twelve following sermons pro-
pose fortr objects to our contemplation, as
Christianity represents them. The first is man,
in his natural dignity, his proridential appoint-
ment, and his moral inability. The second is
Jesus Christ meditating between God and men,
and opening by what he did and suffered our
access to immortal felicity. The sermon on
the dignity of our Lord, in this part, will be
considered by some as a principal, essential
doctrine, while others will account it Mr.
Saurin's explication of a doctrine of ineffa-
ble dignity, which they allow, but which
they explain in another manner. The
third object proposed is the mode of parli-
cipnling the benefits of Christ's media-
tion, as faith, repentance, and so on. The
fourth consists of jno/tre o6/ec/5 of Christianity;
so I venture to call the Christian doctrines of
judgment, heaven, and hell, belief of which
gives animation and energy to action. The
last sermon is recapitulatory, and proves, that
variety is compatible with uniformity, yea,
that uniformity necessarily produces variety.
AVhen I call this volume. Sermons on the prin-
cipal doctrines of Christianity, I mean to af-
firm, it contains a general view of the most ob-
Tious, and the least disputable articles of
Christian theology, according to the notions of
the French reformed churches.
I have only to add my sincere prayers to
the God of all grace, that he may enable us
all to " put on this armour of God, that we
may be able to withstand in this evil day,
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
xli
and having done all, to stand ; for we wrestle
a^^ainstthe rulers of the darkness of this world,
ag-ainst spiritual wickedness in high places,"
Eph. vi. 11 — 13. May he grant, "that we
henceforth be no more children, tossed to
and fro, and carried about with every wind of
doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning
craftiness,whereby they lie in wait to deceive,"
Eph. iv. 14,15. '■ Speaking the truth in love,
may we grow up into him in all things, who is
the head, even Christ, to whom alone be do-
minion over conscience for ever and ever !"
Amen.
Chesterton, Juhj 10, 1777.
R. R.
This volume* is a sketch of Christian mo-
rality, such as the sermons of Mr. Saurin afford.
Had the author drawn them up with a partic-
ular design of exhibiting a full view of the
subject, he would have assorted and arranged
ideas, which now lie dispersed and intermixed.
However, we trust the arrangement will ap-
pear neither improper nor unedifying.
There are two general opinions among di-
vines concerning the origin of morality and re-
ligion. Some suppose, that all the knowledge
which the world ever had of these subjects,
was at first revealed, and hath been continued
to this day by tradition. Others, on the con-
trary, think, that without revelation men may,
and actually do, by the mere exercise of their
natural powers, discover the being of a God,
and the consequent obligations of men. Both
classes, however, affirm, that revelation gives
force to moral duties, and so is essential to the
practice of real virtue.
This is not the place to enter into disputa-
tion ; we will content ourselves with a few plain
remarks on the nature and obligations of men,
and on the moral influence of the gospel ; and,
for this purpose, we will divide the subject in-
to three parts, and consider first, nature ; se-
condly, obligation ; and lastly, motive.
1. Nature. There is hardly a word in the
English language of more vague and indeter-
minate meaning than the word nature. In
this place I mean, by it the native state, pro-
perties, and peculiarities of men. If man be
a creature consisting of soul and body ; if each
individual hath properties, powers, or facul-
ties, peculiar to itself; obligation to employ
these to the ends for which they were intended
by the Creator, must necessarily follow. An-
cient philosophy, therefore, connected togeth-
er the natural with the moral state of man
and reasoned from the one to the other. With-
out superior information by revelation from
God, there is no other way of determining what
men are, or what they are not expected to per-
form.
It would be easy to lose ourselves in meta-
physical speculations concerning the nature,
the operations, and the duration of the soul;
and it would be as easy to lose ourselves, in
attempting precisely to determine, among an
infinite number of feelings, ideas, perceptions,
* Alluding to the 4th vol. of theLond. Ed. or,
under the present arrangement, from the 53d
sermon to the 69th, inclusive.
aversions, sensations, and passions, where the
last power of body ends, and v/here the first
operation of spirit begins. Perhaps we are to
expect only a general knowledge of such sub-
jects. Tliat the happiness of both depends
on a certain harmony between thought and
action is beyond a doubt; and that in a
life made up of a course of thinking and
acting, thinking ought to precede action
is equally clear. To act is to do some-
thing; and every intelligent creature ought
to do whatever he does for a reason. In the
nature of man, then, avoiding all perplex-
ing refinements, and confining our Ticws to
plain and useful observation, there are three
things considerable : happiness, the end of
men's actions ; notions, the means of obtaining
the end ; and reason, which discovers, selects,
and enforces rules of uniting the means with
the end.
2. Obligatiojv. We divide this article in-
to two parts, obligation, and sense o/" obligation.
We begin with the first. By exercising our
reason to find out proper means ofobtainino-
happiness, we collect a set of ideas concerning
the duties of life, and putting these together,
we call the collection morality. As this col-
lection consists of a great variety of duties, or
actions proper to obtain happiness, we find it
convenient to divide them into several classes ;
and as each class contributes its share toM'ards
the production of the general end, happiness,
we consider the whole in the light of obliga-
tion ; for every creature is obliged to seek its
own happiness, and it is natural to man to do
so.
The condition of man in regard to the Su-
preme Being, his creator, is that of absolute
dependence ; and hence comes the first distri-
bution of the duties of life into a class called
natural theology : theology, because God is the
object of our contemplation; and rich«-a/ the-
ology, because the duties to be done in regard
to God are such, and such only as are discove-
rable by our observing and exercising our rea-
son on the works of nature. By considering
ourselves, we find a second class of ideas,
which make up what is called moral philoso-
phy, or more properly moral theology : and in
this we place the rules by which man conducts
himself to become virtuous, in order to be-
come liappy. Extending our views a little
further, and takhigin proper notions of the va-
rious situations in life, to which men are sub-
ject, and the various connexions which we ne-
cessarily have in the world, we perceive a set
of general principles just and useful, and all
necessary to the happiness of these situations
and relations ; and hence comes a third branch
of morality, called g-Mj^rc^ policy, or common
prudence. The next exertion of thinking and
reasoning regards nations, and to this belongs
a large class of ideas, all tending to public
prosperity and felicity; national policy is,
therefore, a fourth branch of morality, and it
includes all the actions necessary to govern a
state, so as to produce civil order and social
happiness. Tothese,by extendingour thoughts
yet further, we proceed to add the law of na-
ture, and the laiv of nations ; both which go to
xlii
make up the general doctrine of manners,
which we call morality.
If man aim at happiness, if he consult reason
by what means to acquire it, if he be natural-
ly impelled to perform such actions as are most
likely to obtain that end, he will perceive that
the reason of each duty is the obligation of it.
As far, then, as man is governed by reasoM, so
far doth he approve of the bond or obligation
of performing the duties of life.
Let us attend to sense of obligation. Should
it appear on examination, and that it will ap-
pear on the slightest examination is too evi-
dent, that the senses of the body irritate the
passions of the heart, and that both conspiring
together against the dominion of reason, be-
come so powerful as to take the lead, reason
will be perverted, the nature and fitness of
things disordered, improprieties and calamities
introduced, and, consequently, the great end,
happiness, annihilated. In this case, the na-
ture of things would remain what it was, ob-
ligation to duties would continue just the
same, and there would be no change, except
in ihe order of actions, and in the loss of that
end, happiness, which order would have pro-
duced.
This speculation, if we advert to the real
state of things, will become fact fully establish-
ed in our judgment. True, the first branch of
morality is natural theology ; but have man-
kind in general, in all ages and countries,
sought rational happiness in woi-shipping the
one Great Supreme? Whence, then, is idol-
atry, and whence that neglect of the leather of
Universal nature, or what is worse, that direct
opposition to him ? Morality, we grant, hath
always been, as it yet continues to be, beau-
tifully depicted in academical theses ; pro-
fessors of each branch of literature have suc-
cessively contributed to colour and adorn the
subject; and yet, in real life, neither the law
of nature nor that of nations, nor that of pri-
vate virtue, or public policy, hath been gener-
ally obeyed ; but, on the contrary, by crimes
ol all descriptions, " the whole earth hath been
Jilled with violence ;" Gen. vi. 11. l.S. Alas!
what is the life of each individual but a suc-
cession of mistakes and sins.'' What the histo-
ries of families, nations, and great monarchies,
but narrations of injustice and wo.' Morali-
ty, lovely goddess, was a painting of exquisite
art placed in proper light in a public gallery
for the inspection and entertainment of connois-
seurs ; but she was cold, and her admirers un-
animated : the objects tliat fired their passions
had not her beauty, but they were alive. In
one word, obligalion to virtue is eternal and
immutable ; but sense of obligation is lost by
en.
3. Motive. We will not enter here on that
difficult question, the origin of evil. We will
not attempt to wade across that boundless
ocean of difficulties, so full of shipwrecks. Evil
is in the world, and the permission of it is cer-
tainly consistent with the attributes of God.
Our inability to account for it is another thing,
and the fact is not alTccted by it. Experiment
hath convinced uj, that revelation, along
with a thousand other proofs of its divinity.
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
brings the irrefragable evidence of motive to
obedience; a heavenly present, and every way
suited to the condition of man !
It Would be endless to enumerate the mo-
tives to obedience, which deck the scriptures
as the stars adorn the sky : each hath been an
object of considerable magnitude to persons in
some ages and situations : but there is one of
infinite magnificence, which eclipses all the
rest, called the sun of righteousness, I mean Je-
sus Christ. In him the meejcness of Moses,
and the patience of Job, the rectitude of the
ten commandments, and the generosity of the
gospel, are all united ; and him we will now
consider a moment in the light of motive to obe-
dience.
By considering the prophecies which preced-
ed his advent, and by comparing his advent
with those prophecies, we are impelled to al-
low the divmity of his mission. This is one
motive, or one class of motives, to moral obe-
dience. By observing the miracles which he
wrought, we are obliged to exclaim with
Nicodemus, ' No man can do what thou doest,
except God be with him.' This is a second
class of motives. By attending to his doc-
trines we obtain a third set of powerful and ir-
resistible motives to obedience. His example
affords a fourth, for his life is made up of a set
of actions, all manifestly just and proper, each
by its beauty commending itself to every seri-
ous spectator.
This moral excellence, this conformity to
Jesus Christ, is the only authentic evidence of
the truth of our faith, as the apostle Paul teach-
es us with the utmost clearness, in the thir-
teenth chapter of the first Epistle to the Co-
rinthians. Faith and practice, in the Chris-
tian religion, are inseparably connected ; for
as there can be no true morality without faith
in the doctrines of Christ, so there can be no
true faith without Christian morality : and it
is for this reason chiefly, that we should be dil-
igent to distinguish the pure doctrines of reve-
lation from human explications, because a be-
lief of the former, produces a holy conformity
to the example of Christ; while an improper
attachment to the latter, leaves us where zeal
for the traditions of the fathers left the Jews.
We have treated of this at large in the pre-
face to the third volume, and it is needless to
enlarge here. Grace be with all them that
love our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. Amen.
It was not my intention, when I translated
the first four volumes of Mr. Saurin's sermons,
to add any more :'" but, willing to contribute
my mite towards the pleasure and edification
of such as having read the four desired a fifth,
I took an opportunity, and added this filth
volume to a second edition of the four first.
There is no alteration worth mentioning in the
four, except that the editor thinking the fourth
too thin, I have given him a dissertation on the
* This preface was originally prefixed to
the fifth volume of these sermons ; but as that
is now incorporated with the fourth, it is in-
serted in this place. — Kote of the last Lond.
Ed.
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
xliii
supposed madness of David at the court of
Achish, translated from the French of Mr.
Dumont, which he has added to increase the
size of that volume, following, however, his
own ideas in this, and not mine.
Saurin's sermons, in tlie original, are twelve
octavo volumes, elven of which are miscella-
neous, and one contains a regular train of
sermons for Lent, and is the only set of ser-
mons among the whole. The four English
volumes are composed of a selection of ser-
mons from the whole with a view to a kind of
order, the first being intended to convey pro-
per ideas of the true character of God, the
second to establish revelation, and so on : but
this volume is miscellaneous, and contains
fourteen sermons on various subjects. For my
part, almost all the sermons of our author are
of equal value in my eye, and each seems to
me to have a beauty peculiar to itself, and
superior in its kind ; but when I speak thus, I
wish to be understood.
It is not to be imagined, that a translator adopts
all the sentiments of his author. To approve
of a man's religious views in general is a rea-
son sufficient to engage a person to translate,
and it would be needless, if not arrogant, to
enter a protest in a note against every word
in which the author differed from the transla-
tor. In general, I think, Saurin is one of the
first of modern preachers : and his sermons,
the whole construction of them, worth the at-
tention of any teacher of Christianity, who
■wishes to excel in his way : but there are
many articles taken separately in which my
ideas differ entirely from those of Mr. Saurin,
both in doctrine, rites, discipline, and other
circumstances.
For example ; our author speaks a language
concerning the rites of Christianity, which I
do not profess to understand. All he says of
infant baptism appears to me erroneous, for I
think infant baptism an innovation. When he
speaks of the Lord's Supper and talks of a holy
ta.hle,consecratio7i, august symhoh, and sublime
viysteries of the sacrament, I confess, my appro-
bation pauses, and I feel the exercise of my
understanding suspended, or rather diverted
from the preacher to what I suspect the sour-
ces of his mistakes. The Lord's Supper is a
commemoration of the most important of all
events to us, the death of Christ; but I know
of no mystery in it. and the primitive church
knew of none ; mystery and transubstantiation
rose together, and together should have expir-
ed. August symbols may seem bombast to
us, but such epithets ought to pass with impu-
nity among the gay and ever exuberant sons of
France.
Again, in regard to church discipline, our
author sometimes addresses civil magistrates
to suppress scandalous books of divinity, and
exhorts them to protect the church, and to
furnish it with sound and able pastors ; but,
when I translate such passages, I lecollect
Mr. Saurin was a presbylerian, a friend to
establishments, with toleration however, and
in his system of church discipline, the civil
magistrate is to take order na some divines
have sublimely expressed it. My ideas of
the absolute freedom of the press, and the in-
dependent right of every Christian society to
elect its own officers, and to judge for itself
in every possible case of religion, oblige me
in this subject also to differ from our author.
Further, Mr. Saurin, in his addresses to
ministers, speaks of them in a style much too
high for my notions, I think all Christians
are brethren, and that any man, who under-
stands the Christian religion himself, may
teach it to one other man, or to two other men,
or to two hundred, or to two thousand, if they
think proper to invite him to do so; and I
suppose what they call ordination not neces-
sary to the exercise of his abilities : much
less do I think that there is a secret something,
call it Holy Ghost, or what else you please,
that passes from the hand of a clerical or-
dainer, to the whole essence of the ordained,
conveying validity, power, indelible character,
and so to speak, creation to his ministry. Mr.
Saurin's colleagues are Levites holy to the
Lord, ambassadors of the King of kings, ad-
ministrators of the new covenant, who have
written on their foreheads holiness to the
Lord, and on their breasts the names of the
children of Israel! In the writings of Moses
all this is history : in the sermons of Mr. Sau-
rin all this is oratory : in my creed all this is
nonentity-
It signifies so little to the v/orld what such
an obscure man as I believe and approve, that
I never thought to remark any of these arti-
cles in translating and prefacing the four first
volumes : but lest I should seem, while I am
propagating truth, to countenance error, I
thought it necessary to make this remark.
Indeed, I have always flattered myself for
differing from Saurin ; for I took it for proba-
ble evidence that I had the virtue to think
for myself, even in the presence of the man in
the world the most likely to seduce me. Had
I a human oracle in religion, perhaps Saurin
would be the man: but 07ie is our master, even
Christ.
Notwithstanding these objections, I honour
this man for his great abilities 1 much more
for the holy use he made of them in teaching
the Christian religion ; and also for the seal,
which it pleased God to set to his ministry;
for he was, in the account of a great number
of his brethren, a chosen vessel unto the Lord,
filled with an excellent treasure of the light of
the knowledge of the glory of God in the face
of Jesus Christ, and his ministry was attend-
ed with abundant success. As I have been
speaking of what I judge his defects, it is but
fair to add a few words of what I account his
excellencies.
My exact notions of the Christian ministry
are stated in the thirteenth sermon of this
volume, entitled the different methods of preach-
ers. Mr. Saurin, after the apostle Paul, di-
vides Christian ministers into three classes.
The first lay another foundation different from
that which'is laid. The second build on the
right foundation, icood, hay and stubble. The
third build on the same foundation, ••o/rf, silver,
and precious stones. I consider Mr. Saurin
as one of the last class, and I think it would
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
xliv
be very easy to exemplify from his own dis-
courses the five excellencies, mentioned by
him as descriptive of the men.
First, tliere is in our autlior a wise choice
of subjects, and no such thing; as a sermon on
a question of mere curiosity. There are in
the twelve volumes one liundred and forty-
four sermons : but not one on a subject unim-
portant. I shall always esteem it a proof of
a sound prudent understanding in a teacher of
reli2;ion, to make a proper choice of doctrine,
text, argfuments, and even images and style,
adapted to the edification of his hearers.
Where a man has lying before him a hundred
subjects, ninety of which are indisputable,
and the remaining ten extremely controverted
and rery obscure, what but a wayward
genius can induce him nine times out of ten to
choose the doubtful as the subjects of his min-
istry ^
Saurin excels, too, in the moral turn of his
discourses. They are all practical, and, set
out from what point he will, you may be sure
he will make his way to the heart in order to
regulate the actions of life. Sometimes he at-
tacks the body of sin, as in his sermon on
the passiniis, and at other times he attacks a
single part of this body, as in his sermon on
the despair of Judas ; one while he inculcates
a particular virtue, as in the discourse on the
repentance of the unchaste woman, another
time piety, benevolence, practical religion in
general : but in all he endeavours to diminish
the dominion of sin, and to extend the empire
of virtue.
Again, another character of his discourses
is what he calls solidity, and which he distin-
guishes from the fallacious glare of mere wit
and ingenuity. Not that his sermons are void
of invention and acuteness : but it is easy to
see his design is not to display his own genius,
but to elucidate his subject; and when inven-
tion is subservient to argument, and holds light
to a subject, it appears in character, beautiful
because in the service and livery of truth.
Mere essays of genius are for schools and un-
der-graduates : they ought never to appear in
the Christian pulpit ; for sensible people do
not attend sermons to have mens persons in
admiration, but to receive such instruction
and animation as may serve their religious im-
provement.
Further, our author, to use again his own
language, excelled in 'weighing in just bal-
ances truth against error, probability against
proof, conjecture against demonstration, and
despised the miserable sophisms of those who
defended truth with the arms of error.' We
have a fine example of this in the eleventh
sermon, on the deep things of God, and there
^delity and modesty are blended in a manner
extremely pleasing. The doctrine of the di-
vine decrees hath been very much agitated,
and into two extremes, eacli under some plaus-
ible pretence, divines have gone. Some have
not only made up their own minds on tlic
subject, in which they were right, but they
have gone so lUr as to exact a conformity of
opinion from others, and have made such con-
formity the price of their friendship, and, so to
speak, a ticket for admittance to the Lord's
Supper, and church communion : in this they
were wrong. Others struck with the glaring
absurdity of the former, have gone to the op-
posite extreme, and thought it needless to
form any sentiments at all on this, and no
other subjects connected with it. Our author
sets a fine example of a wise moderation.
On the one hand, with a wisdom, that does
him honour, he examines the subject, and
with the fidelity of an upright soul openly de-
clares in the face of the sun that he hath sen-
timents of his own, which are those of his own
community, and he thinks those of the inspir-
ed writers. On the other hand, far from
erecting himself, or even his synod, into a
standard of orthodoxy, a tribunal to decide on
the rights and privileges of other Christians,
he opens his benevolent arms to admit them
to communion, and, with a graceful modesty,
to use his own language, puts his hand on hit
mouth, in regard to many difficulties that be-
long to his own system. I think this sermon
may serve for a model of treating this sub-
ject, and many others of the Christian religion.
There is a certain point, to which conviction
must go, because evidence goes before it to
lead the way, and up to this point we believe
because we understand : but beyond this we
hare no faith, because we have no understand-
iiig, and can have no conviction, because we
have no evidence. This point differs in dif-
ferent men according to the different strength
of their mental powers, and as there is no such
thing as a standard soul, by which all other
souls ought to be estimated, so there can be
no such thing as a human test in a Christian
church, by which the opinions of other Chris-
tians ought to be valued. There is one insu-
perable difficulty, which can never be sur-
mounted, in setting up human tests, that is,
whose opinion shall the test be, yours or mine ?
and the only consistent church in the world on
this article is the church of Rome.
Were men as much inclined to unite, and
to use gentle healing measures, as they are to
divide, and to gratify an arbitrary"censorioU3
spirit, they would neither be so ridiculous as
to pretend to have no fixed sentiments of their
own in religion, nor so unjust as to make their
own opinions a standard for all other men.
There are in religion some great, principal, in-
fallible truths, and there are various fallible
inferences derived by different Christians : in
the first all agree, in the last all should agree
to differ. I think this, I repeat it again, a
chief excellence in our author. He has sen-
timents of his own, but he holds them in a
liberal generous manner, no way injurious to
the rights of other men.
In the sermon above mentioned, Saurin
makes a fifth class of mean superficial build-
ers without elevation and penetration, and
against these he sets such as soar aloft in the
exercise of the ministry, and in this also he
himself excels. His thoughts on some sub-
jects are lofty, and Iiis language sublime. He
is not afraid of considering religion in union
with our feelings, nor does he hesitate to ad-
dress hope and fear, and other passions of our
EEV. n. ROBINSON'S PREFACE,
xlv
minds with those great truths of the gospel,
which are intended to allure, awake, arouse,
and excite us to action. Terribly sometimes
does he treat of future punishment, and gen-
erally under the awful image made use of in
holy Scriptures: delightfully at other times
does he speak of eternal happiness in the en-
joyment of God. On both these subjects, on
the perfections of God, and on the exercise of
piety, particularly in the closet, he stretches
and soars, not out of sight, beyond truth and
the reason of things, but so high only as to
elevate and animate his hearers. By the most
exact rules of a wise and well-directed elo-
quence most of his sermons are composed : at
first cool and gentle like a morning in May, as
they proceed glowing with a pleasant warmth,
and toward the close not so much inflaming
us settling and incorporating the fire of the
subject with the spirits of his hearers, so as
to produce the brisk circulation of every vir-
tue of which the heart of man is capable, and
nil which spend their force in the performance
of the duties of life.
Our author always treats his hearers like
rational creatures, and excels in laying a
ground of argument to convince the judgment
before he offers to affect the passions ; but
what I admire most of all in him is his con-
scientious attachment to the connected sense of
Scripture. The inspired book is that precise-
ly, which ought to be explained in a Christian
auditory, and above all, that part of it the
New Testament, and the connected sense is
that, which only deserves to be called the true
mid real sense of Scripture. By detached
passages, as Saurin observes, any thing may
be proved from Scripture, even that there is
no God ; and I question whether any one of
our wretched customs has so much contribut-
ed to produce and cherish error as that of tak-
ing detached passages of Scripture for the
whole doctrine of Scripture on any particular
subject. An adept in this art will cull one
verse from Obadiah, another from Jude, a
third from Leviticus, and a fourth from Solo-
mon's Song, and compile a fundamental doc-
trine to be received as the mind of God by
all good Christians under pain of his displea-
sure. Were this a common man, and not a
sublime genius under the influence of the Holy
Spirit, and so beyond advice, I would pre-
sume to counsel him always to cap his meilley
of a sermon with a text from the Lamenta-
tions of Jeremiah.
Do we then propose Saurin as a model for
all preachers? By no means. But as we
suppose there arc diversities of gilts for the
edification of the church, each excellent in
its kind, so we su[)pose Saurin a model in his
own class. There is in the writings of the
apostle Paul one of the finest allegories in the
World to illustrate this subject. The Chris-
tian cliurch is considered under the image of
a human bodi/, and of this body God is consid-
ered as the Spirit or soul : and the most re-
fined morality is drawn from tiic fact. ' The
eye cannot say unto the hand I have no need
of thee : nor again, the head to the feet, 1 have
no need of you. If one member be honoured,
all the members rejoice with it ;' for it is the
same God which worketh all diversities of
gifts in all good men. It is highly probable,
that what is affirmed of individuals may bo
true of collective bodies of men.j One
church may excel in literature, another in pu-
rity of doctrine, a third in simplicity of wor-
ship, a fourth in administration of ordinances,
a fifth in sweetness of temper and disposition,
and so on. It is not for us to investigate this
subject now ; let it sutfice to observe that the
French reformed church has excelled in a
clear, convincing and animating way of com-
posing and delivering Christian sermons.
Never so warm as to forget reasoning, never
so accurate as to omit energy, not always pla-
cid, not always rapid, never so moral as to
be dry and insipid, never so evangelical and
savoury as to spii-itualize the Scriptures till
the fat of a kidnci/ is as good a body of divin-
ity as the whole sermon of Jesus Christ on
the mount. Diflerent as my ideas of some
subjects are from those of Mr. Saurin, yet I
wish we had a SaurinUn every parish : yea, so
entirely would I go into the doctrine of the
apostle's allegory just now mentioned, that
1 would encourage even a builder of ' wood,
hay and stubble,' suppose he erected his ah-
surdities 071 the foundation laid in Scripture,
to destroy the works of the devil in any place
where those words are practised. In a village
made up of a stupid thing called a squire, a
mercenary priest, a set of intoxicated farmei-s,
and a train of idle, profligate, and miserable
poor, and where the barbarous rhymes in
their churchyard inform us that they are all
either gone or going to heaven (and we
have too many such parishes in remote parts
of the kingdom), would it not be infinitely
better for society if an honest enthusiast could
convert these people to piety and morality,
though it were ti fleeted by spiritualizing all
the flanks and kidneys, and bullocks and red
cows, mentioned in Scripture? Any thing of
religion is better than debauchery and blas-
phemy.
Such a set of converts would grow in time
up to majority, and when of asre would look
back on their first religious nourishment as
men do on the amusements of their child-
hood : and among other rcfurmations would
cleanse public instruction from Jewish allego-
ry. Pagan philosophy, and the gaudy tinsel
of tlie schools. From a stale of gross igno-
rance and vice up to a state of the highest
perfection of Christian knowledge and virtue,
lie infinite degrees of improvement one above
another, in a scale of excellence up to ' the
first-born of every creature,' the perfect
teacher sent from God. In this scale our
author, occupies a high place in my eye,
and if a reader choo'^e to place him a few de-
grees, lower, I shiill not contend about that ;
for on my principles if he contribute in any,
even the least degree, to the cause cd truth
and virtue, he is a (brcigncr worth our ac-
quaintance, and the gallic in his appearance
will not disgust a friend to the best interests
of mankind. I say nothing of the translation:
it does not become me. Let those who are
xlvi
REV. R. ROBINSON'S PREFACE.
able, do better,
none.
Envy of this kind I have
The following is the prayer which Mr. Saurin
generally used immediately before Ser-
mon.
O Lord ! our God and Father ! thou seest
us prostrate in thy presence to render the
homage due to thy Majesty, to confess our
sins to thee, and to implore thy favour. Had
we followed the first emotions of our con-
sciences, we should not have presumed to lift
our eyes to heaven, but should have fled from
thy sight. We are creatures mean and infirm,
a thousand times more unworthy of appear-
ing before thee for our depravity, than for
our natural meanness. But, O Lord ! though
our sins and miseries depress us, yet thy
mercy lifts us up. Thou art a God merciful
and gracious, slow to anger and abundant in
goodness : thou hast no pleasure in the death
of a sinner ; but that he should repent and
live ; and thou hast given thy Son to the world,
that whosoever believeth in him should have
everlasting life. So many benefits, so many
promises encourage our trembling consciences,
und inspire us with the liberty we now take
to approach the throne of thy mercy, and to
implore the powerful aid of thy grace. We
have always need of thine assistance : but
now, O Lord! we feel a more than usual
want. We are assembled in thy house to
learn the doctrines of our salvation, and the
rules of our conduct : but, O God ! our duty
surpasses our strength, we cannot succeed
without thy Holy Spirit. Grant a double
portion of this to us who preach thy word ;
grant after we have understood thine oracles,
we may be first affected with the truths they
contain, before we propose them to others,
and may we announce them in a manner suit-
able to their excellence. But sufler us not
to labour in vain ; dispose our hearers to re-
ceive thine orders with submission, and to
practise them with punctuality ; so that all of
us, being animated with one spirit, and aim-
ing at one end, may sanctify our conduct, and
live agreeable to tlie holiness of our calling.
We pray for all these blessings in the name of
thy well-beloved Son Jesus Christ our Lord.
Our Father, Szc.
The following is the approbation of the Wal-
loon Church at Durt, employed by the Synod
at Utrecht to examine tlie Sermons of Mr.
Saurin.
We have found nothing in all these ser-
mons contrary to the doctrine received among
us. We have remarked every where a man-
ly eloquence, a close reasoning, an imagina-
tion lively and proper to establish the truths
of our holy religion, and to explain substan-
tially and elegantly the duties of morality.
Accordingly, we believe they will effectually
contribute to edify the chui-ch, and to render
more and more respectable the memory of
this worthy servant of God, whose death
the examination of his works has given us a
fresh occasion to lament. We attest this
to the venerable Synod at Utrecht. In the
sanie sentiments we send the present attesta-
tion to our most dear brother Mr. Dumont,
pastor and professor at Rotterdam, whom
the late Mr. Saurin appointed by his will to
take the charge of publishing such of his
works as were fit for the press. Done at
the Consistory at the Walloon Church at
Dort, May 20th, 1731, and signed by order
of all, by
H. G. Ceuton, Pastor.
J. CoMPERAT, Pastor.
Adrian Braets Jacobz, Elder.
John Backris, Elder.
John Van Breda, Deacon.
Simon Taay Van Campen, Deacon.
SERMON !•
THE PERFECTION OF CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.
Heb. V. 12—14. vi. 1—3.
For when for the time ye ought to he teachers, ye have need that one teach you
again, which be the first principles of the oracles of God, and are become such
as have need of milk, and not of strong meat. For every one that useth milk is
tmskilful in the word ojf righteousness ; for he is a babe. But strong meat
belongeth to them that are of full age, even those who by reason of age have
their senses exercised to discern both good and evil. — Therefore, leaving the
principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection, not lay-
ing again tJie foundation of repentance from deadivorks, and of faith towards
God, of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrec-
tion oj the dead, and of eternal judgment. And this will we do if God permit.
I HAVE put two subjects together which are
closely coiiiiectecl, and I intend to explain both
in this discourse. Tlae last part of the text is
ai consequence of the first. In the first, St.
Paul reproves some Christians for their little
knowledge ; in the last, he exhorts them to in-
crease it : and the connexion of both will ap-
pear, if you attend to the subject under his con-
sideration. The Epistle to the Hebrews,
which maybe considered as the apostle's prin-
cipal work, treats of the most difficult points of
divinity and morality. In particular, this is
the idea that must be formed of Melchisedec's
priesthood, as a prefiguration of Jesus Christ's.
This mysterious subject the apostle had begun
to discuss, but he had not proceeded far in it
before he found himself at a stand, by recollect-
ing the character of those to whom he was
writing. He describes them in the text, as
men who were grown old in the profession of
Christianity indeed, but who knew nothing
more of it than its first principles : and he en-
deavours to animate them with the laudable
ambition, of penetrating the noblest parts of
that excellent system of religion, which Jesus
Christ had published, and wlrich his apostles
had explained in all its beauty, and in all its
extent.
This general notion of St. Paul's design, in
the words of my text, is the best comment on
his meaning, and the best explication that we
can give of his terms.
By the first principles of the oracles of God,
to which the Hebrews confined themselves, the
apostle means the rudiments of that science of
which God is tlie object ; that is, Christian
divinity and morality : and these rudiments
are here also called the principles of Christ*
that is, the first principles of that doctrine
which Jesus Christ had taught. These are
. compared to milk, which is given to children
incapable of digesting stronu; meat ; and they
are opposed to the profound knowledge of
those, who have been habituated by long exer-
cise to study and meditation, or, as the apostle
expresses it, ' wlio by reason of use have their
senses exercised to discern both good and evil.'
In this class St. Paul places, first, repentance
from dead ivoi-ks, and faith towards God.
These were the first truths which the heralds
of the gospel preached to their hearers : to
them they said, ' Repent, and believe the
gospel.'
St. Paul places in the same class, secondly,
the doctrine of baptisms, that is, the confession
of faith that was required of those who had
resolved to profess Christianity and to be bap-
tized. Of such persons a confession was requi-
red, and their answers to certain questions
were demanded. The formularies that have
been used upon this occasion, have been ex-
tremely diversified at different places and in
difi'erent times, but the most ancient are the
shortest and the most determinate. One ques-
tion that was put to the catechumen, was,
' Dost thou renounce the devil P to which he
answered, 'I renounce him.' Another was,
' Dost thou believe in Jesus Christ ?' to which
he replied, ' I believe in him.' St. Cyprian
calls these questions the baptismal interrogato-
ry; and the answers are called by TertuUian,
the ansirer of salvation : and we have a pas-
sage upon this article in an author still more
respectable, I mean St. Peter, who says, ' Bap-
tism doth also now save us ; not the putting
away the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a
good conscience towards God,' 1 Pet. iii. 21 ;
that is, the answer that was given by the cate-
chumen before his baptism.
Thirdly, Among the rudiments or first prin-
ciples of Christianity, St. Paul puts the laying
on of hands, by which we understand the gift
of miracles, which the apostles communicated,
by imposition of hands to those who embraced
the gospel. We have several instances of this
in Scripture, and a particular account of it in
the eighth chapter of Acts, verses 11, 12, 14,
17. It is there said, that Philip, having unde-
ceived many of the Samaritans, Avhom Simon
the sorcerer ' had of a long time bewitched,
baptized botii men and women,' and that the
apostles, Peter and John, ' laid their hands oii
them,' and by that ceremony communicated to
them the gifts of the Holy Ghost.
The resurrection of the dead, and (he eternal
judgment, two other articles which St. Paul
4S
THE PERFECTION OF
[SEn. I.
places In the eamo class i articles believed by
tlie weakest Christians, received by the great-
est part of the Jews, and admitted by even
many of the heatliens. Now tlie apostle wish-
es that the Hebrews, kaviyig these principles,
would aspire to be perfect. Let res go on nnto
perfection, says he ; let us proceed from the
catechumen state to a thorough acquaintance
with that religion, which is wisdom among litem
that are perfect ; that is, a system of doctrine
which cannot be well understood by any ex-
cept by such as the heathens called perfect.
They denominated those perfect, who did not
rest in a superficial knowledge of a science, but
who endeavoured tlioroughly to understand
the whole. This was the design of St. Paul in
writing to the Hebrews ; aad this is ours in ad-
dressing you.
We will endeavour, first, to give you as
exact and adequate a notion as we can of
Christian divinity and morality, and from
thence infer, that you can neither see the
beauty, nor reap the benefit, of either of them,
while you confine yourselves, as most of you
do, to a few loose principles, and continue un-
Bcquainted with the whole system or body of
religion.
Secondly, We will inquire, why so many of
Us do confine our attention to these first truths,
and never proceed to the rest.
Lastly, We will give you some directions
how to increase your knowledge, and to attain
that perfection to which St. Paul endeavoured
to conduct the Hebrews. This is the whole
that we propose to treat of in this discourse.
I. It is evident from the nature of Christian-
ity, that you can neither see its beauties, nor
reap its benefits, while you attend only to some
loose principles, and do not consider the whole
Eystem : for tlie truths of religion form a sys-
tem, a body of coherent doctrines, closely con-
nected, and in perfect harmony. Nothing bet-
ter distinguishes the accurate judgment of an
orator, or a philosopher, than the connexion of
his orations or systems. Unconnected systems,
orations, in which tho author is determined
only by caprice and chance, as it were, to place
the proposition which follows after that which
precedes, and that which has precedence of
that which follows ; such orations and systems
are less worthy of rational beings, than of
creatures destitute of intelligence, whom nature
has formed capable of producing sounds indeed,
but not of forming ideas. Orations and sys-
tems should be connected : each part should
occupy the place wliich order and accuracy,
not caprice and chance assign it. They should
resemble buildings constructed according to
the rules of art ; the laws of whirh are never
arbitrary, but fixed and inviolable, founded on
the nature of regularity and proportion : or to
use St. Paul's expression, each should be ' a
body fitly joined together, and compacted by
that which every joint supplicth,' Eph. iv. 16.
Let us apply this to the subject in hand.
Nothing better proves the divinity of religion,
than the connexion, the harmony, the agree-
ment of its component parts. I am aware that
this grand characteristic of Christianity has oc-
casioned many mistakes among mankind. Un-
der pretence that a religion proceeding from
God must harmonize in its component parts,
men have licentiously contrived a chain of
propositions to please themselves. They have
substituted a phantom of their own imagina-
tion, for that body of doctrine which God has
given us in the Holy Scriptures. — Hence so
much obstinacy in maintaining, after so much
rashness and presumption in advancing, such
phantoms. For, my brethren, of all obstinate
people, none excel more in their dreadful
kind, than those who are prejudiced in favour
of certain systems. A man who does not think
himself capable of forming a connected sys-
tem, can bear contradiction, because, if he be
obliged to give up some of the propositions
which he has advanced, some others which ho
embraces will not be disputed, and what re-
mains may indemnify him for what he surren-
ders. But a man prepossessed with lui imagi-
nary system of his own has seldom so much
teachableness. He knows, that if one link be
taken away, his chain falls to pieces ; and that
there is no removing a single stone from his
building without destroying the whole edifice:
he considers the upper skins which covered
the tabernacle, as typical as the ark in the ho-
ly place, or the mercy-seat itself. The staff
with which Jacob passed over Euphrates, and
of which he said, ' with my staff I passed over
this river,' seems to him as much designed by
the Spirit of God to typify the cross on which
Jesus Christ redeemed the church, as tlie ser-
pent of brass which was lifted up in the desert
by the express command of God himself.
But if infatuation with systems hath occa-
sioned so many disorders in the church, the op-
posite disposition, I mean, the obstinate rejec-
tion of all, or the careless composition of some,
hath been equally hurtful : for it is no less
dangerous, in a system of religion, to omit what
really belongs to it, than to incorporate any
thing foreign from it.
Let us be more explicit. There are two
sorts of truths in religion ; truths of specula-
tion, and truths of practice. Each truth is
connected not only with other truths in its
own class, but truths of the first class are con-
nected with those of the second, and of these
parts thus united is composed that admirable
body of doctrine which forms the system of re-
ligion.
There are in religion some truths of specu-
lation, there is a chain of doctrines. God is
holy : this is the first truth. A holy Gotl can
have no intimate communion with unholy
creatures : this is a second truth which fol-
lows from the first. God, who can have no
communion with unholy creatures, can have
no communion witli men, who are unholy
creatures : this is a tliird truth which follows
from the second. Men, who are unholy crea-
tures, being incapable as such of communion
with the happy God, must on that very ac-
count be entirely miserable : this is a fourth
truth which follows fioni the third. Men,
who must be absolutely miserable because
they can have no communion with the holy,
happy God, become objects of the compassion
of that God, who is as loving and merciful as
Ser. I.]
CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,
49
he is happy and holy: this is a fifth truth
■which follows from the fouiih. This loving
and merciful God is naturally inclined to re-
lieve a multitude of his creatures, who are
ready to be plunged into the deepest miseries :
this is a sixth truth which follows from the
fifth.
Thus follow the thread of Jesus Christ's the-
ology, and you will find, as I said, each part
that composes it depending on another, and
every one giving another the hand. For, from
the loving and merciful inclination of God to
relieve a multitude of his creatures from a
threatening abyss of the deepest miseries, fol-
lows the mission of Jesus Christ ; because it
•was fit that the remedy chosen of God to re-
lieve the miseries of men should bear a pro-
portion to the causes which produced it. From
the doctrine of Jesus Christ's mission follows
the necessity of the Spirit of God : because it
would have been impossible for men to have
discovered by their own speculations the way
of salvation, unless they had been assisted by a
supernatural revelation, according to that say-
ing, ' Things which eye hath not seen, nor ear
heard, neither have entered into the heart of
man, God hath revealed unto us by his Spirit,'
1 Cor. ii. 9, 10. From the doctrines of the
mission of the Son of God, and of the gift of the
Holy Spirit, follows this most comfortable
truth, that we are the objects of the love of
God, even of love the most vehement and sin-
cere that can be imagined : for ' God com-
mended his love towards us, in that while we
were yet sinners, Christ died for us,' Rom. v. 8.
And, as we are objects of that love which God
hath commended to us in his Son, it follows,
that no bounds can be set to our happiness,
that there is no treasure too rich in the mines
of the blessed God, no duration too long in eter-
nity, no communion with the Creator too
elose, too intimate, too tender, which we have
not a right to expect ; according to that com-
fortable, that extatie maxim of St. Paul, —
God, who ' sjiared not his own Son, but deli-
vered him up for us all, how shall he not with
him also freely give us all things?' Rom. viii.
32.
This is a chain of some truths of the gospel.
We do not say that it might not be lengthen-
ed ; we do not pretend to have given a com-
plete system of the doctrines of the gospel ; we
only say that the doctrines proposed are close-
ly connected, and that one produces another in
a system of speculative gospel truths.
In like manner, there is a connexion be-
tween practical truths. The class of practical
truths is connected with the class of specula-
tive truths, and each practical truth is con-
nected with another practical truth.
The class of practical truths is connected
with the class of speculative truths. As soon
as ever we are convinced of the truth of the
doctrines just now mentioned, we shall be
thereby convinced that we are under an indis-
pensable necessity to devote ourselves to holi-
ness. People, who draw consequences from
our doctrines injurious to morality, fall into
the most gross and palpable of all contradic-
tions. Tlie single doctrine of Jesus Christ's
mission naturally produces the necessity of
sanctification. Ye believe that the love of
holiness is so essential to God, that rather than
pardon criminals without punishing their
crimes, he has punished his own Son. And can
ye believe that the God, to whom holiness is
so essential, will bear with you while ye mako
no efforts to be holy ? Do not ye see that in
this supposition ye imagine a contradictory
God, or, rather that ye contradict yourselves .'*
In the first supposition ye conceive a God
to whom sin is infinitely odious : in the second,
ye conceive a God to whom sm is infinitely
tolerable. In the first supposition, ye conceive
a God, who, by the holiness of his nature, ex-
acts a satisfaction : in the second, ye conceive
a God, who, by the indifference of his nature,
loves the sinner while he derives no motives
from the satisfaction to forsake his sin. In the
first supposition, ye imagine a God who op-
poses the strongest barriers against vice : in
the second, ye imagine a God who removes
every obstacle to vice : nothing being more
likely to confirm men in sin than an imagina-
tion, that, to what length soever they go, they
may always find in the sacrifice of the Son of
God, an infallible way of avoiding the pun-
ishment due to their sin, whenever they shall
have recourse to that sacrifice. Were it ne-
cessary to enlarge this article, and to take one
doctrine after another, you would see that
every doctrine of religion proves what we
have advanced, concerning the natural con-
nexion of religious speculative truths, with
truths of practice.
But, if practical truths of religion are con-
nected with speculative truths, each of the
truths of practice is also closely connected with
another. All virtues mutually support each
other, and there is no invalidating one part of
our morality, without, on tliat very account,
invalidating the whole.
In our treatises of morality, we have usually
assigned three objects to our virtues. The
first of these objects is God: the second is our
neighbour : and the third ourselves. St. Paul
is the author of this division. ' The grace of
God that bringeth salvation, hath appeared to
all men; teaching us, that denying ungodli-
ness, and worldly lusts, we should live sober-
ly, righteously, and godly, in this present
world,' Tit. ii. 11, 12. But all these
are connected together: for we cannot live
godli/ without living at the same time righlc-
ouslij and soberly : because to live godh/ is to
perform what religion appoints, and to take j-
that perfect Being for our example to whom ^
religion conducts and unites us. Now to live
as religion appoints, and to take that perfect
Being for our pattern to whom religion con-
ducts and unites us, is to live righleously with
our neighbour, and soberly with ourselves.
Strictly speaking, we have not one virtue un-
less we have all virtues ; nor are we free
from one vice unless we be free from all
vices ; we are not truly charitable unless
we be truly just, nor are we truly just
utdess we be truly charitable : we are
not truly liberal but as we avoid profuso-
neas, nor are we truly frugal but as we
50
THE PERFECTION OF
[SkR. 1.
avoid aTarice. As I iaid before, all virtues
nattirally follow one another, and afford each
other a mutual support.
Such is the chain of religious truths: such
is the connexion, not only of each truth of
speculation, but of speculative truths with
the truths of practice. There is then a con-
catenation, a harmony, a connexion in the
truths of religion ; there is a system, a body
of doctrine, in the gospel. This is the article
that we proposed to prove.
But, a religion in which there is such a
chain, such a harmony and connexion ; a bo-
dy of doctrine so systematically compacted
and united, ought not to be taken by bits and
parts.
To illustrate this we may compare spiritual
with natural things. The more art and inge-
nuity there is in a machine composed of divers
wheels, the more necessary it is to consider it
in its whole, and in all its arrangements, and
tlie more does its beauty escape our observa-
tion when we confine our attention to a single
wheel : because the more art there is in a ma-
chine, the more essential is the minutest part
to its perfection. Now depiive a machine of
an essential part, and you deface and destroy
it.
Apply this to spiritual things. In a com-
pact system, in a coherent body of doctrine,
there is nothing useless, nothing which ought
to occupy the very place that the genius who
composed the whole hath given it. What will
become of religion if ye consider 'any of its
doctrines separately ? What becomes of reli-
gion if ye consider the holiness of God, with-
out his justice, or liis justice without his mer-
cy.^
n. Let us then proceed to inquire why so
many of us confine ourselves to a small number
of religious truths, and incapacitate ourselves
for examining the whole system. The fact is
too certain. Hence, our preachers seem to
lead us in obscure paths, and to lose us in
abstract speculations, when they treat of some
of the attributes of God ; such as his faitliful-
ness, his love of order, his regard for his intelli-
gent creatures. It is owing to this that we
are, in some sense, well acquainted with some
truths of religion, while we remain entirely ig-
norant of others, which are equally plain, and
equally important. Hence it is that the great-
est part of our sermons produce so little fruit,
because sermons are, at least they ought to be,
connected discourses, in which the principle
founds the consequence, and the consequence
follows the principle ; all which supposes in
the hearers a habit of meditation and atten-
tion. For the same reason we are apt to be
offended when any body attempts to draw ns
out of the sphere of our prej udices, and are not
only ignorant, but (if 3'ou will pardon the ex-
pression) ignorant with gravity, and derive I
know not what glory from our own stupidity.
Hence it is that a preacher is seldom or never
allowed to soar in his sermons, to rise into the
contemplation of some lofty and rapturous ob-
jects, but must always descend to the Ji rsi jjrm-
cipks of religion, as if he preached for the first
time, or, as if hia auditors for the first time
heard. Hence also it is that some doctrines,
which are true in themselves, demonstrated in
our scriptures, and essential to religion, become
errors, yea, sources of many errors in our
mouths, because we consider them only in
themselves, and not in connexion with other
doctrines, or in the proper places to which
they belong in the system of religion. This
might be easily proved in regard to the doc-
trines of the mercy of God in Jesus Christ,
the sacrifice of the cross, the necessity of the
Holy Spirit's assistance : doctrines true, de-
monstrated, and essential ; but doctrines which
will precipitate us from one abyss to another,
if we consider them as our people too often
consider them, and as they have been too of-
ten considered in the schools, in an abstract
and detached manner. The fact then is too
certain. Let us attend to tlie principal causes
ofit.
Four principal causes may be assigned : 1.
A party-spirit. 2. The choice of teachers. 3.
A hurry of business. Above all, 4. The love
of pleasure. As we sha>l take the liberty of
pointing out the causes of this malady, we shall
also prescribe the remedy, whether our most
humble remonstrances regard the people, the
pastors, or even the sovereign, whose noblest
office, as Avell as most sacred and inviolable du-
ty, it is to watch for the support of the truth,
and the government of the church.
1. The first cause that we have assigned is
a parly-spirit. This is a disposition that can-
not be easily defined, and it would be difficult
to include in a definition of it even its genus
and species : it is a monstrous composition of
all bad genuses and of all bad species ; it is a
hydra that reproduces while it seems to de-
stroy itself, and which, when one head hath
been cut off, instantly produces a thousand
more. Sometimes it is superstition, which
inclines us to deify certain idols, and, after ha-
ving formed, to prostrate first before them.
Sometimes it is ignorance which prevents our
perceiviag the importance of some revealed
truths, or the dreadful consequences of some
prejudices that we had embraced in childhood.
Sometimes it is arrogance, which rashly main-
tains whetever it has once advanced, advan-
ced perhaps inconsiderately, but which will
afterwards be resolutely defended till death,
for no other reason but because it has been
once asserted, and because it is too mortifying
to yield, and say, / atn wrong, I tvas mislaken.
Sometimes it is a spirit of malice and barbari-
t)', which abhors, exclaims against, persecutes,
and would even exterminate, all who dare
contradict its oracular propositions. Oftcner
still it is the union of all these vices 'together.
A party-spirit is that disposition which enve-
noms so many hearts, separates so many fami-
lies, divides so many societies, which has pro-
duced so many excommunications, thundered
out so many anathemas, drawn up so many ca-
nons, assembled so many coimcils, and has
been so often on the point of subverting the
great work of the reformation, the noblest op-
position that was ever formed against it.
This spirit, which we have faintly described,
must naturally incapacitate a man for consider-
Ser. I.]
CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.
51
in* the whole of religion : it must naturally
incline him to take it only by bits and shreds.
On the one hand, it contracts the mind : for
how can a soul that harbours and cherishes all
the phantoms which a party-spirit produces,
how can such a soul study and meditate as re-
ligion requires ? On the other hand, a party-
spirit depraves the heart, and eradicates the
desire of knowing religion. A man animated
"with the spirit of party, directs all his atten-
tion to such propositions of religion as seem to
favour his erroneous opinions, and irregular
passions, and diverts it from all that oppose
them ; his system includes only what strength-
ens his party, it is exclusive of every thing that
weakens or opposes it.
This is the first cause of the malady. The
remedy is easily discovered. Let us divest
ourselves of a party-spirit. Let us never de-
termine an opinion, by its agreement or disa-
greement with what our mastei-s, our parents,
or our teachers have inculcated, but by its con-
formity or contrariety to the doctrine of Jesus
Christ and his apostles. Let us never receive
or reject a maxim because it favours or oppo-
ses our passions, but as it agrees with, or op-
poses the laws of that tribunal, the basis of
which are justice and truth. Let us be fully
convinced that our chief study should be, to
know what God determines, and to make his
commands the only rules of our knowledge and
practice.
2. The second cause of the evil we would
remove is, The choice of teachers. In general,
we have three sorts of teachers. The first are
catechists, who teach our children the princi-
ples of religion. The second are ministers.
The third prepare the minds of young people
for the ministry itself.
The carelessness that prevails in the choice
of the first sort of teachers cannot be sufficient-
ly lamented. The care of instructing our
children is committed to people more fit for
disciples than masters, and the meanest talents
arc thought more than sufficient to teach the
first principles of religion. The narrowest and
dullest genius is not ashamed to profess him-
self a divine and a catechist. And yet what
capacity does it not require to lay the first
foundations of the edifice of salvation ! What
address to take the different forms necessary to
insinuate into minds of catechumens, and to
conciliate their attention and love I What dex-
terity to proportion instruction to the different
ages and characters of learners ! How much
knowledge, and how many accomplishments
are necessary to discern what is fundamental to
a youth of fifteen years of age ! What one
child of superior talents cannot be ignorant of
without danger, and what another of inferior
talents may remain innocently unacquainted
with 1 Heads of families, this article concerns
you in a particular manner. What account
can ye render to God of the cluldren with
whom he has intrusted you, if, while ye take
so much pains, and are at so much expense to
teach them the liberal arts, and to acquaint
them with human sciences, ye discover so
much negligence in teaching them the know-
ledge of salvation ? Not only in a future state
ought ye to fear the punishment of so criminal
a conduct ; ye will be punished in this present
world. Children ignorant of religion will but
little understand their duty to their parents.
They will become the cross, as they will be
the shame and infamy of your life. They will
shake off" your yoke as soon as they have passed
their childhood ; they will abandon you to the
weakness, infii-mities, and disquietudes of old
age, when you arrive at that distasteful period
of life, which can be rendered agreeable only
by the care, the tenderness, and assiduity of a
well-bred son. Let us unite all our endea-
vours, my dear brethren, to remove this evil.
Let us honour an employment which nothing
but the licentiousness of the age could have
rendered contemptible. Let us consider that,
as one of the most important trusts of the state,
one of the most respectable posts of society,
which is appointed to seminate religious prin-
ciples in our children, to inspire them with pi-
ety, to guard them against the snares that they
will meet with in the world, and, by these
means, to render them dutiful in childhood,
faithful in conjugal life, tender parents, good
citizens, and able magistrates.
The pastors of our churches are our second
class of teachers. I know that all our suffi-
ciency is of God, 2 Cor. iii. 5. that though Paul
may plant, and ApoUos water, God only givetk
the increase : that holy men, considering the
end of the ministry, have exclaimed. Who is
sufficient for these thi7igs ? 1 Cor. iii. 6. Yet
the ordinary means which God uses for the con-
version of sinners, are the ministry of the word,
and the qualifications of ministers, for faith
cometh by hearing, Rom. x. 17. Now this
word, my brethren, is not preached with equal
power by all; and, though the fowidation
which each lays be the same, it is too true that
some build upon this foundation the gold and
'precious stones of a solid and holy doctrine,
while others build with the wood, hay, and
stubble, 1 Cor. iii. 12. of their own errors, the
productions of a confused imagination, and a
mistaken eloquence. And as the word is not
preached with the same power, so it is not at-
tended with the same success.
But when the word proceeds from the
mouth of a man whom G od has sealed, and en-
riched with extraordinary talents ; when it
proceeds from a man, who has the tongue of the
learned and the wisdom of the wise, as the
Scripture speaks, Isa. 1. 4. When it proceeds
from a Boanerges, a son of thunder, from a
Moses, mighty in words and in deeds, Mark iii.
17. Acts vii. 22, who maintains the dignity of
his doctrine by the purity of his morals, and by
the power of his good example, then the word
is heard with attention ; from the ear it passes
to the mind, from the mind to the heart, from
the heart to the life ; it penetrates, it inflames,
it transports. It becomes a hammer breaking
the hardest hearts, a two-edged sivord, dividing
the father from the son, the son from the fa-
ther, dissolving all the bonds of flesh and blood,
the connexions of nature, and the love of self.
What precaution, what circumspection, and,
in some sort, what dread, ought to prevail in
the choice of an office, which so gi'eatly influ-
52
THE PERFECTION OP
[Ser. L
ences the salvation of those among whom it is
exercised ! There needs only the bad system
of a pastor to produce and preserve thousands
of false notions of religion in the people's
minds : notions, which fifty years' labour of a
more wise and sensible ministry will scarcely
be able to eradicate. There needs only a pas-
tor sold to sordid interest to put up, in some
sort, salvation to sale, and to regulate places in
paradise according to the diligence or negli-
gence with which the people gratify the ava-
rice of him who distributes them. There
needs only a pastor fretted with envy and
jealousy against his brethren to poison their
ministry by himself, or by his emissaries. Yea
sometimes, there needs only the want of some
less essential talents in a minister to give ad-
vantage to the enemies of religion, and to de-
prive the truths which he preaches of that pro-
found respect which is their due : a respect
that even enemies could not withhold, if the
gospel were properly preached, and its truths
exhibited in their true point of view.
It would be unreasonable, perhaps, to de-
velope this article now. How many of our
people would felicitate themselves if we were
to furnish them with pretences for imputing
their unfruitfulness to those who cultivate
them ! But, if this article must not be de-
veloped, what grave remonstrances, what
pressing exhortations, what fervent prayers,
should it occasion ! Let the heads of families
consider the heinousness of their conduct in
presuming to offer impure victims to the Lord,
end in consecrating those children to the holy
ministry, in whom they cannot but discover
dispositions that render them unworthy of it.
May ecclesiastical bodies never assemble for
the election of pastors, without making pro-
found reflections on the importance of the ser-
vice in which they are engaged, and the great-
ness of the trust which the sovereign commits
to them ! May they never ordain without re-
collecting, that, to a certain degree, they will
be responsible for all the sad consequences of
a faithless or a fruitless ministry ! May they
always prostrate themselves on these occa-
sions before God, as the apostles in the same
case did, and pray, ' Lord, show whom thou
hast chosen,' Acts i. 24. May our rulers and
magistrates be aflected with the worth of
those souls whom the pastors instruct ; and
may they unite all their piety, all their pity,
and all their power, to procure holy men, who
may adorn so eminent, so venerable a post !
What has been said on the choice of pastors
still more particularly regards the election of
tutoi-s, who are employed to form pastors them-
selves. Universities are public springs, whence
rivulets flow into all the church. Place at the
head of those bodies sound philosoplicrs,.good
divines, wise casuists, and they will become
seminaries of pastors after God's heart, who
will form the minds, and regulate the morals,
of the ])eople, gently bowing them to the yoke
of religion. On the contrary, place men of
another cliaractcr at the head of our universi-
ties, and they will simuI out impoisoned minis-
ters, who will fliffuse through the whole
church the fatal venom which tliemselves
have imbibed.
3. The third cause which we have assigned,
of the infancy and novitiate of most Christians
in religious knowledge, is the multitude of
their secular affairs. Far be it from us to aim
at inspiring you with superstitious maxims.
We do not mean that they Avho fill eminent
posts in society should give that time to devo-
tion which the good of the community re-
quires. We allow, that in some critical con-
junctures, the time appointed for devotion
must be yielded to business. There are some
urgent occasions when it is more necessary to
fight than to pray : there are times of impor-
tant business in which the closet must be sa-
crificed to the cares of life, and second causes
must be attended to, even when one would
wish to be occupied only about the first. Yet,
after all, the duty that we recommend is indis-
pensable. Amidst the most turbulent solici-
tudes of life, a Christian desirous of being
saved, will devote some time to his salvation.
Some part of the day he will redeem from the
World and society, to meditate on eternity.
This was the practice of those eminent saints,
whose lives are proposed as patterns to us.
The histories of Abraham, Moses, Samuel, and
David, are well known, and ye recollect those
parts of their lives to which we refer, without
our detaining you in a repetition now.
The last cause of the incapacity of so many
Christians for seeing the whole of religion in
its connexion and harmony : the last cause
of their taking it only by bits and shreds, is
their love of sensual pleasure. We do not
speak here of those gross pleasures at which
heathens would have blushed, and which are
incompatible with Christianity. We attack
pleasures more refined, maxims for which rea-
sonable persons become sometimes apologists :
persons who on more accounts than one, are
worthy of being proposed as examples : per-
sons who would seem to be ' the salt of the
earth,' the flower of society, and whom wo
cannot justly accuse of not loving religion.
How rational, how religious soever they ap-
pear in other cases, they make no scruple of
passing a great part of their time in gaming,
in public diversions, in a round of worldly
amusements ; in pleasures, which not only ap-
pear harmless, but, in some sort, suitable to
their rank, and which seem criminal only to
those who think it their duty not to float on
the surface of religion, but to examine the
whole that it requires of men, on whom God
hath bestowed tlie inestimable favour of re-
vealing it. We may presume, that if we show
people of this sort, that this way of life is one
of the principal obstacles to their progress in
religion, and prevents their knowing all its
beauties, and relishing all its delights, we shall
not speak without success. In order to this,
pardon me if I conjure you to hear this article,
not only witli attention, but with that impar-
tiality which alone can enable you to know
whether we utter our own speculations, or
preacli the gospel of Jcsns Christ. JlecoUcct
here tliat general notion of religion which we
SElt. I.]
CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.
63
have laid down : tt contains truths of specu-
lation, and truths of practice. Such sensual
pleasures as we have just now mentioned,
form invincible obstacles to tlie knowledge of
both.
I. To the knowledge of speculative truths.
How is it possible for a man to obtain a com-
plete system of the doctrines of tiie gospel
while lie is a slave to sensual pleasures !
1 . To obtain a complete system of the doc-
trines of the gospel there must be a certain
habit of thinking and meditating. In vain ye
turn over whole volumes, in vain ye attend
methodical sermons, in vain ye parade with
bodies of divinity, ye can never comprehend
the connexion of religious truths unless ye
acquire a habit of arranging ideas, of laying
down principles, of deducing consequences,
in short of forming systems yourselves. This
habit cannot be acquired witJiout exercise,
it is unattainable without serious attention,
and profound application. But how can peo-
ple devoted to pleasure acquire such a habit .''
Sensual pleasure is an inexhaustible source
of dissipation : it dissipates in preparing, it
dissipates in studying, it dissipates after the
etudy is at an end.
2. To counterbalance the difficulty of me-
ditation and study, there must be a relish for
it. Those who make study a duty, or a trade,
seldom make any great progress in know-
ledge : at least a prodigious difference has
always been observed between the proficien-
cy of those who study by inclination, and
those who study by necessity. But nothing
is more capable of disgusting us with the
epiritual pleasures of study and meditation
than the love of sensual pleasures. We will
not intrude into the closets of these persons.
But is there not a prodigious difference be-
tween their application to study and their
attention to pleasure .' The one is a violence
ofFeied to themselves, the other a voluptuous-
ness after which they sigh. The one is an in-
tolerable burden, eagerly shaken off as soon
as the time appointed expires : the other is a
delicious gratification, from whicli it is pain-
ful to part, when nature exhausted can sup-
port it no longer, or troublesome duty de-
mands a cessation. In the one, hours and
moments are counted, and the happiest period
is that which terminates the pursuit : but in
the other, time glides awa}'^ imperceptibly,
and people wish for the power of prolonging
the course of the day, and the duration of
life.
3. To acquire a complete knowledge of re-
ligious truths, it is not enougli to study them
in the closet, in retirement and silence ; we
must converse with others who study tliem
too. But the love of sensual pleasure indis-
poses us for such conversations. Slaves to
sensual pleasures have but little taste for
those delicious societies, whose mutual bond
is utility, in whicli impartial inquirers pro-
pose their doubts, raise their objections, com-
municate their discoveries, and reciprocally
assist each other's edification : for, deprive
those who love sensual pleasures, of ganiiiif
and diversions, conversation instantly lan-
guishes, and converse is at an end.
But, secondly, if the love of sensual plea-
H
sure raise such great obstacles to the know-
ledge of speculative truths, it raises incom-
parably greater still to the truths of practice.
There are some Scripture maxims which are
never thought of by tlie persons in question,
except it be to enervate and destroy tliem ; at
least, they make no part of their system of
morality.
In your system of morality, what becomes
of this Scripture ma.xim, ' evil communica-
tions corrupt good manners .'' 1 Cor. xv. 33.
Nothing forms connexions more intimate, and
at tlie same time more extravagant, than an
immoderate love of pleasure. Men who dif-
fer in manners, age, rehgion, birth, principles,
educations, are all united by this bond. The
passionate and the moderate, the generous
and the avaricious, the young and the old,
agree to exercise a mutual condescension and
patience towards each other, because the
same spirit actuates, and tlie same necessi-
ties haunt them ; and because the love of
pleasure, which animates them all, can only
be gratified by the concurrence of each indi-
vidual.
In your system of morality, what becomes
of those maxims of Scripture, which say that
we must ' confess Jesus Christ before men,'
that ' whosoever shall be ashamed of him be-
fore men, of liiin will he be ashamed when
he Cometh in the glory of his Father .-" Matt.
X. 32. Mark viii. 38. A man who is engaged
in the monstrous assembly which the love of
pleasure forms, mast hear religion disputed,
the morality of the gospel attacked, good
manners subverted, the name of God blas-
phemed : and he must hear all these without
daring to discover the sentiments of his heart,
because, as I just now observed, patience and
compliance animate that body to which he is
attached by such necessary and intimate ties.
In your system of morality, what becomes
of those Scripture maxims, which threaten
those with the greatest punishments who in-
jure others ? The love of sensual pleasure
causes offences of the most odious kind ; I
mean, it betrays your partners in pleasure
into vice. Ye game without avarice ; but do
ye not excite avarice in tiie minds of those
who play with you .' Ye do not injure your
families ; but do ye not occasion other men
to injure theirs f Ye are guilty of no fraud ;
but do ye not tempt others to be fraudulent f
What becomes in your moral system of
tliose maxims of Scripture that require us to
contribute to the the excision of ' all wicked
doers from the city of the Lord,' Psal. ci. 8.
to discountenance those wiio commit a crime
as well as to renounce it ourselves .' The love
of sensual pleasure makes us countenance
people of tlie most irregular conduct, whose
snares are the most dangerous, whose exam-
ples are the most fatal, whose conversations
are the most j)ernicious to our children and
to our families, to civil society and to the
church of God.
In your system of morality, what becomes
of those maxims of Scripture which expostu-
late witli us, when the Lord chnstiseth us, to
' be afflicted and mourn, to humble ourselves
under the mighty hand of God ; to enter into
our chambers, and shut the doors about us, ta
54
THE PERFECTION OF CHRISTIAN KNOWLEIXJE.
[Ser. L
hido onrsclvcs until the Indignation be over-
East ; to examine ourselves before the decree
ring forth ; to prepare ourselves to meet our
God, to hear the rod, and who hath appoint-
ed it,' James iv. 9. 1 Pet. v. 6. Isa. xxvi. 20.
Zeph. ii. ], 2. Amos iv. 12. Mieah vi. 9. to
mourn in sackcloth and ashes ; and while we
feel present miseries, to remember those that
are past, tremble for tliose that are yet to
come, and endeavour by extraordinary efforts
to avert the anger of heaven .' The love of
sensual pleasure turns away people's atten-
tion from all these maxims, and represents
those who preach them as wild visionaries, or
dry declaimers. The people of whom we
speak, these pious people, these people who
love their salvation, these people who pretend
to the glory of being proposed for examples,
can in times of the deepest distress, when the
church is bathed in tears, while the arm of
God is crushing our brethren and our allies,
Avhen the same terrible arm is lifted over us,
when we are threatened with extreme mise-
ries, when the scourges of God are at our
gates, when there needs only the arrival of
one ship, the blowing of one wind, the waft-
ing of one blast, to convey pestilence and
plague into our country ; these people can
. . . . O God ! ' open their eyes that
they may see !' 2 Kings vi. 17.
In your system of morality, what becomes
of Scripture exhortations to ' redeem the
time, to know the time of our visitation, to
do all that our hands find to do, because there
is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor
wisdom in the grave whither we go t' The
love of pleasure inclines mortals, who may
die in a few days, people who perhaps have
only a few days to bid their last adieus, to
embrace their families, to settle their tempo-
ral affairs, to examine the neglected parts of
religion, to re-establish the injured reputation
of a neighbour, in a word, to prepare them-
selves to appear before that terrible tribunal
to which death cites them : the love of sen-
sual pleasure inclines these poor creatures,
who have so short a time to live, and so great
a task to perform ; the love of sensual plea-
sure inclines these people to waste a consider-
able part of this fleeting life in amusements,
that obliterate both the shortness of life, and
the necessity of death.
How often have we seen old age as greedy
of pleasure as youth ! how often have we
seen people bowing under the weight of age,
how often have we seen them, even when
their trembling hands could scarcely hold the
cards, or the dice, make their feeble efforts to
game ; and, when their decayed eyes were
incapable of distinguishing the spots, assist
nature by art, their natural sight with artifi-
cial glasses, and thus consecrate the remains,
those precious remains, of life to gaming,
which God had granted for repentance !
All these causes of the infancy and noviti-
ate of Christians in regard to religion, unite
in one, which in finishing this discourse, we
cannot but lament, nor can. we lament it too
much. We do not understand our own reli-
gion : we are, most of us, incapable of jier-
ceiving the admirable order, the beautiful
aymmetry, of its component parts. Why.' It
is because wo have so little zeal for our sal-
vation ; it is because we form such languid
desires to be saved.
Indeed I know, that, except some unnatu-
ral creatures, except some monsters, to whom
this discourse is not addressed, every body
professes to desire to be saved, yea, to prefer
salvation to whatever is most pompous m the
universe, and most pleasant in this life. But,
when the attainment of it in God's way is in
question, in the only way that agrees with
the holiness of his nature to direct, and with
our happiness to obey, what a number of peo-
ple do we meet with, whose desires vanish ?
I desire to be saved, says each to himself ; I
desire to be saved, but not by such a religion
as the gospel prescribes, such as Jesus Christ
preached, such as the apostles and ministers
of the gospel preach after him ; but I desire
to be saved by such a religion as I have con-
ceived, such a one as gratifies my passions
and caprices. I desire to be saved, but it is
on condition, that, while I obey some of the
precepts of Jesus Christ, he will dispense
with my obedience of others. I desire to be
saved : but not on condition of my correcting
my prejudices, and submitting them to the
precepts of Jesus Clirist ; but on condition
that the precepts of Jesus Christ should yield
to my prejudices. I desire to be saved : but
on condition of retaining my prepossessions,
the system that I have arranged, the way of
life that I pursue, and intend to pursue till I
die. To desire salvation in this manner is too
common a disposition among Christians. But
to desire salvation in saying to God, with a
sincere desire of obeying his voice, ' Lord,
what v/ilt thou have me to do .'' Acts ix. 6. ;
Lord, what wilt thou have me to believe .'
Lord, what wilt thou have me to love .' Lord,
what inclinations wilt thou have me to op-
pose, to mortify, to sacrifice .'' To be willing
to be saved in receiving, without exception,
all the practical truths, which compose an
essential part of that religion which God has
given us : Ah ! my brethren, how rare is this
disposition among Christians !
Without this disposition, however, (and let
us not be ingenious to deceive ourselves,)
without this disposition there is no salvation.
It implies a contradiction to say that God
will save us in an}' other way : for as it is
contradictory to say that he will give to an
equal number the qualities of an unequal
number, or to bodies the properties of spirits,
or to spirits the properties of bodies ; so also
is it a contradiction to say, that vice shall
reap the rewards of virtue, that the highway
to hell is the path to paradise.
So that notliing remains in concluding this
discourse but to ask you, what are your in-
tentions .' What designs have ye formed .'
What projects do ye resolve to pursue .' What
are your aims .'' Have ye any thing more
precious than your souls .'' Can ye conceive
a nobler hope than that of being saved ? Can
ye propose a more advantageous end than
your own salvation ? Can ye persuade your-
selves that there is a greater felicity than tho
fruition of God .' Will ye destroy yourselves ?
Do ye renounce those delightful hopes that
are set before you in the gospel .' And shall
Seb. II.]
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
65
all the fruit of our ministry be to accuse and
confound you before God ?
Young man, thou mayest live fifty or sixty
years : but at the expiration of those fifty or
sixty years, time finishes and eternity begins.
People of mature age, your race is partly run ;
ten, fifteen, or twenty years more, through
the dissipations and employments inseparable
from your lives, will vanish with an incon-
ceivable rapidity ; and then, time finishes and
eternity begins with you. And ye old peo-
ple, a few years, a few months, a few days
more, and behold your race is at an end ; be-
hold your time finishes and your eternity be-
gins. And can we resist tliis idea ? Alas !
what hearts ! what Christians ! what a
church !
Grant, Almighty God, that our prayers
may supply the defect of our exhortations ;
may we derive from thy bosom of infinite
mercies what we despair of obtaining from
the insensibility of our hearers ! O thou Au-
thor of religion, thou divine Spirit, from whom
alone could proceed tliis beautiful system
which thou hast condescended to reveal to us,
impress it in all its parts on our minds. Pluck
up every plant which thy good hand hath not
planted. Triumph over all the obstacles that
our sins oppose to thine empire. Shut the
gulfs of hell. Open the gates of heaven.
Save us, even in spite of ourselves. Amen.
To the Father, to the Son, to the Holy
Ghost, be honour and glory, dominion and
power, for ever. Amen.
SERMON II.
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
Proac-bcd In tlie Frejich Church at Rotterdam, on the first Lord's Day of the Year 1734.
2 Pet. iii. 6,
Beloved, be not ignorant of this one things that one day is with the Lord as a
thousand years, and a thousand years as one day.
We could not meditate on the words which
you have heard, my brethren, without recol-
lecting that miraculous cloud wliich conduct-
ed the Israelites tlirough the desert. It was
all luminous on one side, and all opake on the
other.* The Jews say that it was the throne,
or the triumphal chariot, of tliat Angel who
marched at the head of the camp of Israel ;
of that Angel whom they call the Prince of
the world, the Schckinah, the presc7ice of the
divine Majesty, the Deity itself. It is not
needful to examine tliis opinion. I do not
know whether the pillar of a cloud were a
throne of God, but it was a beautiiul symbol
of the Deity. What is the Deity in regard to
us .' If it bo the most radiant of all light, it is
at the same time the most covered with dark-
ness. Let the greatest philosophers, let tlie
most extraordinary geniuses, elevate their me-
ditations, and take the loftiest fliglits of which
they are capable, in order to penetrate into
the nature of the divine essence, the stronger
efforts they make to understand this fearful
subject, the more will they be absorbed in it :
theniglier tliey approach the rays of this sun,
the more will they be dazzled with its lustre.
But yet, let the feeblest and most confined
genius seek instructions, in meditating on the
divine grandeurs, to direct his faith, to regu-
late his conduct, and to sweeten the miseries
that embitter, this valley of tears ; he shall
happily experience what the prophet did :
* does he look to him ? he shall be lightened,'
Ps. xxxiv. 5.
God presents himself to your eyes to-day,
* See Uabbi Menacliemin Parasch. Beschalec. Exod.
xiv. 19. fol. 63. edit, de Vcniee 5283. S.
as he once presented himself to the Israelites
in that marvellous phenomenon. Light on
one side, darkness on the otlier. ' A thousand
years are with the Lord as one day, and one
day as a thousand years.' Let the greatest
philosopliers, let those extraordinary beings
in whose formation God seems to have united
an angelic intelligence to a human body, let
them preach in our stead, let them fully ex-
plain tlie words of my te.xt. From what
abysses of existence does tlie perfect Being
derive that duration, which alike overspreads
the present,, the future, and the past .' how
conceive a continuation of existence without
conceiving a successicm of time .' how con-
ceive a succession of time, without conceiv-
ing that he who is subject to it acquires what
he had not before .' how atllrm that he who
acquires what he had not before, considers 'a
thousand years as one day, and one day as a
thousand years V So many questions, so many
abysses, obscurities, darknesses, for poor
mortals.
But if ye confine yourselves to a conviction
of the truth of the words of my text ; particu-
larly, if yc desire to consider them in regard
to the influence whicli they ought to have on
your conduct, ye will behold light issuing
from every part, nor is there any one in this
assembly who may not approach it with con-
fidence. This has encouraged us to turn our
attention to a subject, whicli at first sight,
seems more likely to confound than to edify us.
St. Peter aims to rouse the piety of Chris-
tians by the idea of that great day wherein
the world must be reduced to ashes ; when
the new heavens and a new earth shall appear
to the children of God. Libertines regarded
56
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
[SZR. II.
that day as a diiroera. ' Where (said they) is
the proniieo of tho Lord's coming : for since
the fathers fell asleep, all tilings continue as
they were from the beginning ol the creation V
2 Pet. iii. 4. &c. Tlie words of my text are
an answer to this objection ; an idea which
we will presently explain, but which ye must;
at least in a vague maimer, retain all along,
if ye mean to follow us in this discourse, in
which we would wish to include all the dif-
ferent views of the apostle. In order to
which three things are necessary.
I. We will examine our text in itself, and
endeavour to establish this proposition, That
one (lay is with the Lord as a thousand years,
and a thovsnnd yrurs as one day.
II. We will prove what we have advanced ;
that is, that St. Peter's design in these words
was to answer the objections of libertines
against the doctrine of the conflagration of
the world ; and we will show you that they
completely answer the purpose.
III. We will draw from this doctrine, secu-
red against the objections of libertines, such
motives to piety as the apostle presents us
with.
In considering these words in this point of
light, we will apply them to your present cir-
cumstances. I'he renewal of the year, pro-
perly understood, is only tlie anniversary of
the vanity of our life, and thence the calls to
detach yourselves from the world. And
what can be more proper to produce such a
detachment than this reflection, that not only
the years which we must pass on earth are
consuming, but also that the years of the
world's subsistence are already consumed in
part, and that the time approaches, in which
it must be delivered to the flames, and redu-
ced to ashes ?
Let us first consider the words of our text
in themselves, and let us prove this proposi-
tion, ' one day is witJi the Lord as a thousand
years, and a thousand years as one day.'
The notion which I have of God is my prin-
ciple : the words of my text are the conse-
quence. If I establish the principle, the con-
sequence will be incontestable. 1. Etcr/iity. —
2. Perfect knoulcdge, and, in some sort, the
sight and presence of all that has been, of all
that is, and of all that shall be. — 3. Supreme
happiness : are three ideas which form my
notion of the Deity : this is my principle. ' A
thousand years' tlien ' are as one daj', and one
day as a thousand years with the Lord:' this
is my consequence. Let us prove the truth
of the principle, by justifying the notion
which we form of the Deity.
L God is an eternal being. This is not a
chimera of my mind ; it is a truth accompanied
with all the evidence of which a proposition
is capable, I exist, I speak, you hear me, at
least you seem to hear me. These are facts,
the certainty of which all the philosophers in
the world can never destroy. I am not able
to new-mould myself, nor can I help the per-
ception of truths, the knowledge of which (if
I may be allowed to say so) is as essential to
me as my own existence. It does not depend
on me not to regard Pyrrho and Academus,
those famous defenders of doubt and uncer-
tainty, as fools who extinguished tiie light of
common aeiise, or rather as impostors, wlio
prononnced propositions with their months,
the falsity of which it was impossible their
minds should not perceive. I repeat it again,
the most subtle objections of all the philoso-
phers in the world united, can never diminish
in me that impression which the perception
of my own existence makes on my mind, nor
hinder my evidence of the truth of these pro-
positions ; I exist, I speak, you hear me, at
least (for with the people wliom I oppose, one
must weigh each expression, and, in some
sort, each syllable) at least I have the same
impressions as if there were beings before my
eyes who heard me.*
If I am sure of my own existence, I am no
less sure that I am not the author of it my-
self, and that I derive it from a superior Be-
ing. Were I altogether ignorant of the his-
tory of the world ; if I had never heard that I
was only ' of yesterday,' as the Psalmist
speaks, Psal. xc. 4 ; if I knew not that my pa-
rents, who were born like me, are dead ; were
I not assured that I should soon die ; if I
knew nothing of all this, yet I should not
doubt whether I owed my existence to a su-
perior Being. I can never convince myself
that a creature so feeble as I am, a creature
whose least desires meet with insurmounta-
ble obstacles, a creature who cannot add ' one
cubit to his stature,' Matt. v. 27, a creature
who cannot prolong his own life one single
instant, one who is forced to yield, willing or
■unwilling, to a greater power which cries to
him, ' Dust thou art, and to dust thou shalt
return,' Gen. iii. 19; I can never convince
mj'self that such a creature existed from all
eternity, much less that he owes his existence
only to himself, and to the eminence of his
own perfections. It is then sure that I exist :
it is also certain that I am not the author
of my own existence.
This certainty is all I ask, I ask only these
two propositions, I exist, I am not the author
of my own existence, to convince me that
there is an eternal Being. Yes, though a
revelation emanating from the bosom of Omni-
science had never given me this idea of the
Divinity ; though Moses had never pronoun-
ced this oracle, ' before the mountains were
brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed tho
earth and the world, even from everlasting
thou art God,' Psalm xc. 2 ; though the four
and twenty elders, who surround tLe throne
of God, had never rendered homage to his
eternity, or, prostratmg before him, inces-
santly cried, ' We give thee thanks, Lord God
Almighty, which art, and wast, and art to
come. Rev. xi. 17 ; though the eternal Being
had never said of himself, ' I am Alpha and
Omega, the first and the last,' Rev. i. 8 ; yea,
though the eternal Being had never convinced
me of his grandeur, by the works of his hands,
if I had been all alone in the nature of beings,
I should have been forced to admit an eternal
Being. And this proposition, 'There is an
eternal Being,' naturally flows from those, I
exist, and I am not the author of my own ex-
istence, for if I be not the author of my own
CKistencc, I owe it to another Being. That
Being to whom I owe my existence, derives
* Des Cartes reasoned in the same manner, and
made Kgo eo^o, erga sum, I think, thcrf/ore, J am, the
first axiom of his system. J. !^.
S«R. II.]
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
57
his from himself, or like me, owes it to ano«
ther. If he exist of himself, behold the eter-
nal Being whom I have been seeking ; if lie
derive his existence from another, I reason
about him as about the former. Thus I ascend,
thus I am constrained to ascend, till I arrive
at that Being who exists of himself, and who
has always so existed.
Let such of you, my brethren, as cannot
follow this reasoning', blame only themselves.
Let not such people say, These are abstruse
and metaphysical reflections, which should
never be brought into these assemblies. It
is not fair that the incapacity of a small num-
ber, an incapacity caused by their voluntary
attachment to sensible things, and (so to
speak) by their criminal interment in matter ;
it is not right that this should retard the edi-
fication of a whole people, and prevent the
proposing of the first principles of natural
religion. Eternity enters then into the idea
of the creative Being ; and this is what wo
proposed to prove.
2. ' Omniscience, intimate acquaintance,
and, in a manner, the presence of all that is,
of all that has been, of all that shall be,' is
the second idea which we form of the Deity.
The more we meditate on the essence and
Belf-existence of the eternal Being, the more
are we convinced that omniscience necessa-
rily belongs to eternity : so that to have
proved that God possesses the first of these
attributes, is to have proved that he possess-
es the second. But, as I am certain, that a
great number of my hearers would charge
those reflections with obscurity, of which they
are ignorant only through their own inatten-
tion, I will not undertake to prove, by a
chain of propositions, that the eternal Being
knows all things : tliat, as author of all,
he knows the nature of all ; that, knowing
the nature of all, he knows what must result
from all. It will be better to give you this sub-
ject ready digested in our Holy Scriptures,
than to oblige you to collect it by your own
meditation. Recall then on this article these
expressions of the sacred writers: ' O Lord,
thou knowest all things,' John xxi. 17. —
' The heart is deceitful above all things, and
desperately wicked, who can know it .' I the
Lord search the heart and try the reins,'
Jer. xvii. 9, 10. — Known unto him are all his
works from the beginning,' Acts xv. 18. —
The word of God is quick and powerful, and
sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing
even to the dividing asunder of the soul
and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and
is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of
the heart. Neither is there any creature that
is not manifest in his sight, Heb. iv. 12, &c.
Some interpreters think, that by the icurd of
God, we must understand here, not the gos-
pel of Jesus Christ, as the phrase is gener-
ally understood, but his person. If this be
St. Paul's idea, he uses, methinks, the same
metaphysical reasoning which we have pro-
posed : that is, that he who created all, knows
all. Observe how this reasoning is followed
and developed in the apostle's words. The
Word of God, or, as it is in the Greek, the
Logos, the Word of God is quick and power-
ful; that is to say, that as Jesus Christ, as
God, has a fund of life and existence, he
has also freely and effectually communicated
life and existence to others. In this sense it
is elsewhere said, that 'by him were all
things created, that are in heaven and that
are in earth, visible and invisible, whether
they be thrones, or dominions, or principal-
ities, or powers,' Col. i. 16. And in St.
John's Gospel, ' In the beginning was the
Word, and the Word was with God, and the
Word was God. All things were made by
him, and without him was not any thing
made that was made,' John i. 1. 3. But
this Word, quick and powerful, who has
given being to all, perfectly knows all ;
sharper than any two edged sword, piercing
even to the dividing asunder of soul and
spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is
a discerner of the thoughts and intents of
the heart ; neither is there any creature that
is not manifest in his sight, but all things are
naked and opened unto the eyes of him with
whom we have to do.' Omniscience, inti-
mate knowledge, and, as I said before, the
presence of all that is, of all that was, of all
that shall be, are as essential to God as eter-
nity. This also, we hope, is sufl[iciently
proved.
3. Supreme felicity is the third idea which
we have formed of God ; it flows immediate-
ly from the two first. Every intelhgent be-
ing is capable of happiness, nor can he re-
gard happiness with indifference ; he is in-
clined by his very nature to render himself
happy. He cannot love misery as misery;
he never suffers a present misery but in
hopes of a future pleasure ; or else he sup-
ports a misery because it appears to him more
tolerable than the means proposed to deliver
him. Even those who have wilfully plunged
themselves into the gulfs of hell, in a fit of
black melancholy, would not have taken that
dreadful step, had they not revolved this me-
lancholy imagination in their distracted
minds, that the assurance of being plunged
into hell is less tolerable than hell itself. It
implies a contradiction, that an intelligent
being, capable of being happy or miserable,
should be indiff'erent to his own happiness or
misery. If any thing be wanting to the fe-
licity of God, the defect must not be attri-
buted to his will, the cause must be souo-ht
in his weakness, that is, in his want of power.
But who can conceive that a Being who
existed from all eternity, who gave existence
to all things, and who knows all things, has
only a finite and limited power .'' I am well
aware of the difficulty of following the at-
tributes of the Deity, and that, in the great-
est part of our reasonings on this grand sub-
ject, we suppose what ought to be proved.
But as far as we are capable of penetrating
this profound subject, we have grounds for
reasoning in this manner : God has given
being to all things, and he saw what must
result from them ; it depended then entirely
on him to form the plan of the world or not
to form it ; to be alone or to impart exist-
ence : it depended on him to form the plan
of such a world as we see, or to form ano-
ther plan. He has followed, in the choice
which he has made, that which was most
58
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
[Seb. II.
E roper for his own glory. If, to these fee-
le speculations, we join the infallible testi-
mony of revelation, we shall find a perfect
agreement with our ideas on this article ;
that the Creator is the happy God by excel-
lence, 1 Tim. i. 41,* and that because he is
eternal and omniscient, he must for those
very reasons be infinitely happy. This arti-
cle also is sufficiently proved.
These three ideas of the Deity are three
sources of proofs, in favour of St. Peter's
proposition in the words of my text, ' a thou-
sand years before the Lord are as one day,
and one day as a thousand years.'
God is an eternal Being. 'Then ' a thousand
years with him are as one day, and one day
as a thousand years ;' that is to say, ' a thou-
sand years and one day' are such inconsider-
able measures of duration, that, whatever
disproportion they have to each other, they
appear to have none when compared with
the duration of eternity. There is a great
difference between one drop of water and
twenty tliousand baths which were contained
in that famous vessel in Solomon's temple,
wliich, on account of its matter and capacity,
was called the sea of brass, 1 Chron. xviii.
8 ; but this vessel itself, in comparison of
the sea, properly so called, was so small,
that when we compare all it could contain,
with the sea, the twenty thousand baths,
that is, one hundred and sixty thousand
pounds weight, appear only as a drop of wa-
ter. The extreme difference between tliat
quantity of water and a little drop vanishes
when compared with the ocean. One drop
of water with the sea is as twenty thousand
baths, and twenty thousand baths are as one
drop of water. There is a great difference
between the light of a taper and tliat of a
flambeau; but expose both to the light of
the sun, and their difference will be imper-
ceptible. The light of a little taper before
the sun is as the light of a flambeau, and the
light of a flambeau as that of a little taper.
In like manner, eternal duration is so great
an object, that it causes every thing to dis-
appear that can be compared with it. A
thousand years are no more before this than
one day, nor one day than a thousand years;
and these two terms, so unequal in them-
selves, seem to have a perfect equality when
compared with eternity. We, minute crea-
tures, we consider a day, an hour, a quarter
of an hour, as a very little space in the
course of our lives ; we lose witliout scru-
ple a day, an hour, a quarter of an hour :
but we are very much to blame ; for this day,
this hour, this quarter of an hour, should
we even live a whole age, would be a con-
siderable portion of our life. But, if we at-
tend to the little probability of our living a
whole age; if we reflect that this little space
of time, of which we are so profuse, is the
only space we can call our own ; if we seri-
ously think that one quarter of an hour, that
one hour, that one day, is perhaps the only
* 1 Tim. i. 11. bicnheurtiiz dieu, (Uaxa^/ic ©sic.
;fX*KUg^toc, quasi /uiyet. ^duguv, id est, mullum ct valde
gaudcns .- bealus J)eus, que sibi siifficicns crat ad bcati-
hulinem. Vide Nov. Teat. GriEC. cum notis, Lon-
dlni, 17G8.
time given us to prepare our accounts, and to
decide our eternal destiny ; we should have
reason to acknowledge, that it was madness i
to lose tlie least part of so short a life. But
God revolves (if I may venture to say so)
in the immense space of eternity. Heap
millions of ages upon millions of ages, add
new millions to new millions, all this is no-
thing in comparison of the duration of the
eternal Being. In this sense, ' a thousand
years are as one day, and one day as a thou-
sand years.'
2. God knows all. Then, ' a thousand
years are with him as one day, and one day
as a thousand years ;' because he sees no
more in a thousand years than in one day; be-
cause he sees as much in one day as he can
see in a thousand years. Ignorance and un-
certainty are the principal causes that make
us think a short space of time a long dura-
tion ; especially, when our ignorance and un-
certainty respect things which we ardently
desire to know : ' Hope deferred maketh the
heart sick,' Prov. xiii. 12, is a saying of the
wise man. The very time in which we are
in suspense about an apprehended evil, is in-
supportable to us. It seems to us, while we
expect a fatal sentence, that we are every
moment suffering its execution.
God knows all. He sees all that was, all
that is, all that ever will be. The moment
which he assigned for the formation of thia
universe, is as present to his mind as that
which he has determined for its destruction.
He knows the success of the various plans
which at present exercise the speculations of
the greatest geniuses, and which occasion an
infinite number of different opinions among
politicians. He knows to what lengths that
tyrant, who is the scourge of the whole earth,
shall carry his rage. He knows how long
that empire shall maintain its dignity, which
at present subsists with so much glory. He
knows during what space Antichrist shall
yet oppose the dominion of the king Mes-
siah ; and when the king Messiah shall make
him lick the dust. He knows when the air
shall resound with that comfortable exclama-
tion, ' Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen,
and is become the habitation of devils, and
the hold of every foul spirit I' Rev. xviii. 2.
3. In fine, God is supremely happy. Then,
' a tliousand years with him are as one day,
and one day as a thousand years.' In the en-
joyment of perfect happiness, the duration of
time is im])erceptible. Placed, as we are,
my dearest brethren, in this valley of mise-
ries, tasting only imperfect and embittered
pleasures, it is very difficult for us to con-
ceive the impression whicli felicity makes on
an intelligence supremely happy. If the en-
joyment of some small good makes us con-
ceive, to a certain degree, a state in which
ages appear moments, the miseries insepara-
rablc from our lives presently replunge us in-
to a state in which moments appear ages ; in
which sorrows of the body, and sorrows of
the mind, frequently less tolerable than those
of the body, so powerfully apply our minds
to each indivisible space of time spent in pain,
that we think our sufferings liave been long,
when wc have scarcely begun to suffer. But
Ser. II.]
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
69
God is always happy, and always supremely
happy; he always enjoys that perfect felicity,
which makes a thousand years, ten thousand
milhons of years, vanish with an inconceiva-
ble rapidity. It would be unhappy not to en-
joy this kind of felicity more than ten or
twelve millions of years, because the impres-
sion which that felicity would make on tiie
soul would be so powerful and lively, that it
would render him who enjoyed it insensible
to time; time would expire, and he would
hardly perceive that he had enjoyed any thing,
even when he had possessed happiness as long
as I have supposed. God would be unhappy
(allow me this expression) if his felicity were
not eternal. But this is one of the subjects
which must intimidate a preacher through
the difficulty he meets with in furnishing
matter. We must have ideas beyond human.
We must have terms which mankind have
not yet invented. We ourselves must have
participated the felicity of God ; we must
Bpeak to men who also had partaken of it ;
and afterwards, we must have agreed toge-
ther on a new language to express each idea
excited by the happiness, of which we had
made so blessed an experience. Represent
to yourselves a Being, or rather think, think,
my dear hearers, on the difficulty of repre-
senting a Being, who, having in the prodi-
gious capacity of his intelligence all possible
plans of this universe, has preferred that
which appeared to him the wisest, the best,
the most conformable to the holiness of his
attributes ; represent a Being who has exe-
cuted this plan, a Being who has created in
this vast extent which our imagination fan-
cies, in that which our whole mind, more
capable still of conceiving grand objects than
our imagination alone, or our senses admire ;
represent to yourselves a Being who has cre-
ated whatever is most capable of contribut-
ing to perfect felicity ; represent a Being
who loves, and who is beloved by objects
worthy of his love ; a Being who knows how
to repress the madness of those who rebel
against his empire ; a Being who shares his
felicity with spirits, whom he esteems, and
by whom he is esteemed above all things ; a
Being who has the pleasure of rendering
the objects of his esteem happy, and wlio
acknowledge that all their happiness comes
from him ; spirits who continually praise
the author of their felicity, and who, casting
their crowns at his feet, incessantly cry,
Holy, holy, holy, Lord of hosts ; the whole
earth is full of thy glory,' Tsa. vi. 3 : repre-
sent to yourselves a Being who is approved
by intelligences skilful in virtues, in gran-
deurs, in objects worthy of praise ; a Being
who loves only order, and who has power to
maintain it ; a Being who is at the summit
of felicity, and who knows that he shall be so
for ever. O ages ! O millions of ages ! O
thousands of millions of ages ! O duration,
the longest that can be imagined by an in-
telligence composed (if I may speak so) of all
intelligences, how short must ye appear to
so happy a JBeing ! There is no time with
him ; there is no measure of time. One thou-
sand years, ten thousand years, one quarter
of an hour, one instant, is almost the same.
' A thousand years are with him as one day,
and one day.as a thousand years.'
We have considered our text in itself;
we will now show tlie end of the apostle in
proposing it, and that it was very proper to
answer that end. This is our second part.
St. Peter, as we said before, St. Peter
meant to refute the odious objections of somo
profane persons of his own time, who pre-
tended to make the doctrine of a universal
judgment doubtful, and who said, in order to
obscure its truth, or enervate its evidence,
' Where is the promise of his coming, for
since the fathers fell asleep all things remain
as they were .'' 2 Pet. iii. 4. I am aware
that this comment is disputed, and some have
thought that the destruction of Jerusalem
was the subject of this whole chapter, and
not the end of the world ; but, however
averse we are to the decisive tone, we will
venture to demonstrate that the apostle had
far greater objects in view than the fatal ca-
tastrophes of the Jewish nation. This I think
clearly appears,
1. By the nature of the objection which
libertines made. 'Where is the promise of
his coming, for since the fathers fell asleep
all things remain as they were .=" These liber-
tines did not mean that from the beginning of
the world the commonwealth of Israel had
suffered no considerable alteration ; they did
not mean from that false principle to draw
tliis false consequence, that Jerusalem would
always remain as it then was. How could
they be such novices in the history of their
nation, as not to know the sad vicissitudes,
the banishments and the plunderings, which
the Jews had undergone ? They meant, that
though some particular changes had happened
in some parts of the world, "the generahty of
creatures had always remained in the same
state ; thence they pretended to conclude that
they would always remain so.
This appears further by the manner in
which the apostle answers them in the verses
preceding the text. He alleges against them
the example of the deluge. ' This,' says he,
' they are willingly ignorant of, that tke
world that then was, being overflowed with
water, perished,' vcr. 5, C. To this he adds,
' the heavens shall pass away with a great
noise, the elements shall melt with fervent
heat, the earth also and the things that are
therein shall be burnt up,' ver. 10. On which
we reason thus : The world that was formerly
destroyed with water, is the same which shall
be destroyed by fire ; but the world that wa»
destroyed with water, was not the Jewish
nation only : St. Peter then predicts a de-
struction more general than that of the Jews.
3. This appears further by this considera-
tion. The people to whom St. Peter wrote
did not live in Judea, but were dispersed
through Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia,
and Bithynia. These people could have but
little to do with the destruction of Jerusalem.
Whether Jesus Christ terminated the dura-
tion of that city suddenly or slowly, was a
question that regarded tlicm indirectly only ;
but the day of which St. Peter sjieaks, inter-
oo
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
[Ser. n.
ests an Christians, and St. Peter exliorts all
Christians to prepare for it, as being person-
ally concerned in it.
4. Add a fourth consideration, taken from
what follows our text, ver. 15, 16. ' Even as
our beloved brother Paul also speaks of these
things, in which are some things hard to be
tinderstood, which they that are unlearned and
unstable, wrest unto their own destruction.'
What are these things hard to he understood ?
Many interpreters, ancient and modern, have
thought that the doctrine of justification was
intended ; a doctrine established by St Paul,
and wrested by many to their own destruc-
tion, as from thence they concluded that good
works were useless. But, I think, it is more
probable that St. Peter designs some parts of
the First Epistle to the Thessalonians, where
the apostle had spoken as if the day of judg-
ment was very nigh, 1 Thess. iv. 13, &c. and
in V. 1. &.C. and from which many concluded,
that it would immediately appear, and the
mistake caused a general subversion of so-
ciety. Since then, St. Paul had spoken of
the day of judgment, and St. Peter speaks of
the same things, it follows, that St. Peter de-
signed to establish the truth of a general
judgment, against those infidels who had en-
deavoured to subvert it.
But how is what the apostle says, ' one day
is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a
thousand years as one day ;' how is such a
proposition proper to refute the odious objec-
tion of infidels, who said, ' Where is the pro-
mise of his coming .'' If a man who possesses
great riches, promise a small sum to an indi-
gent person, if he defer the fulfilment of his
promise, in vain ye endeavour to e.xculpate
him by saying, the promiser is so opulent that
a small sum with him is as great riches, and
great riches are as a small sura.
In like manner, to say that ' a thousand
years with God are as one day, and one day
as a thousand years,' is tha't to answer the
objection .' The question is not what the time
of delay is to the eternal Being ; the question
is, what that time is to poor mortals, who are
confined to the earth, loaded with miseries,
and to whom one day is as a thousand years,
and not a thousand years as one day.
This difficulty is solved by the connexion
©four text with the following verses: 'Be-
loved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that
one day is with the Lord as a thousand 3'ears,
and a thousand years as one day. The Lord
is not slack concerning his promise, as some
men count slackness, but is long-suffering to
•usward, not willing that any should perish,
but that all should come to repentance.' This
answer is conclusive, as ye will more fully
perceive by the following paraphrase. The
delay of the day of judgment may be consid-
ered either in relation to men who must be
judged, or to God himself who will judge
them. If ye consider it in regard to men
who must be judged, they have no room to
complain that God defers this important pe-
riod ; on the contrary, they ought to consider
the pretended slackness of which they com-
plain, as an effect of the adorable love of their
judge, who invites them to conversion. The
manner in which God ordinarily takes men
out of this life, is much more proper to In-
cline them to conversion than the terrible
retinue of his coming to judgment. How ter-
rible will his appearance be ! What eye will
not be dazzled .'' Whose conscience will not
be alarmed .' Here blow the trumpets, the
dreadful sounds of which proclaim the ap-
proach of the Judge of this universe. There,
the heavens, which once opened to receive
the Son of God, open again that he may re-
turn to the earth, to execute his threateninga
on rebellious men. Here, earth and sea re-
store the bodies which they have devoured.
There, those thousand thousands, those ten
thousand times ten thousa/id, who are contin-
ually before God, Dan. vii. 10, offer their min-
istry to him, and are the witnesses, admirers,
and executors of his judgment. Here, open
the eternal books, in which so many unright-
eous thoughts, so many unprofitable words,
so many criminal actions, have been register-
ed. There, sentences are preparing, desti-
nies determining, final decrees just pronounc-
ing. Who then could have presence of mind
enough to recur to genuine repentance, even
supposing there were yet time for repent-
ance .'' Men then have no reason to complain
that the day of judgment is not yet come,
' The Lord is patient towards all men, not
willing that any should perish, but that all
should come to repentance.'
If ye consider the pretended delay of judg-
ment in regard to God, as ye have considered
it in regard to men, ye will readily acknow-
ledge, that what appears delay to you, does
not appear so to him. Why .' Because ' a
thousand years are with him as one day, and
one day as a thousand years ;' because thia
long term that offends you is but as an instant
to the perfect Being.
It seems to me that this reasoning is con-
clusive. This shall suffice for the present.
Let us conclude, and let us employ the few
moments which remain, to infer from the
doctrine of the general conflagration, secured
against the objections of libertines, such mo-
tives to piety as the apostle intended we
should draw from them. ' Beloved, be not ig-
norant of this one thing, that one day is with
the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand
years as one day. The Lord is not slack con-
cerning his promise, as some 'men count
slackness, but is long-suffering to usward, not
willing that any should perish, but that all
should come to repentance. But the day of
the Lord will come as a thief in the night ; in
the which the heavens shall pass away with a
great noise, and the elements shall melt with
fervent heat ; the earth also and the works
that are therein shall be burnt up.' This is
the doctrine that the apostle establishes.
* Seeing then that all these things shall be
dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye
to be in all holy conversation and godliness,
looking for and hasting unto the coming of
the day of God ?' This is the consequence
which he deduces ; the justness of which in-
ference will appear by five descriptions, which
the general conflagration traces before your
eyes : 1. A description of the power of out
Judge. 2. A description of the horrors of
vice. 3. A description of the vanity of the
Ser. II.]
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
61
present world. 4. A description of the beau-
ties of tlie world to come. 5. A description
of the excellence of piety. This is the third
part, and the conclusion of this discourse.
1. The destruction of the universe affords
us a picture of the power of our Judge. How
powerful, my brethren, is this Judge ! ' Who
can resist his will .-" Rom. ix. 19. Once there
was no sea, no earth, no firmament ; one
frightful night covered the whole face of the
universe. He said (Gen. i. 3), and all these
beings appeared : now we behold a sea, an
earth, and a firmament. He will say, and the
sea shall be dry, and the earth shall be con-
sumed, the stars shall disappear, the firma-
ment shall be found no more. Such is the
God whom the sinner attacks. A God ' who
taketh up the isles as a very little thing,' Isa.
xl. 15. A God who ' removeth the mountains
and overturneth them in his anger, who sha-
keth the earth out of her place, and the pil-
lars thereof tremble. A God, who command-
eth the sun and it riseth not, and sealeth up
the stars ; who doth great things past finding
out, yea, and wonders without number,' Job
ix. 5— -7. 10. This, sinner, is the God whom
thou attackest. But doth the idea of a God
so powerful never excite terror in thy rebel-
lious soul .' * Do we provoke the Lord to jeal-
ousy .'' 1 Cor. X. 22 : are we stronger than he ?
— ' Who hath hardened himself against him,
and hath prospered ? — Can any resist my
power .'" Job. ix. 4. ' Who would set the thorns
and briars against me in battle ? I would go
through them, I would burn them together.
O let them make peace with me, and they
shall make peace with me,' Isa. xxvii. 4, 5.
2. The conflagration of the universe affords
us a picture of the horrors of vice. Behold
how far God carries his resentment against
sin. It is not enough to condemn to eternal
flames, and to confine in chains of darkness,
those who have fled from his justice. It is
not enough to pour out his wrath upon those
who have committed the crime, he detests
even the instruments of the crime ; he de-
signs that all things that have served sin
shall bear the marks of his anger. If, under
the law, a man had defiled himself with a
beast, he must die with the brutal object of
his passion. Lev. xx. 15, IG. Thus God not
content to punish the avaricious with un-
quenchable fire, will destroy even objects of
avarice, and dissolve the gold and silver
with which the miser committed idolatry.
Not content to punish the ambitious, he will
destroy even the instruments of ambition, and
overturn those thrones and palaces which
have caused it. Not content to punish the
voluptuous, he will destroy even objects of
voluptuousness, and consume the heavens,
the earth, and the elements, which have af-
forded matter for concupiscence. Heavens,
earth, elements, are ye guilty .' But if ye be
treated with so nmch rigour for having been
the unconscious instruments of tlic crime,
what must the condition of the criminal be .'
3. In tjie burning of the universe we find a
representation of the vanity of the j)resent
world. What is this world which fiiscinates
our eyes ? It is a funeral pile tliat already
begins to burn, and will soon be entirely con-
sumed ; it is a world which must end, and all
that must end is far inferior to an immortal
soul. The thought of death is already a pow-
erful motive to us to place our affections on
another world ; for what is death .'' it is to
every individual what, one day, the final ruin
will be to the generality of mankind ; it is
the destruction of the heavens, which jxiss
awaij with a great noise ; it is the dissolution
of elements ; it is the entire conflagration of
the world, and of the works which are there-
in. Yet vanity has invented refuges against
this storm. The hope of an imaginary im-
mortality has been able to support some men
against the fear of a real death. The idea of
existing in the minds of those who exist after
them, has, in some sort, comforted them un-
der the miserable thought of being no more.
Hence pompous buildings, and stately edifices;
hence rich monuments, and superb mausole-
ums ; hence proud inscriptions and vain-glo-
rious titles, inscribed on marble and brass.
But behold the dissolution of all those bonds.
The destruction of the world deprives us of
our imaginary being, as death deprives us of
our real existence. Ye will not only be short-
ly stretched in your tombs, and cease to use
the houses, and fields, and palaces, which ye
inhabit ; but these houses, these palaces, these
fields, will be consumed, and the memory of
all that is fastened to the world will vanish
with the world. Since, tiien, this is the con-
dition of all sensible things, since all these
sensible things must perish ; immortal man,
infinite spirit, eternal soul, dost thou fasten
thyself to vanity and instability ? Dost thou
not seek for a good more suitable to thy na-
ture and duration .' ' Seeing all these things
must be dissolved, what manner of persons
ought ye to be in all holy conversation and
godliness ?'
4. The conflagration of the universe fur-
nishes a description of the world to come. Ye
often hear us declaim on the nothingness of
earthly things ; we frequently diminish the
worth of all that is great and glorious ; we
frequentl}' cry with Solomon, ' Vanity of va-
nities, all is vanity ,' vanity in pleasures, va-
nity in grandeurs, vanitj'^ in riches, vanity in
sciences, vanit)^ in all. But yet, my brethren,
how substantial would this vanity be, how
amiable would this nothingness appear, if by
a happy assemblage of all tiiat the world has
of the beautiful, we could acquire the reality
of a life, of which it is easy to form to one's
self the idea! Could I extract the choicest
dignities and fortunes ; could I inhabit the
most temperate clime, and the most pleasant
country ; could I choose the most benevolent
hearts, and the wisest minds ; could I take
the most happy temper, and the most sublime
genius ; could I cultivate the sciences, and
make the fine arts flourish ; could I collect
and unite all that could please tlie passions,
and banish all that could give pain : — a life
formed on this plan, how likely to please us !
How is it that God, wlio has resolved to ren-
der us one day happy, does not allow us to
continue in this world, and content himself
with uniting all these happy circumstances in
our favoui .'' ' It is good to be here,' Matt,
xvii. 4. O that he would allow us here
62
THE ETERNITY OF GOD.
[Ser. II.
to build our tabernacles. Ah! my brethren,
a life formed on this plan might indeed an-
swer the ideas of happiness which feeble and
finite geniuses form, but such a plan cannot
even approach the designs of an infinite God.
A life formed on this plan might indeed ex-
haust a terrestrial love, but it could never
reach the love of an infinite God. No, all
the charms of this society, of this fortune,
and of this life ; no, all the softness of these
climates, and of tliese countries ; no, all the
benevolence of tliese hearts, and all the
friendship of these minds ; no, all the happi-
ness of this temper, and all the sublimity of
this genius ; no, all the secrets of the sciences,
and all the discoveries of the fine arts ; all the
attractions of these societies, and all the plea-
sures of the passions, have nothing, I do not
Bay which exhausts the love of God in Jesus
Christ, I do not say which answers, 1 ven-
ture to say which approaches it. To accom-
plish this love, there must be another world ;
there must be new heavens and a new earth ;
there must be objects far more grand.
Finally, the destruction of the universe dis-
plays the excellence of piety. O that I could
represent the believer amidst fires, flames,
winds, tempests, the confusion of all nature,
content, peaceable, unalterable ! O that I
could represent the heavens passing away,
the elements dissolving with fervent heat,
the earth and the things which are in it burn-
ing up, and the believer, that man, that in-
considerable man, little by his nature, but
great by the privileges with which piety en-
dows him, without suspicion, rising fearless
above all the catastrophes of the universe,
and surviving its ruins ! O that I could de-
scribe the believer, while all the ' tribes of
the earth mourn and smite their breasts,'
Matt. xxiv. 30. ; while the wicked shall be
* as if they were giving up the ghost,' Luke
xxi. 26. ; while their despair exhales in these
dreadful bowlings, ' Mountains fall on us, hills
cover us from the face of him who sits on the
throne, and from the face of the Lamb !' Rev.
vi. 16. O that I could describe the believer
assured, triumphant, founded on the rock of
ages, ' hasting unto the coming of the day of
God,' 2 Pet. iii. 12, as our apostle expresses
it ; aiming with transports of joy which we
cannot express, (O may we one day experi-
ence these transports I) aiming to approach
the presence of Jesus Christ, as his tenderest
friend and deliverer, literally proving the
truth of this promise, ' when thou passest
through the waters they shall not overflow
thee, when thou walkest through the fire,
thou shalt not be burnt,' Isa. xliii. 2. O that
I could represent him crying, ' Come, Lord
Jesus, come quickly,' Rev. xxii. 20. ; come,
receive a creature once defiled with sin ;
sometimes even rebellious, yet always having
at the bottom of his heart principles of love
to thee ; but now ravished with transports of
joy, because he is entering an economy, in
which he shall be always submissive, and al-
ways faithful.
What shall I say to you, my dear brethren,
to incline you to piety, if all these grand mo-
tives be without success ? If the words of my
text, if the voice of an apostle — what do I
say, the voice of an apostle .' — ' if the sun
darkened, if the moon changed into blood,
if the stars fallen from heaven, if the powers
of heaven shaken, if the heavens passing
away with a great noise, if the elements dis-
solving with fervent heat, if the earth con-
sumed with all that is therein,' if the univer-
sal destruction of nature and elements be in-
capable of loosening and detaching you from
the present world .-'
It is said, that some days before the de-
struction of Jerusalem, a voice was heard
proceeding from the holy place, and crying,
' Let us go hence, let us go hence.'* My bre-
thren, such a voice addresses you.
We ground our exhortations to-day, not on
the destruction of one people only ; we preach
(if I may be allowed to say so) in the sight of
the ruins of this whole universe : yes, from
the centre of the trembling world and crash-
ing elements, a voice sounds. Let us go hence ;
let us quit the world ; give our hopes more
solid bases than enkindled worlds, which will
shortly be burnt up. And then, pass away
heavens with a great noise, consume ele-
ments, burn earth with all thy works, perish
universe, perish nature, our felicity is above
all such catastrophes, we cleave to the God
of ages, to God who is the source of existence
and duration, to God before whom ' a thou-
sand years are as one day, and one day as a
thousand years.' ' O Lord, of old hast thou
laid the foundation of the earth, and the hea-
vens are the work of thine hands. They shall
perish, but thou shalt endure ; yea, all of
them shall wax old like a garment ; as a ves-
ture shalt thou change them, and they shall
be changed. But thou art the same, and thy
years shall have no end. The children of thy
servants shall continue, and their seed shall
be established before thee,' Ps. cii. 26, &c.
God grant we may experience these great
promises ! To him be honqur and glory.
Amen.
* Josephus de Bell. Jud. lib. vi. cap. 31.
SElli^ION III.
THE OMNIPRESENCE OF GOD.'.
Psalm cxxxix. 7 — 12.
Whither shall I go from thy Spirit? or whither shall IJlcefrom thy presence?
If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there : if I make my bed in hell, behold
thou art there. If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the utter-
most parts of the sea : even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand
shcdl hold me. If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me; even the night
shall be light about me. Yea, the darkness hideth not from thee; but the
night shineth as the day : , the darkness and the light are both alike to thee.
C/OULD I have one wish, to answer my pro-
posed end of preaching to-day with efficacy,
Christians, it should be to show you God in
this assembly. Moses had such an advantage,
no man, therefore, ever spoke with greater
success. He gave the law to the people in
God the legislator's presence. He could say.
This law which I give you proceeds from
God ; here is his throne, there is his light-
ning, yonder is his thunder. Accordingly,
never were a people more struck with a legis-
lator's voice. Moses had hardly begun to
speak, but at least for that moment, all hearts
were united, and all Sinai echoed with one
voice, crying, ' All that thou hast spoken we
will do,' Exod. xix. 8.
But in vain are our sermons drawn from
the sacred sources ; in vain do we say to you,
* Thus saith the Lord :' ye see only a man ;
ye hear only a mortal voice in this pulpit ;
God hath put his ' treasure into earthen ves-
sels,' 2 Cor. iv. 7. ; and our auditors, estimat-
ing the treasure by the meanness of the ves-
sel, instead of supporting the meanness of the
vessel for the sake of the treasure, hear us
without respect, and generally, derive no ad-
vantage from the ministry.
But were God present in this assembly,
could we show you the Deity amongst you,
authorizing our voice by his approbation and
presence, and examining with what disposi-
tions ye hear his word, which of you, which
of you, my brethren, could resist so eminent
and so noble a motive .'
Christians, this idea is not destitute of re-
ality : God is every where ; lie is in this
church. Veils of flesh and blood prevent your
sight of him ; these must fall, and ye must
open the eyes of your spirits, if ye would see
a God who is a spirit, John iv. 24. Hear our
prophet ; hear his magnificent description of
the immensity and omnipresence of God.
* Whither shall I go from thy Spirit ? or whi-
ther shall I flee from thy presence ? If I as-
scend up into heaven, "thou art there. If I
make my bed in hell, behold thou art there.
If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell
in the uttermost parts of the sea : even tliere
shall thy hand lend me, and thy right hand
shall hold me. If I say, Sure!}'- the darkness
shall cover me ; even the night shall be light
about me. Yea, the darkness hideth not from
thee ; but the night shineth as the day : the
darkness and the light are both alike to thee.'
In a text less abundant in riclies, we might
make some remarks on the terms Spirit and
jjrescnce ; but we will content ourselves at
present with indicating what ideas we affix to
them, by observing, that by the Spirit and
presence of God, we understand God himself.
I know, some divines discover great myste-
ries in these terms, and tell us that there are
some passages in Scripture where the word
presence means the second person in the most
holy Trinity, and where the term Spirit is
certainly to be understood of the third. But
as there are some passages where these terms
have not this signification, it is beyond all
doubt, that this, which we are explaining, it
precisely of the latter kind. But however, it
any dispute our comment, we shall leave
them to dispute it ; for it would be unjust to
consume that time which is dedicated to the
edification of a whole congregation, in refut-
ing a particular opinion. The other expres-
sions in our text, heaiicn, hell ; the icings of
the morning, a figurative expression denoting
the rapidity of the light in communicating it-
self from one end of the world to the other ;
these expressions, I say, need no comment.
The presence of God, the Spirit of God, sig-
nify then the divine essence : and tliis as-
semblage of ideas, ' whither shall I go from
thy Spirit '' whither shall I flee from thy pre-
sence V means, that God is immense, and that
he is present in every place.
But wherein consists this immensity and
omnipresence .-" If ever a question required
developing, this certainly does ; not only be-
cause it presents to the mind an abstract sub-
ject, which does not fall under the observa-
tion of the seii.tes, but because many who
have treated this matter, (pardon an opinion
which does not proceed From a desire of op-
posing any individual, but only from a love to
the truth,) many who have handled the sub-
ject, have contributed more to perplex than
to explain it. We may observe in general,
that unless we be wholly unacquainted with
the history of the sciences, it is impossible
not to acknowledge, thnt all questions about
the nature of spirits, all that are any way re-
64
THE OMNIPRESENCE OF GOD.
[Ser. III.
lated to metaphysics, were very little under-
stood before the time of tliat celebrated phi-
losopher, whom God seems to have bestowed
on the world to purify reason, as he had
some time before raised up others to purify
religion.*
What heaps of crude and indigested no-
tions do we find among the schofilinen of the
immensity of God ! One said that God was
a point, indivisible indeed, but a point, how-
ever, that had tlie peculiar property of occu-
pying every part of the universe. Another,
that God was the place of all beings, the im-
mense extent in wliich his power had placed
them. Another, that his essence was really
in heaven, but yet, repIctircJy, as they ex-
press it, in every part of the universe. In
short, this truth has been obscured by the
grossest ignorance. Whatever aversion we
nave to the decisive tone, we will venture to
affirm, that people who talked in this manner
of God, had no ideas themselves of what they
advanced.
Do not be afraid of our conducting you into
these wild mazes ; do not imagine that we
will busy ourselves in exposing all these no-
tions for the sake of labouring to refute them.
We will content ourselves with giving you
some light into the omnipresence of God :
I. By removing those false ideas, which at
first seem to present themselves to the ima-
gination ;
II. By assigning the true.
I. Let us remove the false ideas, which at
first present themselves to the imagination ;
as if, when we say that God is present in any
place, we mean that lie is actually contained
there ; as if, when we say that God is in every
place, we mean to assign to him a real and
proper extension. Neither of tliese is design-
ed ; and to remove these ideas, my brethren,
two reflections are sufficient.
God is a Spirit. A spirit cannot be in a
place, at least in the manner in which we con-
ceive of place.
1. God is a Spirit. What relation can ye
find between wisdom, power, mercy, and all the
other attributes which enter into your notion
of the Divinity, and the nature of bodies .'
Pulverize matter, give it all the different
forms of which it is susceptible, elevate it to
its highest degree of attainment, make it vast,
and immense ; moderate, or small ; luminous,
or obscure; opake, or transparent ; there will
never result any thing but figures, and never
will ye be able, by all these combinations, or
divisions, to produce one single sentiment, one
single thought, like that of the meanest and
most contracted of all mankind. If matter
then cannot be tlie subject of one single ope-
ration of the soul of a mechanic, how should
it be the subject of those attributes which
make the essence of God himself.''
But perhaps God, who is spiritual in one
part of his essence, may be corporeal in nno-
thci part, like man, who, although he hath a
spiritual soul, is yet united to a portion of
matter .' No ; for however admirable in man
* The philosopher intended by Mr. S. I suppose, is
h)3 countryman Ves Cartes, born in I59U. Vie de
Desc. par Daillet.
that union'of spiritual and sensible may be,
and those laws which unite his soul to his
body, nothing more fully marks his weakness
and dependence, and consequently nothing
can less agree with the divine essence. Is it
not a mark of the dependence of an immortal
and intelligent soul, to be enveloped in a lit-
tle flesh and blood, which, according to their
different notions, determine his joy or sorrow,
his happiness or misery .' Is it not a mark of
the weakness of our spirits to have the power
of acting only on that little matter to which
we are united, and to have no power over
more .-* Who can imagine that God hath such
limits .' He hath no body ; he is united to
none ; yet he is united to all. That celebra-
ted philosopher, shall I call him ? or atheist,*
who said, that the assemblage ot all existence
constituted the divine essence, who would
have us consider all corporeal beings as the
body of the Divinity, published a great ex-
travagance, if he meant that the divine es-
sence consisted of this assemblage. But there
is a very just sense in which it may be said,
that the whole universe is the body of the
Deity. In effect, as I call this portion of
matter my body, which I move, act, and direct
as I please, so God actuates by his will every
part of the universe : he obscures the sun, he
calms the winds, he commands the sea. But
this very notion excludes all corporiety from
God, and proves that God is a spirit. If God
sometimes represents himself with feet, with
hands, with eyes, he means, in these portraits,
rather to give us emblems of his attributes,
than images (properly speaking) of any parts
which he possesseth. Therefore, when he
attributes these to himself, he gives them so
vast an extent, that we easily perceive, they
are not to be grossly understood. Has he
hands ^ they are hands which ' weigh the
mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance,
which measure the waters in the hollow of his
hand, and mete out the heavens with a span,'
Isa. xl. 12. Has he eyes .'' they are eyes that
penetrate the most unmeasurable distances.
Has he feet .' they are feet which reach from
heaven to earth, for the ' heaven is his throne,
and the earth is his footstool,' Isa. Ixvi. 1.
Has he a voice .' it is as ' the sound of many
waters, breaking the cedars of Lebanon, mak-
ing mount Sirion skip like a unicorn, and the
hinds to calve,' Ps. xxix. 3. 5, 6. 9
This reminds me of a beautiful passage in
Plato. He says that the gods, particularly
tlie chief good, the ineffable beauty, as he
calls him, cannot be conceived of but by the
understanding only, and by quitting sensible
objects ; that in order to contemplate the di-
vinity, terrestrial ideas must be surmounted ;
that the eyes cannot see him ; that the ears
cannot hear him. A thought which Julian
the apostate, a great admirer of that philoso-
pher, so nobly expresses in his satire on the
Cesars. Thus every thing serves to establish
our first principle, tjiat God is a Spirit.
2. But to prove that God is a Spirit, and to
prove that he occupies no place, at least as
* Mr. S. means, I sliould suppose, Spinoza: whose
system of atheism, says a sensible writer, is more
gross, and,tlierefore, less dangerous, than others \ hi»
poison carrying its antidote with it.
ser. m.]
THE OMNIPRESENCE OF GOD.
65
our imagination conceives, is, in our opinion,
to establish the same thesis.
I linow how difficult it is to make this con-
sequence intelligible and clear, not only to
those who have never been accustomed to
meditation, and who are therefore more excu-
sable for having confused ideas ; but even to
such as, having cultivated the sciences, are
most intent on refining their ideas. I freely
acknowledge, that after we have used our ut-
most efforts to rise above sense and matter,
it will be extremely difficult to conceive the
existence of a spirit, without conceiving it in
a certain place. Yet, I think, whatever dif-
ficulty there may be in the system of those
who maintain that an immaterial being can-
not be in a place, properly so called, there are
greater difficulties still in the opposite opinion :
for what is immaterial hath no parts ; what
hath no parts hath no form ; what hath no
form hath no extension ; what hath no exten-
sion can have no situation in place, properly
so called. For what is it to be in place .'' is it
not to fill space .'' is it not to be adjusted with
surrounding bodies ? how adjust with sur-
rounding bodies without parts ? how consist
of parts without being corporeal.'' But if ye
ascribe a real and proper extension to a spirit,
every thought of that spirit would be a sepa-
rate portion of that extension, as ever part of
the body is a separate portion of the whole
body ; every operation of spirit would be a
modification of that extension, as every ope-
ration of body is a modification of body ;
and, were this the case, there would be
no absurdity in saying-, that a thought is
round, or square, or cubic, which is nothing
less than the confounding of spirit with
matter. Thus the idea which our imagi-
nation forms of the omnipresence of God,
when it represents the essence of the Supreme
Being filling infinite spaces, as we are lodged
in our houses, is a false idea that ought to be
carefully avoided.
II. What notions then must we form of the
immensity of God ; in what sense do we con-
ceive that the infinite Spirit is every where
present .'' My brethren, the bounds of our
knowledge are so strait, our sphere is so con-
tracted,we have such imperfect ideas of spirits,
even of our own spirits, and for a much strong-
er reason, of the Father of spirits, that no gen-
ius in the world, however exalted ye may
suppose him, after his great8stefforts"of med-
itation, can say to you, Thus far extend the
attributes of God ; behold a complete idea of
his immensity and omnipresence. Yet, by
the help of sound reason, above all, by the aid
of revelation, we may give you, if not com-
plete, at least distinct, ideas of the subject :
it is possible, if not to indicate all the senses
in which God is immense, at least to point
out some ; it is possible, if not to show you
all the truth, at least to discover it in part.
Let us not conceive the omnipresence of
God as a particular attribute (if I may ven-
ture to say so) of the Deity, as goodness or
wisdom, but as the extent or infinity of many
others. The omnipresence of God is that
universal property by which he communicates
himself to all, diffuses himself through all, is
the great director of all, or, to confine ourselves
to more distinct ideas still, the infinite Spirit
is present in every place.
1. By a boundless knowledge.
2. By a general influence.
3. By a universal direction.
God is every where, because he seeth all,
because he 2??^MC7ice</t all, be nusehe directeth
all. This we must prove and establish. But
if ye would judge rightly of what ye have
heard, and of what ye may still hear, ye must
remember that this subject has no relation to
your pleasure, nor to your policy, nor to any
of those objects which occupy and fill your
whole souls ; and consequently, that if ye
would follow us, ye must stretch your medi-
tation, and go, as it were, out of yourselves.
1. The first idea of God's omnipresence is
his omniscience. God is every where present^
because he seeth all. This the prophet had
principally in view. ' O Lord, thou hast
searched me, and known me. Thou knowest
my down-sitting and mine up-rising, thou
understandest my thoughts afar off. Thou
compassest my path and my lying down, and
art acquainted with all my ways. For there
is not a word in my tongue, but lo, O Lord,
thou knowest it altogether. Thou hast beset
me behind and before. Such knowledge is too
wonderful for me ; it is high, I cannot attain
unto it,' ver. 1 — 3, &c. Then follow the
words of our text : ' Whither shall I go from
thy Spirit ?' and so on.
Let us then not consider the Deity, after
the example of the schoolmen, as a point fixed
in the universality of beings. Let us consider
the universality of beings as a point, and the
Deity as an immense eye, which sees all that
passes in that point, all that can possibly pass
there; and which, by an all-animating intel-
ligence, makes an exact combination of all
the effects of matter, and of all the dispositions
of spirit.
I God knows all the effects of matter. An
expert workman takes a parcel of matter pro-
portioned to a work which he meditates, he
makes divers wheels, disposes them properly,
and sees, by the rules of his art, what must
result from their assemblage. Suppose a sub-
lime, exact genius, knowing how to go from
principle to principle, and from consequence
to consequence, after foreseeing what must
result from two wheels joined together, should
imagine a third, he will as certainly know
what must result from a third, as from a first
and second ; after imagining a third, he may
imagine a fourth, and properly arrange it
with the rest in his imagination ; after a
fourth, a fifth, and so on to an endless number.
Such a man could mathematically demon-
strate, in an exact and infallible manner,
what must result from a work composed of all
these different wheels. Suppose further, that
this workman, having accurately considered
the effects which would be produced on these
wheels, by that subtile matter whicli in their
whirlings continually surrounds them, and
which, by its perpetual action and motion,
chafes, wears, and dissolves all bodies ; this
workman would tell you, with the same exact-
ness, how long each of these wheels would
wear, and when the whole work would be con-
sumed. Give this workman life and industry
proportional to his imagination, furnish him
with materials proportional to his ideas, and
he will produce a vast, ijnniense work, all the
different motions of which ho can exactly
66
THE OMNIPRESENCE OF GOD.
[Ser. III.
combine ; all the different effects of which ho
can evidently foresee. He will see, in what
time motion will be communicated from the
first of these wheels to the second, at what
time the second will move the third, and so of
the rest : he will foretell all their different mo-
tions, and all the effects which must result
from their different combinations.
Hitherto this is only supposition, my bre-
thren, but it is a supposition that conducts us
to the most certain of all facts. This work-
man is God. God is this sublime, exact, in-
finite genius. He calls into being matter,
without motion, and, in some sense, without
form. He gives this matter form and mo-
tion. He makes a certain number of wheels,
or rather he makes them without number.
He disposes them as he thinks proper. He
communicates a certain degree of motion
agreeable to the laws of his wisdom. Thence
arises the world wliich strikes our eyes. By
the forementioned example, I conceive, that
God, by his own intelligence, saw what must
result from the arrangement of all the wheels
that compose this world, and knew, with the
utmost exactness, all their combinations. He
saw that a certain degree of motion, impart-
ed to a certain portion of matter, would pro-
duce water ; tliat another degree of motion,
communicated to another portion of matter,
would produce fire ; that another would pro-
duce earth, and so of the rest. He foresaw,
with the utmost precision, what would result
from this water, from this fire, from this
earth, when joined together, and agitated by
such a degree of motion as he should com-
municate. By the bare inspection of the
laws of motion, he foresaw fires, he foresaw
ehipwrecks, he foresaw earthquakes, he fore-
saw all the vicissitudes of time, he foresaw
those which must put a period to time, when
' the heavens shall pass away with a great
noise, when the elements shall melt with fer-
vent heat, when the earth, with all the works
that are in it, shall be burnt up,' 2 Pet. iii. 10.
2. But, if God could combine all that would
result from the laws of motion communicated
to matter, he could also combine all that
would result from intelligence, freedom of
will, and all the faculties which make the es-
sence of spirits ; and, before he had formed
all those spiritual beings which compose the
intelligible world, he knew what all their
ideas, all their projects, all their deliberations,
would for ever be.
I am aware, that a particular consequence,
which follows this doctrine, has made some
divines exclaim against this thesis, and, un-
der the specious pretence of exculpating the
Deity from the entrance of sin into this
world, they have affirmed that God could not
foresee the determinations of a free agent ;
for, say they, had he foreseen the abuse which
man would have made of his liberty, in re-
solving to sin, his love to holiness would have
engtaged him to prevent it. But to reason in
this manner is, in attempting to solve a diffi-
culty, to leave that difficulty in all its force.
All that they say on tliis article proceeds
from this principle, that a God, infinitely just,
and infinitely powerful, ought to display (if
it be allowable to say so) all the infinity of his
attributes to prevent sin. But this principle
is notoriously false. Witness that very per-
mission of sin which is objected to us. Ye
will not acknowledge that God foresaw man's
fall into sin ; acknowledge, at least, that he
foresaw the possibility of men's falling, and
that, in forming a creature free, he knew that
such a creature might choose virtue or vice ;
acknowledge, at least, that God could have
created man with so much knowledge, and
could have afforded him so many succours ;
he could have presented such powerful mo-
tives to holiness incessantly, and discovered
to him the dreadful consequences of his re-
bellion so effectually ; he could have united
obedience to his commands with so many de-
lig'hts, and the most distant thought of dis-
obedience with so many disgusts ; he could
have banished from man every temptation to
sin, so that he would never have been a sin-
ner. Yet God created man in another man-
ner ; consequently it is not true, even in your
system, that God hath exerted all the power
he could to prevent sin's entrance into the
world. Consequently it is false, that a being,
who perfectly loves holiness, ought to display
the whole extent of his attributes to prevent
sin, and to establish virtue. Consequently,
the principle on which ye ground your denial
of God's comprehension of all the dispositions
of spirits, is an unwarrantable principle, and
to attempt to solve the difficulty, in this man-
ner, is to leave it in all its force.
But, if ye consult revelation, ye will find
that God claims a universal knowledge of
spirits. He says, that he ' searchethandknow-
eth them,' Jer. xvii. 10. ; Rev. ii. 23. ; Gen.
XV. 13. ; Exod. iii. 19. He foresaw, he fore-
told, the afflictions which Abraham's posteri-
ty would endure in Egypt, the hardening of
Pharaoh, the infidelity of the Jews, the faith
of the Gentiles, the crucifixion of the Mes-
siah, the coming of the prince or leader, that
is of Vespasian, or Titus, who would ' de>-
stroy the city and the sanctuary,' Dan. ix.
25, 26. And consequently, we have a right
to affirm that God knows all the thoughts of
the mind, and all the sentiments of tlie heart,
as well as that he knows all the motions of
matter.
Perhaps ye wish, my brethren, that our
speculations were carried further ; perhaps ye
would have us disentangle the subject from
all its difficulties ; perhaps ye wish we could
make you comprehend, in a clear and distinct
manner, how it is possible that such immense
objects can be always present to the Supreme
Intelligence .' but what mortal mouth can
express such sublime truths, or what capaci-
ty is able to conceive them ! On this article,
we are obliged with our prophet to exclaim,
' Such knowledge is too wonderful for me, it
is high : I cannot attain unto it !' ver. G. In
general, we conceive that the sphere of di-
vine knowledge is not contracted by any of
the limits that confine the spirits of mankind.
The human spirit is united to a portion of
matter. Man can perform no operation with-
out the agitation of his brain, without the
motion of his animal spirits, without the help
of his senses. But the brain wearies, the
spirits dissipate, the senses are blunted, and
the minutest alteration of body clogs the most
penetrating and active genius. But God, as
Ser. Ill]
THE OMNIPRESENCE OF GOD.
67
•we have represented him, thinks, understands,
meditates, without brain, without spirits,
without any need of senses ; not participat-
ing their nature, he never participates their
alteration, and thus hath intelligence imme-
diately from the treasure of intelligence it-
self.
The spirit of man owes its existence to a
superior Spirit, to a foreign cause, to a Be-
ing who gives him only such ideas as he
thinks proper, and who hath been pleased to
conceal numberless mysteries from him. But
<Jod, God not only does not owe his exist-
ence to a foreign cause, but all that exist de-
rive their existence from him. His ideas
were the models of all beings, and he hath
only to contemplate himself perfectly to know
them.
The spirit of man is naturally a finite spi-
rit ; he can consider only one circle of ob-
i'ects at once, many ideas confound him ; if
le would see too much he sees nothing, he
must successively contemplate what he can-
not contemplate in one moment. But God is
an infinite Spirit ; with one single look he be-
holdeth the whole universe. This is the first
idea of the omnipresence of God. As I am
accounted present in this auditory, because I
see the objects that are here, because I am
witness of all that passes here, so God is
every where, because he sees all, because
veils the most impenetrable, darkness the
most thick, distances the most immense, can
conceal nothing from his knowledge. Soar
to the utmost heights, fly into the remotest
climates, wrap thyself in the blackest dark-
ness, every where, every where, thou wilt be
under his eye. ' Whither shall I go from thy
Spirit .' or whither shall I flee from thy pre-
sence .•"
But, 2. The knowledge of God is not a
bare knowledge, his presence is not an idle
presence ; it is an active knowledge, it is a
presence accompanied with action and mo-
tion. We said, just now, that God was every
where, because he infiuenced all, as far as in-
fluence could agree with his perfections. Re-
mark this restriction, for, as we are discuss-
ing a subject the most fertile in controversy,
and, as in a discourse of an hour, it is impos-
sible to answer all objections, which may be
all answered elsewhere, we would give a ge-
neral preservative against every mistake.
We mean an influence which agrees with the
divine perfections ; and if, from any of our
general propositions, ye infer any consequen-
ces injurious to those perfections, ye may
conclude, for that very reason, that ye have
stretched them beyond their due bounds.
We repeat it then, God influenceth all things,
as far as such influence agrees with his per-
fections.
When new beings appear, he is there. He
influences their production. He gives to all
life, motion, and being, Acts xvii. 28. Neh.
ix. 6. ; ' Thou, even thou, art Lord alone,
thou hast made heaven, the heaven of hea-
vens, with all their host, the earth and all
things that are therein, the seas and all that
IS therein, and thou preservest them all, and
the host of heaven worshippeth thee. — O
Lord, I will praise thee, for I am fearfully
and wonderfully made ; marvellous are thy
works, and that my soul knoweth right well.'
Ps. cxxxix. 14 — 16. ; ' My substance was not
hid from thee, when I was made in secret,
and curiously wrought in the lowest parts of
the earth. Thine eyes did see my substance
yet being unperfect, and in thy book all my
members were written, which in continuance
were fashioned, when as yet there was none
of them. — Thine hands have made me, and
fashioned me together round about. Thou
hast clothed me with skin and flesh, and hast
fenced me with bones and sinews.' Ps. xxxvi.
5, 6. When beings are preserved, he is there.
He influences their preservation. ' Thy mer-
cy, O Lord, is in the heavens, and thy faith-
fulness reacheth unto the clouds. Thou pre-
servest man and beast. When thou openest
thy hand, they are filled with good : thou
hidest thy face, they are troubled ; thou tak-
est away their breath, they die, and return
to their dust. Thou sendest forth thy Spirit,
they are created, and thou renewest the face
of the earth,' Ps. civ. 28—30.
When the world is disordered, he is there.
He influenceth wars, pestilence, famines, and
all the vicissitudes which disorder the world.
If nature refuse her productions, it is because
he has ' made the heaven as iron, and the
earth as brass,' Lev. xxvi. 19. If peace suc-
ceed war, he makes both. If ' lions slay the
inhabitants of Samaria,' it is ' the Lord who
sends them,' 2 Kings xvii. 25. When tem-
pestuous winds break down those immense
banks which your industry has opposed to
them, when a devouring fire reduceth your
houses to ashes, it is he who ' makes the
winds his messengers, and his rainistera
flames of fire,' Ps. civ. 4.
When every thing succeeds according to
our wishes, he is there. He influenceth pros-
perity. ' Except the Lord build the house,
they labour in vain that build it. Except the
Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh
but in vain. It is in vain for you to rise up
early, to sit up late, to eat the bread of sor-
rows. It is God who giveth his beloved
sleep,' Ps. cxxvii. 1, 2.
When our understanding is informed, he is
there. He influenceth our knowledge. For
' in his light we see light,' Ps. xxxvi. 10. ' He
lighteth every man that cometh into the
world,' John i. 9.
When our heart disposeth us to our duties,
he is there. He influenceth our virtues. It is
he who ' worketh in us, both to will and to do
of his own good pleasure,' Phil. ii. 13. It is he
who ' giveth us not only to believe, but to
suffer for his sake,' Phil. i. 29. It is he who
' giveth to all that ask him liberally, and up-
braideth not,' James i. 5.
When the grossest errors cover us, he is
there. He influenceth errors. It is God who
' sends strong delusions that men should be-
lieve a lie,' 2 Thess. ii. 11. ' Go make the
heart of this people fat, and make their ears
heavy, and shut their eyes, lest they should
see with their eyes, and hear with their ears,'
Isa. vi. 10.
When we violate the laws of righteousness,
he is there. He influenceth sins, even the
greatest sins. Witness Pharaoh, whose ' heart
he hardened,' Exod. iv. 21. Witness Shimei,
whom ' the Lord bade to curse David,' 2 Sara.
68
THE OMNIPRESENCE OF GOD.
Ser. III.
xvi. 11. Witness what Isaiah said, ' the Lord
hatli mingled a perverse spirit in the midst of
Egypt,' Isa. xix. 14.
When magistrates, our earthly gods, con-
sult and deliberate, he is there. He influen-
ceth policy. It is he who ' hath the hearts of
kings in his hand, and turneth them as the riv-
ers of water,' Prov. xxi. 1. It is he who ' giveth
kings in his anger, and taketh them away in
his wrath,' Hos. xiii. 11. It is he who maketh
* the Assyrian the rod of his anger,' Isa. x. 5.
' Herod and Pilate, the Gentiles and the peo-
ple of Israel, did what his hand and his counsel
determined before to be done,' Acts iv.
27, 28.
When we live, when we die, he is there.
He influenceth life and death. ' Man's days
are determined, the number of his months are
with him, he has appointed his bounds that
he cannot pass,' Job xiv. 5. ' To God the Lord
belong the issues from death,' Ps. Ixviii. 20.
* He bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth
up,' 2 Sam. ii. 6.
He influences the least events as well as
the most considerable. Not being fatigued
•with the care of great things, he can occupy
himself about the smallest without prejudice
to the rest ; ' number the hairs of our heads,'
and not let even ' a sparrow fall without his
will,' Matt. x. 29, 30.
But 3 .When God communicates himself to
all, when he thus acts on all, when he diffii-
seth himself thus through the whole, he re-
lates all to his own designs, and makes all
serve his own counsels : and this is our third
idea of his immensity and omnipresence. God
is present with all, because he directs all.
Doth he call creatures into existence .'' it is
to manifest his perfections. It is to have sub-
jects on whom he may shower his favours ;
it is, as it were, to go out of himself, and to
form through the whole universe a concert'*
resounding the Creator's existence and glory.
' For the invisible things of God, even his
eternal power and Godhead, are understood
by the things that are made,' Rom. i. 20.
' The heavens declare the glory of God, and
the firmament showeth his handy-work. Day
unto day utteretli speech, night unto night
showeth knowledge. There is no speech nor
language where their voice is not heard,'
Ps. xix. 1—3.
Doth he preserve creatures .'' it is to answer
Jiis own designs, the depth of which no finite
mind can fathom ; but designs which we shall
one day know, and adraire his wisdom when
we know them, as we adore it now, though
we know them not.
Doth he send plagues, wars, famines ? it is
to make these feel his justice who have abu-
sed his goodness, it is to avenge the violation
of his law, the contempt of his gospel, th« for-
getting and the forsaking of the interest of
his church.
Doth he afford us prosperity ? it is to ' draw
us with the bands of love,' Hos. xi. 4 ; it is to
reveal himself to us by that love which is his
essence ; it is to engage us to imitate him,
who ' never leaves himself without witness in
doing good,' Acts xiv. 17.
Doth he impart knowledge to us .' it is to
discover tlie sniircs that surround us, tlie mis-
eries that threaten us, the origin from which
we sprang, the course of hfe that we should
follow, and the end at which we should aim.
Doth he communicate virtues .'' it is to ani-
mate us in our race ; it is to convince us that
there is a mighty arm to raise us from the
abyss into which our natural corruption hath
plunged us ; it is that we may ' work out our
own salvation with fear and trembling, know-
ing that God worketh in us to will and to do
of his own good pleasure,' Phil. ii. 12, 13.
Doth he send us error .-' it is to make us
respect that truth we have resisted.
Doth he abandon us to our vices ? it is to
punish us for some other vices which we have
committed voluntarily and freely, so that, if
we could comprehend it, his love for holiness
never appears more clearly, than when he
abandons men to vice in this manner.
Doth he raise up kings ? it is always to ob-
lige them to administer justice, to protect the
widow and the orphan, to maintain order and
religion. Yet, he often permits them to vio-
late equity, to oppress their people, and to
become the scourges of his anger. By them
he frequently teacheth us how little account
he makes of human grandeurs ; seeing he be-
stows them sometimes upon unworthy men,
upon men allured by voluptuousness, govern-
ed by ambition, and dazzled with their own
glory ; upon men who ridicule piety, sell
their consciences, negotiate faith and religion,
sacrificing the souls of their children to the
infamous passions that govern themselves.
Doth he prolong our life ? it is because he
' is long suffering to us,' 2 Pet. iii. 9 ; it is be-
cause he opens in our favour ' the riches of
his goodness and forbearance, to lead us to
repentance,' Rom. ii. 4.
Doth he call us to die .'' it is to open those
eternal books in which our actions are regis-
t ered ; it is to gather our souls into his bosom,
' to bind them up in the bundle of life,' 1 Sam.
xxv. 29 ; to mix them with the ransomed
armies of all ' nations, tongues, and people,"
Rev. vii. 9.
Such are our ideas of the omnipresence of
God. Thus God seeth all, influenceth all,
directeth all. In this sense we are to under-
stand this magnificent language of Scripture.
' Will God indeed dwell on the earth ; behold
the heaven, and heaven of heavens cannot con-
tain thee.' 1 Kings viii. 27. Thus saith the Lord,
' The heaven is my throne, and the earth is
my footstool. Where is the house that ye
build unto me ? do not I fill heaven and earth,
saith the Lord.'' Isa. Ixvi. 1. 'Am la God at
hand, and not a God afar oft'.' Can any hide
himself in secret places that I shall not see
him.'' Jer. xxiii. 23, 24. This is what the
heathens had a glimpse of, when they said,
that God was a circle, the centre of which
was every where, and its circumference no
where. That all things were full of Jupiter.
That he filled all his works. That, fly'whith-
er we would, we were always before his eyes.
This is what the followers of Mohammed
meant, when tliey said, that where, there
were two persons, God made the third ; where
there were three God made the fourth.
Above all, this was our prophet's meaning
throughout the Psalm, a part of which we
have explained. ' O Lord, thou hast searched
me and known me. Thou knowest my down-
S«H. III.]
THE OMNIPRESENCE OF GOD.
69
sitting and mine up-rising, thou understand-
est my thouglits afar off. Thou compassest
my path and my lying down, and art acquaint-
ed with all my ways. For there is not a word
in my tongue, but lo, O Lord, thou knowest
it altogether. Thou hast beset me behind
and before, and laid thy hand upon me. Such
knowledge is too wonderful for me, I cannot
attain unto it. Whither shall I go from thy
Spirit.' or whither shall I flee from thy pres-
ence .' If I ascend up into heaven, thou art
there. If I make my bed in hell, behold thou
art there. If I take the wings of the morn-
ing, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the
sea; even there shall thy hand lead me, and
thy right hand shall hold me. If I say, Surely
the darkness shall cover me ; even the night
shall be a light about me. Yea, the darkness
hideth not from thee ; but the night shineth
as the day : the darkness and the light are
both alike to thee,' ver. 1, and following.
But perhaps, during the course of this med-
itation, ye may have murmured at our pre-
senting an object of which all the preaching
in the world can give you but imperfect ideas.
Suspend your judgments, we are going to
show you whither this discourse, all glimmer-
ing as it is, ought to conduct you. Ye are
going to see what salutary consequences fol-
low our efforts, even the weak efforts that we
have been making to explain the grandeur
and omnipresence of God. Let us pass to the
conclusion, the chief design of this discourse.
1. Our first reflection is on the difficulties
that we meet with in fixing our minds on
such subjects as we have been hearing. Ye
have doubtless experienced, if ye have endea-
voured to follow us, that ye are weary, and
wander when ye would go beyond matter.
Our minds find almost nothing real, where
they meet with nothing sensible. As if the
whole essence of beings were corporeal, the
mind loses its way when it ceases to be direct-
ed by bodies, and it needs the help of imagi-
nation to represent even tliose things which
are not susceptible of images ; and yet what-
ever is most grand and noble in the nature .f
beings is spirit. The sublimest objects, angels
who are continually before God, scraphims
who cover their faces in his presence, cheru-
bims who are the ministers of his will, 'thou-
sand thousands which minister unto him, ten
thousand times ten thousand which stand be-
fore him,' Isa. vi. 2. Dan. vii. 10; what is
most glorious in man, what elevates him
above other animals, a soul made in the image
of God himself; the Being of beings, the
Sovereign Beauty ; all these beings are spir-
itual, abstract, free from sense and matter.
Moreover, what pleases and enchants us in bo-
dies, even that comes from a subject, abstract,
spiritual and incorporeal. Without your soul,
aliments have no taste, flowers no smell, the
earth no enamel, fire no heat, the stars no
brilliancy, the sun no light. Matter of itself
is void, and gross, destitute of all the qualities
with which our imagination clothes it, and
which are proper to our souls. What ought
we to conclude from this reflection .' My
brethren, have ye any idea of your dignity,
and primitive grandeur .' Have ye yet some
few faint resemblances of beings formed in
the Creator's image ? ye ought, feeble as ye
K
are, confined as ye are in a manner to matter.
ye should deplore your misery, ye should
groan under that necessity, which, in some
sort, confounds your soul with a little dust ;
ye should sigh after that happy state in which
your rapid, free, and unclogged souls shall
meditate like themselves. This is the first
duty that we would prescribe to you.
2. Our next reflection is on the majesty of
our religion. That must certainly be thought
the true religion which gives us the grandest
ideas of God. Let our religion be judged by
this rule. Where do we see the attributes of
the Supreme Being placed in so clear a light ?
what can be more noble than this idea of God .''
what can be conceived more sublime than a
Being whom nothing escapes, before whom
' all things are naked and open,' Heb. iv. 13. ;
who, by one single look, fully comprehends
all beings past, present, and to come ; all that
do exist, all that possibly can exist .' who
thinks in the same instant, with equal facili-
ty on bodies and spirits, on all the dimension«
of time and of matter .' What more noble
can be conceived than a Being who imparts
himself to all, diffuses himself through all,
influences all, gives life and motion to all ?
What can be conceived more noble than a
Beincr who directs the conduct of the whole
universe, who knows how to make all concur
to his designs, who knows how to relate alike
to the laws of order and equity, the virtues
of the righteous, the vices of the wicked, the
praises of the happy, the blasphemies of the
victims sacrificed to his vengeance in hell ?
When we find in any heathen philosopher,
amidst a thousand false notions, amidst a
thousand wild imaginations, some few leaves
of the flowers with which our Bibles are
strewed, we are ready to cry a miracle, &
miracle ! we transmit these shreds of the
Deity (if I may be allowed to speak so) to the
most distant posterity, and these ideas, all
maimed, and all defiled as they are, procure
their authors an immortal reputation. On this
principle, what respect, what veneration,
what deference ought we to have for the pa-
triarchs and the prophets, for the Evangelists
"xnA the apostles, who spoke of God in so su-
blime a manner ! But bo not surprised at
their superiority over the great pagan ge-
niuses ; if the biblical writers, like them, had
been guided only by human reason, like them
they would have wandered too. If they spoke
so nobly of God, it was because they had re-
ceived that ' spirit who searcheth all things,
yea, the deep things of God,' 1 Cor. ii. 10. It
was because ' all Scripture was given by in-
spiration,' 2 Tim. iii. 16. It was because ' the
prophecy came not in old time by the will of
man, but holy men of God spake as they
were moved by the Holy Ghost,' 2 Pet. i. 21.
3. Make a third reflection. This grandeur
of God removes the greatest stumbling-
blocks that skeptics and infidels pretend to
meet with in religion. It justifies all those
dark mysteries which are above the compre-
hension of our feeble reason. We would not
make use of this reflection to open a way for
human fancies, and to authorize every thing
that is presented to us under the idea of the
marvellous. All doctrines that are incompre-
hensible are not divine, nor ought we to em-
70
THE OMNIPRESENCE OP GOD.
[Ser. III.
brace any opinion merely because it is be-
yond our knowledge. But wlien a religion,
in other respects, hath good guarantees, when
we have good arguments to prove tliat such
a revelation comes from heaven, when we
certainly know that it is God who speaks,
ought we to be surprised if ideas of God,
which conle so fully authenticated, absorb
and confound us ? I freely grant, that liad I
consulted my own reason only, I could not
have discovered some mysteries of the gos-
pel. Nevertheless, when I think on the gran-
deur of God, when I cast my eyes on that
vast ocean, when I consider that immense all,
nothing astonishes me. nothing stumbles me,
nothing seems to me inadmissible, how in-
comprehensible soever it may be. When
the subject is divine, I am ready to believe
all, to admit all, to receive all ; provided I
be convinced that it is God himself who
speaks to me, or any one on his part. After
this I am no more astonished that there are
three distinct persons in one divine essence ;
one God, and yet a Father, a Son, and a
Holy Ghost. After this I am no more asto-
nished that God foresees all without forc-
ing any ; permits sin without forcing the
sinner ; ordains free and intelligent creatures
to such and such ends, yet without destroying
their intelligence, or their liberty. After this
I am no more astonished, that the justice of
God required a satisfaction proportional to
his greatness, that his own love hath provided
that satisfaction, and that God, from the
abundance of his compassion, designed the
mystery of an incarnate God ; a mystery
which angels admire while skeptics oppose ;
a mystery which absorbs human reason, but
which fills all heaven with songs of praise ; a
mystery which is the ' great mystery,' 1 Tim.
iii. IG, by excellence, but the greatness of
which nothing should make us reject, since
religion proposeth it as the grand effort of the
wisdom of the incomprehensible God, and
commandeth us to receive it on the testimo-
ny of the incomprehensible God himself.
Either religion must tell us nothing about
God, or what it tells us must be beyond our
capacities, and, iif digpovering even the bor-
ders of this immense ocean, it must needs
exhibit a vast extent ^^ which our feeble eyes
are lost. But what surprises me, what stum-
bles me, what frightens me, is to see a dimi-
Iiutive creature, a contemptible man, a little
ray of light glimmering through a few feeble
organs, controvert a point with the Supreme
Being, oppose that Intelligence who sitteth
at the helm of the worid ; question what he
affirms, dispute what he determines, appeal
from his decisions, and, even after God hath
given evidence, reject all doctrines that arc
Beyond his capacity. Enter into thy nothing-
ness, mortal creature. What madness ani-
mates thee .■' How durst thou pretend, thou
who art but a point, tliou whose essence is
but an atom, to measure thyself with the Su-
preme Being, with him who fills heaven and
earth, with him whom ' heaven, the heaven
of heavens cannot contain ?' 1 Kings viii. 27.
' Canst thou by searcliing find out God ?
Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfec-
tion P high as heaven, what canst thou do .^
deeper tlian hell, what canst thou know.''
Job xi. 7. ' He stretcheth out the north over
the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon
nothing. He bindeth up the waters in his
thick clouds, the pillars of heaven tremble,
and are astonished at his reproof Lo, these
are parts of his ways, but how little a portion
is heard of him ? but the thunder of his power
who can understand ?' Job xxvi. 7. 11. 14.
' Gird up now thy loins like a man ; for I will
demand of thee, and answer thou me. Where
wast thou when I laid the foundations of the
earth .'' declare, if thou hast understanding.
Who hath laid the measures thereof.'' who
hath stretched the line upon it.'' whereupon
are the foundations thereof fastened .'' who
laid the corner-stone thereof, when the morn-
ing-stars sang together, and all the sons of
God shouted for joy .' Who shut up the sea
with doors, when I made the cloud the gar-
ment thereof, and thick darkness a swaddling
band for it .'' when I brake up for it my de-
creed place, and set bars and doors, and said,
Hitherto shalt thou come and no farther : and
here shall thy proud waves be stayed ?' Job
xxxviii. 3 — 5, &c. ' He that reproveth God,
let him answer this. O Lord, such know-
ledge is too wonderful for me : it is too high,
I cannot attain unto it !' Job xl. 2.
4. But, my brethren, shall these be the only
inferences from our text .'' shall we reap only
speculations from this discourse .'' shall we
only believe, admire, and exclaim .■* Ah ! from
this idea of God I see all the virtues issue
which religion prescribes ! If such be the
grandeur of the God whom I adore, misera-
ble wretch ! what ought my repentance to
be ! I, a contemptible worm, I, a creature
whom God could tread beneath his feet, and
crush into dust by a single act of his will, I
have rebelled against the great God, I have
endeavoured to provoke him to jealousy, as if
I had been stronger than he, 1 Cor. x. 22. I
have insulted that Majesty which the angels of
God adore ; I have attacked God, with madnesg
and boldness, on his throne, and in his em-
pire. Is it possible to feel remorse too cutr
ting for sins which the grandeur of the ofr
fended, and the littleness of the offender,
make so very atrocious .''
5. If such be the grandeur of God, what
should our humility be ! Grandees of the
world, mortal divinities, who swell with va^
nity in the presence of God, oppose your-
selves to the immense God. Behold his eter-
nal ideas, his infinite knowledge, his general
influence, his universal direction ; enter hia
immense ocean of perfections and virtues,
what are ye .' a grain of dust, a point, an
atom, a nothing !
G. If such be the grandeur of God, what
ought our confidence to be ! ' If God be for
us, who can be against us.'" Rom. viii. 31,
Poor creature, tossed about the Avorld, as by
so many winds, by hunger, by sickness, by
persecution, by misery, by nakedness, by ex-
ile ; fear not in a vessel of wliich God himself
is the pilot.
7. But above all, if such be the grandeur
of God, if God be every where present, what
should our vigilance be ! and, to return to the
idea with which we began, what impression
should this thought make on reasonable souls !
(.iod seeth me. * When thou wast under the
Ber. III.]
THE OMNIPRESENCE OP GOD.
71
fig-tree/ said Jesus Christ to Natiianael, ' I
saw thee,' John i. 48. See Eccles. ii. 23—25.
We do not know what Jesus Christ saw un-
der the fig-tree, nor is it necessary now to in-
quire : but it was certainly something which,
Nathanael Was fully persuaded, no mortal eye
had seen. As soon, therefore, as Jesus Christ
had uttered these words, he believed, and
(Said, ' Rabbi, thou art the Christ, the son of
the living God.' My brethren, God useth the
same language to each of you to-day : ' when
thou wast under the fig-tree, I saw thee.'
Thou hypocrite, when, wrapped in a veil
of religion, embellished with exterior piety,
thou concealedst an impious heart, and didst
endeavour to impose on God and man, / smo
thee. I penetrated all those labyrinths, I dis-
sipated all those darknesses, I dived into all
thy deep designs.
Thou worldling, who, with a prudence tru-
ly infefnal, hast the art of giving a beautiful
tint to the most odious objects : who appear-
est not to hate thy neighbour, because thou
dost not openly attack him ; not to falsify thy
promise, because thou hast the art of eluding
it ; not to oppress thy dependants, because
thou knowest how to impose silence on them :
/ saw thee, when thou gavest those secret
stabs, when thou didst receive bribes, and
didst accumulate those wages of unrighteous-
ness, which cry for vengeance against thee.
Thou slave to sensuality, ashamed of thine
excesses before the face of the sun, / saw
thee, when, with bars and bolts, with obscu-
rity and darkness, and complicated precau-
tions, thou didst hide thyself from the eyes of
men, ' defile the temple of God, and make
the members of Christ the members of a har-
lot,' 1 Cor. vi. 15.
My brethren, the discourses, which we
usually preach to you, absorb your minds in a
multitude of ideas. A collection of moral
ideas, perhaps, confound instead of instruct-
ing you, and when we attempt to engage you
in too many reflections, ye enter really into
none. Behold an epitome of rehgion. Be-
hold a morality in three words. Return to
your houses, and every where carry this re-
flection with you, God secth me, God seeth
vie. To all the wiles of the devil, to all the
snares of the world, to all the baits of cupidi-
ty, oppose this reflection, God seeth me. If^
clothed with a human form, he were always
in your path, were he to follow you to every
place, were he always before you with his
majestic face, with eyes flashing with light-
ning, with looks inspiring terror, dare ye
before his august presence give a loose to
your passions .'' But ye have been hearing
that his majestic face is every where, those
sparkling eyes do inspect you in every place,
those terrible looks do consider you every
where. Particularly in the ensuing week,
while ye are preparing for the Lord's supper,
recollect this. Let each examine his own
heart, and endeavour to search into his con-
science, where he may discover so much
weakness, so much corruption, so much hard-
ness, so many unclean sources overfk)"wing
with so many excesses, and let this- idea
strike each of you, God seeth me. God seeth-
me, as I see myself, unclean, ungrateful, and
rebellious. O may this idea produce contri-
tion and sorrow, a just remorse and a sound
conversion, a holy and a fervent communion,
crowned with graces and virtues. Happy, if,
after our examination, we have a new heart !
a heart agreeable to those eyes that search
and try it I Happy, if, after our communion,
after a new examination, we can say with
the prophet, ' O Lord, thou hast proved mine
heart, thou hast tried me, and hast found no-
thing,' Ps. xvii. 3. So be it. To God be ho-
nour and glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON IV.
THE GRANDEUR OF GOD-
ISAIAH xl. 12 — 28.
Who hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand ? aud meted out heaven with a span,
and comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure, and weighed the mountains in scales,
and the hills in a balance ? Who hath directed the spirit of the Lord, or being his counsellor
hath taught him ? With whom took he counsel, and tcho instructed him,, and taught him in
the path of judgment, and taught him knowledge, and shoiced to him the 7cay of understand-
ing ? Behold, the nations are as a drop of a bucket, and are counted as the small dust of the
balance ; behold, he taketh up the isles as a very little thing. And Lebanon is not sufficient
to burn, nor the beasts thereof sufficient for a burnt-offering. Jill nations before him are as
nothing, and they are counted to him less than nothing, and. vanity. To whom then tcill he
liken God ? or what likeness icill ye compare unto him ? The workman melteth a graven
image, and the goldsmith spreadcth it over loith gold, and casteth silver chains. He that is
so impoverished that he hath no oblation, chooseth a tree that will not rot ; he seeketh unto
him a cunning loorkman to prepare a graven image that shall not be moved. Have ye not
known ? have ye not heard ? Hath it not been told you from the beginning ? Have ye not
understood from the foundations of the earth 9 It is he that sittcth upon the circle of the
earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers ; that stretcheth out the heavens as a
curtain, and spreadcth them out as a tent to dwell in : that bringeth the princes to nothing ;
he maketk the judges of the earth as vanity. Yea, they shall not be planted, yea, they shall
not be soicn, yea, their stock shall not take root in the earth : and he shall also blow upon
them, and they shall icither, and the ichirlioind shall take them away as stubble. To zchom
then icill ye liken me, or shall I be equal ? saith the Holy One. Lift up your eyes on high,
and behold who hath created these things, that bringeth out their host by number : he calleth
them all by names, by the greatness of his might, for that he is strong in power, not one
faileth. Why say est thou, O Jacob, and speakcst, O Israel ; My way is hid from the Lord,
and my judgment is passed over from my God ? hast thou not known ? hast thou not heard
that the Lord is the everlasting God 9
M. HE words, the lofty words of the text, re-
t[uire two sorts of observations : The first are
necessary to explain and confirm the pro-
phet's notions of God ; the second to deter-
mine and to enforce his design in describing
the Deity with so much pomp.
The prophet's notions of God are diffused
through all the verses of the text. ' Who hath
measured the waters in thehoUow of his hand,
and meted out heaven with a span, and com-
prehended the dust of the earth in a measure ?
Who hath weighed the mountains in scales,
and the hills in a balance .' Behold, the nations
are as the drop of a bucket. Behold, he taketh
up the isles as a very little thing. It is he
that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and
the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers.'
The prophet's design in describing the
Deity with so much magnificence is to dis-
countenance idolatry, of which there are two
sorts. The first, I call religious idolatry,
which consists in rendering that religious
worship to a creature, whicli is due to none
but God. The second, I call moral idolatry,
which consists in distrusting the promises of
f^od in dangerous crises, and in expecting
that assistance from men which cannot be
expected from God. In order to discounte-
nance idolatry in religion, the prophet con-
tents himself with describin-i ir 'The work-
man melteth a graven image, the goldsmith
spreadeth it over with gold.'
For the purpose of discrediting idolatry in
morals, he opposeth the grandeur of God to
the most grand objects among men, I mean
earthly kings. 'God (saith the propiiet)
bringeth the princes to nothing, he shall blow
upon them, and the whirlwind shall takethera
away as stubble. Why sayest thou, O Jacob,
and speakest, O Israel ; My way is hid from
the Lord, and my judgment is passed over
from my God .'' and so on.
This subject may seem perhaps too copious
for one discourse, however, it will not exceed
the limits of this ; and we will venture to de-
tain you a moment before we attend to the
matter, in remarking the manner, that is, the
style of our prophet, and the expressive sub-
limity of our text. It is a composition, which
not only surpasses the finest passages of the
most celebrated profane authors, but perhaps
exceeds the loftiest parts of the holy Scrip-
tures.
' Who hath measured the waters in the hol-
low of his hand .' Who hath meted out heaven
with a span .' Who hath comprehended the
dust of the earth in a measure.' Who hath
weighed the mountains in scales, and the
hills in a balance .' All nations before him are
as the drop of a bucket. He taketh up the
isles as a very little thing. He sitteth upon
the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants
thereof arc as grasshoppers.' What loftiness
of expression ! Tiie deference that we pay to
the sacred writers is not founded on the beauty
of their diction. They do not affect to come
to us ' with the enticing words of man's wis-
dom,' 1 Cor. ii. 4. We cannot help observing,
however, in some of their writings, the most
perfect models of eloquence. God seems to
iiave dispensed talents of this kind, in the same
manner as he has sometimes bestowed tem-
Seb. IV.]
THE GRANDEUR OF GOD.
73
poral blessings of another kind. Riches and
grandeurs are too mean, and too unsatisfying,
to constitute the felicity of a creature formed
in the image of God. Immortal men, who
are called to participate fehcity and glory
with tlieir God, are indifferent to the part
which they act, during their short existence
on the stage of time. To them it is a matter
of very little importance, whether they occu-
py the highest or the lowest, the most con-
spicuous or the most obscure posts in society.
It signifies but little to them, whether they
ride in sumptuous equipages, or walk on foot.
To them it is a matter of very little conse-
quence, whether superb processions attend
their funerals, or their bodies be laid in their
graves without pomp or parade. Yet, when it
pleases God to signalize any by gifts of this
kind, he does it like a God, if ye will allow the
expression, he does it so as to show that his
mighty hands hold all that can contribute to
ennoble and elevate mankind. Observe his
munificence to Solomon. ' I have given thee
riches and glory,' said the Lord to him, ' so
that there shall not be any among the kings
like unto thee, neither after thee shall any
arise like unto thee,' 1 Kings iii. 12, 13. In
virtue of this promise, God loaded Solomon
with temporal blessings : he gave him all. In
virtue of his promise, ' silver was no more
esteemed than stones in Jerusalem,' the capi-
tal of this favourite of heaven, ' nor the cedars
of Lebanon than the sycamore trees of the
plain,' 2 Chron. ix. 27.
God has observed the same conduct to the
heralds of religion, in regard to the talents
that form an orator. The truths which they
teach are too serious, and too interesting, to
need the help of ornaments. The treasures
of religion, which God commits to them are
60 valuable, that it is needless for us to exa-
mine whether they be presented to us ' in
earthen vessels,' 2 Cor. iv. 7. But when the
Holy Spirit deigns to distinguish any one of
his servants by gifts of this kind, my God !
with what a rich profusion hath he the power
of doing it ! He fires the orator's imagination
with a flame altogether divine : he elevates
his ideas to the least accessible region of the
universe, and dictates language above mortal
mouths.
What kind of elocution can ye allege, of
which the sacred authors have not given us
the most perfect models ?
Is it the style proper for history ? An histo-
rian must assume, it should seem, as many
different forms of speaking, as there are dif-
ferent events in the subjects of his narration.
And who ever gave such beautiful models of
this style as Moses .'' Witness these words,
which have acquired him the eulogium of a
pagan critic :* ' God said, Let there be hght,
and there was light,' Gen. i. 3. Witness these,
* Isaac said. My father ; Abraham answered.
Here am I my son. And he said, Beliold the
fire and the wood ; but where is the lamb for
a burnt-offering .'' And Abraham said. My son,
God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt-
offering',' chap. xxii. 7, 8. Witness these toords.
' Then Joseph could not refrain himself before
all them that stood by him, and he cried,
♦ Longinua, sect. ix.
Cause every man to go out from me : and
there stood no man with him, while Joseph
made himself known unto his brethren. And
he lifted up his voice and wept, and said unto
his brethren, I am Joseph : doth my father
yet live .' Come near to me, I pray you, I am
Joseph, your brother, whom ye sold into
Egypt,' chap. xlv. 1.
Is it the tender style .' Who ever gave such
beautiful models as the prophet Jeremiah ?
Witness the pathetic descriptions, and the af-
fecting complaints in the Lamentations : —
' The ways of Zion mourn, because none
come to the solemn feasts : All her gates are
desolate : her priests sigh : her virgins are
afflicted : and she is in bitterness. Is it no-
thing to you, all ye that pass by .'' behold and
see, if there be any sorrow like unto my sor-
row. For these things I weep : mine eye,
mine eye runneth down,' chap. i. 4. 12. 16.
Is it a style proper to terrify and confound .'
Who ever gave more beautiful models of this
style than Ezckiel .' Witness, among many
others, these expressions : ' How weak is
thine heart, saith the Lord God, seeing thou
dost all these things : tiie work of an impe-
rious whorish woman .'' A wife that commit-
tetli adultery, which taketh strangers instead
of her husband ! They give gifts to all whores :
but thou givest thy gifts to all lovers, and hirest
them, that they may come unto tliee on every
side for thy whoredom, 'chap. xvi. 30.32, 33.
Above all, is it the lofty, noble, and sublime
style .' Whose models are comparable to the
prophet Isaiah's .' Christian preacher, thou
who studiest to convince, to persuade, to carry
away the hearts of the people to whom God
hath sent thee, neither make Cicero nor De-
mosthenes thy models ; investigate the ideas,
and appropriate the language of the inspired
writers. — Heat thine imagination at the fire
which inflamed them, and with them, endea-
vour to elevate the mind to the mansions of
God, to ' the light which no man can ap-
proach unto,' 1 Tim. vi. 16. Learn of these
great masters to handle ' the sword of the
Spirit,' and to manage ' the word of God
quick and powerful, even to the dividing
asunder of soul and spirit; and of the joints
and marrow, ' Heb. iv. 12.
But when I propose my text as a pattern
of elocution, far from your minds be the idea
of a trifling orator's fiaudful art, whose am-
bition it is to exceed his subject, and to lend
his hero the virtues that he wants. The por-
trait drawn by the prophet is infinitely infe-
rior to his original. Ye will be fully con
vinced of this, if ye attend to the four follow-
ing considerations of the grandeurs of God : —
1. The sublimity of his essence. 2. The
immensity of his works. 3. The efficiency of
his will. 4. The magnificence of some of his
mighty acts, at certain periods, in favour of
his church.
First, The sublimitij of his essence. The
prophet's mind was filled with this object. It
is owing to this that he repeats the grand ti-
tle of Jehovah, The Lord, which signifies /
am by excellence, and which distinguishes,
by four grand characters, the essence of God,
from the essence of creatures.
1. The essence of God is independent in its
eoMse. God is a self-existent Being. We
74
THE GRANDEUR OF GOD.
[Ser. IV.
exist, but oura is only a borrowed existence,
for existence is foreign from us. There was
time when we were not, and our origin is no-
thing : and as we should cease to be if God
were only to give the word, so his word was
necessary to give us existence at first. But
God exists of himself: existence is his own ;
and he owes it only to himself, and to the
eminence of his own perfections. An idea, in
which it is difficult not to lose one's self, and
which is incomprehensible to us, because it
relates to an infinite attribute, and because
all that is infinite absorbs a finite mind : but
an idea, however, as true as it is incompre-
hensible. The existence of a mite, or of a
grain of dust, or even of the most diminutive
being in nature, is sufficiently necessary to
conduct us to the independent, self-existent
God.
Even the atheist is obliged by his own prin-
ciples to agree with us in this article : I mean
the atheist of some knowledge ; the modern
atheist. Let us thankfully own, my brethren,
that the improvements which a sound philo-
sophy has produced in the sciences, liave been
communicated even to atheism. Formerly,
atheists could digest such propositions as
these : The world has not always subsisted ;
it was made of nothing Now these proposi-
tions are too gross for any to hazard his repu-
tation on the advancing of them. Indeed, to
affirm that nothing has made the world, is not
only to advance an absurdity, it is to advance
a contradiction. To say that nothing has cre-
ated the world, is to say that nothing has not
created the world ; and to say that nothing
has not created a world which actually ex-
ists, is to deny the existence of the world. No
rules of reasoning require us to answer peo-
ple who contradict themselves in so glaring a
manner : and on this article, we rank them
with idiots. Modern atheists admit, as we
do, a self-existent being. All the difference
between them and us is this : they attribute
this eminent perfection to matter ; but we
attribute it to God. The atheist derives his
existence from a collection of atoms, which a
blind chance had assembled : we ascribe our
existence to a Being possessed of all possible
perfections. The atheist discovers his God
and Creator in a confused conjunction of
bodies destitute of reason : we find our God
and Creator in the Supreme Being, the foun-
tain of all existence. But both we and the
atheist are obliged to own an uncreated, self-
existent Being. And as it is easy for a rea-
sonable person to decide the question, whe-
ther this perfection agree to God or to mat-
ter, it is easy for him also to comprehend that
God is a self-existent Being.
2. The essence of God is universal in its
extent. God possesses the reality of every
thing that exists. A celebrated infidel, edu-
cated in your provinces, (would to God none
were educated here still !) this infidel, I say,
invented a now way of publishing atheism,
by disguising it. I am mistaking in saying
new : for it would be easy to prove, that the
miserable Spinoza* had not the glory of in-
* Renedict <le Spinn/.a was born at Amsterdam, and
was educated in the same city under Francis Vandcr
Ende.
venting it ; he only revived a pagan notion.*
He says, that there is a God, but that this
God is only the universality and assemblage
of creatures : that every being is a modifica-
tion of God ; that the sun is God, as giving
light, that aliments are God, as affording
nourishment ; and so of the rest. What a
system ! What an abominable system ! But
this system, all abominable as it is, has, bow-
ever, some truth, or some foundation. God
is not diffused through all these different be-
ings : God is not divided ; but he possesses
all the perfections of the universe, and it is
by this notion of God, that the true religion
is distinguished from superstition. The su-
perstitious, struck with the beauty of some
particular being, made that being the object
of their adoration. One, struck with the
beauty of the stars, said, that the stars were
gods. Another, astonished at the splendour
of the sun, said that the sun was God. De-
mocritus, surprised at the beauty of fire, said,
that God was a material fire. Chrysippus,
amazed at the beauty of that necessity, which
causeth every thing to answer its destination,
said, that God was fate. Parmenides, affect-
ed with the beautiful extent of heaven and
earth, said, that God was that e.ttent.
But God is all this, because he eminently
possesses all this. An ancient heathen said
of Camillus, that he was the whole Roman
repubhc to him : and Toxaris, when he had
procured Anacharsis the acquaintance of So-
lon, said to him : ' This is Athens, this is
Greece ; thou art no longer a stranger, thou
hast seen the whole.' Let us sanctify this
thought by applying it to God. God is all
the Roman republic, all Greece, the Avhole
world and all its inhabitants. Yes, he is the
beauty of the stars, the brightness of the sun,
the purity of fire, the subtilty of ethereal
matter, the expanse of heaven, and the law
of fate ; he is the sagacity of the politician,
the penetration of the philosopher, the bra-
very of the soldier, the undaunted courage,
and the cautious coolness of the general. If,
among these qualities, there be any incom-
patible with the purity of his essence, and
therefore inapplicable to him, yet in this
sense they belong to him, all are subject to
his empire, and act only by his will. He is,
as an ancient writer expresses it, a boundless
ocean of existence. From this ocean of ex-
istence all created beings, like so many rivu-
lets, flow. From this ocean of light proceed-
ed the sun with its brightness, the stars with
their ghtter, along with all the brilliancies
of other beings that approach their nature.
From this ocean of wisdom came those pro-
found politicians, who penetrate the deepest
recesses of the human heart ; hence those
sublime philosophers, who explore the hea-
vens by the marvels of dioptrics, and descend
into the bowels of the earth by their know-
ledge of nature ; and hence all those superior
geniuses, who cultivate the sciences, and the
liberal arts, and who constitute the beauty of
the intelligent world. * In him we live, and
move, and have our being,' Acts xvii. 28.
We breathe his air, and wo arc animated by
his spirit ; it is his power that upholds, his
* See Dr. Clarke on the Attributes^ Vol. I. prop. Si
Ser. IV.]
THE GRANDEUR OF GOD.
75
knowledge that informs, and his wisdom that
conducts us.
3. The essence of God is unchangeable in
its exercise. Creatures only pass from noth-
ing to existence, and from existence to noth-
ing. Their existence is rather a continual
variation than a permanent state ; and they
are all carried away with the same vicissi-
tudes. Hardly are we children before we be-
come men : hardly are we arrived at manhood
before we become old ; and as soon as we
become old we die. We love to-day what
we hated yesterday, and to-morrow we shall
hate what to-day we love. David has given
us a just definition of man. He defines him
a phantom, who only appears, and who ap-
pears only in a vain show, Ps. xxxix. 6. But
' 1 the Lord change not : the same yesterday,
to-day, and for ever,' Mai. iii. 6. Heb. xiii.
■8. He is, as it were, the fixed point, on
which revolve all the creatures in the uni-
verse, without the partaking himself of their
rev^olutions.
4. Finally, the divine essence is eternal in
its duration : ' Hast thou not known (saith
our prophet,) that he is the everlasting God,
the Lord, the creator of the ends of the
earth .'" When we attempt to measure the
duration of God, by tracing it beyond the
first periods of this universe, we lose our-
selves in the unfathomable depths of eternity :
we heap ages upon ages, millions of years
upon millions of years; but no beginning of
his existence can we find. And when we en-
deavour to stretch our thoughts, and to pene-
trate the most remote futurity, again we
heap ages upon ages, millions of years upon
millions of years, and lose ourselves again in
the same abyss, perceiving, that he can have
no end, as he had no beginning. He is ' the
ancient of days, the alpha and omega, the
first and the last,' Dan. vii. 9. ' He is, he
was, he is to come,' Rev. i. 8. 'Before the
mountains were brought forth, before the
earth and tlie world were formed, even from
everlasting to everlasting he is God,' Ps. xc.
2. And, when the mountains shall be .dis-
solved, when the foundations of the earth
shall be destroyed, when all sensible objects
shall be folded up like a vesture, he will be
the everlasting God, Heb. i. 12. will be, when
they exist no more, as he was before they
existed at all.
Secondly, Having" judged of the grandeur
of God by the sublimity of his essence, judge
of it by the immensity of his works. Tiie
prophet invites us to this meditation in the
words of my text. ' It is he that stretcheth
out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth
them out as a tent to dwell in. Lift up your
eyes on high, and behold who hath created
these things. It is he wlio bringeth out their
host by number, he calleth them all by names.
By the greatness of his might, for that he is
strong in power, not one faileth.' But who
can pretend to discuss, in a single article of
one sermon, a subject, which whole volumes
could not contain? For if there be a subject,
in which simple narration resembles rhetori-
cal bonibast, it is undoubtedly this.
A novice is frightened at hearing what as-
tronomers assert ; that the sun is a million
times bigger than the earth : tiiat the naked
eye discovers more than a thousand fixed
stars, which are so many suns to enlighten
unknown systems : that with the help of
glasses we may discover an almost infinite
number : that two thousand have been reck-
oned in one constellation ; and^. that, with-
out exaggerating, they may be numbered at
more than two millions : that what are call-
ed nebulous stars, of which there is an innu-
merable multitude, that appear to us as if
they were involved in little misty clouds, are
all asemblages of stars.
A novice is frightened, when he is told,
that there is such a prodigious distance be-
tween the earth and the sun, that a body,
moving with the greatest rapidity that art
could produce, would take up twenty-five
years in passing from the one to the other :
that it would take up seven hundred and fifty
thousand to pass from the earth to the near-
est of the fixed stars : and to the most distant
more than a hundred millions of years.
A novice is frightened : (do not accuse me,
my brethren, of wandering from the subject
of this discourse, for the saints, who are pro-
posed in scripture as patterns to us, cherish-
ed their devotions with meditations of this
kind : at the sight of these grand objects
they exclaimed, ' O Lord, when we consider
thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the
moon and the stars which thou hast ordain-
ed; what is man that thou art mindful of
him ? and the son of man that thou visitest
him .'' Psal. viii. 3. 4. And my text enga-
ges me to fix your attention upon these ob-
jects : lift tip your eyes on high and behold.)
A novice is frightened, when he is assured,
that although the stars, which form a con-
stellation, seem to touch one another, yet the
distances of those that are nearest together
can be ascertained, and that even words are
wanting to express the spaces which sepa-
rate those that are the greatest distances
from each other ; that if two men were ob-
serving two fixed stars, from tvvo parts of the
earth, the most distant from each other, the
lines that went from their eyes, and termina*
ted on that star, would be confounded toge-
ther; that it would be the same with two
men, were one of them upon earth, and the
other in thej sun, though the sun and Ihe
earth are at such a prodigious distance from
each other ; so inconsiderable is that distance
in comparison of the space which separates
both from the star. All this startles a no-
vice : and yet, what are these bodies, count-
less in their number, and enormous in their
size ? What are these unmeasurable spaces,
which absorb our senses and imaginations.'
What are all these in comparison of what
reason discovers.' Shall we be puerile
enough to persuade ourselves that there is
nothing beyond what we see ? Have we not
reason to think, that there are spaces far, far
beyond, full of the Creator's wonders, and af-
fording matter of contemplation to the thou-
sand thousands, to the ten thousand times ten
thousand intelligences that he has made .'
Dan. vii. 10.
Here let us pause. Over all this universe
God reigns. But what is man even in com-
parison of this earth.' 'Let him reflect on
himself (1 borrov/ the words of a modern
76
THE GRANDEUR OF GOD.
[Sbh. IV.
author), ' let him consider what he is in com-
parison of the whole that exists beside : let
him regardhimself as confined in this obscure
by-corner of nature : and from the appear-
ance of th" little dimgeon where he is lodg-
ed, that i..,, of this visible world, let him
learn to estimate the world, its kingdoms, and
himself at their real value.' Isaiah estimates
their real value in the words of my text.
' Behold,' says he, ' all nations before him are
as a drop of a bucket:' they are of no more
value than the small dust that cleaves to the
balance : God sitteth upon the circle of the
earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as
grasshoppers:' yea, they are still less consid-
erable, ' all natioils before him are as no-
thing.'
Thirdly, The immensity of the Creator's
works leads us to the efficiency of his loill :
and the idea of the real world conducts us to
that of the possible world. There needs no
train of propositions to discover a connexion
between what God has done, and what he
can do. The idea of a creature leads to that
of a Creator : for, in supposing that some be-
ino-s have been created, we suppose an author
of their creation. The idea of a creative Be-
ing includes the idea of a Being whose will is
efficient : for as soon as ye suppose a creative
Being, ye suppose a Being whose will is self-
efficient. But a Being, whose will is self-effi-
cient, is a Being who, by a single act of his
will, can create all possible beings : that is all,
the existence of which implies no contradic-
tion ; there being no reason for limiting the
power of a will that hath been once efficient
of itself. So that as soon as ye conceive a
Being who has once created, ye conceive a
Being, who can always create.
Let us then form this notion of God : a Be-
ing who, by a single act of his will, can create
now in empty space as he hath formerly crea-
ted. He can say, of light which doth not ex-
ist, what he once said of that which doth ex-
ist, ' Let there be light ;' and there shall be
light, like that which actually is. He can say,
of luminaries which are not, what he has said
of luminaries which already are, ' Let there
be lights in the firmament of heaven ;' and
luminaries, that are not, shall be, and those
that once were not are now, and will owe
their existence to that will, which is always
irresistible, and always efficient ; or, as the
prophet says in the words of my text, to the
greatness of his might, to the strength of his
potcer.
Lastly, to convince you of the grandeur of
God, I am to remark to you, ' the magnifi-
cence of some of his mighty acts, at certain
periods, in favour of his church.' The pro-
phet had two of these periods in view. The
first was the return of the Jews from that
captivity in Babylon which he had denounced :
and the second, the coming of the Messiah, of
which their return from captivity was only a
ehadow.
What wonders did God work in the first of
these periods ! Nebuchadnezzar, the tyrant of
the Jews, had obtained universal monarchy ,or,
as the prophet Jeremiah expresses it, he was
become the. hammer of the ichole earth, Jer. 1.
23. The inspired writers represent the ra-
pidity of his victories under the emblem of
the ' swiftness of an eagle. We can hardly
imagine the speed with which he overran
Ethiopia, Arabia, Palestine, Persia, Media,
Egypt, Idumea, Syria, and almost all Asia,
and with which he conquered all those exten-
sive countries as he marched through them.
Cyrus had been appointed by the Lord, and
nominated by the prophets, to stop his career,
and to subdue those Babylonians who had
subdued so many nations. But who was this
Cyrus .' Son of a father, whose meanness an
obscurity had prevailed with Astyages, king
of Media, to give him his daughter. Mandana
in marriage ; how will he perform such pro-
digious enterprises ? This is not all. Astya-
ges was afraid that Mandana's son should ful-
fil a dream, of which his diviners had given
him frightful interpretations. He caused her
therefore to reside at court during her preg-
nancy, and commanded Harpagus, one of his
most devoted courtiers, to put the child to death
as soon as he should be born. But God pre-
served the child, and all the power of Astyages
could not make one hair fall from his head
without the divine permission. Harpagus
trembled at his commission, resigned it to the
overseer of the king's flocks, and ordered
him to expose Mandana's son : but, when ho
was preparing to obey him, his wife, affected
with the beauty of young Cyrus, prevailed
with her husband to expose her own son in
his stead.
Thus, by a train of miracles, was this
anointed of God preserved, and by a train of
greater miracles still, did he stir up the Per-
sians against the Medes, march at the head of
them against the cruel Astyages, defeat him,
conquer Media, and at length, besiege Baby-
lon. Nebuchadnezzar had surrounded that
city with a triple wall, and had replaced the
bricks of Semiramis with free-stone, which
contributed, says Dion, less to the magnifi-
cence than to the eternity of the empire.
The walls were a hundred feet high, and
fifty broad, so that it was said of that great
city, it was alike incredible how art could
form, or art destroy it. But what walls, what
fortifications, can resist the blows of an arm
supported by ' the greatness of the might, the
strength of the power,' of the omnipotent
God ! Every thing submits to the valour of
Cyrus: he takes Babylon, and before he has
well secured his conquest, does homage for
the victory to the God who had foretold it ;
and releases the Jews from captivity. These
accounts are related by heathen authors, and
particularly by Herodotus and Justin : . God
having determined that the bitterest enemies
of revelation should preserve those monuments
which demonstrate the divinity of our pro-
phecies.
But I said just now, that the return of the
Jews from their captivity in Babylon was
only a shadow of that deliverance, which the
Messiah was to bring into the world : and
that the mighty acts, which God wrought in
the first period, were only faint images of what
he would operate in the second. Accordingly,
our prophet had the second of these periods
much more in '■ view than the first in the
words of my te.xt. It is not a love for the
marvellous ; it is neither a prejudice of edu-
cation, nor a blind submission to the confes-
Ser. IV.]
THE GRANDEUR OF GOD.
77
sions of faith; (motives that produce so much
superstition among' Cliiistians :) tlicse are not
the reasons of our comment: it is the nature
of the thing ; it is the magnificence of tlie
prophecies connected with my text ; it is the
auti ority of St. Paul, wlio, in the eleventh
chaftji of his epistle to the Romans, ver. 34.
and in the second of his first epistle to the
Corinthians, ver. 16. interprets these words
of my text of the gospel, Who has known the
mind of the Lord ? who has been his counsel-
lor 9 Accordingly, in this second period, God
has displayed treasures of wisdom and know-
ledge. But we have elsewhere treated this
subject at large, and we choose rather only to
hint this article to-day than to incur the just
reproach of treating it imperfectly.
Such then are the grandeurs of God ; and
all that I have lisped out is more properly the
title of the subject, upon which I would fix
your attention, than the subject itself well di-
gested. Nevertheless, how imperfect soever
the sketch may be, it may serve to convince us,
that there is no extravagance in the prophet's
ideas ; that if his language is lofty, it is not
hyperbolical, and that he is always below the
truth, even when lie uses these sublime ex-
pressions, ' Who has measured the waters
in the hollow of his hand .' meted the heavens
with a span, comprehended tlie dust of the
earth with a measure, weighed the mountains
in scales, and the hills in a balance .-' But why
does he describe the Deity with so much
pomp .'' This remains to be considered in tlie
second part of this discourse, which sliall also
be the application.
II. We observed in the beginning, that the
prophet's design was to render two sorts of
idolatry odious : idolatry in religion ; and ido-
latry in morals.
Idolatry in religion consists in rendering
those religious homages to creatures, which
are due to the Creator only. To discredit this
kind of idolatry, the prophet contents himself
with describing it. He shames the idolater
by reminding him of the origin of fidols, and
of the pains taken to preserve them. What
is the origin of idols .-' ' The workman melt-
eth an image (says our prophet), and the
goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold.'
What pains does the idolater take to preserve
his idols ^ He casleth silver chains to fasten
them, and to prevent thieves from stealing
them, or perhaps for fear they should escape
through their own inconstancy. The hea-
thens had been accustomed, when they be-
sieged a city, to evoke the tutelary gods
(Macorbius has preserved a long form of these
evocations ;*) and the besieged, to prevent
the effects of these evocations, and to se-
cure their gods from going into their ene-
mies' camps, used to fasten their images with
chains. Many proofs of this might be alleg-
ed, but one passage of Quintus Curtius shall
* Saturn. III. 9. The following is the form of the
incantation. ' If you be a God, or a Goddess, under
whose guardianship the people and tlie city of the
Carthaginians is, and you, particularly, who have ta-
ken upon you the protection of that people and city, I
worship you, and humbly beg you would be pleased
to forsake the people and city of the Carthaginians,
to abandon their places, temples, religious ceremo-
nies and cities, and come away,' &c. Bayle, Soranus
Kem. E.
sufiice. He tells us, that ' a citizen of Tyre
having publicly declared that he had seen in
a dream the image of Apollo quitting the city,
the citizens immediately used the precaution,
of fastening it with a chain of gold.'*
But the prophet no less intended to shame
idolatry in morals, which consists in distrust-
ing the promises of God in extreme dangers
and in expecting from men a succour that
cannot be expected from God. A man ia
guilty of moral idolatry, when, in dangerous
crises, he says, ' My way is hid from the Lord ;
my judgment is passed over from my God.'
Be not surprised at my giving so odious a
name to a disposition of mind, which is too
common even among those whose piety is the
least suspected, and the best established. The
essence of idolatry, in general, is to disrobe
the Deity of his perfections, and to adorn a
creature with them. Tiiere are indeed many
degrees of this disposition. He, who renders
divine honours to the glimmering' light of a
taper, is guilty perhaps of a more gross idola-
try, than he who worships the sun. The
Egyptian, who worships a rat, is perhaps
more absurd than the Roman, who ranks a
Cesar with the gods. But, after all, there is
so small a difference between the meanest
insect and the greatest emperor, the glimmer-
ing of a taper and the glory of the sun, when
compared with the Supreme Being, that
there can be no great difference between
these two sorts of idolatry.
Let us apply this to our subject. God is
the sole arbiter of events. Whenever ye
think, that any more powerful being directs
them to comfort you, ye put the creature in
the Creator's place ; whether ye do it in a
manner more or less absurd : whether they be
formidable armies, impregnable fortresses,
and well-stored magazines, which ye thus ex-
alt into deities ; or whether it be a small circle
of friends, an easy income, or a country-house ;
it does not signify, ye are alike idolaters.
The Jews were often guilty of the first sort
of idolatry. The captivity in Babylon waa
the last curb to that fatal propensity. But this
miserable people, whose existence and pre-
servation, whose prosperities and adversities,
were one continued tra,in of obvious miracles,-
immediately from heaven ; this miserable
people, whose whole history should have pre-
vailed v\ritii them to have feared God only,
and to have confided in him entirely ; this
miserable people trembled at Nebuchadnezzar,
and his army, as if both had acted indepen-
dently of God. Their imaginations prostra-
ted before these second causes, and they shud-
dered at the sight of the Chaldean Marmosets,
as if they had aff"orded assistance to their
worshippers, and had occasioned their tri-
umphs over the church.
Thanks be to God, my dear brethren, that
the light of the gospel hath opened the eyes
of a great number of Ciiristians, in regard to
idolatry in religion. I say a great number,
and not all : for how many parts of the
Christian world still deserve the prophet's
reproach .-' ' the workman melteth a graven im-
* L. IV. 3. 21. Metu aurea catena devinxere simu-
lacrum, aisque IIcrculis,cujus numini urbem dicave-
rant, inseruere vinculum, quasi illo Deo Apollineni
retenturi.
T^
THE GRANDEUR OF GOD.
[Ser. IV.
Age, the goldsmith spreadeth it over with
gold. Have ye not Known ? have ye not
heard ?' Blessed be God, 'we are quite free
from this kind of idolatry ! But how many
idolaters of the second kind do I see ?
Ye, who, in order to avert public calamities,
satisfy yourselves with a few precautions of
worldly prudence, and oppose provisions to
scarcity, medicines to mortality, an active
vigilance to the danger of a contagion ; and
take no pains to extirpate those horrible
crimes, which provoke tlie vengeance of
heaven to inflict punishments on public bo-
dies ; ye are guilty of this second kind of
idolatry, ye stand exposed to this malediction,
' Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and
maketh flesh his arm,' Jer. xvii. 5. Were
your confidence placed in God, ye would en-
deavour to avert national judgments by purg-
ing the state of those scandalous commerces,
those barbarous extortions, and all those
wicked practices, whicii are the surest fore-
runners, and the principal causes, of famine,
and pestilence, and war.
Desolate family, ye who rested all your
expectations upon one single head ; ye, who
made one single person the axis of all your
schemes and hopes , ye, who lately saw that
person cut down in the midst of his race, and
carried away with the torrent of human vicis-
situdes ; ye, who see nothing around you now
but indigence, misery, and famine ; who cry in
the bitterness of your grief, no more support, no
more protector, no more father : ye are guilty of
this second kind of idolatry. Ye ' trusted in
man, ye made flesh your arm.' Were God
the object of your trust, ye would recollect,
amidst all your grief, that providence is not
enclosed in your patron's tomb : ye would
remember, that an invisible eye incessantly
watehes over, and governs, this world ; that
God, ' who feedeth the fowls of heaven, and
clothes the lilies of the valley,' (Luke xii. 24.
28.) that a God so good and compassionate,
can easily provide for the maintenance and
encouragement of your family.
And thou, feeble mortal, lying on a sick
bed, already struggling with tlie king of ter-
rors, (Job xviii. 14.) in the arms of death ;
thou, who tremblingly complaincst, I am un-
done ! physicians give me over ! friends are
needless ! remedies arc useless ! every appli-
cation is unsuccessful ! a cold sweat covers
my whole body, and announces my approach-
ing death ! thou art guilty of this second
kind of idolatry, tliou hast ' trusted in man,'
thou hast ' made flesh thine arm.' Were
God the object of thy trust, thou wouldest
believe, that though (loath is about to sepa-
rate thee from men, it is about to unite thee
to God : thou wouldest preclude the slavish
fear of death by thy fervent desires : thou
wouldest exult at the approach of thy Re-
deemer,' Come, Ijord, come quickly ! Amen.'
Rev. xxii. 20. How easy would it be, my
l)rethren, to enlarge this article I
' Dearly beloved, flee from idolatry,' (1 Cor.
X. 14.) is tho exhortation of an apostle, Jand
with this exhortation we conclude this dis-
course, and enforce the design of the prophet
in the text. ' Flee from idolatry,' not only
from gross idolatry, but from that which,
though it may appear less shocking, is no less
repugnant to the spirit of religion. ' Why
sayest thou, O Jacob ; why speakest thou, O
Israel ; My way is hid from the I^ord ; my
judgment is passed over from my God .'" The
guardianship of you is that part of the domi-
nion of God of which he is most jealous. His
love for you is so exquisite, that he conde-
scends to charge himself with your happiness.
The happiness which ye feel in communion
with him, is intended to engage you to him :
and the noblest homage that ye can return,
the purest incense that ye can ofier, is to say
to him, ' Whom have I in heaven but thee .''
there is none upon earth I desire besides thee.
It is good for me to draw near to God,' Ps.
Ixxiii. 25. 28.
If ye place your hopes upon creatures, ye
depend upon winds, and waves, and precari-
ous seasons : upon the treachery, iniquity,
and inconstancy, of men : or, to say all in one
word, ye depend upon death. That poor man
is a self-deceiver, who, like the man in the
gospel, saith within himself, ' My soul, thou
hast much goods laid up for many years : take
thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry,' Luke
xii. 17. 19. But, I expect to find him, yes, I
expect to find him, at the sound of that voice,
which may this very niglit require his soul, I
expect to find him in a sick bed. Tlicre, all
pale, distorted, and dying, let him assemble
his gods ; let him call for his treasures, and
send for his domestics, and acquaintances ; in
that fatal bed let him embrace his Drusillas
and Dalilahs ; let him form harmonious con-
certs, amuse himself with fashionable diver-
sions, or feast his eyes with gaudy decorations,
the vacuity and vanity of which, in spite of
himself, he will be obliged to discover.
O give me more solid foundations for my
hopes ! May I never build my house upon tho
sand, endangered by every wind and wave ;
may tlie edifice of my felicity be superior to
human vicissitudes, and ' like mount Sion,
which cannot be removed,' Ps. cxxv. 1.) may
I build upon the rock of ages, and be able in
public calamities and in my private misfor-
tunes, above all, in the agonies of death to
appopriate those precious promises wliich
God hath made to his church in general, and
to every individual in it : ' The mountains
shall depart, and the hills bo removed, but my
kindness shall not depart from thee, neither
shall the covenant of my peace bo removed,'
Isa. liv. 10.
To this God, of whoso grandeur wc form
such elevated notions, and upon whose promi-
ses we found such exalted hopes, be honour
and glory for ever and ever. Amen.
SEIliVlON V.
THE GREATNESS OF GOD'S WISDOM, AND THB ABUNDANCE OF
HIS POWER.
Jeremiah xxxii. 19.
Oreat in counsel^ and mighty in wor^
M. HESE words are connected with the two
preceding verses : ' Ah, Lord God, behold,
thou hast made the heaven and tlie earth by
thy great power and stretched-out arm, and
there is nothing too hard for thee. Thou
showest loving-kindness unto thousands, and
recompensest the iniquity of the fathers into
the bosom of their children after them : the
great, the mighty God, the Lord of hosts is
his name, great in counsel, and mighty in
work.'
The text that we have read to you, my bre-
thren, and which, though very short, hath
doubtless already excited many grand ideas
in your minds, is a homage which the prophet
Jeremiah paid to the perfections of God, when
they seemed to counteract one another. To
make this plain to you, we will endeavour to
fix your attention on the circumstances in
which our prophet was placed, when he pro-
nounced the words. This is tlic best mctliod
of explaining the text, and with this we bo-
gin.
Jeremiah was actually a martyr to his mi-
nistry, when he addressed that prayer to God,
of which this text is only a part. He was re-
duced to the disagreeable necessity of not be-
ing able to avail himself of the rites of reli-
gion, without invalidating the maxims of civil
government. This is one of the most difficult
straits, into which the ministers of the living
God can be brought ; for, however they may
be opposed, people always regard them, if not
with entire submission, yet with some degree
of respect, while they confine themselves to
the duties of their own office, and while, con-
tent with the speaking of heavenly things,
they leave the reins of government in the
hands of those to whom Providence has com-
mitted them. But when religion and civil
policy are so united that ministers cannot dis-
charge their functions without becoming, in
a manner, ministers of state, without deter-
mining whether it be proper to mnkc peace
or to declare war, to enter into alliances or
to dissolve them ; how extremely delicate and
difficult does their ministry become ! This
was our prophet's case. Jerusalem hail been
besieged for the space of one year by Nebu-
chadnezzar's army, and it was doubtful whe-
ther the city should capitulate with tliat
prince, or hold out against him. God him-
self decided this question, by the ministry of
the prophet, and commanded him in his
name, to address the Israelites ; ' Thus saith
the Lord ; Behold, I will give this city into
the hand of the king of Babylon, and he
shall take it. And Zedekiah king of Judah
shall not escape out of the hand oT the Chal-
deans ; but shall surely be delivered into th&
hands of the king of Babylon . . , though
ye fight with tha Chaldeans, ye shall not
prosper,' ver 3 — 5,
A prediction so alarming was not uttered
with impunity : Jeremiah was thrown intd
prison for pronouncing it : but before he could
well reflect on this trial, he was exercised
with another that was more painful still. God
commanded him to transact an affair, which
seems at first sight more likely to sink his
ministry into contempt, than to conciliate
people's esteem to it. He commanded him to
avail himself of the right, which every Israel-
ite enjoyed, when his nearest rekition offered
an estate to sale : a right founded upon an
institute recorded in Leviticus. God required
the Israelites to consider him as their sove-
reign, and his sovereignty over them was ab*
solute. Lev. xxv. They cannot bo said to
have possessed any thing as proper owners ;
they held every thing conditionally, and in
trust ; and they had no other right in their
patrimonial estates than what they derived
fVom the arbitrary will of God. In order to
preserve in them a sense of this dependence,
they were forbidden to sell the lands which
they inherited from their ancestors : ' The
lands shall not be sold for ever (saith the Le-
vitical law,) for the land is mine, and ye are
strangers and sojourners with me,' ver. 23.
This was not unknown to the heathens, for
Diodorus of Sicily says, that ' the Jews could
not sell their inheritances.'*
But as it might happen that a landholder
might become indigent, and be reduced by
this prohibition to the danger of dying with
hunger, even while he had enough to supply
all his wants, God had provided, that, in such
a case, the lands might be sold under certain
restrictions, which were proper to convince
the seller of that sovereignty, from which he
would never depart. The j)rinciple of those
restrictions were two ; one, tliat the estate
should be rather mortgaged than sold, and,
at the jubilee, should return to its first mas-
* Tlic case of the dauRlitors of Zclopliehad, related
ill Niiiiil). xxvir. 8, procured a gotier.il law of inherit-
mice. ]f a inan died willioiit a son, lii.s daughter!^
were to inherit : if williout children, his brethren
were to inherit : if without brethren, his uncle was
to inherit : if without uncle, his nearest relation was
hit; heir. Grotius says (hat this law, which preferred
an uncle before a nephew, passed from the .Tews to
tlie Phcsnicians, and from the riiosnicinna into all
.'Africa, taurin. Dissert. Tom. II. Disc. vii.
80
THE GREATNESS OF GOD'S WISDOM,
[Ser. V.
ier : and hence it is, that to sell an estate /or
■ever, in the style of the Jewish jurisprudence
is to mortgage it till the jubilee. The other
restriction was, that the nearest relation of
him who was obliged to sell his land, should
have the right of purchasing it before any
others, either more distant relations or stran-
gers.
In virtue of this law, Jeremiah had a right
to purchase an estate, which Hanameel, the
son of Shallum, had offered to sale. The
land lay at Anathoth, a town in the tribe of
Benjamin, where our prophet was born, and
was actually occupied by the Chaldeans at
that time. Jerusalem was besieged, and Je-
remiah was fully persuaded, and even foretold
that it would be taken ; that the Jews would
be carried away into captivity ; and would
not be re-established in their own country till
their return from Babylon at the expiration
of seventy years. What a time to purchase
an estate ! What a season to improve a right
of redemption !
But this command of God to the prophet
was full of meaning ; God gave it with views
similar to, but incomparably surer than, those
which the Romans had, when they publicly
offered to sell the land where Hannibal was
encamped when he was besieging the city of
Rome. What the prophet was commanded
to do, was designed to be an image of what
the Jews should have the liberty of doing af-
ter their re-establishment. Ye may ascertain
that this was the design of the command
given to Jeremiah, if ye attend to the words
which he addressed to God himself, in the
twenty-fourth verse of this chapter : ' Behold
the mounts, the city is given into the hands
of the Chaldeans : and thou hast said unto
me, O Lord God, buy thee the field for mo-
ney,' ver. 25. 27. To this the Lord answers,
« Behold, I am the Lord, the God of all flesh,
is there any thing too hard for me .' Like as
I have brought all this great evil upon this
people, so I will bring upon them all the good
that I have promised them. And fields shall
be bought in this land, whereof ye say, It is
desolate without man or beast, it is given in-
to the hand of the Chaldeans. Men shall buy
fields for money, and subscribe evidences/
ver. 42—44.
Jeremiah entered into these views, obeyed
the command, and believed the promise : but,
to fortify himself against such doubts as the
distance of its accomplishment might perhaps
produce in his mind, he recollected the emi-
nent perfections, and the magnificent works,
of him from whom the promise came. ' Now
when I had delivered the evidence of the pur-
chase unto Baruch (says the prophet,) I pray-
ed unto the Lord, saying, Ah ! Lord God, be-
hold thou hast made the heaven and the earth
by thy great power and stretched-out arm,
and there is nothing too hard for thee. . .
. . Thou art the great, llie mighty God,
the Lord of hosts is thy name, great in coun-
eel, and mighty in work.'
The considering of the circumstances that
attended the text is a sufficient determination
of its end and design. The prophet's mean-
ing, which is quite clear, is, that the wisdom
of God perfectly comprehended all thrit would
be necessary to re-establish the Jewish exiles
in their own land ; and that his power could
effect it. The words are, however, capable
of a nobler and more extensive meaning, and
in this larger view we intend to consider
them. God is ' great in counsel,' either, as
the words may be translated, ' great in de-
signing, and mighty in executing :' or, as the
same phrase is rendered in Isaiah, ' wonder-
ful in counsel, and excellent in working,"
xxviii. 2!). We will endeavour to give you a
just notion of this sublime subject in two dif-
ferent views.
I. We will consider the subject specula-
tively.
II. We will consider it in a practical light.
We intend by considering the subject spe-
culatively, to evince the truth of the subject,
the demonstration of which is very important
to us. By considering it practically, we in
tend to convince }'ou on the one hand, of the
monstrous extravagance of those men, those
little rays of intelligence, who, according to
the wise man, pretend to set their ' wisdom
and counsel against the Lord,' Prov. xxi. 30 ;
and on the other, of the wisdom of those, who,
while they regulate their conduct by his laws
alone, commit their peace, their life, and their
salvation, to the care of his providence. This
is what I propose to lay before you.
I. ' O Lord, thou art great in counsel, and
mighty in work.' Let us consider this pro-
position speculatively. I shall establish it on
two kinds of proofs. The first shall be taken
from the nature of God : the second from the
history of the world, or rather from the his-
tory of the church.
1. My first proofs shall be taken from the
nature of God ; not that it belongs to a
preacher to go very deeply into so profound a
subject, nor to his auditors to follow all the
reflections that he could make : yet we wish,
when we speak of the Supreme Being, that
we might not be always obliged to speak su-
perficially, under pretence that we always
speak to plain people. We wish ye had some-
times the laudable ambition, especially when
ye assist in this sacred place, of elevating
your minds to those sublime objects, of the
meditation of which, the occupations, to which
your frailties and miseries, or, shall I rather
say, your vitiated tastes, enslave you, ye are
deprived in the ordinary course of your lives.
The nature of God proves that he is ' great
in counsel.' Consider the perfect knowledge
that he has of all possible beings, as well as
of all the beings which do actually exist. We
are not only incapable of thoroughly under-
standing the knowledge that he has of possi-
ble beings ; but we are even incapable of
forming any idea of it. I am not sure that
the reduction of all the objects of our know-
ledge to two ideas is founded in reason. I do
not know whether we be not guilty of some
decrree of temerity in comprising all real ex-
istences in two classes : a class of bodies, and
a class of spirits. I leave this question to phi-
losophers ; but I maintain, that it argues the
highest presumption to affirm, even allowing
that every being within our knowledge is ei-
ther body or spirit, that every thing must be
reducible to one of these classes, that not only
all real existence, but even all possible exist-
ence, must necessarily be either body or spirit.
Ser. v.]
AND ABUNDANCE OF HIS POWER.
11
I wonder how human capacities, contracted
as they are within hmits so narrow, dare be
60 bold as to prescribe bounds to their Creator,
and to restrain his intelhgence within their
own sphere. If it were allowable to advance
any thing upon the most abstract subject that
can be proposed, I would venture to say that
it is highly probable, that the same depth of
divine intelligence, which conceived the ideas
of body and spirit, conceives other ideas with-
out end : it is highly probable, that possibility
(if I may be allowed to say so), has no other
bounds than the infinite knowledge of the Su-
preme Being. What an unfathomable depth
of meditation, my brethren ! to glance at it is
to confound one's self What would our per-
plexity be if we should attempt to enter it ?
The knowledge of all possible beings, diver-
sified without end by the same intelligence
that imagines them: what designs, or, as our
prophet expresses himself, what "^ greatness of
counsel' does it afford the Supreme Being !
But let us not lose ourselves in the world of
possible beings ; let us confine our attention
to Topl existences : I am willing even to re-
duce them to the two classes, which are just
now mentioned. Let each of you imagine, I
my brethren, as far as his ability can reach,
how s^reat the counsel of an intelligence must
be, v/ho perfectly knows all that can result
from the various arrangements of matter, and
from the different modifications of mind.
What greatness of counsels must there be
in an intelligence, who perfectly knows all
that can result from the various arrangements
of matter ? What is matter ? What is body .'
It is a being divisible into parts, which parts
may be variously arranged without end, and
from which as many different bodies may
arise, as there can be diversities in the ar-
rangement of their parts. Let us proceed
from small things to great. Put a grain of
wheat to a little earth, warm that earth with
the rays of the sun, and the grain of wheat
will become an ear laden with a great many
grains like that which produces them. Give
the parts of these grains an arrangement dif-
ferent from that which they had in the ear,
separate the finer from the coarser parts, mix
a few drops of water with the former, and ye
will procure a paste : produce a small altera-
tion of the parts of this paste, and it will be-
come bread : let the bread be bruised with
the teeth, and it will become flesh, bone,
blood, and so on. The same reasoning, that
we have applied to a grain of wheat, may be
applied to a piece of gold, or a bit of clay, and
we know what a multitude of arts in society
have been produced by the knowledge which
mankind have obtained of the different ar-
rangements of which matter is capable.
But mankind can perceive only one point of
matter ; a point placed between two infinites ;
an infinitely great, and an infinitely small.
Two sorts of bodies exist besides those that
are the objects of our senses, one sort is infi-
nitely great, the other infinitely small. Those
enormous masses of matter, of which we have
only a glimpse, are bodies infinitely great,
such as the sun, the stars, and an endless
number of worlds in the immensity of space,
to us indeed imperceptible, but the existence
of which, however, we are obUgcd to allow.
Bodies infinitely small are those minute par-
ticles of matter, which are too fine and subtle
to be subject to our experiments, and seem to
us to have no solidity, only because oui senses
are too gross to discover them, but which
lodge an infinite number of organized beings
Having laid down these indisputable data,
let us see what may be argued from them. If
the knowledge that men have obtained of one
portion of matter, and a few different arrange-
ments of which it is capable, has produced a
great number of arts that make society flour-
ish, and without the help of which life itself
would be a burden ; what would follow if
they could discover all matter ? What would
follow their knowledge of those other bodies,
which now absorb their capacities by their
greatness, and escape their experiments by
their littleness ? What would follow if they
could obtain adequate ideas of the various ar-
rangements of which the parts of bodies infi-
nitely great, and those of bodies infinitely
small, are capable .'' What secrets ! what arts !
what an infinite source of supplies would that
knowledge become .''
Now this, my brethren, is the knowledge
of the Supreme Being. The Supreme Being
knows as perfectly all bodies infinitely great,
and all bodies infinitely small, as he knows
those bodies between both, which are the ob-
jects of human knowledge. The Supreme
Being perfectly knows what must result from
every different arrangement of the parts of
bodies iRfinitely small ; and he perfectly
knows what must result from every different
arrangement of the parts of bodies infinitely
great. What treasures of plans ! what myri-
ads of designs ! or, to use the language of
my text, what greatness of counsel must thia
knowledge supply !
But God knows spirits also as perfectly as
he knows bodies. If he knows all that must
result from the various arrangements of mat-
ter, he also knows all that must result from
the different modifications of mind. Let us
pursue the same method in this article that
we have pursued in the former ; let us pro-
ceed from small things to great ones. One of
the greatest advantages that a man can ac-'
quire over other men with whom he is con
nected, is a knowledge of their different ca-
pacities, the various passions that govern
them, and the multiform projects that run in
their minds. This kind of knowledge forms
profound politicians, and elevates them above
the rest of mankind. The same observation^
that we have made of the superiority of one
politician over another politician, we may ap-
ply to one citizen compared with another cit-
izen. The interest which we have in discov-
ering the designs of our neighbours in a city,
a house, or a family, is in the little what policy
among princes and potentates is in the great
world.
But as I just now said of the material world,
that we knew only one point, which was pla-
ced between two undiscoverable infinites, an
infinitely great, and infinitely small ; so I say of
the world of spirits : an infinite number of
spirits exist, which, in regard to us, are some
of them infinitely minute, and others infinitely
grand. We are ignorant of the manner of
their existence ; we hardly know whether
82
THE GREATNESS OF GOD'S WISDOM,
[Ser. V.
they do exist. We are incapable of determin-
ing whether they have any influence over our
happiness, or, if they have, in what their in-
fluence consists : so that in this respect we
are absolutely incapable o^ counsel.
But God the Supreme Being knows the in-
telligent world as perfectly as he knows the
material world. Human spirits, of which we
have but an imperfect knowledge, are tho-
roughly known to him. He knows the concep-
tions of our minds, the passions of our hearts,
all our purposes, and all our powers. The
conceptions of our minds are occasioned by
the agitation of our brains ; God knows when
the brain will be agitated, and when it will be
at rest, and before it is agitated he knows
what determinations will be produced by its
motion : consequently he knows all the con-
ceptions of our minds. Our passions are ex-
cited by the presence of certain objects ; God
knows when those objects will be present, and
consequently lie knows whether we shall be
moved with desire or aversion, hatred or love.
When our passions are excited we form cer-
tain purposes to gratify them, and these pur-
poses will either be effected or defeated ac-
cording that degree of natural or civil
power which God has given us. God, who
gave us our degree of power, knows how far
it can go ; and consequently he knows not
only what purposes we form, but what power
we have to e.xecute them.
But what is this object of the divine know-
ledge .' What is this handful of mankind, in
comparison of all the other spirits that com-
pose the whole intelligent world, of which we
are only an inconsiderable part ? God knows
them as he knows us ; and he diversifies the
counsels of his own wisdom according to the
different thoughts, deliberations, and wishes,
of these different spirits. Wliat a depth of
knowledge, my brethren ! What ' greatness
of counsel ! Ah, Lord God, behold thou hast
made the heaven and the earth by thy great
power and stretched-out arm, and there is
nothing too hard for thee. The great, the
mighty God, the Lord of hosts is thy name,
thou art great in counsel.'
We have proved then, by considering the
divine perfections, that God is great in coun-
sel, and we shall endeavour to prove by the
same method, that he is mighty in work.
These two, wisdom and power, are not al-
ways united; yet it is on their union that the
happiness of intelligent beings depends. It
would be often better to be quite destitute of
both, than to possess one in a very great, and
the other in a very small degree. Wisdom
very often serves only to render him misera-
ble, who is destitute of power ; as power often
becomes a source of misery to him who is
destitute of wisdom.
Have ye never observed, my brethren, that
people of the finest and most enlarged genius-
es, have often the least success of any people
in the world .' This may appear at first sight
very unaccountable, but a little attention will
explain the mystery. A narrow contracted
mind usually concentres itself in one single
object: it wholly employs itself in forming
projects of happmess proportional to its own
capacity, andj as its capacity is extremely
j shallow, it easily meets with the means
of executing them. But this is not the
case with a man of superior genius, whose
fruitful fancy forms notions of happiness
grand and sublime. He invents noble plans,
involuntarily gives himself up to his own
chimeras, and derives a pleasure from these
ingenious shadows, which for a few mo-
ments, compensate for their want of substance:
but when his reverie is over, he finds real be-
ings inferior to ideal ones, and thus his genius
serves to make him miserable. A man is
much to be pitied in my opinion, when the pe-
netration of his mind, and the fruitfulness of
his invention, furnish him with ideas of a de-
lightful society cemented by a faithful, solid,
and delicate friendship. Recall him to this
world, above which his imagination had just
now raised him ; consider him among men,
who know nothing of friendship but its name,
or wlio have at best only a superficial know-
ledge of it, and ye will be convinced that the
art of inventing is often the art of self-torment-
ing, or, as I said before, that greatness of
counsels destitute of abundance of power is a
source of infelicity.
It is just the same with abundance of power
vfiWionX, greatness of counsels. What does it
avail to possess great riches, to reign over a
great people, to command formidable fleets
and armies, when this power is not accompa
nied with wisdom ?
In God, the Supreme Being, there is a per-
fect harmony of wisdom and power : the effi-
ciency of his will, and the extent of his know-
ledge are equal. But I own I am afraid, were
I to pursue my meditation, and to attempt to
establish this proposition by proofs taken from
the divine nature, that I should lose, if not
myself, at least one part of my hearers, by
aiming to conduct them into a world, with
which they are entirely unacquainted. Plow-
ever, I must say, that with reluctance I make
this sacrifice, for I suppress speculations,
which would afford no small degree of pleas-
ure to those who could pursue them. It is
delightful to elevate our souls in meditating
on the grandeur of God ; and although God
' dwelleth in a light which no man can ap-
proach unto,' 1 Tim. vi. 16. although it is im-
possible for feeble mortals to have a free ac-
cess to him ; yet it is pleasing to endeavour to
diminish the distance that separates them. I
cannot but think, that without presuming too
much upon natural reason, any one who ha-
bituates himself to consult it, may assure him-
self of finding sufficient evidence of this truth,
that the efficiency of God's will is equal to the
extensiveness of his ideas, and by close and
necessary consequence, that he is as mighty
in work as he is great in counsel.
Carry your thoughts back into those periods
in which the Perfect Being existed alone.
Sound reason must allow that he has so exist-
ed. What could then have been the rule or
model of beings which should in future exist ?
The ideas of God were those models. And
what could cause those beings that had only
an ideal existence in the intelligence of God,
actually to exist out of it ? The efficiency of
his will was the cause. The will of the same
Being then, whose ideas had been the cxcm-
Ser. v.]
AND ABUNDANCE OF HIS POWER.
83
plars, or models, or the attributes of creatures,
caused their existence. The Supreme Being
therefore, who is ' great in counsel,' is ' migh-
ty in work.'
This being granted, consider now the ocean
of God's poiocr, as ye have already consider-
ed the greatness of his counsel. God not
only knows what motion of your brain will
excite such or such an idea in your n^nd, but
he excites or prevents that idea as he pleases,
because he produces or prevents that motion
' of your brain as he pleases. God not only
knows what objects will excite certain pas-
sions within you, but he excites or diverts
those passions as he pleases. God not only
knows what projects your passions will pro-
duce, when they have gained an ascendancy
over you, but he inclines you to form, or not
to form, such projects, because as it seems
best to him, he excites those passions, or he
curbs them.
What we affirm of men, we affirm also of
all other intelligent beings : they are no less
the objects of the knowledge of God than
men, and like them, are equally subject to
his efficient will : and hence it is that God
knows how to make all fulfil his designs. It
is by this that he makes every thing subser-
vient to his glory ; Herod and Pilate, our
hatred and our love, our aversions and our
desires ; the ten thousand times ten thousand
intelligences, some of which are superior to
us, and others inferior, all that they are, all
that they have, the praises of the blessed and
the blasphemies of the damned, all by this
mean are instrumental in the execution of his
designs, because the determinations of his
will are efficient, because to will and to do, to
form a "plan and to have the power of exe-
cuting it, is the same thing with the Supreme
Being, with him whose ideas were the only
models of the attributes of all creatures, as
his will was the only cause of their existence.
But perhaps I am falling into what I meant
to avoid ; perhaps I am bewildering my hear-
ers and myself in speculative labyrinths too
intricate for us all. Let us reason then no
longer on the nature of God ; this object is
too high for us : let us take another method,
(and here I allege the second proof of the
truth of my text, that is, the history of the
world, or as I said before, the history of the
church :) let us take, i say, another method
of proving that God who is ' great in coun-
sel,' is also ' mighty in work.' What coun-
sel can ye imagine too great for God to
execute, or which he hath not really execut-
ed .' Let the most fruitful imagination exert
its fertility to the utmost ; let it make every
possible effort to form plans worthy of an in-
finite intelligence, it can invent nothing so
difficult that God has not realized.
It should seem, according to our manner of
reasoning, that greatness of wisdom and svf-
ficiency of poioer never appear in greater har-
mony in an intelligent being, than when that
intelligence produces effects by means, in all
appearance, more likely to produce contrary
effects. This, we are sure, God has effected,
and does effect every day. And, that we may
proportion this discourse, not to the extent of
my subject, but to tiie length of these exer-
cises, we will briefly remark, that God has
the power of making, 1. The deepest afflic-
tions of his children produce their highest
happiness. 2. The contrivances of tyrants
to oppress the church procure its establish-
ment. 3. The triumphs of Satan turn to the
destruction of his empire.
1. God has the power of making the deep-
est of his children's afflictions produce their
highest happiness.
The felicity of the children of God, and, in
general, the felicity of all intelligent beings,
is founded upon order. All happiness that is
not founded upon order is a violent state, and
must needs be of a short duration. But the
essence of order, among intelligent beings, is
the assigning of that place in their affections
to every relative being which is fit for it.
Now there is a fitness in having a higher es
teem for a being of great excellencies, than
for one of small. There is a fitness in my
having a higher degree of affection for one
from whom I have received more benefits,
and from whom I still e-xpect to receive more,
than for one from whom I have received, and
still hope to receive, fewer. But G®d is a
being of the highest excellence ; to God,
therefore, I owe the highest degree of esteem.
God is the being from whom I have received
the most benefits, and from whom I expect to
receive the most ; consequently to God I owe
the highest degree of affectionate gratitude.
Yet, how often do the children of God lose
sight of this grand principle ? I do not speak
only of a few absent moments, in which the
power of thouglit and reflection is, in a man-
ner, gone ; nor do I mean only those violent
passions which criminal objects excite : I
speak of a poison much less sensible, and
therefore perhaps much more dangerous. We
will give you one example out of many.
Two pious persons enter into the honour-
able state of marriage on principles of virtue,
and compose a family that reveres the Crea-
tor by considering him as the only source of
all the blessings which they enjoy. Their
happiness consists in celebrating the benefi-
cence and perfections of the adorable God,
and all their possessions they devote to his
glory. He blesses their union by multiplying
those who compose it, and their children im-
bibe knowledge and virtue from the womb.
The parents taste the most delicious pleasure
in the world, in cultivating the promising ge-
niuses of their children, and in seeing the
good grain, which they sow in a field favour-
ed of Heaven, produce ' in one thirty, in an-
other sixty, in another a hundred fold ;' and
they delight themselves with the hopes of
giving one child to the state, and another to
tJie church ; this to an art, and that to a sci-
ence, and thus of enriching society with the
most valuable of all treasures, virtuous and
capable citizens. All on a sudden this deli-
cious imion is impoisoned and dissolved ; this
amiable fondness is interrupted ; those likely
projects are disconcerted : an unexpected ca-
tastrophe sweeps away tliat fortune, by which
alone their designs for their family could have
been accomplished ; the child of their great-
est hopes is cut down in the beginning of his
race ; the head of the family expires at a
time in which his life is most necessary to it.
A disconsolate widow, a helpless family, ex-
84
THE GREATNESS OF GOD'S WISDOM,
[Ser. V.
posed to every danger, are the sad remains of
a house just now a model of tlie hig'hcst hu-
man happiness, and, in all appearance, of
the purest piety. Is not this the depth of
misery ?
From this depth of misery, however, arises
the highest felicity. The prosperity, of which
we have been speaking-, was so much the
more dangerous by how much the more inno-
cent it appeared ; for if the persons in ques-
tion had founded it in vice ; they would have
quickly forsaken it, as wholly incompatible
with their pious principles ; but, as they had
founded it in piety, there is great reason to
fear they had placed too much of their happi-
ness in earthly prosperity, and that it had al-
most entirely engaged the attention of their
minds, and set bounds to the desires of their
hearts. But what is it to engage the mind
too much in temporal prosperity ^ It is to
lose sight of God, our chief good, in a world
•where at best we can obtain but an imperfect
knowledge of him. What is it to confine the
desires of our hearts to earthly happiness ^
It is to forget our best interest in a world,
where, when we have carried that love which
God so abundantly merits, to the highest
pitch, we can offer him but a very imperfect
service. Every object that produces such an
effect, occupies a place in the heart which is
due to none but God. And while any other
fills the seat of God in the heart, we may in-
deed have a kind of happiness, but it must be
a happiness contrary to order ; it is violent
and must be short. I am aware that the loss
will be bitter in the same degree as the en-
joyments had been sweet ; but the bitterness
will produce ineffable pleasures, infinitely
preferable to all those that have been taken
away. It will reclaim us again to God, the
only object worthy of our love, the alone foun-
tain of all our felicity. This may be inferred
from many declarations of Scripture, and
from the lives of many exemplary saints, as
well as from your own experience, if, indeed,
my dear hearers, when God has torn away
the objects of your tenderest affection, ye
have been so wise as to make tliis use of your
losses, to re-establish order in your hearts,
■and to give that place to God in your souls
■which the object held of which ye have been
<leprived.
2. God establishes his church by the very
means that tyrants use to destroy it. But
the reflections which naturally belong to this
article, ye heard a few weeks ago, when we
explained these words in the Revelation,
' Here is the patience of the saints,'* Rev.
xiii. 10. We endeavoured then to prevent
the gloomy fears that might be occasioned in
your minds by those new edicts, which Rome,
always intent upon making ' the kings of the
earth drunk with her fornication,' Rev. xvii.
2. had extorted against your brethren. We
exhorted you, in the greatest tribulations of
the church, never to lose sight of that Divine
Providence which watches to preserve it.
We reminded you of some great truths
which proceeded from the mouth of God him-
self; such as, that the Assyrian was only ' the
* This is the seventh sermon of the twelftli vol. and
M entilled, Lt J^ouvcauz Malheurt dt V Eglise.
rod of his anger/ Isa. x. 5. that Herod and
Pilate did only ' what his hand and his coun-
sel determined before to be done,' Acts iv. 27,
28. These truths should be always in our
minds ; for there never was a time when we
had more need to meditate on them. The
distresses of our brethren seem to be past re-
medy. To incorporate our felicity with that
of a church, a considerable part of which has
been so long bathed in tears, seems as irra-
tional as the conduct of Jeremiah, who, just
before the dissolution of Judea, purchased an"
estate in that devoted country with the mo-
ney which he wanted to alleviate his captivi-
ty in Babylon. Yet, ' O Lord God, the God
of the spirits of all flesh, is there any thing
too hard for thee .' Thou hast made the hea-
ven and the earth by thy great power, and by
thy stretched-out arm. Thou art the great,
the mighty God, the Lord of hosts is thy
name ; great in counsel, and mighty in work,'
Numb. xvi. 22.
3. Finally, God turns the victories of Sa-
tan to the ruin of his empire. Here fix your
attention upon the work of redemption, for
the perfections of God, which we celebrate
to-day, are more illustriously displayed in it
than in any other of the Creator's wonders.
It is, if I may be allowed to express myself
so, the utmost effort of the concurrence of the
greatness of his counsels with the abundance
of his power. I resume this subject, not for
the sake of filling up my plan, but because my
text cannot be well explained without it.
Those inspired writers, who lived under the
Old Testament dispensation, always mixed
something of the gospel redemption with the
temporal deliverances which they foretold.
One of the strongest reasons that they urged
to convince the Jewish exiles that God would
restore their country to them, was that their
return was essential to the accomplishment
of the promises relating to the Messiah. Je-
remiah particularly uses this method in the
verses which are connected with the text.
Why does he exalt the greatness of Gsod's
counsel, and the abundance of his power .' Is
it only because, as he expresses it, ' God
would gather the Jews out of all countries
whither he had driven them in his fury,' Jer.
xxxii. 37. so that ' men should buy fields in
the places about Jerusalem .'" No, but it is
because he ' would make an everlasting cove-
nant with them,' Jer. xxxii. 40. It is because
' at that time he would cause the branch of
righteousness to grow up unto David,' Jer.
xxxiii. 15. Who is this branch ? It is he of
whom our prophet had before spoken in the
twenty-third chapter of his prophecy, ver. 5.
' Behold the days come that I will raise unto
David a righteous branch.' It is he of whom
Isaiah said, ' The branch of the Lord shall be
beautiful and glorious,' Isa. iv. 2. It is he
whom God promised by Zechariah, after the
captivity, in order to convince the Jews that
the promises concerning the branch had not
been accomplished by their release : ' Behold
the man whose name is The Branch, he shall
grow up out of his place, and he shall build
the temple of the Lord,' Zech. vi. 12. It is
he whom the Jews themselves have acknow-
ledged for the Messiah. It is the holy seed
who was promised to man after the fall, and
Seb. v.]
AND ABUNDANCE OF HIS POWER.
a3
who has been the object of the church's hope
in all ages. It is eminently in behalf of this
branch that God has displayed, as I said be-
fore, in all their grandeur, the abundance of
his power, and the greatness of his counsel. I
do not speak here of that counsel, which has^
been from all eternity, in the intelligence of
God, touching the redemption of mankind.
My capacity is absorbed, I own, in contem-
plating so grand an object, and to admire and
to exclaim seem more suitable to our finite
minds than to attempt to fathom such a pro-
digious depth ; for where is the genius that
can form adequate ideas of a subject so pro-
found .' A God, who, from all eternity, form-
ed the plan of this universe : a God, who,
from all eternity, foresaw whatever would
result from its arrangement : a God, who,
from all eternity, resolved to create mankind,
although he knew from all eternity that they
would fall into sin, and plunge themselves in-
to everlasting miseries : but a God, who, fore-
seeing from all eternity the malady, from all
eternity provided the remedy : a God, who,
from everlasting determined to clothe his Son
in mortal flesh, and to send him into the world :
a God,who, according to the language of Scrip-
ture, slew, in his design from all eternity, the
lamb ... . Rev. xiii. 8. But, I repeat it
again, my brethren, it better becomes such
feeble minds as ours to admire and to exclaim,
than to attempt to fathom. Let us content
ourselves with beholding in the execution of
this divine plan, how the victories of Satan
have subverted his empire.
What a victory for Satan, when that Re-
deemer, that king Messiah, whose advent had
been announced with so much pomp and mag-
nificence, appeared in a form so mean, and
80 inferior to the expectations which the pro-
phecies had occasioned, and to the extraordi-
nary work for which he came into the world,
when he lodged in a stable, and lay in a
manger !
What a triumph for Satan, when Jesus had
no attendants but a few forlorn fishermen,
and a few publicans, as contemptible as their
master !
What a victory for Satan, when Jesus was
apprehended as a malefactor, dragged from
one tribunal to another, and, in fi^ne, con-
demned by his judges to die !
What a victory had Satan obtained, when
the object of Israel's hopes was nailed to an
accursed tree, and there ended a life, upon
which seemed to depend the salvation of
mankind !
What a triumphant victory for Satan, wlien
he had inspired the nation of the risen Re-
deemer to treat the report of his resurrection
as an imposture, and to declare an everlasting'
war against him in the persons of all who
durst declare in his favour !
But, however, the more impracticable the
redemption of mankind seemed, the more did
God display the greatness of his counsel, and
the abundance of his power, in effecting it ;
for he turned all the triumphs of Satan to the
destruction of his dominion.
The Branch was lodged in a stable, the king
of the universe did lie in a manger ; but a
star in the heavens announced his birth, an-
gels conducted worshippers to him from the
most distant eastern countries, and joined
their own adorations to those of the wis*
men, who offered to him their gold, their
frankincense, and their myrrh.
His attendants were only a few fishermen
and publicans ; but this served the more ef-
fectually to secure his doctrine from the most
odious objections that could be opposed
against it. The meaner the vessel appears,
the more excellent seems the treasure con-
tained in it : the weaker the instruments em*
ployed in building the church appear, the
more evident will the ability of the builder
be. These fishermen confounded philoso-
phers ; these publicans struck the Rabbina
dumb ; the winds and the waves were subject
to their authority ; and to their commanda
all the powers of nature were seen to bow.
He was apprehended like a malefactor, and
crucified ; but upon the cross he bruised the
serpent's head, while Satan vaunted of bruis-
ing his heel. Gen. iii. 15. Upon the crosa
' he spoiled principalities and powers, and
made a show of them openly, triumphing
over them in it,' Col. ii. 15.
He was wrapped in burying clothes, laid
on a bier, and, with all the mournful furni»
ture of death, deposited in a tomb ; but by
this he conquered death, and disarmed hinj
of his sting, 1 Cor. xv. 56. By this he fur-
nished thee. Christian, with armour of proof
against the attacks of the tyrant, who would
enslave thee, and whose formidable approach^
es have caused thee so many fears.
He was rejected by his own countrymen,
even after he had risen victorious from the
toinb, laden with the spoils of the king of ter-
rors,' Job xviii. 15; but their rejection ofhira
animated his apostles to shake off the dust
from their feet against those execrable men,
who, after they had murdered the Master,
endeavoured to destroy the disciples, and put
them upon lifting up the standard of the crosB
in every other part of the universe, and thu»
the heathen world was bound to his triumphal
chariot, and the whole earth saw the accom-
plishment of those prophecies which had fore-
told that he should reign from sea to sea, and
from the river to the ends of the earth.' How
great the counsel! my dear brethren, how
mighty the icork ! ' Ah, Lord God, therq i^ no-
thing too hard for thee.' Thou art, ' the
great, the mighty God, the Lord of hosts is
thy name, great in counsel and mighty in
work.'
Here we may pause, and very properly
come to a conclusion of this discourse ; for,
though we proposed at first to consider ' the
greatness of God's counsel and the omnipo-
tence of his working,' in a practical light, after
having examined them speculatively, yet, I
think the examination of the subject in one
point of light, is the explication of it in both.
When we have proved that God is ' great in
counsel, and mighty in work,' in my opinion,
we have sufficiently shown, on the one hand,
the extravagance of tiiose madmen, who, in
the language of the Wise Man, pretend to
exercise ' wisdom and understanding, and
counsel, against the Lord,' Prov. xxi. 20. and
on tlie other, the wisdom of those, who, tak-
ing his laws for the only rules of their conver-
sation, commit their peace, their lives, and
88
THE GREATNESS OF GOD'S WISDOM, &c.
[Seh. V.
thefir salvation, to tho disposal of his provi-
dence. Only let us take care, my dear breth-
ren, (and with this single exhortation we
. conclude,) let us take care, that we do not
flatter ourselves into an opinion that we pos-
sess this wisdom while we are destitute of it :
and let us take care, while we exclaim against
the extravagance of those madmen, of whom
I just now spoke, that wo do not imitate their
dangerous examples.
But what ! is it possible to find, among
beings who have the least spark of reason,
an individual mad enough to suppose himself
wiser than that God who is ' great in counsel,'
or, is there one who dares resist a God,
' mighty in working .'" My brethren, one of
the most difficult questions, that we meet
with in the study of human nature, is, whether
some actions in men's lives proceed from in-
tentions in their minds. To affirm, or to deny,
is equally difficult. On the one hand, we
can hardly believe that an intelligent crea-
ture can revolve intentions in his mind direct-
ly opposite to intelligence, and the extrava-
gance of which the least ray of intelligence
seems sufficient to discover. On the other,
we can hardly think it possible, that this
creature should follow a course of life alto-
gether founded on such an intention, if indeed
ne have it not in his mind. The truth is, a
question of this kind may be either affirmed
or denied according to the different lights in
which it is considered. Put these questions to
the most irregular of mankind : Dost thou
pretend to oppose God .'' Hast thou the pre-
sumption to attempt to prevail over him by
thy superiority of knowledge and power ? Put
these questions simply apart from the conduct,
and ye will hardly meet with one who will
not answer No. But examine the conduct,
not only of the most irregular men, but even
of those who imagine that their behaviour
is the most prudent; penetrate those secret
thoughts, which they involve in darkness in
order to conceal the horror of them from
themselves ; and ye will soon discover that
they, who answered so pertinently to your
questions when ye proposed them simply, will
actually take the opposite side when ye pro-
pose the same questions relatively. But who
then, ye will ask me, who are those men, who
presumptuously think of overcoming God by
their superior knowledge and power .'
Who .■' It is that soldier, who, with a brutal
courage, defies danger, affronts death, reso-
lutely marches amidst fires and flames, even
though he has taken no care to have an inter-
est in the Lord of hosts, or to commit his soul
to his trust.
Who ? It is that statesman, who, despising
the suggestions of evangelical prudence, pur-
sues stratagems altogether worldly ; who
makes no scruple of committing what are
called state-crimes ; who with a disdainful
air, affects to pity us, when we affirm, that
the most advantageous service that a wise le-
gislator can perform for society, is to render
the Deity propitious to it ; that the happiest
nations are tlioso ' whose God is the Lord.'
Ps. xxxiii. 12.
Who .'' It is that philosopher, who makes a
parade of I know not what stoical firmness ;
who conceits himself superior to all the vicis-
situdes of life ; who boasts of his tranquil ex-
pectation of death, yea, who affects to desire
its approach, for the sake of enjoying the plea-
sure of insulting his casuist, who has ventu-
red to foretell that he will be terrified at it.
Who .' It is that voluptuary, who opposes
to all our exhortations and threatenings, to
the most affecting denunciations of calamities
from God in this life, and to the most awful
descriptions ofjudgment to come in|the next,
to all our representations of hell, of an eternity
spent in the most execrable company, and in
the most excruciating pain ; who opposes to
all these the buz of amusements, the hurry
of company, gaming at home, or diversions
abroad.
Study all these characters, my brethren,
lay aside the specious appearances that men
use to conceal their turpitude from themselves,
and ye will find that, to dare the Deity, to pre-
tend by superior knowledge and strength to
resist the wisdom and omnipotence of God, is
not so rare a disposition as ye may at first
have supposed.
Let us abhor this disposition of mind, my
brethren ; let us entertain right notions of
sin ; let us consider him who commits it as a
madman, who has taken it into his head that
he has more knowledge than God, the foun-
tain of intelligence ; more strength than He,
beneath whose power all the creatures of the
universe are compelled to bow. When we
are tempted by sin, let us remember what sin
is : let each ask himself. What can I, a misera-
ble man, mean.' Do I mean to provoke the
Lord to jealousy ? Do I pretend to be strong-
er than he .'' Can I resist his will .'' Shall I set
briars and thorns against him in battle .' ' He
will go through them, he will burn them to-
gether,' 1 Cor. X. 22. Rom. ix. 19. Isa. xxvii. 5.
Let us seek those benefits in a communion
with the great God, of which our fanciful
passions can only offer the shadows. Let us
not pretend to deceive him by the subtilty of
our stratagems ; but let us endeavour to
please him by acknowledging our doubts, our
darkness, and our ignorance ; the fluctuations
of our minds about the government of the
state, the management of our families, and
above all, the salvation of our souls. Let us
not appear in his presence boasting of our na-
tural power ; but let us present ourselves be-
fore him weak, trembling, and undone. By
the greatness of his compassion let us plead
with him to pity our meanness and misery.
Let our supplies flow from the fountains of
bis wisdom and power ; this is real wisdom ;
may God inspire us with it. This is substan-
tial happiness ; may God impart it to us.
Amen. To him be honour and glory for ever.
SERMON VI.
THE HOLINESS OF GOD.
Leviticus xix. 1, 2,
^ni the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Speak unto all the congregation of the
children of Israel^ and say unto them, Ye shall be holy ; for J the Lord your
God am holy.
I ADDRESS to all the faithful, whom the
devotion of this day has assembled in this
sacred place, the command which Moses by
the authority of God addressed to all the con-
gregation of Israel. However venerable this
assembly may be, to which I am this day call-
ed by Providence to preach, it cannot be
more august than that to which the Jewish
legislator formerly spoke. It was composed
of more than eighteen hundred thousand per-
sons. There were magistrates appointed to
exercise justice, and to represent God upon
earth. There were priests and Levites, con-
secrated to the worship of God, and chosen by
him to signify his will to the church. There
were various ranks and degrees of men pro-
portional to so great a multitude of people.
God had given particular laws before, which
were adapted to their different ranks, and to
their various circumstances. But this is a
general law : a law which equally belongs to
magistrates, priests, and Levites : a law
which must be observed at all times, and in
all places. This is the law of holiness ;
' Speak unto all the congregation of tlie chil-
dren of Israel, and say unto them. Ye shall be
holy ; for I the Lord your God am holy,'
I repeat it again, my brethren, I address to
all the faithful, wliom the devotion of this
day has assembled in this sacred place, the
same precept that God commanded Moses to
address to all the congregation of Israel.
The law of holiness, which I preach to-day,
commands you, our supreme governors. Ar-
biters of your own laws, ye see no mortal upon
earth to whom ye are accountable for your
conduct, but there is a God in heaven whose
creatures and subjects ye are, and who com-
mands you to be holy. The law of holiness
commands you, priests and Levites of the
New Testament. The sacred character, with
which ye are invested, far from dispensing
with your obligation to holiness, enforceth it
on you in a more particular manner. This
law commands you all, my dear hearers, of
what order, of what profession, of what rank
soever ye be. ' If ye be a chosen generation,
a royal priesthood, a peculiar people, ye
ought also to be a holy nation, that ye may
show forth the praises of him who hath called
j'ouout of darkness into his marvellous light,'
1 Pet. ii. 9. Whatever prerogative Moses
had above us, we have the same law to pre-
scribe to you that he had to Israel ; and the
voice of Heaven says to us now, as it said
once to him, ' Speak to all the congregation
of the children of Israel, and say unto them,
Ye shall be holy : 'for I the Lord your God
am holy.'
This discourse will have three parts. The
term holiness is equivocal, and consequently,
the command ije shall be holy, is so. We
will endeavour to fix the sense of the term,
and to give you a clear and distinct idea of
the word holiness : this will be our first point.
Holiness, which in our text is attributed
to God, and prescirbed to men, cannot belong
to such different beings in the same sense,
and in all respects. We will therefore exa-
mine in what sense it belongs to God, and in
what sense it belongs to men ; and we will
endeavour to explain in what respects God is
holy, and in what respects men ought to ba
holy : this will be our second part.
Although the holiness that is attributed to
God, differs in many respects from that which
is prescribed to men, yet the first is the
ground of the last. Tlie connexion of these
must be developed, and the motive enforced,
' ye shall be holy, for I the Lord your God
am holy :' this shall be our third part. And
this is the substance of all that we intend to
propose.
I. The term holiness is equivocal, and con-
sequently, the command, ye shall be holy, is
so. Let us endeavour to affix a determinate
sense to the term, and to give you a clear
and distinct idea of the meaning of the word
holiness. The original term is one of the
most vague words in the Hebrew language.
In general, it signifies to prepare, to set apart,
to devote. The nature of the subject to which
it is applied, and not the force of the term,
must direct us to determine its meaning in
passages where it occurs. An appointment
to offices the most noble, and the most worthy
of intelligent beings, and an appointment to
offices the most mean and infamous, are alike
expressed by this word. The profession of
the most august office of the high priesthood,
and the abominable profession of a prostitute,
are both called holiness in this vague sense.
The poorest languages are those in which
words are the most equivocal, and this is the
character of the Hebrew language. I cannot
think with some, that it is the most ancient
language in the world ; the contrary opinion,
I think, is supported by very sufficient evi-
dence. However, it must be granted, that H
has one grand character of antiquity, that is,
its imperfection. It seems to have been in-
vented in the first ages of the world, when
mankind could express their ideas but imper-
fectly, and before they had time to render Ian-
88
THE HOLINESS OF GOD.
[Ser. VI.
g^oge determinate, by affixing arbitrary
names to the objects of their ideas.**
This remarlt may at first appear useless,
particularly in such a discourse as this. It is,
however, of great consequence ; and I make
it here for the sake of young students in di-
Tinity : for, as the writers of the holy Scrip-
tures frequently make use of terms, that ex-
cite several ideas, the reasons of their choos-
inor such terms will be inquired : and on such
reasons as the fancies of students assign, some
maxims, and even some doctrines will be
grounded. I could mention more mysteries
than one, that have been found in Scripture,
only because on some occasions it uses equi-
vocal terms. An interpreter of Scripture,
should indeed assiduously urge the force of
those emphatical expressions which the Holy
Spirit sometimes uses to signify, if I may so
speak, the ground and substance of the truth ;
but at the same time, he should avoid search-
ing after the marvellous in other expressions,
that are employed only for the sake of ac-
commodating the discourse to the genius of
the Hebrew tongue.
The force of the term holiness, then, not
being sufficient to determine its meaning, its
meaning must be sought elsewhere. We
must inquire the object to which he devotes
himself, who in our Scriptures is called liohj.
For, as all those words, ye shall he holy, for I
am holy, are equal to these, ye shall he set
apart, or ye shall he devoted, for I am set
apart, or devoted, it is plain that they cannot
be well explained unless the object of the ap-
pointment or designation be determined. This
object is the matter of our present inquiry,
and on the investigation of this depends our
knowledge of what we call holiness. Now,
this subject is of such a kind, that the weak-
est Christian may form some idea of it, while
the ablest philosophers, and the most pro-
found divines are incapable of treating it
with the precision, and of answering all the
questions that a desire of a complete explica-
tion may produce.
The weakest Christians may form (especi-
ally if they be willing to avail themselves of
such helps as are at hand) some just notions
of what we call holiness. It seems to me,
that in this auditory at least, there is not one
{»erson who is incapable of pursuing the fol-
owing meditation : to which I entreat your
attention.
Suppose, in a world entirely remote from
you, a society, to which ye have no kind of
relation, and to which ye never can have any.
Suppose that God had dispensed with an obe-
dience to his laws in favour of this society,
had permitted the members of it to live as
they thought proper, and had assured them
that he would neither inflict any punishment
\ipon them for what we call vice, nor bestow
any rewards on an attachment to what we
call virtuv. Suppose two men in this society,
mjikint^ »■> opposite use of this independence.
T^'ie-cne says to himself, Since I am the ar-
■{ij ,r of my own conduct, and the Supreme
li&ing, on whom I depend, has engaged to re-
♦ It is granted by the Rabbins, that the Hebrew
words which have distinct imports were differently
pronounced by the people ; as Sheul, which signifies
botb Seut aud the grave. J. S.
quire no account of my actions, I will consult
no other rule of conduct than my own inter-
est. Whenever it may be my interest to de-
ny a trust reposed in me, I will do it without
reluctance. Whenever my interest may re-
quire the destruction of my tenderest and
most faithful friend, I myself will become his
executioner, and will stab liim. Thus reasons
one of them.
The other, on the contrary, says, I am free
indeed, I am responsible only to myself for
my conduct, but, however, I will prescribe to
myself some rules of action, which I will in-
violably pursue. I will never betray a trust
reposed in me, but I will, with the utmost
fidelity discharge it, whatever interest I may
have to do otherwise. I will carefully pre-
serve the life of my friend, who discovers so
much fidelity and love to me, whatever inter-
est I may have in his destruction. We ask
those of our hearers who are the least ac-
quainted with meditations of tliis kind, whe-
ther they can prevail with themselves not to
make an essential diiFerence between those
two members of the supposed society ? We
ask, whether ye can help feeling a horror at
the first, and a veneration for the last of these
men .'' Now this conduct, or the principles
of this conduct, for which we cannot help
feeling veneration and respect, although the
whole passes in a world, and in a society to
which we have no relation, and to which we
never can have any, these are the principles,
I say, to which he is devoted, whom our
Scriptures call holy : these principles are
what we call virtue, rectitude, order, or, as
the text expresses it, holiness. ' Ye shall be
holy : for I the Lord your God am holy.'
Let us proceed a little farther in our medi-
tation, and let us make a supposition of an-
other kind. Ye have all some idea of God.
Ye have at least this notion of him, that he is
supremely independent, and that none can
punish or reward him for the use he makes of
his independence. Suppose, as well as ye
can without blasphemy, that he should lavish
his favours on the faithless depository, whom
we just now mentioned, and should withliold
them from the other : that he should heap
benefits upon him who would stab his tender-
est and most faithful friend, and expose the
other to indigence and misery. Suppose, on
the contrary, that God should liberally be-
stow his favours on the faithful depository,
and refuse them to the other. I ask those of
my hearers who are the least acquainted with
a meditation of this kind, whether they can
help making an essential diflTerence between
these two uses of independence .' Can yo
help feeling more veneration and respect for
the Supreme Being in the latter case than in
the former? Now, my brethren, I repeat it
acrain, the laws according to which the Su-
preme Being acts, are the laws to which the
person is appointed, or set apart, who in the
holy Scriptures is denominated holy. Con-
formity to these laws is what we call virtue^
rectitude, order, or as the text expresses it,
holiness. In this manner, it seems to me,
that the weakest Christian (if he avail him-
self of such helps as are offered to him) may
form an adequate idea of holiness.
However, it is no lesa certain that the ablest
Sbb. VI]
THE HOLINESS OF GOD.
89
philosophers, and the most consummate di-
vines, find it difficult to speak with precision
on this subject, and to answer all the ques-
tions that have arisen about it. Perhaps its
perspicuity may be one principal cause of this
difficulty : for it is a rule, of which we inform
those to whom we teach the art of reasoning
justly, that when an idea is brought to a cer-
tain degree of evidence and simplicity, every
thing that is added to elucidate, serves only
to obscure and perplex it. Has not one part
of our difficulties about the nature of right
and wrong arisen from the breach of this
rule ?
From what we have heard, in my opinion,
we may infer, that all mankind have a clear
and distinct idea of holiness, even though
they have no terms to express their ideas of
it with justness and precision. It seems to
me that every mechanic is able to decide the
following questions, although they have oc-
casioned so many disputes in schools. On
what is the difference between a just and an
unjust action founded ; on interest only .' or
on the will of the Supreme Being only, who
hath prescribed such or such a law ? For,
since we cannot help execrating a man who
violates certain laws, though the violation
does not at all affect our interest, it is plain,
we cannot help acknowledging, when we re-
flect on our own ideas, that the difference be-
tween a just and an unjust action is not found-
ed on interest only. And since we cannot
help venerating the Supreme Being more
when he follows certain laws than when he
violates them, it is plain we cannot help ac-
knowledging that there is a justice indepen-
dent of the supreme law which has prescrib-
ed it.
Should any one require me to give him a
clear notion oi i\\is justice, this order, ox holi-
ness, which is neither founded on the inter-
est of him who obeys it, nor on the authority
of the Supreme Being who commands it, this
should be my answer.
By justice I understand that fitness, har-
mony, or proportion, which ought to be be-
tween the conduct of an intelligent being,
and the circumstances in which he is placed,
and the relations that he bears to other be-
ings. For example, there is a relation be-
tween a benefactor who bestows, and an indi-
gent person who receives, a benefit ; from
this relation results a proportion, a harmony,
or a fitness between benefit and gratitude,
which makes gratitude a virtue. On the con-
trary, between benefit and ingratitude there
is a disproportion, a dissonance, or an incon-
fruity, which makes ingratitude injustice.
n like manner, between one man, who is un-
der oppression, and another who has the
power of terminating the oppression by pun-
ishing the oppressor, there is a certain rela-
tion from which results a proportion, a har-
mony, or a fitness in relieving the oppressed,
which makes the relief an act of generosity
and justice.
All mankind have a general notion of this
proportion, harmony, or fitness. If they are
sometimes dubious about their duty, if they
sometimes hesitate about the conduct that
justice requires of them on certain occasions,
»t n not because they doubt whether every
action ought to have that which I call propot'
tion, harmony, or fitness ; but it is because,
in some intricate cases, they do not clearly
perceive the relation of a particular action
to their general notion of justice. Every
man has an idea of equality and inequality of
numbers. Every man knows at once to
which of these two ideas some plain and sim-
ple numbers belong. Every body perceivea
at once a relation between the number three,
and the idea of inequality : and every body
perceives instantly a relation between the
number two and the idea of equality. But
should I propose a very complex number to
the most expert arithmetician, and ask him to
which of the two classes this number be-
longs, he would require some time to consid-
er, before he could return his answer : not
because he had not very clear ideas of equa-
lity and inequality, but because he could not
at first sight perceive whether the number
proposed were equal or unequal. The arith-
metician, whom I have supposed, must study
to find out the relation: as soon as he dis-
covers it he will readily answer, and teU me
whether the number proposed be equal or un-
equal.
Apply this example to the subject in hand.
All mankind, according to our reasoning have
a general notion of a fitness, that ought to be
between the conduct of an intelligent being
and the circumstances in which he is placed,
and the relations that he bears to other beings.
Always when a man perceives that a particu-
lar action has ^such a fitness, or has it not,
he will declare without hesitation that the
action is just or unjust. If he hesitate in
some cases, it is because he does not perceive
the relation of the action in question to this
fitness. It belongs to casuists to solve dif-
ficulties of this kind. I perceive at once a
relation between him who receives a benefit,
and him who confers it ; and from this rela-
tion I conclude, that there is a fitness between
gratitude and the circumstances of the receiv-
er : therefore I declare without hesitating,
that gratitude is a virtue, and that ingrati-
tude IS a vice. But should I be asked whether
it were a virtue or a vice to kill a tyrant, I
might hesitate : because I might not at first
perceive what relation there is between the
killing of a tyrant, and the fitness that ought
to subsist between the conduct of a subject
and his relation to a tyrant.
Should any one still urge me to give him
clearer ideas of that which I call the propor-
tion, the harmony, or the fitness of an action,
I would freely own that I could not answer
his inquiry. But, at the same time, I would
declare that my inability did not arise from
the obscurity of my subject, but from the all-
sufficiency of its evidence. I would recur to
the maxim just now mentioned, that when a
subject is placed in a certain degree of evi-
dence and simplicity, every thing that is add-
ed to elucidate, serves only to darken and to
perplex it.
Should my inquirer still reply that he had
no idea of that which I call the proportion,
the harmony, or the fitness of an action, I
should consider him as a being of a species
different from mine, and I should not think of
conversing with him. There are some com-
90
THE HOLINESS OF GOD.
[See. VI.
mon ideas, some maxims that are taken for
granted, even by the most opposite parties :
and when those maxims are disputed, and
those ideas not admitted, there is an end of
conversing and reasoning.
' This is a general notion of holiness. But
the holiness that is attributed to God, and
prescribed to men, in the text, cannot belong
in the same sense, and in every respect, to
such different beings. We are going to exa-
mine then, in the second place, in what sense
it agrees to God, and in what sense it agrees
to man.
II. What has been said of holiness in ge-
neral, will serve to explain in what sense God
is holy, and in what sense men ought to be
holy. The general principle of holiness is
common to God and man. The general prin-
ciple of holiness, as has been already shown,
is a perfect proportion, harmony, or fitness,
between the conduct of an intelligent being
and his relations to other beings. The holi-
ness of God is that perfect harmony, propor-
tion, or fitness, that subsists between his con-
duct (if I may be allowed to speak thus of
God) and his relations to other beings. The
holiness of man consists in the same. But as
the circumstances and relations of God differ
from those of men, the holiness of God and
the holiness of men are of different kinds.
Audit is the difference of these relations that
we must distinguish, if we would give a pro-
per answer to the questions in hand : In what
sense, and in what respects, is holiness as-
cribed to God ? In what sense, and in what
respects, is holiness prescribed to men .'
The first question, that is, What relations
has God with other Ibeings, is a question so
extensive, and so difficult, that all human in-
telligence united in one mind, could not re-
turn a sufficient answer. We have been ac-
customed to consider our earth as the princi-
pal part of the universe, and ourselves as the
most considerable beings in nature. Yet our
earth is only an atom in the unbounded space,
in which it is placed : and we are only a very
inconsiderable number in comparison of the
infinite multitude and the endless variety of
creatures which the Great Supreme has made.
There is an infinite number of angels, sera-
phims, cherubims, thrones, dominions, pow-
ers, and other intelligences, of which we have
no ideas, and for which we have no names.
God has relations to all these beings ; and on
the nature of those relations depends the na-
ture of that order, justice, or holiness, which
he inviolably maintains in respect to them.
But let us not lose ourselves in these immense
objects. Let us only fix our meditation on
God's relations to men, and we shall form
sufficient ideas of his holiness.
What relation does God bear to us .' God
has called us into existence ; and there are
between us the relations of Creator and crea-
ture. But what harmony do we think there
ought to be between the conduct of God to us,
and the relation that he bears to us of a
Creator to creatures ? Harmony, or fitness,
seems to require that God, having brought
creatures into existence, should provide for
their support, and, having given them certain
faculties, sliould require an account of the use
that is made of them. This is the first idea
that we form of the holinesg of God. It does
not appear to us fit, or agreeable to order
that God, after having created intelligent be-
ings, should abandon them to themselves, and
not regard either their condition or their con-
duct. On this principle we ground the doc-
trine of Providence, and reject the extrava-
gant system of the Epicurians.
What relation does God bear to us ? God
has given us a revelation. He has proposed
some principles to us. Between God and U3
there are the relations of tutor and pupil.
But what fitness do we think there ought to
be between the conduct of God and the rela-
tion of a tutor to a pupil, that subsists between
him and us .'' It is fit, I think, that a revelation
proceeding from God should be conformable
to his own ideas ; and on this principle we
ground the doctrine of the truth, or, as the
schools call it, the veracity of God, and main-
tain with St. Paul, even independently of the
authority of St. Paul, that ' it is impossible for
God to fie,' Heb. vi. 18.
What relation does God bear to us .' God
has made a covenant with us : to certain con-
ditions in that covenant he has annexed cer-
tain promises. Between God and us there
subsist the relations of two contracting par-
ties. What fitness do we think, there ought
to be between the conduct of God and that
relation of an ally, which he bears to us .''
We think that there is a harmony, or a fitness,
in his fulfilling the articles of the covenant,
and on this principle we ground our expecta-
tion of the accomplishment of his promises,
and believe that ' all the promises of God are
yea, and amen,' 2 Cor. i. 20.
What relation subsists between God and us .''
God has given us certain laws. Between
God and us there are the relations of a law-
giver and subjects. What harmony, do we
think, there ought to be between the conduct
of God and the relation of a legislator to a sub-
ject ! We think, harmony requires that the
laws prescribed to us should be proportional
to our ability ; that nothing should be required
of us beyond our natural power, or the super-
natural assistances that he affords : and on this
principle we reject a cruel system of divinity,
more likely to tarnish than to display the glory
of the Supreme Being : on this principle we
say with St. James, ' If any of you lack vris-
dom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all
men liberally, and upbraideth not,' Jam. i. 12.
on this principle we say with St. Paul, that
' .as many as have sinned without law, shall
also perish without law : and as many as have
sinned in the law, shall be judged by the law,*
Rom. ii. 12. Follow this train of reasoning,
my brethren, reflect on the other relations
that God bears to mankind ; examine, as far
as ye are capable of examining, the harmony
that subsists between the conduct of God and
those relations ; and the farther ye proceed in
meditations of this kind, the more just and the
more enlarged will be your ideas of the holi-
ness of God.
But perhaps some may accuse me of taking
that for granted which remains to be proved,
and of grounding my whole system of the ho-
liness of God on a disputed principle, the truth
of which I have not 3'ot demonstrated : that
is, that there docs subsist such a perfect har-
See. VI.]
THE HOLINESS OF GOD.
91
harmony or fitness between the conduct of
Godland his relations to men. Perhaps I
may be asked for the proofs of this principle,
the ground of my whole system ; for if the
principle be doubtful, the whole system is hy-
pothetical, and if it be false the system falls of
itself. I answer, my brethren, that we have
as strong and demonstrative evidence of the
holiness of God as it is possible for finite crea-
tures to have of the attributes of an infinite
Being. We may derive sound notions of the
conduct of God from three different sources,
each of which will prove that a perfect har-
mony subsists between the conduct of God
and his relations to us, and all together will
fully convince us that God possesses in the
most eminent degree such a holiness as we
have described.
1. We shall be fully convinced that God
possesses this holiness if we regulate our ideas
of his conduct by our notion of his nature.
Let me beg leave to remark, to those who
have been accustomed to argue, that I do not
mean here an imaginary notion of God, like
that which some divines and some philoso-
phers have laid down as the ground of their
arguments. They begin by supposing a per-
fect being : then they examine what agrees
with a perfect being : and that they attribute
to God. This is their argument : ' Holiness
is an attribute of a perfect being : God is a
perfect being ; therefore holiness is an attri-
bute of God.' We do not at present use this
method. I suppose myself suddenly placed in
this world, surrounded with a variety of crea-
tures. I do not suppose that there is a holy
Supreme Being : but I inquire whether there
be one ; and in this manner I obtain a full de-
monstration. My knowledge of creatures
produces the notion of a Creator. My notion
of a Creator is complex, and includes in it the
sdeas of a grand, infinite, almighty Being.
But the notion of a Being, who is grand, infi-
nite, and almighty, includes in it, I think, the
idea of a holy Being. At least, I cannot per-
ceive, in this Being, any of the principles that
tempt men to violate the laws of order. Men
sometimes transgress.the laws of order through
ignorance : but the grand, the mighty, the in-
finite Being thoroughly understands the har-
mony that ought to subsist between the laws
of order and the most difficult and most compli-
cated action. Men sometimes violate the laws
of order because the solicitations of their sen-
ses prevail over the rational deliberations of
their minds : but the great, the powerful, the
infinite Being is not subject to a revolution
of animal spirits, an irregular motion of blood,
or an inundation of bodily humours. Men
sometimes violate the laws of order because
they are seduced by a present and sensible
interest : but this principle of a violation of
the laws of order can have no place in God.
The great, the mighty, the infinite Being can
have no interest in deceiving such contempt-
ible creatures as we. If then we judge of the
conduct of God by the idea that we are obli-
ged to form of his nature, we shall be convin-
ced of his perfect holiness.
2. We may be convinced of the holiness of
God by the testimony that God himself has
given of his attributes. The testimony that
God has given of himself is the moat credible
testimony that we can obtain. And how does
he represent himself in the Holy Scriptures ?
He describes himself every where as a holy
Being, and as a pattern of holiness to us. He
describes himself surrounded with happy
spirits, who perpetually cry, ' Holy, holy,
holy. Lord of hosts.'
3. God will appear supremely holy to you
if ye judge by his works. Behold the works
of nature, they proclaim the perfect holiness
of God. Consult that work of nature, your
own heart : that heart, all corrupt as it is, yet
retains some faint traces of the holiness of God ,
who created it ; so that in spite of its natural
depravity, it still does homage to virtue : it
resembles a palace, which, having been at
first built with magnificence and art, has been
miserably plundered and destroyed, but which
yet retains, amidst all its ruins, some vestiges
of its ancient grandeur. Behold society, that
work of Providence publishes the supreme ho-
liness of God. God has so formed society
that it is happy or miserable in the same pro-
portion as it practises, or neglects virtue.
Above all, behold the work of religion. What
say the precepts, the precedents, the penaltiea
of religion .'' More especially, what says the
grand mystery of religion, that mystery which
is the scope, the substance, the end of all the
other mysteries of religion, I mean the mys-
tery of the cross ? Does it not declare that
God is supremely holy ?
We have seen then in what respects holi-
ness belongs to God, and by pursuing the
same principles, we may discover in what res-
pects it belongs to men. Consider the cir-
cumstances in which men are placed, and
what relation they bear to other beings : con-
sider what harmony there ought to be between
the conduct of men and their relations : and
ye will form a just notion of the holiness that
men are commanded to practise. There is
the relation of a subject to his prince, and the
subject's submission is the harmony of that
relation : in this respect it is the holiness of a
man to submit to his prince. There is the
relation of a child to his parent, and there is
a harmony between the conduct and the rela-
tion of the child when he loves and obeys his
parent : Love and obedience to the parent
constitute the holiness of the child.
The principal relation of man is that which
he bears to God. Man stands in the relation
of a creature to God, who is his Creator ; and
the conduct of a creature is in harmony with
his relation when the will of his Creator is the
rule of his actitjns: the revealed will of God
then must regulate the will of man. Order
requires us to submit ourselves to him of
whom we have received all that we enjoy : all
our enjoyments come from God ; from him
we derive ' life, motion, and existence,' Acts
xvii. 28. It is imposible then to resist his
will without violating the laws of order. Our
future prospects, as well as our present enjoy-
ments, proceed from God: our own interest
demands then, that we should submit to his
will, in order to a participation of future fa-
vours, which are the objects of our present
hopes.
We have seen then in what respects holi-
ness belongs to God, and in what respects it
belongs to men. But although holiness does
.92
THE HOLINESS OF GOD.
CSbb. VI,
fiot belong, in the same Bense, and in every
respect, to beings so different as God and
man, yet the holiness of God ought to be
both a reason and a rule for the holiness of
man. ' Ye shall be holy, for I the Lord your
God am holy.' This is our third part, and
■with this we shall conclude the discourse.
ni. The^ holiness of God, we say, is both
a rule and a reason for the holiness of man.
The words of the text include both these
ideas, and will bear either sense. They may
be rendered, ' Be ye holy as I am holy :' and,
according to this translation, the holiness of
God is a rule or a model of ours. Or, they
may be rendered, ' Ye shall be holy, because
I am holy:' and, according to this, the holi-
ness of God is a reason or a motive of our
holiness. It is not necessary now to inquire
which of these two interpretations is the best.
Let us unite both. Let us make the holiness
of God the pattern of our holiness : and let
us also make it the motive of ours.
1. Let us make the holiness of God the
model of ours. ' The holiness of God is com-
plete in its parts.' He has all virtues, or ra-
ther he has one virtue that includes all
others : that is, the love of order. He is
equally just in his laws, true in his language,
his promises are faithful, and his thoughts
are right. Let this holiness be our pattern,
* Be ye holy as God is holy.' Let us not con-
fine ourselves to one single virtue. Let us
incorporate them all into our system. Let
us have an assortment of Christian graces.
Let us be, if I may express myself so, com-
plete Christians. Let us ' add to our faith
virtue, and to virtue knowledge, and to know-
ledge temperance, and to temperance pa-
tience, and to patience godliness, and to godli-
ness brotherly kindness, and to brotherly
kindness charity,' 2 Pet. i. 5 — 7.
2. The holiness of God is infinite in itself.
Nothing can confine its activity. Let this
be our model, as far as a finite creature can
imitate an infinite Being. Let us not rest in
a narrow sphere of virtue, but let us carry
every virtue to its most eminent degree of at-
tainment. Let us every day make some new
progress. Let us reckon all that we have done
nothing, while there remains any thing more
to' do. Let each of us say with St. Paul, '1 count
not myself to have apprehended : but this one
thing I do, forgetting those things which are
behind, and reaching forth unto those things
which are before, I press toward the mark,'
Phil. iii. 13.
3. The holiness of God is pure in its mo-
tives. He fears nothing, he hopes for nothing;
yet he is holy. He knows, he loves, he pur-
sues holiness. This is the whole system of
his morality. Let this be our pattern. We
do not mean to exclude the grand motives of
hope and fear, which religion has sanctified,
and which have such a mighty influence over
beings capable of happiness or misery. But
yet, let not our inclinations to virtue necessa-
rily depend on a display of the horrors of hell,
or the happiness of heaven. Disinterestedness
of virtue is the character of true magnanim-
ity, and Christian heroism. Let us esteem it
a pleasure to obey the laws of order. Let us
account it a plca.sure to be generous, benefi-
cent, and communicative. Let us ' lend,'
agreeably to the maxim of Jesus Christ,
' hoping for nothing again,' Luke vi. 35 ;
and, in imitation of his example, let us ' lay
down our lives for the brethren,' 1 John
iii. 16.
4. The holiness of God is uniform in its ac-
tion. No appearance deceives him, no temp-
tation shakes him, nothing dazzles or diverts
him. Let this be our example. Let us not
be every day changing our religion and mo-
rality. Let not our ideas depend on the mo-
tion of our animal spirits, the circulation of
our blood, or the irregular course of the hu-
mours of our bodies. Let us not be Chris-
tians at church only, on our solemn festivals
alone, or at the approach of death. Let our
conduct be uniform and firm, and let us say,
with the prophet, even in our greatest trials,
' Yet God is good to Israel,' Ps. Lxiii. 1.
However it be, I will endeavour to be as
humble on the pinnacle of grandeur, as if
Providence had placed me in the lowest and
meanest post. I will be as moderate, when
all the objects of my wishes are within my
reach, as if I could not afford to procure
them. I will be as ready to acquiesce in the
supreme will of God, if he conduct mo
through various adversities, and through ' the
valley of the shadow of death,' as if he led
me through prosperities, and filled me with
delights. Thus the holiness of God must
be the model of ours : ' Be ye holy as I am
holy.'
But the holiness of God must also be the
reason or motive of ours ; and we must be
holy because God is holy : ' Ye shall be holy,
for I the Lord your God am holy.'
We groan under the disorders of our na-
ture, we lament the loss of that blessed but
short state of innocence, in which the first
man was created, and which we wish to re-
cover : ' We must be holy then, for the Lord
our God is holy.' The beauty and blessed-
ness of man in his primitive state consisted
in his immediate creation by the hand of God,
and in the bearing of his Creator's image,
which was impressed, in a most lively man-
ner, upon his mind. Sin has defaced that
image, and our happiness consists in its res-
toration : that is, in our being ' renewed after
the image of him who created us,' Col. iii.
10.
We wish to enjoy the favour of God : wo
must be holy then, ' because the Lord our
God is holy.' They are ' our iniquities that
have separated between us and our God :'
Isa. lix. 2. And it is holiness that must con-
ciliate a communion which our sins have in-
terrupted.
We tremble to see all nature at war with
us, and wish to be reconciled to all the exte-
rior objects that conspire to torment us ; we
must be holy then, ' because the Lord our
God is holy.' Sin is a hateful object to a
holy God. Sin has armed every creature
against man. Sin has thrown all nature into
confusion. Sin, by disconcerting the mind,
has destroyed the body. It is sin that has
brought death into the world, and ' sin is the
sting of death.'
We wish to be reconciled to ourselves, and
to possess that inward peace and tranquillity,
without which no exterior objects can make
Ser. VI]
THE HOLINESS OF GOD.
93
us happy : we must be holy then, * because
the Lord our God is holy.' We have rei'iavk-
ed, iu this discourse, that God, v.-ho is an in-
dependent Bein^, loves virtue for its own
sake, independent of the rewards that accom-
pany and follow it. Nevertheless, it is very
certain that the felicity of God is inseparable
from his holiness. God is tiu: Itnpyij (Jod,
because he is llic holy God. God, in the con-
templation of his own excellencies, has an in-
exhaustible source of telicity. Were it possi-
ble for God not to be supremely holy, it
would be possible for God not to be supreme-
ly happy. Yes, God, all glorious and su-
preme as he is, would be miserable, if he were
subject, like unholy spirits, to the turbulent
commotions of envy or hatred, treachery or
deceit. From such passions would arise
odious vapours, which would gather into
thick clouds, and, by obscuring his glory, im-
pair ills felicity. Even lieaven would afford
but Imperfect j)leasure, if those internal furies
could there kindle tlieir unhallowed flames.
The same reasoning holds good on earth ; for,
it implies a contradiction, to aflirm that we
can be happy, while the operations of our
minds clash with one another : and it is equal-
ly absurd, to suppose that the almighty God
can terminate the fatal war, tiie tragical
field of which is the human heart, without
the re-establisluuent of the dominion of ho-
liness.
We desire to experience the most close and
tender comnmnion with God, next Lord's
day, in receiving the holy sacrament: Let us
be holy then, 'because the Lord our God is
holy.' This august ceremony may be consid-
ered in several points of view : and one of
them deserves a peculiar attention. The ta-
ble of the Lord's Supper has been compared,
by some, to that which was formerly set, by
the command of God, in the holy place : I
mean, the table of ' show-bread,' or ' bread of
the presence,' Ex. xxv. 30. God command-
ed Moses to set twelve loaves upon the table,
to change them every sabbath, and to give
those that were taken away to the priests,
who were to eat them in ' the holy place,'
Lev. xxiv. G, &c. What was the end of
these ceremonial institutions .' The tal)erna-
cle at first was considered as the tent, and
the temjjle afterward as the palace of the
Deity, who dwelt among the Israelites. In
the palace of God, it was natural to expect a
table for the use of him and his attendants.
This was one of the most glorious privileges
that tlie Israelites enjoyed, and one of the
most aug.ust symbols of the presence of God
among them. God and all the people of Is-
rael, in the persons of their ministers, were
accounted to eat the same bread. The hea-
thens, stricken with the beauty of these ideas,
incorporated them into their theology.
They adopted the thought, and set in their
temples tables consecrated to their gods. The
prophet IsaiaJi reproaches the Jews with for-
saking the Lord, forgetting his holy moun-
tain and preparing a tabic for the host of hea-
ven, Isa. Ixv. 2. And Ezekiel reckons among
the virtues of a just man, that he had ' not
eaten upon the mountains,' Ez. xviii. (3. It
was upon tables of this kind that idolaters
sometimes ate the remainder of those victims
which they had sacrificed to their gods. This
they called eativg with gods ; and Homer
introduces Alcinous saying, ' The gods visit
us, when we sacrifice hecatombs, and sit
down with us at the same table.'
This is one of the most beautiful notions,
under which we can consider the sacrament
of the Lord's Supper. There we eat with
God. God sits down with us at the same
table, and, so causes us to experience the
meaning of this promise, ' Behold, I stand
at the door, and knock ; if any man hear
my voice, and open the door, I will come in
to him, and will sup with him, and he with
me,' Rev. iii. 20. But what do such close con-
nexions with a holy God require of us .' They
require us to be holy. They cry to us, as the
voice cried to Moses from the midst of the
burning bush, ' Draw not nigh hither ; put off
thy shoes from off thy feet; for the place
whereon thou standest is holy ground," Ex.
iii. .^.
God is supremely holy: God supremely
loves order. Order requires you to leave ven-
geance to God, to pardon your bitterest and
most professed enemies ;. and. what is more
dilficult still, order requires you to pardon
your most subtle and secret foes. Would ye
approach the table of a holy God gnawn
with a spirit of animosity, hatred, or ven-
geance ?
God is supremely holy: God supremely
loves order. Order requires you to dedicate a
part of those blessings to charity, with which
Providence has intrusted you ; to retrench the
superfluities of your tables, in order to enable
you to assist the starving and dying poor.
Would ye approach the table of a holy God
with hearts hardened with indifference to that
poor man whom God has commanded you to
love as yourselves.
God is supremely holy : God supremely
loves order. Order requires you to be affect-
ed with the tokens of divine love. All are
displayed at the Lord's table. There the
bloody history of your Redeemer's sufferings
is again exhibited "to view. There the blood,
that Christ the victim shed for your crimes,
flows afi-esh. There God recounts all the
mysteries of the cross. Would ye approach
that table cold and languishing ? Would yc
approach that table witliout returning to Jesus
Christ love for love, and tenderness for ten-
derness .'' Would ye approach that table void
of every sentiment and emotion, which the
venerable symbols of the love of God nmst
needs produce in every honest heart .'' Ah I
my brethren, were ye to approach the table
of Jesus Christ without these dispositions, ye
would come, not like St. John, or St. Peter,
but like Judas. This would not be to receive
an earnest of salvation, but to ' eat and drink
your own damnation,' 1 Cor. xi. 2!>. This
would not be to receive the body of Jesus
Cln-ist : this would be to surrender yourselves
to Satan.
I can hardly allow myself to entertain such
melancholy thoughts. Come to the table of
Jesus Christ, and enter into a closer com-
munion with a holy God. Come and devote
yourselves entirely to the service of a holy^
God. Come and "arrange the operations of
your minds by the perfections of a holy God.
Come and diminish the grief that ye feel, be-
cause, in spite of all your endeavours to be
94
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
[Ser. VII
' holy as God is liol}-,' ye are so far inferior
to his glorious example. But, at the same
time, come and receive fresh assurances, that
ye are formed for a more perfect period of
holiness. Come and receive the promises of
God, who will assure you, that ye shall ont
day ' see him as he is, and be like him,' 1
John iii. 2. May God ij;rant us this blessing !
To him be honour and glory for ever. Amen^
SERMON Vll.
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
Psalm ciii. 13.
Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord piticlh them that fear hira.
A MONG many frivolous excuses,which man-
kind have invented to exculpate their barren-
ness under a gospel-ministry, there is one that
deserves respect. Why, say they, do ye ad-
dress men as if they were destitute of the sen-
timents of humanity ? Why do ye treat Chris-
tians like slaves .' Why do ye perpetually
urge, in your preaching, motives of wrath,
veniTeance, ' the worm that never dies, the
fire that is never quenched .'"' Isa. Ixvi. 24.
Motives of this kind fill the heart with rebel-
lion instead of conciliating it by love. Man-
kind have afundof sensibility and tenderness.
Let the tender motives Ihat our legislator has
diffused tliroughout our Bibles, be pressed
upon us ; and then every sermon would pro-
duce some conversions, and your complaints
of Christians would cease with the causes
that produce them.
I call this excuse frivolous : for how little
must we know of human nature, to suppose
men so very sensible to the attractives of re-
lifrion ! Where is the minister of the gospel,
who has not displayed the charms of religion
a thousand, and a thousand times, and dis-
played them in vain .'' Some souls must bo
terrified, some sinners must be ' saved by fear,
and pulled out of the fire,' Jude 23. There
are some hearts that are sensible to only one
object in religion, that is, hell ; and, if any
%vay remain to prevent their actual destruc-
tion hereafter, it is to overwhelm their souls
with the present fear of it : ' knowing there-
fore the terrors of the Lord, we persuade
men.'
Yet, however frivolous this pretext may ap-
pear, there is a something in it that merits
respect. I am pleased to see those men, who
have not been asiiamed to say, that the Lords
yoke is intolerable, driven to abjure so odious
a system : 1 love to hear them acknowledge,
that religion is supported by motives fitted to
ingenuous minds ; and that the God from
whom it proceeds, has discovered so nmch
benevolence and love in tiie gift., that it is
impossible not to be aflected with it, if we be
capable of feeling.
I cannot tell, my brelliren, whether among
these Christians, whom the holiness of this
day has assembled in this snrrcd place, there
be many, who have availed themselves of the
frivolous pretence just now mentioned ; and
who have sometimes wickedly detern)ined to
despise eternal torments, under an extrava-
gant pretence that the ministers of the gospel
too often preach, and too dismally describe
them. But, without requiring your answer
to so mortifying a question, without en-
deavouring to make you contradict yourselves,
we invite you to behold those attractives to-
day, to which ye boast of being so very sen-
sible. Come and see ihe supreme Legislator,
to whom we would devote your services ; be-
hold him, not as an avenging God, not as a
consuming God, not,' shaking the earth, and
overturning the mountains' in his anger. Job
ix. 4. 5 : not ' thundering in the heavens,
shooting out lightnings, dr giving his voice in
hailstones and coals oi fire,' Ps. xviii. 13, 14;
but putting on such tender emotions for you
as 3'e feel for your children. In this light the
prophet places him in Ihe text, and in this
light we are going to place him in this dis-
course.
O ye marble hearts ! so often insensible to
the terrors of our ministry ; may God compel
you to-day to feel its attracting promises ! O
ye marble hearts I against whicJi the edge of
the sword of the Ahniglity's avenging just ice
has been so often blunted ; the Lord grant
that ye may be this day dissolved by the en-
ergy of his love I Amen.
' Like as a father pitieth his children, so
doth the Lord pity them that fear him.' Be-
fore we attempt to explain the text, we must
premise one remark, which is generilly grant-
ed, when it is proposed in a vague manner,
and almost as generally denied in its conse-
quences ; that is, that the most complete no-
tion which we can form of a divine attribute,
is to suppose it in perfect harmony with eve-
ry other divine attribute.
The most lovely idea that we can form of
the Deity, and which, at the same time, is
the most solid ground of our faith in his word,
and of our confidence in the performance of
his promises, is that which represents him ae
a uniform Being, whose attributes harmonize,
and who is always consistent with himself.
There is no greater character of imperfection
in any intelligent being than the want of this
harmony : when one of his attributes opposes
another of his attributes ; when the same at-
tribute opposes itself ; when his wisdom is
not supported by his power j or when his
power is not directed by his wisdom.
*ER. VII.]
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
95
This character of imperfection, essential to
all creatures, is the ground of tiiose prohibi-
tions that we meet with in the Holy Scrip-
tures, in regard to the objects of our trust.
* Put not your trust in princes, nor in the
son of man, in whom there is no help. His
breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth,
in that very day his thoughts perish,' Psalm
cxlvi. 3, 4. ' Cursed be the man that trust-
eth in man, and maketli flesh his arm,' Jer.
xvii. o. Why .'' Because it is not safe to
confide in man, unless he have such a har-
mony of attributes, as we liave just now de-
scribed ; and because no man has such a har-
mony. His power may assist you, but, unless
he have wisdom to direct his power, tlie very
means that he would use to make you happy,
would make you miserable. Even his power
would not harmonize witli itself in regard to
you, if it were sufficient to supply your wants
to-day, but not to-morrow. That man, that
prince, that mortal, to whom thou givest the
superb titles of Potentate, Monarch, Arbiter
of peace, and Arbiter of war ; that mortal,
wilt) is alive to-day, will die to-morrow ; the
breath that animates him will evaporate, he
will ' return to his earth,' and all his kind re-
gards for thee will vanish with iiim.
But the perfections of God are in perfect
harmony. This truth shall guide us tlirough
this discourse, and shall arrange its parts :
and this is the likeliest way that we can
think of, to preserve the dignity of our sub-
ject, to avoid ;ts numerous difficulties, to pre-
clude such fatal inferences as our weak and
wicked passions have been too well accustom-
ed to draw from the subject, and to verify the
prophet's proposition in its noblest meaning,
*■ Like as a father pitieth his children, so doth
the Lord pity them that fear him.'
Would ye form a just notion of the goodness
of God, (for the original term that our trans-
lators have rendered pity, is equivocal, and is
usc'l in this vague sense in the Holy Scrip-
tures.) Would ye form a just notion of the
goodness of God ? Then, conceive a per-
fection that is always in harmony with,
I. The spirituality of his essence.
II. The inconceivableness of his nature.
III. Tlie holiness of his designs.
IV. The independence of his principles.
V. The immutability of his will.
VI. The efiicacy of his power. But, above
all.
VII. With the veracity of his word.
I. The goodness of God must agree with
the splrilualitij of his essence. Compassion,
among men, is that mechanical emotion
which is produced in them by the sight of
distressed objects. I allow that the wisdom
of the Creator is very much displayed in
uniting us together in such a manner. Ideas
of fitness seldom make much impression on
tlie bulk of mankind ; it was necessaiy, there-
fore, to make sensibility supply the want of
reflection, and, by a counter-bIo\v, with wliich
the miseries of a neighbour strike our feel-
ings, to produce a disposition in us to relieve
him. Nature produces but few monsters who
regale themselves on the sufferings of the
wretched. Here or there has been a Phala-
lis, who has delighted his ears with the shrieks
of a fellow-creature burning in a brazen bull :
and some, whose minds were filled with ideas
of a religion more barbarous and inhuman
than that of the Bacchanalians, have been
pleased with tormenting those victims which
they sacrificed, not to God the Father of man-
kind, but to him who is their murderer : but
none, except people of these kinds, have been
able to eradicate those emotions of pity with
which a wise and compassionate God has
formed them.
But this sensibility degenerates into foil}',
when it is not supported by ideas of order,
and when mechanical emotions prevail over
the rational dictates of the mind. It is a
weakness, it is not a love worthy of an intel-
ligent being, that inclines a tender mother to
pull back tlie arm of him who is about to per-
form a violent, but a salutary operation on
the child whom she loves. It is a weakness,
it is not a love worthy of an intelligent be-
ing, that inclines a magistrate to pardon a
criminal, whose preservation will be an inju-
ry to society, and the sparing of whose life
will occasion a thousand ti-agical deaths.
This kind of weakness, that confounds a
mechanical sensation with a rational and in-
telligent love, is the source of many of our
misapprehensions about the manner in which
God loves us, and in which we imagine he
ought to love us. We cannot conceive tlie
consistency of God's love in making us wise
in a school of adversity, in exposing us to the
vicissitudes and misfortunes of life, and in
frequently abandoning his children to pains
and regrets. It seems strange to us, that he
should not be affected at hearing the groans
of the damned, whose torments can only be
assuaged by uttering blasphemies against
him. Renounce these puerile ideas, and en-
teitain more just notions of the Supreme Be-
ing. He has no body ; he has no organs that
can be shaken by the violence done to the or-
gans of a malefactor ; he has no fibres that
can be stretched tp form a unison with the
fibres of your bodies, and which must be agi-
tated by their motions. Love, in God, is in
an intelligence, who sees what is, and who
loves what may justly be accounted lovely ;
who judges by tiie nature of things, and not
by sensations, of which he is gloriously in-
capable : his love is in perfect harmony with
the spirituality of his essence.
II. Our ideas of the goodness of God must
agree with our notions of the inconceivable-
ness of his nature. I oppose this reflection
to the difficulties that have always been urg-
ed against the goodness of God. There are
two sorts of these objections ; one tends to
liuiit the goodness of God, the other to carry
it beyond its just bounds.
If God be supremely good, say some, how
is it conceivable that he should suffer sin to
enter the world, and with sin, all the evils
that necessarily follow it ? This is one diffi-
culty wbicii tends to carry the goodness of
God beyond its just extent.
Is it conceivable, say others, that the great
God, that God, who, according to the pro-
phet, ' weighed the mountains in scales, and
the hills in a balance,' Isa xl. 12 ; that God,
w^ho, ' measured the waters in the hollow of
his hand, and meted out heaven with a span,'
ver. 23 ; that God, who ' sitteth upon the
06
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
[Sek. vii;
earth, and considcreth the inhabitants there-
of as grasshoi);)ors :' ie it conceivable, tliat
he should have such a love for those mean in-
sects as the gospel represents ; a love that in-
clined him to give his own Son. and to ex-
pose hiin to the most ignominious of all pun-
ish.nents, to save them .' This is an objec-
tion of the second class, which tends to limit
the goodness of God.
One answer may serve to obviate both
these kinds of objections. Tiie love of God
is in perfect harmony with the inconceivable-
ness of liis nature. All his perfections are
inconceivable, v/e can only follow them to a
certain point, beyond which it is impossible to
discover their effects. ' Canst thou by search-
ing tind out God .■" Job xi. 7.
Canst thou by searching find out his eter-
nity .' Explain an eternal duration : teach us
to comprehend an extent of existence so
great, tliat when we have added age to age,
one million of years to aiiother million of
years, if 1 may venture to speak so, when we
nave heaped ages upon ages, millions of ages
upon milhons of ages, we have not added one
day, one hour, one instant to tlie duration of
God, with whom ' a thousand years are as
one day, and one day as a tliousand years.'
Canst thou by searching find out his know-
ledge ? Explain to us the wisdom of an In-
telligence, wlio comprehended plans of all
possible worlds ; who compared them alltoge-
ther ; who chose tlie best, not only in prefer-
ence to tiie bad, but to the less good ; who
knew all that could result from the various
modifications of matter, not only of the mat-
ter which composes our earth, but of tjie im-
mense matter that composes all bodies, which
are either in motion or at rest in the immen-
sity of space, which lie be3'ond the reach of
our senses, or the stretch of our imaginations,
and of which, therefore, we can form no
idea. Explain to us the wisdom of a God,
who knew all that could result from the vari-
ous modifications of spirits, not only of those
human spirits which have subsisted hitherto,
or of those which will subsist hereafter in
this world, but of the thousands, of the ' ten
thousand times ten thousands that stand be-
fore him,' Dan vii. 10.
Canst thou by searching find out his pow-
er ? Explain to us that self-efficient power,
which commands a tiling to be, and it is ;
which commands it not to be, and it ceases
to exist.
The extent of God's mercy is no less im-
possible to find out than the extent of his
other attributes. We are as incapable of de-
termining concerning this, as concerning any
of h:s other perfections, that it must needs
extend hither, but not thither : that it ouo-ht
to have prevented sin, but not to have given
Jesus Christ to die for the salvation of sin-
ners. Our notion of the goodness of God
should agree with the inconceivableness of
his nature, and, provided we have good proofs
of what we believe, we ought not to stao-ger
at the objections which an insufficient, or ra-
ther an insolent reason, has the audacity to
oppose to it.
III. Our notion of the goodness of G d
should agree with the holiness of his drsifrns
I mean, that it would imply a contradiction
to suppose that a Being who is supremely
holy, should have a close communion of love
with unholy creatures, considered as unholy
and unconverted. By this principle we ex-
clude the dreadful consequences, that weak-
ness and wickedness have been used to infer
from the doctrine under our consideration.
We oppose this principle t:> the execrable
reasoning of those libertines, who say, (and,
alas ! how many people, who adopt this waj
of reasoning, mix v/ith the saints, and pretend
to be saints themselves '.) ' Let us continue in
sin that grace may abound." Rom. vi. 1. With
the sanie principle the prophet guards the
text. ' Like as a father pitietli his rhildren, so
doth the L-rd pity,' whom - Them, v. ho estab-
lish their crimes on the mere} of God .' God
forbid I ' So doth the Lord pity them that fear
hnn.' This truth is so conformable to right
reason, so often repeated in the Holy Scrip-
tures, arxl so frequently enforced in thi'^ pul-
pit, that none but tliose who wilfully deceive
themselves can mistake the matter ; and for
these reasons we dismiss this article.
IV. The love of God <s in perfect harmonj
with the independence of his principles. In
terest isthe spring that moves, and very often
the defect that destroys human friend.ships-
It must be allowed, however, that thouorh
principles of interest may appear low and
mean, yet they often deserve pity more than
blame. It would be extremely difficult for a
debtor, if he were oppressed by a merciless
creditor, to love any person more than him,
who should be both able and willing to free
him from the oppressor's iron rod. It would
be strange if a starving man were not to have
a more vehement love for him who should re-
lieve his necessities, than for any one else.
While our necessities continue as pressing as
they are in this valley of tears, principles of
interest will occupy the most of our thoughts,
and will direct the best of our friendships.
Disinterested love seems to be incompatible
with the state of indigent CTeatures.
But God forbid that we should entertairs
similar notions of the Deity ! God is supremely
happy. His love to his creatures is supremely
disinterested. Indeed, what interest can he
have in loving us.' Were this world, which
has existed but a little while, to cease to exist ;
were all the beings upon earth, material and
immaterial, to return to their rjonentity ;
were God to remain alone, he would enjoy
infinite happiness ; in possessing himself he
would possess perfect felicity. ' Every beast
of the forest is his, and the cattle upon a
thousand hills,' Ps. 1. 10 ; sacrificial flesh af-
fords no nourishment to him ; clouds of fra-
grant incense communicate no odours to liim ;
he is not entertained with the harmony of the
music that is performed in his honour ; for
' our goodness extendeth not to lilm,' Ps. xvi.
2. The praises of the seraphim can no more
augment the splendour of his glory, than the
blasphemies of the damned can diminish it.
V. The loveof (iod to his creatures agrees
with the immvtahilitij of his will. There is
but little reality, and less permanency, in hu-
man love. The names of steadiness, constancy,
and equanimity, an indelible image, an ever-
lasting impression, a perpetual idea, an end-
less attachment, an eternal friendship, all
Ser. VII.]
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
97
these are only names, only empty, unmeaning
sounds, when they are applied to those senti-
ments which the most faithful friends enter-
tain for each other.
I am not describing now those light and in-
constant people only, who are as ready to
break as to form connexions : I am describing
people of another, and a better, disposition of
jnind. We are ignorant of ourselves when
•we imagine ourselves capable of a permanent
attachment, and, when we think that we
shall always love, because we are assured
that we love at present, we are the first to
deceive ourselves. This man, who only at
certain times discovers sentiments of tender-
ness, is not a hypocrite. That woman was
very sincere, when weeping over a dying hus-
band, and in some sense more agonizing than
he, she just gathered strength enough to
close the eyes of her departing all, and pro-
tested that she should never enjoy another
moment, e.xcept that in which the great Dis-
poser of all events should appoint her to fel-
low her beloved partner to the grave : the
woman expressed what she then felt, and
what she thought she should always feel : but,
however, time brought forward new objects,
and other scenes have calmed the violence of
her passions, and have placed her in a state of
tranquillity and submission to the will of God,
which all the maxims of rehgion had not the
power of producing.
People are not always to be blamed for the
sliglitness of their friendships. Our levity
constitutes, in some sort, our felicity, and our
perfections apologize for our inconstancy.
Life would be one continued agony if our
friendships were always in the same degree of
activity. Rachel would be infinitely misera-
ble, if she were always thinking about * her
children, and would not be comforted because
they are not,' Matt. ii. 18. I only mean to ob-
serve, that a character of levity is essential to
the friendships of finite human minds.
God alone is capable, (O thou adorable Be-
ing, who only canst have such noble senti-
ments, enable us to express them !) God only,
my dear brethren, is capable of a love, real,
solid, and permanent, free from diversion and
without interruption. What delineations,
what representations, what purposes, revolv-
ed in the infinite mind, before that appointed
period, in Vi^hich he had determined to express
himself in exterior works, and to give exist-
ence to a multitude of creatures .'' Yet
throughout all these countless ages, through
all these unfathomable abysses of eternity (I
know no literal terms to express eternity) yet
through all eternity he thought of us, my
dear brethren ; then he formed the plan of our
salvation ; then he appointed the victim that
procured it ; then he laid up for us the felicity
and glory that we hope for ever to cnjo)' !
What care and application are required to in-
spect, to order, and arrange the numberless
beings of the whole earth.-' The whole earth,
did I say ? The whole earth is only an incon-
siderable point : but what care and apjtlication
are required to inspect, to order and arrange the
worlds which we discover revolving over our
heads with other worlds, that we have a right
to suppose in the immensity of space .'' Yet
this application does not prevent his atten-
tion to thee, believer ; thy health he guards,
thy family he guides, thy fortune and thy sal-
vation he governs, as if each were the only
object of his care, and as if thou wert alone
in the universe ! What an immensity of hap-
piness must fill the intelligence of God, who
is himself the source of fel'city; of a God,
who is surrounded with angels, archangels,
and happy spirits, serving him day and night,
continually attending round his throne, and
waiting to fly at a signal of his will ; of a God,
who directs and disposes all ; of a God, who,
existing with the Word and the Holy Spirit,
enjoys in that union inconceivable and ineiFa-
ble delights ; and yet the enjoyment of his
own happiness does not at all divert his atten-
tion t'rom the happiness of his creatures ! If a
Saul persecute his church, he is persecuted
with it. Act?: ix. 4, and when profane hands
touch his children, they ' touch the apple of
his eye,' Zech. ii. 8. ' In all her affliction
he is afflicted-' Isa. Ixiii. 9 ; ' lo ! he is with
us always, even unto the end of the world,'
Matt, xxviii. 20.
VI. The goodness of God must harmonize
with the efficiency of his will. The great de-
fect of human friendships is their inefiicacy.
The unavailing emotions that men may feel
for each other, their ineffectual wishes for
each other's happiness, we denominate friend-
ship. But suppose a union of every heart
in thy favour ; suppose, though without a pre-
cedent, thyself the object of the love of all
mankind, what benefit couldst thou derive
from all this love in some circumstances of
thy life ? What relief from real evils ? Ah ! my
friends, ye are eager to assist me in my dying
agonies ; Alas ! my family, ye are distressed
to death to see me die ; ye love me, and I
know the tears that bathe you, flow from your
hearts ; yes, ye love me, but I must die !
None but the infinite God, my dear breth-
ren, none but the adorable God hath an effi-
cient love. ' If God he for us, who can be
against us .-" Rom. viii. 31. I^et the elements
be let loose against my person and my life,
let mankind, who differ about every thing
else, agree to torment me, let there be a ge
neral conspiracy of nature and society against
my happiness, what does it signify to me .'' If
God love me, I shall be happy : with God to
love and to beatify is one and the same act of
his self-efficient will.
VII. But finally, the goodness of God must
agree with his veracity. I mean that although
the many Scripture-images of the goodness of
God are imperfect, and must not be literally
understood, they must, however, have a real
sense and meaning. Moreover, I affirm, that
the grandeur of the original is not at all di-
minished, but on the contrary, that our ideas
of it are very much enlarged, by purifying
and retrenching the images that represent it ;
and this we are obliged to do on account of
the eminence of the divine perfections. And
here, my brethren, I own I am involved in
the most agreeable difficulty that can be ima
gined ; and my mind is absorbed in an innu-
merable multitude of objects, each of which
verifies the proposition in the text. I am obli-
ged to pass by a world of proofs and demon-
strations. Yes, I pass by the firmament with
all its stars, the earth with all its productionsj
9S
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
[Ser. vir
the treasures of the sea and the inflnencce of
the air, the symmetry of tlie bod}', the cliarms
of society, and many otiier objects, which in
the most elegant and pathetic manner, preacli
the Creator's goodness to ns. Those grand
objects wJiich have excited tlie astonishment
of pliilosophers, and filled the inspired writers
with wonder and praise, scarcely merit a mo-
ment's attention to-day, I stop at the princi-
pal idea of the prophet. We have before ob-
served, that the term which is rendered pity
in the text, is a vague word, and is often put
in Scripture for the goodness of God in gene-
ral ; however, we must acknowledge, that it
most properly signifies the disposition of a
good parent, who is inclined to show mercy to
his son, when he is become sensible of his
follies, and endeavours b\' new effusions of
love to re-establish the communion tliat his
disobedience had interrupted : this is certainly
the principal idea of the prophet.
Now who can doubt, my brethren, whether
God possesses the reality of this image in the
most noble, the most rich, and the most emi-
nent sense ? Wouldst thou be convinced, sin-
ner, of the truth of the declaration of the
text .' Wovildst thou know the extent of the
mercy of God to poor sinful men .' Consider
then, 1. The victim that he has substituted in
their stead. 2. The patience which he exer-
cises towards them. 3. The crimes that he
pardons. 4. The familiar friendship to which
he invites them. And 5. The rewards that
he bestows on them. Ah ! ye tender fathers,
ye mothers who seem to be all love for vour
children, ye whose eyes, wliose hearts, whose
perpetual cares and affections are concentred
in them, yield, yield to the love of God for
his children, and acknowledge that God
only knows how to love !
Let us remark, 1. The sacrifice that God
has substituted in the sinner's stead. One of
the liveliest and most emphatical expressions
of the love of God, in my opinion, is that in
the gospel of St. John. ' God so loved the
world, that he gave his only begotten Son,'
ch. iii. IG. Weigh these words, my brethren,
* God so loved the world, that he gave his only
begotten Son.' Metaphysical ideas begin to
grow into disrepute, and I am not surprised
at it. Mankind have such imperfect notions
of substances, they know so little of the na-
ture of spirits, particularly, they arc so entire-
ly at a loss in reasoning on the Infinite Spirit,
that we need not be astonished if people retire
from a speculative track in which the indis-
cretion of some has made great mistakes.
Behold a sure system of metaphysics.
Convinced of the imperfection of all my
knowledge, but particularly of my discoveries
of the being and perfections of God, I consult
the sacred oracles, which God has published,
in order to obtain right notions of him. I
immediately perceive that God, in speaking
of himself, has proportioned his language to
the weakness of men, to whom he lias ad-
dressed his word. In this view, I meet with
no ditficulty in explaining those passages in
which God says, that he has hands or feet,
eyes or heart, that he goes or comes, ascends
or descends, tiiat he is in some cases pleased,
and in others ))rovoked.
Yet 1 think, it would be a strange abuse
of this notion of Scripture, not to understand
some constant ideas literally ; ideas which
the Scriptures give us of God, and on which
the system of Christianity partly rests.
I perceive, and I think very clearly, that
the Scriptures constantly speak of a being, a.
person, or if I may speak so, a portion of the
divine essence, which is called the Father,
and another that is called the Son.
I think, I perceive with equal evidence in
the same book, that between these two per-
sons, the Father and the Son, there is the
closest and most intimate union that can be
imagined. What lore must there be between
these two persons, who have the same per-
fections and the same ideas, the same pur-
poses and the same plans .'' What love must
subsist between two persons, whose union is
not interrupted by any calamity without, by
any passion within, or, to speak more fally
still, by any imagination.''
With equal clearness I perceive, that the
man Jesus, who was born at Bethlehem, and
was laid in a manger, was in the closest union
with the Word, that is, with the Son of God ;
and that in virtue of this union the man Jesus
is more beloved of God than all the other
creatures of the universe.
No less clearly do I perceive in Scripture,
that the man Jesus, who is as closely united
to the Eternal Word, as the word is to God,
was delivered for me, a vile creature, to the
most ignominious treatment, to sufferings the
most painful, and the most shameful, that
were ever inflicted on the meanest and ba-
sest of mankind.
And when I inquire the cause of this great
mystery, when I ask. Why did the Almighty
God bestow so rich a present on me .'' Espe-
cially when I apply to revelation for an expli-
cation of this mystery, which reason cannot
fully explain, I can find no other cause than
the compassion of God.
Let the schools take their way, let reason
lose itself in speculations, yea, let faith find it
diflicult to submit to a doctrine, which has
always appeared with an awflil solemnity to
those who have thought and meditated on it ;
for my part, I abide by this clear and aston-
ishing, but at the same time, this kind and
comfortable proposition, ' God so loved tho
world, that he gave his only begotten Son.'
When people show us Jesus Christ in the
garden, sweating gi-eat drops of blond ; when
they speak of his trial before Caiaphas and
Pilate, in which he was interrogated, insulted,
and scourged ; when they present him to our
view upon mount Calvary, nailed to a cross,
anil bowing beneath the blows of heaven and
earth ; when they require the reason of these
formidable and surprising phenomena, we will
answer, It is because God loved maiikind ; it
is because ' God so loved the world, that he
gave his only begotten Son."
2 The patience that God exercises towards
sinners, is otir second remark. Here, my
bretlircn, I wish that as many of you as are
interested in this article would allow me to
omit particulars, and would recollect the his-
tories of your own lives.
My life, says one, is consumed in perpetual
indolence. I am a stranger to the practice
of private devotion, and to speak the truth, I
Ser. VII.]
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
99
consider it only as a fancy. I attend public
worship, only because I would conform to ex-
ample and custom. I hear the sermons of
the ministers of the gospel as amusive dis-
courses, that treat of subjects in which I have
no interest. I take no part in the prayers
that are addressed to God in behalf of the
sick or the poor, the church or the state.
I, says a second, ever since I have been in
the world, have cherished one of the most
shameful and criminal passions ; sometimes I
have been shocked at its turpitude, and some-
times I have resolved to free myself from it :
in some of my sicknesses, which I thought
would have ended in death, I determined on
a sincere conversion : sometimes a sermon, or
a pious book, has brought me to self-exaniina-
tion, which has ended in a promise of refor-
mation : sometimes the sight of the Lord's
Supper, an institution properly adapted to
display the sinfulness of sin, has exhibited my
sin in all its heinousness, and has bound me
by oath to sacrifice my unworthy passion to
God. But my corruption has been superior
to all, and yet God has borne with me to this
day.
A third must say, As for me I have lived
thirty or forty years in a country where the
public profession of religion is prohibited, and
I have passed all the time without a member-
ship to any church, without ordinances, with-
out public worship, and without the hope of a
pastor to comfort me in my dying illness ; I
have seduced my family by my example ; I
have consented to the settlement of my chil-
dren, and have suffered them to contract
marriages without the blessing of heaven ;
my lukewarmness has caused first their indif-
ference, and last their apostacy, and will per-
haps cause .... and yet God has borne
with me to this day.
Why has he borne with me .' It is not a
eonnivance, at sin, for he hates and detests it.
It is not ignorance, for he penetrates the in-
most recesses of my soul, nor has a single act,
no, not a single act of my rebellion, eluded the
eearch of his all-piercing eye. It is not a
want of power to punish a criminal, for he
holds the thunders in his mighty hands, at
his command hell opens, and the fallen angels
wait only for his permission to seize their
prey. Why then do I yet subsist .' Why do I
see the light of this day ? Why are the doors
of this church once more open to me .'' It is
because he commiserates poor sinners. It is
because he pities me ' as a father pitieth his
children. '
3. Let us remark the crimes which God
pardons. There is no sin excepted, no, not
one, in the list of those which God has pro-
mised to forgive to true penitents. He par-
dons not only the sins of those whom he has
not called into his visible church, who, not
having been indulged with this kind of be-
nefits, have not had it in their power to carrj'
ingratitude to its height : but he pardons also
crimes committed under such dispensations
as seem to render sin least pardonable. He par-
dons sins committed under the dispensation
of the law, as he forgives those which are
committed under the dispensation of nature ;
and those that are committed under tlie dis- i
pensation of the gospel, as those which are j
committed under the law. He forgives, not
only such sins as have been committed through
ignorance, infirmity, and inadvertency, but
such also as have been committed deliberate-
ly and obstinately. He not only forgiN es the
sins of a day, a week, or a month, but he for-
gives also tlie sins of a great number of years,
those which have been formed into an inve-
terate habit, and have grown old with the sin-
ner. ' Though }'our sins be as scarlet, they
shall be as white as snow ; though they be
red like crimson, they shall be as wool.' Isa.
i. 18.
But what am I saying .' It is not enough to
say that God forgives sins, he unites himself
to those who have conimitted them by the
most tender and affectionate ties.
4. Our next article therefore regards the
familiar friendship to which God invites us.
What intimate, close, and affectionate rela-
tion canst thou imagine, which God is not
willing to form with thee in religion ? Art thou
affected with the vigilance of a shepherd,
who watches over, and sacrifices all his care,
and even his life for his flock .' This relation
God will have with thee : ' The Lord is my
shepherd, I shall not want. He maketh me
to lie down in green pastures : he leadeth me
beside the still waters,' Psa. xxiii. 1, 2. Art
thou affected with the confidence of a friend,
who opens his heart to his friend, and com-
municates to him his most secret thoughts,
dividing with him all his pleasures and all hie
pains ? God will have this relation with thee :
' The secret of the Lord is with them that
fear him,' Ps. .x.xv. 14. ' Shall I hide from
Abraham that thmg which I do .'' Gen. xviii.
17. ' I call you not servants ; for the servant
knoweth not what his Lord doeth : but I have
called you friends ; for all things thai 1 have
heard of my Father, I have made known unto
you,' John xv. 15. Art thou touched with
the tenderness of a mother, whose highest
earthly happiness is to suckle the son of her
womb .- God will have this relation with thee :
' can a woman forget her sucking child, that
she should not have compassion on the son ot
her womb .' yea, they may forget, yet will I
not forget thee,' Isa. xlix. 15.
Hast thou some good reasons for disgust
with human connexions ? Are thy views so
liberal and delicate as to afford thee a convic-
tion that there is no such thing as real friend-
ship among men .' And that what are called
connexions, friendships, affections, unions,
tendernesses,are generally no other than inter-
changes of deceit disguised under agreeable
names .' Are thy feelings so refined that thou
sighest after connexions formed on a nobler
plan.' God will have such connexion with
thee. Yes, there is, in the plan of religion,
a union formed between God and us, on the
plan of that which subsists between the three
persons in the godhead, the object of our
worship : that is, as far as a similar union be-
tween God and us can subsist without con-
tradiction. God grants this to the interces-
sion of his Son, in virtue of that perfect obe-
dience which he rendered to his Father on
the cross. This Jesus Christ requested for
us, on the eve of that day, in which, by his
ever memorable sacrifice, he reconciled hea-
ven and earth : ' 1 pray not for the world, but
100
THE COMPASSION OF GOD.
[Ser. VII
for them which thou hast given me, for they
are thine,' John xvii. 9. ' Neither pray I for
these alone, but for them also which shall be-
lieve on me through their word : that they
all may be one, as thou, Father, art in me,
and I in thee ; that they also may be one in
lis,' ver. 20, 21. Do not inquire the possibi-
lity of this union, how we can be one with God
and with Jesus Christ, as Jesus Christ and
God are one. Our hearts, as defective in the
power of feeling as our minds in that of rea-
soning, have no faculties, at present, for the
knowledge of such things as can be known
only by feeling. But the time will come
when both sense and intelligence will be
expanded, and then we shall know, by a hap-
py experience, what it is to be one with God
and with Jesus Christ.
This leads us to our 5th and last article,
That is, the felicity that God reserves for his
children in another world. A reunion of all
the felicities of this present world would
not be sufficient to express the love of God to
us. Nature is too indigent : our faculties are
too indigent : society is too indigent : religion
itself is too indigent.
Nature is too indigent : it might indeed af-
ford us a temperate air, an earth enamelled
wiih flowers, trees laden with fruits, and cli-
mates rich with delights ; but all its present
beauties are inadequate to the love of God,
and there must be another world, another
economy, ' new lieavens and a new earth,' Isa.
Ixv. 17.
Our faculties are too indigent ; they might
indeed adniit abundant pleasures, for we are
capable of knowing, and God could gratify
our desire of knowledge. We are capable of
agreeable sensations, and God is able to give
us objects proportional to our sensations ; and
so of the rest. But all these gratifications
would be too little to express the love of God
to us. Our faculties must be renewed, and in
some sense, new cast ; for ' this corruptible
body must put on incorruption ; this natural
body must become a spiritual body,' 1 Cor.
XV. 53. 44. so that by means of more delicate
organs we may enjoy more exquisite plea-
sures. Our souls must be united to glorified
bodies, by laws difi'erent fiom those which now
unite us to matter, in order to capacitate us
for more extensive knowledge.
Society is too indigent, although society
might become an ocean of pleasure to us.
There are men whose friendships are full of
charms ; their conversations are edifying, and
their acquaintance delightful ; and God is
able to place us among such amiable charac-
ters in this world : but society has nothing
great enough to express the love of God to
us. We must be introduced to the society of
glorified saints, and to thousands of angels
and happy spirits, who are capable of more
magnanimity and delicacy than all that we
can imagine here.
Religion itself is too indigent, although it
might open to us a source of deliglit. What
pleasin-e has religion afforded us on those hap-
py days of our lives, in which, having fled
from the crowd, and suspended our love to
the world, we meditated on the grand truths
which God has revealed to us in his word ;
when we ascended to God by fervent prayer ;
or renewed at the Lord's table our commu-
nion with him ! How often have holy men
been enraptured in these exercLses ! How
often have they exclaimed during these fore-
tastes. Our souls are ' satisfied as with mar-
sow and fatness,' Psal Ixiii. 5. ' O how great
is thy goodness, which thou hast laid up for
them that fear thee,' xxxi. 19. We are
' abundantly satisfied with the fatness of thy
house : we drink of the river of thy plea-
sures,' Psal. xxxvi. 8. Yet even religion can
afford nothing here below that can sufficient-
ly express the love of God to us. We must
be admitted into that state in which there is
neither temple nor sun, because God supplies
the place of both. Rev. xxi. 22, 23. We are
to behold God, not surrounded with such a
handful of people as this, but with • thousand
thousands, and ten thousand times ten thou-
sand,' Dan. vii. 10, who stand continually be-
fore him. We must see God, not in the dis-
plays of his grace in our churches, but in all
the magnificence of his glory in heaven. We
are to prostrate ourselves before him, not at
the Lord's table, where he is made known to
us in the symbols of bread and wine : (august
symbols indeed, but too gross to exhibit the
grandeurs of God) but we are to behold him
upon the throne of glory, worshipped by all
the happy host of heaven. Wiiy.t cause pro-
duces those noble effects .-' From what source
do those ' rivers of pleasure flow .'' Psalm
xxxiv. 8. It is love which ' lays up all this
goodness for us,' Psal xxxi. 19. ' I drew
them with cords of a man, with bands of
love,' Hos. xi. 4.
Let us meditate on the love of God, who,
being supremely happy himself, communi-
cates perfect happiness to us. Supreme hap-
piness does not make God foriret us ; shall
the miserable comlbrts of this life make us
forget him .^ Our attachments to this life are
so strong, the acquaintances that we have
contracted in this world so many, and the re-
lations that we bear so tender ; we are, in a
word, so habituated to live, that we need not
wonder if it cost us a good deal to be willing
to die. But this attachment to life, which,
when it proceeds only to a certain degree, is
a sinless infirmity, becomes one of the most
criminal dispositions when it exceeds its just
limits. It is not right that the objects of di-
vine love should lose sight of their chief
good, in a world where, after their best en-
deavours, there will be too many obstacles
between them and God. It is not right that
rational creatures, wlio have heard of the
pure, extensive, and munificent love of God
to them, should be destitute of the most ar-
dent desires of a chiser union to him than any
that can be attained in this life. One single
moment's delay should give us pain, and
if we wish to live, it should be only to pre-
pare to die. We ought to desire life only
to mortify sin, to practise and to perfect vir-
tue, to avail ourselves of opportunities of
knowing ourselves better, and of obtaining
stronger assurances of our salvation. No,
I can never persuade myself that a man,
who is wise in the truths of which we have
been discoursing, a man, in whom the lore
of God has been ' shed abroad by the Holy
Ghost given unto him,' Rom. v. 5 ; a man,
Ser. VIII.] INCOMPREHENSIBILITY OF THE MERCY OF GOD.
101
who thinks himself an object of the love of
the Great Supreme, and who knows that the
Great Supreme will not render him perfectly
happy in this life, but in the next, can aiford
much time for tlie amusements of this. I can
never persuade myself that a man, who has
such elevated notions, and such magnificent
prospects, can make a very serious affair of
having a great name in this world, of lodging
in a palace, or of descending from an illustri-
ous ancestry. These little passions, if we con-
sider them in themselves, may seem almost in-
different, and I grant if ye will, that they are
not always attended with very bad conse-
quences, that, in some cases, they injure no-
body, and in many, cause no trouble in socie-
ty : but, if we consider the principle from
which they proceed, they will appear very
mortifying to as. We shall find tliat the zeal
and fervour, the impatient breathings of some,
' ta depart, and to be with Christ,' Phil. i.
23 ; the aspiring of a soul after the ehlef
good ; the prayer, ' Come, Lord Jesus, come
quickly,' Rev. xxli. 20 ; the eager wish,
' When shall I come and appear before God,'
Psal. xlii. 2. We. shall find that these dispo-
sitions, which some of us treat as enthusiasm,
and which others of us refer to saints of the
first order, to whose perfections we have not
the presumption to aspire ; we shall find, I
say, that these dispositions are more essen-
tial to Christianity tiian we may have hither-
to imagined.
May God make us truly sensible of that
noble and tender love which God has for us !
May God kindle our love at the fire of his
own ! May God enable us to know religion
by such pleasures as they experience who
make love to God the foundation of all virtue !
These are our petitions to God for you : to
these may each of us say Amen !
SERMON VIIL
THE INCOMPREHENSIBILITY OF THE MERCY OF GOD.
Isaiah Iv. 8, 9.
For my thoughts are not yoitr thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, sailh
the Lord. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways
higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.
liO, ' these are parts of his ways, but how
little a portion is heard of him !' Job xxvi. 14.
This is one of the most sententious sayings
of Job, and it expresses, in a very lively and
emphatical manner, the works of God. Such
language would produce but very little effect
indeed in the mouth of a careless, unthinking
man : but Job, who uttered it, had a mind
filled with the noblest ideas of the perfections
of God. He had studied them in his pros-
perity, in order to enable him to render ho-
mage to God, from whom alone his prosperi-
ty came. His heart was conversant with
them under his distressing adversities, and of
them he had learnt to bovi' to the hand of Him
who was no less the author of adversity than
of prosperity, of darkness than of day. All
this appears by the fine description which the
holy man gives immediately before : ' God,'
says he, ' stretcheth out the north over the
empty place, and hangeth the earth upon no-
thing. He bindeth up his waters in his thick
clouds ; and the cloud is not rent under them.
He hath compassed the waters with boimds.
The pillars of heaven tremble, and are aston-
ished at his reproof He divideth the sea with
his power, and by his understanding he
smiteth through the proud. By his spirit he
hath garnished the heavens.' But are those
the only production of the Creator ? Have
these emanations wholly exhausted his pow-
er .' No, replies Job, ' These are only parts
of his ways, and how little a portion is heard
of him !'
My brethren, what this holy man said of
the wonders of nature, we, with much
more reason, say to you of the wonders of
grace. Collect all that pagan philosophers
have taught of the goodness of the Supreme
Being. To the opinions of philosophers join
the declarations of the prophets. To the decla-
rations of the prophets, and to the opinions
of philosophers, add the discoveries of the
evangelists and apostles. Compose one body
of doctrine of all that various authors have
v.'ritten on this comfortable subject. To the
whole join 3'our own experience ; your ideas
to their ideas, your meditations to their me-
ditations, and then believe that ye are only
floating on the surface of the goodness of
God, that his love has dimensions, a 'breadth,
and length, and depth, and height,' Eph. iii.
18 ; which the human mind can never attain:
and, upon the brink of this ocean, say, ' Lo,
these are only parts of his ways, and how lit-
tle a portion is heard of him ''
This incomprehensibility of the goodness of
God, (and what attention, what sensibility,
what gratitude, have we not a right to ex-
pect of you .'') this inconceivableness of the
goodness of God we intend to discuss to-day.
The prophet, or rather God himself, says to
us by the prophet, ' My thoughts are not your
thoughts, neither are your ways my ways.
For as the heavens are higher than the earth,
so are my ways higher than your wayB, and
my thoughts than your thoughts.'
Three things are necessary to explain th«
text.
1. The meaning must be restrained.
102
THE INCOMPREHENSIBILITY
[Ser. VIII
II. Tlie object must be determined.
III. The proofs must be produced. And
this is the whole plan of my disccurse.
I. The words of my text must be restrained.
Strictly speaking, it cannot be said, that
God's thoughts are not our thoughts,' and
that his ' ways are not our ways :' on the con-
trary, it is certain, that in many respects,
God's ' ways are our ways, and his thoughts
are our thoughts.' I mean, that there are
many cases, in which we may assure
ourselves that God thinks so and so, and will
observe such or such a conduct. The doc-
trine of the incomprehensibility of God is
one of those doctrines which we ought to de-
fend with the greatest zeal, because it has a
powerful influence in religion and morality :
but it would become a subversion of both,
were it to be carried beyond its just bounds.
Libertines have made fewer proselytes by
denying the existence of God than by abusing
the doctrine of his inconceivableness. It
makes but little impression on a rational man,
to be told;, that matter is eternal ; that it ar-
ranged itself in its present order ; that chance
spread the firmament, formed the heavenly
orbs, fixed the earth on its basis, and M'rouglit
all the wonders in the material world. It
makes but little impression on a rational man,
to be informed that the intelligent world is to
be attributed to the same cause to which
libertines attribute the material world : that
chance formed spirit as well as matter ; gave
it the power, not only of reflecting on its
own essence, but also of going out of itself,
of transporting itself into the past ages of
eternity, of rising into the heavens by its me-
ditation, of pervading the eartli, and inves-
tigating its darkes't recesses. All these ex-
travagant propositions refute themselves, and
hardly find one partisan in such an enlighten-
ed age as this, in which we have the hap-
piness to live.
There are other means more likely to sub-
vert the faith. To give grand ideas of the
Supreme Being ; to plunge, if I may be al-
lowed to say so, the little mind of man into
the ocean of the divine perfections ; to con-
trast the supreme grandeur of tlie Creator
with the insignificance of the creature ; to
persuade mankind that the Great Supreme
is too lofty to concern himself with us, that
our conduct is entirely indifterent to him ;
that it signifies nothing to him whether we
be just or unjust, humane or cruel, linppy or
miserable : to say in tliese senses, that God's
ways are not our ways, that his thoughts are
not our thoughts, these are the arms that in-
fidelity has sometimes employed with success,
and against the attacks of which we would
guard you. For these reasons, I said, that
the meaning of the text must be restrained,
or that it would totally subvert religion and
morality.
We have seldom met with a proposition
more extravagant tiian that of a certain
bishop,* who, having spent his life in defend-
* Peter Daniel Huet,bisliop of Avraiiche^, a country-
man of our author's. He was a man of uncommon
learning, and, in justice to Chri.stianity, as well as to
)iis lordship, it ought to be remembered, that he
wrote Ilia demonstralio erungfUra, in the vigour of
tliilifej but his fra)(e pkilosophiquc de la foiblesse de
ing tlie gospel, endeavoured at his death to
subvert it. This man, in a book entitled,
The Ivtperfcrtion of the Human Mind, and
which is itself an example of the utmost de-
gree of the extravagance of the human mind,
maintains this pro])osition, and makes it the
ground of all his skepticism: that before we
affirm any thing of a subject we must per-
fectlv understand it. From hence he con-
cludes, that we can afRrm nothing of any sub-
ject, because we do not perfectly understand
any. And from hence it naturally follows,
that of the Supreme Being we have the least
pretence to affirm any thing, because we
have a less perfect knowledge of him than of
any other subject. What absurd reasoning !
It is needless to refute it here, and it shall
suffice at present to observe in general, the
ignorance of one part of a subject does not
hinder the knowing of other parts of it, nor
ought it to hmder our affirmation of what we
do know. I do not perfectly understand the
nature of light; however I do know that it
differs from darkness, and that it is the me-
dium by wJiich objects become visible to me.
And the same may be affirmed of other sub-
jects.
In like manner, the exercise of my reason-
ing powers, jjroduces in me some incontesta-
ble notions of God ; and, from these notions,
inmjediately follow some sure consequences,
which become the immoveable bases of my
faith in his word, of my submission to his
will, and of my confidence in his promises.
These notions, and these consequences, com-
pose the body of natural religion. There is a
self-existent Being. The existence all crea-
tures is derived from the self-existent Being,
and he is the only source of all their perfec-
tions. That Being, who is the source of the
perfections of all other beings, is more pow-
erful than the most powerful monarchs,
because the most powerful monarchs derive
only a finite power from him. He is wiser
than the most consummate politicians, be-
cause the most consummate politicians derive
only a finite wisdom from him. His know-
ledge exceeds that of the ir.ost transcendant
geniuses, because the most transcendant ge-
niuses and the most knowing philosophers de-
rive only a finite knowledge from him. And
the same ma}^ be said of others. There are
then some incontestable notions, which rea-
son gives us of God.
From tliese notions follow some sure gnd
necessary consequences. If all creatures de-
rive their being and preservation from Jiim,
I owe to him all that I am, and all that I have,
he is the sole object of my desires and hopes,
and I am necessarily engaged to be grateful
for his favours, and entirely submissive to bis
will. If creature-perfections be only emana-
tions from him, the source of all perfections,
I ought to have nobler sentiments of his per-
fections, than of those of creatures, how ele-
vated soever the latter may be. I ought to
fear him more than I ought to fear the mighti-
Pespril liumainf, of which Mons. ?aurin complains,
was written more than forty years after, wlien he
was ninety year.s of age, and was superannuated.
Father Castell, the Jesuit, denies tliat il was written
by Huet at all.
ser. vm.]
OF THE MERCY OF GOD.
103
est king, because the power of the mightiest
king is only an emanation of his. I ought to
commit myself to his direction, and to trust
more to his wisdom than to that of the wisest
pcflitician, because the prudence of the wisest
politician is only an emanation of his : and so
of the rest. Let it be granted, that God is,
in many respects, quite incomprehensible,
that we can attain only a small degree of
knowledge of this infinite object, or, to use
the words of our text, that ' his thoughts are
not our thoughts, nor his ways our ways :' yet
it will not follow, that the notions, which rea-
son gives us of him, are less just, or, that the
consequences, which immediatelj' follow these
notions, are less sure ; or, that all the objec-
tions, which libertines and skeptics pretend
to derive from the doctrine of the incompre-
hensibility of God, against natural religion,
do not evaporate and disappear.
If reason affords some adequate notions of
God, if some necessary consequences follow
these notions, for a much stronger reason,
we may derive some adequate notions of God
and some sure consequences from revelation.
It is a very extravagant and so])Iiistical way
of reasoning to allege the darkness of revela-
tion upon this subject, in order to obscure the
lig'ht that it does afford us. These words,
' my thoughts are not your thoughts, neitlier
are my ways your ways,' do not mean, then,
that we can know nothing of the divine es-
sence ; that we cannot certainly discover in
what cases he will approve of our conduct,
and in what cases he will condemn it; they
only mean, that infinite minds cannot form
complete ideas of God, know the whole sphere
of his attributes, or certainly foresee all the
effects that they can produce. Thus we have
endeavoured to restrain the words of the text.
II. We are to determine their object. The
prophet's expressions would have been true,
had they been applied to all the attributes of
God : however, they are applied here only to
one of them, that is, to his goodness. The
connexion of the text with the preceding-
verses proves this. ' Seek ye the Lord while
he may be found, call ye upon him while he
is near. Let the wicked forsake his way, and
the unrighteous man his thoughts: and let
him return unto the Lord, and he will have
mercy upon him ; and to our God, for he will
abundantly pardon,' ver, G, 7. The text im-
mediately follows : ' For my thoughts are not
your thf)Ughts, neither are your ways my
ways, saith the Lord.' It is clear, I think, that
the last words, ' my thoughts are not your
thouglits, neither are your ways my ways,'
directly relate to the preceding clause, 'the
Lord will have mercy upon him, and oiu- God
will abundantly pardon.' Wherein do the
thoughts of God differ from ours ? In this
sense they differ : in God there are treasures
of mercy, the depth 5f which no finite miud
can fathom. In liim goodness is as incon-
ceivable as all his other attributes. In God,
a sinner, v.^ho seems to have carried his sin
to its utmost extravagance, and to have ex-
hausted alt the treasures of divine grace, shall
still find, if he return unto the Lord, and cast
himself at the foot of him, who abundanthj
pardoacih, a goodness, a compassion, a love,
that he could not have imatrined to find.
When we speak of the goodness of God,
we mean, not only that perfection which in-
clines him to communicate natural benefits to
all creatures, and which has occasioned the
inspired writers to say, that ' All creatures
wait upon him, that he may give them their
meat in due season,' Ps. civ. 27 ; that he left
not himself without witness in doing good,'
Acts xiv. 17. But we mean, in a more espe-
cial manner, the grace of the gospel, of which
the prophet speaks in the beginning of the
chapter ; ' Ho, every one that thirsteth, come
ye to the waters, and he that hath no money
come ye buy and eat ; yea, come buy wine
and milk without money, and without price.
Incline your ear, and come unto me : hear,
and 3'our soul shall live : and I will make an
everlasting covenant with you, even the sure
mercies of David. Behold I have given him
for a witness to the people, a leader and com-
mander of the people.' ver. 1 — 4. Who is this
leader whom God gave to be a witness to the
people, that is, to manifest his attributes to
the Gentiles.' What is this everlasting cove-
nant ? What are these sure mercies of
David? Two sorts of authors deserve to be
heard on this article, though on different ac-
counts ; the first for their ignorance and pre-
judice; the last for their knowledge and im-
partiality. The first are the Jews, who in
spite of their obstinate blindness, cannot help
owning that these words promise the advent
of the Messiah- Rabbi David Kimchi gives
this exposition of the words : ' The sure mer-
cies of David, that is the Messiah, whom
Ezekiel calls David. They shall dwell in the
land that I have given them, they, and their
children, and their children's children, for
ever ; and my servant David shall be their
prince for ever,' Ezek. xxxvii. 25 ; I purpose-
ly pass by many similar passages of other
Jewish Rabbins. The other authors whom
we ought to hear for their impartial know-
ledge, are the inspired writers, and particu-
larly St. Paul, whose comment on this pas-
sage, which he gave at Antioch in Pisidia,
determines its meaning. There the apostle
having attested the truth of the resurrection
of Jesus Christ, aiiirms that the prophets had
foretold that event ; and among other pas-
sages, which he alleged in proof of what he
had advanced, quotes this, ' I will give you
the sure mercies of David,' Acts. xiii. 34.
From all which it follows, that the object of
our text is the goodness of God, and in an
especial manner, the love that he has mani-
fested unto us in the gospel : and this is what
we undertook to prove.
Such views of the grandeurs of God are
sublime and delightful. Tlie divine perfec-
tions are the most sublime objects of medita-
tion. It is glorious to surmount the little cir-
cle of objects that surround us, to revolve in
a contemplation of God, in whose infinite
perfections intelligent beings will for ever
find matter sufficient to employ all tlieir intel-
ligence. Behold the inspired writers, they
were fond of losing their capacities in this
lovely prospect. Sometimes they stood on
the borders of the eternity of God, and view-
ing that boundless ocean, exclaimed, ' Before
the mountains were brought forth, or ever
thou hadst formed the earth and the world ;
104
THE INCOMPREHENSIBILITY
[Ser. VIII.
even from everlasting to everlasting thou art
God. A thousand years in thy sight are but
as yesterday when it is past, and as a watcli
in the night,' Ps. xc. 2. 4. Sometimes ti;ey
meditated on his power, and contemplating
the number and variety of its works, exclaim-
ed, ' O Lord, our Lord, how excellent is thy
name in all the earth I who hast set thy glory
above the heavens. When we consider thy
heavens, the work of thy fingers ; the moon
and the stars which thou hast ordained ; What
is man, that thou art mindful of him .-' and the
son of man, that thou visitest him .'' Ps. viii.
1. 3, 4. Sometimes their attention was fixed
on the immensity of God, and contemplating
it, they exclaimed, ' Whither shall we go
from thy spirit .'' or whither shall we flee from
thy presence ? If we ascend up into heaven,
thou art there, if we make our bed in hell, be-
hold thou art there ; if we take the wings of
the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts
of the sea ; even there shall thy hand lead us,
and thy right hand shall hold us,' Ps. cxxxix.
7 — 10. But, however agreeable these objects
of meditation may be, there is something mor-
tifying and distressing in tiiem. The more
we discover the grandeur of the Supreme Be-
ing, the greater distance we perceive between
ourselves and him. We perceive him indeed :
but it is as an inhabitant of ' light which no
man can approach unto,' 1 Tim. iv. IG ; and
from all our efforts to know him we derive
this reflection of the prophet, ' Such know-
ledge is too wonderful for me: it is high; I
cannot attain unto it,' Ps. cxxxix. 6.
But the meditation of the goodness of God
is as full of consolation as it is of sublimit}'.
This ocean of the Deity is an ocean of love.
These dimensions that surpass your know-
ledge, are dimensions of love. These distan-
ces, a part only of which are visible to you,
are depths of mercy, and those words which
God has addressed to you, ' my thoughts are
not your thoughts, neither are your waj's my
ways,' are equal to these : As far as heaven
is above the earth; or more fully, as far as ye
finite creatures are inferior to me the infinite
God, so far are your ideas of my compassion
and love to you inferior to my pity and esteem
for you : Try: ' Let the wicked forsake his
way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts ;'
let not the multitude or the enormity of his
crimes terrify him into a despair of obtaining
the pardon of them : ' Let him return unto
the Lord, and he will have mercy upon him ;
and to our God, for he will abundantly par-
don. For my thoughts are not your thoughts,
neither are your ways my ways, saith" the
Lord. For as the heavens are higher than
the earth, so are my ways higher tlian your
ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.'
Having thus determined the object and re-
strained the meaning of the text, we shall
proceed to adduce the proofs.
III. The prophet addresses himself to two
sorts of people ; first, to the heathens, who
knew no more of the goodness of God than
what they had discovered by the glimmerino-
light of nature : next, to some Jews, or to some
Christians, who, indeed, knew it by the light
of revelation, but who had not so liigh a
notion of it as to believe it sufficient to^par-
don all their sins. To both he says on the
part of God ; ' My thoughts arc not your
thoughts, neither are your ways my ways.'
' My thoughts are not your thoughts,' ye
gentile philosophers. Ye know my goodness
only by your speculations on the nature of the
Supreme Being ; but all that ye discover in
this way, is nothing in comparison of what
the Messiah will teach you in the gospel.
' My thoughts are not your thoughts,' ye
timorous consciences, ye gloomy and melan-
choly minds. Behold, I yet open to you
treasures of mercy, which ye thought ye had
exhausted : ' My thoughts are not your
thoughts, neither are your ways my ways :
For as the heavens are higher than the earth,
so are my ways higher than your ways, and
my thoughts than your thoughts.'
First, "The prophet addresses heathens, who
had no other knowledge of God than a few
speculations on the nature of the First Being ;
and who were never able to discover three
mysteries of divine love.
1. The mean by which God conciliated his
justice witli his love.
2. His patience with those who abuse this
mean.
3. His intimate union with those who fall
in with the design of his patience.
1. The first mystery of love, which the
wisest pagan philosophers could never discov-
er, is the mean that God has chosen to cx)ncili-
ate his justice with his love.
Let us carefully avoid the forming of mean
notions of God ; let us not imagine that the
attributes of God clash: No, God is perfectly
consistent with himself, and his attributes
mutually support each other. When we say
that the love of God resisted his justice, w©
mean that, according to our way of thinking,
there were some inconveniences in determi-
ning the fate of mankind after the entrance
of sin. In effect, what must become of this
race of rebels ? Shall God execute that sen-
tence on Ihem, which he has pronounced
against sin .•' But chains of darkness, a lake
burning with fire and brimstone, weeping and
wailing thrcugh an endless eternity, excite
the compassion of a merciful God: shall he
then allow these unworthy creatures to live
under his protection.'' Shall so many idle
words, so many criminal thoughts, so many
iniquitous actions, so mucli blasphemy, so
many extortions, the sliedding of so much in-
nocent blood, shall all these go unpunished .'
But, were these allowed, his love of order and
iiis veracity would be blemished. These are
difficulties which all the universe could not
solve. This is the book, of which St. John
speaks in his revelation, the book ' sealed with
seven seals ; I wept much,' sa3's St. John,
' because no man v^'as found worthy to open
and to read the book: but worthy is the Lamb
to take the book, and to open the seals,' Rev.
v. 4. P.
From the depth of divine mercy proceeds a
plan for the solution of all these difllculties.
The Son of God clothes himself with mortal
flesh. He says, from his infancy, ' In sacri-
fices for sin thou liast no pleasure I' Heb. x. 6.
No, neither ' burnt-offerings nor thousands of
rams; neither nllars overflowing with blood,
nor ten thousands of rivers of oil ; neither the
first-born for the transgression, nor all the
Ser. VIII.]
OF THE MERCY OF GOD.
105
fruit of the body for the sin of the soul,' Mi-
cahvi. 6, 7; no^ none of these is an offering
worthy of being presented to thy justice : ' Lo,
I come to do thy will, O God,' Heb. x. 7. Lo,
I come to do that will which requires the pun-
ishment of sin and the salvation of the sinner.
Lo, I come to be led ' as a Iamb to the slaugh-
ter,' and to be ' dumb as a sheep before her
shearers.' Lo, I am coming to suffer the
very men for whose salvation I come, to treat
me as a malefactor ; yea, moreover, I am com-
ing to suffer the hidings of that adorable face,
which has always hitherto afforded me a ' ful-
ness of joy,' Ps. xvi. 11. I am coming to suf-
fer a suspension of that love, which is all my
delight, and to cry under excessive sorrows,
' My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken
me I' Matt, xxvii. 46. We must necessarily
sink under the weight of this subject, my
brethren, and we must be content to see only
'parts of the ways' of love. We must deter-
mine only to take a slight survey of ' the
breadth and length, and depth and height, of
the love of God ;' we must own that it passetli
knowledge,' Eph. iii. IS, 19. and that these are
things which 'eye hath not seen, nor ear
heard, neither have entered into the heart of
man,' I Cor. ii. 9. We must confess that if
we were not able to give this general answer
to the objections that are made against the
mysteries of religion, that is, that the attri-
butes of God are infinite, and that it does not
belong to such finite minds as ours to limit
the infinite God, we should be overwhelmed
with the difficulties to which the marvels of
redemption are liable to be exposed. Let us
rejoice in the prospect of that happy period,
in which our faculties will be expanded, and
in which we shall make a more rapid progress
in the study of the love of God. In the pre-
sent period of infirmities let us be content
with the solution in our text ; 'My thoughts
are not your thoughts, neither are your ways
my ways, saith the Lord. For as the heavens
are higher than the earth, so are my ways
higher than your ways, and niy thoughts than
your thoughts.'
2 But in what mannethave these miserable
sinners (and tliis will explain the second mys-
tery of love, which reason could never have
discovered,) in what manner have these mis-
erable sinners, v/hom the justice of God
condemns to eternal torments, received the
declaration of their pardon .' With what eyes
have tliey considered tlie miracle of an incar-
nate God .' How have they regarded that
altar, on wliich such a noble victim was sac-
rificed for tlieir salvation .' Have their eyes
been fountains of tears, to lament the crimes
that brought down such a deluge of punish-
ments U[)on the head of t!ie Redeemer of
mankind ? Have they received the Redeemer
with such tenderness and gratitude as the
wonders of his love required .' No : The unbe-
lieving synagogue, the Jews, or, to pass the
Jews, Christians, we, my brethren, who pro-
fess to believe the mystery of the cross : we,
who every day say, ' We believe in Jesus
Christ, who was born of the virgin Mary,
who was crucified, dead, and buried ;' we can
hear of those great mysteries with indiffer-
ence ; we can persist in the very sins that
brought our Redeemer to the cross ; we can
refuse to give up a few inches of earth, a
small sum of money, the playing of an idle
game, or the gratifying of an absurd passion,
to him who sacrificed for us his person and his
life ; we can ' do despite unto the Spirit of
grace, and count the blood of the covenant an
unholy thing,' Heb. x. 9. God is witness of
all these things ; God holds the thunders in
his mighty hands ; wars, and plagues, and
earthquakes, wait only for the first signal of
his will to avenge those numerous indignities :
yet God, who beholds those indignities, bears
with them. This man, says the love of God,
is precipitated by the heat and vigour of youth,
perhaps he may reflect when he arrives at
the tranquillity of mature age ; he shall be
spared then till he arrives at maturity : or,
perhaps he may recollect himself in the cool-
ness of old age, he shall be spared then till the
grave coolness of old age comes. That man
has been a rebel in his health, perhaps he may
submit when he is sick, he shall be spared till
sickness comes ; and he shall be sought, ex-
horted, conjured ; I will say to him, ' O that
thou hadst hearkened unto me !' Ps. Ixxxi. 13.
' Be thou instructed, lest my soul depart
from thee !' Jer. vi. 8. ' O thou who killest the
prophets, and stonest them which are sent
unto thee, how often would I have gathered
thee, even as a hen gathers her chickens uu
der her wings, and thou wouldest not ! Matt,
xxxiii. 37. And it is the great God, who speaks
in this manner to his ungrateful creature, who
is insensible to such tender language !
3. The third mystery of love which the wi-
sest philosophers could.never have discovered,
is the union that God forms with man in reli-
gion. What tender relation cansl thou ima-
gine, which God has not determined to form
with thee in religion ? Art thou sensible to t!ie
vigilance of a sliepherd .' ' The Lord is thy
shepherd, thou shalt not want,' Ps. xxiii. ].
Art tliou sensible to the confidence of a friend ?
' I call thee not a servant but a friend,' John
XV. 15. Art thou sensible to the tenderness of
a parent .' ' Behold wl:at. manner of love the
Father hath bestowed upon thee, that thou
shouldest be called a son of God !' 1 John iii.
1. I should allege many oth^r images of the
love of God to believers, if I could flatter
myself, that tlie imaginations of my hearer.^
would be as pure as those of the sacred authors
who have described them.
Art thou disgusted with human connex-
ions.'' Are thine ideas of friondsliip so refined
tJiat tliey render thee superior to human
unions, and make thee wish for a friendship
formed on a nobler plan .' God has determined
tiiat thou shalt be united to him as Jesus
Christ and he are vmiteil : a union at present
inconceivable, but wliich we shall happily ex-
perience in the enlarged sphere of an immor-
tal life, John xvii. 20. 21. Let us acknow-
ledge then, that all tlie penetration of the
wisest philosophers, could never have discov-
ered the extent of the love ol'Ciod in the dis-
pensation of the gospel. ' My thoughts are
not your thoughts, neither are your ways my
ways, saith the Lord. For as the heavens
are higher than the earth, so are my ways
higher than your ways, and my thoughts than
your thoughts.'
Secondly, Let us address the text to the
106
THE INCOMPREHENSIBILITY
[Ser. vin.
gloomy mind of a melanclioly person, who,
having failed in the courage necessary to re-
sist temptations, fails again in that which is
necessary to bear the thought of having fal-
len into them. But, before we oppose or de-
sscribe this weakness, let us grant that there is
something in it which deserves respect. The
greatest part of those who treat it as an ex-
travagance, seem to nie far more extravagant
than those who fall into it. Yes, the utmost
excess of grief that can be occasioned by the
remembrance of sin, seems to me incompara-
bly less blameable tlian the excessive tran-
quillity of some otlier people's minds. Who
(think you), is most extravagant, he who is
too much affected with the enormity of his
sins, or he who is not affected enough .-' Is it
he who, notwithstanding his sorrows and re-
grets, dares not venture to believe himself an
object of divine compassion ; or he who, hav-
ing no contrition, nor shedding any tears of
repentance, presumes on that compassion .■"
Is it he, whom the bare probability of being
punished for his sins, of being eternally laden
with ' chains of darkness,' of being an eternal
prey to ' the worm that never dieth,' 2 Pet. ii.
4 ; and of becoming fuel for that ' fire which
shall never be quenched,' Mark ix. 44, 45:
deprives of his rest, of a relish for the sweets
of society, and of all inclination to enjoy the
most insinuating pleasures ; or, is it he who,
in spite of so many reasons to fear his danger-
ous state, eats, drinks, diverts himself, runs
from company to company, from circle to cir-
cle, and employs the moments, that are given
him to avoid his miseries, in inventing the most
effectual means of forgetting them ? I repeat
it again, a melancholy, that is occasioned by
the remembrance of sin, has something re-
spectable in it, and the greatest part of those
who treat it altogether as an absurdity, are
more absurd than those who fall into it.
I intend, however, in this part of my dis-
course, to oppose this melancholy gloom.
And thanks be to those divine mercies, the
grandeurs of which I am this day commend-
ing, for furnisliing me with so many means of
opposing tliis disposition, independently of
the words of my text. What a multitude of
reflections present themselves beside those
which arise from the subject in hand !
What madness possesses thy melancholy
mind ? The Holy Spirit assures thee, that
' though thy sins be as scarlet,' he will make
them ' as white as snow ;' that ' though they
be as red as crimson,' he will make them ' as
white as wool,' Isa. i. 19 ; and dost thou think
that thy sins are too aggravated to be pardon-
ed in tliis manner .'
The Holy Spirit gives thee a long list of the
most execrable names in nature ; a list of
idolaters, murderers, extortioners, adulterers,
j)ersecutors, highway robbers, and blas])he-
mers, who obtained mercy wlien they desired
and sought it : and art thou obstinately bent
on excluding thyself from the number of those
sinners, to whom mercy is promised ; and,
because thou dost not believe it attainable,
dost thou obstinately refuse to ask for it .''
The Holy Spirit has lifted up 'an ensign
for the nations,' Isa. xi. 12; or, to speak with-
out a figure, the Holy Ghost has lifted up a
cross, and on that cross a Redeemer, who is
' able to save them to the uttermost that
come unto God by him,' Heb. vii. 25; and ^
who himself says to all sinners, 'Come unto ^
me, all ye that labour, and are heavy laden, I *
will give you rest, and ye shall find rest unto
your souls,' Matt. xi. 28, 2!). And dost thou
flee from this cross, and rather choose to sink
under the weight of thy sins than to disbur-
den them on a Redeemer, who is willing to
bear them ?
But passing all these, let us return to the
text. ' My thoughts are not your thoughts,
neither are your ways my ways, saith the
Lord. For as the heavens are higher than
the earth, so are my ways higher than your
ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.'
This is sufficient to refute, this is enough to
subvert, and to destroy, the whole system of a
despairing mind. The perfections of God are
infinite : By what rule then dost thou pretend
to ' limit the Holy One of Israel,' Ps. Ixxviii.
4L ' Canst thou by searching find out God .-"
Job. xi. 7. Canst thou find out the eternity of
him, with whom ' a tiiousand years are as one
day, and one day as a thousand years,' 2 Pet.
iii. 8. Canst thou find out the extent of his
vi^isdom ; a wisdom that first invented, then
created ; that governs now, and will for ever
govern, both the material and intelligent
worlds .'' Behold, his understanding is infinite,'
Ps. cxlvii. 5. Canst thou find out the power
of him who ' weighed the mountains in scales,
and the hills in a balance,' Isa. xl. 12; who
' taketh up the isles as a very little thing,'
ver. 15.
The mercy of God is no less inconceivable
than the rest of his attributes. The nature
of the thing proves it ; reason declares it ;
revelation places it in the clearest light ; ex-
perience confirms it ; and of his mercy God
says in the text, ' My thoughts are not your
thoughts, neither are your ways my ways.
For as the heavens are higher than the earth,
so are my ways higher than your ways, and
my thoughts than your thoughts.'
Your thoughts have formed a gloomy sys-
tem, and ye thinic that God can pardon a first,
or a second, or perhaps a third, sin ; but ye
cannot believe that he can forgive the Imn-
dredth, or even the fortieth ofl'ence : but
God's thoughts are, that he can uhmidanthj
pardon; that he can forgive the hundredth
offence, yea the thousandth and the ten thou-
sandth, as well as the first and the second, if
ye be sincerely willing to renounce them,
and seriously endeavour to reform them.
Ye think, agreeably to )'our gloomy system,
that God does indeed pardon some crimes,
but that there are some which lie will not par-
don ; that he sometimes pardons hatred, but
that he will never forgive murder; that he some-
times pardons sins of infirmity, but tlmt he will
never forgive sins of obstinacy; thathc par-
dons idle words, but that he will never forgive
blasphemies: but God's thoughts are that he
will uhundanthjpardoii ; that he will pardon
murder as well as hatred ; and sins of obsti-
nacy as well as sins of infirmity ; provided ye
be sincerely willing to renounce them, and
seriously endeavour to reform them.
Ye think, consistently with your melancholy
system, that God may perhaps pardon the
sins of a few days, or of a few months, or of a
Ser. VIIL]
OF THE MERCY OF GOD.
107
few years ; but that he cannot forgive the
sins of ten, or twenty years, or of a whole life :
but God thinks that he can ahundnntly par-
don; that he can forgive the sins often years,
or of twenty, or of a whole life, as well as the
sins of one day, or of one month, or of one
year ; if ye be sincerely willing to renounce
them, and seriously endeavour to reform them.
Your thoughts are that God pardons the
sins of those whom he has not called into
church-fellowship, nor distinguished by par-
ticular favours : but the thoughts of God are
that he will abundantly pardon ; that he will
forgive sins committed under the Mosaic dis-
pensation as well as those that have been
committed under the dispensation of nature ;
those that have been committed under the
gospel as well as those that have been com-
mitted under the law, or before the law ; if
ye be sincerely willing to renounce, and seri-
ously endeavour to reform them. It is not I,
it is the prophet, it is God himself, by the
prophet, who attests these truths : ' Seek ye
the Lord while he may be found, call ye upon
liim while he is near. Let the wicked for-
sake iiis WAY, and the unrighteous man his
thoughts , and let him return unto the
Lord, and he will have mercy upon him ; and
to our God, for he will abundantly pardon.
For ' my thoughts are not your thoughts, nei-
ther are your ways my ways, saith the Lord.
For as the heavens are higher than the earth,
so are my ways higher than your ways, and my
thoughts than your thoughts.'
If ye sincerely /orsa/ic, and seriously re-
form them. Have ye not been surprised at
the frequent repetition of this clause ? This
clause, however, is the ground of all the prom-
ises, that we make to you on God's part.
The chief design of the prophet is to pro-
duce obedience to God, and in this we would
wish to unite this whole assembly. Deprive
the text of this clause, and the rest of the
words are not only false and unwarrantable,
but contradictory to themselves, and injuri-
ous to that God, whose mercy we have been
publishing. We have no consolation for a
melancholy man, who is resolved to persist
in his sins. We have no remedy ag-ainst
despair, when the despairing man refuses to
renounce those crimes, tlie remembrance of
which causes all his distress and despair.
Ye slanderers, 3'e false accusers, 3'e pests
of society, ' God will abundantly pardon you.'
Yea, though ye have been wickedly industri-
ous to poison the purest words, the most harm-
less actions, the holiest intentions, yet ye
ought not to despair of the mercy of God ;
' for his thoughts are not as your thoughts,
nor his ways as your ways.' He will forgive
all your sins, if ye sincerely forsake, and se-
riously reform them ; if ye do justice to the
innocence that ye have attacked, and repair
the reputation that ye have damaged.
Ye unjust, ye oppressors, ye extortioners,
ye who, as well as your ancestors, have lived
on the substance of the wretched, and who
are about to transmit an accursed patrimony
to your posterity, God will abundantly par-
don you : yea, though ye have made a sale
of justice, negotiated the blood of the misera-
ble, betrayed the state, and sold your coun-
try, yet ye ought not to despair of the mer-
cy of God ; for ' his thoughts are not your
thoughts, neither are his ways your ways.'
All these sins he will forgive, if ye endeavour
seriously to amend them ; if ye lay aside
those equipages, and retrench those sumptu-
ous festivals, which are the fruits of your
own, and of your parents' oppressions and
extortions.
Ye sick, ye dying people, who cannot think
of your momentary life, without thinking of
those sins, which ye have been perpetually
committing, and in the multitude and mag-
nitude of which your thoughts are lost,
' God will abundantly pardon you.' Though
no other time remains to conciliate your
souls to God than the last days of a dying
illness, the slight remains of a departing
life, yet ye ought not to despair of the mer-
cy of God, for ' his thoughts are not as your
thoughts, neither are his ways as your ways.*
He will forgive all your sins, if ye sincerely
forsake, and seriously reform them ; if ye be
animated not only with the fear of death and
hell, but with a sincere desire of ' returning
unto the Lord ;' if ye do not make your pas-
tor an accomplice in your sins : if ye do not
forbid him the mentioning of some of your
sins; if ye do not prevent the removal of that
veil, which yet hides a great part of your
tuipitude from you ; in a word, if ye willing-
ly fall in with all the ways of repentance and
reparation, that may be opened to you.
I conclude with the clause, that I have so
often repeated, and which I repeat again,
(and wo be to him who forgets it ! wo be to
him who, by his perseverance in sin, renders
his compliance impossible !) if ye sincerely
forsake, and seriously endeavour to reform
and repair tliem. I give you a subject to
meditate for the conclusion of this discourse
(a very terrible and alarming conclusion for
those who have the madness to ' turn the
grace of God into lasciviousness'), Jude 4;
this subject, which I leave with you to me-
ditate, is, what degree of punishment in hell
will be inflicted upon such men as despise the
mercy that we hav^e been describing.' God
grant that ye may never be able to answer
this by your own experience !
SERMON IX.
THE SEVERITY OF GOD.
Hkbrevvs xii. 29.
For our God is a consuming fire.
J.T is a very deplorable thing, that your
preaciiers can never expatiate on the goodness
of God, without having just grounds to fear
that ye infer dangerous consequences from
their doctrine. That goodness, of which God
has made such tender declarations ; that
goodness, of which he has given us such aston-
ishing proofs ; that goodness, which seems
so proper to make us love him above all
things; that goodness, through our abuse of
it, contributes the most to rivet our infidelity,
and to increase our misery. We freely ac-
knowledge, therefore, that with fear and trem-
bling we endeavoured last Lord's day to dis-
play its greatness, and, though all our portraits
were infinitely beneath the original, though
we esteemed it then our happiness, and our
glory, not to be able to reach our subject,
yet we have been afraid of having said too
much. When, to prevent the fatal effects of
despair, we assured you, tJiat, though ye had
trafficked with tiie blood of the oppressed, or
betrayed the state, or sold your country, yet
ye might derive from the ocean of divine mer-
cy a pardon for all these crimes, provided ye
were enabled sincerely to repent, and tiio-
roughly to reform them ; when we said these
things, we revolved in our minds these dis-
couraging thoughts : perhaps some of our
hearers may poison our doctrine : perliaps
some monster, of which nature produces an
e.xample in every age, actually says to him-
self; I may then, without despairing of my
salvation, traffic with the blood of the op-
pressed, betray the state, sell my country,
and, having spent my life in these wicked
practices, turn to God on my death-bed. Ye
will allow, we hope, that the bare probability
of our having occasioned so dangerovis a
wound ought to engage us to attempt to heal
it, by contrasting to-day the goodness of God
with his severity.
The te.xt that we have chosen, is the lan-
guage of St. Paul, ' Our God is a consuming
fire ;' and, it is worthy of observation, that
we have scrupulously imitated the apostle's
example in making this subject immediately
succeed that which we explained last Lord's
day. The gospel of last Lord's day was a
■passage in Isaiah, ' God will abundantly par-
don, for his thoughts are not our thoughts,
neither are our ways his ways : for as the
heavens are higher than the eartli, so are his
ways higher than our ways, and his thoughts
than our thoughts,' Isa. Iv. 7. The gospel
ot this day is, ' Our God is a consuming
tire.' St. Paul has made a similar arrange-
ment, and him we have imitated. In the
verses which precede our text he has describ-
led, in a very magnificent manner; the good-
ness of God in the dispensation of the gos-
pel. He has exalted the condition of a Chris-
tian, not only above that of the heathens,
who knew the mercy of God only by natural
reason, but even above that of the Jews,
who knew it by revelation, but from whom
it was partly hidden under veils of severity
and rigour. 'Ye are not come,' said he, 'un-
to the mount that might be touched, and that
burned with fire, nor unto blackness, and
darkness, and tempest, and the sound of a
trumpet, and the voice of words, which voice
they that heard, entreated that the word
should not be spoken to them any more. But
ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the
city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusa-
lem, and to an innumerable company of an-
gels, to the general assembly and church of
the first-born which are written in heaven,
and to Jesus the mediator of the new cove-
nant,and to the blood of sprinkling,that speak-
eth better things than that of Abel,' ver.
18, &c. But what consequences has the
apostle drawn from all these truths.' Are
they consequences of security and indiffer-
ence, such as some Christians draw from
them ; such as some of }'ou, it may be, drew
from the prophet's doctrine last Lord's day .'
No; they are consequences of vigilance and
fear : ' See that ye refuse not him that speak-
eth: for if they escaped not who refused him
that spake on earth, much more shall not we
escape, if we turn away from him that
speaketh from heaven : for our God is a con-
suming fire,' ver. 2.5.
' Our God is a consuming fire.' These
words are metaphorical ; they include even <a
double metaphor. God is here represented
under the emblem of fire, agreeably to what
the Psalmist says, ' Shall thy wrath burn like
fire.'' Ps. Ixxxix. 4G. There is no difficulty
in this first metaphor. But the second, which
represents the conduct of God towards im
penitent sinners, as wrat/i, xengeunce, anger,
is very difficult, and requires a particular ex-
plication. In order to which we will attempt
three things.
I. We will endeavour to harmonize our
text with other parallel passages, and to give
you distinct ideas of that which is called in
God icrutli, (wgcr, rcngcunce, and which oc-
casioned our apostle to say, ' God is a con-
suming fire.'
II. We will prove that this attribute
agrees to God in the sense that we shall
have given.
III. We will endeavour to reconcile the
doctrine that %ve preach to-day, with that
which we preached last Lord's day; the jus-
tice of God with his goodness ; and by this
Ser. IX.]
THE SEVERITY OF GOD.
109
mean to engage you to love and adore God as
much when he threatens as when he promi-
ses, as much when he presents his justice as
when he displays his mercy. Tliis is the
whole plan of this discourse.
I. We will endeavour to give you distinct
notions of that which the Scripture calls the
wrath, the anger, the vengeance, of God.
Recollect a remark which we have often
made, that is, that when the Scripture speaks
of the perfections and operations of God, it
borrows images from the affections and ac-
tions of men. Things that cannot be known
to us by themselves can be understood only
by analogy, as it is called, that is, by the re-
semblance which they bear to other things,
with which we are better acquainted. Divine
things are of this kind.
From this remark follows a precaution,
which is necessary for the avoiding of error
whenever we meet with an emblem of this
kind descriptive of God in the holy Scrip-
tures; that is, that we must carefiilly lay
aside every part of the emblem, that agrees
only to men from whom it is borrowed, and
apply only that part to the Deity which is com-
patible with the eminence of his perfections.
Sometimes the part that ought to be laid
aside is so obvious that it is impossible to mis-
take it. For example : when the Scripture
attributes to God hands, or feet, sorrow, or
tears, or jealousy, it is very easy, methinks,
to separate from emblems of this sort all that
can only agree with the natures of frail, or
with the conditions of sinful men.
But sometimes it is not quite so easy. The
difficulty may proceed from several causes, of
all which I shall mention but one at present,
and to that I entreat your attention. Some
men have false notions of grandeur, and none
are more likely to entertain such notions than
those divines, who have breathed only the air
of the study, and trodden only on the dust of
the schools. Such divines having never
sweetened their manners by a social inter-
course with rational people in the world, have
often contracted in that way of life a sour
morose disposition, and their tempers have
tinged their ideas of grandeur and glory. I
am greatly inclined to believe that some ideas,
which several schoolmen have formed of the
liberty and independence of God, have arisen
from this disposition. Divines, who have
sweetened their manners by associating witli
rational people in the world, would have at-
tributed to God a noble and magnanimous
use of his liberty and independence. They
would have said, God is free and inde-
pendent, then he will always do justly and
equitably : then he will require of mankind
only that which beai-s a proportion to the ta-
lents that he has given them ; then misery
will be the consequence of nothing but vice,
and felicity will always follow virtue. If the
Scriptures sometimes represent God by em-
blems, which seem opposite to these notions,
sensible men would have considered that one
part of them ought to have been cautiously
separated from the other, because it was in-
compatible with the eminence of the perfec-
tions of God. But these scholastic divines
have attributed to God such a conduct as
their own savage tempers would have observ-
ed, bad they been vested with divine power.
To each of them the prophet's reproach may
be very properly applied, ' These things hast
thou done, and thou thoughtest that I was al-
together such a one as thyself,' Ps. 1. 21. They
said, God is free, therefore he may appoint
men, who have done neither good nor evil,
to eternal flames. God is free, therefore he
may create men on purpose that they may
sin, and that he may display his wrath in their
punishment.
II. Here let us stop, and let us keep to the
subject in hand, by observing that those em
blems of wrath and vengeance, under which
God is represented to us, have one part that
cannot be attributed to him, because it is not
compatible with the eminence of his perfec-
tions, and another, that must bo applied to
him because it is : —
1. It is a consequence of the frailty, or of
the depravity of men, that their anger in-
clines them to hate those whom they ought
to love, and in whose happiness they ought
to interest themselves, as far as they can
without violating the laws of equity. Such a
hatred cannot be attributed to God ; he loves
all his intelligent creatures, and when we are
told that ' the Lord hateth a proud look, a
lying tongue, and hands that shed innocent
blood,' Prov. vi. 17 ; when he is represented
as refusing some real blessings to mankind, as
' hardening their hearts, as sending them
strong delusions, that they should believe a
lie,' Exod. iv. 21 ; 2 Thess. ii. 11 ; all these
descriptions mean that he dislikes sin, and all
those who commit it ; that it is not always
consistent with the eminence of his perfec-
tions to work miracles for their conversion :
and that it is not fit to reform by a physical
power, which would destroy the nature of vice
and virtue, men who refuse to be reformed by
a moral power, which is suited to intelligent
beings.
2. It is a consequence of human frailty or
depravity that men's wrath makes them taste
a barbarous pleasure in tormenting those who
are tlie objects of it, and in feasting, as it
were, on their miseries. This is incompati-
ble with the eminence of the perfections of
God. When he says to impenitent sinners,
' I will laugh at your calamity, I will mock
when your fear cometh,' Prov. i. 2G ; when
he says, ' Ah, I will ease me of mine adver-
saries,' Isa. i. 24 ; when Moses says to the
Jews, ' It shall come to pass, that as the Lord
rejoiced over you to do you good, so the Lord
will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to
bring you to nought,' Deut. xxviii. G3. All
the meaning of passages of this kind is, that
the wisdom of God approves the judgments
that his justice inflicts ; that the punishments
of sinners cannot affect his happiness ; and
that when he has not been gloritied in their
conversion, he will be glorilied in their de-
struction.
3. It is a consequence of the frailty or of
the depravity of men, that their anger disor-
ders their bodies, and impairs their minds.
See the eyes sparkle, tlie mouth foams, the
animal spirits are in a flame ; these obscure
the faculties of the mind, and prevent the
weighing of those reasons that plead for the
guilty offender ; anger prejudges him, and in
110
THE SEVERITY OF GOD.
[Skr. IX.
spite of many powerful pleas in his favour, his
ruin is resolved. All these are incompatible
with the eminence of the perfections of God.
* God is a spirit,' John iv. 24 ; he is not sub-
ject to revolutions of sense ; reasons of pun-
ishino- a sinner never divert his attention from
motives of pardoning the man, or of moderat-
ing his pain. When tlierelbre, God is repre-
sented as ' shaking the earth, and moving the
foundations of the hills, because he is wroth ;.'
when we read, ' there went up a smoke out of
his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth,' Ps.
xviii. 7, 8 ; when he who is called the Word
of God, is described as treading ' the wine-
press of the fierceness of the wrath of Al-
mighty God,' Rev. xix. 13. 15, we understand
no more than that God knows how to propor-
tion the punishment to the sin, and that he
will inflict the most rigorous penalties on the
most atrocious crimes.
4. It is a consequence of the frailty and de-
pravity of men, that their anger makes them
usurp a right which belongs to God. An in-
dividual, who avenges himself, assumes the
place of that God who has said, ' Vengeance
18 mine,' Rom. xii. 19 ; at least he assumes
the place of the magistrate, to whom God
has committed the sword for the preventing
of those disorders, which would subvert soci-
ety, if each were judge in his own cause.
This is incompatible with the eminence of
the divine perfections. God uses his own
right when he punishes sin, agreeably to the
doctrine of St. Paul, ' Dearly beloved, avenge
not yourselves, but rather give place unto
wrath ; for it is written. Vengeance is mine ;
I will repay, saith the Lord.' What is this
icrath, to which we are required to give place ?
It is the anger of God. ' Avenge not your-
selves, but give place unto wrath ;' that is, be
not hasty in revenging injuries ; your self-
love may magnify them, and the punishment
which ye inflict may exceed the offence ;
leave vengeance to God, who knows how to
weigh the injuries that ye have received in
an impartial scale, and to inflict such punish-
ments on the guilty as their crimes deserve.
5. It is a consequence of the frailty and de-
pravity of men, that time does not abate their
resentment, and that the only reason which
prevents the rendering of evil for evil, is a
want of opportunity ; as soon as an opportu-
nity offers tlicy eagerly embrace it. This is in-
compatible witli the eminence of the perfec-
tions of God ; he has at all times the means
of punishing the guilty. When we are told,
therefore, that he 'sets our iniquities before
him, our secret sins in the light of his coun-
tenance,' Ps. xc. 6 ; when, having reprieved
the Israelites at the request of Moses, he told
him, ' in the day when 1 visit, 1 will visit their
sin upon them,' Exod. xxxii. 34 ; we only un-
derstand, that time never removes an idea
from his mind ; and that if a sinner do not
improve the time, which is granted to him for
his repentance, he will be punished when
that period expires.
6. In fine, it is a consequence of the frailty
and depravity of men, that their anger puts
them upon considering and punishing a par-
donable frailty as an atrocious crime. TJiis
is incompatible with the enjinence of the di-
vine perfections. If we imagine that God
acts so, in any cases, it is because we hiive
false notions of sins, and think that a pardon-
able frailty which is an atrocious crime.
Sometimes an action that appears tolerable
to us, is an atrocious crime, on account of
the motive from which it proceeds. Such
was that of Hezekiah ; he showed his treas-
ures to the Babylonian ambassadors, and al-
though this may seem very pardonable, yet it
was an atrocious crime, which appears by the
following passage, 'Hezekiah rendered not
again according to the benefit done unto him :
for his heart was lifted up ; therefore there
was wrath upon him, and upon Judah and Je-
rusalem,' 2 Chron. xxxii. 25. An action that
may appear to us very tolerable, is sometimes
a heinous crime, on account of the singularity
of the favour which preceded it. Such was
the conduct of Lot's wife ; she looked back
towards Sodom, which although it may seem
very pardonable was yet a heinous crime, be-
cause she disobeyed the express command of
her benefactor, who had just delivered her
from the destruction of Sodom ; and there-
fore she was instantly petrified. An action
that may seem very tolerable to us, is some-
times a very atrocious crime, on account of
the little temptation which the offiender had
to commit it. Such was the action of that
man who ' gathered sticks upon the sabbath-
day,' Numb. XV. 32 ; and although this may
seem very tolerable to us yet it was a heinous
offence, because it was very easy to abstain
from it, and therefore he was stoned. An ac-
tion that may seem very pardonable to us,
may be a heinous crime, on account of the
dignity of the oflTender. Such was that of
Nadab and Abihu ; they offered strange fire
to the Lord, and although it may appear very
pardonable to us yet it was an atrocious crime,
for Nadab and Abihu were ministers of holy
things, and they ought to have given exam-
ples of exact and scrupulous obedience, ac-
cordingly they were consumed with fire from
heaven. Lev. x. 1,2.
Thus we have gone through our first arti-
cle, and have endeavoured to give you dis-
tinct ideas of that which the Scripture calls
in God, ' wrath, anger, consuming fire.'
Moreover, in explaining the meaning of the
proposition in the text, we have collected se-
veral passages, and alleged examples, which
prove the truth under our consideration. The
explication of this proposition, 'our God is a
consuming fire,' proves its truth in the sense in
which we have explained it. We leave the
enlargement of this article to your meditation,
and proceed to the next.
III. We are to conciliate what the Scrip-
ture says of the goodness of God with what
it says of his anger or vengeance ; the gos-
pel of last Lord's day, with the gospel of
this day : and, as the two subjects never
appear more irreconcileable than when hav-
ing used all our endeavours to terrify people
who defer their conversion till a dying-illness,
we actually take pains to comfort those who
have deferred it till that time ; we will endea-
vour to harmonize the goodness and justice of
God in that particular point of view.
First, Let us endeavour, in a^eneral vie\y,
to reconcile the goodness of God with his
justice, by laying down a few principles.
Ser. IX.]
THE SEVERITY OF GOD.
HI
1. To speak properly, there are not several
perfections in God ; but there is one single
excellence, inclusive of every other, that
arises from all his perfections, but of which
it is not possible that we can either form any
complete ideas, or easily express by any name :
in general, it may be called order, or love of
order. Order, in regard to finite and de-
pendent beings, is that disposition, which in-
duces them to act agreeably to their relations
to other intelligent beings ; to the faculties
which the Creator has given them ; to the
talents that they have received ; and to the
circumstances in which they are placed.
Order, in regard to God, who is an infinite
and an independent Intelligence, is that dis-
position, which induces him always to act
agreeably to the eminence of his perfections.
2. Although God has only a general excel-
lence, yet it is necessary for us to divide it
into several particular excellences, in order to
the obtaining of some knowledge of an ob-
ject, the immensity of which will not allow
us to comprehend it at once. We are obliged
to use this method in studying finite objects,
whenever their sphere extends beyond the
comprehension of a single act of the mind :
and, if finite objects can be known only by this
method, for a much stronger reason we must "
be allowed to use the same method of obtain-
ing the knowledge of the great and infinite
Being.
3. The general excellence of God being
thus divided into parts, each part becomes
what we call a perfection, or an attribute of
God, as vengeance or justice, and goodness :
but each particular attribute will be still mis-
taken unless we subdivide it again into other,
and still more contracted spheres. Thus,
when God sends rain and fruitful seasons, we
call the blessing simply hountij. When he
delivers us out of our afflictions, we call it
compassion. When he pardons our sins, we
call it mercy. But as all these particular
excellences proceed from that general attri-
bute which we call o-oo^Z/iess, so that attribute
itself proceeds, as well as his justice, from an
excellence more general still, which vfe have
denominated order or love of order.
4. Perfections that proceed from the same
perfection, or rather, which are the same
perfection applied to different subjects, can-
not be contrary to each other. Strictly
speaking', God is no more just than good, no
more good than just. His goodness is restrain-
ed by his justice, his justice by his goodness.
He delights as much in the exercise of his
justice, when order requires it, as in the ex-
ercise of his goodness, when order requires
him to exercise it : or, to express the same
thing more plainly, that which is goodness,
when it is applied to one case would cease to
be goodness, were it applied to a different
case, because, in the latter, goodness would
not be restrained by justice: or, to ex-
press myself more plainly still, because order,
which allows the exercise of goodness in the
first case, does not allow the exercise of it in
the last, so that what would be fit, or agreea-
ble to order, in the first case, would be unfit
or disorderly in the last.
To conclude. God is as amiable and ado-
rable when he exercises his justice, as when
he exercises his goodness. That wluch makes
me adore God, believe his word, hope in his
promises, and love him above all things, is
the eminence of his perfections. Were not
God possessed of such an eminence of his
perfections, he would not be a proper object
of adoration. I should be in danger of being
deceived were I to believe his word, or to
trust his promise ; and I should be guilty of
idolatry, were I to love him with that su-
preme affection, which is due to none but the
Supreme Being. But, the goodness and jus-
tice of God being equal emanations of the
eminence of his perfections, and of his love of
order, I ought equally to adore and love him
when he rewards, and when he punishes ;
when he exercises his justice and when ho
exercises his goodness : because, in either
case, he alike displays that general excel-
lence, that love of order, which is the ground
of my love and obedience. I ought to adore
and love him, as much when he drowns the
world, as when he promises to drown it no
more ; when he unlocks the gates of hell, as
when he opens the doors of heaven ; when
he says to the impenitent, ' Depart, ye cursed,
to the devil and his angels,' Matt. xxv. 41,
as when he says to his elect, ' Come ye bless-
ed of my Father, inherit the kingdom pre-
pared for you from the foundation of the
world,' Matt. xxv. 34.
The justice and the goodness of God, then,
are in perfect harmony ; the gospel of last
Lord's day, and the gospel of this day, en-
tirely agree ; the prophet and the apostle
preach the same doctrine, and the two texts
rightly understood, ' God is a consuming fire ;
The Lord will abundantly pardon :' both these
texts, I say, present the same object to us, the
eminence of tlie divine perfections, God's love
of order. Tliis is what we proposed to prove.
Let us now apply this general harmony of
the goodness and severity of God, to the re-
moving of a seeming inconsistency in the
conduct of your preachers and casuists, who
first use every effort to alarm and terrify
your minds with the idea of a death-bed re-
pentance, and afterward take equal pains td
comfort you, when ye have deferred your re-
pentance to that time, and when your case
appears desperate.
Why do we not despair of a man who de-
lays his conversion till the approach of death ?
Why did we tell you last Lord's day, that God
pardons not only the sins of months and years,
but of a whole life .-' Because that order which
constitutes the eminence of the divine per-
fections, does not allow that a sincere con-
version, a conversion that reforms the sin,
and renews the sinner should be rejected by
God. Now we cannot absolutely deny the
possibility of a sincere death-bed conversion
for the following reasons.
L Because it is not absolutely impossible
that a violent fit of sickness, or an apprehen-
sion of death, should make deeper impressions
on the mind, than either sermons, or exhor-
tations, or books of devotion, could ever pro-
duce. This reflection Is the more solid, be-
cause the phrase, an unconverted man, is ex-
tremely equivocal. We call him an uncon-
verted man, who profanely rushes into all
sorts of sins, and who never made one sacri-
112
THE SEVERITY OF GOD.
[Sek> IX.
lice to order ; and wo also, with great reason,
call him an unconverted man, who has re-
nounced all sins except one. Now the idea
of death may finish, in the souls of people of
the latter sort, a work which they had in-
deed neglected, but which, however, was ac-
tually begun.
2. Because wo are neither so fully acquaint-
ed with other people's hearts, nor indeed with
our own, as to determine whether sin have so
entirely depraved all the faculties of the soul,
that it is past remedy ; or, whether it have
arrived at that precise degree of corruption,
to which the eminence of the divine perfec-
tions does not allow a display of that efficacy,
which is promised to those who desire the
grace of conversion.
3. Because we find, in the holy Scriptures,
that some have obtained mercy, after they
had committed the very crimes, the remem-
brance of which, we have said, ought not to
drive any to despair. We meet willi at least
one example, which affords a probability (I
do not say a demonstration,)Uiat the eminence
of the divine perfections does not always re-
quire, that a man, who has spent his life in rob-
beries, should be excluded from the mercy of
God. We find there a thief who was condemn-
ed to be crucified, and who said to the com-
panion of his iniquities and miseries, ' we re-
ceive the due rewards of our deeds,' Luk. xxiii.
41 ; but who, notwithstanding all the misery
of his case, applied to Jesus Christ, and, from
his adorable mouth, received this comfortable
promise, ' Verily I say unto thee, to-day shalt
thou be with me in paradise,' Luke xxiii. 43.
4. Because we still sec people, who, having
lived thirty, yea fifty years in sin, have been
converted in a time of sickness, and who, be-
ing restored to health, give full proof of the
reality of their conversion. Such examples, I
own, are rare, and almost unheard of, yet
wo could, perhaps, mention two or three, out
of twenty thousand sick people, whom we
have visited, or of whom we have heard, in
the course of our ministry. Now the exam-
ples of two or three, who have been convert-
ed on a sick-bed, out of twenty thousand who
have died without conversion, arc sufficient
to prevent our saying to one dying man, who
should have put off his repentance to the last
hour, that it is impossible for him to be con-
verted.
5. Because God works miracles in religion
as well as in nature, and because no man lias
a sufficient knowledge of the nature of God's
perfections to enable him to afiirm tliat a
miracle cannot, or ought not to be wrought
in behalf of such a sinner.
G. Because we cannot find, that your pas-
tors have any authority from tlicir Bibles to
Bay to a penitent sinner, at any time, there is
no more hope for thee ; thou hast exhausted
the mercy of God ; thou art gotten to that
period, in which we have no other morality
to preach than this, * he that is unjust, let
him be unjust still ; and he that is filthy, let
him be filthy still,' Rev. xxii. 11. On the
contrary, all the directions in the holy Scrip-
tures, that relate to the exercise of our minis-
try, engage us to pray for a sinner, as long
as he has a spark of life ; to endeavour to con-
vince liim as long aa he la capable of reason-
ing ; and, till he Js past feeling the force of
motives to conversion, to do everything, that
is in our power, to convert him. But does
not all this conduct suppose that which we
have been endeavouring to prove ? That is,
that to what degree soever a sinner have car-
ried his sin, how long soever he may have
lived in it, there will always be a sufficiency
of pardon, where there is a certainty of con-
version ; agreeably to the gospel that we
preached to you on the last Lord's day,
' Seek ye the Lord while he may be found,
call ye upon him while he is near : Let the
wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous
man his thoughts : and let him return unto
the Lord, and he will have mercy upon him :
and to our God for he will abundantly par-
don.' For my thoughts of grace and mercy
must not be measured by the ideas of the
finest reasoning powers; much less by those
of a gloomy desponding mind. ' My thoughts
are not your thoughts, neither are your ways
my ways, saith the Lord: For as the heavens
are higher than the earth, so are my ways
higher than your ways, and my thoughts than
your thoughts.' This was tlie gospel of last
Lord's day.
The gospel of this day is, ^our God is a
consuming fire.' But these two gospels en-
tirely agree, and our endeavours to comfort
you, after ye have deferred your conversion
to a death-bed, are not inconsistent with our
endeavours to terrify and alarm you, when
we perceive that ye obstinately determine
to defer your repentance to that time. More-
over, the same reasons which prevail with as
to comfort you in that sad period, prevail
with us to give you a salutary alarm before
the fatal moment comes.
It is true, GoiVs tliaughts are not our
thoughts ; and it is possible that the approach
of death may make deeper impressions on
you, than either sermons or pious books have
made ; but yet ' our God is a consuming fire.'
What a time is a dying illness for the receiv-
ing of such impressions ! I omit those sudden
and unexpected deaths, of which we have so
many yearly, or rather daily, examples. I
omit the sudden deaths of those, who, whilo
we were conversing and transacting business
with them, were seized with violent pains,
turned pale, and died, and were instantly
stretched on a bier. I pass those, who went
to bed healthy and well, who quietly fell
asleep, and whom we have found in the morn-
ing dead and cold. AU these melancholy ex-
amples we omit, for one would imagine, con-
sidering your conduct, and liearing your con-
versation, that each of you had received a re-
velation to assure him of an exemption from
sudden death. But what a time is a dying
illness for renovation and conversion!
Would not one suppose, tliat those, who hope
to be converted then, have always lived
among immortals, tand have neither heard of
death, nor seen a person die .' Ah ! What ob-
stacles ! What a world of obstacles oppose
such extravagant hopes, and justify the eiforts
of those who endeavour to destroy them !
Here is busiiKJss that must be settled ; a will
which must be made ; a number of articles
tliat must be discussed ; there are friends,
who must be embraced ) relations, that must
Ser. IX.]
THE SEVERITY OF GOO.
113
be dissolved; {Aildren, who must be torn
away ; the soul must be writhen, and rent,
and riven asunder with sighs and adieus.
Here, arise frightful ideas of death, which
have never entered the mind but amidst num-
berless hurries of necessary business, or
countless objects of deceitful pleasures ; ideas
of a death, that has been always considered at
a distance, though so many voices have an-
nounced its approach; but the approach of
which now astonishes, benumbs, and renders
motionless. There, the illness increases,
pains raidtiply, agonies convulse, the whole
soul, full of intolerable sensations, loses the
power of seeing and hearing, thinldng and
reflecting. Here are medicines more intole-
rable than the malady, operations more vio-
lent tlian the agonies which they are design-
ed to allay. There, conscience, for the first
time, enlightened, awakened, and alarmed,
rolls in tides of remorse ; the terrible remem-
brance of a life spent in sin ; an army of ir-
refragable witnesses, from all parts arising,
prove the guilt, and denounce a sentence of
death on the departing soul. See now, whe-
ther this first reflection, which authorizes our
endeavours to comfort and invigorate your
pouls, when ye have deferred your conversion
to your last hour, be inconsistent with those
which we use to terrify and alarm you, when
ye obstinately put off" your repentance to that
time.
It is true, ' God's thoughts are not our
thoughts,' and we have neither a sufficient
knowledge of other people's hearts, nor of
our own, to affirm with certainty when their
faculties arc entirely contaminated : but yet,
' our God is a consuming fire.' Wc know
men, to whom the truth is become unintelligi-
ble, in consequence of the disguise in which
they have taken the pains to clothe it ; and
who have accustomed themselves to palliate
vice, till they are become incapable of per-
ceiving its turpitude.
' God's thoughts arc not our thoughts,' it
is true ; and we have seen some examples of
people, who have proved, since their recovery
that they were truly converted in sickness,
and on whose account we presume that others
may possibly be converted by the same
mean : but yet ' our God is a consuming fire.'
How rare are these examples ! Does this re-
quire proof.' Must we demonstrate it ? Ye
are our proofs : ye, yourselves, are our de-
monstrations. Who of you, (1 speak of those
who are of mature age) Who of you has not
been sick, and thought himself in danger of
death ? Who has not made resolutions in that
distressing hour, and promised God to reform?
Tlie law of these exercises forbids certain de-
tails, and prohibits the naming of my hearers :
but I appeal to your consciences, and, if your
consciences be asleep, I appeal to the immor-
tal God. How many of you have deposited
your resolutions with us, and have .solemnly
engaged to renounce the world with all its
sinful maxims .' How many of you have im-
posed upon us by appearances of conversion,
and have imposed upon yourselves too ? How
many of you should we have alleged as new
examples of death-bed conversions if God
had not granted you a recovery ? Arc ye con-
verted indeed ? Have ye renounced the world
and its maxims ? Ah I were we to judge by
the conduct of those who have recovered, of
the state of tlioso who are dead ....
My brethren, I dare not examine the matter,
but I leave it to your meditation.
It is true, 'God's thoughts are not our
thoughts;' and God works miracles in reH
gion as well as in nature : but yet, ' our God
is a consuming fire.' Who can assure him-
self, that having abused common grace, ho
shall obtain extraordinary assistances ?
It is true, ' God's thoughts are not our
thoughts ;' and there is nothing in the holy
Scriptures, which empowers us to shut the
gates of heaven against a dying penitent ; we
have no authority to tell you, that there ia
no more hope for you, but that ye are lost
without remedy : But yet, ' our God is a con-
suming fire.' There are hundreds of passa-
ges in our Bibles, which authorize us — what
am I saying .' there are hundreds of passages
that command us, under the penalty of suf-
fering all the punishments that belong to the
crime, not to conceal any thing from the crim-
inal : there are hundreds of passages which
empower and enjoin us to warn you; you,
who are fifty years of age ; you who are sixty;
you who are fourscore: that still to put off" the
work of your conversion, is a madness, an
excess of inflexibility and indolence, which
all the flames of hell can never expiate.
To conclude. This is an article, of which
we, your pastors, hope to give a good account
to God, however unworthy we are of his
approbation. How often have we represented
the danger of your procrastinations.? Ye
walls of this church ! were ye capable of giv-
ing evidence, we would take you to witness.
But we appeal to you, ye sermons, that have
been preached in this assembly! ye shall be re-
collected in that great day, in which each of
our hearers shah give an account of the use
that he has made of you. Ye consciences,
that have heard our directions ! ye shall bear
witness. Ye gainsayers ! ye yourselves shall,
bear witness, yc who, by reversing those
ideas which the gospel gives us of the mer-
cy of God, have so often pretended to ob-
scure those which we have endeavoured ta
give of his justice and vengeance : ' We are:
pure from your blood, we have not shunned
to declare unto you all the comisel of God,'
Acts XX. 2G, 27. When we stand at his tri-
bunal, and, under a sense of the weakness
with which our ministry was accompanied,
say to him, ' Enter not into judgment with
thy servants, O Lord !' Vs. cxliii. 3. Each
of us Avill venture to add, with a view to the
iniportunity that had been used to prevail
with you to improve your precious moments,
' I have preached righteousness in the great
congregation; lo, I have not refrained my
lips, O Lord, thou knowest. Withhold not
thou thy tender mercies from me, O Lord,''
Ps. xl. 9. 11. ' I have spent my strength for
nought, and in vain ; yet surely my judgment
is with the Lord, and my work with my
God,' Isa. xlix. 4.
O ! may God animate us with more noble
motives ! God grant, not that the eternal
misery of our hearers may be the apology of
our ministry, Pliil. iv. 1 ; but that ye may
bo our 'joy and crowu in the day of Christ !'
Amen. chap. 1. 10.
SERMON X.
THE PATIENCE OF GOD WITH WICKED NATIONS.
Genesis xv. 16.
The iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full.
It is a shocking disposition of mind, which
Solomon describes in that well-known pas-
eage in Ecclesiastes : ' Because sentence
against an evil work is not executed speedily;
therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully
Bet in them to do evil,' chap. viii. 11. It
seems, at first sight, as if the Wise Man had
rather exceeded in his portrait of the human
heart ; or that, if there were any originals,
they could only be a few monsters, from
whose souls were eradicated all the seeds of
religion and piety, as well as every degree of
reason and humanity. God is patient to-
wards all who offend him ; then, let us offend
him without remorse, let us try the utmost
extent of his patience. God lifts over our
heads a mighty hand, armed with lightnings
and thunderbolts, but this hand is usually
suspended awhile before it strikes ; then let
us dare it while it delays, and till it move to
crush us to pieces let us not respect it.
What a disposition ! What a shocking dispo-
sition of mind, is this, my brethren !
But let us rend the veils with which we
conceal ourselves from ourselves ; let us pene-
trate those secret recesses of our consciences,
into which we never enter but when we are
forced ; let us go to the bottom of a heart na-
turally ' deceitful above all things, and des-
perately wicked,' and we shall find that this
disposition of mind which at first sight in-
spires us with horror, is the disposition ; of
whom.' Of the greatest part of this assembly,
my brethren. Could we persist in sin with-
out the patience of God? dare we live in
that shameful security, with which the min-
isters of the living God so justly reproach us,
if God had authorized them to cry in our
streets, ' Yet forty days, yet forty days .''
Jonah iii. Had we seen Ananias and Sap-
phira fall at St. Peter's feet, as soon as they
' kept back part of the price of their posses-
sion,' Acts V. i. 2: in a word, could we have
the madness to add sin to sin, if we were
really convinced, that God entertained the
formidable design of bearing with us no long-
er, but of precipitating us into the gulfs of
hell on tiie very first act of rebellion ? Why
then do we rebel every day .' It is for the
reason alleged by the Wise Man : it is be-
cause sentence against an evil work is not
executed speedily: ' Because sentence against
an evil work is not executed speedily ; there-
fore tiic heart of the sons of men is fully set
in them to do evil.'
I intend to-day, my brethren, to endeavour
to dissipate the dark clouds, with which your
security obscures the designs of a patient
God, who has been patient towards you,
'long suffering towards all,' 2 Pet. iii. 9f
and who is exercising his patience towards
you this day. But who can tell how much
longer he intends to bear with you .' Let us
enter into the matter. I design to consider
our text principall)'^ with a view to ' the rich-
es of the forbearance, and long-suffering of
God,' Rom. ii. 4 ; for it treats of a mystery
of justice which interests all mankind. God
bears with the most wicked nations a long
while ; and, having borne a long while with
the rebellion of ancestors, bears also a long
while with that of their descendants ; but, at
length, collecting the rebellion of both into
one point of vengeance, he punishes a peo-
ple who have abused his patience, and pro-
portions his punishment to the length of
time which had been granted to avert them.
All these solemn truths are included in the
sententious words of the text: ' The iniquity
of the Amorites is not yet full.' I hasten to
explain them in order to employ the most of
the precious moments of attention, with
which ye deign to favour me, in deriving such
practical instructions from them as they af-
ford. Promote our design, my dear brethren.
Let not tlie forbearance, which the love of
God now affords you, ' set your hearts fully
to do evil.' And thou, O almighty and long-
suffering God ! whose treasures of forbear-
ance perhaps this nation may have already
exhausted ! O thou just avenger of sin !
who perhaps mayest be about to punish our
crimes, now ripe for vengeance, O suspend
its execution till we make some profound re-
flections on the objects before us ! O let the
ardent prayers of our Abrahams, and of our
Lots, prevail with thee to lengthen the for-
bearance which thou hast already exercised
towards this church, these provinces, and
every sinner in this assembly ! Amen.
* The iniquity of the Amorites is not yet
full.' These words were addressed to Abra-
ham by God himself He had just before giv-
en him a victory over five kings, and had
promised him blessings more glorious than all
those which he had received before. He had
said to him, ' Fear not, I am thy shield, and
thine exceeding great reward,' Gen. xv. 1,
2. 4, 5. 13. But the patriarch thought that
these great promises could not be accomplish-
ed,, because he had no posterity, and was far
advanced in age. God relieves him from
this fear, by promising hun not only a son,
but a posterity, which should equal the stars
of heaven in number, and should possess a
country as extensive as their wants : but at
the same time he told him, that, before the
accomi)lishment of these promises, his seed
Ser. X.]
THE PATIENCE OF GOD.
115
shonld be either strangers in the land of Ca-
naan, the conquest of which should be reserv-
gd for them, or subject to the Egyptians for
the space of four hundred years : that, at the
expiration of that period, they should quit
their slavery, laden with the spoils of Egypt :
that, ' in the fourth generation,' they should
return into the land of Canaan, where Abra-
ham dwelt, when the Lord addressed tiiese
words to him ; that then they should con-
quer the country, and should be the minis-
ters of God's vengeance on the Canaanites,
whose abominations even now deserved se-
vere punishments, but which God would at
present defer, because the wretched people
had not yet filled up the measure of their
crimes.
This is a general view of our text in con-
nexion with the context. ' Know of a surety,
that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land
that is not theirs, and shall serve them, and
they shall afflict them four hundred years.
And also that nation whom they shall serve,
will I judge ; and afterward shall they come
out with great substance. And thou shalt
go' to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be
buried in a good old age. But in the fourth
generation they shall come hither again ; for
the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full.'
If ye would understand these words more
particularly, attend to a few remarks, which
we shall only mention in brief, because a dis-
cussion of them would divert our attention
too far from the principal design of this dis-
course.*
We include in the ' four hundred years,'
mentioned in the context, the time that the
Israelites dwelt in Canaan from the birth of
Isaac, and the time which they dwelt in
Egypt from the promotion of Joseph. In-
deed, strictly speaking, these two periods
contain four hundred and five, years. But
every body knows that authors, both sacred
and profane, to avoid factions, sometimes
add and sometimes diminish, in their calcu-
lations. In the twelfth chapter of Exodus,
ver. 40, Moses says, ' The children of Is-
rael dwelt in Egypt four hundred and thirty
years ;' but it is beyond a doubt, that he uses
a concise way of speaking in this passage, and
that the Seventy had reason for paraphrasi'"3'
the words thus : ' The sojourning of the
children of Israel, in the land of Canaan,
and, in the land of Egypt was four hundred
and thirty years.' If the reasonableness of
this paraphrase be allowed, there will still
remain a difference of thirty years between
the time fixed in Genesis by the Lord for
the conquest of Canaan, and the time men-
tioned by Moses in Exodus, but it is easy to
reconcile this seeming difference, for the
calculation in Genesis begins at the birth of
Isaac, but the other commences at Abra-
ham's arrival in Canaan. The reckoning is
exact, for Abraham dwelt twenty-five years
in Canaan before Isaac was born, and there
were four hundred and five years from the
birth of Isaac to the departure out of Egypt.
This is the meaning of the passage quoted
* This whole subject is treated at large in Mons.
sanrin's xivth Disseitation on the Bible. Tom.
Jrenu
from Exodus, and, as it perfectly agrees with
our context, we shall conclude that this first
article is sufficiently explained.
Our second regards the meaning of tho
word generation, which is mentioned in the
context. This term is equivocal : sometimes
it signifies the whole age of each person in a
succession ; and in this sense the evangelist
says, that ' from Abraham to David are four-
teen generations,' Matt. i. 17. Sometimes it
is put for the whole duration of a living mul-
titude ; and in this sense Jesus Christ uses it,
when he says that this generation, that is, all
his cotemporaries, shall not pass axcay , till his
prophecies concerning them were fulfilled.
Sometimes it signifies a period often years;
and in this sense it is used in the book of Ba-
ruch, ch. vi. 2; the captivity in Babylon
which continued we know, seventy years, is
there said to remain seven generations.
We understand the word now in the first
sense, and we mean that from the arrival of
the Israelites in Egypt, to the time of their
migration, there were four successions : the
first was the generation of Kohath, the son of
Levi: the second oi Jlmram., the son of Ko-
hath ; the tiiird was that of Moses and Aaron ;
and the fourth was that of the children of Mo-
ses and Aaron, Ex. vi. 16. 18. 20, &c.
Our third observation relates to the word
Amorites in our text. ' The iniquity of the
Amorites is not yet full.' The word Jlmorites
has two significations in Scripture ; a particu
lar and a general meaning. It has a particu-
lar meaning when it denotes the descendants
of Hamor, the fourth son of Canaan, who first
inhabited a mountainous country westward of
the Dead Sea, and afterward spread them-
selves eastward of that sea, between the rivers
Jabbok, and Arnon, having dispossessed the
Amorites and Moabites. Sihon and Og, two
of their kings were defeated by Moses, Gen.
X. 16 ; and Josh. xii. 23.
But the word Amorites is sometimes used
in a more general sense, and denotes all the
inhabitants of Canaan. To cite many proofs
would divert our attention too far from our
principal design, let it suffice therefore to ob-
serve, that we take the word in our text in
this general meaning.
But wiiat crimes does the Spirit of God in-
clude'in the word iniquity ? ' The iniquity of
tiie Amorites is not yet full.' Here, my
brethren, a detail would be horrid, for so
great were the excesses of these people, that
we should in some sense partake of their
crimes, by attempting to give an exact list of
them. So excessive was the idolatry of the
Canaanites, that they rendered the honours of
supreme adoration not only to the most mean,
but even to the most impure and infamous
creatures. There inhumanity was so exces-
sive that they sacrificed their own children to
their gods. And so monstrous was their sub-
version, not only of the laws of nature but
even of the common irregularities of human
nature, that a vice, which must not be named,
was openly practised : and, in short, so scan-
dalous was the depravation of religion and good
manners, that Moses, after he had given the
Israelites laws against the most gross idolatry,
against incest, against bestiality, against
that other crime, which our dismal circum-
116
THE PATIENCE OF GOD.
[Seh. X.
stances obllgo U3 to mention, in spite of so
many reasons for avoiding it ; Moses, I say,
after having forbidden all tliese excesses to the
Israelites, positively declares that the Canaan-
ites were guilty of them all : that the earth
was weary of such execrable monsters ; and
that for these crimes, God had sent the Israel-
ites to destroy them. ' Defile not yourselves,'
says he in the book of Leviticus, xviii. 24, 25,
(after an enumeration of the most shameful
vices that can be imagined), ' Defile not your-
selves in any of these things, for in all these,
the nations are defiled which I cast out before
you. Therefore I do visit the iniquity thereof,
and the land itself vomiteth out her inhabit-
ants,' ver. 30. And again in the twelfth chap-
ter of Deuteronomy, ' Take heed to thyself,
that thou be not snared by following them,
after that they be destroyed from before thee,
and that thou inquire not say-
ing. How did these nations .... even
Bo will I do likewise.' Such were the iniqui-
ties that God forbore to punish for many ages,
and at last punished with a severity, in appear-
ance, contrary to his equity : but there is no-
thing astonishing in it to those who consult
the forementioned maxim, that is, that it is
equitable in God to proportion the pimishments
of guilty nations to the time granted for their
repentance.
We observe lastly, that though God in his
infinite mercy had determined to bear four
hundred years longer with nations, unworthy
of his patience, there was one sin excepted
from this general goodness, there was one of
their iniquities that drew down the most for-
midable preternatural punishments upon those
who committed it, and forced divine justice to
anticipate by a swift vengeance a punishment,
which, in other cases, was deferred for four
whole ages. St. Paul paints this iniquity in
the most odious colours in the first of Romans,
and it was constantly punished with death by
the Jews. Read with a holy fear the nine-
teenth chapter of Genesis. The inliabitants
of the cities of the plain were possessed with
a more than brutal madness. Two angels in
human forms are sent to deliver Lot from the
judgments which are about to destroy them.
The amiable borrowed forms of these intelli-
gences strike the eyes of the inhabitants of
Sodom, and excite their abominable propen-
sities to sin. A crowd of people, young and
old, instantly surround tlie house of Lot,
in order to seize the celestial messengers, and
to offer violence to them, and though they are
stricken blind they persist in feeling for doors
which they cannot see. Sodom and Gomor-
rah, Admah and Zcboim, being inhabited by
none but people of this abominable kind, are
all given up to the vengeance due to their
crimes. ' The Lord raineth fire and brimstone
from the Lord,' Gen. xix. 24. The brimstone
enkindled penetrates so far into the veins of
bitumen, and oilier inflammable bodies of
which the ground is full, that it forms a lake,
denominated in Scrii)ture the Dead Sea ; and,
to use the words of an apocryphal writer,
' the waste land that smoketh, and plants bear-
ing fruit that never come to ripeness, are
even to this day a testimony of the wicked-
ness of the five cities.' Wis. x. 7. In vain
had Lot ' vexed his righteous soul from day to
day;' 2 Pet. ri. 8. In vain had Abraham
availed himself of all the interest that piety »
gave him in the compassion of a merciful God ; 1
in vain had the abundance of his fervent be-
nevolence said, ' Behold now, I have taken
upon me to speak unto the Lord, who am but
dust and ashes : Wilt thou also destroy the
righteous with the wicked .'' Peradventure
there be fifty righteous within the city ; per-
adventure forty ; peradventure twenty ; per-
adventure ten :' Gen. xviii. 27. 23, &c. The
decree of divine vengeance must be executed.
' Be wise now therefore, O ye kings ; be in-
structed, ye judges of the earth,' Ps. ii. 10.
God grant that ye may never know any thing
more of these terrible executions than what
ye learn from the history just now related !
I return to my subject, except to that part
of it last mentioned, the sin of the cities of
the plain. The iniquities of the Canaanites
were suffered for more than four hundred
years ; so long would God defer the destruc-
tion of the Amorites by Israel, because till
then their iniquity would not have attair 3d
its height. And why would he defer the
destruction of these miserable people tiU their
iniquities should have attained their height .'
This, as we said in the beginning, is the sub-
ject upon which we are going to fix your at-
tention. God exercises his patience long to-
wards the most wicked people ; having borne
with the rebellion of ancestors, he bears with
the rebellion of their posterity, and whole
ages pass without visible punishment : but, at
length, collecting the rebellions of parents
and children into one point of vengeance, he
poureth out his indignation on whole nations
that have abused his patience ; and, as I ad-
vanced before, and think it nesessary to repeat
again, he proportioneth his vindictive visita-
tions to the length of time that had been
granted to avert them. ' I will judge that na-
tion whom thy descendants shall serve, but it
shall be in the fourth generation, because the
iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full.'
The remaining time with which ye conde-
scend yet to favour me, I shall employ in con-
sidering,
I. The nature of this economy.
II. The goodness and justice which charac-
terize it.
III. The terrors that accompany it.
IV. The relation which it bears to our own
dismal circumstances.
Let us consider, I. The nature of this eco-
nomy. Recollect an observation that has
been made by most of those who have laid
down rules to assist us in reasoning justly.
That is, that we are sometimes to consider a
nation in a moral light, as a person, consisting
of a body, a soul, and a duration of life. All
the people who compose this nation are con-
sidered as one body : the maxims which di-
rect its conduct in peace or in war, in com-
merce or in religion, constitute what we call
the spirit, or soul of this body. The ages of its
continuance arc considered as the duration of
its life. This parallel might be easily enlarged.
Upon this principle, we attribute to those
who compose a nation now, what, properly
speaking, agrees only with those who formerly
composed it. Thus we say that the same na-
tion \\"as delivered from bondage in Eg}'pt in
Skh. X.]
THE PATIENCE OF GOD.
117
the reign of Pharaoh, which was delivered
from slavery in Babylon in the reign of Cyrus.
In the same sense, Jesus Christ tells the Jews
of his time, ' Moses gave you not that bread
from heaven,' John vi. 32 ; not that the same
persons who had been delivered from Egypt
were delivered from Babylon ; nor that the
Jews to whom Moses had given manna in the
desert were the same to whom Jesus Christ
gave bread from heaven -. but because tlie
Jews who lived under the reign of Cyrus,
and those who lived in the time of Pharaoh,
those who lived in the time of Moses, and
those who lived in the time of Jesus Christ,
were considered as different parts of that
moral body, called the Jewish nation.
On this principle (and this has a direct
view to our subject) we attribute to this
whole body, not only those physical, but even
those moral actions, which belong only to one
part of it. We ascribe the praise, or the blame
of an action to a nation, thougli those who
performed it have been dead many ages. We
eay that the Romans, who had courage to op-
pose even the shadow of tyranny under their
copsuls, had the meanness to adore tyrants
under their emperors. And what is still more
remarkable, we consider that part of a nation
which continues, responsible for the crimes of
that which subsists no more.
A passage in the gospel of St. Luke will
clearly illustrate our meaning. ' Wo unto
you : for ye build the sepulchres of tlie pro-
phets, and your fathers killed them ; and ye
say, If we had been in the days of our fathers,
we would not have been partakers with them
in the blood of the prophets. Truly ye bear
witness, that ye allow the deeds of your fa-
thers : for they indeed killed them, and ye
build their sepulchres. Therefore also said
the wisdom of God, I will send them prophets
and apostles, and some of them they sliall
slay and persecute : that the blood of all the
prophets, which was shed from the foundation
of the world, may be required of this genera-
tion ; from the blood of Abel, unto the blood
of Zacharias, which perished between the al-
tar and the temple : verily I say unto you, It
shall be required of this generation,' Luke xi.
47 ; Matt, xxiii. 30.
We will not inquire now what Zacharias is
here spoken of. Interpreters are not agreed.
Some say it is the same person who is spoken
of in the second book of Chronicles, who was
extraordinarily raised up to stem that torrent
of corruption with whicli the Jews were car-
ried away after the death of the high priest
Jehoiada, 2 Chron. xxiv. 20, 21. He succeed-
ed his father Jehoiada in his zeal, and fell a
victim for it, for he was stoned to death in the
porch of tlie temple, by those whom he en-
deavoured to reform. Others say tJiat it is a
Zacharias, mentioned by the historian Jose-
phus,* whose virtue rendered him formidable
to those madmen, who are known by the
name of zealots ; they charged him unjustly
with the most shocking crimes, and put him to
death as if he had actually committed them.
A third opinion is, that it is he whom we call
one of the lesser prophets. But not to detain
3'ou on this subject, which perhaps may not
* Bell. Jud. iv. 19.
be easily determined, we may observe in our
Saviour's words the manner of considering a
nation as a moral person, who is responsible
at one time for crimes committed at another,
who has been borne with, but has abused
that forbearance, and, at length, is punished
both for committing the crimes, and for abu-
sing the forbearance that had been granted.
' Verily I say unto you, upon you shall come
all the righteous blood shed upon the earth,
from the blood of righteous Abel, unto the
blood of Zacharias, whom ye slew between
the temple and the altar.'
The Amorites in my text must be consider-
ed, in like manner, as a moral person, whose
life God had resolved, when he spoke to Abra-
ham, to prolong four hundred years ; who, du-
ring tiiat four hundred years, would abuse
his patience ; and at last would be punish-
ed for all the crimes which should be commit-
ted in that long period. ' And that nation
whom they shall serve will I judge : but in
the fourth generation they shall come hither
again ; for the iniquity of tiie Amorites is not
yet full.' This is the nature of this economy
of Providence. We shall see, in a second
article, the perfections of God which shine in
it ; and, in particular, that goodness, and that
justice, which eminently characterize all his
actions.
II. It is extremely easy to distinguish the
goodness of this economy, and, as we are un-
der a necessity of abridging our subject, we
may safel}' leave this article to your own medi-
tation. To exercise patience four hundred
years towards a people who worshipped the
most infamous creatures ; a people who sac-
rificed human victims ; a people abandoned to
the most enormous crimes ; to defer the ex-
tinction of such a people for four hundred
years, could only proceed from the goodness
of that God, who, ' is longsuffering to us-
ward, not willing that any should perish, but
tliat all should come to repentance,' 2 Pet. iii. 9.
It is more difficult to discover the justice of
God in this economy. What I the Jews, who
lived in the time of Jesus Christ, could they
be justly punished for murders committed so
many ages before their birth .' What ! Could
they be responsible for the blood of the pro-
phets, in which their hands had never been
imbrued .' What ! Could God demand an ac-
count of all this blood of them ? How ! The
Canaanites of Joshua's time, ought they to bo
jiunished for all the abominations of four hun-
dred years ? What ! Ought we to terrify you
to-day, not only with your own sins, but with
all those that have been committed in your
provinces from the moment of their first set-
tlement ?
I answer, If that part of a nation which
subsists ill one period has no union of time
with tliat which subsisted in another period,
it may have a uniim of another kind, it may
have even four diflerent unions, an}' one of
whicli is sufhcient to justify Providence :
there is a union of interest ; a union of appro-
bat io7i ; a union of emutation; and (if ye will
allow the expression) a union of accumulation.
A union of interest, if it avail itself of the
crimes of its predecessors ; a union of appro-
bation, if it applaud the shameful causes of its
prosperity ; a union of emulation, if it follow
118
THE PATIENCE OF GOD.
[Sen. X,
«uch examples as ought to be detested ; a
union of accumulation, if, instead of making
amends for these faults, it rewards the deprav-
ity of those who commit them. In all these
cases, God inviolably maintains the laws of
his justice ; when he unites in one point of
vengeance the crimes which a nation is com-
mitting now, with those which were commit-
ted many ages before, and pours out those
judgments on the part that remains, which
that had deserved who had lived many ages
ago. Yes, if men peaceably enjoy the usur-
pations of their ancestors, they are usurpers,
as their predecessors were, and the justice of
God may make these responsible for the
usurpations of those. Thus it was with the
Jews, who lived in the time of Jesus Christ :
thus it was with the Amorites who lived four
hundred years after those of whom God spake
to Abraham : and thus we must expect it to
be with us, for we also shall deserve the pun-
ishments due to our ancestors, if we have any
one of the unions with them which has been
mentioned. Your meditation will supply
what is wanting to this article.
It sometimes falls out in this economy,
that the innocent suffer while the guilty es-
cape : but neither this, nor any other incon-
venience that may attend this economy, is to
be compared with the advantages of it. The ob-
ligation of a citizen to submit to the decision of
an ignorant, or a corrupt judge, is an inconveni-
ence in society : however, this inconvenience
ought not to free other men from submitting
to decisions at law ; because the benefits that
society derive from a judicial mode of decision,
will exceed, beyond all comparison, the evils
that may attend the perversion of justice in a
very few cases. Society would be in contin-
ual confusion, were the members of it allow-
ed sometimes to resist the decisions of their
lawful judges. Private disputes would never
end ; public quarrels would be eternal ; and
administration of justice would be futile and
useless.
Beside, Providence has numberless ways of
remedying the inconveniences of this just
economy, and of indemnifying all those inno-
cent persons who may be involved in punish-
ments due to the guilty. If, when Godsends
fruitful seasons to a nation to reward their
good use of the fruits ofthe earth, an individual
destitute of virtue, reap the benefit of those
who are virtuous, an infinitely wise Provi-
dence can find ways to poison all his pleasures,
and to prevent his enjoyment of the prosper-
ity of the just. If an innocent person be in-
volved in a national calamity, an infinitely
wise Providence knows how to indemnify
liim for all that he may sacrifice to that jus-
tice, which requires that a notoriously wicked
nation should become a notorious example of
God's abhorrence of wickedness.
Having established these principles, let us
apply them to the words of Jesus Christ,
which were just now quoted, and to the
text.
The Jewish nation, considered in the just
light of a moral person, was guilty of an innu-
merable multitude of the most atrocious
crimes. It had not only not profited by the
earnest exhortations of those extraordinary
men, whom heaven liad riiised up to rectify
its mistakes, and to reform its morals : but it
had risen up against them as enemies of soci-
ety, who came to trouble the peace of man-
liind. When they had the courage faithfully to
reprove the excesses of its princes, they were
accused of opposing the regal authority itself;
when they ventured to attack errors, that
were in credit with the ministers of religion,
they were taxed with resisting religion itself;
and, under these pretences they were fre-
quently put to death. Witness the prophets
Isaiah and Jeremiah, the apostle St. James,
and Jesus Christ himself
God had often exhorted that nation to re-
pent, and had urged the most tender and the
most terrible motives to repentance : one
while he loaded it with benefits, another
while he threatened it with punishments.
Sometimes he supported the authority of his
messages by national judgments ; sermons
were legible by lightning, and thunder procu-
red attention ; doctrines were reiterated by
pestilence and famine, and exhortations were
re-echoed by banishment and war. All these
means had been ineffectual ; if they had pro-
duced any alteration, it had been only an ap-
parent or a momentary change which had
vanished with the violent means that pro-
duced it. The Jewish nation were always
the same ; always a stiff-necked nation ;
always inimical to truth, and infatuated with
falsehood ; always averse to reproof, and
athirst for the blood of its prophets. What
the Jews were in the times of the prophets,
that they were in the times of Jesus Christ,
and his apostles ; they were full as barbarous
to Jesus Christ as to Zacharias the eon of
Barachiah.
A time must come in which divine justice
ought to prevent the fatal consequences of a
longer forbearance ; a time in which the
whole world must be convinced that God's
toleration of sinners is no approbation of sin ;
a time when general vengeance must justify
Providence, by rendering to all the due re-
ward of their deeds. Such a time was at
hand when Jesus Christ spoke to the Jews ;
and, foreseeing the miseries that would over-
whelm Judea, he told them that God would
require an account, not only of the blood of
all the prophets which they had spilt, but of
all the murders that had been committed on
the earth from the death of Abel to the
slaughter of Zacharias.
Thus it was with the Amorites : and thus
it will be with your provinces, if ye avail
yourselves of the crimes of j'our predeces-
sors, if }'e extenuate the guilt ; if ye imitate
the practice, if ye fill up the measure of
their iniquities ; then divine justice, collect-
ing into one point of vengeance all the crimes
of the nation, will inflict punishments pro-
portional to the time that was granted to
avert them. Thus we have sufficiently prov-
ed the justice of tliis economy.
III. Let us remark the terrors that accom-
pany this dispensation. But where can we
find expressions sufficiently sad, or images
sufficiently shocking and gloomy to describe
those terrible times.' The soul of Moses dis-
solved in considering them ; ' by thy wrath
we are troubled ; thou hast set our iniquities
before thee, our secret sins in the light of thy
Seb. X.]
THE PATIENCE OF GOD.
119
countenance,' Ps. xc. 7, 8. Every thing
that assuages the anger of the Judge of the
world is useless here. The exercise of prayer,
that exercise which sinners have sometimes
used with success to the suspending of the an-
ger of God,to the holding of his avenging arm,
and to the disarming him of his vindictive
rod, that e.xercise has lost all its efficacy and
power ; God ' covereth himself with a cloud
that prayer cannot pass through,' Lam. iii.
44. The intercession of venerable men, who
have sometimes stood in the breach, and
turned away his wrath, cannot be admitted
now ; ' though Moses and Samuel stood before
God, yet his mind could not be toward this
people,' Jer. xv. 1. Those sanctuaries which
have been consecrated to divine worship,
and which have so often afforded refuges in
times of danger, have lost their noble privi-
lege, and are themselves involved in the
direful calamity ; ' The Lord casteth off his
altar, abhorreth his sanctuary, giveth up into
the hand of the enemy the walls of her
palaces, and they make a noise in the house
of the Lord as in the day of a solemn feast,'
Lam. ii. 8. The cries of children which
have sometimes melted down th^ hearts of
the most inflexible enemies, those cries can-
not now excite the mercy of God, the inno-
cent creatures themselves fall victims to his
displeasure ; ' the sucklings swoon in the
streets of the city, they say to their mothers.
Where is corn and wine ? The hands of pi-
tiful women seethe their own children, they
are their meat in the destruction of the
daughter of my people,' Lam. ii. 12; iv. 10.
The treasures of grace which have been so
often opened to sinners, and from which they
have derived converting power, in order to
free them from the executions of justice,
these treasures are now quite exhausted ;
God says, I will command the clouds that
they rain no rain upon my vineyard : Go,
make the heart of this people fat, and make
their ears heavy, and shut their eyes ; lest
they see with their eyes, and hear with their
ears, and understand with their hearts, and
convert, and be healed,' Isa. v. 6 ; vi. 9, 10.
O God ! thou consuming fire ! O God, ' to
whom vengeance belongeth, how fearful a
thing is it to fall into thy hands !' Deut. iv.
14; Ps. xciv. 1. How dreadful are thy foot-
steps, when, in the cool fierceness of thine
indignation, thou comest to fall upon a sin-
ner ! ' The blood of all the prophets, which
was shed from the foundation of the world,
shall be required of this generation : from
the blood of Abel to the blood of Zacharias ;
verily I say unto you, it shall be required of
this generation.'
IV. To conclude. We have proved that
there is a fatal period, in which God will
unite the sins of a nation in one point of ven-
veance, and will proportion the punishments,
which he used to exterminate them, to the
length of time that he had granted for pre-
venting them. And from tliis principle,
which will be the ground of our exhortations
in the close of this discourse, I infer, that
as there is a particular repentance imposed on
every member of society, so there is a na-
tional repentance.which regards all who com- ,
pose a nation. The repentance of an indi- ^
vidual does not consist in merely asking
pardon for his sins, and in endeavouring to
correct the bad habits that he had formed ;
but it requires also, that the sinner should
go back to his first years, remember, as far
as he can, the sins that defiled his youth, la-
ment every period of his existence, which,
having been signalized by some divine fa-
vour, was also signalized by some marks of
ingratitude ; it requires him to say, under a
sorrowful sense of having offended a kind
and tender God, ' I was shapen in iniquity :
and in sin did my mother conceive me. O
Lord, remember not the sins of my youth.
Wilt thou break a leaf driven to and fro ?
Wilt thou pursue the dry stubble.' Thou
makest me to possess the iniquities of my
youth!' Ps. Ii. 5; Job. xiii. 25, 26. In like
manner, the repentance of a nation does not
consist in a bare attention to present disor-
ders, and to the luxury that now cries to tha
Judge of the world for vengeance : but it re-
quires us to go back to the times of our an-
cestors, and to examine whether we be now
enjoying the wages of their unrighteous-
ness, and whether, while we flatter our-
selves with the opinion, that we have not
committed their vices, we be not now re-
lishing productions of them. Without this
we shall be responsible for the very vices
which they committed, though time had al-
most blotted out the remembrance of them ;
and the justice of God threatened to involve
us in the same punishments : ' The blood of
all the prophets, which was shed from the
foundation of the world, shall be required of
this generation : from the blood of Abel to
the blood of Zacharias : verily I say unto
you, it shall be required of this genera-
tion.'
Dreadful thought ! my brethren. A thought
that may very justly disturb that shameful
security, into which our nation is sunk. I
tremble, when I think of some disorders
which my eyes have seen during the course
of my ministry among you. I do not mean
the sins of individuals, which would fill a
long and a very mortifying list : I mean pub-
lic sins, connnitted in the face of the sun ;
maxims, received in a manner, by church
and state, and which loudly cry to heaven
for vengeance against this republic. In these
degenerate times, I have seen immorality
and infidelity authorized by a connivance at
scandadous books, which are intended to
destroy the distinctions of vice and virtue,
and to make tlie difference between just and
unjust appear a mere chimera. In these de-
generate days, I have seen the oppressed
church cry in vain for succour for her chil-
dren, while the reformation of the church
was sacrificed to the policy of the state. In
this degenerate age, I have seen solemn days
insolently profaned by those, whom worldly
decency alone ought to have engaged to ob-
serve them. In these days of depravity, I
have seen hatred and discord lodge among
us, and labour in the untoward work of re-
ciprocal ruin. In these wretched times, I
have seen the spi>it of intolerance unchain-
ed with all its rage, and the very men who
incessantly exclaim against the persecutions
that have affected themselves, turn persecu-
120
THE LONGSUFFERING OF
[SEn. xr.
tors of others : so that, at the close of a re-
ligious exercise, men, wlio ought to have re-
membered wliat they had heard, and to have
appUed it to themselves, have been known to
exercise their ingenuity in finding heresy in
the sermon, in communicathig the same
wicked industry to their families, and to
their children, and, under pretence of reli-
gion, in preventing all the good effects that
religious discourses might have produced. In
this degenerate age
But this shameful list is already too long.
Does this nation repent of its past sins ?
Does it lament the crimes of its ancestors ?
Alas ! far from repenting of our past sins, far
from lamenting the crimes of our ancestors,
does not the least attention perceive new and
more shocking excesses .' The wretched age
in which providence has placed us, does it
not seem to have taken that for its model,
against which God displayed his vengeance,
Aa we have been describing in this discourse .'
Were Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and
Zeboim, destroyed by fire from heaven for
sins unknown to us .'' And God knows, God
only knows, what dreadful discoveries the
formidable but pious vigilance of our magis-
trates may still make. O God, ' Behold now
I have taken upon me to speak unto thee, al-
though I am but dust and ashes. Wilt thou
also destroy the rigliteous with the wicked.'
Peradventure there be fifty righteous among
lis .•' peradventure forty ? peradventure thir-
ty .'' peradventure twenty ? peradventure
ten.'' Gen. xviii. 25, &c.
My brethren, God yet bears with you, but
how long he will bear with you, who can
tell .' And do not deceive yourselves, his
forbearance must produce, in the end, either
your conversion your or destruction. TheLord
grant it may produce your conversion and ' bo
iniquity shall not be your ruin,' Ezek. xviii.
30. Amen.
SERMON xr.
THE LONGSUFFERING OF GOD WITH INDIVIDUALS.
EccLESiASTES viii. n, 12.
Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the
heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil. For the sinner doth
evil a hundred times, and God prolongeth his days.*
The Wise Man points out, in the words of
the text, one general cause of the impeni-
tence of mankind. The disposition to which
he attributes it, I own, seems shocking and
almost incredible : but if we examine our
' deceitful and desperately wicked hearts,'
Jer. xvii. 9. wc shall find, that this disposi-
tion, which at first sight, seems so shocking,
is one of those, witirwhich we are too well
acquainted. ' The heart of the sons of men
is fuUy set to do evil.' Why .' ' Because sen-
tence against an evil work is not executed
speedily.'
This shameful, but too common, inclination,
we will endeavour to expose, and to show
you that the long suffering, which the mercy
of God grants to sinners, may be abused ei-
ther in the disposition of a devil, or in that
of a beast, or in that of a philosopher, or in
that of a man.
He who devotes his health, his prosperity,
and his youth, to offend God, and, while his
punishment is deferred, to invent new ways
of blaspheming him ; he, who follows such a
fhameful course of life, abuses the patience of
Gcd in the disposition of a devil.
He, who enervates and impairs his reason,
cither by excessive debauchery, or by world-
ly dissipations, by an effeminate lu.xury, or by
an inactive stupidity, and pays no regard to
* We have followed the reading of the French Bi-
ble in this passage.
the great end for which God permits him to
live in this world, abuses the patience of God
in the disposition of a beast.
He who from the longsuffering of God
infers consequences against his providence,
and against his hatred of sin, is in the dispo-
sition, of which my text speaks, as a philoso'
p/icr.
He, who concludes because the patience of
God has continued to this day that it will
always continue, and makes such a hope a
motive to persist in sin, without repentance
or remorse, abuses the patience of God in
the disposition of a ynan. As I shall point
out these principles to you, I shall show you
the injustice and extravagance of them.
I. To devote health, prosperity, and youth,
to offend God, and to invent new ways of
blaspheming him, while the punishment of
him who leads such a shameful life is defer-
red, is to abuse the longsuft'ering of God like
a devil.
The majesty of this place, the holiness of
my ministry, and the delicacy of my hearers,
forbid precision on this article ; for there
would be a shocking impropriety in exhibit-
ing a well-drawn portrait of such a man.
But, if it is criminal to relate such excesses,
what must it be to commit them .' It is but
too certain, however, that nature sometimes
produces such infernal creatures, who, witli
the bodies of men, have the sentiments of
Ser. XL]
GOD WITH INDIVIDUALS.
131
devils. Thanks be to God, the characters,
which belong to this article, must be taken
from other countries, though not from ancient
history.
I speak of those abominable men, to whom
living and moving would be intolerable, were
they to pass one day without insulting the
Author of their life and motion. The grand
design of all their actions is to break down
every boundary, that either modesty, probity,
or even a corrupt and irregular conscience
has set to licentiousness. They bitterly la-
ment the paucity of the ways of violating
their Creator's laws, and they employ all the
power of their wit, the play of their fancy,
and the fire of their youth, to supply the
want. Like that impious king, of whom the
Scripture speaks, Dan. v. 2, they carouse
with the sacred vessels, and them they pro-
fanely abuse in their festivity : them did I
say .' The most solemn truths, and the most
venerable mysteries of religion, they take
into their polluted mouths, and display their
infidelity and impurity in ridiculing them.
They hurry away a life, which is become in-
sipid to them, because they have exhausted
all resources of blasphemy against God, and
they hasten to hell to learn others of the in-
fernal spirits, their patterns and their pro-
tectors.
Let us throw a veil, my brethren, over
these abominations, and let us turn away
our eyes from objects so shameful to human
nature. But how comes it to pass, that ra-
tional creatures, having ideas of right and
wrong, arrive at such a subversion of reason,
and such a degree of corruption, as to be
pleased with a course of life, which carries its
pains and punishments with it .'
Sometimes this phenomenon must be at-
tributed to a vicious education. We seldom
pay a sufficient regard to the influence that
education has over the whole life. We often
entertain false, and oftener still inadequate
notions of what is called a good education.
We have given, it is generally thought, a
good education to a youth, when we have
taught him an art, or trained him up in a
science ; when we have instructed him how
to arrange a few dry words in his head, or a
iev! crude notions in his fancy ; and we are
highly satisfied when we have intrusted the
cultivation of his tender heart to a man of
probity. We forget that the venom of sin
impregnates the air that he breathes, and
communicates itself to him by all that he sees,
and by all that he hears. If we would give
young people a good education, we must for-
bid them all acquaintance with those who do
not delight in decency and piety : we must
never suffer them to hear debauciiery and im-
piety spoken of without detestation : we must
furnish them with precautions previous to
their travels, in which under pretence of ac-
quainting themselves with the manners of
foreigners, they too often adopt nothing but
their vices : we must banish from our univer-
sities those shocking irregularities, and anni-
hilate those dangerous privileges, which make
the means of education the very causes
of corruption and ruin.
Sometimes these excesses are owing to
the connivance, or the countenance of princes.
We have never more reason to predict tho
destruction of a state than when the reins of
government are committed to men of a cer*
tain character. It will require ages to heal
the wounds of one impious reign. An irreli-
gious reign emboldens vice, and multiplies
infamous places for the commission of it. In
an irreligious reign scandalous books are
published ; and it becomes fashionable to
question whether there be a God in heaven,
or any real difference between virtue and vice
on earth . In the space of an irreligious reign
offices are held by unworthy persons, who
either abolish, or suffer to languish, the laws
that policy had provided against impiety.
Histories, more recent than those of Tiberius
and Nero, would too fully exemplify our ob-
servations, were not the majesty of princes,
in some sort, respectable, even after they are
no more.
Sometimes these excesses, which offer vio-
lence to nature, are caused by a gratification
of those which are agreeable to the corrup-
tion of nature. Ordinary sins become in-
sipid by habit, and sinners are forced, having
arrived at some periods of corruption, to en-
deavour to satisfy their execrable propensities
by the commission of those crimes, which
once made them shudder with horror.
To all these reasons add the judgment of
divine Providence ; for ' God giveth those up
to uncleaiiness,' Rom. i. 24, who have made
no use of the means of instruction and piety
which he had afforded them.
I repeat my thanksgivings to God, the pro-
tector of these states, that among our youth
(though, alas ! so far from that piety which
persons, dedicated to God by baptism, ought
to possess,) we have none of this character.
Indeed, had we such a monster among us,
we should neither oppose him by private ad-
vice nor by public preaching : but we should
think that the arm of the secular magistrate
was a likelier mean of repulsing him than the
decision of a casuist. Let none be offended at
this. Our ministry is a ministry of compas-
sion, I grant ; and we are sent by a master
who willeth not the death of a sinner ; but, if
we thought that compassion obliged us on
any occasions to implore your clemency, my
liords, for some malefactors, whom your
wise laws, and the safety of society, condemn
to die, we would rather intercede for assassins,
and highway robbers, yea for those miserable
wretches, whose execrable avarice tempts
them to import infected commodities, which
expose our own and our children's lives to
the plague ; for these we would rather inter-
cede, than for those, whose dreadful examples
are capable of infecting the minds of our
children with infernal maxims, and of render-
ing these provinces like Sodom and Go-
morrah, Adma!) and Zeboini, first by involv-
ing them in the guilt, and then in the fiery
punishment of those detestable cities.
Where the sword of the magistrate does
not punish, that of divine vengeance will :
but, as it would be difficult for imagination to
conceive the greatness of the punishments
that await such sinners, it is needless to ad-
duce the reasons of them. Our first notions
of God are vindictive to sucli,and as soon as wo
are convinced that there is a just God, the
122
THE LONGSUFFERING OF
[Ser. XL
day appears in which, falling upon these un-
worthy men, he will address them in this
thundering language : ' depart, depart,' into
the source of your pleasures ; ' depart into
evrlasling fire' with all your associates ; do
for ever and ever what ye have been doing in
your lifetime ; having exhausted my patience,
experience the power of my anger ; and as
ye have had the dispositions of devils, suffer
for ever the punishments ' prepared for the
devil and his angels,' Matt. xxv. 41.
II. A man may be in the disposition, of
which the Wise Man speaks in the text,
through stupidity and indolence, and this
second state confounds the man with the
least. There is nothing hyperbolical in this
proposition. What makes the difference be-
tween a man and a beast .'' These are the dis-
tinguishing characters of each. The one is
confined to a short duration, and to a nar-
row circle of present objects ; the other has
received of his Creator the power of going
beyond time, and of penetrating by his medi-
tation into remote futurity, yea even into an
endless eternity. The one is actuated only
by sensual appetites ; the other has the facul-
ty of rectifying his senses by the ideas of his
mind. The one is carried away by the heat
of his temperament; the other has the power
of cooling temperament with reflection. The
one knows no argument nor motive but sen-
sation ; the other has the power of making
motives of sensation yield to the more noble
and permanent motives of interest. To imi-
tate the first kind of the creatures is to live
like a beast ; to follow the second is to live
like a man.
Let us apply this general truth to the par-
ticular subject in hand, and let us justify what
we have advanced, that there is nothing hy-
perbolical in this proposition. If there be a
subject that merits the attention of an in-
telligent soul, it is the longsuffering of God :
and if there be a case, in which an intelligent
creature ought to use the faculty that his
Creator has given him, of going beyond the
circle of present objects, of rectifying the ac-
tions of his senses by the ideas of his mind,
and of correcting his temperament by reflec-
tion, it is certainly the case of that sinner
with whom God has borne so long.
Miserable man ! ought he to say to him-
self, I have committed, not only those sins,
which ordinarily belong to the frailty and
depravity of mankind, but those also which
are a shame to human nature, and which sup-
pose that he who is guilty of them has car-
ried his corruption to the highest pitch !
O miserable man ! I have committed not only
one of the sins, which the Scripture says, de-
prive those who commit them of ' inheriting
the kingdom of God,' 1 Cor. vi. 10, but I
have lived many years in the practice of such
sins ; in the impurity of effeminacy and adul-
tery, in the possession of unjust gain, in the
gloomy revolutions of implacable hatred !
Miserable man ! I have abused, not only the
ordinary means of conversion, but also those
extraordinary means, which God grants only
to a few, and which he seems to have display-
ed on purpose to show how far a God of love
can carry his love ! Miserable man ! I was
not only engaged as a man and a professor of
Christianity to give an example of piety, but
I was also engaged to do it as a minister, as a
magistrate, as a parent ; yet, in spite of all
my unworthiness, God has borne with me,
and has preserved me in this world, not only
while prosperity was universal, but while ca-
lamities were almost general ; while the
sword was glutting itself with blood, while
the destroying angel was exterminating on
every side, as if he intended to make the
whole world one vast grave ! All this time
God has been showering his blessings upon
me ! upon me the chief of sinners! me his
declared enemy ! blessings that he promised
to bestow as privileges on his favourites only !
' I dwelt in the secret place of the Most High,
I abode under the shadow of the Almighty !'
Ps. xci. 1.
I ask, my brethren, whether if there be a
state in which an inteUigent creature ought
to meditate and reflect, it be not the state of
a sinner .'' If I prove then, that there are men
in this state, who neither think nor reflect,
because they confine their attention to the
circle of present objects, abandon themselves
wholly to sensuality, and give themselves up
entirely to their constitutional vices ; shall
I not have proved that there are men, who
like beasts are indifferent to ' the riches of
the forbearance and longsuffering of God V
Rom. ii. 4. But where shall we find such
people .' Shall we search for them in fa-
bulous history, or look for them in ancient
chronicles .' Shall we quote the relations of
those travellers, who seem to aim less at in-
structing us by publishing true accounts, than
at astonishing us by reporting uncommon
events .■* Alas ! alas, my dear brethren, I fear I
have been too confident, and had not suffi-
ciently proportioned my strength to my cou-
rage, when 1 engaged at the beginning of
this discourse to confront certain portraits
with the countenances of some of my hear-
ers But, no, the truth
ought not to suffer through the frailty of him
whose office it is to publish it.
Tell us then, what distinguishes the man
from the beast, in that worshipper of Mam-
mon, who having spent his life in amassing
and hoarding up wealth, in taxing the widow,
the orphan, and the ward, to satiate his ava-
rice ; having defrauded the state, deceived
his correspondents, and betrayed his tender-
est friends ; having accumulated heaps upon
heaps, and having only a k\\ days respite,
which providence has granted him for the re-
pentance of his sins, and the restitution of
his iniquitous gains ; employs these last mo-
ments in offering incense to his idol, spends
his last breath in enlarging his income, in
lessening his expenses, and in endeavouring
to gratify that insatiable desire of getting
which gnaws and devours him.
Tell us what distinguishes the man from
the beast, in that old debauchee, who thinks
of nothing but voluptuousness; who to sen-
suality sacrifices his time, his fortune, his re-
putation, his health, his soul, his salvation,
along with all his pretensions to immortality;
and who would willingly comprehend the
whole of man in this definition, a being capa-
ble of wallowing in voluptuousness .'
Tell us what distinguishes the man from
Skr. XI]
GOD WITH INDIVIDUALS.
123
the beast, in that man, who not being able to
boar the remorse of his own conscience, nor
the ideas of the vanity of this world, to which
he is wholly devoted ; drowns his reason in
wine, gives himself up to all the excesses of
drunkenness, exposes himself to the danger
of committing some bloody murder, or of
perishing in some tragical death, of which
we have too many melancholy examples ; not
only unfits himself for repenting now, but
even renders himself incapable of repent-
ing at all ? What is a penitent's reconciliation
to God ? It includes, at least, reflection and
thought, the laying down of principles and
the deducing of consequences : but people of
this kind, through their excessive intoxica-
tion, generally incapacitate themselves for
inferring a consequence, or admitting a prin-
ciple, and even for reflecting and thinking ;
as experience, experience superior to all our
reasoning, has many a time shown.
But it is necessary to reason in order to
discover the injustice of this disposition ? Do
ye really think that God created you capable
of reflection that ye should never reflect ?
Do ye indeed believe that God gave you so
many fine faculties that ye should make no
use of these faculties ? In a word, can ye seri-
ously think that God made you men in order
to enable you to live like beasts .''
III. I said, in the third place, that the dis-
position of which the Wise Man speaks in
the text, sometimes proceeds from a princi-
ple of grave folly. So I call the principle of
some philosophers, who imagine that they
find in the delay of the punishment of sinners,
an invincible argument against the existence
of God, at least against the infinity of his
perfections.
We do not mean, by a philosopher, that
superficial trifler, who not having the least
notion of right reasoning, takes the liberty
sometimes of pretending to reason, and with
an air of superiority, which might impose
on us, were we to be imposed on by a tone,
says, ' The learned maintained such an opin-
ion : but I affirm the opposite opinion. Ca-
suists advance such a maxim : but I lay
down a very different maxim. Pastors hold
such a system ; but, for my part, I hold alto-
gether another system.' And who is he
who talks in this decisive tone, and who
alone pretends to contradict all our ministers,
and all our learned men ; the whole church,
and the whole school .' It is sometimes a
man, whose whole science consists in the
casting up of a sum. It is sometimes a man,
who has spent all his life in exercises, that
have not the least relation to the subject
which he so arrogantly decides; and who
thinks, if 1 may be allowed to say so, that
arguments are to be commanded as he com-
mands a regiment of soldiers. In a word, they
are men, for the most part, who know nei-
ther what a system nor a maxim is. Let not
such people imagine that they are addressed
as philosophers ; for we cannot address them
without repeating what has been said in the
preceding article, which is their proper place.
We mean, when we speak of men who
despise the long suffering of God as philoso-
phers, people who have taken as much pains
to arrive at infidelity, as they ought to have
taken to obtain the knowledge of the truth :
who have studied as much to palliate error,
as they ought to have studied to expose it : who
have gone through as long a course of read-
ing and meditation to deprave their hearts as
they ought to have undertaken to preserve
them from depravity. Among the sophisms
which they have adopted, that which they
have derived from the delay of the punish-
ment of sinners, has appeared the most ten-
able, and they have occupied it as their fort.
Sophisms of this kind arc not new, they
have been repeated in all ages, and in every
age there have been such as Celius (this is
the name of an ancient atheist), of whom
a heathen poet says, Celius says that there
are no gods, and that heaven is an uninhabit-
ed place ; and these are the chief reasons that
he assigns ; he continued happy, and he had
the prospect of continuing so, while he deni-
ed the existence of a God.
As the persons, to whom we address this
article, profess to reason, let us reason with
them. And ye, my brethren, endeavour to
attend a few moments to our arguments.
One brief cause of our erroneous notions of
the perfections of God, is the considering of
them separately,and not in their admirable as-
sortment and beautiful harmony. When we
meditate on the goodness of God, we consider
his goodness alone, and not in harmony with
bis justice. When we meditate on his justice,
we consider it in an abstract view, and with- ,
out any relation to his goodness. And in the
same manner we consider his wisdom, his
power, and his other attributes.
This restriction of meditation (I think I
may venture to call it so) is a source of so-
phistry. If we consider supreme justice in
this manner, it will seem as if it ought to ex-
terminate every sinner : and on the contra-
ry, if we consider supreme goodness in this
manner, it will seem as if it ought to spare
every sinner ; to succour all the afflicted ; to
prevent every degree of distress ; and to gra-
tify every wish of every creature capable of
wishing. We might observe the same of
power, and of wisdom, and of every other per-
fection of God. But what shocking conse-
quences would follow such views of the divine
attributes! As we should never be able to
prove such a justice, or such a goodness as
we have imagined, we should be obliged to
infer, that God is not a Being supremely
good ; that he is not a Being supremely just ;
and the same may be said of his other per-
fections.
Persons who entertain such notions, not
only sink the Supreme Being below the dig-
nity of his own nature, but even below that
of mankind. Were we to allow the reason-
ing;' of these people, we should increase their
difficulties by removing them, for the argu-
ment would end in downright atheism.
Were we to allow the force oF their objec-
tions, I say, we should increase their difficul-
ties, and instead of obtaining a solution of
the difficulty which attends our notions of a
divine attribute, we should obtain a proof
that there is no God : for, could we prove
that there is a Being supremely good, in their
abstract sense of goodness, we should there-
by prove that there is no being supremely
124
THE LONGSUFFERING OF
[Ser. IX.
just; because supreme goodness, considered
m their abstract manner, destroys supreme
justice. The same may be said of all the
other perfections of God, one perfection of
the divine nature would destroy another;
and to prove that God possessed one would
be to prove that of the other his nature was
quite destitute.
Now, if there be a subject, my brethren,
in which people err by considering the per-
fections of God in a detached and abstract
manner, it is this of which we are speaking ;
it is when people raise objections against the
attributes of God from his forbearance with
sinners. God seems to act contrary to some
of his perfections in his forbearance. Why .''
Because the perfection, to which his con-
duct seems incongruous, is considered as if
it were alone, and not as if it were in rela-
tion to another perfection : because, as I have
already said, the divine attributes are con-
sidered abstractly, and not in their beautiful
assortment and admirable harmony.
I confine myself to this principle to refute
the objections which some, who are impro-
perly called philosophers, derive from the de-
lay of the punishment of sinners, to oppose
to the perfections of God. I do not, however,
confine myself to this for want of other solid
answers : for example, I might prove that
the notion, which tliey form of those perfec-
tions, to which the delay of divine vengeance
seems repugnant, is a false notion.
What are those perfections of God .' They
are, ye answer, truth, which is interested in
executing the threatenings that are denounc-
ed against sinners : tcisdom, which is inter-
ested m supplying means of re-establishing
order : and particularly justice, which is in-
terested in the punishing of the guilty.
I reply, that your idea of truth is opposite to
truth ; your idea of wisdom is opposite to wis-
dom : your idea of justice is opposite to justice.
Yes, the notion that ye entertain of truth,
is opposite to truth, and ye resemble those
scoffers, of whom the apostle speaks, who
said, ' Where is the promise of his coming .'"'
What Jesus Clarist had said of St. John, 'If
I will that he tarry till I come, what is that
to thee .■" had occasioned a rumour concern-
ing the near approach of the dissolution of
the world : but there was no appearance of
the dissolution of the world : thence the scof-
fers, of whom St. Peter speaks, concluded
that God had not fulfilled his promise, and
on this false supposition they said, ' Where
is the promise of his coming .'' Apply this
reflection to yourselves. The delay of the
punishment of sinners, ye say, is opposite
to the truth of God: on the contrary, God
has declared that he would not punish every
sinner as soon as he had committed an act
of sin. ' The sinner doth evil a hundred
times, and God prolongetli his days.'
The delay of the punishment of sinners, ye
say, is opposite to the wisdon of God : on the
contrary, it is this delay which provides for
the execution of that wise plan, wiiich God
has made for mankind, of placing them for
some time in a state of probation in this world,
and of regulating their future reward or pun-
ishment according to their use or abuse of
such a dispensation.
The delay of the punishment of sinners, yo
say, is repugnant to the justice of God. Quito
the contrary. What do ye call justice in
God ? What! Such an impetuous emotion as
that which animates you against those who
affront you , and whom ye consider as enemies ?
An implacable madness, which enrages you to
such a degree, that a sight of all the miseries
into which ye are going to involve them is
not able to curb ? Is this what ye call justice.'*
But I suppress all these reflections, and re-
turn to my principle, (and this is not the first
time that we have been obliged to proportion
the length of a discourse, not to the nature of
the subject, but to the impatience of our hear-
ers.) I return to my principle ; the delay of
the punishment of sinners will not seem in-
compatible with the justice of God, unless ye
consider that perfection detached from ano-
ther perfection, by which God in the most
eminent manner displays his glory, I mean his
mercy. An explication of the last clause of
our text, ' the sinner doth evil a hundred
times, and God prolongeth his days,' will
place the matter in a clear light : for the long-
suffering of God with sinners flows from his
mercy. St. Peter confirms this when he tells
us, ' The Lord is not slack concerning his
promise, but is long-suffering to us-ward, not
willing that any should perish, but that all
should come to repentance,' 2 Pet. iii. 9.
It is with the same view that Jesus Christ
calls the whole time, during which God de-
layed the destruction of Jerusalem, ' the time
of the visitation of that miserable city,' Luke
xix. 44. And for the same reason St. Paul
calls the whole time, which God puts between
the commission of sin and the destruction of
sinners, ' riches of forbearance, and longsuf-
fering, that lead to repentance,' Rom. ii. 4.
And who could flatter himself with the hope
of escaping ' devouring fire, and everlasting
burnings,' Isa. xxxiii. 14, were God to exe-
cute immediately his sentence against evil
works, and to make punishment instantly fol-
low the practice of sin .'
Wliat would have become of Da^-id if divine
mercy had prolonged his days after he had
fallen into the crimes of adultery and nmrder ;
or if justice had called him to give an account
of his conduct while his heart, burning with a
criminal passion, was wishing only to gratify
it ; while he was sacrificing the honour of a
wife, the life of a husband, along with his own
body, which should have been a temple of the
Holy Ghost, to the criminal passion that in-
flamed his soul.' It was the longsufFering, the
patience of God, that gave him time to recover
himself, to get rid of his infatuation, to see
the horror of his sin, and to say under a sense of
it, ' Have mercy upon me, O God, according
to thy lovingkindness : according unto the
multitude of thy mercies blot out my trans-
gressions. Wash me thoroughly from mine
iniquit}', and cleanse me from my sin. For I
acknowledge my transgressions : and my sin
is ever before me. Against thee, thee only
have I sinned, and done this evil in thy sight :
that thou niightcst be justified when thou
speakest, and be clear when thou judgest,'
Ps. li. 1—4.
What would have become of Manassch, if
God had called iiim to give an account of hii
Ser. XL]
GOD WITH INDIVIDUALS.
G^'>7
administration while he was making the house
of God the theatre of his dissoluteness and
idolatry ; while he was planting groves,
rearing up altars for the host of heaven, ma-
king his sons pass through the fire, doing more
wickedly than the Amorites, making Judah to
sin with his dunghill gods, as the holy Scrip-
ture calls them ? It was the longsufl'ering of
God that bore with him, that engaged him to
humble himself, to pray fervently to the God of
his fathers, and to become an exemplary con-
vert after he had been an example of infidelity
and impurity.
What would have become of St. Peter, if
God had called him to give an account of
himself, while, frightened and subverted at
the sight of the judges and executioners of
his Saviour, he was pronouncing those cow-
ardly words, ' I know not the man.'' It was
the longsuffering and patience of God, that
gave him an opportunity of seeing the merci-
ful looks of Jesus Christ immediately after
his denial of him, of fleeing from a place fatal
to his innocence, of going out to weep bitter-
ly, and of saying to Jesus Christ, ' Lord thou
knowest that I love thee : Lord, thou know-
est all things, thou knowest that I love thco,'
John xxi. IG, 17.
What would have become of St. Paul, if
God had required an account of his adminis-
tration, while he was ' breathing out threat-
enings and slaughter against the disci pies of
the Lord,' Acts ix. 1 ; while he was ambitious
of stifling the new-born church in her cradle,
while he was soliciting letters from the high
priest to pervert and to punish tlie disciples of
Christ ? It was the longsuffering of God, that
gave him an opportunity of saying. ' Lord,
what wilt thou have me to do .•" Acts ix. G. It
was the patience of God which gave him an
opportunity of making that honest confession,
' I was before a blasphemer, and a persecutor,
and injurious : But I obtained mercy,' 1
Tim. i. 13.
IV. But why should wc go out of tliis as-
sembly, (and here we enter into the last arti-
cle, and shall endeavour to prevent your
abuse of the patience of God in the disposi-
tions of 7rtcre,) why should v/e go out of this
assembly, to search after proofs of divine mer-
cy in a delay of punishment .'' What would have
become of you, aiy dear hearers, if vengeance
had immediately followed sin ? if God iiad not
prolonged the days of sinners ; if sentence
against evil works had been executed speedilij?
What would have become of some of you, if
God had required of you an account of your
conduct, while ye were sacrificing the rights
of widows and orphans to the ' honour of the
persons of the mighty,' Lev. xix. LS ; while
ye were practising perjury and accepting
bribes .' It is the longsuffering of God iha.t pro-
longs your days, that ye may make a restitu-
tion of your unrighteous gain, plead for the or-
phan and the widow, and attend in future deci-
sions only to the nature of the cause before you.
What would have become of some of you, if
God had called you to give an account of
your conduct, while the fear of persecution,
or, what is infinitely more criminal still, while
the love of ease, prevailed over you to renounce
a religion which ye respected in your hearts
while ye denied with your mouths .' It is the
R
I patience of God which has affordej
I to learn the greatness of a sin, tl
which a whole life of repentance is x
cient to expiate: it is the patience oi „
which ha.s prolonged your days, that ye might
confess that Jesus whom ye have betrayed,
and profess that gospel which ye have denied.
Let us not multiply particular examples,
let us comprise this whole assembly in one
class. There is not one of our hearers, no,
not one, who is in this church to day, there is
not one who has been engaged in the devo
tional exercises of this day, who would not
have been in hell with the devil and his angels,
if vengeance had immediately followed sin ; if
God had exercised no patience towards sin-
ners ; if ' sentence against evil works' had
been ' executed speedily.' ' It is of the Lord's
mercies that we are not consumed !' Lam. iii.
22. The delay of punishment is a demonstra-
tion of his mercy ; it does not prove that he is
not just, but it does prove that he is good.
I could wish, my brethren, that all those
who ought to interest themselves in this arti-
cle, would render it needless for me to enter
into particulars, by recollecting the history of
their own lives, and by remembering the cir-
cumstances to which I refer. One man
ought to say to himself, in my childhood, an
upright fatlier, a pious mother, and several
worthy tutors did all that lay in their power
to form me virtuous. In my youth, a tender
and generous friend, who was more concerned
for my happiness, and more ambitious of my
excelling, than I myself, availed himself of all
the power of insinuation that nature had giv-
en him to incline my heait to piety and to the
fear of God, and to attach me to religion by
bands of love. On a certain occasion. Provi-
dence put into my hands a religious book, the
reading of which discovered to me the turpi-
tude ot my conduct. At another time, one of
those clear, affecting, thundering sermons,
that alarm sleepy souls, forced from me a pro-
mise of repentance and reformation. One
day, I saw the administration of the Lord's
supper, which, awakening my attention to tho
grand sacrifice that divine justice required
for the sins of mankind, affected me in a man-
ner so powerful and moving, that I tiiought
myself obliged in gratitude to dedicate my
Vk'hole life to him, who in the tenderest com-
passion had given himself for me. Another
time an extremely painful illness sliowed me
the absurdity of my course of life ; filled mo
with a keenness of remorse, that seemed an
anticipation of hell ; put me on beseeching
God to grant me a few years more of his pa-
tience ; and brought me to a solenm adjura-
tion that I would employ the remaining ju.rt
of my life in repairing tiie past. All these
have been fruitless ; all these means have
been useless ; all these promises have been
false ; and yet I may have access to a throne
of grace. What love ! Wiiat mercy !
This longsuffisring of God with impenitent
sinners, will be one of the most terrible sub-
jects that sinners can think of when the aveng-
ing moment comes ; when the fatal hour ar-
rives in which the voice of divine justice shall
summon a miserable wretch to appear, when
it shall bind him to a death bed, and suspend
him over the abyss of hell.
126
GOD THE ONLY
[Ser. XII.
But to a poor Binner, who is awakening
from his sin, who having consumed the great-
est pnrt of his hfe in sin, would repair it by
sacrificing the world and all its glory, were
such a sacrifice in his power : to a poor sin-
ner, who, having been for some time afraid of
an exclusion from the mercy of God, revolves
these distressing thoughts in his mind, Per-
haps 'the days of my visitation' may be at an
end ; henceforth, perhaps, my sorrows may
be superfluous, and my tears inadmissible : to
such a sinner, what an object, what a comfort-
able object, is the treasure of ' the forbearance
and longsuffering of God that leadeth to re-
pentance.' My God, says such a uinner, ' I
am not worthy of the least of all thy mercies!'
Gen. xxxii. 10. My God, I am tempted to
think that to doubt of my interest in thy fa-
vour is the rendering of a proper homage to
thy mercy, and my unbelief would arise from
my veneration for thy majesty ! But let me
not think so ; I will not doubt of thy mercy,
my God, since thou hast condescended to as-
sure me of it in such a tender manner I I will
lose myself in that ocean of love which thou,
0 God, infinitely good ! still discovers to me ;
1 will persuade myself that thou dost not des-
pise the sacrifice of a broken and contrite
heart ; and this persuasion I will oppose to an
alnrmed conscience, to a fear of hell that an-
ticipates the misery of the state, and to all
those formidable executioners of condemned
men, whom I behold ready to seize their prey !
My bretliren, 'the riches of the goodness,
and forbearance, and longsuffering of God,'
are yet open to you : they are open, my dear
brethren, to this church, how ungrateful
soever we have been to the goodness of God ;
how much insensibility soever we have
shown to the invitations of grace : they are
open to the greatest sinners, nor is there one
of my hearers who may not be admitted to
these inexhaustible treasuresof goodness and
mercy.
Butdo ye still 'despise the riches of the
longsuffering of God .-" What ! because ' a
space to repent' (Rev. ii. 21.) is given, will
ye continue in impenitence .' Ah! were Jesua
Christ in the flesh, were he walking in your
streets, were he now in this pulpit preaching
to you, would he not preach to you all bathed
in sorrows and tears ? He would weep over
you as he once wept over Jerusalem, and he
would say to this province, to this town, to
thischurch, to each person in this assembly,
yea to that wicked hearer, who affects not to
be concerned in this sermon, O that ' thou
hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy
day, the things which belong unto thy peace !'
Luke xix. 42. What am I saying ? he would
say thusjhe does say thus,my dear brethren, and
still interests himself in your salvation in the
tenderest and most vehement manner. Sitting
at the right hand of his Father, he holds back
that avenging arm which is ready to fell us to
the earth at a stroke; in our behalf he interposes
his sufferings and his death.his intercession and
his cross ; and from the top of that glory to
which he is elevated, he looks down and says
to this republic, to this church, to all this as-
sembly, and to every sinner in it ; O that
' thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this
thy day, the things which belong unto thy
peace !'
My bre thren, the patience of God, which
yet endures, will not always endure. The
year which the master of the vineyard grants,
at the intercession of the dresser, to try whe-
ther a barren fig-tree can be made fruitful,
will expire, and then it must be cut down,
Luke xiii. 6. Do not deceive yourselves, my
brethren ; the longsuffering of God must
produce in the end either your conversion or
your destruction. O may it prevent your
destruction by producing your conversion!
The Lord grant you this favour ! To him,
the Father, the Son, and the holy Spirit, bs
honour and glory for ever. Amen-.
SERMON XII.
GOD THE ONLY OBJECT OF FEAR.
PAUT I.
Jeremiah x. 7.
IFho ivould not fear thee, 0 King of nations ? For to thee doth it appertain.
The prophet aims, in the words of the text,
to inspire us with fear, and the best way
to understand his meaning is to affix distinct
ideas to the term. To fear God is an equi-
vocal phrase in all languages ; it is generally
used in three senses in the holy Scriptures.
1. i'cur sometimes signifies terror ; a dis-
position, that makes the soul consider itself
only as sinful, and God chiefly as a being
who hates and avenges sin. There are va-
rious degrees of this fear, and it deserves
either praise, or blame, according to the dif-
ferent degree to which it it carried.
A man, whose heart is so void of the know-
ledge of the perfections of God, that he can-
not rise above the little idols which worldlings
adore ; whose notions are so gross, that he
cannot adhere to the purity of religion for
purity's sake ; whose taste is so vitiated that
he has no relish for the delightful union of a
faithful soul with its God ; such a man de-
serves to be praised, when he endeavours to
restrain his sensuality by the idea of an
avenging God. The apostles urged this
motive with success, ' knowing therefore the
terror of the Lord we persuade men,' 2 Cor.
Sbr. XII.]
OBJECT OF FEAR.
127
V. 11. 'Of some have compassion,' says St.
Jude to the ministers of the gospel, ' making
a difference; and others save with fear, pull-
ing them out of the fire,' ver. 22, 23. Such
a disposition is, without doubt, very imper-
fect, and were a man to expect salvation in
his way, he would be in imminent danger of
feeling those miseries of which he is afraid. No
casuists, except such as have been educated in
an infernal school, will venture to afRrm, that
to fear G'orfinthis sense, without loving him,
is sufficient for salvation. Nevertheless, this
disposition is allowable in the beginning of a
work of conversion, it is never altogether
useless to a regenerate man, and it is of sin-
gular use to him in some violent temptations,
with which the enemy of his salvation as-
saults him. When a tide of depravity threat-
ens, in spite of yourselves, to carry you away,
recollect some of the titles of God ; the
Scripture calls him ' the mighty, and the ter-
rible God ; the furious Lord ; a consuming
fire,' Neh. ix. 32; Nah. i. 2 ; Heb. xii. 2SJ.
Remember the terrors that your own con-
sciences felt, when they first awoke from the
enchantment of sin, and when they beheld,
for the first time, vice in its own colours.
Meditate on that dreadful abode, in which
criminals suffer everlasting pains for momen-
tary pleasures. The fear of God, taken in
tills first sense, is a laudable disposition.
But it ceases to be laudable, it becomes
detestable, when it goes so far as to deprive
a sinner of a sight of all the gracious reme-
dies which God has reserved for sinners.
' I heard thy voice, and I was afraid, and I
hid m3'self,' Gen. iii. 10, said the first man,
afler his fall : but it was ' because he was
naked ;' it was because he had lost the glor}' of
his primitive innocence.and must be obliged to
prostrate himself before his God, to seek from
his infiniite mercy the proper remedies for his
maladies; to pray to him, in whose image he
had been first formed, Gen. i. 26; to ' renew
him after the image of him that created him,'
Col. iii. 10 ; and to ask him for habits, that
' the shame of his nakedness migjit not ap-
pear,' Rev. iii. 18. Despair should not dwell
in the church, hell should be its only abode. It
should be left to ' the devils to believe and
tremble,' Jam. ii. 19. Time is an economy
of hope, and only those, whom the day of
wrath overwhelms with horrible judgments,
have reason to cry ' to the mountains and
rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the wrath
of the Lamb.' R,ev. vi. 16. Too great a degree
of fear, then, in this first sense of fear, is a
detestable disposition.
Fear is no less odious, when it eives us
tragical descriptions of the rights of God, and
of his designs on iiis creatures : when it
makes a tj'rant of him, whom the text calls
' the king of nations,' Rev. xix. 16 ; of him,
who is elsewhere described as having on his
thigh the statel}' title of ' King of kings ;'
of him, whose dominion is described as con-
stituting the felicity of his subjects, ' The
Lord reigneth, let the earth rejoice ;' Ps.
xcvii. 1. Far be such descriptions of God
from us ! They represent the Deity as a mer-
ciless usurer, who requires an account of
talents that we have not received ; who re-
quires angelical knowledge of a human intel-
ligence, or philosophical penetration of an
uninstructed peasant. Far from us be those
systems, which pretend to prove, that Cod
will judge the heathens by the same laws by
v.'hich he will judge the Jews; and that he
will judge those who lived under the law, as
if they had lived under the gospel.' Away
with that fear of God, which is so injurious
to his majesty, and so unworthy of that throne,
which is founded on equity ! What encou-
ragement could I have to endeavour to know
what God has been pleased to reveal to man-
kind, were I preposses.«ed with an opinion,
tiiat, after I had implored, with all the powers
of my soul, the help of God to guide me in
seeking the truth ; after I had laid aside the
prejudices that disguise it ; after I had sus-
pended, as far as 1 could, the passions that
deprave my understanding ; even after 1 had
determined to sacrifice my rest, my fortune,
my dignity, iii)' life, to follow it; I might fall
into capital errors which would plunge me in-
to everlasting wo '■! No, no, we ' have not so
learned Christ,' Ej)!). i\'. 20. None but a re-
fractory servant fears God in this manner. It
is only the refractory servant who, to exculpate
himself for negecting what was in his power,
pretends to have thought that God would re-
quire more than was in his power : Lord, says
he, 'Iknew thee thatthou artahard man, reap-
ing where thou hast not sown, and gathering
where thou hast not strawed,' Matt. xxv. 24.
/ liucw ! And where didst thou learn this .''
What infernal body of divinity hast thou stu-
died .' What dem.on was thy tutor ? Ah ! thou
art ' a wicked servant, and, at the same time,
' a slothful servant ;' slothful, ver. 26, not to
form the just and noble resolution of improv-
ing the talent that I committed to thee :
tciched, to invent such an odious reason, and
to represent me in such dismal colours.
' Thou oughtest to have put my money to the
exchangers, and then I should have received
mine own with usurj',' ver. 27. Thou
oughtest to have improved that ray of light,
with which I had enlightened thee, and not
to have forged an ideal God, who v/ould re-
quire that with which he had not intrusted
thee. Thou ouglitest to have read the books
that my providence put into thy hands, and
not to have imagined that I would condemn
thee for not having read those which were con-
cealed from thee. Thou oughtest to have
consulted those ministers, whom I had set in
my church, and not to have feared that I
would condenm thee for not having sat in
conference with angels and seraph ims, with
whom thou hadst no intercourse. Thou hadst
but one talent ; thou oughtest to have improv-
ed that one talent, and not to have neglected
it lest I should require four of thee. ' Thou
wicked servant ! Thou fdotlilul servant ! take
the talent from him. Give it unto him who
hath ten talents,' ver. 28.
These are the different ideas, which we
ought to form of that disposition of mind
which is called fear in this first sense. To
fear God in tiiis sense is to have the soul fill-
ed with horror at the sight of his judgments.
2. To fear God is a phrase still more equi-
vocal, and it is put for that disposition of mind,
which inclines us to render to him nil the wor-
ship that he requires, to submit to all the laws
128
GOD THE ONLY
[Seh. XII.
that ho imposes, to conceive all the emotions
of admiration, devotedness, and love, which
the eminence of his perfections demand. This
is the usual meaning of the phrase. By this
Jonah described himself, even while he was
acting contrary to it, ' 1 am an Hebrew, and
I fear the Lord the God of heaven,' Jonah i.
i). In this sense the phiase is to be under-
stood when we are told that ' the fear of the
Lord prolongeth days, is a fountain of life, and
pieserveth from the snares of death,' Prov. x.
27 ; xiv. 27. And it is to be taken in the
same sense where ' the fear of the Lord' is
said to be ' the beginning of wisdom,' Ps. cxi.
10. The fear of the Lord in all those passa-
ges includes all tlie duties of religion. The
last quoted passage is quite mistaken, when
the fear that is spoken of is taken for terror :
and a conclusion is drawn from false premises
when it is inferred fronithis passage that fear
is not sufficient for salvation. This false rea-
soning, however, may be found in some sys-
tems of morality. Terror, say they, may, in-
deed, make a part of the course of wisdom,
but it is only the beginning of it, as it is said,
' the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wis-
dom:' but, neither does/c«r signify terror in
this passage, nor does the brginning mean a
priority of time ; it means the principal point.
' The fear of the Lord is the beginning of
wisdom;' that is, the principal point; that
witRout which no man is truly wise, that is,
obedience to the laws of religion, agreeably to
the saying of the Wise Man, ' Fear God, and
keep his commandments : for this is the whole
doty of man,' Eccl. xiv. 13.
It seems Jieedless to remark what idea we
ought to form of this fear ; for, it is plain, the
more a soul is penetrated with it, the nearer it
approaches to perfection. It seems equally un-
necessary to prove that terror is a very different
disposition from this fear : for, on the contrary,
the most effectual mean of not fearing God,
in the first sense is to fear him in the last.
' Fear not,' said Moses formerly, 'for God is
come to {)rove you, that his fear niay be be-
fore your faces. Fear not, that ye may fear ;'
this is only a seeming contradiction. The only
way to prevent fear, that is, horror, on ac-
count of the judgments of God, is to have ' his
fear before your eyes,' that is, such a love,
and such a deference for him, as religion re-
quires. Agreeably to this, it is elsewhere
said, perfect lore (and perfect, love, in this
passage, is nothing but the fear of which I
am speaking), ' perfect love castethout fear;'
that is, a horror on account of God's judg-
ments : for the more love we have for him,
the stronger assurance shall we enjoy, that
his judgments have nothing in them danger-
ous to us.
3. But, beside these two notions of fear,
there is a third, which is more nearly allied to
our text, a notion that is neither so general as
the last, nor so particular as the first. Fear,
in this third sense, is a disposition whicli con-
fiiders him who is the object of it as alone pos-
sessing all that can contribute to our happi-
ness or misery. Distinguish here a particu-
lar from a general happiness. Every being
around us, by a wise disposal of Providence,
has some degree of power to favour, or to hin-
der, a particular happiness. Every thing that
can increase, or abate, the motion of our bo-
dies, may contribute to the advancement, or
to the diminution, of the particular happiness
of our bodies. Every thing that can eluci-
date, or obscure the ideas of our minds, may
contribute to the particular happiness or mis-
ery of our minds. Every thing that can pro-
cure to our souls either a sensation of plea-
sure, or a sensation of pain, may contribute to
the particular happiness or misery of our
souls. But it is neither a particular happi-
ness, nor a particular misery, that we mean to
treat of now : we mean a general happiness.
It often happens, that all things being consid-
ered, a j)articular happiness, considered in
the whole of our felicity, is a general misery :
and, on the contrary, it often happens that all
things being considered, a particular misery,
in the whole of our felicity, is a general hap-
piness. It was a particular misfortune in the
life of a man to be forced to bear the ampu-
tation of a mortified arm: but weighing the
whole felicity of the life of the man, this par-
ticular misfortune became a good, because had
he not consented to the amputation of the mor-
tified limb, the mortification would have been
fatal to his life, and would have deprived him
of all felicity here. It was a particular cala-
mity, that a believer should be called to sufFer
martyrdom : but in the whole felicity of that
believer, martyrdom was a happiness, yea, an
inestimable happiness: by suffering the pain
of a few moments he has escaped those eter-
nal torments which would have attended his
apostacy ; the bearing of a ' light affliction,
which was but for a moment, hath wrought
out a far more exceeding and eternal weight
of glory,' 2 Cor. iv. 17.
Let us sum up these reflections. To con-
sider a being as capable of rendering us happy
or miserable, in the general sense that wg
have given of the words happiness and misery,
is to fear that being, in the third sense which
we have given to the term /car. This is the
sense of the word fear, in the text, and in
many other passages of the holy Scriptures.
Thus Isaiah uses it, ' Say ye not a confedera-
cy, to all them to whom this people say a
confederacy : neither fear ye their fear, nor
be afraid. Sanctify the Lord of hosts himself,
and let him be your fear, and let him be
your dread,' ch. viii. 12, 13. So Jigain,
' Who art thou, that thou shouldst be afraid
of a man that shall die, and of the son
of man that shall be made as grass.'" ch.
li. 12. And again in these well known words
of our Saviour, ' fear not them which kill the
body, but are not able to kill the soul : but
rather fear him which is able to destroy both
soul and body in hell,' Matt. x. 28. To kill
the body is to cause a particular evil ; and to
fear t/tcm ichicli kill the body is to regard the
death of the body as a general evil, determin-
ing the whole of our felicity. To fear him
vhich is able to destroy the soul, is to consider
the loss of the soul as the general evil, and
him tcho is able to destroy the soul as alone
able to determine the whole of our felicity or
misery. In this sense we understand the
text, and this sense seexns most agreeable
to the scope of the place.
The propliet was endeavouring to abase false
gods in the eyes of liiscoimtrymen, while the
Sbh. XII.]
OBJECT OF TEAR.
129
true God was suffering their worshippers to
carry his people into captivity. He was aim-
ing to excite the Jews to worship the God of
heaven and earth, and to despise idols even
amidst the trophies and the triumphs of idol-
aters. He was trying to convince them fully,
that idols could procure neither happiness nor
misery to mankind ; and that, if their wor-
shippers should inflict any punishments on the
captives, they would be only particular evils,
permitted by the Providence of God ; ' Be not
dismayed at the signs of heaven because the
heathen are dismayed at them. One cutteth
a tree out of the forest with the axe to make
idols ; another decks them with silver and
with gold, and fastens them with nails and
with hammers that they move not. The]/ are
upright as the palm-tree, but speak not. They
must needs be borne, because they cannot go.
Be not afraid of them, for they cannot do evil,
neither also is it in them to do good,' ver. 2, &c.
Remark here tiie double motive o^ not fearing
them : on the one hand, they cannot do evil ;
on the other, neither is it in them to do good.
This justifies the idea that we give you of
fear, by representing it as that disposition,
which considers its object as having our hap-
piness and our misery in its power. Instead of
fearing that they should destroy you, announce
ye their destruction, and say unto tlccm, in
the language of the Babylonians who worship
them,* ' the gods that have not made the
heavens, and the earth, even they shall per-
ish from the earth, and from under the hea-
vens,' ver. 11. Having thus shown that hea-
then gods could not be the object of that fear,
which considers a being as able to procure
happiness and misery; the prophet represents
the God of Israel as alone worthy of such a
homage, ' He hath made the earth by his pow-
er, he hath established the world by his wis-
dom, and hath stretched out the heavens by
his discretion. When he uttereth his voice
there is a multitude of waters in the heavens,
and he causeth the vapours to ascend from
the ends of the earth : he maketh lightnings
with rain, and bringeth forth the wind out of
his treasures. Molten images are falsehood
and vanity. The portion of Jacob is not like
them : for he is the former of all things, and
Israel is the rod of his inheritance; the Lord
of hosts is his name,' ver. 12, &c. The pro-
phet, his own mind being filled with these no-
ble ideas, supposes that every other mind is
filled with them too ; and in an ecstacy ex-
claims, ' Who would not fear thee, O King of
nations.'' for to thee doth it appertain !'
Fear, then, taken in this third sense, is a
homage that cannot be paid to a creature
without falling into idolatry. To regard a
being, as capable of determining the happi-
ness or misery of an immortal soul, is to pay
the honours of adoration to him. As it can
be said of none but God, ' it is my happiness
to draw near to him :' so of him alone can it
be truly said, ' it is my misery to depart from
him,' Ps. Ixxiii. 28. Moreover, this homage
belongs to him in a complete and eminent
manner. He possesses all without restric-
tion that can contribute to our felicity, or to
* These words are in the Chaldean language in the
original.
our misery. Three ideas, under which we are
going to consider God, will prove what we
have affirmed.
I. God is a being, whose will is self-efR-
cient.
II. God is the only being, who can ftct im-
mediately on spiritual souls.
III. God is the only being, who can make
all creatures concur with his designs. From
these three notions of God follows this conse-
quence, ' Who would not fear thee, O King
of nations .'"
I. God is a being, whose will is self-efficient.
We call that will self-efficient, which infallibly
produces its effect. By this efficiency of will
we distinguish God from every other being,
either real or possible. No one but God has
a self-efficient will. There is no one but God
of whom the argument from the will to the
act is demonstrative. Of none but God can
we reason in this manner : he wills, therefore
he does. Every intelligent being has some
degree of efficiency in his will : my will has
an efficiency on my arm ; I will to move my
arm, my arm instantly moves. But there is
as great a difference between the efficiency of
the will of a creature, and the efficiency of the
will of the Creator, as there is between a
finite and an infinite being. The will of a
created intelligence, properly speaking, is
not self efficient, for it has only a borrowed
efficiency. When he from whom it is deriv
ed, restrains it, this created intelligence will
have only a vain, weak, inefficient will. I
have to-day a will efficient to move my arm :
but if that Being from whom I derive this will,
should contract, or relax, the fibres of this
arm, my will to move it would become vain,
weak, and inefficient. I have a will efficient
on the whole mass of this body, to which it
has pleased the Creator to unite my immor-
tal soul : but were God to dissolve the bond,
by which he has united these two parts of me
together, all that I might then will in regard
to this body would be vain, weak, and desti-
tute of any effect. When the Intelligence,
who united my soul to my body, shall have
once pronounced the word ' return,' Ps. xc.
3 ; that portion of matter to which my soul
was united will be as free from the power of
my will as the matter that constitutes the
body of the sun, or as that which constitutes
bodies, to which neither my senses, nor my
imagination, can attain. All this comes to
pass, because the efliciency of a creature is a
borrowed efficiency, whereas that of the Cre-
ator is self-efficient and underivcd.
Farther, the efliciency of a creature's will
is finite. My will is efficient in regard to
the portion of matter to which I am united :
but how contracted is my empire ! how lim-
ited is my sovereignty .'' It extends no far-
ther than the mass of my body extends ;
and the mass of my body is only a few inch-
es broad, and a few cubits high. What if
those mortals,who are called k!ngs,monarchs,
emperors, could by foreign aid extend the
efficiency of their wills to the most distant
places ; what if they were able to extend it
to the extremities of this planet, which wo
inhabit ; how little way, after all, is it to the
extremities of this planet ? What if, by the
power of sulphur and saltpetre, these men
130
GOD THE ONLY
[Ser. xir.
extend the efficiency of their will to a little
height in the air ; how low after all, is that
height ? Were a sovereign to unite every
degree of power, that he could procure, to
extend his efficiency to the nearest planet, all
his effijrts would be useless. The efficiency
of a creature's will is finite, as well as bor-
rowed : that of the Creator is independent
and universal ; it extends to the most re-
mote beings, as well as to those that surround
us, it extends alike to all actual and to all
possible beings. My brethren, are ye stricken
with this idea ? Do ye perceive its relation
to our subject.' 'Who would not fear thee,
O king of nations .''
Our low and grovelling minds, low and gro-
velling as they are, have yet some notion of
the grand and the marvellous ; and nothing
can impede, nothing can limit, nothing can
equal our notion of it; when we give it scope
it presently gets beyond every thing that we
see, and every thing that exists. Reality is
not sufficient, fancy must be indulged ; real
existences are too indigent, possible beings
must be imagined ; and we presently quit
the real, to range through the ideal world.
Hence come poetical fictions, and fabulous
narrations ; and hence marvellous adven-
tures, and romantic enchantments. A man
is assuredly an object of great pity when he
pleases himself with such fantastic notions.
But, the principle that occasioned these fic-
tions, ouglit to render the mind of man res-
pectable : it is the very principle which we
have mentioned. It is because the idea, that
the mind of man has of the grand and mar-
vellous, finds nothing to impede, nothing to
limit, nothing to equal it. The most able
architect cannot fully gratify this idea, al-
though he employs his genius, his materials,
and his artists, to erect a superb and regular
edifice in a few years. All this is far below
the notion which we have of the grand and the
marvellous. Our mind imagines an enchant-
er, who, uniting in an instant all the secrets
of art, and all the wonders of nature, by a
single word of his mouth, or by a single act
of his will, produces a house, a palace, or a
city. The most able mechanic cannot fully
gratify this idea, although with a marvellous
industry he builds a vessel, which, resisting
winds and waves, passes from the east to
the west, and discovers new worlds, which
nature seemed to have forbidden us to ap-
proach, by the immense spaces that it has
placed between us. Our mind fancies an
enchantment, which giving to a body natu-
rally ponderous the levity of air, the activity
of fire, the agility of flame, or of ethereal
matter, passes the most immeasurable spaces
with a rapidity swifter than that of lightning.
It is God, it is God alone, my brethren, who
is the original of these ideas. God only
possesses that which gratifies and absorbs our
idea of the grand and the marvellous. The
extravagance of fable does not lie in the ima-
gining of these things ; but in the misapplica-
tion of them. Must an edifice be formed by
a single act of the will .' In God we find the
reality of this idea. He forms not only a
palace, a city, or a kingdom, but a whole
world, by a single act of his will; because
his will is always efficient, and always pro-
duces its effect. * God said, Let there be
light, and there was light,' Gen. i. 3. ' He
spake and it was done : he commanded and it
stood fast,' Ps. xxxiii. 9. Must the immense
distances of the world be passed in an in-
stant .'' In God we find the reality of this
idea. What am I saying ? we find more
than this in God. He does not pass through
the spaces that separate the heavens from the
earth, he fills them with the immensity of his
essence. ' Will God indeed dwell on the
earth .' Behold, the heaven, and heaven of
heavens cannot contain thee !' I Kings viii.
27. ' Thus saith the Lord, The heaven is my
throne, and the earth is my footstool : where
is the house that ye build unto me .' And
where is the place of my rest .' For all
those things hath mine hand made, saith the
Lord,' Isa. Ixvi. 1, 2.
Were it necessary to prove that this idea
is not a freak of our fancy, but that it arises
from an original which really exists : I would
divide, the better to prove my proposition,
my opponents into two classes. The first
should consist of those who already admit
the existence of a perfect Being : to them I
could easily prove that efficiency of will is a
perfection, and that we cannot conceive a
Being perfect, who does not possess this per-
fection. It is essential to the perfection of a
Being, that we should be able to say of him,
'Who hath resisted his will.'' Rom. ix. 19.
Could any other being resist his will, that
being- would be free from his dominion ; and
would subsist not onlj' independently of him,
but even in spite of him : and then we could
conceive a being more perfect than him, that
is, a being from whose dominion nothing
could free itself.
In the second class I would place those
who deny the existence of a supreme Being ;
and to them I would prove that the exist-
ence of beings who have a derived efficiency
of will, proves the existence of a Being whose
will is self-efficient. Whence have finite be-
ings derived that limited efficiency, which
they possess, if not from a self-efficient Being,
who has distributed portions of efficiency
among subordinate beings .'
But it is less needful to prove that there is
a Being who has such a perfection, than it
is to prove, that he who possesses it merits,
and alone merits, such a fear as we have des-
cribed : that he deserves, and that he alone
deserves, to be considered as having our felici-
ty, and our misery, in his power. ' Who
would not fear thee, O King of nations.' to
thee doth it not appertain .' 'And who would
not consider thee as the onJjj object of this
fear ? To whom beside does it appertain .' The
eriiciency of a creature's will proceeds from
thee, and as it proceeds from thee alone,by thee
alone does it subsist; one act of thy will gave
it existence, and one act of thy will can take
that existence away I The most formidable
creatures are only terrible through the exer-
cise of a small portion of efficiency derived
from thee ; thou art the source, the soul, ot
all ! Pronounce the sentence of my misery,
and I shall be miserable : pronounce that of
my felicity, and I shall be happy : nor shall
any thing be able to disconcert a happiness
that is maintained by an efficient will, which
Ser. XII.]
OBJECT OF FEAR.
131*
is superior to all opposition : before which
all is nothing, or rather, which is itself all in
all, because its efficiency communicates effi-
ciency to all ! ' Who would not fear thee, O
Kinj of nations ? Doth not fear appertain to
thee alone r'
Perhaps the proving of a self-efficient will
may be more than is necessary to the exhi-
biting of an object of human fear. Must such
a grand spring move to destroy such a con-
temptible creature as man ? He is only a va-
pour, a particle of air is sufficient to dissipate
it : he is only a flower, a blast of wind is
sufficient to make it fade. This is undenia-
ble in regard to the material and visible man,
in which we too often place all our glory. It
18 not only, then, to the infinite God, it is
not only to him whose will is self-efficient,
that man owes the homage of fear : it may
be said that he owes it, in a sense, to all those
creatures, to which Providence has given a
presidency over his happiness or his misery.
He ought not only to say, ' Who would not
fear thee, O King of nations .'' for to thee
doth it appertain !' But he ought also to say,
Who would not fear thee, O particle of air .''
Who would not fear thee, O blast ofwind.''
Who would not fear thee, O ' crushing of a
moth .'' Job. iv. 15. Because there needs
only a particle of air, there needs only a puff
of wind, there needs only the ' crushing of a
moth,' to subvert his happiness, and to des-
troy his life. But ye would entertain very
different notions of human happiness and
misery, were ye to consider man in a nobler
light; and to attend to our second notion of
God, as an object of fear.
SERMON XII.
GOD THE ONLY OBJECT OF FEAR.
PART II.
Jeremiah x. 7.
Wlio would not fear thee, 0 King of nations ? For to thee doth it appertain.'
God is the only being who has a supreme
dominion over the operations of a spiritual
and immortal soul. The discussion of this
article would lead us into observations too
abstract for this place ; and therefore we
make it a law to abridge our reflections. We
must beg leave .to remark, however, that we
ought to think so highly of the nature of man
as to admit this principle: God alone is able
to exercise an absolute dominion over ^a spi-
ritual and immortal soul. From this princi-
ple we conclude, that God alone has the hap-
piness and misery of man in his power. God
alone, merits the supreme homage of fear.
God alone, not only in opposition to all the;
imaginary gods of Paganism, but also in op-
position to every being that really exists, is
worthy of this part of the adoration of a
spiritual and immortal creature. ' Who
would not fear thee, O King of nations .'''
Weigh the emphatical words which we
just now quoted, ' Who art thou, that thou
ehouldst be afraid of a man that shall die .'''
Who art thou, immaterial spirit, that thou
shouldst be afraid of a man .'' Who art thou,
immortal spirit, that tliou shouldst be afraid
of a man that shall die .''
Who art thou, immaterial spirit, that thou
shouldst be afraid of a man ? Man has no im-
mediate power over a spirit ; he can affect
it only by means of body. It is only by the
body that a tyrant can cause a little anguish
in the soul. It is only by the body as a mean
that he can flatter some of the propensities
of the soul, and propose himself to it as an
object of its hope and fear. But beside that
this power is infinitely small while, the soul
is subject to it ; beside that the soul is capable
of a thousand pleasures and a thousand pains,
during its union to the body, which man can-
not excite ; beside these advantages, it is be-
yond a doubt, that this power of a tyrant can
endure no longer than the union of the soul
to the body does, by the mean of which the
tyrant affects it. If a tyrant exercise his
power to a certain degree^ he loses it.
Wlien he has carried to a certain degree that
violent motion which he produces in the
body, in order to afflict the soul, which is
united to it, he breaks the bond that unites
the soul to the body, and frees his captive by
overloading him with chains. The union
being dissolved the soul is free ; it no long-
er depends on the tyrant, because he commu-
nicates with it only by means of body. Af-
ter the destruction of the organs of the body,
the soul is superior to every effort of a des-
pot's rage. Death removes the soul beyond
the reach of the most powerful monarch. Af-
ter death the soul becomes invisible, and a
tyrant's eye searches for it in vain : it ceases
to be tangible, his chains and his fetters can
hold it no more : it is no more divisible, his
gibbets and his racks, his pincers and his
wheels, can rend it no more : none of his
fires can burn it, for it is not combustible ;
nor can any of his dungeons confine it, for
it is immaterial.
Would to God, my brethren, that we were
well acquainted with our real grandeur, and,
perceiving our own excellence, were above
trembling at those contemptible worms of the
132
GOD THE ONLY
[Seh. XII.
earth, who fancy that they know how to ter-
rify us, only because they havfe acquired the
audacity of addressing us with indolence and
pride. There is no extravagance, there is
not even a shadow of extravagance, in what
we have advanced on the grandeur of an im-
material spirit. We have not said enough.
It is not enough to say that a soul can nei-
ther be disordered by chains, nor racks, nor
gibbets, nor pincers, nor fires ; it defies the
united powers of universal nature. Yea, were
all the waters that hang in the clouds, and
all that roll in the sea, were every drop col-
lected into one prodigious deluge to over-
whelm it, it would not be drowned. Were
mountains the most huge, were masses the
most enormous, were all matter to compose,
if I may speak so, one vast ponderous weight
to fall on and to crush it, it would not be
bruised ; yea it would not be moved. Were
all the cedars of Lebanon, with all the brim-
stone of Asphaltites, and with every other in-
flammable matter, kindled in one blaze to con-
sume it, it would not be burnt. Yea, M'hen
* the heavens pass away with a great noise,
when the constellations of heaven fall, when
the elements melt with fervent heat, when
the earth, and all the works that are therein,
are burnt up,' 2 Pet. iii. 10; when all these
things are dissolved, thou, human soul ! shalt
surmount all these vicissitudes, and rise above
all their ruins ! ' Who art thou V immaterial
spirit ! ' who art thou to bo afraid of a man V
But if the soul, considered in its nature ; if
the soul, as a spiritual being, be superior to
human tyranny ; what homage, on this very
accoxmt, what submission and abasement, or,
to confine ourselves to the text, what fear
ought we not to exercise towards the Su-
preme Being .'' ' Who would not fear thee, O
King of nations .-" God alone has the power
of destroying an immaterial soul ; God alone
has the power of preserving it. God is the
only Father of Spirits. ' Fear not them
which kill the body : but fear him which is
able to destroy the soul. Yea, I say unto
you, fear him,' Heb. xii. 9. God alone can
act immediately on a spiritual creature. He
needs neither the fragrance of flowers, nor
the savour of foods, nor any of the mediums
of matter, to communicate agreeable sensa-
tions to the soul. He needs neither the ac-
tion of fire, the rigour of racks, nor the gall-
ing of chains, to produce sensations of pain.
He acts immediately on the soul. It is he,
human soul ! it is he, who, by leaving thee to
revolve ni the dark void of thine unenlighten-
ed mind, can deliver thee up to all the tor-
ments that usually follow ignorance, uncer-
tainty, and doubt. But the same God can
expand thine intelligence just when he pleases
and enable it to lay down principles, to infer
consequences, to establish conclusions. It is
lie, who can impart new ideas to thee, teach
thee to combine those which thou hast already
acquired, enable thee to multiply numbers,
show thee how to conceive the infinitely va-
rious arrangements of matter, acquaint thee
with the essence of thy tliought, its different
modifications, and its endless operations. It
is he, vi'ho can grant thee new revelations,
devclopc those which he has already given
thee, but which have hitherto lain in obscuri-
ty ; he can inform thee of his purposes, hig
counsels and decrees, and lay before thee, if
I may venture to say so, the whole history of
time and eternity : for nothing either has
subsisted in time, or will subsist in eternity,
but what was preconceived in the counsels of
his infinite intelligence. It is he, who alone,
and for ever, can excite infinite sensations of
pleasure or pain within thee. It is he, who
can apprehend the soul of a tyrant, amidst
the most gay and festive objects, among the
most servile flatteries of a court, and, in spite
of a concourse of pleasures, produce such
horrors and fears, and exquisite torments, as
shall change even a Belshazzar's ' counte-
nance, trouble his thoughts, loose the joints
of his loins, and smite his knees one against
another,' Dan. v. G. And it is he also, who
is able to divert a sensation of pain, amidst
the greatest torments, yea, to absorb a strong
sensation of pain in a stronger sensation of
pleasure. He can make a martyr triumph,
all involved in fire and flame, by shedding
abroad effusions of love in his heart ; ' the
peace of God which passeth all understand-
ing,' and which ' keeps the senses,'* Rom. v.
5 ; Phil. iv. 7 ; that is, a peace which is supe-
rior to the action of the senses, and not to be
interrupted by the exercise of them. It is
he, who can enable him to celebrate a victory
during an apparent defeat : who can overflow,
in a sufferer's heart, the pains of martyrdom
with the pleasures of paradise, and fill the
mouth with shouts of triumph and songs of
praise.
Speak, ye martyrs of Jesus Christ, tell us
what influence the infinite God has over the
soul ! Be ye our divines and philosci])hers.
What did ye feel, when, penetrating through
a shower of stones, ye cried, ' Behold, we see
the heavens opened, and the Son of man
standing on the right hand of God .'" Acts vii.
56. What did ye feel, when, experiencing
all the rage of cruel Nero, ye exulted, 'We
rejoice in hope of the glory of God .-" Rom. v.
2. But this is not the whole of the believer's
joy. The expectation of arriving at great
happiness by means of tribulation may natu-
rally produce a patient submission to tribula-
tions. But here is something more. ' We
rejoice,' says St. Paul, ' in hope of the glory
of God. And not only so,' adds he (weigh
this expressive sentence, my brethren.) ' not
only so ;.' it is not only ' the hope of the glory
of God' that supports and comforts us ; ' not
only so ; but we glory in tribulations also,
knowing that tribulation worketh patience,
and patience experience, and experience
hope : and hope maketh not ashamed, be-
cause the love of God is shed abroad in our
hearts, by the Holy Ghost which is given un
to us.' What did ye feel, when your execu-
tioners, not being able to obtain your volun-
tary adoration of their idols, endeavoured to
obtain it by force ; when, refusing to offer
that incense which they had put into your
* Our author uses the eommon reading of the French
Bible, which is, garde les se^is. The original word is
used in the Holy ?ctiptures for reflection, Kom. vii.
25, and for sensatiuii, Jam. i. 23 The reason of our
following the French reading in this place is obvious.
Where the same reason does not oblige us, we have
made it a. law, in quotations of Scripture, scrupu-
lously to adhere to our English text.
Seh. XII.]
OBJECT OF FEAR.
1 53
hands, ye sang, ' Blessed be the Lord, who
teacheth our liands to war and our fingers to
fight ?' Ps. cxliv. 1. What did ye feel, when,
wrapping your heads in the few rags that
persecution had left you, ye refused to look
at the worship of idols, and patiently submit-
ted to be bruised with bastinadoes, condemn-
ed to the galleys, and chained to the oars ?
What did ye feel, when, in that painful situa-
tion, ye employed the remainder of your
strength to look upward, and to adore the
God of heaven and earth ? It is God who
supports his creature amidst all these tor-
ments, and he alone can infinitely diversify
and extend his sensibility. None but he can
excite in the soul those ineffable pleasures, of
which we have no ideas, and which we can
express by no names : but which will be the
objects of our eternal praises, if they be the
objects of our present faith and hope. It is
God, and only God, wlio can communicate
happiness in this manner. None of this pow-
er is in the hand of man. ' Who art thou,'
Bpiritual creature, ' to be afraid of a man .='
But we add further, ' Who art thou,' im-
mortal creature, ' to be afraid of a man that
shall die.'' The immortality of the soul ele-
vates it above a mortal power, and renders
supreme fear a just homage to none but to that
Being whose dominion continues as long as
the soul continues to exist. Can we be such
novices, I do not say in the school of revela-
tion, but in that of the most superficial rea-
son, as to confound the duration of the soul
with the duration of life ? Or rather, are we
so expert in the art of going from the great
to the little, from the little to the less, from
the less to the least divisible parts of time, or
of matter, as to assign an atom of matter so
minute, or an instant of time so inconsider-
able, that either of them would express the
shortness of a mortal life in comparison of
the duration of an immortal soul ? The most
accurate teachers of logic and metaphysics
forbid the use of the terms, leufflh, duration,
period, in speaking of eternity. We may
say a length, a. duration, a period, of a thou-
sand, or of ten thousand millions of ages :
but if we speak accurately and philosophTcal-
ly, we cannot say the duration of eteruitij,
the length of eternity, the periods of eternity ';
because all the terms that are applicable to
time, are madequate to eternity. No, no, ye
would attempt diflSculties altogether insur-
mountable, were ye to try to find a quantity
80 small as to express the shortness of a mor-
tal hfe m comparison of the duration of an
immortal soul. Not only the most expert
mathernatician is unequal to the attempt,
but it implies a contradiction to affirm, that
the infinite spirit can do this ; because con-
tradiction never is an objectof infinite power,
and because it implies a contradiction to mea-
sure the existence of an immortal soul by the
duration of a mortal life. It can never
be said that a hundred years are the thou-
eandth or the ten thousandth, or the hundred
thousandth part of eternity. The inspired wri-
ters, whose language was often as just as their
Ideas were pure, have told us, that life is as
the ' withering grass ;' as ' a fading flower ;'
as a declining shadow ;" ' swifterlhan' the
rapid and iniperceplible motion of ' a \vea-
yer's shuttle.' They call it 'a vapour," that
is dissipated in the air ; 'a dream,' of which
no vestige remains when the morning is comes
' a thought,'* that vanishes as soon as it is
formed ; ' a phantom t which walketh in a
vain show,' Isa. xl. 7 ; Ps. cii. 11 ; Job vii.
6 ; James iv. 14 ; Ps. Ixxiii. 20! But by all
these emblems they meant to excite humility
in us ; but not to give us any ideas of a pro-
portion between the duration of ' withering
grass, fading flowers, declining shadows,' the
time of throwing a ' weaver's shuttle,' of the
dissipation of 'a vapour,' of the passing of a
dream, of the forming and losing of 'a
thought,' of the 'appearance of a phantom,'
and the eternal existence of an immortj,!
soul. Such is the life of man ! and such the
duration of the dominion of a tyrant over an
immortal soul ! a duration which is only a
point in eternity. A tyrant is mortal, his
empire expires with his life, and were he to
employ the whole course of his life in tor-
menting a martyr, and in trying to impair his
fehcity, he would resemble an idiot throwing
stones at the lightning, while, in an indivisi-
ble moment, and with an inconceivable rapi-
dity, it caught his eye as it passed from tha
east to the west.
But God is ' the King immortal,' 1 Tim. u
17 ; and the eternity of his dominion is sufB-
cient, iny dear hearers, to demonstrate the
truth of the text, and to fix all the possible
attention of your minds on this question,
'Who would not fear thee, O King of na-
tions?' The immortal King is the only fit ob-
ject of the fear of an immortal soul. There
is no empire immortal but that of God, no
dominion unchangeable but his. When the
soul enters eternity it will be subject only to
the God of eternity: ' O God, of old hast
thou laid the foundation of the earth ; and
the heavens are the work of thy hands : they
shall perish, but thou shalt endure ; yea, all
of them shall wax old like a garment; as
a vesture shalt thou change them, and they
shall be changed. But thou art the same,
and thy years shall have no end !' Ps. cii. 24.
We must, of necessity, take up again the
words space, duration, period, which we just
now discarded for their impropriety. During
the periods of eternity, through all the dura-
tion of the existence of Him, who is the samo
and whose years shall have no end, the im-
mortal God will for ever produce the happi-
ness, or the misery, of an immortal soul. His
dominion over it will be eternally exercised
in rendering it happy or miserable. The re-
probate soul will eternally be the object of
the avenging power of this God, for it will
eternally be under the hand of its Judge.
The fliif iiful soul will eternally be the reci-
pient of the beneficence of theimmortal God,
who is the worthy object, the only object, of
solid hope and supreme fear. ' Fear not
them v^hich kill the body, but are not able to
kill the soul : but rather fear him which is
able to destroy both soul and body in hell :
yea, I say unto you, fear him. Who would
not fear thee, O King of nations.' Doth not
fear appertain to thee alone .''
III. Here, my brethren, could I think that
♦ Pg. xc. ?. H^h.
t I's. xxxix. 6, 6. Heb.
134
GOD THE ONLY
[SER.xn.
I had been preaching to marbles, and to rocks ;
could I think that I had been discoursing to
men, who attended on the preacher without
hearing the sermon, or who heard without
understanding it ; I should think other proofs
needed to demonstrate, that God alone merit-
ed the homage of supreme fear. Could I
think that I had been preaching to men, who
were all absorbed in sense and matter, and
who could form no ideas in their minds unless
some material objects were presented to their
senses, or some imagery taken from sensible
objects were used to excite them : I would in-
sist on the third part of this discourse. If
the idea of a Being, whose will is self-efficient
and who can act immediately on a spiritual
Boul, were not sufficient to incline you to ren-
der the homage of fear to God, 1 would re-
present him under the third notion, which
we gave you of him, as making all creatures
fulfil his will. If tyrants, executioners, pri-
sons, dungeons, racks, tortures, pincers, cal-
drons of boiling oil, gibbets, stakes, were ne-
cessary ; if all nature, and all the elements,
were wanted to inspire that soul with fear,
which is so far elevated above the elements,
and all the powers of nature : I would prove
to you that tyrants and executioners, prisons
and dungeons, racks and tortures, and pin-
cers, caldrons of boiling oil, gibbets and stakes,
all nature and all the elements, fulfil the de-
signs of the King of nations ;' and that, when
they seem the least under his direction, they
are invariably accomplishing his will.
These are not imaginary ideas of mine ;
but they are taken from the same Scriptures
that establish the first ideas, which we have
been explaining. What do our prophets and
apostles say of tyrants, executioners, and per-
secutors .' In what colours do they paint them ?
Behold, how God contemns the proudest po-
tentates ; see how he mortifies and abases
them. ' O Assyrian, the rod of mine anger,
the staff in your hand, is mine indignation :
howbeit thy heart doth not think so. The
Lord hath broken the stafl'of the wicked, and
the sceptre of the rulers. Thy pomp is
brought down to the grave, the worm is spread
imder thee, and the worms cover thee. How
art thou fallen from lieaven, O Lucifer, son of
the morning ! How art thou cast down to the
ground, which didst weaken the nations. Thou
ast said in thine heart, I will ascend into hea-
ven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of
God. I will sit also upon the mount of the
congregation, in the sides of the north. I
will ascend above the heights of the clouds.
I will be like the Most High. Yet thou shalt
De brought down to hell. Because thy rage
against me, and thy tumult, is come up into
mine ears, therefore will I ])ut my hook in thy
nose, and my bridle in thy lips, and I will turn
thee back by the way tliou earnest,' Isa x. 5. 7 ;
chap. xiv. 5. 11 — 15; chap, xxxvii. 29. O!
how capable were our sacred authors of con-
sidering the grandees of the earth in their
true point of Tight ! O ! how well they knew
how to teach us what a king, or a tyrant is in
the presence of Him, by whose command
' kings decree justice,' Prov. viii. 15; and by
whose i)ermission, and even direction, tyrants
decree injustice ! The last words that we
quoted from Isaiah, relate to Sennacherib.
And who is this Sennacherib, whose general,
Rabshakeh, is ' come up with a great host' to
overwhelm Jerusalem .' Where is this ' great
king of Assyria.'' What is this insolent mor-
tal, who says, ' Where are the gods of Ha-
math, and of Arpad.' Where are the gods of
Sepharvaim .' Hath any of the gods of the
nations delivered at all his land out of mine
hand .' Shall the Lord deliver Jerusalem out
of mine hand.'' 2 Kings a viii. 17. 34. 33.
What is this Sennacherib ? And what are all
those who tread in his arrogant steps ? They
are wild beasts ; but wild beasts in chains,
conducted whither an Almighty arm pleases
to lead them. The power of this arm is ' a
hook in the noses' of these animals, ' a bridle
in their lips ;' it turns them by the hook to the
right or to the left, and it straightens or loos-
ens the bridle as it pleases. By this hook, by
this bridle, God led the Assyrian beast with-
out his knowing it, and when his heart did not
think so : he led him from Assyria to Jndea,
from Judea to Assyria, as his wisdom requi-
red his presence in either place.
The prophets meant to inspire us with the
same notion of insensible and inanimate beings,
so that every thing which excites fear might
lead us ' to fear the King of nations,' who has
all things in his power, and moves all accord-
ing to his own pleasure. We will not multi-
ply proofs. The prophet, in the chapter out
of which we have taken the text, mentions an
object very fit to inspire us with the fear of
' the King of nations,' who disposes inanimate
beings in such a manner : he describes a tem-
pest at sea. The gravity of this discourse, the
majesty of this place, and the character of this
auditory, will not allow those descriptions
which a sportive fancy invents. We allow
students to exercise their imaginations in an
academy, and we pass over their glaring ima-
ges in favour of their youth and inexperience :
but sometimes descriptions supply the place
of arguments, and a solid logic, not a puerile
rhetoric, requires them. We are now in this
case. In order to humble man in the pres-
ence of ' the King of nations,' we tell him
that this King can make all creatures fulfil
his will. With the same design, our prophet
gives a sensible example of the power of God,
by transporting man to the ocean, and by
showing him ' the works of the Lord, and his
wonders in the de'3p. God uttereth his voice,'
says he, in a verse that follows the text, ' and
there is a noise of a multitude of waters in the
heavens. He causeth the vapours to ascend
from the ends of the earth. He maketh light-
nings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind
out of his treasures,' Ps. cvii. 24. 13. Thou
dull stupid man ! who art not stricken with the
idea of a God, whose will is self-efficient, and
who alone can act immediately on an imma-
terial soul, come and behold some sensible
proofs of that infinite power of which meta-
physical proofs can give thee no idea ! And
thou, proud insolent man I go aboard the best
built vessel, put out to sea, set the most
vigilant watch, surround thyself with the
most formidable instruments; what art thou,
when God uttrreth his voice f What art thou,
when the noise resounds.' What art thou,
when torrents of ran seem to threaten a sec-
ond deluge, and to malic the globe which thou
Ser. XII.)
inhabitest one rolling sea? What art thou,
when lightnings emit their terrible flashes ?
What art thou, when the winds come roaring
out of their treasures ? What art thou then ?
Verily, thou art no less than thou wast in thy
palace. Tliou art no less than when thou
wast sitting at a delicious table. Thou art
no less than thou wast wJien every thing con-
tributed to thy pleasure. Thou art no less
than when, at the head of thine army, thou
wast the terror of nations, shaking the earth
with the stunning noise of thy warlike instru-
ments: for, at thy festal board, within thy
palace, among thy pleasures, at the Lead of
thine armies, thou wast nothing before ' the
King of nations.' As an immaterial and im-
mortal creature, thou art subject to his imme-
diate power : but to humble and to confound
thee, he must manifest himself to thee in sensi-
ble objects. Behold him then in this formi-
dable situation : try thy power against bis :
silence 'the noise of the multitude of waters :'
fasten the vessel that ' reeleth like a drunken
man ;' smooth the foaming waves that ' mount
Ihee up to heaven ;' fill up the horrible gulfs
whither thou goest ' down to the bottoms of
the mountains,' Ps. cvii. 27. 26; Jonah-ii. 7;
dissipate the lightning that flashes in thy face ;
hush the bellowing thunders ; confine the
winds in their caverns ; assuage the anguish
of thy soul, and prevent its melting and exhal-
ing with fear. How diminutive is man ! my
brethren. How many ways has God to con-
found his pride! 'He uttereth liis voice, and
there is a noise of a multitude of waters in the
heavens. He causeth the vapours to ascend
from the ends of the earth. He maketh light-
nings with rain, and bringeth forth the wind
out of his treasures. Who would not fear
thee, O King of nations .''
In this manner the prophets represent all
beings animate aud inanimate, material and
immaterial, as concurring in the Creator's
will. This is not a truth which requires the
submission of faith, but every branch of it
proceeds from reason, and is supported by ex-
perience. When God wills the destruction,
or the deliverance of a people, all creation ex-
ecutes his design. When he is angry, every
thing becomes an instrument of vengeance.
A cherub, brandishing a flaming sword, pre-
vents the return of guilty man to paradise.
The air infected, the earth covered with nox-
ious plants, the brute creation enraged, wage
war with the rebel. Grasshoppers become
* the Lord's great army,' Joel. ii. 11. flies
swarm, waters change into blogd, light turns
to darkness, and all besiege the palace and
the person of Pharaoh. The heavens them-
selves,' the stars in their courses, fight against
Sisera,' Judg. v. 20. The earth yawns, and
swallows up Dathan and Abiram in its fright-
ful caverns. Fire consumes Nadab and Abihu,
Korah and his company. A fish buries alive
the prevaricating Jonah in his wide mouth.
But on the contrary, when God declares him-
self for a people, there is nothing in the uni-
verse which God cannot^make a mean of hap-
piness. The heavens unfurl their beauties ;
the sun expands his light ; the earth adorns
herself with flowers, and loads herself with
fruits, to entertain the favourite of the King
of nations j' while the animals become teacii-
OBJECT OF FEAR.
135
able, and offer to bow to his service. 'All things
work together for good to them that love God.
'All things are yours, whether Paul, or Cephas,
or the world. Behold, I will do a new tiling.
The beasts of the field shall honour me. The
beasts of the field shall honour me, the dragons
and the owls : because I give waters in the
wilderness, and rivers in the desert, to give
drink to my people, my chosen. Ye shall go
out with joy, and be led forth with peace : the
mountains and the hills shall break forth be-
fore you into singing, and all the trees of the
field shall clap their hands. Drop down, ye
heavens from above, let the earth open and
bring forth salvation !' Rom. viii. 28 ; 1 Cor.
iii. 22 ; Isa. xliii. 19. 23 ; Iv. 12 ; xlv. 8.
Thus, my brethren, has God proportioned
himself to our meanness and dulness, in order
to inspire us with fear. Is it necessary, to
make us fear God, that we should see bodies,
in various parts and prodigious masses of
matter, march at his word to fulfil his will ?
Well, behold bodies, in various parts and in
vast masses ! Behold ! universal nature mov-
ing at his word, and fulfilling his will. Let
us fear God in this view of him, if our minds
enveloped in matter cannot conceive an idea
of a Being, whose will is self-efficient, and
who alone can act on immaterial souls. But,
my brethren, a mind accustomed to medita-
tion has no occasion for this last notion : the
first absorbs all. A God, every act of whose
will is effectual, is alone worthy of the hom-
age of fear. A just notion of his power ren-
ders all ideas otmeans useless. The power
of God has no need of means. Were I exist-
ing alone with God, God could make me su-
premely happy, or supremely miserable : one
act of his will is sufficient to do either. We
do not mean to enlarge the idea, when,
speaking of an all-sufficient Creator, who is
superior to the want of means, we treat of a
concurrence of creatures : we only mean to
level the subject to the capacities of some of
our hearers.
Let us sum up what has been said. To
consider a creature as the cause of human
felicity is to pay him tlie homage of adora-
tion, and to commit idolatry. The avari-
cious man is an idolater ; the ambitious man
is an idolater ; the voluptuous man is an idol-
ater. And to render to a creature the hom-
age of fear is also idolatry ; for supreme fear
is as much due to God alone as supreme
hope. He who fears war, and does not fear
the God who sends war, is an idolater. He
who fears the plague, and who does not fear
the God who sends the plague, is an idolater.
It is idolatry, in public or in private ad-
versities, to have recourse to second causes,
to little subordinate deities, so as to neglect
to appease the wrath of the Supreme God.
To consult the wise, to assemble a council,
to man fleets, to raise armies, to build forts,
to elevate ramparts, and not to consider the
succour of heaven, which alone is capable of
giving success to all such means, is to be
guilty of idolatry. Isaiah reproves the Jews
in tlie most severe manner for this kind of
idolatry. ' In that day,' says the prophet,
speaking of the precautions which they had
taken to prevent the designs of their ene-
mies ; ' In that day thou didst look to the ar-
136
THE MANNER OF
[Ser. XIII.
mour of the house of the forest. Ye have
seen also the breaches of the city of David :
and ye gathered together the waters of the
lower pool. And ye have nimibered the
houses of Jerusalem, and the houses have
ye broken down to fortify the wall. Ye have
made also a ditch between the two walls, for
the water of the old pool : but ye have not
looked unto the Maker of this Jerusalem,
neither had respect for him that fashioned it
long a^o. And in that day did the Lord
God of hosts call to weeping, and to mourn-
ing, and to baldness, and to girding with
sackcloth : and behold, joy and gladness,
slaying oxen and killing sheep, eating flesh
and drinking wine ; let us eat and drink, for
to-morrow we shall die. And it was revealed
in mine ears by the Lord of hosts, Surely
this iniquity shall not be purged from you,
till ye die, saith the Lord of hosts,' Isa. xxii.
8 — 14. Do we deserve less cutting re-
proaches ? In that day, in the day of our
public and private calamities, we have con-
sulted wise men, we have assembled coun-
cils, we have fitted out fleets, and raised ar-
mies, we have pretended by them to secure
these provinces from impending dangers,
and we have ' not had respect unto him that
fashioned them long ago.' But what are
wise men .-' What are councils ? What are
navies .-" What are armies and fortifications,
but subordinate beings, which God directs
as he pleases .'' Ah ! ye penitential tears, ye
days of sackcloth aud ashes, ye solemn hu-
miliations, ye sighs that ascend to God, ye
fervent prayers, ye saints who impart your
souls in fervour ; and, above all, ye sin-
cere conversions to ' the King of nations,'
love to his laws, obedience to his commands,
submission to his will, tenderness to his peo-
ple, zeal for his altars, devotedness to his
worship ; if ye do not prevail with the ' King
of nations' to favour our designs, what must
our destiny be ? And ye tragical designs,
black attempts, shameful plots, impure asso-
ciations, criminal intrigues, execrable oaths,
atrocious calumnies, cruel falsehoods, with
what oceans of misery will ye overflow ua,
if ye arm 'the King of nations' against us?
To conclude. Tliere is much imbecility,
if no idolatry in us, if, while we fear God,
we stand in too much awe of second causes,
which sometimes appear terrible to us. No,
no ! revolution of ages, subversion of states,
domestic seditions, foreign invasions, conta-
gious sicknesses, sudden and untimely deaths,
ye are only the servants of that God, whose
favourite creature I am. If, by his command,
ye execute some terrible order on n)e, I will
receive it as a comfortable order, because it
is executed only for my good. Trouble my
peace : perhaps it may be fatal to me. Turn
the tide of my prosperity, which seems to
constitute my glory : perhaps it may be dan-
gerous to me. Snap the silken bonds that
have so much influence on the happiness of
my life ; perhaps they may become my idols.
Pluck out my eyes, cut ofi" my hands ; per-
haps they may cause me to ' offend,' Matt,
xviii. 8, and may plunge me into the bottom-
less abyss. Bind me to a cross : provided it
be my Saviour's cross. Cut the thread of
my life : provided the gates of immortal hap-
piness be opened unto me.
Christians, let us satiate our souls with
these meditations. Let us give up our hearts
to these emotions. Let us fear God, and let
us fear nothing else. ' Fear not thou worm
Jacob. Fear thou not, for I am with thee ;
Be not dismayed, for I am thy God ; I will
strengthen thee, yea, I will help thee, yea,
I will uphold thee with the right hand oi'my
righteousness. Fear not thou worm Jacob,
and ye men of Israel; I will help thee, saith
the Lord, and thy Redeemer, the Holy One
of Israel. Who will not fear thee, O King
of nations.' for to thee doth it appertain,"
Isa. xli. 10. 14. May God inspire us with
these sentiments! To him be honour and
glory for ever ! Amen.
SERMON Xlir.
THE MANNER OF PRAISING GOD.
Trcnehptl after the adniini«tration of the Lord's Supper.
Psalm xxxiii. 1.
Praise is comely
a. HERE is something very majestic, my
brethren, in the end for which we are now
assembled in the presence of God. His Pro-
vidence has infinitely diversified the condi-
tions of those who compose this assembly.
Some are placed in the most eminent, others
in the most obscure, posts of society. Some
live in splendour and opulence, others in
meanness and indigence. One is employed
in the turbulence of the army, another in
the silence of the study. Notwithstanding
for the upright,
this infinite variety of employments, ranks,
and ages, we all assemble to-day in one place;
one object occupies us ; one sentiment ani-
mates us ; one voice makes the church re-
sound, ' praise ye the Lord, for his mercy
endureth for ever,' Ps. cxxxvi. 1. If there
be an object that can give a mortal any ideas
of the first impressions which are made on a
soul, at its first entering the glorious palace
of the blessed God in heaven, it is this. The
first object* that strike such a soul, ara mul-
Sen. XIII.j
PRAISING GOD.
157
titudes of all nations, tongues, and people,
concentrated in a meditation on the benefi-
cence of God, prostrating themselves before
his throne, casting their crowns at his feet,
and crying, out of the abundance of their
hearts, which contemplate the perfections of
a Being worthy of their profoundest praise,
* Amen, blessing, and glory, and wisdom, and
thanksgiving, and honour, and power and might
be unto our God, for ever and ever Amen. We
give thee thanks, O Lord God Almighty,
which art, and wast, and art to come ; be-
cause thou hast taken to thee thy great pow-
■er, and hast reigned. Great and marvellous
are thy works. Lord God Almighty ; just and
true are thy ways, thou King of saints !
Unto him that loved us, and washed us
from our sins in his own blood, and hath
made us kings and priests unto God and
his Father ; to him be glory and dominion
for ever and ever, Amen,' Rev vii. 12 ; xi.
17 ; XV. 3 ; i. 5, 6. This is the employ-
ment of the blessed in heaven : this is what
we are doing to-day on earth.
But what a contradiction, what a contrast
appears, when lifting up the exterior habit of
piety that covers some of us, we examine
the inward dispositions of the heart. The
psalms, wliich are uttered with the voice, are
contradicted by the tempers of the heart.
The mouths that were just now opened to
bless the Creator, will presently be opened
again to blaspheme and to curse him. The
praises which seemed so proper to please him
an whose honour they were offered, will incur
this reproof, ' Thou wicked man ! What hast
thou to do to take my covenant in thy
mouth V Ps. i. 16.
My brethren, if we would join our voices
with those of angels, we must have the sen-
timents of angels. We must (at least, as
far as the duty is imitable by such frail crea-
tures,) we must, in order to worship God as
those happy spirits praise him, love him as
they do, serve him as they do, devote our-
selves to him as they devote themselves to
him ; and this is the manner of praising God,
to which I exhort, and in which I would en-
deavour to instruct you to-day, ao-reeabl}' to
the prophet's exalted notions of it in the
words of the text. What day can be more
proper to inspire such a noble design .'' What
day can be more proper to engage you to
mix your worship with that of glorified in-
telligences, than this, on which v.^e are to
come ' unto the city of the living God, the
heavenly Jerusalem, to an innumerable com-
pany of angels, and to the church of the
first-born which are written in heaven .'' Heb.
xii. 22, 23.
But, who are we, to be admitted into a so-
ciety so holy .' Great God! Thou dost ap-
pear to us to-day, as thou didst formerly to
thy prophet, ' sitting upon a throne, high and
lifted up, and thy train filling the temole,'
Isa. vi. 1. Around thee stand the seraphim,
covering tliemselves with their wings in thy
majestic presence, and crying one to another,
' Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts, the
whole earth is full of thy glory,' ver. 3. We
are stricken as thy prophet was, with such a
tremendous vision, and each of us cries, with
him, 'Wo ia me I I am undone! I am a
man of unclean lipa ! and yet, mine eyes hava
seen the King, the Lord of hosts.' ver. 5.
O great God ! command one of thy sera-
phim to fly to us as he flew to him ; bid him
touch our mouths as he touched his, with ' a
live coal from off thine altar,' ver. 6 ; and in
this day of grace and mercy, let him say to
each of us, ' Lo this hath touched thy lips,
and thine iniquity is taken away, and thy
sin purged ! Auien,' ver. 7.
' Praise is comely for the upright' The
praising of God is a duty of which we may
form two different notions: a general, and
a particular notion. By a general notion of
praise, I mean, the exercise of a man, who,
being capable of examining sublime objects,
and of comprehending grand subjects, fixes
his attention on the attributes of God, feels
the force of those proofs which establish the
truth of them, is delighted with them to a
certain degree, and is happy in publishing
their praise. 1 mea.n, by a. particular notion
of praising God, the exercise of a man, who,
having received some signal favour of God,
loves to express his gratitude for it.
Each of these exercises of praise suppo-
ses reflections, and sentiments. To praise
God in the first sense, to reflect on his attri-
butes, to converse, and to write about them
without having the heart affected, and with-
out loving a Being, who is described as
supremely amiable, is a lifeless praise, more
fit for a worldly philosopher than for a ration-
al Christian. To praise God in the second
sense, to be affected with the favours of God,
without having any distinct notions of God,
without knowing whether the descriptions
of the perfections that are attributed to him
be flights of fancy or real truths, is an exer-
cise more fit for a bigot, who believes with-
out knowing why, than for a spiritual man,
who judges all things, 1 Cor. ii. 15. If we
distinguish the part^that these two faculties,
reflection and sentiment, take in these two
exercises of praise, we may observe, that the
first, I mean the praise of God taken in a ge-
neral sense, is the fruit of refection, and the
second of sentiment. The first is, if I may
be allowed to speak so, the praise of the
mind : the second is the praise of the heart.
It is difficult to determine which of these
two notions prevails in the text, whether
the psalmist uses the word -praise in the first,
or in the second sense. If we judge by the'
whole subject of the psalm, both are^included.
The praise of the heart is easily discovered
Whether the author of the psalm were He-
zekiah, as many of the fathers thought, who
say, that this prince composed it after the
miraculous defeat of Sennacherib ; or whe-
ther, as it is most likely, David were the
composer of it, after one of those preterna-
tural deliverances, with which his life was so
often signalized : what I call the praise of the
heart, that is, a lively sense of some inesti-
mable blessing, is clearly to be seen. On the
other hand, it is still clearer, that the sa-
cred author does not celebrate only one par-
ticular object in the psalm. He gives a
greater scope to his meditation, and com-
prises in it all the works, and all the per-
fections of God.
Although the solemnity of thii day calla
138
THE MANNER OF
Ser. XIII.
us less to the praise of the mind than to
that of the heart ; although we intend to
make the latter the principal subject of this
discourse ; yet it is necessary to attend a lit-
tle to the former.
I. ' The praise of the Lord,' taking the
word praise in the vague sense that we have
affixed to the term, ' is comely for the up-
right:' and it is comely for none but for
them.
' Praise is comely for the upright.' No-
thing is more worthy of the attention of an
intelligent being, particularly, nothing is
more worthy of the meditation of a superior
genius, than the wonderful perfections of the
Creator. A man of superior genius is re-
quired, indeed, to use his talents to cultivate
the sciences and the liberal arts : but, after
all, the mind of man, especially of that man
to whom God has given superior talents,
which assimilate him to celestial intelligen-
ces, was not created to unravel a point in
chronology, to learn the different sounds by
which different nations signify their ideas, to
measure a line, or to lose itself in an alge-
braic calculation ; the mind of such a man
was not created to study the stars, to count
their number, to measure their magnitude, to
discover more than have yet been observed.
Nobler objects ought to occupy him. It be-
comes such a man to contemplate God, to
guide the rest of mankind, to lead them to
God, who ' dwelleth in the light which no
man can approach unto,' I Tim. vi. 16, and
to teach us to attenuate the clouds that hide
him from our feeble eyes. It becomes such
a man to use that superiority which his
knowledge gives him over us, to elevate our
hearts above the low region of terrestrial
things, where they grovel with the brute
beasts, and to help us to place them on the
bright abode of the iramortal God. The
praise of the Lord is comely for upright men.
But praise is comely only for upright men.
I believe it is needless now to explain the
word uprightness. The term is taken in the
text in the noblest sense : this is a sufficient
explication, and this is sufficient also to con-
vince us, that the praising of God is comely
for none but upright men. I cannot see,
without indignation, a philosopher trifle with
the important questions that relate to the at-
tributes of God, and make them simple exer-
cises of genius, in which the heart has no
concern, examining whether there be a God,
with the same indifference with which he in-
quires whether there be a vacuum in nature,
or whether matter be infinitely divisible. On
determining the questions which relate to
the divine attributes depend our hopes and
fears, the plans that we must form, and the
course of life which we ought to pursue : and
with these views we should examine the per-
fections of God : these are consequences that
should follow our inquiries. With such dis-
positions the psalmist celebrated the praises
of God, in the psalm out of which we have
taken the text. How comely are the praises
of God in the mouth of such a man !
Let us follow the holy man a moment in
his meditation. His psalm is not composed
in scholastic form, in which the author con-
fines himself to fixed rules, and, scrupulously
following a philosophical method, lays down
principles, and infers consequences. How-
ever, he establishes principles, the most pro-
per to give us sublime ideas of the Creator ;
and he speaks with more precision of the
works and attributes of God than the great-
est philosophers have spoken of them.
How absurdly have philosophers treated of
the origin of the world ! How few of them
have reasoned conclusively on this important
subject ! Our prophet solves the important
question by one single principle ; and, what
is more remarkable, this principle, which is
nobly expressed, carries the clearest evi-
dence with it. The principle is this : ' By
the word of the Lord, were the heavens made ;
and all the host of them by the breath of his
mouth,' ver. 6. This is the most rational ac-
count that was ever given, of the creation of
the world. The world is the work of a self-
efficient will, and it is this principle alone that
can account for its creation. The most sim-
ple appearances in nature are sufficient to
lead us to this principle. Either my will is
self-efficient, or there is some other being
whose will is self-efficient. What I say of
myself, I say of my parents, and what I affirm
of my parents, I affirm of my more remote
ancestors, and of all the finite creatures from
whom they derived their existence. Most
certainly, either finite beings have self-effi-
cient wills, which it is impossible to suppose,
for a finite creature with a self-efficient will
is a contradiction : either, I say, a finite
creature has a self-efficient will, or there is a
first cause who has a self-efficient will ; and
that there is such a Being is the principle of the
psalmist ; ' By the word of the Lord were
the heavens made : and all the host of them
by the breath of his mouth.'
If philosophers have reasoned inconclusively
on the origin of the world, they have spoken
of its government with equal uncertainty.
The psalmist determines this question with
great facility, by a single principle, which
results from the former, and which, like the
former, carries its evidence with it. ' The
Lord looketh from heaven : he considereth
all the works of all the inhabitants of the
earth,' Ps. xxxiii. 13, 14. This is the doc-
trine of Providence. And on what is the
doctrine of Providence foimded ? On this
principle : God ' fashioneth their hearts alike,'
ver. 15. Attend a moment to the evidence
of this reasoning, my brethren. The doc-
trine of Providence, expressed in these words,
' God considereth the works of the inhabitants
of the earth,' is a necessary consequence of
this principle, ' God fashioneth their hearts
alike,' and this principle is a necessary con-
sequence of that which the psalmist had be-
fore laid down to account for the origin of
the world ! Yes ! from the doctrine of God
the Creator of men, follows that of God the
inspector, the director, rewarder, and the
punisher of their actions. One of the most
specious objections that has ever been oppos-
ed to the doctrine of Providence, is a contrast
between the grandeur of God and the mean-
ness of men. How can such an insignificant
creature as man be an object of the care and
attention of such a magnificent being as God .'
No objection can be more specious, or, in ap-
Ser. XIII.]
PRAISING GOD.
139
pearance, more invincible. The distance be-
tween the meanest insect and the mightiest
monarch, who treads and crushes reptiles to
death without the least regard to them, is a
very imperfect image of the distance between
God and man. That which proves that it
would be beneath the dignity of a monarch
to observe the motions of ants, or worms, to
interest himself in their actions, to punish, or
to reward them, seems to demonstrate, that
God would degrade himself were he to ob-
serve, to direct, to punish, to reward mankind,
who are infinitely inferior ^to him. But one
fact is sufficient to answer* this specious ob-
jection : that is, that God has created man-
Kind. Does God degrade himself more by
governing than by creating mankind ,'' Who
can persuade himself, that a wise Being has
given to intelligent creatures faculties capable
of obtaining knowledge and virtue, without
willing that they should endeavour to acquire
knowledge and virtue .' Or who can imagine,
that a wise Being, who wills that his intelli-
gent creatures should acquire knowledge and
virtue, will not punish them if they ncziect
those acquisitions ; andwiU not show by the
distribution of his benefits that he approves
their endeavours to obtain them ?
Unenlightened philosophers have treated of
the attributes of God witli as much abstruse-
ness as they have written of his works. The
moral attributes of God, as they are called in
the schools, vyere mysteries which they could
not unfold. These may be reduced to two
classes : attributes of goodness, and attributes
of justice. Philosophers, who have admitted
these, have usually taken that for granted
which they ought to have proved. They col-
lected together in their minds all perfections ;
they reduced them all to one object,which they
denominated a perfectheing : and supposing,
without proving, that a perfect Being ex-
isted, they attributed to him, without proof,
every thing that they considered as a perfec-
tion. The psalmist shows by a surer way
that there is a God supremely just, and
supremely good. It is necessary in order to
convince a rational being of the justice and
goodness of God, to follow such a method as
that which we follow to prove his existence.
When we would prove the existence of God,
we say, there are creatures, therefore there
is a Creator. In like manner, when we
would prove that a creature is just, and a
good being, we say, there are qualities of
goodness and justice in creatures, therefore
he, from whom these creatures derive their
existence, is a Being just and good. Now,
this is the reasoning of the psalmist in this
psalm : ' The Lord loveth righteousness and
judgment; the earth is full of the goodness
of the Lord,' ver. 5, that is to say, it is im-
possible to consider the works of the Creator,
without receiving evidence of his goodness.
And the works of nature, which demonstrate
the goodness of God, prove his justice also:
for God has created us with such dispositions,
that we cannot enjoy the gifts of his goodness
without obeying the laws of his righteous-
ness. The happiness of an individual, who
procures a pleasure by disobeying the laws of
equity, is a violent happiness, which cannot
be of long duration : and the prosperity of
public bodies, when it is founded in iniquity,
is an edifice, which with its bases will be pre-
sently sunk and gone.
But what we would particularly remark is,
that the excellent principles of the psalmist,
concerning God, are not mere speculations:
but truths from which he derives practical in-
ferences ; and he aims to extend their influ-
ence beyond private persons, even to legisla-
tors and conquerors. One would think, con-
sidering the conduct of mankind, that the
consequences, which are drawn from the doc-
trines of which we have been speaking, be-
long to none but to the dregs of the people ;
that lawgivers and conquerors have a plan
of morality peculiar to themselves, and are
above the rules to which other men must
submit. Our prophet had other notions.
What are his maxims of policy .' They are
all included in these words : ' Blessed is the
nation whose God is the Lord ; and the peo-
ple whom he hath chosen for his own inhe-
ritance,' ver. 12. What are his mihtary
maxims .' they are all included in these
words : ' There is no king saved by the mul-
titude of a host ; a miglity man is not de-
livered by much strength : a horse is a vain
thing for safety ; neither shall he deliver any
by his great strength,' ver. 16. 17. Who
proposes these maxims .'' A hermit, who
never appeared on the theatre of the world ^
or a man destitute of the talents necessary to
shine there .'' No : one of the wisest of kings ;
one of the most bold and able generals ; a
man, whom God had self-elected to govern
his chosen people, and to command those
armies which fought the most obstinate bat-
tles, and gained the most complete victories.
Were I to proceed in explaining the system
of the psalmist, I might prove, that as he
had a right to infer the doctrine of Providence
from the works of nature, and that of the
moral attributes of God from the works of
creation ; so from the doctrines of the moral
attributes of God, of providence, and of the
works of creation, he had a right to conclude,
that no conquerors or lawgivers could be
truly happy but those who acted agreeably to
the laws of the just and good Supreme. But
I shall not enlarge on this article.
Permit me only to place in one point of
view the different phrases by which the
psalmist describes the Deity in this psalm.
' The earth is full of the goodness of the
Ijord. By the word of the Lord were the
heavens made : and all the host of them by
the breath of his mouth. He gathereth the
waters of the sea together, as a heap : he
layeth up the depth in storehouses. The
Lord looketh from heaven : he beholdeth all
the sons of men. From the place of his ha-
bitation he looketii upon all the inhabitants
of the earth. He fashioneth their hearts
alike ; he considereth all their works,' Ps.
xxxiii. .5 — 7. 13 — 15. From these speculative
ideas of God, he derives the following rules
of practice, ' Let all tlie earth fear the Lord :
let all the inhabitants of the world stand in
awe of him. Our soul waiteth for the Lord :
he is our help and our shield. For our heart
shall rejoice in him : because we have trusted
in his holy name. Let thy merc}', O I^ord,
be upon us according as we hope in tliee,'
140
THE MANNER OF
[Ser. XIII.
Pe. xxxiii. 8 20—22. How delightful it is,
my brethren, to speak of God, when one has
talents to speak of him in such a noble man-
ner ; and when one intends to ])romote the
fear and the love of him, witli a universal
obedience to him, from all that is said ! How
well it becomes such a man to praise God !
The praise of the Lord is comely in the
mouths of upright men.
II. Let us now apply the subject more im-
mediately to the service of this da}'. To
praise God is a plirase, which is sometimes
taken in a particular sense, for tiie exercise
of a person, who, having received singular
favours of God, delights in expressing his
gratitude to him. This praise is comely in
the mouth of an upright man for four reasons.
First, Because he arranges them in their
true order, highly estimating what deserves
a high esteem, and most higlily estimating
what deserves the highest esteem.
Secondly, Because he employs all his bene-
fits in the service of his benefactor.
Thirdly, Because, while he recounts his
blessings, he divests himself of all merit, and
ascribes them only to the goodness of God
from whom they proceed.
Fourthly, Because he imitates that good-
ness and love, which inclined God to bless
him in such a manner.
I will affix to each of tiiese reflections a
single word. Praise, or if you will, grati-
tude, ' is comely for tiie upright,' because it
is ici-se, real, humble, and magnanivious :
in these four respects, ' praise is comely for
the upright.' These are the sentiments with
which the august ceremony of which we have
partaken this morning, should inspire us.
These are the most important reflections
with which we can close tiiis discourse.
1. The gratitude of upright men is loise.
The praise of the Lord becomes them well,
because, while they bless God for all their
mercies, they arrange them in their proper
order ; they prize each according to its real
worth, and that most of all which is of the
greatest value. It is a very mortifying re-
flection, my brethren, that the more we
study ourselves, the more clearly we per-
ceive, that the love of the world, and of sen-
sible things, is the chief spring of all our ac-
tions and sentiments. This disagreeable
truth is proved, not only by the nature of
our vices, but even by the genius of our
virtues ; not only by the offences that we
commit against God, but by the very duties
that we perform in his service.
A person so ungrateful, as not to discover
any gratitude to God, when he bestows tem-
poral blessings on him, can scarcely be found.
We praise God, when he delivers us from
any public calamit}', or from any domestic
adversity ; when he recovers us from dan-
gerous illness ; when he raises us up an un-
expected friend, or a protector, v.'iio assists
us ; when he sends us some prosperit\^ whicli
renders life more easy. In such cases as
these, we render a homage to God, that can-
not be refused without ingratitude.
But we are extrenjcly blameablc, when,
while we feel the value of these blessings,
we remain in.«iensiblo of the worth of other
blessings, which are infinitely mere valuable.
and which merit infinitely more gratitade.
A blessing that directly regards the soul, is
more valuable than one which regards only
the body. A blessing, that regards our eter-
nal happiness, is of greater worth, than one
which influences only the happiness of this
life. Whence is it then, that being so sen-
sible of the blessings of the first kind, we
are so little affected with those of the last .'
How comes it to pass, that we are so full of
gratitude, when God gives the state some
signal victory ; when he prospprs its trade ;
when he strengthens the bonds that unite it
to powerful and faithful allies ; and so void
of it, while he continues to grant it the
greatest blessing that a society of rational
creatures can enjoy, I mean a liberty to serve
God according to the dictates of our own
consciences .' Whence is it, that we are so
very thankful to God for preserving our
lives from the dangers that daily threaten
them and so little thankful for his miraculous
patience with us, to which it is owing, that,
after we have hardened our hearts against
his voice one year, he invites us another
year ; after we have falsified our promises
made on one solemnity, he calls us to another
solemnity, and gives us new opportunities of
being more faithful to him.' Whence comes
this difference .' Follow it to its source.
Does it not proceed from what we just now
said .' Is not love of the world, and of sen-
sible things, the grand spring of our actions
and sentiments.' The world, the world ; lo !
this is the touchstone by which we judge of
good and evil.
An upright man judges in another man-
ner : he will indeed, bless God for all his
benefits : but, as he knows how to arrange
them, so he knows how to prize each accord-
ing to its worth, and how to apportion his
esteem to the real value of them all.
According to such an estimation, what ought
not our gratitude to God to be to-day, my dear
brethren ! we may assure ourselves with the
utmost truth, that had the Lord united in our
houses to-day pleasures, grandeurs, and dig-
nities ; had he promised each of us a life
longer than that of a patriarch ; a family as
happy as that of Job, after his misfortunes ;
glory as great as that of Solomon ; he would
have bestowed nothing equal to that blessing
which he gaye us this morning. He forgave
those sins, which, had they taken their na-
tural course, would have occasioned endless
remorse, and would have plunged ns into
everlasting misery and wo. A peace was
shed abroad in our consciences, which gave
us a foretaste of heaven. He excited hopes,
tiiat absorbed our souls in their grandeur.
Let us say all in one word : he gave us his
Son. 'He that spared not his own Son, how
shall he not with him also freely give us all
things "
R
om. vni. oii.
2. The gratitude of upright men is real.
The praise of the Lord becomes them, be-
cause, while they praise God for his bene-
fits, they live to tne glory of their benefac-
tor. Evqry gift of God furnishes v.s with
both a niotivc and ,•! mean of obedience
to him. It is an excess of ingratitude to
make a conUnry use of his gifls, and to turn
the benefits that we receive a^rK^inst the bene-
Skh. XIII.]
PRAISING GOD.
141
factor from whom we receive them. What
gifts are they by which God has not distin-
guished us.'' Thee he has distinguished
By a penetrating genius, which renders
the highest objects, the deepest myste-
ries, accessible to thee. Wo be to thee ! if
thou employ this gift to invent arguments
acainst the trutlis of religion, and to find out
sophisms that befriend infidelity. An upright
man devotes this gift to the service of his
benefactor ; he avails himself of his genius,
to discover the folly of skeptical sophisms,
and to demonstrate the truth of religion. On
thee he has bestowed an astonishing memo-
ry. Wo be to thee ! if thou use it to retain
the pernicious maxims of the world. An iq}-
right man dedicates this gift to his benefac-
tor ; he employs his memory in retaining the
excellent lessons of equity, charity and pa-
tience, which the Holy Spirit has taught him
in the Scriptures. To thee he has given an
authoritative elocution, to which every hear-
er is forced to bow. Wo be to thee ! if thou
apply this rare talent to seduce the minds,
and to deprave the hearts, of mankind. An
upright man devotes this blessing to the
Bcrvice of his benefactor ; he uses his elo-
quence to free the minds of men from error,
and their lives from vice. Towards thee
God has exercised a patience, which seems
contrary to his usual rules of conduct to-
wards sinners, and by which he has abounded
towards thee in forbearance and longsufter-
ing. Wo be to thee ! if thou turn this bless-
ing to an opportunity of violating the com-
mands of God; if thine obstinacy run paral-
lel with his patience, and if, ' because sen-
tence against an evil work is not executed
speedily,' ' thy heart be fully set in thee to
do evil,' Eccl. viii. 11. An upright man de-
votes this blessing to his benefactor's service.
From the patience of God he derives motives
of repentance. How easily might this ar-
ticle be enlarged ! how fruitful in instruction
would it be on this solemnity ! But we proceed.
3. Gratitude to God well becomes an up-
right man, because it is humble ; because an
upright man, by publishing the gifts of God's
grace, divests himself of himself, and attri-
butes them wholly to the goodness of him
from whom they came. Far from us be a pro-
fane mixture of the real grandeurs of the
Creator with the fanciful grandeurs of crea-
tures! Far be those praises, in which he
who offers them always finds, in his own ex-
cellence, the motives that induced the Lord
to bestow his benefits on him !
Two reflections always exalt the gifts of
God in the eyes of an upright man : a reflec-
tion on his meanness, and a reflection on his
unworthiness ; and it is with this comeliness
of humility, if I may venture to call it so,
that I wish to engage you to praise God for
the blessings of this day.
1. Meditate on your vicanness. Contrast
yourselves with God, who gives himself to
you to-day in such a tender manner. How
soon is the capacity of man absorbed in the
works and attributes of God ! Conceive, if
thou be capable, the grandeur of a Being,
who ' made the heavens by his word, and all
tlie host of them, by the breath of his moufh.'
Think, if thou be capable of thinking, of the
glory of a Being, who existed from all eterni-
ty, whose-understanding is infinite, and whose
power is irresistible, whosejwill is above con-
trol. Behold him filling the whole universe
with his presence. Behold him in the palaca
of his glory, inhabiting the praises of the
blessed, surrounded by thousand thousands,
and by ten thousand times ten thousand an-
gels, who excel in strength, and who delight
to fly at the first signal of his will. Thou
human soul ! contemplate this object, and
recover thy reason. What art thou ? What
was thine origin .' What is thine end ? Thou
diminutive atom ! great only in thine own
eyes ; behold thyself in thy true point of
view. Dust ! ashes ! putrefaction ! gloriou*
only at the tribunal of thine own pride ; di-
vest thyself of the tawdry grandeur in which
thou lovest to array thyself Thou vapour ! .
thou dream ! Thou exhalation of the earth !
evaporating in the air, and having no other
consistence than what thine own imagination
gives thee : behold thy vanity and nothing-
ness. Yet this dream, this exhalation, this
vapour, this dust and ashes and putrefaction,
this diminutive creature, is an object of tha
eternal care and love of its God. For thee,
contemptible creature ! the Lord stretched
out the heavens : for thee he laid the founda-
tion of the earth : let us say more, for thee,
contemptible creature ! God formed the plan
of redemption. What could determine the
great Jehovah to communicate himself, in
such a tender and intimate manner, to go
contemptible a creature as man ? His good-
ness, his goodness alone.
Although a sense of our meanness should
not terrify and confound us, yet it should ex-
clude arrogance, and excite lowly sentiments.
But what will our humility be, if we estimate
the gifts of God's grace by an idea of our
unworthiness ? Let each recollect the mor-
tifying history of his own life. Remember,
thou! thy (fiery youth,' in which, forgetting
all the principles, that thy pious parents had
taught thee, thou didst acknowledge no law
but thine own passionate and capricious will.
Remember, thou ! that period, in which thy
heart being infiituated with one object, and
wholly employed about it, thou didst make it
thine idol, and didst sacrifice to it thine hon-
our, thy duty, thy God. Recollect, thou!
the cruel use, that for many years thou didst
make of thy credit, thy riches, thy rank,
when, being devoured with self-love, thou
wast insensible to the voice of the widow and
the or])lian, and to a number of distressed
people, who solicited relief. Remember thou !
that fatal hour, the recollection of which
ought to make thy ' head waters, and thine
eyes a fountain of tears,' Jer. ix. 1 ; that
fatal hour, in which, God having put thee
into the fiery trial of persecution, thou couldst
not abide the proof Like Peter, thou didst
7iot knoic a disgraced Redeemer ; thou didst
cowardly abandon a persecuted church, and
wast just on the point of abjuring thy reli-
gion. Let each of us so consider himself as
he seems in the eyes of a holy God. A
criminal worthy of the most rigorous punish-
ments ! Lst each of us say to himself, not-
withstanding all this, it i-! I, guilty I, I,
whose sins are more in number than the
143
THE MANNER OF PRAISING GOD.
[Ser. XIII.
hatrs 6n my head ; it is I, who have been ad-
Itoitted this morning into the house of God ;
it is I, who have been invited this morning
to that mystical repast, which sovereign wis-
dom itself prepared ; it is I, who liave been
encouraged against the just fears, wliich the
remembrance of my sins had excited, and
have heard the voice of God, proclaiming in
my conscience, ' Fear not thou worm Jacob,'
Isa. xh. 14. It is I, who have been 'abun-
dantly satisfied with the fatness of the house'
6f God, and have ' drunk of the river of his
pl6asures,\Ps. xxxvi. 8. What inclines God
to indulge me in this manner ? Goodness
Only ! O surpassing and inconceivable good-
ness ! thou shalt for ever be the object of my
meditation and gratitude ! ' How excellent is
thy loving kindness, O God !' ver. 7. These
are the sentiments that ought to animate our
praise to-day. Such ' praise is comely for
the upright.'
Finally, the gratitude of an upright'man is
Hohle and magnanimous. The praise of God
■well becomes the mouth of an upright man,
bcause he takes the love of God to him for a
pattern of his behaviour to his fellow crea-
tures. St. Paul has very emphatically ex-
pressed the happy change which the gospel
produces in true Christians. ' We all with
open face, beholding as in a glass the glory of
the Lord, are changed into the same image,
from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of
the Lord,' 2 Cor. iii. 18. Some commentators,
Instead of reading ' we all beholding as in a
glass,' as the expression is rendered in our
translation, render the words, ' We all becom-
ing mirrors.' I will not undertake to prove
that this is the meaning of the term : it is cer-
tainly the sense of the apostle.* He means to
inform us, that the impression, which the
evangelical display of the perfections of God
makes on the souls of believers engraves them
on their minds, and renders them Uke mir-
rors, that reflect the rays, and the objects
which are placed opposite to them, and repre-
■ent their images. ' They behold the glory
of the Lord with open face. They are chang-
ed from glory to glory into the same image,
even as by the Spirit of the Lord.' I wish.
• Tht idea of reflecting, while one contemplates,
the attributes of Ood, is a very fine thought, .ind fully
•ipressive of the hejievolent elfects which Christian-
ity produces in its disciples: but Mr. !-^aurin, whose
business as a Christian minister was not with the fine,
but the true, only meant, by what he had said above,
that it was agreeable to the general design of the
apostle. Erasmus was the first who translated St.
Paul's term )ca.TcTTp;;^f;^jro/ in speculo representantes.
Beza renders it, in speculo intucntes, and the French
bibles have it, nous contemplons comme en un niiroir.
Our author was delighted with the ingenuity of Eras-
mus, however, he could not accede to his translation,
because, 1. He could meet with no Greek author, co-
temporary with St. Paul, who had used the term in
the sense of Erasmus. 12. Because he CDuld not per-
ceive any connexion between that signification and
the phriise with open face. He abode therefore by the
usual reading. SeeSerm. Tom. ix. S. viii. My idea of
an object pleases me, therefore it is a true idea of it,
is contemptible logic: yet how many pretended arti-
cles of religion have arisen from this way of reasoning i
my brethren, that the impression, which was
made on you by the generosity and magna-
nimity of God, who loaded you this morning
with his gracious benefits, may transform you
to-day ' into the same image from glory to
glory.' I would animate you with this, the
most noble, the most sublime, the most com-
fortable, way of praising God.
What gave you so much peace and plea-
sure this morning, in what God did for you ?
Was it the pardon of your sins ? Imitate it ;
pardon your brethren. Was it his past for-
bearance with you ? Imitate it ; moderate
that impatience which the ingratitude of your
brethren excites in your minds. Was it that
spirit of communication, which disposed a
God, who is all-suflicient to his own happiness,
to go out of himself, as it were, and to commu-
nicate his felicity to creatures ? Imitate it ;
go out of those entrenchments of prosperity
in which ye lodge, and impart your benefits
to your brethren. Was it the continual watch
fulness of God for the salvation of your souls?
Imitate it ; exert yourselves for the salvation
of the souls of your brethren ; suffer not
those who are united to you by all the ties of
nature, society and religion, to perish through
your lukewarmness and negligence. While
ye triumphantly e.xclaim, on this solemn fes-
tival, ' Let us make a joyful noise to the Rock
of our salvation,' Ps. xcv. 1. remember your
persecuted brethren, to whom God refuses
this pleasure ; remember ' the ways of Zion,'
that ' mourn because none come to the solemn
feasts,' Lam. i. 4.
My brethren, how pleasing is a Christian
festival! How comfortable the institution, to
which we were this morning called ! But, I re-
member here a saying of Jesus Christ to his
apostles, ' I have other sheep, which are not of
this fold : them also I must bring, and there
shall be one fold, and one shepherd,' John x.
IG. Alas! we also have sheep in another fold.
When shall we have the comfort of bringing
them into this .'' Ye divided families who are
present in this assembly, when will ye be uni-
ted ? Ye children of the reformation ! whom
the misfortunes of the times have torn from
us .' ye dear parts of ourselves ! when will ye
come to us .'' When will ye be regathered to
the flock of the great ' Shepherd and Bishop
of our souls?' Wlien will ye shed in our as-
semblies tears of repentance, for having lived
so long without a church, vvithout sacraments,
without public worship ? When will ye shed
tears of joy for having recovered these advan-
tages ?
Great God ! Thou great ' God who hidest
thyself I' is it to extinguish, or to inflame our
zeal, that thou delayest the happy period .''
Arc our hopes suspended or confounded .'
God grant, my dear brethren, that the praise,
which we render to the Lord for all his bene-
fits, may obtain their continuance and in-
crease ! And God grant, while he gives us
our ' lives for a prey,' Jer. xxi. 9, that those of
our brethren may be given us also ! To him
be honour and glory for ever ! Amen.
SERMON XIV.
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
Proverbs xxiii. 23.
Buy the Truth.
' What is truth ?- Jolm xviii. 36. This
question Pilate formerly put to Jesus Christ,
and there are two things, my brethren, in the
Scripture account of this circumstance very
surprising. It seems strange that Jesus
Christ should not answer Pilate's question ;
and it seems equally strange tliat Pilate should
not repeat the question till he procured an
answer from Jesus Christ. One principal de-
sign of the Son of God, in becoming incar-
nate, was to dissipate the clouds with which
the enemy of mankind had obscured the truth ;
to free jit from the numberless errors with
which the spirit of falsehood had adulterated
it among the miserable posterity of Adam ;
and to make the fluctuating conjectures of rea-
son subside to the demonstrative evidence of
revelation. Jesus Christ himself had just be-
fore said, ' to this end v/as I born, and for this
cause came I into tjie world, that I should
bear witness unto the truth,' ver. 37 ; yet,
here is a man lying in the dismal night of pa-
ganism ; a man born in ' darkness, having no
hope, and being without God in the world,'
Eph. V. 8 ; and ii. 12; here is a man, who,
from the bottom of that abyss in whicli he
lies, implores the rays of that ' light which
lighteth every man that cometh into tlie
world,' John i. 9 ; and asks Jesus Christ,
' What is truth ?' and Jesus Christ refused to
assist his inquiry, he does not even condescend
to answer this wise and interesting question.
Is not this very astonishing ' Is not this a
kind of miracle ^
But if Jesus Christ's silence be surprising,
is it not equally astonishing that Pilate slioukl
not repeat the question, and endeavour to
persuade Jesus Clirist to give him an answer.
A man, who had discovered the true grounds
of the hatred of the Jews ; a man, wlio knew
that the virtues of the illustrious convict had
occasioned their accusations against him ;
a man, who could not be ignorant of the
fame of his miracles ; a man, who was oblig-
ed, as it were, to become the apologist of tiie
supposed culprit before him, and to use this
plea, ' I find in him no fault at all ;' which
condemned the pleader, while it justified him
for whose sake the plea was made ; this man
only glances at an opportunity of knowing
the truth. He asks, ' What is truth .'" But
it does not much signify to him, whether Je-
sus Christ answer the question or not. Is
not this very astonishing .'' Is not this also a
kind of miracle ?
My brethren, one of these wonders is the
cause of the other, and, if you consider them
in connexion, your astonishment will cease.
On tlie one hand, Jesus Clu'ist did not answer
Pilate's question, because he saw plainly,
that his iniquitous judge had not such aii ar-
dent love of truth, such a spirit of disinterest-
edness and vehement zeal, as truth da-
served. On the other, Pilate, who perhaps
might have liked well enough to have knowq
truth, if a simple wish could have obtained it,
gave up the desire at the first silence of Je-
sus Christ. He did not think truth deserved
to be inquired after twice.
The conduct of Jesus Christ to Pilate, an4
the conduct of Pilate to Jesus Christ, is re-
peated every day. Our assiduity *at church,
our attention to the voice of the servants of
God, our attachment to the sacred books iu
which truth is deposited ; all these dispositions,
and all these steps in our conduct, are, in a
manner, so many repetitions of Pilate's ques-
tion, ' What is truth V What is moral truth f
What is the doctrinal truth of a future state,
of judgment, of heaven, of hell .'' But how
often, content with the putting of these
questions, do we refuse that assiduous appli-
cation of the mind, that close attention of
thought, which the answers to our questions
would require ! How often are we in pain,
lest the light of the truth, that is shining
around us, should force us to discover some
objects, of which we choose to be ignorant !
Jesus Clirist, therefore, often leaves us to
wander in our own miserable dark conjec-
tures. Hence so many prejudices, hence so
many erroneous opinions of religion and
morality, hence so many dangerous delu-
sions, which we cherish, even while they di-
vert our attention from the great end, to
which we ought to direct all our thoughts,
designs, and views.
1 would fiiin show you the road to truth to-
day, my brethren ; open to you the path that
leads to it ; and by motives taken from the
grand advantages that attend the knowledge
of it, animate you to walk in it.
I. We will examine what it costs to know
truth.
II. What truth is worth.
Our text is, ' buy the truth ;' and the titi©
of our sermon shall be. The Christian's Logic.
Doubtless the greatest design that an immor-
tal mind can revolve, is that of know\n^ truth
one's self: and the design, which is next to
the former in importance, and which sur-
passes it in difficulty, is that of imparting it
to others. But if a love of truth ; if a desire
of imparting it to a people, whom I bear al-
ways on my heart ; if ardent prayers to the
God o? truth ; if these dispositions can obtain
the knowledge of truth, and the power of im-
parting it, we may venture to hope, that we
sliall not preach in vain. May God himself
crown our hopes with success !
144
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
[Ser. XIV.
I. We arc to inquire for tlic road that leads
to truth; or, to use the ideas of tiie text,
we are to tell you what it costs to know truth.
Before wo enter on this inquiry, it is neccs-
Bary to determine what we mean by truth.
If there be an equivocal word in the world,
either in regard to human sciences, or in re-
gard to religion, it is this word tridli. But,
not to enter into a metaphysical dissertation
on the different ideas that are affixed to the
term, we will content ourselves with indicat-
ing the ideas which we affix to it here.
Truth ought not to be considered here as
subsisting in a subject, independently of the re-
flections of an intelligence that considers it.
I do not affirm that there is not a truth in
every object which subsists, whether we at-
tend to it or not : but I say, that in these
phrases, to search truth, to love truth, to buy
truth, the term is relative, and expresses a
harmony between the object and the mind
that considers it, a conformity between the
object and the idea we have of it. To search
after truth, is to endeavour to obtain ade-
quate ideas of the object of our reflections ;
and to buy truth, is to make all the sacrifi-
ces which are necessary for the obtain-
ing of such ideas as are proportional to
the objects of which our notions are the ima-
fes. By truth, then, we mean, an agreement
etween an object and our idea of it.
But we may extend our meditation a little
farther. The term truth, taken in the sense
we have now given it, is one of those abstract
terms, the precise meaning of which can never
be ascertained, without determining the object
to which it is attributed. There is a truth
In every art and science. There is a
truth in the art of rising in the world ; a cer-
tain choice of means ; a certain dexterous ap-
plication of circumstances ; a certain promp-
titude at seizing an opportunity. The cour-
tier buijs this truth, by his assiduity at court,
by his continual attention to the looks, the
features, the gestures, the will, the whimsies,
of his prince. The merchant huijs this truth
at the expense of his rest and his health ;
sometimes at the expense of his life, and often
at that of his conscience and his salvation.
In like manner, there is a truth in the sci-
ences. A mathematician racks his invention,
spends whole nights and days, suspends the
most lawful pleasures, and the most natural
inclinations, to find the solution of a problem
in a relation of figures, in a combination of
numbers. These are not the truths which
the Wise Man exhorts us to bm/. They have
their value, I own, but how seldom are they
Worth what they cost to obtain !
What then is Solomon's idea .•' Docs he
mean only the truths of religion, and the sci-
ence of salvation.' There, certainly, that
which is truth by excellence may be found;
nor can it be bought too dear. I do not think,
however, that it would comprehend the pre-
cise meaning of the Wise Man to imdcrsland
4>y truth here the science of salvation alone.
Hii expression is vague, it comprehends all
truths, it offers to the mind a general idea,
the idea of universal truth. ' Buy the truth.'
But what is this general idea of truth ^
What is universal trutli? Does Solomon men n,
that we should aim to obtain adequate ideas of
all beings, that wc should try to acquire the
perfection of all arts, that we should compre-
hend the mysteries of all sciences .■' Who is
equal to this undertaking .'
It seems to me, my brethren, that when he j
exhorts us here to ' buy the truth,' in this 1
vague and indeterminate sense, he means to
excite us to endeavour to acquire that happy
disposition of mind which makes us give to
every question, that is proposed to us, the
time and attention which it deserves : to each
proof its evidence ; to each difficulty its
weight ; to every good its real value. He
means to inspire us with that accuracy of
discernment, that equity of judgment, which
would enable us to consider a demonstration
as demonstrative, and a probability as proba-
ble only, what is worthy of a great appli-
cation as worthy of a great application,
wliat deserves only a moderate love as wor-
thy of only a moderate love, and what de-
serves an infinite esteem as of an infinite es-
teem ; and so on. This, I think, n)y breth-
ren, is the disposition of mind with wliich
Solomon means to inspire us. This, if I may
be allowed to say so, is an aptness to univer-
sal truth. With this disposition, we may go
as far in the attainment of particular truths
as the measure of the talents, which we have
received of God, and the various circum-
stances, in which Providence has placed us,
will allow. Especially, by this disposition,
we shall be convinced of this principle, to
which Solomon's grand design was to con-
duct us ; that the science of salvation is that,
which, of all others, deserves the greatest ap-
plication of our minds and hearts; and with
this disposition we shall make immense ad-
vances in the science of salvation.
But neither this universal truth, nor the
disposition of mind which conducts us to it,
can be acquired without labour and sacrifice.
They must be bought. ' Buy the truth.'
And, to confine myself to some distinct ideas,
universal truth, or the disposition of mind,
which leads to it, requires the sacrifice of
dissipation ; the sacrifice of indolence ; the
sacrifice of jirecipitancy of judgment ; the
sacrifice of prejudice ; the sacrifice of ohsti-
nacii ; the sacrifice of c?<rios«?(/ ; the sacrifice
of tiie passions. We comprise the matter in
seven precepts.
1. Be attentive.
2. Do not be discouraged at labour.
3. Suspend your judgment.
4. Let prejudice yield to reason.
5. Be teachable.
6. Restrain your avidity of knowing.
7. In order to edily your mind, subdue your
heart.
This is the price at which God has put up
this universal truth, and the disposition that
leads to it. If you cannot resolve on making
all these sacrifices, yr)u may, perhaps, arrive
at sonic ]>articular truth : but you can never
obtain universal truth. You may, perhaps,
become famous mathematicians, or geometri-
cians, judicious critics, or celebrated officers ;
but you can never become real disciples of
trutli.
\. The sacrifice of dissipation is the first
])rico we nuist ]),ay fur tlio truth. Be attrntivc
13 the first precept, which we must obey, if
Ser. XIV.]
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
145
we would know it. A modern philosopher*
has carried, I think, this precept too far. He
pretends, that the mind of man is united to
two very different beings : first to the portion
of matter, which constitutes his body, and
next, to God, to eternal wisdom, to universal
reason. He pretends, that, as the emotions,
which are excited in our brain, are the cause
of our sentiments, effects of the union of the
soul to the body ; so attention is the occasional
cause of our knowledge, and of our ideas,
effects of the union of our mind to God, to
eternal wisdom, to universal reason. The
system of this philosopher on this subject has
been, long since, denominated a philosophical
romance. It includes, however, the neces-
sity, and the advantage, of attention, which
is of the last importance. Dissipation is a
turn of mind, which makes us divide our
mind among various objects, at a time when
we ought to fix it wholly on one. Attention
is the opposite disposition, which collects,
and fixes our ideas on one object. Two re-
flections will be sufficient to px'ove that truth
is unattainable without the sacrifice of dissi-
pation, and the application of a close atten-
tion.
The first reflection is taken from the nature
of the human mind, which is finite, and con-
tracted within a narrow sphere. We have
only a portion of genius. If, while we are
examining a compound proposition, we do
not proportion our attention to the extent of
the proposition, we shall see it only in part,
and we shall fall into error. The most absurd
propositions have some motives of credibility.
If we consider only two motive* of credibility,
in a subject which has two degrees of proba-
bility, and if we consider three degrees of
probability in a subject which has only four,
this last will appear more credible to us than
tJie first.
The second reflection is taken from expe-
rience. Every one who has made the trial,
knows that things have appeared to him true
or false, probable or certain, according to the
dissipation which divided, or the attention
whicJi fixed, his mind in tlie examination.
Whence is it, that on certain days of retire-
ment, recollection, and meditation, piety
seems to be the only object worthy of our at-
tachment, and, with a mind fully convinced,
we say, ' My portion, O Lord is to keep tliy
words.'' Ps. cxix. 57. Whence is it, that,
in hearing a sermon, in which the address of
the preacher forces our attention in a manner
in spite of ourselves, we exclaim, as Israel of
old did, ' All that the Lord hath spoken, we
will do.'' Exod. xix. 8. Whence is it, that
on a death-bed, we freely acknowledge the
solidity of the instructions that have been
•given us on the emptiness of worldly j)osscs-
sions and readily join our voices to all tliose that
cry, ' Vanity of vanities, all is vanity, and
vexation of spirit ,'" Eccl. i. 2. Whence is it,
on the contrary, that in the gayoty of yovitli,
and in the vigour of health, the same objects
appear to us substantial and solid which
seem void and vexatious when we come to
die .'' How comes it to pass, that a commerce
* Malbranelie in his Search aftor Tnilh.
iii. chap. 6.
«ook
with the world subverts all the eystema of
piety, which we form in our closets ? How
is it, that demonstrations expire when ser-
mons end, and that all we have felt in the
church ceases to affect us when we go out of
the gate .' Is there, then, nothing sure in the
nature of beings .' Is truth nothing but an ex-
terior denomination, as the schools term it,
nothing but a creature of reason, a manner of
conceiving ^ Does our mind change its nature,
as circumstances change the appearance of
things ^ Does that, which was true in our
closets, in our churches, in a calm of our pas-
sions, become false when the passions are ex-
cited, when the church doors are shut, and the
world appears .' God forbid ! It is because, in
the first circumstances, we are all taken up
with studying the truth; whereas health, the
world, the passions, disperse (so to speak) our
attention, and by dissipating, weaken it.
I add farther. Dissipation is one ordinary
source, not only of errors in judgment, but
also of criminal actions in practice. We de-
claim, perhaps too much, against the malic©
of mankind. Perhaps men may not be so-
wicked as we imagine. When we can obtairt
their attention to certain truths, we find thera
affected with them ; we find their hearts ac-
cessible to motives of equity, gratitude, and
love. If men seem averse to these virtues, it
is sometimes because they are taken up with
a circle of temporal objects ; it is because
their attention is divided, and dissipated
among them ; it is because the hurry of the
world incessantly defeats them. Ignorance
and error are inseparable from dissipation.
Be attentive, then, is the first precept w©
give you. The sacrifice of dissipation, then,
is necessary, in order to our arrival at the
knowledge of truth.
But, if truth can be obtained only by ob-
serving this precept, and by making this sa)
crifice, let us ingenuously own, truthis put up
at a price, and at a great price. The expres-
sion of the Wise Man is just, the truth must
be bought. ' Buy the truth.' Our minds,
averse from recollection and attention, love
to rove from object to object ; they particular-
ly avoid those objects which are intellectual,
and which have nothing to engage the senses,
of which kind are the truths of religion. The
majesty of an invisible God, ' who hideth him-
self,' cannot captivate them ; and as they are
usually employed about earthly things, so
terrestrial ideas generally involve them. Sa-
tan, who knows that a believer, studious of
the truth, is the most formidable enemy to
his empire, strives to divert him from it. As
soon as Abraham prepares his offering, the
birds of prey interrupt his sacrifice : a disci-
ple of truth drives such birds away. Among
various objects, amidst numerous dissipations,
in spite of opposite ideas, which resist and
combat one another, he gathers up his at~
tention, and unreservedly turns his soul to
the study of truth.
2. The second sacrifice is tliat of indolence,
or slothflilness of mind ; and. Be not dis-
couraged at labour is the second precept,
which must be observed if you would obtain
the knowledge of truth. This article is con-
nected with the preceding. The tsacrifice of
dissipation cannot be made, without making
146
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
[Ser, XIV.
this of indolence, or sluo^gishness of mind.
Attention is labour ; it is even one of the
most painful labours. The labour of the
mind is often more painful than that of the
body ; and the greatest part of mankind have
less aversion to the greatest fatigues of
tJie body, than to the least application of
miiid. The military life seems the most la-
borious ; yet, what an innumerable multitude
of men prefer it before the study of the sci-
ences ! This is the reason, the study of the
Bciences requires a contention, which costs
our indolence more than the military life
would cost it.
Although the labour of the mind be painful,
yet it is surmountable, and it is formed in
the same manner in which fatigue of body is
rendered tolerable. A man who is accustom-
ed to ease and rest ; a man, who has been
delicately brought up, cannot bear to pass
days and nights on horseback, to have no set-
tled abode, to be continually in action, to
waste away by the heat of the day, and the
inclemency of the night. Nothing but use
and exercise can harden a man to these fa-
tigues. In like manner, a man, who has
been accustomed to pass his days and nights
on horseback, to have no settled abode, to
be continually in action, to wear liimself out
with the heat of the day, and the cold of the
night ; a man whose body seems to have
changed its nature, and to have contracted
the hardness of iron, or stone ; such a man
cannot bear the fatigue of attention. It is
then necessary to accustom the mind to la-
bour, to enure it to exercise, to render it apt,
by habit and practice, to make those efforts of
attention, which elevate those, who are capa-
ble of them, to ideas the most sublime, and
to mysteries the most abstruse.
They, whom Providence calls to exercise
mechanical arts, have reason to complain ;
for every thing, that is necessary to discharge
the duties of their calling, diverts their at-
tention from what we are now recommend-
ing, and absorbs their minds in sensible and
material objects. God, however, will exer-
cise his equitable mercy towards them, and
their cases afford us a presumptive proof of
that admirable diversity of judgment, which
God will observe at the last day. He will
make a perfect distribution of the various
circumstances of mankind ; and ' to whom
he hath committed much, of him he will ask
the more,' Luke xii. 46.
Let no one abuse this doctrine. Every
mechanic is engaged, to a certain degree, to
sacrifice indolence and dulness of mind.
Every mechanic has an immortal soul. Every
mechanic ought to ' buy the truth' by labour
and attention. Let every one of you, then,
make conscience of devoting a part of his
time to recollection and meditation. Lot
each, amidst the meanest occupations, ac-
custom himself to think of a future state.
Let each endeavour to surmount the reluc-
tance, which alas ! we all have, to the study
of abstract subjects. Be not disheartened
at Inhonr, is our second precept. The sacri-
fice of indolence and sluggishness of mind, is
the second sacrifice which truth demands.
."V It requires, in t^e next place, that we
Few people are capable of thia sacrifice : iii-
deed, there are but few who do not consider
suspension of judgment aa a weakness,
although it is one of the noblest efforts of
genius and capacity. In regard to human
sciences, it is thought a disgrace to say,I can-
not determine such, or such a question : the
decision of it would require so many years'
study and examination. I have been but so
many years in the world, and I have spent a
part in the study of this science, a part in
the pursuit of that ; one part in this domestic
employment, and another in that. It is ab-
surd to suppose that I have been able to ex-
amine all the principles, and all the conse-
quences, all the calculations, all the proofs,
and all the difficulties, on which the illustra-
tion of this question depends. Wisdom re-
quires, that my mind should remain undeter-
mined on this question ; that I should neither
affirm, nor deny, any thing of a subject, the
evidences and the difficulties of which are
alike unknown to me.
In regard to religion, people usually make
a scruple of conscience of suspending their
judgments ; yet, in our opinion, a Christian
is so much the more obliged to do this, by
how much more the truths of the gospel sur-
pass in sublimity and importance all the ob-
jects of human science. I forgive this folly
in a man educated in superstition, who is
threatened with eternal damnation, if he re •
nounce certain doctrines, which not |only he
has not examined, but which he is forbidden
to examine under the same penalty. But
that casuists, who are, or who ought to be,
men of learning and piety, should imagine
they have obtained a signal victory over in-
fidelity, and have accredited religion, when,
by the help of someterriffic declamations,they
have extorted a catechumen's consent ; this
is what we could have scarcely believed, had
we not seen numberless examples of it. And
that you, my brethren, who are a free peo-
ple, you who are spiritual men, and ought
to ' judge all things,' 1 Cor. ii. 15, that you
should at any time submit to such casuists ;
this is what we could have hardly credited,
had not experience affijrded us too many mor-
tifying proofs.
Let us not incorporate our fancies with
religion. The belief of a truth, without evi-
dence, can render us no more agreeable to
God than the belief of a falsehood. A truth,
received without proof, is, in regard to us, a
kind of falsehood. Yea, a truth, received
without evidence, is a never-failing source
of many errors; because a truth, received
without evidence, is founded, in regard to us,
only on false principles. And if, by a kind
of hazard, in which reason has no part, a
false principle engages us to receive a truth
on this occasion, the same principle will en-
gage us to receive an error on another occa-
sion. We must then suspend our judgments,
whatever inclination we may naturally have
to determine at once, in order to save the at-
tention and labour, which a more ample dis-
cussion of ti-uth would require. By this
mean, we shall not attain, indeed, all know-
ledge ; but we shall prevent all errors. The
goodness of God tlocs not propose to enable
should sacrificis precipitan-^y of judgment. I us to know all trulh ; but it proposes to give
Ser. XIV.]
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
ur
us all needful help to escape error. It is con-
formable to his goodness, that we should not
be obliged, by a necessity of nature, to con-
sent to error ; and the help needful for the
avoiding of falsehood he has given us. Eve-
ry man is entirely free to withhold his con-
sent from a subject which he has not consi-
dered in every point of view.
4. The fourth sacrifice, which truth de-
mands, is that of prejudice ; and the fourth
precept is this. Let prejudice yield to reason.
This precept needs explanation. The term
prejudice is equivocal. Sometimes it is em-
ployed to signify a proof, which has not a
full evidence, but which, however, has some
weight : so that a great number of preju-
dices, which, taken separately, could not form
a demonstration, taken together ought to ob-
tain an assent. But, sometimes the word
prejudice has an odious meaning, it is put
for that impression, which a circumstance,
foreign from the proposition, makes on the
mind of him, who is to determine, whether
the proposition ought to be received or re-
jected. In this sense we use the word, when
we say a man is full of prejudice, in order to
describe that disposition, which makes him
give that attention and authority to false
reasonings, which are due only to solid argu-
ments.
Our fourth precept is to be taken in a dif-
ferent sense, according to the different mean-
ing which is given to this term. If the word
prejudice be taken in the first sense, when
we require you to make prejudice yield to
reason, we mean, that you should give that
attention, and authority, to a presumption, or
a probability, which presumptive or probable
evidence jrequires. We mean, that demon-
strative evidence should always prevail over
appearances. The equity of this precept is
self-evident ; yet, perhaps, it may not be im-
proper to show the necessity of obeying it, in
order to engage our conduct the more closely
to it. I said just now, that men were ene-
mies to that labour, vi^hich the finding out of
truth requires. Yet men love knowledge.
From the combination of these two dispo-
sitions arises their propensity to prejudice.
A man, who yields to prejudice, frees him-
self from that labour, which a search after
truth would require ; and thus gratifies his
indolence. He flatters himself he has obtain-
ed truth, and so he satisfies his desire of
knowledge. We must guard against this
temptation. This is the first sense of the
precept. Let prejudice yield to reason.
When in the second sense, which we have
given to the word prejudice, we require him,
who would be a disciple of truth, to make
prejudice yield to reason, we mean, that
whenever he examines a question, he should
remove every thing that is not connected with
it. Prejudice, in our first sense, sometimes
conducts to truth; hut]prejudice,oftlie second
kind, always leads us from it. What idea
would you form of a man, who in examining
this question, Is there a part of the world
called Jlmerica ? should place anion "■ the
arguments, which determine him to affirm,
or to deny the question, this consideration ;
The sun shines to-day in all its splendour ;
or this, The sun ia concealed behind thick
clouds? Who docs not see, that these middle
terms, by which the disputant endeavours to
decide the point, have no concern with the
solution of the question .' This example I
use only for the sake of conveying my mean-
ing, and I do not design by it to guard you
against this particular error. None of you,
in examining the question, which we just
now mentioned, has ever regarded, either
as proofs, or as objections, these considera-
tions. The sun shines to-day in all its splen-
dour. The stm is hidden to-day behind the
clouds. However, it is too true, that in
questions of far greater importance, we of-
ten determine our opinions by reasons, which
are as foreign from the matter as those just
now mentioned. For example, it is a question,
either whether such a man be an accurate
reasoner, or whether he expresses a matter
clearly, or whether his evidence deserves to
be received or rejected. What can be more
foreign from any of these questions, than
the habit he wears, the number of servants
that wait on him, the equipage he keeps, the
tone in which he reasons, the dogmatical air
with which he decides .'' And, yet, how of-
ten does a dogmatical decision, a peculiar
tone, a pompous equipage, a numerous re-
tinue, a certain habit, how often does each
of these become a motive to mankind to re-
ceive the testimony of such a man, and to
engage them to resign their reason to him .'
In like manner, a man may understand all
history, ancient and modern, he may possess
all the oriental languages, he may know the
customs of the most remote and barbarous
nations, and he may be, all the time, a bad
logician: for what relation is there between
the knowledge of customs, tongues, and his-
tories, ancient and modern, and an accurate
habit of reasoning .' And yet how often docs
the idea of a man, bustling with science of
this kind, impose on our minds .' How often
have we imagined that a man, who knew
what the soul was called in thirty or forty
different languages, knew its nature, its pro-
perties, and its duration, better than he who
knew only what it was called in his own mo-
ther tongue .' The term prejudice (we re-
peat it again) which sometimes signifies a
probability, is sometimes put for that im-
pression, vi^hich a circumstance, foreign from
the question under examination, makes on
the mind. When we demand the sacrifice of
prejudice, in this latter sense, we mean to
induce you to avoid all motives of credibility,
except those which have some relation, near,
or remote, to the subject in hand.
This precept will appear more important
to you, if you apply it to a particular sub
ject. We will mention a famous example,
that will prove the necessity of sacrificing
prejudice, in both the senses we have men-
tioned. There is a case, in which the great
number of those who adhere to a communion
form a prejudice in its favour. One com-
munion is embraced by a multitude of scho-
lars, philosophers, and fine genuises : ano-
ther communion has but few partisans of
these kinds: hence arises a probability, a pro-
sumption, a prejudice, in favour of the first,
and against the last of these communities.
It is probable, that the community, which
14B
THE PRICE OP TRUTH.
[Seb. XIV.
has the greatest number of fine geniuses,
philosophers, and scholars, is more rational
than that which has the least. However, this
is only a probability, this is not a demonstra-
tion. The most elevated minds are capable
of the greatest extravagances, as the highest
saints are subject to the lowe.st falls. If you
can demonstrate the truth of that religion,
which the multitude of great men condemn,
the probability, which arises from the multi-
tude, ought to yield to demonstration. Sa-
crifice prejudice in this first sense.
But there is a case, in which a great num-
ber of partisans do not form even a probabil-
ity in favour of the doctrine they espouse.
For example, the church of Rome perpetu-
ally urges the suffrage of the multitude in
its favour. And we reply, that the multitude
of those, who adhere to the Roman church,
does not form even a presumption in their fa-
vour, and we prove it.
If you affirm that a multitude forms a pro-
bability in favour of any doctrine, it must
be supposed that this multitude have examin-
ed the doctrine which they profess, and pro-
fess only what they believe. But we must,
first, object against that part of the multitude
which the church of Rome boasts of, which
is composed of indolent members, who con-
tinue in the profession of their ancestors by
chance, as it were, and without knowing why.
We must object, next, against an infinite
number of ignorant people in that communi-
ty, who actually know notbing about the
matter. We must object against whole pro-
vinces, and kingdoms, where it is hardly
known that there is a divine book, on which
the faith of the church is founded. We
must object against that army of ecclesias-
tics, who are not wiser than the common
people, on account of their being distinguish-
ed from them by a particular habit, and who
waste their lives in eternal idleness, at least
in exercises which have no relation to an in-
quiry afler truth. We must object, farther,
against all those zealous defenders of the
church, who are retained in it by the im-
mense riches they possess there, who judge
of the weight of an argument by the advan-
tages which it procures them, and who ac-
tually reason thus: The church in which
ministers are poor, is a bad cliurch ; that
which enriches them is a good church : but
this church enriches its ministers, and that
suffers them to be poor ; the latter, there-
fore, is a bad church, and the former is the only
good one. We must object, finally, against
all those callous souls, ' who hold the truth
in unrighteousness,' Rom. i. 18, and who op-
pose it only in a party spirit. If you pursue
this method, you will perceive, that the mul-
titude, which alarmed you, will be quickly
diminished ; and that this argument, so often
repeated by the members of the church of
Rome, does not form even a probability in fa-
vour of that communion.
5. The fifth sacrifice, which trvfh demands,
is that of obstinacy ; and the fifth precept
which you must obey, if you mean to attain
it, is this, Be teachable. This maxim is self-
evident. What can be more irrational, than
a disposition to defend a proposition, only
because we have had the rashness to advance
it, and to choose to heap up a number of ab-
surdities rather than to relinquish one, which
had escaped without reflection or design '
What can be more absurd, than that disposi-
tion of mind, which makes us prefer falling
a thousand times into falsehood, before say-
ing,,for once, I mistake.'' Had we some
knowledge of mankind, were we to form a
system of morality on metaphysical ideas, it
would seem needless to prescribe docility,
and one would think every body would be
naturally inclined to practise this virtue. But
what seems useless in speculation is very of-
ten essential in practice. Let us guard
against obstinacy. Let us always consider
that the noblest victory, which we obtain
over ourselves. Let each of us say, when
truth requires it, I have erred, I consecrate
the remainder of my life to publish that truth,
which I have hitherto misunderstood, and
which I opposed only because I had the mis-
fortune to misunderstand it.
G. Truth requires the sacrifice of curiosity,
and the sixth precept, which is proposed to
us, is. Restrain your aridity of knoicing.
This is a difficult sacrifice, the precept is
even mortifying. Intelligence is one of the
noblest prerogatives of man. The desire of
knowledge is one of the most natural desires.
We do not, therefore, condemn it, as bad in
itself: but we wish to convince you, that, to
give an indiscreet scope to it, instead of as-
sisting in the attainment of truth, is to
abandon the path that leads to it ; and by as-
piring to the knowledge of objects above our
reach, and which would be useless to us du-
ring our abode in this world, and destructive
of the end for which God has placed us here,
we neglect others that may be discovered,
and which have a special relation to that end.
We ought then to sacrifice curiosity, to re-
frain from an insatiable desire of knowing'
every thing, and to persuade ourselves, that
some truths, which are often the objects of
our speculations, are beyond the attainment
of finite minds, and, particularly, of those
finite minds, on which God has imposed tho
necessity of studying other truths, and of
practising other duties.
7. But, of all the sacrifices which truth re-
quires, that of the passions is the most indis-
pensable. We have proved this on another
occasion," and we only mention it to-day.
Such are tlie sacrifices which truth requires
of us, such are the precepts' which we must
practise to obtain it, and the explication of
these may account for some sad phenomena.
Why are so many people deceived .'' Why
do so many embrace the grossest errors .-'
Why do so man}" people admit the most ab-
surd propositions as if they were demonstra-
tions .' Why, in one word, are most men
such bad reasoners.' It is because rectitude
of thought cannot be acquired without pains
and labour ; it is because truth is put up at a
price ; it is because it costs a good deal to
attain it, and becaiise few people value it so
as to acquire it by making the sacrifices
which, we have said, the truth demands.
II. Let us proceed to inquire the worth of
truth ; for, however great tho sacrifices may
* Serm, Tom. II. Ser. neuvieme. Sur les pasdong.
See. XIV.]
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
149
be, which the attainment of truth requires,
they bear no proportion to the advantages
which truth procures to its adiierents. 1.
Truth will open to you an infinite source of
pleasure. 2. It will fit you for the various
employments to which you may be called in
society. 3. It will free you from many dis-
agreeable doubts about religion. 4. It will
render j'ou intrepid at the approach of death.
The most cursory inspection of these four
objects will be sufficient to convince you, that,
at whatever price God has put up triith
you cannot purchase it too dearly. Buy the
truth.
1. Truth will open to you an infinite source
of pleasure. The pleasure of knowledge is
infinitely superior to the pleasures of sense,
and to those which are excited by the turbu-
lent passions of the heart. If the knowledge
of truth be exquisitely pleasing when human
sciences are the objects of it, what delight is
it not attended with, when the science of
salvation is in view .''
My brethren, forgive me, if I say, the
greater part of you are not capable of enter-
ing into these reflections. As you usually
consider religion only in a vague and super-
ficial manner ; as you know neither the beau-
ty nor the imjiortance of it ; as you see it
neither in its principles nor in its consequen-
ces, so it is a pain to you to confine your-
selves to the study of it. Reading tires you ;
meditation fatigues you ; a sermon of an hour
wearies you quite out ; and, judging of others
by yourselves, you consider a man who em-
ploys himself silently in the closet to study
religion, a man, whose soul is in an ecstacy
when he increases his knowledge, and refines
liis understanding ; you consider him as a me-
lancholy kind of man, whose brain is turned,
and whose imagination is become wild
through some bodily disorder. To study, to
learn, to discover: in your opinions, what
pitiable pursuits ! The elucidation of a pe-
riod ! The cause of a phenomenon ! The
arrangement of a system ! There is far more
greatness of soul in the design of a courtier,
who, after he has languislicd many hours in
the antichamber of a prince, at length ob-
tains one glance of the prince's eye. There
is much more solidity in the projects of a
gamester, who proposes,' in an instant to
raise his fortune on the ruin of that of his
neighbour. There is much more reality in
the speculations of a merchant, who discov-
ers the worth of this thing, and tiie value of
that ; who taxes, if I may be allowed to speak
so, heaven, and carlh, and sea, all nature,
and each of its component parts.
But you deceive yourselves grossly. The
study of rchgion, as we apply to it in our
closets, is very different from that which you
exercise under a sermon, sometimes not well
preached, and often badly heard; and from
that which you exercise in the hasty reading
of a pious book. As wc meditate, wo learn ;
and as we learn, the desire of hsarning in-
creases. In our studies, we consider religion
in every point of light. There, we compare
it with tiie dictates of conscience, with the
desires of the human heart, and with the ge-
neral concert of all creatures. There, we ad-
mire to see the God of nature in harmony
with the God of religion ; or rather, we sea
religion is the renovation and embellishment
of nature. There, we compare author with
author, economy with economy, prophecy
with event, event with prophecy. There,
we are delighted to find, that, notwithstand-
ing diversities of times, places, conditions,
and characters, the sacred authors harmon-
ize, and prove themselves animated by one
spirit : a promise made to Adanr is repeated
to Abraham, confirmed by Moses, published
by the prophets, and accomplished by Jesus
Christ. There, we consider relig'ion as an
assemblage of truths, which afibrd one ano-
ther a mutual support ; and, when we make
some new discovery, when we meet with
some proof, of which we had been ignorant
before, we are involved in pleasures, far more
exquisite than those which you derive from
all your games, from all your amusements,
from all the dissipations, which consume your
lives. We enjoy a satisfaction in advancing
in this delightful path, infinitely greater than
that which you taste, when your ambition,
or your avarice, is gratified : we look, like
the cherubim, to the mystical ark, and de-
sire thoroughly to know all its contents, I
Pet. i. 12.
A Christian, who understands how to satiate
his soul with these sublime objects, can al-
ways derive pleasure from its tbuntain. ' If
ye continue in my word,' said the Saviour of
the world, ' yc shall know the truth, and the
truth shall make j^ou free,' John viii. 31, 32.
This saying is true in many respects, and
perhaps it may, not improperly, be applied
to our subject. A man, who has no relish
for truth, is a slave, leisure time is a burden
to him. He must crawl to every inferior crea-
ture, prostrate himself before it, and humbly
entreat it to free him from that listlessness
which dissolves and destroys him; and he
must by all means avoid the sight of himself,
which would be intolerable to him. But a
Christian, who knows the truth, and loves it,
and who endeavours to make daily advances
in it, is delivered from this slavery : ' The
truth hath made him free.' In retirement,
in his closet, yea, in a desert, his meditation
supplies the j)lacc of the whole world, and
of all its delights.
2. TruUi will fit you for the employments
to which you are called in society. Religion,
and Solomon, the herald of it, had certainly a
view more noble and sublime than that of
preparing us for the exercise of those arts
which employ us in the world. Yet, the ad-
vantages of truth are not confined to religion.
A man, who has cultivated his mind, will dis-
tinguish himself in every post in which Pro-
vidence may place him. An irrational, so-
phistical turn of mind, incapacitates all who
do not endeavour to correct it. Rectitude of
thought, and accuracy of reasoning, are ne-
cessary every where. How needful are they
in apohlical conference.'' What can be more
intolerable than the harangues of those sena-
tors, who, wiiiie they should be consulting
measures for the relieving of public calami-
ties, never understand the state of a question,
nor ever come nigh the subject of delibera-
tion ; but employ thai time in vain declama-
tions, foreioai fronr the matter, which ought
ISO
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
[Ser. XIV.
to be devoted to the discussion of a particular
point, on wliich tlie fate of a kingdom de-
pends ? How needful is such a rectitude of
thought in a council of war ! What, pray, is a
general, destitute of tliis ? He is an arrn with-
out a head : he is a madman, who may mow
down ranks on his right hand, and cover the
field with carnage on the left; but who will sink
under the weight of his own valour, and, for
want of discernment, will render his courage
often a burden, and sometimes a ruin to his
country. This article of my discourse ad-
dresses itself principally to you who are
heads of families. It is natural to parents to
wish to see their children attain the most
eminent posts in society. If this desire be
innocent, it will engage you to educate your
children in a manner suitable to their desti-
nation. Cultivate their reason, regard that
as the most necessary science, which forms
their judgments, and which renders their
reasoning powers exact.
This is particularly necessary to those
whom God calls to officiate in the church.
What can be more unwortliy of a mini.ster of
truth, than a sophistical turn of mind ? What
more likely method to destroy religion, than
to establish truth on arguments which would
establish falsehood? What can be more un-
reasonable, than that kind of logic which
serves to reason with, if I may be allowed to
speak so, only from hand to mouth ; which
pulls down with one hand what it builds with
the other ; which abandons, in disputing with
adversaries of one kind, the principles it had
established, in disputing with adversaries of
another kindi" What sad effects does this
method, too often practised by those who
ought to abhor it, produce in the church ?
Are we called to oppose teachers, who carry
the free agency of man beyond its due
bounds ? Man is made a trunk, a stone, a be-
ing destitute of intelligence and will. Are
we called to oppose people, who, under pre-
tence of defending the perfections of God,
carry the slavery of man beyond its due
bounds ? Man is made a seraphical intelli-
gence ; the properties of disembodied spirits,
are attributed to him ; he is represented ca-
pable of elevating his meditations to the higli-
est heavens, and of attaining the perfections
of angels and cherubims. Are we called to
Oppose adversaries, who carry the doctrine of
good works too far? The necessity of them
IS invalidated ; they are said to be suited to
the condition of a Christian, but they are
not made essential to Christianity ; the es-
sence of faith is made to consist in a bare de-
sire of being saved, or, if you will, of being
sanctified, a desire, into which enters, neillier
that knowledge of the heart, nor tluit denial
of self, nor that mortification of the passions,
without which every desire of being sanctified
is nothing but an artifice or corruption, which
turns over a work to God that he has impos-
ed on man. Are we called to oppose people,
who enervate the necessity of good works ?
The Christian vocation is made to consist in
impracticable exercises, in a degree of holiness
inaccessible to frail men. The whole genius
of religion, and of all its ordinances, is des-
troyed ; the table of the Lord is surrounded
with devils, and fires, and flames, and is re-
presented rather as a tribunal where God ex-
ercises his vengeance ; as a mount Ebal,
from whence he cries, ' Carsed be the -man.
Cursed be the man ;' than as a throne of
grace, to which he invites penitent sinners,
and imparts to them all the riches of his love.
Are we called to oppose men, who would
make God the author of sin, and who, from
the punishments, which he inflicts on sinners,
derive consequences injurious to his goodness
and mercy ? All the reiterated declarations
of Scripture are carefully collected, all the
tender expostulations, all the attracting invi-
tations, which demonstrate that man is the
author of his own destruction, and that ' God
will have all men to be saved, and to come to
the knowledge of the truth,' 1 Tim.ii. 4. Are
we called to resist adversaries, who weaken
the empire of God over his creatures ? God
is made, I do not say an ine.s:orable master, I
do not say a severe king ; but, O horrid ! he
is made a tyrant, and worse than a tyrjint.
It has been seriously affirmed that he formed
a great part of mankind with the barbarous
design of punishing them for ever and ever,
in order to have the cruel pleasure of showing
how far his avenging justice and his flaming
anger can go. It has been affirmed, that
the decree, pronounced against the repro-
bate before his birth, not only determines
him to punishment after the commission of
sin, but infallibly inclines him to sin ; because
that is necessary to the manifestation of di-
vine justice, and to the felicity of the elect ;
who will be much happier in heaven, if there
be thousands and millions of miserable souls
in the flames of hell, than if all mankind
should enjoy the felicity of paradise.
O, my God ! if any among us be capable
of forming ideas so injurious to thy perfec-
tions, impute it not to the whole society of
Christians ; and let not all our churches
suffer for the irregularities of some of our
members ! One single altar prepared for
idols, one single act of idolatry, was former-
ly sufficient to provoke thy displeasure.
Jealous of thy glory, thou didst inflict on the
republic of Israel thy most terrible chastise-
ments, wlien they associated false gods with
thee. Hence those dreadful calamities, hence
those eternal banishments, hence heaven and
earth employed to punish the guilty. But if
Jews experienced such a rigorous treatment
for attributing to false gods the perfections of
the true God, what punishments will not you
sufl'er, Christians, if, in spite of the light of
the gospel, which shines around you, you
ta.x tlie true God with the vices of false gods;
if by a theology unworthy of the name, yon
attribute to a holy God the eiuelty, the in-
justice and the falsehood, of those idols to
which corrupt passions alone gave a being,
as well as attributes agreeable to their own
abominable wishes ? That disposition of mind,
which conducts to universal truth, frees a
man from these contradictions, and har-
monizes the pastor and the teacher with him-
self
3. Truth will deliver you from disagreeable
doubts about religion. The state of a mind,
which is ' carried about with every wind of
Ser. XIV.]
THE PRICE OF TRUTH.
151
doctrine,' Eph. iv. 14, to use an expression of
St. Paul, is a violent state ; and it is very dis-
agreeable, in such interesting subjects as
those of religion, to doubt vrhether one be in
the path of truth, or in the road of error ;
whether the worship, that one renders to
God, be acceptable, or odious, to liim; whe-
ther the fatigues, and sufferings, tliat are
endured for religion, be punishments of one's
folly, or preparations for the reward of vir-
tue.
But if this state of mind be violent, it is
difficult to free one's self from it. There are
but two sorts of men, who are free from the
disquietudes of this state : they who live with-
out reflection, and they, who have seriously
studied religion ; they are the only people
who are free from doubts.
We see almost an innumerable variety of
sects, which are diametrically opposite to
one another. How can we flatter ourselves,
that we belong to the right community, un-
less we have profoundly applied ourselves to
distinguish truth from falsehood .''
We hear the partisans of these different
religions anathematize and condemn one
another. How is it, that we are not afraid of
their denunciations of wrath .''
We cannot doubt that, among them, who
embrace systems opj>osite to ours, there is a
great number, who have more knowledge,
more erudition, more genius, more penetra-
tion, than we. How is it that we do not fear,
that these adversaries, who have had better
opportunities of knowing the truth than we,
actually do know it better ; and that they
have employed more time to study it, and
have made a greater progress in it ^
We acknowledge, that there are, in the re-
ligion we profess, difficulties which we are
not able to solve ; bottomless depths, mys-
teries, which are not only above our reason,
but which seem opposite to it. How is it,
thai we are not stumbled at these difficulties .'
How is it, that we have no doubt of the truth
of a religion, which is, in part, concealed
under impenetrable veils ?
We are obliged to own, that prejudices of
birth, and education, are usually very influ-
ential over our minds. Moreover, we ought
to remember, that nothing was so carefully
inculcated on our infant minds as the articles
of our faith. How can we demonstrate, that
these articles belong to the class of demon-
strative truths, and not to that of the preju-
dices of education .''
We know, by sad experience, that we have
often admitted erroneous propositions for in-
contestable principles ; and that wlien wc
have thought ourselves in possession of de-
monstration, we have found ourselves hardly
in possession of proliability. How is it, that
we do not distrust the judgments of minds so
subject to illusion, and which have been so
often deceived ?
From these different reflections arises a
mixture of light and darkness, a contrast of
certainty and doubt, infidelity and faith,
skepticism and assurance, which makes one
of the most dreadful states in which an intel-
ligent soul can be. If men are not a con-
stant prey to the gloomy thoughts that ac-
company this state, it is because sensual ob-
jects fill the whole capacity of their souls :
but there are certain moments of reflection
and self-examination, in which reason will
adopt these distressing thoughts, and oblige
us to suffer all their exquisite pain.
A man, who is arrived at the knowledge of
the truth, a man, who has made all the sacri-
fices necessary to arrive at it, is superior to
these doubts : not only because truth has cer-
tain characters, which distinguish it from
falsehood, certain rays of light, which strike
the eye, and which it is impossible to mistake ;
but also because it is not possible, that God
should leave those men in capital errors,
whom he has enabled to make such grand
sacrifices to «rw«A. If he do not discover to
them at first all that may seem fundamental
in religion, he will communicate to them all
that is fundamental in effect. He will bear
with them,if they embrace some circumstan-
tial errors, into which they fall only through
a frailty inseparable from human nature.
4. Finally, consider the value of truth in re-
gard to the calm which it procures on a
death-bed. Truth will render you intrepid
at the sight of death. Cato of Utica, it is
said, resolved to die, and not being able to
survive the liberty of Rome, and the glory
of Pompey, desired, above all things, to con-
vince himself of the truth of a future state.
Although he had meditated on this importaiit
subject throughout the whole course of his
life, yet he thought it was necessary to re-
examine it at the approach of his death.
For this purpose, he withdrew from society,
he sought a solitary retreat, he read Plato's
book on the immortality of the soul, studied
the proofs with attention, and convinced of
this grand truth, in tranquillity he died.
Methinksl hear him answering, persuaded of
his immortality, all the reasonings that urge
him to continue in life. If Cato had obtain-
ed only uncertain conjectures on the immor-
tality of the soul, he would have died with
regret ; if Cato had known no other world,
he would have discovered his weakness in
quitting this. But Plato gave Cato satisfac-
tion. Cato was persuaded of another life.
The sword with which he destroyed his natu-
ral life, could not touch his immortal soul.
The soul of Cato saw another Rome, another
republic, in whicli tyranny should be no
more on the throne, in which Pompey would
be defeated, and Cesar would triumph no
more.*
How pleasing is the sight of a heathen,
persuading himself of the immortality of the
soul by the bare light of reason ! And how
painful is the remembrance of his staining
ills reflections with suicide ! But I find in
the firmness, which resulted from his medita-
tions, a motive to obey the precepts of the
Wise Man in the text. While the soul floats
in uncertainty, while it hovers between light
and darkness, persuasion and doubt ; while
it has only psesumptions and probabilities in
favour of religion ; it will find it impossible
to view death without terror : but, an enlight-
ened, established Christian, finds in his reli-
gion a sure refuge against all his fears.
If a pagan Cato defied death, what can-
+ Plutarch M. Cato Min.
152
THE ENEMIES AND THE
[Ser, XV.
not a Christian Cato do ? If a disciple of
Plato could piorco through the clouds, which
hid futurity from liim, wliat cannot a disci-
ple of Jesus Christ do ? If a few proofs, the
dictates of unassisted reason, calmed the
agitations of Cato ; what cannot all the lu-
minous proofs, all the glorious demonstra-
tions do, which ascertain the evidence of ano-
tiier life ? God grant we may know the truth
by our own experiences ! To him be honour
and glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XV.
THE ENEMIES AND THE ARMS OF CHRISTIANITY.
PREACHED ON EASTER DAY.
Ephesians vi. 11 — 13.
Put on the li'liole armotir of God, thai ye may he. able (o stand again&t t/ic
tmlcs of /he devil. For toe tvrcslk not against Jlcsh and blood, but against
principalilicH, against poioers, against the rnlcrs of the darkness of this
JJ'orld ; against spiritual zviekcdness in high places. TVherefore take imto
yon the ivhole arvumr of God, that ye may be able to ivithstand in the
evil day, and, having done all, to stand.
It is a very remarkable circumstance of
the life of Jesus Christ, my brethren, that
while ho was performing the most public act
of his devotedncss to the will of God, and
while God was giving the most glorious
proofs of his approbation of him, Satan at-
tacked him with his most violent assaults.
Jesus Clirist, having spent thirty years in
meditation and retirement, preparatory to
the important ministry for whicii he came
into the world, had just entered on the func-
tions of it. He had consecrated himself to
God by baptism ; the Holy Spirit had de-
scended on him in a visible form ; a heavenly
voice had proclaimed in the air, ' This is my
beloved Son with whom I am well pleased,"
Matt. iii. 17, and ho was going to meditate
forty days and nights on the engagements on
which he had entered, and which he intend-
ed to fulfil. These circumstances, so proper,
in all aj)pcarar.ce, to prevent the approach of
Satan, are precisely those, of which ho avail-
ed himself to thwart the design of salvation,
by endeavouring to produce rebellious senti-
ments in the Saviour's mind.
My brethren, the conduct of this wicked
spirit to ' the autlior and finisher of our faith,'
Heb. xii. 2. is a pattern of his conduct to all
them who figlit under his banners. Never
does this enemy of our salvation more furi-
ously attack us, than when we seem to be
most sure of victory. You, my brethren, will
experience Jiis assaults as well as Jesus Christ
did. Would to God, wc could assure our-
selves, tliat it would be glorious to you, as it
was to the divine Redeemer ! Providence
unites to-day tlic two festivals of Easter, and
the Lords Supj)er. In keci)ing Ihe first, we
have celebrated the anniversary of an event,
witliout which ' our preaching is vain, your
faith is vain, and ye are yet in your sins,' 1
Cor. XV. 14. 17. I mean the resurrection of
the Saviour of the world. In celebrating tho
second^ you have renewed your professions
of fidelity to that Jesus, wlio was declared,
with so much glory, ' to be tlie' Son of God,
by the resurrection of the dead,' Rom. i. 4.
It is precisely in these circumstances, that
Satan renews his efForf s to obscure the eviden-
ces of your faith, and to weaken your fidel-
ity to Christ. In these circumstances .also,
we douljle our efforts to enable you to defeat
his assaults, in whicli, alas! many of us choose
rather to yield than to conquer. The
strengthening of you is our design ; my dear
brethren, assist us in it.
And lliou, O great God, who called us to
fight with formidable enemies, leave us not to
our own weakness : ' teach our hands to war,
and our fingers to fight,' Ps. cxlvi. 1. Cause
us ' always to triumph in Christ,' 2 Cor. ii.
14. '■ Make us more than conquerors through
him that loved us,' Rom. viii. 37. Our ene-
mies are thine : ' arise, O God. let thine ene-
mies be scattered, let them that hate thee
flee before thee ."" Amen. Ps. Ixviii. 1.
All is metaphorical in the words of my text.
St. Paul rei)resents the temptations of a
Christian under the image of a combat, par-
ticularly of a wrestling. In ordinary com-
bats there is some proportion between the
combatants ; but in this,* which engages tlie
Clu-istian, there is no proportion at all. A
Cluistian, who may be said to be, more pro-
perly than his Rcdcemor, ' despised and rc-
iected of men,' Isa. liii. o, a man who ' is tho
iiltli of the world, and tlie ofiscouring of all
things,' 1 Cor. iv. 1^, is called to resist, not
o\\\\' Jlcsh (iikJ blood, feeble men like himself;
but men before wliom imagination prostrates
itself; men, of whom the Holy Spirit says,
' Ye are gods," Ps. Ixxxii. 6, that is, poten-
Ser. XV.]
ARMS OF CHRISTIANITY.
153
tat6s and kings. ' Wo wrestle not against
flesh and blood, but against principalities,
against powers, against the rulers of the dark-
ness of this world.'
Moreover, a Christian, whatever degree of
light and knowledge grace has bestowed on
him, whatever degree of steadiness and re-
solution he has acquired in Christianity, al-
ways continues a man, who is called to resist
a superior order of intelligences, whose pow-
er we cannot exactly tell, but who, the Scrip-
ture assures us, can, in some circumstances,
raise tempests, infect the air, and disorder all
the elements ; I mean devils. ' We wrestle
against spiritual wickedness in high places.'
As St. Paul represents the temptations of
a Christian under the notion of a loar, so he
represents the dispositions, that are neces-
sary to overcome thorn, under the idea of ar-
mour. In the words, which follow tlie text,
he carries the metaphor farther than the ge-
nius of our language will allow. He gives the
Christian a mUitary'hclt, and shoes, a helmet,
ft stcord, a shield, a buckler, with which he
resists all the fiery darts of the wicked. But
I cannot discuss all these articles without di-
verting this exercise from its chief design.
By laying aside the figurative language of
the apostle, and by reducing the figures to
truth, I reduce the temptations, with which
the devil and his angels attack the Christian,
to two general ideas. The first are sophisms,
to seduce him from the evidence oi truth ; and
the second are inducements, to make him de-
sert the dominion of virtue. Tlie Christian
is able to overcome these two kinds of tempta-
tions. The Christian remains victorious af-
ter a war, which seems at first so very une-
qual. This is precisely the meaning of the
text : ' We wrestle not against flesh and
blood, but against principalities, against pow-
ers, against the rulers of the darkness of this
world, against spiritual wickedness in high
places. Wherefore take unto you the whole
armour of God, that ye may be able to with-
stand in the evil day, and having done all, to
stand.'
1. The first artifices of Satan are intended
to seduce the Christian from the trutli,di.nd, we
must own, these darts were never so poison-
ous as they are noid. The emissaries of the
devil, in the time of St. Paul ; the heathen
pliilosophcrs, the scribes and pharisees, were
but scholars and novices in the art of colour-
ing falsehood, in comparison of our deists and
skeptics, and other antagonists of our holy re-
ligion. But, however formidable tlioy may
appear, we are able to make them ' lick the
dust,' Micah vii. 17. and as the art of disguis-
ing error was never carried so far before, so,
thanks bo to God, my bretjiren, that of un-
masking falsehood, and of disjilaying truth
in all its glory, has extended with it.
The Christian ki^ows how to disentangle
truth from six artifices of error. Tiierc arc
six sophisms, that prevail in those wretched
productions, which our ago has brought forth
for tlie purpose of subverting the truth.
1. The first artifice is the confounding of
those matters, wliich arc proposed to our dis-
cussion ; and the requiring of metaphysi-
cal evidence of tiicts which are not capable
of it.
2. The second artifice is the opposing of
possible circumstances against other circum-
stances, which are evident and sure.
3. The next artifice pretends to weaken the
evidence of known things, by arguments tak-
en from things that are unknown.
4. The fourth artifice is an attempt to ren-
der the doctrines of the gospel absurd and
contradictory, under pretence that they are
obscure.
5. The fifth article proposes arguments fo-
reign from the subject in hand.
6. The last forms objections, which derive
their weight, not from their own intrinsic gra-
vity ; but from the superiority of the genius
of him who proposes tliem.
1. The matters, which are proposed to our
discussion, are confounded ; and metaphysi-
cal evidence of facts is required, which are
not, in the nature of them, capable of tliis
kind of evidence. We call that metaphysical
evidence, which] is founded on a clear idea of
the essence of a subject. For example, wo
have a clear idea of a certain number : if we
afiinn, that the number, of which we have a
clear idea, is equal, or unequal, the proposi-
tion is capable of metaphysical evidence : but
a question of fact can only be proved by a
union of circumstances, no one of which,
taken apart, would be sufficient to prove the
fact, but which taken all together, make a
fact beyond a doubt. As it is not allowable
to oppose certain circumstances against a
proposition that has metaphysical evidence,
so it is unreasonable to require metaphysical
evidence to prove a matter of fact. I have a
clear notion of a given number ; I conclude
from this notion, that the number is equal or
unequal, and it is in vam to object to me, that
all the world does not reason as I do. Let it
be objected to me, that they, who afiirra that
the number is equal or unequal, have perhaps
some interest in affirming it. Objections of
this kind are nothing to the purpose, they are
circumstances which do not at all affect the
nature of the number, nor the evidence on
which I aflirm an equality, or an inequality,
of the given number ; for I have a clear idea
of the subject in hand. In like manner, I see
a union of circumstances, which uniformly
attests the truth of a fact under my examina-
tion ; I yield to this evidence, and in vain is
it objected to me, that it is not metaphysi-
cal evidence, the subject before me is not ca-
pable of it.
We apply this maxim to all the facts on
which the truth of religion turns, such as
tliGse : there was such a man as Moses, who
related what he saw, and who himself wrought
several things which he recorded. Thero
were such men as the prophets, who wrote
the books that bear their names, and who
foretold many events several ages before they
came to ])ass. Jesus, the son of Mary, was
born in the reign of the emperor Augustus,
preached the doctrines which are recorded in
the* gosjiel, and by crucifixion was put to
death. We make a particular application of
this maxim to tlie resurrection of Jesus
Christ, which we this day commemorate, and
it forms a sliicld to resist all the fiery darts
that attack it. The I'esurrcction of .fesus
Christ is a fact, which wo ought to prove ; it
154
THE ENEMIES AND THE
[Ser. XV.
is an extraordinary fact, for the demonstra-
tion of which, we allow, stronger proofs ought
to be adduced, than for the proof of a fact
that comes to pass in the ordinary course of
things. But after all, it is a fact ; and, in de-
monstrating facts no proofs ought to be re-
quired, but such as establish facts. We have
the better right to reason thus with our op-
Eonents, because they do not support their
istorical skepticisms without restrictions.
On the contrary, they admit some facts,
which they believe on the evidence of a very
few circumstances. But if a few circumstan-
ces demonstrate some facts, why does not a
union of all possible circiunstances demon-
strate other facts.
2. The second artifice is the ojjpos'mg of
possible circumstances which may or may
not be against other circumstances which are
evident and sure. All arguments, that are
founded on possible circumstances, are only
uncertain conjectures, and groundless suppo-
sitions. Perhaps there may have been floods,
perhaps fires, perhaps earthquakes, which, by
abolishing the memorials of past events, pre-
vent our tracing things back from age to age
to demonstrate the eternity of the world, and
our discovery of monuments against religion.
This is a strange way of reasoning against
men, who are armed with arguments which
are taken from phenomena avowed, notorious,
and real. When we dispute against infidelity;
when we establish the existence of a Su-
preme Being ; when we affirm that the Crea-
tor of the universe is eternal in his duration,
wise in his designs, powerful in his execu-
tions, and magnificent in his gifts ; we do
not reason on probabilities, nor attempt to
establish a thesis on a may-be. We do not
say, perhaps there may be a firmament, that
covers us ; perhaps there may be a sun,
which enlightens us ; perhaps there may be
stars, which shine in the firmament ; perhaps
the earth may support us ; perhaps aliment
Biay nourish us; perhaps we breathe; perhaps
air may assist respiration ; perhaps there may
be a symmetry in nature, and in the ele-
ments. We produce these phenomena, and
we make them the basis of our reasoning,
and of our faith.
3. The third artifice consists in tlie jrcak-
ening of the cridenee of knoicn tilings, by ar-
fuments taken from things ichich arc U7i-
nown. This is another source of sophisms
invented to support infidelity. It grounds a
part of the difficulties, which arc opposed to
the system of religion, not on what is known,
but on what is unknown. Of what use are
all the treasures, which are concealed in the
depths of the sea .'' Why are so many metals
buried in the bowels of tlie earth .' Of what
use are so many stars, which glitter in the
firmament .' Why are there so many deserts
uninhabited, and uninhabitable .' Why so
many mountains inaccessible ? Why so many
insects, which are a burden to nature, and
which seem designed only to disfigure it .''
Why did God create men, who must be mis-
erable, and whose misery he could not but
foresee ? Why did he confine revelation
for so many ages to one single nation, and,
in a manner, to one single family .' Wliy does
he still leave such an infinite nuiuber of peo-
ple to ' sit in darkness and in the shadow of
death ?' Hence the infidel concludes, either
that there is no God, or that he has not the I
perfections which we attribute to him. The 1
Christian, on the contrary, grounds his sys- 1
tem on principles that are evident and '
sure.
We derive our arguments, not from what
we know not, but irom what we do know.
We derive them from characters of intelli-
gence, which fall under our observation, and
which we see with our own eyes. We derive
them from the nature of finite beings. We de-
rive them from the united attestations of all
mankind. We derive them from miracles, jj
which were wrought in favour of religion. '
We draw them from our own hearts, which
evince, by a kind of reasoning superior to all
argument, superior to all scholastic demon-
strations, that religion is made for man, that
the Creator of man is the author of religion.
4. The fourth article is an attempt to prove
a doctrine contradictory and absurd, because
it is obscure. Some doctrines of religion are
obscure ; but none are contradictory. God
acts towards us in regard to the doctrines of
faith, as he does in regard to the duties of
practice. When he gives us laws, he gives
them as a master, not as a- tyrant. Were he
to impose laws on us, which are contrary to
order, which would debase our natures, and
which would make innocence productive of
misery ; this would not be to ordain laws as
a master, but as a tyrant. Then our duties
would be in direct opposition. That, which
would oblige us to obey, would oblige us to
rebel. It is the eminence of the perfections
of God, which engages us to obey him: but
his perfections would be injured by the impo-
sition of such laws as these, and therefore >
we should be instigated to rebellion.
In like manner, God has characterized
truth and error. W'ere it possible for him to
give error the characters of truth, and truth
the characters of error, there would be a di- i
rect opposition in our ideas ; and the same I
reason, which would oblige us to believe, i
would oblige us to disbelieve : because that
Vthich engages us to believe, when God
speaks, is, that he is infallibly true. Now, if
God were to command us to believe contra-
dictions, he would cease to be infallibly true;
because nothing is more opposite to truth than
self-contradiction. This is the maxim, which
we admit, and on which we ground our faith
in the mysteries of religion. A wise man
ought to know his own wealiness ; to con-
vince himself that there are questions which
he has not capacity to answer ; to compare
the greatness of the object with the littleness
of the intelligence, to which the object is
proposed ; and to perceive that this dispro-
portion is the only cause of some difficul-
ties, which have appeared so formidable to
him.
Let us form grand ideas of the Supreme
Being. What ideas ought we to form of him .''
Never has a preacher a fairer opportunity of
giving a scope to his meditation, and ofletting
his imagination loose, than when he des-
cribes the grandeur of that which is most
grand. But 1 do not mean to please your fan-
cies by pompous descriptions ; but to edify
Seb. XV.]
ARMS OF CHRISTIANITY.
155
your minds by distinct ideas. God is an infi-
nite Being. In an infinite being there must
be things which infinitely surpass finite under-
standing ; it would be absurd to suppose other-
wise. As the Scripture treats of this infinite
God, it must necessarily treat of subjects
which absorb the ideas of a finite mind.
5. The fifth article attacks the truth by ar-
guracnts foreign from the subject under con-
sideration. To propose arguments of this
kind is one of the most dangerous tricks of
error. The most essential precaution, that
we can use, in the investigation of truth, is
to distinguish that which is foreign from the
subject from that which is really connected
with it ; and there is no question in divinity,
or philosophy, casuistry, or policy, which
could afford abstruse and endless disputes,were
not every one, who talks of it, fatally ingeni-
ous in the art of incorporating in it a thousand
ideas, which are foreign from it.
You hold such and such doctrines, say
some : and yet Luther, Calvin, and a hundred
celebrated divines in your communion, have
advanced many false arguments in defence of
it. But what does this signify to me ? The
question is not whether these doctrines have
been defended by weak arguments ; but
whether the arguments, that determine me
to receive them, be conclusive, or sophistical
and vague.
You receive such a doctrine : but Origin,
Tertullian, and St. Augustine, did not believe
it. And what then .' Am I inquiring what
these fathers did believe, or what they ought
to have believed .-'
You believe such a doctrine : but very few
people believe it beside yourself: the greatest
part of Europe, almost all France, all Spain,
all Italy, whole kingdoms disbelieve it, and
maintain opinions diametrically opposite.
And what is all this to me .-' Am I examining
what doctrines have the greatest number of
partisans, or what doctrines ought to have the
most universal spread ?
You embrace such a doctrine : but many
illustrious persons, cardinals, kings, emperors,
triple-crowned heads, reject what you receive.
But what avails this reasoning to me .' Am I
considering the rank of those who receive a
doctrine, or the reasons which ought to deter-
mine them to receive it ? Have cardinals,
have kings, have emperors, have triple-crown-
ed heads, the clearest ideas .'' Do they labour
more than all other men .-' Are they the most
indefatigable inquirers after truth .' Do they
make the greatest sacrifices to order.'' Are
tiiey, of all mankind, the first to lay aside
those prejudices and passions, which envelope
and obscure the truth ?
G. The last artifice is this : Objections
which arc made against the truth, derive their
force, not from their own reasonableness, hat
from the superiority of the genius of him icho
proposes them. There is no kind of truth,
which its defenders would not be obliged to
renounce, were it right to give up a proposi-
tion, because we could not answer all the ob-
jections which were formed against it. A
mechanic could not answer the arguments,
that I could propose to him, to prove, when
he walks, that there is no motion in nature,
that it is the highest absurdity to suppose it.
A mechanic could not answer the arguments,
that I could propose to him, to prove that there
is no matter, even while he felt and touched
his own body, which is material. A me-
chanic could not answer the arguments, that
I could propose to him, when he had finished
his day's work, to prove that I gave him five
shilhngs, even when I had given him but
three. And yet, a mechanic has more rea-
son for his assertions, than the greatest ge-
niuses in the universe have for their objec-
tions, when he aflirms, that I gave him but
three shillings, that there is motion, that
there is a mass of matter to which his soul is
united, and in which it is but too often, in a
manner, buried as in a tomb.
You simple, but sincere souls : you spirits
of the lowest class of mankind, but often of
the highest at the tribunal of reason and
good sense, this article is intended for you.
Weigh the words of the second command-
ment, ' Thou shalt not make unto thee any
graven image, thou shalt not bow down thy-
self to them.' You have more reason to jus-
tify your doctrine and worship, than all the
doctors of the universe have to condemn them,
by their most specious, and, in regard to you,
by their most indissoluble objections. Wor-
ship Jesus Christ in imitation of the angels of
heaven, to whom God said, ' Let all the an-
gels of God worship him,' Heb. i. 6. Pray to
him, after the example of St. Stephen, and
say unto him, as that holy martyr said, in the
hour of death, ' Lord Jesus, receive my spirit,'
Actsvii.59. Believe on the testimony of the
inspired writers, that he is eternal, as his Fa-
ther is ; that, with the Father, he is the Crea-
tor of the world ; that, hke the Father, he is
Almighty?; that he has all the essential attri-
butes of the Deity, as the Father has. You
have more reason for these doctrines, and for
this worship than the most refined sophists
have for all their most specious objections,
even for those which, to you, are the most
unanswerable. ' Hold that fast which ye have,'
let ' no man take your crown,' Rev. iii. 11.
II. We have seen the darts which Satan
shoots at us, to subdue us to the dominion of
error : let us now examine those with which
he aims to make us submit to the empire of
■vice : but, lest we should overcharge your
memories with too many precepts, we will
take a method different from that which we
have followed in the foriner part of this dis-
course ; and, in order to give you a more
lively idea of tliat steadiness, with which the
apostle intended to animate us, we will show
it you reduced to practice ; we will represent
such a Christian, as St. Paul himself describes
in the text, ' wrestling against flesh and blood,
against principalities, against powers, against
the rulers of the darkness of this world,
against spiritual wickedness in high places.'
We will show you the Christian resisting
four sorts of tlie fiery darts of tlie wicked.
The false maxims of the world. The perni-
cious examples of the multitude. Threaten-
ings and persecutions. And the snares of
sensual pleasures.
1. Satan attacks the Christian with * false
maxims of the world.' These are some of
them. Christians arc not obliged to practise
a rigid morality. In times of persecution, it
156
THE ENEMIES AND THE
[Ser. XV.
is allowable to palliate our sentiments, and, if
the heart be right with God, there is no harm
in a conformity to the world. The God of
religion is the God of nature, and it is not
conceivable, that religion should condemn the
feelings of nature ; or, that the ideas of fire
and brimstone, with which the Scriptures are
filled, should have any other aim, than to pre-
vent men from carrying vice to extremes :
they cannot mean to restrain every act of sin.
The time of youth is a season of pleasure.
We ought not to aspire at salntship. We
must do as other people do. It is beneath a
man of honour to put up with an affront ; a
gentleman ought to require satisfaction. No
reproof is due to him who hurts nobody but
himself. Time must be killed. Detraction
is the salt of conversation. Impurity, indeed,
is intolerable in a woman ; but it is very par-
donable in men. Human frailty excuses the
greatest excesses. To pretend to be perfect
m virtue, is to subvert the order of things,
and to metamorphose man into a pure disem-
bodied intelligence. My brethren, how easy
it is to make proselytes to a religion so ex-
actly fitted to the depraved propensities of the
human heart !
These maxims have a singular character,
they seem to unite that which is most irre-
gular with that which is most regular in the
heart ; and they are the more likely to sub-
vert our faith, because they seem to bo con-
sistent with it. However, all that they aim
at is, to unite heaven and hell, and, by a mon-
strous assemblage of heterogeneous objects,
they propose to make us enjoy the pleasures
of sin and the joys of heaven. If Satan were
openly to declare to us, that we must pro-
claim war with God ; that we must make an
alliance with him against the divine power ;
that we must oppose his majesty : reason and
conscience would reject propositions so de-
testable and gross. But, when he attacks us
by such motives as we have related ; when
he tells us, not that we must renounce the
hopes of heaven, but that a few steps in an
easy path will conduct us thither. When he
invites us, not to deny religion, but to content
ourselves with observing a few articles of it.
When he does not strive to render us insen-
sible to the necessities of a poor neighbour,
but to convince us that we should first take
care of ourselves, for charity, as they say, be-
gins at home : — do you not conceive, my
brethren, that there is in this morality a se-
cret poison, Avhich slides insensibly into the
heartj'and corrodes all the powers of the soul ?
The Christian is not vuhierable by any of
these maxims. He derives help from the re-
ligion, which he professes, against all the ef-
forts tliat are employed to divert him from it ;
and he conquers by resisting Satan as Jesus
Christ resisted him, and, lilse him, opposes
maxim against maxim, the maxiriis of Christ
against the maxims of the world. Would
Satan persuade us, that we follow a morality
too rigid .' It is written, we must ' enter in at
a strait gate,' Matt. vii. 13, ' pluck out the
right eye, cut offlhe right hand,' chap. v. 20,
30 : ' deny ourselves, take up our cross, and
follow Christ ,' chap. xvi. 24. Docs Satan say
it is allowable to conceal our religion in a
time of persecution .' It is written, we nmst
i
confess Jesus Christ ; ' whosoever shall deny
him before men, him will he deny before liis
Father who is in heaven ; he who loveth fa-
ther or mother more than him, is not worthy
of him,' chap. x. 32, 33, 37. Would Satan in-
spire us with revenge ? It is written, ' Dear-
ly beloved, avenge not yourselves,' Rom. xii.
19. Does Satan require us to devote our
youthful days to sin .■" It is written, ' Remem-
ber thy Creator in the daysof Ay youth,' Ec-
cles. xii.l. Does Satan tell us that we must
not aspire to be saints ? It is written, ' Be yo
holy, fori am holy,' I Pet.i IG ; Would Sa-
tan teach us to dissipate time ? It is written,
' we must redeem time,' Eph. v. 16 ; we must
' number our days,' in order to ' apply our
hearts unto wisdom,' Ps. xc. 12. Would Sa-
tan encourage us to slander our neighbour.'
It is written, ' Revilers shall not inherit the
kingdom of God,' 1 Cor. vi. 10. Does Satan
tell us we deserve no reproof when we do no
liarm .'' It is written, we are to practise
' whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever con-
stitutes virtue, whatsoever things are worthy
of praise,' Phil. iv. S. Would Satan tempt us
to indulge impurity .'' It is written, ' our bo-
dies are the members of Christ,' and it is a
crime to ' make them the members of a har-
lot,' 1 Cor. vi. 15. Would Satan unite hea-
ven and earth ? It is written, ' There is no •
concord between Christ and Belial, }io com-
munion between light and darkness,' 2 Cor.
vi. 14, 15 ; ' no man can serve two masters,'
Matt. vi. 24. Does Satan urge the impossi-
bility of perfection .' It is written, ' Be ye
perfect, as your Father, who is in heaven, is
perfect,' chap. v. 48.
2. There is a ditference between those who
preach the maxims of Jesus Christ ; and
those who preach the maxims of the world.
The former, alas ' are as frail as the rest of
mankind, and they themselves are apt to vio-
late the laws which they prescribe to others ;
so that it must be sometimes said of them,
' What they bid you observe, observe and do ;
but do not ye after their works,' Matt, xxiii. J
3. They who preach the maxims of the ^
world, on the contrary, never fail to confirm
the pernicious maxims, which they advance
by their own examples: and hence a second
quiver of those darts, with which Satan at-
tempts to destroy the virtues of Christianity ;
I mean the examples of had men.
Each order of men, each condition of life,
each society, has some peculiar vice, and
each of these is so established by custom,
that we cannot resist it, without being ac-
counted, according to the usual phrase, men
of another world. Vicious men are some-
times respectable persons. They are parents,
they are ministers, they are magistrates. We
bring into the world with us a turn to imita-
tion. Our brain is so formed as to receive
impressions from all exterior objects, and if
I may be allowed to speak so, to talte the form
of every thing that affects it. How difficult
is it, my brethren, to avoid contagion, when
we breathe an air so infected ! The desire of
pleasing oflen prompts us to that which our
inclinations ablior, and very few peoi>le can
bear this reproach ; you are unfashionable and
unpolite ! How much harder is it to resist a
torrent, when it fiills in with the dispositions
S^R.XV.]
ARMS OF CHRISTIANITY.
157
of our own hearts ! The Christian, however,
resolutely resists this attack, and opposes
model to model, the patterns of Jesus Christ,
and of his associates, to the examples of an
apostate world.
The first, the great model, the exemplar of
all others, is Jesus Christ. Faith, which al-
ways fixes the eyes of a Christian on his Sa-
viour, incessantly contemplates his virtues,
and also inclines" him to holiness by stirring
up his natural propensity to imitation. Jesus
Christ reduced every virtue, which he preach-
ed, to practice. Did he preach a detachment
from the world ? And could it be carried far-
ther than the divine Saviour carried it ? He
was exposed to hunger, and to thirst ; to the
inclemency of seasons, and to the contempt
of mankind : he had no fortune to recommend
him to the world, no great office to render
him conspicuous there. Did he preach zeal r
He passed the day in the instructing of men,
and, as the saving of souls filled up the day,
the night he spent in praying to God. Did
he preach patience .' ' When he was revil-
ed,'he reviled not again,' 1 Pet. ii. 23. Did
he preach love .'' ' Greater love than he had
no man, for he laid down his life for his
friends,' John xv. 13. His incarnation, his
birth, his life, his cross, his death, are so many
voices, each of which cries to us, ' Behold
how he loved you,' chap. xi. 35.
Had Jesus Christ alone practised the Adr-
tues which he prescribed to us, it might be
objected, that a man must be ' conceived of
the Holy Ghost,' Matt. i. 20, to resist the
force of custom. But we have seen many
Christians, who have walked in the steps of
their master. The primitive church was
' compassed about with a happy societj', a
great cloud of witnesses,' Heb. xii. 1. Even
now in spite of the power of corruption, we
have many illustrious examples ; we can
show magistrates, who are accessible : ge-
nerals, who are patient ; merchants, who are
disinterested ; learned men, who are teach-
able ; and devotees, who are lowly and
meek.
Ifthe believer could find no exemplary
characters on earth, he could not fail of meet-
ing with such in heaven. On earth, it is
true, haughtiness, sensuality, and pride, are
in fashion. But the believer is not on earth.
He is reproached for bein? a man of another
world. He glories in it, he is a man of ano-
ther world, he is a heavenly man, he is a
* citizen of heaven,' Phil. iii. 20. His heart
is with his treasure, and his soul, transport-
ing itself by faith into the heavenly regions,
beholds customs there different from those
which prevail in this world. In heaven it is
the fashion to bless God, to sing his praise,
to cry, ' Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of
hosts,' Isa. vi. 3, to anhnate one another in
celebrating the glory of the great Supreme,
who reigns and fills the place. On earth,
fashion proceeds from the courts of kings,
and the provinces are polite when they imi-
tate them. The believer is a heavenly cour-
tier ; he practises, in the midst of a crooked
and perverse nation, the customs of the
court whence he came, and to which he hopes
to return.
8. Satan assaults the Christian with the
threatenings of the world, and with the pef*
secutions of those who are in power, vir-
tue, I own, has a venerable aspect, which at-
tracts respect from those who hate it : but,
after all, it is hated. A beneficent man is a
troublesome object to a miser : the patience
of a believer throws a shade over the char-
acter of a passionate man : and the men of
the world will always persecute those vir-
tues, which they cannot resolve to practice.
Moreover, there is a kind of persecution,
which approaches to madness, when, to tha
hatred, which our enemies naturally havo
against us, they add sentiments of supersti-
tion ; when, under pretence of religion, they
avenge their own cause ; and, according to
tlie language of Scripture, think that to kill
the saints is ' to render service to God,' Johu
X. 2. Hence so many edicts against primi-
tive Christianity, and so many cruel laws
against Christians themselves. Hence the
filhng of a thousand deserts with exiles, and
a thousand prisons with confessors. Hence
tlie letting loose of bears, and bulls, and li-
ons, on the saints, to divert the inhabitants of
Rome. Hence the applying of redhot plates
of iron to tiieir flesh. Hence iron pincers
to prolong their pain by pulling them in
piecemeal. Hence caldrons of boiling oil, in
which, by the industrious cruelty of their
persecutors, they died by fire and by water
too. Hence burning brazen bulls, and seats
of fire and flame. Hence the skins of wild
beasts in which they were wrapped, in order
to be torn and devoured by dogs. And
hence those strange and nameless punish-
ments, which would seem to have rather the
air of fables than of historical facts, had not
Christian persecutors, (good God ! must
these two titles go together !) had not Chris-
tian persecutors Let us pass
this article, my brethren, let us cover these
bloody objects Vv'ith a veil of patience and
love.
Ah ! how violent is this combat ! Shall I
open the wounds again, which the mercy of
God has closed ? Shall I recall to your me-
mories the falls of some of you .' ' Give glo-
ry to God,' Josh. vii. 19. Cast 3'our eyes
for a moment on that fatal day, in which the
violence of persecution wrenched from you a
denial of the Saviour of the world, whom in
your souls you adored ; made you sign with
n, trembling hand, and utter with a faultering
tongue, those base words against Jesus
Christ, ' I do not know the man,' Matt. xxvi.
72. Let us own, then, that Satan is infinite-
ly formidable, when he strikes us with the
thunderbolts of persecution.
A new combat bring's on a new victory,
and the constancy of the Christian is dis-
played in many a triumphant banner. Turn
over the annals of the church, and behold
how a fervid faith has operated in fiery tri-
als. It has inspired many Stephens with
mercy, who, while they sank under their
persecutors, said ' Lord, lay not this sin to
their charge,' Acts vii. GO. Many with St.
Paul have abounded in patience, and have
said, ' Being reviled, we bless, being defamed,
we entreat,' 1 Cor. iv. 12, 13. It has filled
a Barlaam with praise, who while his hand
was held over the fire to scatter that incense
158
THE ENEMIES AND THE
[Ser. XV.
which in spite of him, liis persecutors had
determined he should offer, sang, as well as
he could, 'Blessed be the Lord, who" teach-
eth my hands to war, and my fingers to
fight,' Ps. cxliv. 2. It transported that holy
woman with joy, who said, as she was going
to suffer, crowns are distributed to day, and I
am going to receive one. It inspired Prlark,
bishop of Arethusa, witli magnanimity, who,
according to Theodoret, after he had been
mangled and slashed, bathed in a liquid, of
which insects are fond, and hungf up in the
sun to be devoured by them, said to the spec-
tators, I pity you, ye people of the world, I
am ascending to heaven, while ye are crawl-
ing on earth. And how many JMarks of Are-
thusa, how many Barlaams, how many Ste-
phens, and Pauls, have we known in our age,
whose memories history will transmit to the
most distant times !
4. But how formidable soever Satan may
be, when he shoots the fiery darts of perse-
cution at us, it must be granted, my bre-
thren, he discharges others far more danger-
ous to us, when, having studied our passions,
he presents those objects to our hearts which
they idolize, and gives us the possession, or
the hope of possessing them. The first ages
of Christianity, in which religion felt all the
rage of tyrants, were not the most fatal to the
church. Great tribulations produced great
virtues, and the blood of the mart3'rs was the
seed of the church. But when under Chris-
tian emperors, believers enjoyed the privi-
leges of the world, and the profession of the
faith was no obstacle to worldly grandeur,
the church became corrupt, and, by sharing
the advantages, partook of the vices of the
world.
Among the many different objects, which
the world offers to our view, there is always
one, there are often more, which the lieart
approves. The heart, which does not glow
at the sight of riches, may sigh after honours.
The soul that is insensible to glory, may be
enchanted with pleasure. The demon of
concupiscence, revolving for ever around us,
will not fail to present to each of us that
enticement, which of all others is the most
agreeable to us. See his conduct to David.
He could not entice him by the idea of a
throne to become a parricide, and to stain his
hands with the blood of the anointed of the
Lord: but, as he was inaccessible one wa}^,
another art must be tried. He exhibited to
his view an object fatal to his innocence : the
prophet saw, admired, was dazzled, and in-
flamed with a criminal passion, and to grati-
fy it, began in adultery, and murder closed
the scene.
My brethren, you do not feel these passions
now, your souls are attentive to these great
truths, and, wliile you hear of the snares of
concupiscence, you discover the vanity of
them. But if, instead of our voice, Satan
were to utter his ; if, instead of being con-
fined within these walls, you were transport-
ed to the pinnacle of an eminent edifice ;
were he there to show you ' all the kingdoms
of the world, and the glory of them,' Matt.
iv. b, and to say to each of you, There,
you shall content your pride : here, you shall
eatiate your vengeance : yonder, you shall
roll in voluptuousness. I fear, I fear, my
brethren, very few of us would say to such a
dangerous enemv, ' Satan get thee hence/
ver. 10.
This is the fourth assault, which the demon
of cupidity makes on the Christian ; this is
the last triumph of Christian constancy and
resolution. In these assaults the Christian
is firm. The grand ideas, which he forms of
God, makes him fear to irritate the Deity,
and to raise up such a formidable foe. They
fill him with a just apprehension of the folly
of that man, who will be happy in spite of
God. For self-gratification, at the expense
of duty, is nothing else but a determination
to be happy in opposition to God. This is
the utmost degree of extravagance : ' Do we
provoke the Lord to jealousy ? Are we
stronger than he ? 1 Cor. x. 22.
Over all, the Christian fixes his eye on the
immense rewards, which God reserves for
him in another world. The good things of
this world, we just now observed, have some
relation to our passions : but, after all, can
the world satisfy them ? My passions are
infinite, every finite object is inadequate to
them. My ambition, my voluptuousness,
my avarice, are only irritated, they are not
satisfied, by all the objects which the present
world exhibits to my view. Christians, we
no longer preach to you to limit your desires.
Expand them, be ambitious, be covetous, be
greedy of pleasure : but be so in a supreme
degree. Jerusalem, ' enlarge the place of
thy tent, stretch forth the curtains of thine
habitations, spare not, lengthen thy cords,
and strengthen thy stakes,' Isa. liv. 2. The
throne of thy sovereign, the pleasures that
are at his right hand, the inexhaustible mines
of his happiness, will quench the utmost
thirst of thy heart.
From what has been said, I infer only two
consequences, and them, my brethren, I
would use to convince you of the grandeur
of a Christian, and of the grandeur of an in-
telligent soul.
1. Let us learn to form grand ideas of a
Christian. The pious man is often disdained
in society by men of the world. He is often
taxed with narrowness of genius, and mean-
ness of soul. He is often dismissed to keep
company with those, whom the world calls
good folhs. But what unjust appraisers of
things are mankind ! How little does it be-
come them to pretend to distribute glory !
Christian is a grand character. A Christian
man unites in himself what is most grand,
both in the mind of a philosopher, and in the
herrt of a hero.
The unshaken steadiness of his soul ele-
vates him above whatever is most grand in
the mind of a philosopher. The philosopher
flatters himself that he is arrived at this gran-
deur ; but he only imagines so ; it is the
Christian who possesses it. He alone knows
how to distinguish the true from the false.
The Christian is the man who knows how to
ascend to heaven, to procure wisdom there,
and to bring it down and to diffuse on earth.
It is the Christian who having learned, by the
accurate exercise of his reason, the imperfec-
tion of his knowledge, and having supplied
the want of perfection in himself, by sub-
Ser. XV.]
ARMS OF CPIRISTIANITY.
159
mitting to the decisions of an infallible Being,
steadily resists all the illusions, and all the
sophisms of error and falsehood.
And, as he possesses, as he surpasses,
whatever is most grand iu'tho mind of a phi-
losopher, so he possesses whatever is most
grand in the heart of a hero. That grandeur,
of which the worldly hero vainly imagines
himself in possession, the Cliristian alone
really enjoys. It is the Christian who fiist
forms the heroical design of taking the per-
fections of God for his jnodcl, and then sur-
mounts every obstacle that opposes his laud-
able career. It is the Christian who has the
courage, not to rout an army, neither to cut
a way through a squadron, nor to scale a
wall ; but to stem an immoral torrent, to
free himself from the maxims of the world, to
bear pain and to despise shame, and, what
perhaps may be yet more magnanimous, and
more rare, to be impregnable against whole
armies of voluptuotis attacks. It is the
Christian then v/ho is the only true philoso-
pher, the only real hero. Let us be v.'ell
persuaded of this truth ; if the world des-
pise us, let us, in our turn, despise the world ;
let us be highly satined with that degree of
elevation, to whicli grace has raised us. This
is the first consequence.
2. We infer from this subject the excel-
lence of your souls. Two mighty powers
dispute tlie sovereignty over them, God and
Satan. Satan employs his subtilty to sub-
due you to him : ho terrifies you with threat-
enings, he enchants you with promises, he
endeavours to produce errors in your minds,
and passions in your hearts.
On the other hand, God, having redeemed
you with the purest and most precious
blood, having sluiken^ in your favour, 'the
heavens and the earth, the sea, and the dry
land,' Hag. ii. 6, still continues to resist
Satan for you, to take away his prey from
him ; and from the highest heaven, to ani-
mate you with these grand motives, which
we have this day been proposing to your me-
ditation. To-day God would attract you, by
the most affecting means, to himself.
Wliile heaven and earth, God and the
world, endeavours to gain your souls, do you
alone continue indolent .'' Arc you alone ig-
norant of your own worth .' Ah ! learn to
know your own excellence, triumph over
flesh and blood, trample the world beneath
your feet, go from conquering to conquer.
Listen to tlie voice that cries to you, ' To
him that overcometh will I grant to sit with
me in my throne, even as 1 also overcame,
and am set down with my Father in his
throne,' Rev. iii. 21. Continue in the faith,
* hold that fast which thou hast, that no man
take thy crown,' ver. IL Having fought
through life, redouble your believing vigour
at the approach of death.
All the wars which the world makes on
your faith, should prepare you lor tlie most
great, the most formidable attack of all,
' The last enemy that shall be destroyed, is
death,' 1 Cor. xv. 26. The circumstances
of death are called an agony, that is, a
wrestling. In effect, it is the mightiest effort
of Satan, and therefore our faith should re-
double its vigorous acts.
Then Satan will attack you with cutting
griefs, and doubts and fears ; then will he
present to you a deplorable family, whoso
cries and tears will pierce your hearts, and
who, by straitening the ties that bind you to
the earth, will raise obstacles to prevent the
ascent of your souls to God. He will alarm
you with the idea of divine justice, and
will terrify you W'ith that of consuming fire,
which must devour the adversaries of God.
He will paint, in the most dismal colours, all
the sad train of your funerals, the mourn-
iully nodding hearse, the torch, the shroud,
the coffin and the pall ; the frightful solitude
of the tomb, or the odious putrefaction of the
grave. At the sight of these objects, the
ficsh complains, nature murmurs, religion it-
self seems to totter and shake : but fear not;
your faith, your faith will support you. Faith
will discover those eternal relations into
which you are going to enter ; the celestial
armies, that will soon be your companions;
the blessed angels, who wait to receive your
souls and to be your convoy home. Faith
will show you that in the tomb of Jesus
Christ which will sanctify yours ; it will re»
mind you of that blessed death, which ren-
ders yours precious in the sight of God ; it
will assist your souls to glance into eternity;
it will open the gates of heaven to you ; it
will enable 3'ou to behold, without murmur-
ing, the earth sinking away from your feet ;
it will change your death-beds into triumphal
chariots, and it will make you exclaim, amidst
all the mournful objects that surround you,
' O grave where is thy victory .' O death
where is thy sting .'" 1 Cor. xv. 55.
My brethren, our most vehement desires,
our private studies, our public labours, our
vows, our wishes, and our prayers, we con-
secrate to prepare you for that great day.
' For this cause, I bow my knees unto the
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, that he
would grant you, according to the riches of
his glory, to be strengthened with might by
his spirit in the inner man; that Christ may
dwell in your hearts by faith ; that ye being
rooted and grounded in love, may be able to
comprehend with all saints, what is the
breadth, and lengtii, and depth, and height ;
and to know the love of Christ, which pass-
eth knowledge, that ye might be filled witli
all the fulness of God. Now, unto him that
is able to do exceeding abundantly above
all that we ask or think, according to the
power that worketh in us, unto him be glory
in the church by Christ Jesus, throughout all
ages, world without end.' Amen. Eph. iii.
14. 16. 21.
SERMON XVI.
THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST.
Isaiah, ix. 6, 7.
Unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given; and the government shall
be upon his shoulder : and his name shall be called JVonderful, Counsellor,
The mi°-hty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the
increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, ujjon the throne
of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to cstatjlish it with
judgment and with justice, from henceforth, even for ever.
I ANTICIPATE the festival which the
goodness, or rather the magnificence, of God
invites you to celebrate on Wednesday next.
All nature seems to take part in the memo- ,
rable event, which on that day v.'e shall com- .
memorate, I mean the birth of the Saviour of;
the world. Herod turns pale on his throne ; j
the devils tremble in hell ; the wise men of j
the East suspend all their speculations, and j
observe no sign in the firmament, except that i
which conducts them to the place where lies I
the incarnate Word, ' God manifest in the'
flesh,' 1 Tim. iii. 16; an angel from heaven j
is the herald of the astonishing event, and j
tells the shepherds, ' Behold I bring you good j
tidings of great joy, whicli shall be to all
people, for unto you is born this day, in the
city of David, a Saviour, which is Christ the
Lord,' Luke ii. 10, 11, ' the multitude of the
heavenly host' eagerly descend to congratu-
late men on the Words assumption of mortal
flesh, on his ' dwelling among men,' in order
to enable them to ' beliold his glory, the glo-
ry of the only begotten of the Fatlier, lull of
grace and truth,' John i. 14 ; they rnake the
air resound witli these acclamations, ' Glory
to God in the highest, and on earth peace,
good will towards men,' Luke ii. 14.
What think ye ^ Does this festival re-
quire no preparation of you.' Do you ima-
gine, that you shall celebinte it as you ought,
if you content yourselves with attending on
a few discourses, during which, perhaps,
while you are present in body, you may be
absent in spirit ; or with laying aside your
temporal cares, and j^our most turbulent pas-
sions, at the church-gates, in order to take
them up again as soon as divine service ends .'
The king Messiah is about to make his tri-
umphant entry among you. With what
pomp do the children of this world, wlio are
wise, and, we may add, magnificent, in their
generation, Luke xvi. 8, celebrate the entries
of their princes .' They strew the roads with
flowers, they raise triumphal arches, they
express their joy in shouts of victory, and
in songs of praise. Come, tiicn, my brethren,
let us to-day ' prepare the way of the Lord,
and make his paths straight,' Matt. iii. 3 ; ' let
us be joyful together before the Lord, let us
make a joyful noise before the Lord the
King, for he cometh to judge the earth,' Ps.
xeviii. 6. 9 ; or, to speak in a more intelligi-
ble, and in a more evangelical manner. Come
ye miserable sinners, laden with the insup-
portable burdens of your sins ; come ye trou-
bled consciences, uneasy at the remembrance
of your many idle words, many criminal
thoughts, many abominable actions; come
ye poor mortals, ' tossed with tempests and
not comforted ,' Isa. liv. 11, condemned
first to bear the infirmities of nature, the ca-
prices of society, the vicissitudes of age, the
turns of fortune, and then the horrors of
death, and the frightful night of the tomb ;
come behold ' The Wonderful, the Counsel-
lor, the mighty God, the everlasting Father,
the Prince of peace :' take iiim into your
arms, learn to to desire nothing more, when
you possess him. May God enable each of
you, to say, ' Lord, now lettest thou thy ser-
vant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seen
thy salvation.' Amen.
You have heard the prophecy on which
our meditations in this discourse are to turn.
' Unto us a child is born, unto us a son is
given ; and the government shall be upon his
shoulder : and his name shall be called Won-
derful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The
everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Of
the increase of his government and peace
there shall be no end, upon the throne of Da-
vid, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to
establish it, with judgment and witli justice,
from henceforth, even for ever.' These words
are more dazzling than clear: let us fix their true
meaning ; and, in order to ascertain that, let
us divide this discourse into two parts.
I. Let us explain the prediction.
II. Let us show its accomplishment.
In the first part, we will prove, that the
propiict had the Messiah in view ; and, in
the second, that our Jesus has fully answered
the desirrn of the prophet, and lias accomplish-
ed, in the most just and sublime of all senses,
the whole prediction : ' Unto us a child is
born,' and so on.
I. Let us explain the prophet's prediction,
and lot us fix on the extraordinary child, to
whom he gives th.c magnificent titles in the
text. Indeed, the grandeur of the titles suffi-
ciently determines the meaning of the pro-
phet ; for to whom, except to the Messiah,
can these appellations belong, ' The Wonder-
ful, The Counsellor, The mighty God, The
Prince of Peace, The everlasting Father .''
Sbr. XVI.]
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
161
This natnral sense of the text, is supported by
the authority of an inspired writer, and what
is, if not of any great weight in point of argu-
ment, at least very singular as an historical
fact, it is supported by the authority of an
angel. The inspired writer whom we mean
is St. Matthew, who manifestly alludes to the
words of the text, by quoting those which
precede them, which are connected with
them, and which he applies to the times of
the Messiah : for, having related the impris-
onment of John, and, in consequence of that,
the retiring of Jesus Christ into Galilee, he
adds, that the divine Saviour, ' came and
dwelt in Capernaum, which is upon the sea-
coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Nephtha-
lim: that it might be fulfilled, which was
spoken by Esaias the prophet, saying. The
land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim,
by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee
of the Gentiles : the people which sat in dark-
ness saw great light ; and to them which sat
in the region and sliadow of death light is
sprung up,' Matt. iv. 12. The angel of whom
I spoke is Gabriel ; who, when he declared to
Mary the choice which God had made of her
to be the mother of the Messiah, applied to
her Son the characters by which Isaiah des-
cribes the child in the text, and paints him in
the same colours : ' Thou shalt conceive in
thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt
call his name Jesus. He shall be great, and
shall be called the Son of the Highest ; and
the Lord God shall give unto him the throne
of his father David. And he shall reign over
the house of Jacob for ever ; and of his king-
dom there shall be no end,' Luke i. 31.
How conclusive soever these proofs may
appear in favour of the sense wc have given
of the prophecy, they do not satisfy this in-
tractable age, which is always ready to em-
brace any thing that seems likely to enervate
the truths of religion. Sincerity requires us
to acknowledge, that although our prophecy
is clear of itself, yet there arises some obscu-
rity from the order in which it is placed, and
from its connexion with the foregoing and
following verses. On each wc will endeav-
our to throw some light, and, for this purpose,
we will go back, and analyze this, and the
two preceding chapters.
When Isaiah delivered this prophecy, Ahaz
reigned over the kingdom of Judali, and Pe-
kah, the son of Remaliah, over that of Israel.
You cannot be ignorant of the mutual jeal-
ousy of these two kingdoms. There is often
more hatred between two parties, whose re-
ligion is almost the same, than between those
whose doctrines are in direct opposition.
Each considers the other as near the truth :
each is jealous lest the other should obtain it ;
and, as it is more likely that they, who
hold the essential truths of religion, should
surpass otliers sooner than they who rase the
very foundations of it, the former are greater
objects of envy than the latter. Tiie king-
doms of Israel and Judah were often more
envenomed against one another than against
foreigners. This was the case in the reign of
Ahaz, king of Judah. Pekah, king of Israel,
to the shame of the ten tribes, discovered a
•disposition like that, which has sometimes
made the Christian world blush ; I mean, that
a prince, who worshipped the true God, in
order to destroy his brethren, made an alliance
with an idolater. He allied himself to Rezin,
a pagan prince, who reigned over that part of
Syria, which constituted the kingdom of Da-
mascus. The kingdom of Judah had often
yielded to the forces of these kings, even
when each had separately made war with it.
Now they were united ; and intended jointly
to fall on the Jews, and to overwhelm, rather
than to besiege Jerusalem. Accordingly, the
consternation was so great in the holy city,
that, the Scripture says, ' The heart of Ahaz
was moved, and the heart of his people, as
the trees of the wood are moved with the
wind,' Isa. vii. 2.
Although the kingdom of Judah had too
well deserved the punishments which threat-
ened it; and although a thousand outrages,
with which the inhabitants had insulted the
Majesty of heaven, seemed to guarantee
their country to the enemy, yet God came
to their assistance. He was touched, if not
with the sincerity of their repentance, at least
with the excess of their miseries. He com-
manded Isaiah to encourage their hopes. He
even promised them, not only that all the
designs of their enemies should be rendered
abortive ; but that the two confederate king-
doms, ' within threescore and five years,' ver,
8, should be entirely destroyed. Moreover,
he gave Ahaz the choice of a sign to convince
himself of the truth of the promise. Ahaz
was one of the most wicked kings that ever
sat on the throne of Judah : so that the Scrip-
ture could give no worse character of this
prince, nor describe his perseverance in sin
more fully, than by saying that he icas always
Jihaz* He refused to choose a sign, not be-
cause he felt one of those noble emotions,
which makes a man submit to the testimony
of God without any more proof of its truth
than the testimony itself; but because he was
inclined to infidelity and ingratitude ; and
probably because he trusted in his ally, the
king of Assj^ria. Notwithstanding his refusal,
God gave him signs, and informed him, that
before the prophet's two children, one of
whom was already born, and the other would
be born shortly, should arrive at years of
discretion, the two confederate kings should
retreat from Judea, and be entirely destroyed.
Of the first child, see what the seventh
chapter of the Revelations of our prophet says.
We are there told, that this son of the pro-
phet Vi^as named Shearjashub, that is, ' the
remnant shall return,' ver. 3, a name expres-
sive of the meaning of the sign, which de-
clared that the Jews should return from their
rebellions, and that God would return from
his anger. The other child, then unborn, is
mentioned in the eighth chapter, where it is
said ' the prophetess bare a son,' ver. 3.
God commanded the prophet to take the
first child, and to carry him to that pool, of
piece of water, which was formed by the wa-
ters of Siloah, which supplied the stream
known by the name of ' The fuller's conduit,'
2 Kings xviii. 17, and which was at the foot
*2Chron. xviii. 22. This is that King Ahaz. Eng.
Version. C'estoit toujours le roi Achax. Fr._Idem.
erat rex Aehaz, Jun, Tremel.
162
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
[Seb. XVI.
of the eastern wall of Jerusalem. The pro-
phet was ordered to produce the child in the
presence of all the affrighted people, and to
say to them, ' Before this child shall know to re-
fuse the evil, and choose the good, the land that
thou abliorrest shall he forsaken of both her
kings,' Isa. vii. 16. If this translation be re-
tained, the I and signifies the kingdom of Israel,
and that of Syria, from which the enemy
came, and which on account of their coming,
the Jews abhorred. I should rather render
the words, the land for which thou art afraid,
and by the land understand Judea, which was
then in a very dangerous state. But the pro-
phecy began to be accomplished in both senses
about a j'ear after it was uttered. Tiglath
Pileser, king of Assyria, not only drew off the
forces of Rezin and Pekah from the siege of
Jerusalem, but he drove them also from their
own countries. He first attacked Damascus.
Rezin quitted his intended conquest, and re-
turned to defend his capital, where he was
slain ; and all his people were carried into
captivity, 2 Kings xvi. 9. Tiglath Pileser
then marched into the kingdom of Israel, and
victory marched along with him at the head
of his army, 1 Chron. v. 2G. He subdued the
tribes of Reuben and Gad, and the half tribe
of Manasseh, all the inhabitants of Galilee,
and the tribe of Nephthalini, and carried
them captives beyond Euphrates; and sixty-
five years after, that is, sixt3'-five years after
the prediction of the total ruin of the kingdom
of Israel by the prophet Amos, the prophecy
was fulfilled by Salmanassar, chap. vii. 11,
according to the language of our prophet,
* within threescoie and five years shall
Ephraim be broken, that it be not a people,'
Isa. vii. 8. Thus was this prophecy accom-
plished, ' before this child shall know to re-
fuse the evil, and choose the good, the land,
for which thou art afraid, shall be forsaken of
both her kings.'
God determined that the prophet's second
child should also be a sign of the truth off he
same promise. He assured Isaiah, that be-
fore the child, who should shortly be born,
could learn to articulate the first sounds,
which children vrerc taught to pronounce ;
'before the child should have knowledge to
cry. My father, and iny mother, the riches of
Damascus, and the spoil of Samaria, that is,
of the kingdom of Israel, should be taken
away by the king of Assyria,' chap. viii. 4.
This is the same promise coniirmed by a sec-
ond sign. God usually gives more than one,
when he confirms any very interesting pre-
diction, as we see in the history of Pharaoh,
and the patriarch Joseph, Gen. xli. 1, &c.
But as all the mercies that were bestowed on
the Jews, from the time of Abraham, were
grounded on the covenant which God had
made with that patriarch, their common father
and head ; or rather, as, since the fall, men
could expect no favour of God but in virtue
of the Mediator of the church; it is general-
ly to be observed in the prophecies, that
when God gave them a promise, he directed
their attention to this grand object. Either
the idea of the covenant, or the idea of the
Mediator, was a seal, which God put to his
promises, and a bar against the unbelief and
distrust of his people. Every thing might be
expected from a God, whoso goodness was so
infinite, as to prepare such a noble victim for
the salvation of mankind. He, who would
confine Satan in everlasting chains, and van-
quish sin and death, was fully able to deliver J
his people from the incursions of Rezin, and |
Pekah, Ihe son of Remaliah. To remove the '
present fears of the Jews, Gcd reminds them
of the wonders of his love, which he had pro-
mised to display in favour of his church in
ages to come : and commands his prophet to
say to them, 'Ye trembling leaves of the
wood, shaken with every wind, peace be to
you I Ye timorous Jews, cease your fears !
let not the greatness of this temporal deliv-
erance, which I now premise you, excite your
doubts ! God has favours incompaiably
greater in store for you, they shall be your
guarantees for those which ye are afraid to
expect. Ye are in covenant with God. Ye
have a right to expect those displays of his
love in 3'our favour, which are least credible.
Remember the blessed seed, which he pro-
mised to your ancestors. Gen. xxii. 18. ' Be-
hold ! a virgin shall conceive and bear a son,
and call his name Immanuel,' Isa. vii. 14. The
spirit of prophecy, that animates me, enables
me to penetrate through all the ages that sep-
erate the present moment from that in which
the promise shall be fulfilled. I see the di-
vine child, my ' faith the substance of things
hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.'
Heb. xi. 1, and grounded on the word of that
God, ' who changeth not,' Mai. iii. 6, who 'is
not a man that he should lie, neither the son
of man that he should repent,' Numb, xxiii. 19,
I dare speak of a miracle, which will be
wrought eight hundred years hence, as if it
had been wrought to day, ' Unto us a child is
born, unto us a child is given, and the govern-
ment shall be upon his shoulder : and his
name shall be called. Wonderful, Counsellor,
The mighty^God, The everlasting Father,The
Prince of Peace.'
This, my brethren, is the prophet's scope
in the three chapters which we have analyzed,
and particularly in the text. But if any one
of you receive our exposition without any
farther discussion, he will discover more do-
cility than we require, and he would betray
his credulity without proving his conviction.
How often docs a commentator substitute his
own opinions for those of his author, and, by
forging, if I may be allowed to speak so, a
new text, eludes the difficulties of that which
he ought to explain .' Let us act more ingen-
uously. There are two difficulties, which at-
tend our comment , one is a particular, the
other is a general difficulty.
The particular difliculty is this : we have
supposed, that the mysterious child, spoken
of in our te.xt, is the same of whom the pro-
phet speaks, when he says, 'A virgin shall
conceive and bear a son, and shall call his
name Immanuel ;' and that this child is dif-
ferent from that whom Isaiah gave for a sign
of the present temporal deliverance, and of
whom it is said, ' Before the child shall know
to refuse the evil and choose the good, the
land that thou abhorrest shall be forsaken of
both her kings.' This supposition does not
seem to agree with the text ; read the follow-
ing verses, which are taken from chap. vii.
Sbb. XVI.]
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
163
' Behold ! a virgin Bhall conceive, and bear a
son, and shall call his name Jmmanuel : But-
ter and honey shall he eat, that he may know
to refuse the evil and choose the good. But
before the child shall know to refuse the evil
and choose the good, the land that thou ab-
horrest shall be forsaken of both her kings,'
ver. 14 — 16. Do not the last words, ' before
the child shall know to refuse tlie evil and
choose the good,' seem to belong to the
words which immediately precede them,
' Behold ! a virgin shall conceive and bear a
eon .'' Immanuel, then, who was to be born of
a virgin, could not be the Messiah ; the pro-
phet must mean the child, of whom he said,
' Before he know to refuse the evil and choose
the good,' Judea shall be delivered from the
'two confederate kings.
How indissoluble soever this objection may
appear, it is only an apparent difficulty, and
it lies less in the nature of the thing than in
the arrangement of the terms. Represent to
yourselves the prophet executing the order
which God had given him, as the third verse
of the seventh chapter relates ; ' Go forth now
to meet Aliaz, thou, and Shearjashub thy son,
at the end of the conduit of the upper pool.'
Imagine Isaiah, in the presence of the Jews,
holding his son Shearjashub in his arms, and
addressing them in this manner ; the token
that God gives you, of your present deliver-
ance, that he is still your God, and that ye
are still his covenant people, is the renewal
of the promise to you which he made to your
ancestors concerning the Messiah ; to con-
vince you of the truth of what I assert, I dis-
charge my commission, ' Behold ! a virgin
shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call
his name Immanuel,' that is, God loith us.
He shall be brought up like the children of
men, ' butter and honey shall he eat, until he
know to refuse the evil, and choose the good,'
that is, until he arrive at years of matu-
rity. In virtue of this promise, which will
not be ratified till some ages have expired,
behold what I promise you now ; before the
child, not before the child, whom I said just
now, a virgin should bear ; but before the
child in my arms (the phrase may be render-
ed before this child), before Shearjashub,
whom I now lift up, ' shall know to refuse the
evil, and choose the good, the land, for which
i^e are in trouble, sliall be forsaken of both
ler kings.' You see, my brethren, the child,
whom, the prophet said, 'a virgin should
conceive,' could not be Shearjashub, who was
actually present in his father's arms. The dif-
ficulty, therefore, is only apparent, and, as I
observed before, it lay in the arrangement of
the terms, and not in the nature of the thing.
This is our answer to what I called a partic-
ular difficulty.
A general objection may be made against
the manner iu which we have explained these
chapters, and in which, in general, we explain
other prophecies. Allow me to state this ob-
jection in all its force, and, if I may use the ex-
pression, in all its enormity, in order to show
you, in the end, all its levity and folly.
The odious objection is this ; an unbeliever
would say, the three chapters of Isaiah, of
which you have given an arbitrary analysis,
are equivocal and obscure, like the greatest
part of those compilations, which compose
the book of the visionary flights of this pro-
phet, and like all the writings, that are called
predictiujis, prophecies, revelations. Obscu-
rity is the grand character of them, even in
the opinion of those who have given sublime
and curious explanations of them. They are
capable of several senses. Who has received
authority to develop those ambiguous writings,
to determine the true meaning, among the
many different ideas which they excite in the
reader, and to each of which the terms are
alike applicable .' During seventeen centuries,
Christians have racked their invention to put
a sense on the writings of the prophets advan-
tageous to Christianity, and the greatest ge-
niuses have endeavoured to interpret them in
favour of the Christian religion. Men, who
have been famous for their erudition and
knowledge, have taken the most laborious
pains to methodize these writings ; one gene-
ration of great men have succeeded another
in the undertaking ; is it astonishing that
some degree of success has attended their la-
bours, and that, by dint of indefatigable in-
dustry, they have rendered those prophecies
venerable, which would have been accounted
dark and void of design, if less pains had been
taken to adapt a design, and less violence had
been used in arranging them in order.
This is the objection in all its force, and, as
I said before, in all its enormity. Let us in-
quire whether we can give a solution propor-
tional to this boasted objection of infidelity.
Our answer will be comprised in a chain of
propositions, which will guard you against
those who find mystical meanings where
there are none, as well as against those who
disown them where they are. To these
purposes attend to the following proposi-
tions ; —
1. They were not the men of our age who
forged the book, in which, we imagine, we
discover such profound knowledge ; we know,
it is a book of the most venerable antiquity,
and we can demonstrate, that it is the most
ancient book in the world.
2. This venerable antiquity, however, is
not the chief ground of our admiration: the
benevolence of its design ; the grandeur of its
ideas ; tlie sublimity of its doctrines ; the ho-
liness of its precepts ; are, according to our
notion of things, if not absolute proofs of its
divinity, at least advantageous presumptions
in its favour.
3. Among divers truths which it contains,
and which it may be supposed some superior
geniuses might have discovered, I meet with
some, the attainment of which I cannot rea-
sonably attribute to the human mind : of this
kind are some predictions, obscure I grant, to
those to whom they were first delivered, but
rendered very clear since by the events. Such
are these two, among many others. The
people, who are in covenant with God, shall
be excluded ; and people who are not shall
be admitted. I see the accomplishment of
these predictions with my own eyes, in the
rejection of the Jews, and in the calling of
the gentiles.
4. The superior characters which signalize
these books, give them the right of being rays
terious in some places, without exposing them
164
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
[Sbb. XVI.
to the charge of being equivocal, or void of
meaning ; for eome works have acquired this
tight. When an author has given full proof
of his capacity in some propositions, vvhich
are clear and intelligible ; and when he ex-
presses himself, in other places, in a manner
obscure, and hard to be understood, he is not
to be taxed, all on a sudden with writing irra-
tionally. A meaning is to be sought m his
expressions. It is not to be supposed, that
geniuses of the highest order sink at once be-
Seneath the lowest minds. Why do we not
entertain such notions of our prophets .'' Why
is not the same justice due to the extraordi-
nary men, whose respectable writings we are
pleading for, to our Isaiahs, and Jeremiahs,
which is allowed to Juvenal and Virgil ?
What ! shall some pretty thought of the lat-
ter, shall some ingenious stroke of the for-
mer, conciliate more respect to them, than
the noble sentiments of God, the sublime
doctrines, and the virtuous precepts of the
holy Scriptures, can obtain for the writers of
the Bible .'
5. We do not pretend, however, to abuse
that respect, which it would be unjust to
withhold from our authors. We do not pre-
tend to say that every other obscure passage
contains a mystery, or that, whenever a pas-
sage appears unintelligible, we have a right
to explain it in favour of the doctrine which we
profess ; but we think it right to consider any
passage in these books prophetical when it
nas the three following marks.
The first is the inivfficitnc]/ of the literal
meaning. I mean, a text must be accounted
prophetical, when it cannot be applied, with-
out offering violence to the language, to any
event that fell out when it was spoken, or
any then present or past object.
2. The second character of a prophecy, is
ail infallible commentary . I mean, when an
author of acknowledged authority gives a pro-
phetical sense to a passage under considera-
tion, we ought to submit to his authority and
adopt his meaning.
3. The last character is a perfect conformi-
ty between the j>rediction and the event. I
mean when prophecies, compared with
events, appear to have been completely ac-
complished, several ages after tliey had been
promulged, it cannot be fairly urged that the
conformity was a lucky hit : but it ought to
be acknowledged, that the prophecy proceed-
ed from God, who, being alone capable of
foreseeing what would happen, was alone ca-
pable of foretelling the event, in a manner so
Circumstantial and exact. All these charac-
ters unite in favour of the text which we
have been explaining, and in favour of the
three chapters which we have in general ex-
pounded.
The first character, that is, the insufficien-
cy of a literal sense, agrees with our explica-
tion. Let any event in the time of Isaiah
be named, any child born then, or soon after,
of whom the prophet could reasonably afhrm
what he does in our text, and in the other
verse which we have connected with it.
' A virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and
shall call his name Immanuel. Unto us a
child is born, unto us a son is given ; and i
the government shall be upon his shoulder : I
his name shall be called Wonderful, Coun-
sellor, The mighty God, The everlasting
Father, The Prince of Peace.'
The second distinguishing mark, that is,
an infallible commentary, agrees with our
explication. Our evangelists and apostles,
those venerable men, whose mission comes
recommended to us by the most glorious
miracles, by the healing of the sick, by the
expulsion of demons, by the raising of the
dead, by a general subversion of all nature,
our evangelists and apostles took these pas-
sages in the same sense in which we take
them, they understood them of the Messiah,
as we have observed before.
The third character, that is, a perfect con-
formity between event and prediction,
agrees also with our explication. We actu-
ally find a child, some ages after the time of
Isaiah, who exactly answers the description
of him of whom the prophet spoke. The
features are similar, and we own the like-
ness. Our Jesus was really born of a vir-
gin : he was truly Immanuel, God with us :
in him are really united, all the titles, and all
the perfections, of the ' Wonderful, The
Counsellor, The mighty God, the everlast-
ing Father ;' as we will presently prove.
Can we help giving a mysterious meaning to
these passages.' Can we refuse to acknow-
ledge, that the prophet intended to speak of
the Messiah ? These are the steps, and this
is the end of our meditation in favour of the
mystical sense, which we have ascribed to
the words of the text.
Would to God the enemies of our mysteries
would open their eyes to these objects, and
examine the weight of these arguments!
Would to God a love, I had almost said a
rage, for independency, for a system that in-
dulges, and inflames the passions, had not
put some people on opposing these proofs !
Infidelity and skepticism would have made
less havoc among us, and would not have de-
coyed away so many disciples from truth and
virtue ! And would to God also, Christian
ministers would never attempt to attack the
systems of infidels and skeptics without the
armour of demonstration ! Would to God
love of the marvellous may no more dazzle
the imaginations of those who ought to be
guided by truth alone .' And would to God
the simplicity and the superstition of the
people ma}' never more contribute to support
that authority, which some rash and dogma-
tical geniuses usurp ! Truth should not bor-
row the arms of falsehood to defend itself;
nor virtue those of vice. Advantages should
not be given to unbelievers and heretics, un-
der pretence of opposing heresy and unbelief.
We should render to God ' a reasonable ser-
vice,' Rom. xii. 1, we should be all spiritual
men, judging all things,' 1 Cor. ii. 15, ac-
cording to the expression of the apostle. But
I add no more on this article.
Hitherto we have spoken, if I may say so,
to reason only, it is time now to speak to
conscience. We have been preaching by ar-
guments and syllogisms to the understand-
ing, it is time now to preach by sentiments
to the heart. Religion is not made for the
mind alone, it is particularly addressed to
the heart, and to the heart I would prove,
Sbr. XVI.]
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
165
that our Jesus lias accomplished, in the most
sublime of all senses, this prophecy in the
text ' Unto us a child is born, unto us a son
is given,' and so on. This is our second
part.
II. The terms throne, kingdom, govern-
ment, are metaphorical, when they are ap-
plied to God, to his Messiah, to the end,
which religion proposes, and to the felicity
which it procures. They are very imperfect,
and if I may venture to say so, very low and
mean, when they are used to represent ob-
jects of such infinite grandeur. No, there
is nothing sufficiently noble in the characters
of the greatest kings, nothing wise enough
in their maxims, nothing gentle enough in
their government, nothing pompous enough
in their courts, nothing sufficiently glorious
in their achievements, to represent fully the
grandeur and the glory of our Messiah.
Who is a king ? What is a throne ? Why
have we masters .-" Why is sovereign power
lodged in a few hands ? And what deter-
mines mankind to lay aside their indepen-
dence, and to lose their beloved liberty .'' The
whole implies, my brethren, some mortifying
truths. We have not knowledge sufficient
to guide ourselves, and we need minds wiser
than our own to inspect and to direct our
conduct. We are indigent, and superior
beings must supply our wants. We have
enemies, and we must have guardians to
protect us.
Miserable men ! liow have you been de-
ceived in your expectations .'' what disorders
could anarchy have produced greater than
those which have sometimes proceeded from
sovereign authority ? You sought guides to
direct you : but you have sometimes fallen
under the tuition of men who, far from be-
ing able to conduct a whole people, knew not
how to guide themselves. You sought nurs-
ing fathers, to succour you in your indi-
gence : but you have fallen sometimes into
the hands of men, who had no other designs
than to impoverish their people, to enrich
themselves with the substance, and to fatten
themselves with the blood, of their subjects.
You sought guardians to protect you from
your enemies : but you have sometimes found
executioners, who have used you with great-
er barbarity than your most bloody enemies
would have done.
But all these melancholy truths apart ; sup-
pose the fine notions, which we form of kings
and of royalty, of sovereign power and of the
hands that hold it, were realized': how inca-
pable are kings, and how inadequate is their
government, to the relief of the innumera-
ble wants of an immortal soul I Suppose
kings of the most tender sentiments, formida-
ble in their armies, and abundant in their
treasuries ; could they heal tlie maladies tliat
afflict us here, or could they quench our pain-
ful thirst for felicity hereafter .'' Ye Cesars !
Ye Alexanders ! Ye Trajans! Ye who were,
some of you, like Titus, the parents of your
people, and the delights of mankind ! Ye
thunderbolts of war 1 Ye idols of the world!
What does all your pomp avail me ? Of
what use to me, are all your personal qualifi-
cations, and all your regal magnificence .'
Can you ; — Can thoy, dissipate the darkness
that envelops me ; cahn the conscience that
accuses and torments me ; reconcile me to
God ; free me from the control of my com-
manding and tyrannical passions ; deliver
me from death ; and discover immortal hap-
piness to me .'' Ye earthly gods ! ignorant and
wretched like me ; objects like me of the
displeasure of God ; like me exposed to the
miseries of life; slaves to your passions like
me ; condemned like me to that frightful
night in which death involves all mankind ;
ye can relieve neither your own miseries nor
mine !
Show me a government that supplies these
wants : that is the empire I seek. Show me
a king, who will conduct me to the felicity
to which I aspire: such a king I long to
obey. My brethren, this empire we are
preaching to you: such a king is the king Mes-
siah. ' Unto us a child is born, unto us a son
is given, the government shall be upon his
shoulder, and his name shall be called Won-
derful,' because he is the substance and
the centre, of all the wondrous works of
God.
But purify your imaginations, and do not
always judge of man as if he were a being
destitute of reason and intelligence. When
we speak of man, do not conceive of a be-
ing of this present world only ; a creature ■
placed for a few days in human society,
wanting nothing but food and raiment, and
the comforts of a temporal life : but attend to
your own heaits. In the sad circumstances
into which sin has brought you, what are
your most important wants .'' We have al-
ready insinuated them. You need know-
ledge ; you need reconciliation with God ;
you want support through all the miseries
of life ; and you need consolation against
the fear of death. Well! all these wants
the king Messiah supplies. I am going to
prove it, but I conjure you at the same time,
not only to believe, but to act. I would, by
publishing the design of the Saviour's incar-
nation, engage you to concur in it. By ex-
plaining to you the nature of his empire, I
would fain teach you the duties of his sub-
jects. By celebrating the glory of the king'
Messiah, I long to see it displayed among you
in all its splendid magnificence.
You want hnoioledge : you will find it in
the king Messiah. He is the Counsellor,
He is the ' True light, which lighteth every
man that cometh into the world,' John i. 9.
' In him are hid all the treasures of wisdom
and knowledge,' Col. ii. 3. ' The Spirit of
the Lord God is upon him, the Lord hath an-
ointed him to preach good tidings unto the
meek,' Isa. Ixi. 1. Tiie Spirit of the Lord
rests upon him, the ' spirit of wisdom and
understanding, the spirit of counsel and
might, the spirit of knowledge and of the
fear of the Lord,' chap. xi. 2. He has 'the
tongue of the learned,' chap. 1. 4, and the
wisdom of the wise. Ask him to explain to
you the grand appearances of nature, which
exercise the speculations of the most tran-
scendant geniuses, and absorb their defective
reason, and all his answers will discover the
most profound and perfect knowledge of
them. Inquire of him whence all the visible
Creation came, the luminaries of heaven, and
166
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
[Ser. .XVI.
the magnificent treasures of the earth. Ask
him to reveal to you the ' God, who hideth
himself,' Isa. xlv. 15. Ask him the cause of
those endless disorders, which mix with that
profusion of wisdom which appears in the
world. Ask him whence the blessings come
which we enjoy, and whence the calamities
that afflict us. Ask him what is the origin,
the nature, the destiny, the end of man. Of
all these articles, the Counsellor will tell you
more than Plato, and Socrates, and all the
philosophers, who only felt after the truth,
Acts xvii. 27, who themselves discovered and
taught others to see only a few rays of light,
darkened with prejudices and errors.
This is the first idea of the king Messiah ;
this is the first source of the duties of his sub-
jects, and of the dispositions with which they
ought to celebrate his nativity, and with
which alone they can celebrate it in a proper
manner. To celebrate properly the festival
of his nativity, truth must be esteemed ; we
must be desirous of attaining knowledge ;
we must come from the ends of the earth,
like the wise men of the East, to contemplate
the miracles whicli the Messiah displays in
the new world : like Mary, we must be all at-
tention to receive the doctrine that proceeds
from his sacred mouth ; like the multitude,
we must follow him into deserts and moun-
tains, to hear his admirable sermons. This
is the first duty, which the festival that you
are to celebrate next Wednesday demands.
Prepare yourselves to keep it in >this manner.
You want reconciliation with. God, and this
is the grand work of the king Messiah. He
is the Prince of Peace. He terminates the fatal
war which sin has kindled between God and
you, by obtaining the pardon of your past sins,
and by enabling you to avoid the commission
of sin for the future. He obtains the pardon
of sins past for you. How can a merciful
God resist the ardent prayers which the Re-
deemer of mankind addresses to him, in be-
half of those poor sinners for whom he sacri-
ficed himself? How can a merciful God resist
the plea of the blood of his Son, which cries
for mercy for the miserable posterity of
Adam .' As the king Messiah reconciles you
to God, by obtaining the pardon of your past
sin, so he reconciles you, by procuring
strength to enable you to avoid it for time to
come. Having calmed those passions which
prevented your knowing what was right, and
Jrour loving what was lovely, he gave you
aws of equity and love. How can you resist,
after you have known liim, the motives on
which his laws are founded.' Every difliculty
disappears, when examples so alluring are
seen, and when you are permitted, under your
most discouraging weaknesses, to approach
the treasures of grace, which he has opened to
voM, and to derive purity from its source.
Dogs gratitude know any difficulties ? Is not
every act of obedience easy to a mind anima-
ted by a love as vehement as that, which can-
not but be felt for a Saviour, who in the ten-
derest manner has loved us .''
This is the second idea of the king Messiah,
this is the second source of the duties of his
subjects, and of the dispositions essential to a
worthy celebration of the feast of his nativity.
Come next Wednesday, deeply sensible of the
danger of having that God for your enemy,
who holds your destiny in his mighty hands,
and whose commands all creatures obey.
Come with an eager desire of reconciliation
to him. Come and hear the voice of the
Prince of Peace, who publishes peace ;
' peace to him that is near, and to him that is
far off,' Isa. Ivii. ID. While Moses is media-
tor of a covenant between God and the Israel-
ites on the top of the holy mountain, let not
Israel violate the capital article at the foot of
it. While Jesus Christ is descending to re-
concile you to God, do not declare war againSt
God ; insult him not by voluntary rebellions,
after he has voluntarily delivered you from
the slavery of sin, under which you groaned.
Return not again to those sins which ' sepa-
rated between you and your God,' Isa. lix,
2, an 1 which would do it again, though Jesus
should become incarnate again, and should of-
fer himself every day to expiate them.
You need svpport under the calamities of
this life, and this also you will find in the
king Messiah. He is the miohtv god, and
he will tell you, while you arc suffering the
heaviest temporal afflictions, ' although the
mountains shall depart, and the hills be re-
moved, yet my kindness shall not de]»art from
you, neither shall the covenant of my peace
be removed,' chap. liv. 10. Under your seve-
rest tribulations, he will assure you, that ' all
things work together for good to them that
love God,' Rom. viii. 28. He will teach you
to shout victory under an apparent defeat,
and to sing this triumphant song, ' Thanks be
unto God, who always causeth us to triumph
in Christ,' 2 Cor. ii. 14. ' In all these things
we are more than conquerors, through him
who loved us,' Rom. viii. 37.
This is the third idea of the king Messiah
and this is the third source of the duties of
his subjects, and of the dispositions which
are necessary to the worthily celebrating of
the festival of his nativity. Fall in, Christian
soul ! with the design of thy Saviour, who, by
elevating thy desires above the world, would
elevate thee above all the catastrophes of it.
Come, behold Messiah, thy king, lodging in a
stable, and lying in a manger : liear him say-
ing to his disciples, ' The foxes have holts,
and the birds of the air have nests ; but the
Son of man hath not where to lay his head,'
Matt. viii. 20. Learn from this example not
to place thy happiness in the possession of
earthly good. Die to the world, die to its
pleasures, die to its pomps. Aspire after
other ends, and nobler jo3's, than those of the
children of this world, and then worldly vi-
cissitudes cannot shake thy bliss.
Finally, you have need of one to cowfort
you 7indcr the fears of death, by opening the
gates of eternal felicity to you, and by satia-
ting your avidity for existence and|elevation.
This consolation the king Messiah affords.
He is the 'everlasting Father, the Fathtk
OK etkknitv, his throne shall be built up for
all generations,' Ps. Ixxxix. 4 ; he has receiv-
ed * dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that
all people, nations, and languages, should
serve him ; his dominion is an everlasting do-
minion, which shall not pass away, and his
kinn-dom that which shall not be destroyed,'
Dan. vii. 14, and his subjects must reign eter-
Ser. XVI.3
THE BIRTH OF CHRIST.
167
nally with him. Wlien thou, Christian ! art
confined to thy dying- bed, he will approach
thee with all the attractive charms of his
power and grace : he will say to thee, ' Fear
not thou worm Jacob,' Isa. xli. 14, he will
whisper these comfortable words in thine ear,
' When thou passest through the waters, I will
be with thee : and when through the rivers,
they shall not overflow thee ; when thou
walkest through the fire thou shalt not be
burned ; neither shall the flame kindle upon
thee,' chap, xliii. 2. He will open heaven to
thee, as he opened it to St. Stephen ; and ho
will say to thee, as he said to the converted
thief, ' To-day shalt thou be with me in para-
dise,' Luke xxiii. 43.
This is the fourth idea of the king Messiah,
and this is the fourth source of tlie duties of
his subjects. How glorious is the festival of
his nativity ! What grand, noble, and sublime
sentiments does it require of us ! The subjects
of the king Messiah, the children of the ever-
lasting Father, should consider tlie economy
of time in its true point of view, they should
compare ' things which are seen, which are
temporal, with things which are not seen,
which are eternal,' 2 Cor. iv. 18. They
should fix their attention upon tlie eternity,
fill their imaginations with the glory of the
world to come, and learn, by just notions of
immortality, to estimate the present life ; the
' declining shadow ; the withering grass ; the
fading flower ; the dream that flieth away ;
the vapour that vanisheth,' and is irrecovera-
blyjost, Ps. cii. 11 ; Isa. xl. 1; Job xx. 8 ; and
James iv. 14.
These, my brethren, are the characters of
your king Messiah, these are the cliaracters
of the divine child, whose birth you are to
celebrate next Wednesday, and in these ways
only can you celebrate it as it deserves. We
conjure you by that adorable goodness, which
we are going to testify to you again , we con-
j ureyou by that throne of grace, which God is
about to ascend again ; we conjure you by
those ineffable mercies which our imagina-
tions cannot fully comprehend, which our
minds cannot sufficiently admire, nor all the
emotions of "our hearts sufficiently esteem ;
we conjure you to look at, and, if you will par-
don the expression, to lose yourselves in
these grand objects ; we conjure you not to
turn our solemn festivals, and our devotianal
days, into seasons of gaming and dissipation.
Let us submit ourselves to the king Messiah ;
let us engage ourselves to his government ;
let his dominion be the ground of all our joy.
' O most mighty ! thou art fairer than the
children of men. Grace is poured into thy
lips, therefore God hatli blessed thee for
ever !' Ps. xlv. 3. 2. ' The Lord shall send
the rod of thy strength out ot Zion, saying".
Rule thou in the midst of thine enemies !
Thy people shall be willing in the day, when
thou shalt assemble thy host in holy pomp !'»
Yea, reign over thine enemies, great King !
bow their rebellious wills ; prevent their fatal
counsels ; defeat all their bloody designs !
Reign also over thy friends, reign over us !
Make us a willing people ! Assemble all this
congregation, when thou shalt come with thy
host ill holy pomp ! Let not the flying of the
clouds, which will serve thee for a trium-
phal chariot ; let not the pomp of the holy
angels in thy train, when thou shalt come to
' judge the world in righteousness ;' let not
these objects affright and terrify our souls:
let them charm and transport us ; and, in-
stead of dreading thine approach, let us has-
ten it by our prayers and sighs ! ' Come,
Lord Jesus, come quickly, Amen.' To God
be honour and glory, for ever and ever
Amen.
* We retain the reading of the French Bible here ;
because our autlior paraphrases the passage after that
version. Ton peiiple sera un peuple plein de franc vou
loir ail. jour que tii assembleras ton armee en saincte
pompe. Thy people shall be willing in the day of thy
power, in the beauties of holiness. The passage
seems to be a prophetical allusion to one of those sor
lera festivals, in which conquerors, and their armies,
on their return from battle, offered a part of their
spoil, which they had taken from their enemies, to
God, from whom the victory came. These free-will
offerings were carried in grand procession. They
were holy, because agreeable to the economy under
which the Jews lived ; and they were beautifully holy,
because they were not e.vacted, but proceeded from
the voluntary gratitude of the army. In large con-
quests, the troops and the offerings were out of
number, like the drops of such a shower of dew, as
the morning brought forth in the youth, or spring of
the year. See 2 Chrnn. 13.— l.'i, and xv. 10—15. Wa
have ventured this hint on a passage which seems not
very clear in our version.
SERMON XVII.
THE VARIETY OF OPINIONS ABOUT CHRIST
Matthew xvi. 13 — 17.
TVhen Jesus came into the coasts of Cesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples^
sayings Tfliom do men say that /, the Son of man, am ? And they saidy
Some say that thou art John the Baptist ; some £lias, and others Jere-
mia-'!, or one of the prophets. He saith unto them. But whom say ye that
I am ? And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son
of the living God. And Jesus ansivered and said unto him, Blessed art
thou, Simon Barjona ; for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee,
but my Father who is in heaven.
If any prejudice be capable of disconcert-
ing a man's peace, it is that which arises from
observing the various opinions of mankind.
We do not mean those which regard unin-
teresting objects. As we may mistake them
without danger, so we may suppose, either
that men have not sufficiently considered
them, or that the Creator may, without injur-
ing the perfections of his nature, refuse those
assistances which are necessary for the ob-
taining of a perfect knowledge of them.
But how do the opinions of mankind vary
about those subjects, which our whole happi-
ness is concerned to know .' One athrms,
that the works of nature are the productions
of chance : another attributes them to a
First Cause, who created matter, regulated
its form, and directed its motion. One says,
that there is but one God, that it is absurd to
suppose a plurality of Supreme Beings, and
that to prove there is one, is thereby to prove
that there is but one : another says, that the
Divine Nature being infinite, can communi-
cate itself to many, to an infinity, and form
many infinities, all really perfect in their
kind. Moreover, among men who seem to
agree in the essential points of religion,
among Christians who bear the same denom-
ination, assemble in the same places of
worship, and subscribe the same creeds, ideas
of the same articles very different, some-
times diametrically opposite, are discovered.
As there are numerous opinions on matters
of speculation, so there are endless notions
about practice. One contents himself with
half a system, containing only some general
duties which belong to worldly decency : ano-
ther insists on uniting virtue with every cir-
cumstance, every transaction, every instant,
and, if I may be allowed to speak so, every
indivisible point of life. One thinks it law-
ful to associate the pleasures of the world
with the practice of piety ; and he pretends
that good people differ from the wicked only
in some enormities, in which the latter seem
to forget they are men, and to transform
themselves into wild beasts : another con-
demns himself to perpetual penances and
mortifications, and if at any time he allow
himself recreations, they are never such as
savour of the spirit of the times, because
they are the livery of the world.
I said, my brethren, that if any prejudices
make deep impressions on the mind of a ra-
tional man, they are those which are pro^
duced by a variety of opinions. They some-
times drive men into a state of uncertainty
and skepticism, the worst disposition of mind,
the most opposite to that persuasion, without
which there is no pleasure, and the most
contrary to the grand design of religion,
which is to establish our consciences, and
to enable us to reply to every inquirer on
these great subjects, ' I know, and am iper-
suaded,' Rom. xiv. 14.
Against this temptation Jesus Christ
guarded his disciples. Never was a question
more important, never were the minds of
men more divided about any question, than
that which related to the person of our Sav-
iour. Some considered him as a politician,
who under a veil of humility, hid the most
ambitious designs ; others took him for an
enthusiast. Some thought him an emissary
of the the devil : others an envoy fi-om God.
Even among them who agreed in the latter,
* some said that he was Elias, some John the
Baptist, and others Jercmias, or one of tlie
prophets.' The faith of the apostles was in
danger of being shaken by these divers
opinions. Jesus Christ comes to their as-
sistance, and having required their opinions
on a question which divided all Judea, having
received from Peter the answer of the whole
apostolical college, he praises their faith,
and, by praising it, gave it a firmer estab-
lishment.
My brethren, may the words of Jesus
Christ make everlasting impressions on you !
May those of you who, because you have
acted rationally, by embracing the belief, and
by obeying the precepts of the gospel, are
sometimes taxed with superstition, some-
times with infatuation, and sometimes with
melancholy, learn from the reflections that
we shall make on the text, to rise above the
opinions of men, to be firm and immoveable
amidst temptations of this kind, always faith-
fully to adhere to truth and virtue, and to be
the disciples only of them. Grant, O Lord !
Ser. XVII.] THE VARIETY OF OPINIONS ABOUT CHRIST.
169
that they who like St. Peter have said to
Jesus Christ, * Thou art the Christ the Son
of the living God,' may experience sucli
pleasure as the answer of the divine Saviour
gave to the apostle's soul, when he said,
' Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona ; for flesh
and blood liath not revealed it unto thee, but
my Father which is in heaven.' Amen.
The questions and the answers which are
related in the text will be our only divisions
of this discourse.
Jesus Christ was travelling from Bethany
to Cesarea, not to that Cesarea which was
situated on the Mediterranean sea, at first
called the tower of Strato, and afterwards
Cesarea, by Herod the Great, in honour of
the emperor Augustus ; but to that which
was situated at the foot of Mount Lebanon,
and which had been repaired and embellished
in honour of Tiberius, by Philip the Tetrarch,
the son of Herod.
■ Jesus Christ, in his way to this city, put
this question to his disciples. Whom do men
say that I, the Son of man, am .'" or, as it
may be rendered. Whom do men say that I
am.' Do they say that I am the Son of
man.'
We will enter into a particular examina-
tion of the reasons which determined the
Jews of our Saviour's time, and the inspired
writers with them, to distinguish the Mes-
siah by the title Son of man. Were we to
determine any thing on this subject, we
should give the preference to the opinion of
those who think the phrase Son of Man,
means man by excellence. The Jews say
son of man, to signify a man. Witness,
among many other passages, this well-known
saying of Balaam ; ' God is not a man that
he should lie, neither the son of man that he
should repent,' Numb, xxiii. 19. The Mes-
siah is called the Man, or the Son of Man,
that is, the Man of whom the prophecies had
spoken, the Man whose coming was the ob-
ject of the desires and prayers of the whole
church.
It is more important to inquire the design
of Jesus Christ, in putting this question to
his disciples, ' Whom do men say that I am .''
It is one of those questions, the meaning of
which can be determined only by the char-
acter of him who proposes it ; for it may be
put from many different motives.
Sometimes /7?'irfc puts this question. There
are some people who think of nothing but
themselves, and who imagine all the world
think about them too : tliey suppose tliey are
the subject of every conversation ; and fancy
every wheel which moves in society has
some relation to them ; if they be not the
principal spring of it. People of this sort are
very desirous of knowing what is said about
them, and, as they have no conception that
any but glorious things are said of them,
they are extremely solicitous to know them,
and often put this question, ' Whom do men
say that I am .'" Would you know what they
say of you .' Nothing at all. They do not
know you exist, and except a few of your
relations, nobody in the world knows you are
in it.
The question is sometimes put by curiosity,
and this motive deserves condemnation, if it
be accompanied with a desire of reformation.
The judgment of the public is respectable,
and, to a certain degree, it ought to be a rule
of action to us. It is necessary sometimes
to go abroad, to quit our relations, and ac-
quaintances, who are prejudiced in our fa-
vour, and to inform ourselves of the opi-
nions of those who are more impartial on our
conduct. I wish some people would often
put this question, ' Whom do men say that
I am .'' The answers they would receive
would teach them to entertain less flattering,
and more just notions of themselves. ' Whom
do men say that I am .'' They say, you aro
haughty, and proud of your prosperity ; that
you use your influence only to oppress the
weak; that your success is a public calamity;
and that you are a tyrant whom every one
abhors. ' Whom do men say that I am .''
They say, you have a serpent's tongue, that
* the poison of adders is under your lips ;' Ps.
cxl. 3, that you inflame a whole city, a whole
province, by the scandalous tales you forge,
and which, having forged, you industriously
propagate ; they say, you are infernally dili-
gent in sowing discord between wife and
husband, friend and friend, subject and
prince, pastor and flock. ' Whom do men
say that I am .'' They say you are a sordid,
covetous wretch ; that mammon is the God
you adore ; that, provided your coffers fill, it
is a matter of indifference to you, whether it
be by extortion, or by just acquisition, whe-
ther it be by a lawful inheritance, or by an
accursed patrimony.
Revenge may put the question, ' Wliom do
men say that I am .'' We cannot but know
that some reports, which are spread about us,
are disadvantageous to our reputation. We
are afraid, justice should not be done to us,
we therefore, wish to know our revilers, in
order to mark them out for our vengeance.
The inquiry in this disposition is certainly
blameable. Let us hve uprightly, and let ua
give ourselves no trouble about what people
say of us. If there be some cases in which
it is useful to know the popular opinion, there
are others in which it is best to be ignorant
of it. If religion forbids us to avenge our-
selves, prudence requires us not to expose
ourselves to the temptation of doing it. A
heathen has given us an illustrious example
of this prudent conduct, which I am recom-
mending to you: I speak of Pompey the
Great. He had defeated Perpenna, and the
traitor offered to deliver to him the papers
of Sertorius, among which were letters from
several of the most powerful men in Rome,
who had promised to receive Sertorius into
Italy, and to put all to death who should at-
tempt to resist him. Pompey took all the
papers, burnt all the letters, by that mean
prevented all the bloody consequences which
would have followed such fatal discoveries,
and, along with them, sacrificed that pas-
sion, which many, who are called Christians,
find the most difficult to sacrifice, I mean re-
venge.
But this question, ' Whom do men say
that I am .'" may be put by benevolence. The
good of society requires each member to en-
tertain just notions of some persons. A
magistrate, who acts disinterestedly for the
170
THE VARIETY OF
[Ser. XVIL
good of riie state, and for the support of re-
ligion, would be often distressed in his gov-
ernment, if lie were represented as a man de-
voted to his own interest, cruel in his mea-
sures, and governed by his own imperious
tempers. A pastor, who knows and preach-
es the truth, who has the power of alarming
hardened sinners, and of exciting the fear
of hell in them, in order to prevent their
falling into it, or, shall I rather say, in order
to draw them out of it : such a pastor will
discharge the duties of his office with incom-
parably more success, if the people do him
justice, than if they accuse him of foment-
ing errors, and of loving to surround his
pulpit with ' devouring fire and everlasting
burmngs ;' Isa. xxxiii. 14. Benevolence may
incline such persons to inquire what is said
of them, in order to rectify mistakes, which
may be very injurious to those who believe
them. In this disposition Jesus Christ pro-
posed the question in the text to his disci-
ples. Benevolence directed all the steps of
our Saviour, it dictated all his language, it
animated all his emotions; and, when we
are in doubt about the motive of any part of
his conduct, we shall seldom run any hazard,
if we attribute it to his benevolence. In
our text he established the faith of his dis-
ciples by trying it. He did not want to be
told the public opinions about himself, he
knew them better than they of whom he in-
quired : but he required his disciples to relate
people's opinions, that he might give them
an antidote against the poison that was en-
veloped in them.
The disciples answered : ' Some say that
thou art John the Baptist; some Elias ; and
others Jeremias, or one of the prophets.'
They omitted those odious opinions, which
were injurious to Jesus Christ, and refused to
defile their mouths -with the execrable blas-
phemies, which the malignity of the Jews ut-
tered against him. But with what shadow
of appearance could it be thought that Jesus
Christ was John the Baptist ? You may find,
in part, an answer to this question in the four-
teenth chapter of this gospel, ver. 1 — 10. It is
there said, that Herod Antipas, called the Te-
trarch, that is, the king of the fourth part of
his father's territories, beheaded John the
Baptist at the request of Herodias.
Every body knows the cause of the hatred
of that fury against the holy man. John the
Baptist held an opinion, which now-a-days
passes for an error injurious to the peace
of society, that is, that the high rank of
those who are guilty of some scandalous vices,
ought not to shelter them from the censures
of the ministers of the living God ; and that
they who commit, and not they who reprove
such crimes, are responsible for all the disor-
ders which such censures may produce in
society. A bad courtier, but a good servant
of him, who had seflt him to ' prepare the way
of the Lord, and to make his paths straight,'
Luke iii. 4, ho told the incestuous Herod,
withou equivocating, ' It is not lawful for
thee to have thy brother Philip's wife,' Matt.
xiv. 4 ; Herodias could not plead her cause
with equity, and therefore she pleaded it with
cruelty. Her daughter Salome had pleased
Herod at a feast, which was made in the cas-
tle of MacheroQ, on the birthday of the king.
He showed the same indulgence to her, that
Flaminius the Roman showed to a court lady,
who had requested that consul to gratify her
curiosity with the sight of beheading a man. |
An indulgence, certainly less shocking in a '
heathen, than in a prince educated in the
knowledge of the true God. It was a com-
mon opinion among the Jews that the resur-
rection of the martyrs was anticipated. Many
thought all the prophets were to be raised from
the dead at the coming of the Messiah, and
some had spread a report, which reached
Herod, that John the Baptist enjoyed that
privilege.
The same reasons, which persuaded some
Jews to believe that he, whom they called Je-
sus, was John the Baptist risen from the dead,
persuaded others to believe, that he was
some ' one of the prophets,' who, like John,
had been put to a violent death, for having
spoken with a similar courage against the
reigning vices of the times in which they
lived. This was particularly the case of
Jeremiah. When this prophet was only
fourteen years of age, and, as he said of
himself, when he could not speak, because he
was a child, Jer. i. 6, he delivered himself
with a freedom of speech that is hardly allow-
able in those who are grown grey in a long
discharge of the ministerial office. He cen-
sured, without distinction of rank or charac-
ter, the vices of all the Jews, and having exe-
cuted this painful function from the reign of
Josiahto the reign of Zedekiah, he was, if we
believe a tradition of the Jews, which Tertu-
lian, St. Jerome, and many fathers of the
church have preserved, stoned to death at
Tahapanes in Egypt, by his countrymen:
there he fell a victim to their rage against
his predictions. The fact is not certain ;
however, it is admitted by many Christians,
who have pretended that St. Paul had the
prophet Jeremiah particularly in view, when
he proposed, as examples to Christians, some
who 'were stoned,' Heb. xi. 37, whom he
places among the ' cloud of witnesses.' How-
ever uncertain this history of the prophet's
lapidation may be, some Jews believed it, and
it was sufficient to persuade them that Jesus
Christ was Jeremiah.
As Elias was translated to heaven without
dying, the opinions, of which we have been
speaking, were not sufficient to persuade other
Jews that Jesus Christ was Elias ; but a
mistaken passage of Malachi was the ground
of this notion. It is the passage which con-
cludes the writings of that prophet ; ' Behold,
I will send you Elijah the prophet, before the
coming of the great and dreadful day of the
Lord,' Mai. iii. 5. This prophecy was per-
fectly plain to the disciples of Jesus Christ,
for in him, and in John the Baptist they saw
its accomplishment. But the Jews understood
it literally. They understand it so still, and,
next to the coming of the Messiah, that of
Elias is the grand object of their hopes. It is
Elias, according to them, who will ' turn the
heart of the fathers to the children, and the
heart of the children to their fathers,' ver. 6.
It is Elias who will prepare the ways of the
Messiah, will be his forerunner, and will
anoint him with holy oil. It is Elias, who
Seb. XVII.]
OPINIONS ABOUT CHRIST.
171
will answer all questions, and solve all diiS-
culties. It is Elias, who will obtain by his
prayers the resurrection of the just. It is
Elias, who will do for the dispersed Jews
what Moses did for the Israelites enslaved in
Egypt ; he wili march at their head, and
conduct thet.'i to Canaan. All these expres-
sions are taken from the Rabbins, whose
names I omit, as well as the titles of the books
from which I have quoted the passages now
mentioned.
Such were the various opinions of the Jews
about Jesus Christ ; and each continued in his
own prejudice without giving himself any
farther trouble about it. But how could they
remain in a state of tranquillity , while questions
of such importance remained in dispute ? All
their religion, all their hopes, and all their hap-
{)iness, depended on the solution of this prob-
em : who is the man about whom the opinions
of mankind are so divided .'' The questions,
strictly speaking, were these: Is the Redeemer
of Israel come ? Are the prophecies accom-
plished ? Is the Son of God among us, and has
he brought with him peace, grace, and glory ?
What kind of beings were the Jews, who left
these great questions undetermined, and lived
without elucidating them ? Are you surpri-
sed at these things, my brethren .' Your indo-
lence on questions of the same kind is equally
astonishing to considerate men. The Jews
had business, they must have neglected it ;
they loved pleasures and amusements, they
must have suspended them ; they were strick-
en with whatever concerned the present life,
and they must have sought after the life to
come, they must haye shaken off that idle-
ness in which they spent tlieir lives, and
have taken up the cross and followed
Jesus Christ. These were the causes of
that indolence which surprises you, and
these were the causes of that ignorance
which concealed Jesus Christ from them, till
he made Ijimself kno"\vn to tliom by the just,
though bloody calamities, which he inflicted
on their nation. And these are also the causes
of that ignorance, in which the greater part
of you are involved, in regard to many ques-
tions as important as those which were
agitated then. Will a few acts of faith in
God, and of love to him, assure us of our sal-
vation, or must these acts be continued, re-
peated, and established .'' Does faith consist in
barely believing the merit of the Saviour, or
does it include an entire obedience to his
laws.'' Is the fortune, that I enjoy with so
much pleasure, display with so much parade,
or hide with so much niggardliness, really
mine, or does it belong to my country, to my
customers, to the poor, or to any others,
whom my ancestors have deceived, from
whom they have obtained, and from whom I
withhold it .'' Does my course of life lead to
heaven, or to hell ? Shall I be numbered
with 'the spirits of just men made perfect,'
Heb. xii. 23, after I liave finished my short
life, or shall I be plunged with devils into
eternal flames ? My God ! how is it possible
for men quietly to eat, drink, sleep, and, as
they call it, anmse themselves, while these
important questions remain unanswered !
But, as I said of the Jews, we must neglect
our business ; suspend our pleasures ; cease
to be dazzled with the present, and employ
ourselves about the future world : perhaps
also we must make a sacrifice of some darling
passion, abjure some old opinion; or restore
some acquisition, which is dearer to us than
the truths of religion, and the salvation of
our souls. Wo be to us ! Let us no more re-
proach the Jews ; the causes of their indo-
lence are the causes of ours. Ah ! let us take
care, lest, like them, we continue in igno-
rance, till the vengeance of God command
death, and devils, and hell, to awake us with
them ' to everlasting shame,' Dan. xii. 2.
Jesus Christ, having heard fi-om the mouths
of his apostles what people thought of him,
desired also to hear from their own mouths
(we have assigned the reasons before) what
they themselves thought of him. ' He saith
unto them, but whom say ye that I am.''
Peter instantly replied for himself, and for
the whole apostolical college, ' Thou art the
Christ, the Son of the living God.'
St. Peter was a man of great vivacity, and
people of this cast are subject to great mis-
takes; as ready to speak as to think; they often
fall into mistakes, through the same principle
that inclines them to embrace the truth, and
to maintain it. St. Peter's history often ex-
emplifies this remark. Does he hear Jesus
Christ speak of his approaching death.'' ' Lord
(says he), spare thyself, this shall not be to
thee,' Matt. xvi. 22. Does he see a few rays
of celestial glory on the holy mount ! He is
stricken with their splendour, and exclaims,
' Lord, it is good for us to be here,' chap,
xvii. 4. Does he perceive Jesus Christ in the
hands of his enemies .'' He draws a sword to
deliver him, and cuts off" the ear of Malchus.
But, if this vivacity expose a man to great
inconveniences, it is also accompanied with
some fine advantages. When a man of this
disposition attends to virtue, he makes infi-
nitely greater proficiency in it than those slow
men do, who pause, and weigh, and argue
out all step by step : the zeal of the former
is more ardent, their flames are more vehe-
ment, and after they are become wise by their
mistakes, they are patterns of piety. St.
Peter on this occasion, proves beforehand all
we have advanced. He feels himself animat-
ed with a holy jealousy, in regard to them
who partal^e with him the honour of apos-
tleship, and it would mortify him, could he
think, that any one of the apostolical college
has more zeal for his master, to whom he has
devoted his heart, and his life, all his faculty
of loving, and all the powers of his soul ;
he looks, he sparkles, and he replies, ' Thou
art the Christ, the Son of the living God.'
' Thou art the Clirist,' or, thou art the
Messiah, the King promised to the church.
He calls this king ' the Son of God.' The
Jews gave the Messiah this title, which was
an object of their hopes. Under this idea
the prophecies had promised him, ' the Lord
hath said unto me, thou art my Son ; this day
have I begotten thee,' Ps. ii. 7. God him-
self conferred this title on Jesus Christ from
heaven, ' This is my beloved Son,' Matt. iii.
17. Under this idea the angel promised him
to his holy mother, ' Thovi shalt bring forth
a Son, he shall be great, and shall be called,
the Son of the Highest,' Luke i. 31, 32.
172
THE VARIETY OF
[Ser. XVII.
They are two very different questions, I
grant, whether the Jewish church acknow-
ledged that the Messiah should be ' the Son
of God ;' and whether they knew all the im-
port of this august title. It cannot, howe-
ver, be reasonably doubted, I think, whether
they discovered his dignity, although they
might not know the doctrine of Christ's di-
vinity so clearly, nor receive it with so much
demonstration, as Christians have received
it. I should digress too far from my subject,
were I to quote all the passages from the
writings of the Jews which learned men
have collected on this article. Let it suffice
to remark, that if it could be proved, that
the Jewish church affixed only confused ideas
to the title ' Son of God,' which is given to
the Messiah, it is beyond a doubt, I think,
that the apostles affixed clear ideas to the
terms, and that in their style, God and Son
of God are synonymous : witness, among
many other passages, St. Thomas's adoration
of Jesus Christ expressed in these words,
*My Lord and my God.'
Let us not engage any farther in this con-
troversy now ; let us improve the precious
moments which remain to the principal de-
sign that we proposed in the choice of the
subject, that is, to guard you against the
temptations which arise from that variety of
opinions which are received, both in the
world and in the church, on the most impor-
tant points of religion. The comparison we
are going to make of St. Peter's confession
of faith, with the judgment of Jesus Christ
on it, will conduct us to this end.
Jesus Christ assured St Peter, that the
confession of faith, which he then made,
' Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living
God,' was not a production of frail and cor-
rupted nature, or, as he expresses it, That
' flesh and blood' hath not revealed these
things unto him. Flesh and blood mean
here, as in mamy passages we have quoted
at other times, frail and corrupted nature.
Jesus Christ assured St. Peter, that this con-
fession was a production of grace, which had
operated in him, and which would conduct
him to the supreme good. This is the mean-
ing of these words, ' My Father, who is in
heaven, hath revealed these things unto thee.'
What were the characters of the faith of St.
Peter which occasioned the judgment that
Jesus Christ made of it .' and how may we
know whether our faith be of the same divine
original .■' Follow us in these reflections ;
' Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona, flesh and
blood hath not produced the faith tliat thou
hast professed, but my Father who is in hea-
ven, hath revealed it to thee.' In order to
convince thee of the truth of my assertions,
consider first the circumstances which Pro-
vidence has improved to produce thy faith :
secondly, the effbrts which preceded it:
thirdly, the evidence that accompanies it :
fourthly, the sacrifices which seal and crown
it : and, lastly the nature of the very frailties
which subsist with it. — Let us explain these
five characters, and let us make an applica-
tion of them. Let us know St. Peter ; or,
rather, let us learn to know ourselves. Witli
this, the most important point, we will con-
clude this discourse.
1. Let ue attend to the circumstances
which providence had improved to the pro-
ducing of St. Peter's faith. There are in the
lives of Christians, certain signal circum-
stances, in which we cannot help perceiving j
a particular hand of Providence working for I
their salvation. Mistakes on this article
may produce, and foment, superstitious sen-
timents. We have, in general, a secret bias
to fanaticism. We often meet with people
who imagine themselves the central points
of all the designs of God ; they think, he
watches only over them, and that, in all the
events in the universe, he has only their fe-
licity in view. Far from us be such extra-
vagant notions. It is, however, strictly true,
that there are in the lives of Christians some
signal circumstances, in which we cannot
help seeing a particular Providence working
for their salvation. Of whom can this be
affirmed more evidently than of the apostles ?
They by an inestimable privilege, were not
only witnesses of the life of Jesus Christ,
hearers of his doctrine, and spectators of
his miracles : but they were admitted to
an intimacy with him ; they had liberty at
all times, and in all places, to converse with
him, to propose their doubts, and to ask for
his instructions ; they were at the source of
wisdom, truth, and life. St. Peter had these
advantages not only in common with the rest
of the apostles : but he, with James and
John, were chosen from the rest of the apos-
tles to accompany the Saviour, when, on
particular occasions, he laid aside the veils
which concealed him from the rest, and when
he displayed his divinity in its greatest glory.
A faith produced in such extraordinary
circumstances, was not the work of flesh
and blood, it was a production of that al-
mighty grace, that ineffable love, which
wrought the salvation of St. Peter.
My brethren, although we have never en-
joyed the same advantages with St. Peter :
yet, it seems to me, those whom God has es-
tabhshed in piety, may recollect the manner
in which he has improved some circum-
stances to form the dispositions in them that
constitute it. Let each turn his attention to
the different conditions through which God
has been pleased to conduct him. Here I
was exposed to such or such a danger, and
delivered from it by a kind of miracle ;
there, I fell into such or such a temptation,
from which I was surprisingly recovered ; in
such a year I was connected with a baneful
company, from which an unexpected event
freed me : at another time, I met with a
faithful friend, the most valuable of all ac-
quisitions, whose kind advice and assistance,
recommended by his own example, were of
infinite use to me : some of these dangerous
states would have ruined me, if the projects,
on which I was most passionately bent, had
succeeded according to my wishes ; for they
were excited by worldly objects, and I was in-
fatuated with their glory ; and others would
have produced the same effect, if my adverse
circumstances had either increased or con-
tinued. I repeat, it again, my brethren,
each of us may recollect circumstances in
his life in which a kind Providence evidently
interposed, and made use of them to tear him
Sbr. XVII.]
OPINIONS ABOUT CHRIST.
173
from the world, and thereby enabled him to
adopt this comfortable declaration of Jesus
Christ, < Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona ;
for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto
thee, but my Father, which is in Jieaven.'
2. Let us remark the efforts which preceded
faith. God has been pleased to conceal the
truth under veils, in order to excite our ar-
duous industry to discover it. The obscuri-
ty that involves it for a time, is not only
agreeable to the general plan of Providence,
but it is one of the most singularly beautiful
dispensations of it. If, then, you have at-
tended to the truth only in a careless, indo-
lent manner, instead of stud3'ing it with
avidity, it is to be feared you have not obtain-
ed it ; at least, it may be presumed, your at-
tachment to it is less the work of Heaven
than of the world. But if you can attest
you have silenced prejudice to hear reason,
you have consulted nature to know the God
of nature ; that, disgusted with the little pro-
gress you could make in that way, you have
had recourse to revelation ; that you have
stretched your meditation, not only to as-
certain the truth of the gospel, but to obtain
a deep, thorough knowledge of it ; that you
have considered this as the most important
work to which your attention could be direct-
ed ; that you have sincerely and ardently
implored the assistance of God to enable you
to succeed in your endeavours ; that you have
often knocked at the door of mercy to obtain
it ; and that you have often adopted the
sentiments, with the praj'er of David, and
said, ' Lord open thou mine eyes, that I may
behold wondrous things out of thy law!'
Ps. cxix. 18. If you can appeal to Heaven
for the truth of these practices, be you as-
sured, your faith, like St. Peter's, is not a
production of flesh a;nd blood, but a work of
that grace which never refuses itself to the
sighs of a soul seeking it with so much vehe-
ment desire.
3. The cviflcnce that accompanies faith is
our next article. People may sincerely de-
ceive themselves ; indeed erroneous opinions
are generally received on account of some
glimmerings that hover around them and
dazzle the beholders. The belief of an error
seems, in some cases, to be grounded on prin-
ciples as clear as those of truth. It is cer-
tain, however, that truth has a. brightness
peculiar to itself; an evidence, that distin-
guishes it from whatever is not true. The
persuasion of a man, who rests on demon-
stration, is altogether diflerent from that of
him who is seduced by sophisms. Evidence
has its prerogatives and its rights. Maintain
who will, not only with sincerity, but with
all the positiveness and violence of which he
is capable, that there is nothing certain ; I
am fully persuaded that I have evidence,
incomparably clearer, of the opposite opinion.
In like manner, when I affirm that I have an
intelligent soul, and that I animate a mate-
rial body; when I maintain that I am free, that
the Creator has given me the power of turn-
ing my eyes to the east, or to the west ; that
while the Supreme Being, on whom I own
I am entirely dependant, shall please to con-
tinue me in my present state, I may look to
the east or to the west, as I choose, Vi^ithout
being forced by any superior power to turn
my eyes toward one of these points, rather
than towards the other : when I admit these
propositions, I And myself guided by bright-
ness of evidence, which it is impossible to find
in the opposite propositions. A sophist may
invent some objections,which Icannotanswer;
but he can never produce reasons, that coun-
terbalance those which determine me ; he
may perplex, but he can never persuade me.
In like manner, an infidel may unite every
argument in favour of a system of infidel-
ity ; a Turk may accumulate all his imagina-
tions in support of Mohammedism ; a Jew
may do the same for Judaism ; and they may
silence me, but they can never dissuade me
from Christianity. The religion of Jesus
Christ has peculiar proof. The brightness of
that evidence, which guides the fiiith of a
Christian, is a guarantee of the purity of the
principle from which it proceeds.
4. Observe tlie sacrifices that crown the
faith of a Christian. There are two sorts of
these : the one comprehends some valuable
possessions ; the other some tyrannical pas-
sions. Religion requires sacrifices of the
first kind in times of persecution, when the
most indispensable duties of a Christian are
punished as atrocious crimes ; when men,
under pretence of religion, let loose their raofe
ag-ainst them who sincerely love religion, and
when, to use our Saviour's style, they think
' to do service to God,' John xvi. 2, by putting
the disciples of Christ to death. Happy they!
who, among you, my brethren, have been
enabled to make sacrifices of this kind ! You
bear, I see, the marks of the disciples of a cru-
cified Savio\ir ; I respect the cross you carry,
and I venerate your wounds. Yet these are
doubtful evidences ofthat faith which the grace
of our heavenly Father produces. Sometimes
they even proceed from a disinclination to sac-
rifices of the second kind. Infatuation has made
confessors ; vain glory has produced martyrs ;
and there is a phenomenon in the church, the
cross of qasuists, and the most insuperable
olijection against the doctrine of assurance
and perseverance ; that is, there are men, who,
after they have resisted the greatest trials,
yield to the least ; men who, having at first
fought like heroes, at last fly like cowards ;
who, after they have prayed for their perse-
cutors, for those who confined them in dun-
geons, who, to use the psalmist's language,
' ploughed upon their backs, and made long
their furrows,' Ps. cxxix. 3, could not prevail
with themselves on the eve of a Lord's supper-
day to forgive a small offence committed by a
brother, by one of the household of faith.
There have been men who, after they had
resisted the tortures of the rack, fell into the
silly snares of voluptuousness. There have
been men who, after they had forsaken all
their ample fortunes, and rich revenues,
were condemned for invading the property of
a neighbour, for the sake of a trifling sum,
that bore no proportion to that which they
had quitted for the sake of religion. O thou
' deceitful, and desperately wicked heart of
man ! O thou heart of man ! who can know
thee !' Jer. xvii. 9. Yet study thy heart, and
thou wilt know it. Search out the principle
from which thine actions flow, content not
174
THE VARIETY OF OPINIONS ABOUT CHRIST.
[Ser.XVH.
thyself with a euperficial self-examination ;
and thou wilt find, that want of courage to
make a sacrifice of the last kind is sometimes
that which produces a sacrifice of the first.
One passion indemnifies us for the sacrifice
of another. But to resign a passion, tlie re-
signation of which no other passion requires ;
to become humble without indemnifying
pride by courting the applause that men
sometimes give to humility ; to renounce
pleasure without any other pleasure than that
of pleasing the Creator ; to make it our meat
and drink, according to the language of Scrip-
ture, ' to do the will of God ; to deny one's
self ; to crucify the flesh with the affections
and lusts ; to present the body a living sacri-
fice, holy, acceptable to God,' John iv. 34 ;
Matt. xvii. 24 ; Gal. v. 24 ; Rom. xii. 1, these
are the characters of that faith which flesh
cannot produce ; ' that which is born of the
flesh is flesh,' John iii. 6, but a faith which
sacrifices the flesh itself, is a production of
■the grace of the ' Father which is in heaven.'
5. To conclude, St. Peter's faith has a fifth
character, which he could not well discover
in himself, before he had experienced his own
frailty, but which we, who have a complete
history of his life, may very clearly discern. I
■ground the happiness of St. Peter, and the
idea I form of his faith, on the very nature of
his fall. Not that w-e ought to consider sin
as an advantage, nor that we adopt the max-
im of those who put sin among the ' all things
which work together for good to them that
love God,' Rom. viii. 28. Ah! if sin be an
advantage, may I be forever deprived of such
,an advantage .' May a constant peace between
my Creator and me for ever place me in a hap-
py incapacity of knowing the pleasure of re-
conciliation with him ! It is true, however,
that we may judge by the nature of the falls
of good men of the sincerity of their faith,
and that the very obstacles which theremain-
:der of corruption in them opposes to their
happiness, are, properly understood, proofs of
the unchangeableness of their felicity.
St. Peter fell into great sin afler he had
made the noble confession in the text. He
committed one of those atrocious crimes
which terrify the conscience, trouble the joy
of salvation, and which sometimes, confound
the elect with'the reprobate. Of the same Je-
sus, to whom St. Peter said in the text, ' Thou
art the Christ, the Son of the living God ;'
and elsewhere, ' we believe, and are sure, that
thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God;'
of the same Jesus he afterward said, ' I know
not the man,' John vi. G9 ; Matt. xxvi. 72.
Ye know not the man ! And who, then, did
you say, had the ' words of eternal life .'' Ye
know not the man ! And with whom, then,
did you promise to ' go to prison and to death ?'
Ye know not the man ! And whom have j'ou
followed, and whom did you declare to be
' the Son of the living God ?' Notwithstand-
ing this flagrant crime ; notwithstanding this
denial, the scandal of all ages, and an eternal
monument of human weakness ; in spite of
this crime, the salvation of St. Peter was
sure ; he was the object of the promise, ' Si-
mon, Simon, behold Satan hath desired to
have you, that he may sift you as wheat : but
I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not,'
Luke xxii. 31, 32. And' Blessed art thou, Si-
mon Barjona,' was not only true but infallible.
The very nature of his fall proves it. Certain
struggles, which precede the commission of
sin ; a certain infelicity, that is felt during |
the commission of it ; above all, certain hor- \
TOTS which follow ; an inward voice, that
cries. Miserable wretch ! what hast thou
done ? A certain hell, if I may venture so to
express myself, a certain hell, the flames of
which divine love alone can kindle, charac-
terize the falls of which I speak.
This article is for you, poor sinners! who
are so hard to be persuaded of the mercy of
God towards you ; who imagine the Deity
sits on a tribunal of vengeance, surrounded
with thunder and lightning, ready to strike
your guilty heads. Such a faith as St. Peter's
never fails. When by examining your own
hearts, and the histories of your own lives,
you discover the characters which we havo
described, you may assure yourselves, that all
the powers of hell united against your salva-
tion can never prevent it. Cursed be the man
who abuses this doctrine ! Cursed be the man
who poisons this part of Christian divinity !
Cursed be the man vi'ho reasons in this exe-
crable manner 1 St. Peter committed an atro-
cious crime, in an unguarded moment, when
reason, troubled by a revolution of the senses,
had lost the power of reflection : I therefore
risk nothing by committing sin coolly and de-
liberately. St. Peter disguised his Christian-
ity for a moment, when the danger of losing
his life made him lose sight of the reasons
that induce people to confess their Christian-
ity, then I may disguise mine for thirty or
forty years together, and teach my family to
act the same hypocritical part ; then I may
live thirty or forty years, without a church,
without sacraments, without public worship ;
when I have an opportunity, I may loudly
exclaim, ' Thou art the Christ, the Son of the
living God ;' and when that confession would
injure my interest, or hazard my fortune, or
my life, I may hold myself always in readi-
ness to cry as loudly, ' I know not the man ;'
I may abjure that religion which Jesus Christ
preached, which my fathers sealed with their
blood, and for which a ' cloud of witnesses,'
Heb, xii. 1, my contemporaries, and my bre-
thren, went, some into banishment, others
into dungeons, some to the galleys, and others
to the stake. Cursed be the man who reasons
in this execrable manner. •' Ah ! how shall I
bless whom God hath not blessed.'
I repeat it again, such a faith as St. Peter's
never fails, and the very nature of the falls of
such a believer proves the sincerity and the
excellence of his faith. We would not wish
to have him banish entirely from his soul that
fear which the Scriptures praise, and to which
they attribute grand effects. A Christian, an
established Christian I mean, ought to live in
perpetual vigilance, he ought always to have
these passages in his mind, ' Be not high-
minded, but fear. Hold that fast which thou
hast that no man take thy crown. When the
righteous turneth away from his righteous-
ness shall he live .' All his righteousness that
he hath done shall not be n)entioned, in his
sin he shall die,' Rom. xii. 20 ; Rev. iii. 11.
and Ezek. xviii. 24. From these Scriptures,
Seb. XVIII.] THE LITTLE SUCCESS OF CHRIST'S MINISTRY.
175
such a Christian as I have described will not
infer consequences against the certainty of
his salvation ; but consequences directly con-
trary ; and there is a degree of perfection
which enables a Christian soldier even in
spite of some momentary repulses in war, to
sing this triumphant song, ' Who shall sepa-
rate me from the love of Christ ? In all things
I am more than conqueror, through him that
loved 'me ! Thanks be unto God, who always
causeth me to triumph in Christ !' Rom. viii.
35. 37, and 2 Cor. ii. 14,
O ! how amiable, my brethren, is Christian-
ity ! How proportional to the wants of men ! O!
how delightful to recollect its comfortable doc-
trines, in those sad moments, in which sin ap-
pears,after we have fallen into it, in all its black-
ness and horror! How delightful to recollect its
comfortable doctrines in those distressing pe-
riods, in which a guilty conscience drives us to
the verge of hell, holds us on the brink of the
precipice, and obliges us to hear those terrify
ing exclamations which arise from the bottom
of the abyss : ' The fearful, the unbelieving,
the abominable, whoremongers, and all liars,
shall have their part in the lake which burn-
eth with fire and brimstone !' Rev. xxi. 8.
How happy then to be able to say, I have sin-
ned indeed ! I have repeatedly committed the
crimes which plunge men into ' the lake that
faurneth with fire and brimstone !' I have re-
peatedly been fearful and unclean ! perhaps I
may be so again ! Perhaps I may forget all the
resolutions I have made to devote myself for
ever to God ! Perhaps I may violate my solemn
oaths to my sovereign Lord ! Perhaps 1 may
again deny my Redeemer ! Perhaps, should I
be again tried with the sight of scaffolds and
stakes, I might again say, ' I know not the
man !' But yet, I know I love him ! Nothing, I
am sure, will ever be able to eradicate my love
to him ! I know, if 1 ' love him,' it is ' because
he first loved me,' 1 John iv. 19 ; and I know,
that he, ' having loved his own who are in the
world, loved them unto the end,' John xiii. 1.
O my God ! What would become of us
without a religion that preached such comfort-
able truths to us .'' Let us devote ourselves
for ever to this religion, my brethren. The
more it strengthens us against the horrors
which sin inspires, the more let us endeavour
to surmount them by resisting sin. May yon
be adorned with these holy dispositions, my
brethren ! May you be admitted to the eter-
nal pleasures wliich they procure, and may
each of you be able to apply to himself the
declaration of Jesus Christ to St. Peter,
' Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona ; for flesh
and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but
my Father, who is in heaven.' God grant
you these blessings ! To him be honour and
glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XVIII.
THE LITTLE SUCCESS OF CHRIST'S MINISTRY."
Romans x. 21.
^U day long J have stretched forth my hands unto a disobedient and gainsay-
ing people.
The object that St. Paul presents to our
view in the text, makes very different im-
pressions on the mind, according to the differ-
ent sides on which it is viewed. If we con-
eider it in itself, it is a prodigy, a prodigy
which confounds reason, and shakes faith.
Yes, when we read the history of Ciirist's
ministry ; when the truth of the narrations of
the evangelists is proved beyond a doubt ;
when we transport ourselves back to the pri-
mitive ages of the church, and see, with our
own eyes, the virtues and the miracles of
Jesus Christ ; we cannot believe that the Holy
Spirit put the words of the text into the
mouth of the Saviour of the world : ' All day
long I have stretched forth my hands unto a
disobedient and gainsaying people.' It should
eeem, if Jesus Christ had displaj'ed so many
virtues, and operated so many miracles, there
could not have been one infidel ; not one Jew,
who could have refused to embrace Chris-
tianity, nor one libertine, who could have re-
fused to have become a good man : one would
* The style of reasoning which runs through this
sermon, and the whole of its moral character, must
Slace the author among the first of preachers, and the
est of men. J. S.
think, all thesynagogue must have fallen at
the feet of Jesus Christ, and desired an ad-
mission into his church.
But when, after we have considered th©
unsuccessfulness of Christ's ministry in itself,
we consider it in relation to the ordinary con-
duct of mankind, we find nothing striking,
nothing astonishing, nothing contrary to the
common course of events. An obstinate re-
sistance of the strongest motives, the ten-
derest invitations, interests the most impor-
tant, and demonstrations the most evident, is
not, we perceive, an unheard-of thing : and
instead of breaking out into vain exclama-
tions, and crying, 0 times .' 0 maimers .' we
say with the wise man, ' That which is done,,
is that which shall be done : and there is no
new thing under the sun,' Eccles. i. 9.
I have insensibly laid out, my brethren, thtf
plan of this discourse. I design, first, to show
you the unsuccessfulness of Christ's ministry
as a prodigy, as an eternal opprobrium to that
nation in which he exercised it. And I in-
tend, secondly, to remove your astonishment,
after I have excited it ; and, by making a few
reflections on you yourselves, to produce in
you a conviction, yea, perhaps a preservation,
of a certain uniformitj* of corruption, which
176
THE LITTLE SUCCESS OF
[SzR. xvin.
we cannot help attributing to all places, and
to all times.
O God, by my description of the infidelity
of the ancient Jews to-day, confirm us in the
faith ! May the portraits of the depravity of
our times, which I shall be obliged to exhibit
to this people, in order to verify the sacred
history of the past, inspire us with as much
contrition on account of our own disorders,
as astonishment at the disorders of tlie rest
of mankind ! Great God ! animate our me-
ditations to this end with tliy Holy Spirit.
May this people, whom thou dost cultivate in
the tenderest manner, be an exception to the
too general corruption of the rest of the world !
Amen.
I. Let us consider the unbelief of the Jews
as a prodigy of hardness of heart, an eternal
ehame and opprobrium to tlie Jewish nation,
and let us spend a few moments in lamenting
it. We have supposed, that the text speaks
of their infidelity. Christians wlio regard
the authority of St. Paul, will not dispute it:
for the apostle employs three whole cliapters
of his Epistle to the Romans, the ninth, tiie
tenth, and the eleventh, to remove tlie objec-
tions which the casting off of the Jews might
raise against Cliristianity, among those of
that nation who had embraced the gospel.
One of the most weighty arguments which
he uses to remove this stumbling-block is,
the prediction of their unbelief in^'their pro-
phecies ; and among the other prophecies
which he alleges is my text, quoted from the
Bixty-fifth of Isaiah.
It is worthy of observation, that all the
other passages, wliich the apostle cites on this
occasion from the prophets, were taken by
the ancient Jews in the same sense that the
apostle gives them. This may be proved
from the Talmud. I do not know a more ab-
surd book than the Talmud : but one is, in
some sort, repaid for the fatigue of turning it
over by an important discovery, so to speak,
which every page of that book makes ; that
is, that whatever pains the Jews liave been
at to enervate the arguments which we have
taken from the theology of their ancestors,
they themselves cannot help preserving proofs
of their truth, I would compare, on this ar-
ticle, the Talmud of the Jews with the mass-
book of the church of Rome. Nothing can
be more opposite to the doctrine of the gos-
Eel, and to that of the reformation, than the
Lomish missal : yet we discover in it some
traces of the doctrine of the primitive church ;
and although a false turn is given to much of
the ancient phraseology, yet it is easy to dis-
cover the primitive divinity in this book, so
that some authors have thouglit the missal
the most eligible refutation of the worsliip
prescribed by tlie missal itself We consider
the Talmud, and other writings of the modern
Jews, in the same Hght. The ancient Jews,
we see, took the prophecies wliicli St. Paul
alleges, in the three chapters that I have
quoted, in the same sense in whicli the apos-
tle took them, and like hiin, understood them
of the infidelity of the Jews in the time of the
Messiah.
St. Paul, in Rom. ix. 25, quotes a prophecy
from Hosea, ' I will call them my people,
which wore not my people.' The ancient '
Jews took this prophecy in the apostle's sense,
and we have this gloss on the words of Ho-
sea still in the Talmud : ' The time shall come,
wherein they, who were not my people, shall
turn unto the Lord, and shall become my
people,' chap. ii. 23.
St. Paul, in Rom. ix. 23, cites a prophecy
from Isaiah, ' Behold, I lay in Sion a stum-
bling-stone,' chap. viii. 14. The ancient Jews
took this prophecy in the same sense, and wo
have still this gloss in the Talmud ; ' When
the Son of David shall come,' that is to say,
in the time of the Messiah, ' the two houses
of the fathers,' that is, the kingdom of Israel,
and that of Judali (these two kingdoms in-
cluded the whole nation of the Jews,) ' the
two houses of the fathers shall be cast off,
according as it is written, Behold, I lay in
Sion a stumbling-stone.'
The apostle, in Rom x. 19, alleges a pas-
sage from Deuteronomy ; ' I will provoke
you to jealousy by them that are no people,'
chap, xxxii. 21. The Jews, both ancient and
modern, take this prophecy in the same
sense, and one of their books, entitled, ' The
book by excellence,' explains the whole chap-
ter of the time of the Messiah.
Our text is taken, by St. Paul from Isai-
ah's prophecy, ' All day long I have stretched
forth my hands unto a disobedient and gain-
saying people.' The ancient Jews took the
words in the same sense, as we can prove by
the writings of the modern Jews. Aben
Ezra quotes an ancient Rabbi, who explains
the prophecy more like a Christian than a
Jew. These are his words : ' I have found
the nations which called not on nie : but, as
for my people, in vain have I stretched out
my hands unto them.' St. Paul proves that
the hardness of heart of the Jewish na-
tion was foretold by the prophets, and the
Jews, in like manner, have preserved a tra-
dition of the infidelity of their nation in tiie
time of the Messiah : hence this saying of a
Rabbi, ' God abode three years and a half on
Mount Olivet in vain ; in vain he cried. Seek
}'e the Lord ! and therefore am I found of
them who sought me not.'
We have, then, a right to say, that my text
speaks of the unbelief of the Jews in the time
of the Messiah. This we were to prove, and
to prove this infidelity is to exhibit a prodigy
of hardness of heart, the eternal opprobrium
and shame of the Jewish nation. This is the
first point of light in which we are to con-
sider unbelief, and the smallest attention is
sufficient to discover its turpitude.
Consider the pains that Jesus Christ took
to convince and to reform the Jews. To them
he consecrated the first functions of his min-
istry ; he never went out of their towns and
provinces ; he seemed to have come only for
them, and to have brought a gospel formed
on the plan of the law, and restrained to the
Jewish nation alone. The evangelists have
remarked these things, and he himself said,
' I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the
house of Israel,' JNIatt. xv. 24. When he
sent his apostles, lie expressly commanded
them ' not to go into the way of the Gentiles,
and into any city of the Samaritans to enter
not,' chap. x. 5. And the apostles, at\er his
ascension, began to exercise their ministry
Sbr. XVIII.]
CHRIST'S MINISTRY.
177
after his example, by saying to the Jews,
'Unto you first, God sent his Son Jesus to
bless you,' Acts iii. 26.
Consider, farther, the means which Jesus
\Christ employed to recover this people. Here
a boundless field of meditation opens : but the
limits of these exercises forbid my enlarging,
and I shall only indicate the principal ar-
ticles.
What proper means of conviction did Jesus
omit in the course of his ministry among this
people .'' Are miracles proper .'' ' Though ye
believe not me, believe the works,' John x.
32. Were extraordinary discourses proper?
'If I had not come and spoken unto them,
they had not had sin ; but now they have no
cloak for their sin,' chap. xv. 22. Is inno-
cence proper .'' ' Which of you convinceth me
of sin.-" chap. viii. 40. Is the authority of
the prophets necessary ^ ' Search the Scrip-
tures, for they are they that testify of me,'
chap. V. 39. Is it proper to reason with peo-
ple on their own principles ^ ' Had ye believ-
ed Moses, ye would have believed me,' ver.
46. ' Is it not written in your law, I said. Ye
are gods .^ If he called them gods, unto whom
the word of God came ; say ye of him, whom
the Father hath sanctified, and sent into the
world. Thou blaspheniest ; because I said, I
am the Son of God .'" chap. x. 34 — 36.
Consider again, the different forms, if I
may be allowed to speak so, which Jesus
Christ put on to insinuate himself into their
minds. Sometimes he addressed them by
condescension, submitting to the rites of the
law, receiving circumcision, going up to
Jerusalem, observing the sabbath, and cele-
brating their festivals. At other times he
exhibited a noble liberty, freeing himself
from the rites of the law, travelling on sab-
bath-days, and neglecting their feasts. Some-
times he conversed familiarly with them,
eating and drinking with them, mixing him-
self in their entertainments, and assisting at
their marriage-feasts. At other times he put
on the austerity of retirement, fleeing from
their societies, retreating into the deserts,
devoting himself for whole nights to medita-
tion and prayer, and for whole weeks to pray-
ing and fasting. Sometimes he addressed
himself to them by a graceful gentleness :
' Come unto me, all ye that labour, and are
heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Learn
of me, for I am meek, and lowly in heart, O
Jerusalem, Jerusalem ! thou that killest the
prophets, and stonest them which are sent
unto thee, how often would I have gathered
thy children together, even as a hen gatlier-
eth her chickens under her wings, and ye
would not !' Matt. xi. 28, 29; x.xiii. 37. At
other times he tried them by severity, he
drove them from the temple, he denounced
the judgments of God against them; he de-
picted a future day of vengeance, and, show-
ing Jerusalem covered with the carcasses of
the slain, the holy mountain flowing with
blood, and the temple consuming in flames,
he cried, Wo, rco to the Pharisees ! Wo to
the scribes ! Wo to all the doctors of the
law ! ver. 13, &c.
Jesus Christ, in the whole of his advent,
answered the characters by which the pro-
phets had described the Messiah. What
characters do you Jews expect in a Messiah,
which Jesus Christ doth not bear .'' Born of
your nation, — in your country, — of a virgin,
— of the family of David, — of the tribe of
Judah, — in Bethlehem, — after the seventy
weeks, — at the expiration of your grandeur,
and before the departure of your sceptre.
On one hand, ' despised and rejected of men,
a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief;
stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted ;
wounded for your transgressions, bruised for
your iniquities ; brought as a lamb to the
slaughter, cut off from the land of the living,'
as your prophets had foretold, Isa. liii. 3 — 8.
But on the other hand, glorious and magnani-
mous, ' prolonging his days, seeing his seed,
the pleasure of the Lord prospering in his
hand, justifying many by his knowledge, bless-
ed of God, girding his sword upon his thigh,
and riding prosperously on the word of his
truth,' as the same prophets had taught you
to hope, ver. 10, 11, and Psal. xlv. 2, 3.
What Messiah, then, do you wait for .-' If
you require another gospel, produce us ano-
ther law. If you reject Jesus Christ, reject
Moses. If you want other accomplishments,
show us other prophecies. If you will not
receive our apostles, discard your own pro-
phets.
Such was the conduct of Jesus to the Jews.
What success had he .'' What effects were
produced by all his labour, and by all his
love ; by so many conclusive sermons, and
so many pressing exhortations ; by so much
demonstrative evidence, by so many exact
characters, and so many shining miracles ;
by so much submission, and so much eleva-
tion ; by so much humility, and so much glo-
ry ; and, so to speak, by so many different
forms, which Jesus Christ took to insinuate
himself into the minds of this people .'' You
hear in the words of the text ; ' All day long
I have stretched forth my hands unto a dis-
obedient and gainsaying people.' The malice
of this people prevailed over the mercy of
God, and mercy was useless except to a few.
The ancient Jews were infidels, and most of
the modern Jews persist in infidelity. Is
not this a prodigy of hardness .-" Is not this
an eternal reproach and shame to the Jewish
nation .'
II. But we have pursued the unbelief ot
the Jews far enough in the first point of view;
let us proceed to consider it with a view to
what we proposed in the second place. We
will show that men's obstinate resistance of
the most pressing motives, the most impor-
tant interests, and the most illustrious exam-
ples, is not an unheard-of thing : and we
will prove, that all which results from the
example of the unbelieving Jews, is a proof
of the uniformity of the depravity of man-
kind ; that they who lived in the times of the
first planters of Christianity, resembled the
greatest part of those who lived before them,
and of those who have lived since. Would
to God this article were less capable of evi-
dence ! But, alas ! we are going to conduct
you step by step to demonstration.
First, We will take a cursory view of an-
cient history, and we will show you, that the
conduct of the unbelieving Jews presents
nothing new, nothing that had not been
178
THE LITTLE SUCCESS OF
[Seh. XVIIL
done before, nothing contrary to the univer-
sal practice of mankind from Adam to Jesus
Christ.
Secondly, We will go a step farther, and
Bhow you a whole community, who, amidst
the light of the gospel, reject the doctrines
of the gospel, for the same theological rea-
sons for which the Jews rejected it.
Thirdly, We will produce an object yet
more astonishing: a multitude of Christians,
whom the light of the reformation has freed
from the superstition that covered the
church, guilty of the very excesses vi'hich
we lament in the Jews and in superstitious
Christians.
Fourthly, We will go farther still, we will
suppose this congregation in the place of the
ancient Jews, and we will prove, that, had
you been in their places, you would have done
as they did.
The last is only supposition ; we will, there-
fore, in the fifth place, realize it, and show
you, not that you would have acted like the
Jews, had you been in their circumstances ;
but that you really do act so; and we will
show you an image of yourselves in the con-
duct of the ancient Jews.
t. The infidelity of those who heard the
sermons of the first heralds of religion,
might surprise us, if truth and virtue had al-
ways been embraced by the greatest number,
and if the multitude had not always taken
the side of vice and falsehood. But survey
the principal periods of the church from the
beginning of the world to that time, and you
will see a very different conduct.
When there was only one man and one
woman in the world, and when these two,
who came from the immediate hand of God,
could not question either his existence or his
perfections, they both preferred the direc-
tion of the devil before that of the Supreme
Being, who had just brought them into ex-
istence. Gen. iii.
Did God give them a posterity ? The
children walked in the criminal steps of their
parents. The fear and the worship of the
true God were confined to the family of Seth,
to a small number of believers, whom the
Scripture calls, ' sons of God,' chap. vi. 2,
while 'the sons of men,' acknowledged no
other religion but their own fancies, no other
law but their own lust.
Did mankind multiply ? Errors and sins
multiplied with them. The Scripture says,
* All flesh had corrupted its way upon the
earth. The Lord repented that he had made
man on tlie earth,' ver. 12, and by a univer-
sal deluge exterminated the whole impious
race, except ' eight persons,' 1 Pet. iii. 20.
Were these eight persons freed from the
general flood.' They peopled a new world
with a succession as wicked as that which in-
habited the old world, and which was drown-
ed in the flood. They conspired together
against God, and left to future ages a monu-
ment of their insolent pride, ' a tower, the
top' of which, they said should ' reach to
heaven,' Gen. xi. 4.
Were these sons of presumption dispersed?
Their depravity and their idolatry they car-
ried with theui, and with both they infected
all the places of their exile. Except Abra-
ham, his family, and a small number of be-
lievers, nobody worshipped or knew the true
God.
Were the descendants of this patriarch
multiplied into a nation, and loaded with the
distinguishing blessings of God .' They dis-
tinguished themselves also by their excesses.
Under the most august legislation, and
against the clearest evidence, they adopted
notions the most absurd, and perpetrated
crimes the most unjust. They carried the
tabernacle of Moloch in the wilderness ; they
proposed the stoning of Moses and Aaron ;
they preferred the slavery of Egypt before
the liberty of the sons of God.
Were| these people conducted by a train
of miracles to the land of promise ? The
blessings that God bestowed so liberally on
them, they generally turned into weapons of
war against their benefactor. They shook
off the gentle govei*nment of that God who
had chosen them for his subjects, for the sake
of submitting to the iron rods of such tyrants
as those who reigned over neighbouring na-
tions.
Did God exceed their requests ; did he
give them princes, who were willing to sup-
port religion ? They lebelled against them ;
they made a scandalous schism, and render-
ed that supreme worship to images which
was due to none but to the supreme God.
2. The people, of whom we have been
speaking, lived before the time of Jesus
Christ : but I am to show you, in the second
place, a whole community, enlightened by
the gospel, retaining the same principle which
was the chief cause of the infidelity of the
Jews ; I mean a blind submission to ecclesi-
astical rulers.
The Jewish doctors, who were contempo-
rary with Jesus Christ, assumed a sovereign
power over the people's minds; and the
Rabbins, who have succeeded them, have
done their utmost to maintain, and to extend
it. Hence the superb titles. Wise man, Fa-
ther, Prince, King, yea God. Hence the
absolute tyranny of decisions of what is
true, and what is false ; what is venial, and
what is unpardonable. Hence the seditious
maxims of those of them, who affirm that
they, who violate their canons, are worthy
of death. Hence those blasphemous declara-
tions, which say, that they have a right of
giving what gloss they please to the law,
should it be even against the law itself; on
condition, however, of their affirming, that
they were assisted by, I know not what su- J
pernatural aid, which they call Bath-col, that 1
is, ' the daughter of a voice.' '
Now, my brethren, when an ecclesiastic
has arrived at a desire of domination over
the minds of the people, and when the peo-
ple are sunk so low as to suffer their ecclesi-
astics to exercise sucli a dominion, there ia
no opinion too fantastic, no prepossession too
absurd, no doctrine too monstrous, to become
an article of faith. It has been often objected
against us, that, to allow every individual
the liberty of examining religion for him-
self, is to open a door to heresy. But if ever
recrimination were just, it is proper here.
To give fallible men the power of finally de-
termining matters of faith, is to throw open
Ser. XVIII.]
CHRIST'S MINISTRY.
179
flood-gates to tlie most palpable errors.
Thou eternal Truth ! tliou sovereign Teach-
er of the church ! thou High-priest of the
new covenant ! thou alone hast a right to
claim a tacit submision of reason, an impli-
cit obedience of faith. And thou, sacred
book! thou authentic gift of heaven! when
my faith and my religion are in question,
thou art the only tribunal at which I stand I
But as for the doctrine of blind submission,
I repeat it again, it will conduct us to the
most palpable errors.
With the help of implicit faith, I could
prove that a priest has the power of deposing
a king, and of transmitting the supreme
power to a tyrant.
With this principle, I could prove that a
frail man can call down the Saviour of the
world at his will, place him on an altar, or
confine him in a box.
With this principle, I could prove that
what my smell takes for bread is not bread ;
that what my eyes take for bread is not
bread ; that what my taste takes for bread
is not bread: and so on.
With this principle, I could prove that a
body which is whole in one place, is at the
same time whole in another place ; whole at
Rome, and whole at Constantinople ; yea
more, all entire in one host, and all entire in
another host ; yea more astonishing still, all
entire in one host, and all entire in ten thou-
sand hosts ; yea more amazing still, all en-
tire in ten thousand hosts, and all entire in
each part of these ten thousand hosts ; all en-
tire in the first particle, all entire in the se-
cond, and so on without number or end.
With this principle, I could prove that a
penitent is obliged to tell me all the secrets
of his heart ; and that if he conceal any of its
recesses from me, he is, on that very account
excluded from all the privileges of penitence.
With this principle, I could prove that mo-
ney given to the church delivers souls from
purgatory ; and that, according to the Bishop
of Meaux, always when the souls in that
prison hear the sound of the sums which are
given for their freedom, they fly towards
heaven.
3. You have seen a whole community pro-
fessing Christianity, and yet not believing the
doctrines of Christ, through the prevalence of
the same principle, which render the ancient
Jews infidels. We proceed now to show you
something more extraordinary still ; a multi-
tude of Christians, instructed in the truths
of the gospel, freed by the light of the reform-
ation from the darkness with which supersti-
tion had covered the gospel ; and yet seducing
themselves like the ancient Jews, because
their unworthy passions have rendered their
seduction necessary.
Recall, my dear fellow-countrymen, the
happy days in which you were allowed to
make an open profession of your religion in
the place of your nativity. Amidst repeated
})rovocations of the divine patience, which, at
ast, drew down the anger of God on our un-
happy churches,there was one virtue, it must be
owned, that shone with peculiar glory, I mean,
zeal for public worship. Whether mankind
have in general more attachment to the exte-
rior than to the inward part of divine worship ;
or whether the continualfear of the extinction
of that light, which we enjoyed, contributed to
render it sacred to us ; or whatever were the
cause, our ancient zeal for the public exterior
worship of our religion may be equalled, but
it can never be exceeded.
Ye happy inhabitants of these provinces !
We are ready to yield to you the pre-emi-
nence in all other virtues : this only we dispute
with you. The singing- of a psalm was
eno-ugh to fire that vivacity, which is essen-
tial to our nation. Neither distance nor place,
nor inclemency of weather, could dispense
with our attendance on a religious exercise.
Long and wearisome journeys, through frost
and snows, we took to come at those churches
which were allowed us for public worship.
Communion days were triumphant d^ys, which
all were determined to share. Our churches
were washed with penitential tears : and
when, on days of fasting and prayer, a preach-
er desired to excite extraordinary emotions of
grief, he was sure to succeed, if he cried,
' God will take away his candlestick from you,
God will deprive you of the churches in
which ye form only vain designs of conver-
sion.'
Suppose, amidst a large concourse of peo-
ple, assembled to celebrate a solemn feast, a
preacher of falsehood had ascended a pulpit
of truth, and had affirmed these propositions :
' External worship is not essential to salvation.
They, who diminish their revenues, or re-
nounce the pleasures of life, for the sake of
liberty of conscience, do not rightly under-
stand the spirit of Christianity. The Lord's
supper ought not to be neglected, when it can
be administered without peril : but we ought
not to expose ourselves to danger for the sake
of a sacrament, which at most is only a seal of
the covenant, but not the covenant itself.'
In what light would such a preacher have
been considered .'' The whole congregation
would have unanimously cried ' Away with
him ! Away with him !' Numb. xxv. Many
a Phineas, many an Eleazar, would have been
instantly animated with an impetuosity of
fervour and zeal, which it would have been
necessary to restrain.
O God ! what are become of sentiments so
pious and so worthy of Christianity ! This ar-
ticle is a source of exquisite grief. In sight
of these sad objects we cry, ' O wall of the
daughter of Zion ! let tears run down like a
river day and night,' Lam. ii. 18. Here the
sorrowful Rachel mourneth for her children I
she utters the ' voice of lamentation and bitter
weeping, refusing to be comforted for her
children, because they are not,' Jer. xxxi. 15.
Go, go see those degenerate sons of the reform-
ation ! Go, try to communicate a brisker mo-
tion to that reformed blood, which still creeps
slowly in their veins. Arouse them by urg-
ing the necessity of that external worship of
which they still retain some grand ideas.
Alarm their ears with the thundering voice
of the Son of God : tell them, ' He that lov-
eth father or mother more than me, is not
worthy of me. Whosoever shall deny me be-
fore men, him will I also deny before my Fa-
ther which is in heaven,' Matt. x. 33. 37 ; and
what will they say ? They will tax you with
being an enthusiastic declaimer. The very
180
THE LITTLE SUCCESS OF
[Ser. XVIIL
propositions, which would have been rejected
with horror, had they been affirmed in times
of liberty, would now be maintained witli the
utmost zeal. But how comes it to pass, that
what was formerly unwarrantable now ap-
pears just and true ? The pliant artifice of
the human mind has wrought the change.
The corruption of the heart knows how to
fix the attention of the mind on objects which
palliate a criminal habit ; and most men un-
derstand the secret art of seducing them-
selves, when their passions render a seduc-
tion needful.
At first, they required only the liberty of
considering tlie bearing of the storm before
the thunder burst the clouds, that if they
should be obliged to flee, it might be from
real evils, and not from imaginary panics.
At length the tempest came crushing and
sweeping away all that opposed its progress.
When the body must have been exposed for
the salvation of the soul, the trial, they said,
was severe, their hearts were intimidated,
they fainted, and durst not flee. Moreover,
till they had amassed enough to support them
in that exile, to which they should be instant-
ly condemned, if they owned Jesus Christ;
and lest they should leave their innocent
children destitute of all support they abjured
their religion for the present. Abjuration is
always shocking : but if ever it seem to call
for patience and pity, it is in such circum-
stances ! when pretexts so plausible produce
it, and when solemn vows are made to re-
nounce it. When the performance of these
vows was required, insurmountable obstacles
forbade it, and the same reasons, which had
sanctified this hypocrisy at first, required
them to persist in it. When vigilant guards
were placed on the frontiers of the kingdom,
they waited, they said, only for a fair oppor-
tunity to escape, and they flattered them-
selves Vt'ith fixing certain periods, in which
they might safely execute what would be
hazardous before to attempt. Sometimes it
was the gaining of a battle, and sometimes
the conclusion of a peace. As these periods
were not attended with the advantages which
they had promised themselves, they looked
forward, and appointed others. Others came.
No more guards on the frontiers, no more
obstacles, full liberty for all, who had coxirage
to follow Jesus Christ. And whither .■' Into
dens and deserts, exposed to every calamity ?
No : into delicious gardens ; into countries
where the gentleness of tlie governments is
alone sufficient to indemnify us for all we
leave in our own country. But new times,
new morals. The pretext of the difficulty of
following Jesus Christ being taken away, the
necessity of i,' is invalidated. Why, say
they, should we abandon a country, in wliich
people may profess what they please .' Why
not rather endeavour to preserve the seeds of
the reformation in a kingdom, from which it
would be entirely eradicated, if all they, who
adhere to it, were to become voluntary ex-
iles ? Why restrain grace to some countries,
religion to particular walls ? Why should we
not content ourselves with worshipping God
in our closets, and in our families ? The min-
isters of Jesus Christ have united their en-
deavours to unravel these sophisnxs. We
have heaped argument upon argument, de-
monstration upon demonstration. We have
represented the utility of public worship.
We have shown the possibility, and the pro-
bability, of a new period of persecution. vVe
have conjured those, whom sad experience
has taught their own weakness, to ask them-
selves, whether they have obtained streno-th
sufficient to bear such sufferings as those
under which they formerly sunk. We have
proved that the posterity of those lukewarm
Christians will be entirely destitute of reli-
gion. In short, we have produced the highest
degree of evidence in favour of their flight.
All our arguments have been useless ; we have
reasoned, and written, witnout success ; we
have ' spent our strength in vain,' Lev. xxvi.
20. And, except here and there an elect soul,
whom God in his infinite mercy has deliver-
ed from all the miseries of such a state, they
quietly eat and drink, build and plant, marry
and are given in marriage, and die in this fa-
tal stupidity.
Such is the flexible depravity of the human
mind, and such was that of the Jews ! Such
is the ability of our hearts in exercising the
fatal art of self-deception, when sinful pas-
sions require us to be deceived !
Represent to yourselves the cruel Jews.
They expected a Messiah, who would furnish
them with means of glutting their revenge
by treading the Gentiles beneath their teet,
for them they considered as creatures un-
worthy of the least regard. Jesus Christ
came, he preached, and said, ' Love your en-
emies, bless them that curse you,' Matt. v. 44.
Revenge viewed the Messiah in a disadvan-
tageous light. Revenge turned the attention
of the Jews to this their favourite maxim,
' The Messiah is to humble the enemies of
the church,' whereas Jesus Christ left them
in all their gayety and pomp.
Represent to yourselves, those of the Jews
who were insatiably desirous of riches. They
expected a Messiah, who would lavishhis trea-
sures on them, and would so fulfil these expres-
sions of the prophets, 'Silver is mine, and
gold is mine,' Hag. ii. 8. ' The kings of Tar-
shish, and of the isles, shall bring presents,'
Psal.lxxii. 10. JesusChrist came, he preach-
ed, and said, ' Lay not up for yourselves
treasures upon earth,' Matt. vi. 19. Avidity
of riclies considered the Messiah in a disad-
vantageous light. Avidity of riches confined
the attention of the Jews to this favourite
maxim, ' The Messiah is to enrich his disci-
ples,'whereas Jesus Christ left his followers
in indigence and want.
Represent to yourselves the proud and ar-
rogant Jews. They expected a Messiah,
who would march at their head, conquer the
Romans, who were become the terror of the
world, and obtain victories similar to those
which their ancestors had obtained over na-
tions recorded in history for their military
skill- They fed their ambition witli these
memorable prophecies : ' Ask of me, and I
shall give thee the heathen for thine inherit-
ance, and the uttermost part of the earth ibr
thy possession. Thou shall break them with
a rod of iron : thou shalt dash them in pieces
like a potter's vessel. He shall have domi-
nion from sea to sea, and from the river unto
Seb. XVIIL]
CHRIST'S MINISTRY,
181
the ends ofthe earth. They that dwell in the
wilderness shall bow before him, and his ene-
mies shall Hck the dust,' Psal. ii. 8, 9 ; and Ixxii.
8, 9. Jesus Christ came, he preached and
said, ' Blessed are they which are persecuted
for rirrhteousness' sake ; for theirs is the
kincrdom of heaven,' Matt. v. 10. He march-
ed first at the head of this afflicted host, and
finished his mournful life on a cross. Arro-
gance and pride considered Jesus Christ in a
disadvantageous li<^ht. Arrogance and pride
confined the attention of the Jews to this
maxim, ' The Messiah is to sit on a throne :
whereas Jesus Christ was nailed to a cross.
When we know the pliant depravity of the
human heart, when we know its ability to
deceive itself, when its passions require it to
be deceived ; can we be astonished that Jesus
Christ had so few partisans among" the Jews.'
4. But our fourth reflection will remove
our astonishment ; it regards the presump-
tuous ideas which we form of our own virtue
when it hath not been tried. For this pur-
pose, we are going to put you in the place of
the ancient Jews, and to prove, that in the
same circumstances you would have acted
the same part.
There is a kind of sophistry, which is
adapted to all ages, and to all countries ; I
mean that turn of mind which judgeth those
vices in which we have no share. The mal-
ice of our hearts seldom goes so far as to love
sin for its own sake. When sin presents
itself to our view, free from any self-interest
in committing it, and when we have the li-
berty of a cool, calm, and dispassionate sight
of it, it seldom fails to inspire us with horror.
And, as this disposition of mind prevails,
when we think over the atrocious vices of
former ages, we generally abhor the sins,
and condemn the men who committed them.
They appear monsters to us, and nature
seems to have produced but a few. We
seem to ourselves beings of another kind, and
we can hardly suffer the question to be put,
whether, in the same circumstances, we
should not have pursued the same conduct .■'
In this disposition we usually judge the
ancient Jews. How could they rebel against
those deliverers, whom God, if I may speak
so, armed with his omnipotence to free them
from the bondage of Egypt .' How could they
possibly practice gross idolatry on the banks
of the Red Sea, which had just before been
miraculously divided for their passage, and
which had just before overwhelmed their ene-
mies ? While heaven was every instant lavish-
ing miracles in their favour, how could they
possibly place their abominable idols on the
throne of the living God ? How could their
descendants resist the ministry of such men
as Isaiah, Jeremiah, and all the other pro-
phets, whose missions appeared so evidently
divine ?
In the same disposition we judge those
Jews, who heard the sermons, and who saw
the miracles, of Jesus Christ. Their unbelief
appears a greater prodigy than all the other
prodigies which we are told they resisted. It
seems a phenomenon out of the ordinary
course of nature ; and we persuade ourselves,
that, had we been in similar circumstances,
2 A
we should have acted in a very different man
ner.
As I said before, my brethren, this sophis-
try is not new. When we reason thus in re-
gard to those Jews who lived in the ti ne of
Jesus Christ, we only repeat what they them-
selves said in regard to them who lived in
the times of the ancient prophets. J3sus
Clirist reproaches them with it in these em-
phatical words : ' Wo unto you, scribes and
Pharisees, hypocrites ! because ye build the
tombs of the prophets, and garnish the se-
pulchres of the righteous, and say. If we had
been in the days of our fathers, we would not
have been partakers with them in the blood
of the prophets. Fill ye up then tlie measure
of your fatiiers,' Matt, xxiii. 20, 30. 32. Let
us not lightly pnss over these words. I have
rend them as tliey are in the Gospel of St.
Matthew. St. Luke has t]ie;i\ a little differ-
ently, ' Truly ye bear witness thnt ye allow
the deeds of your fathers ; for they indeed
killed them, and ye build their sepulchres,'
chap. xi. 48. Both express the same thing.
The Jews, who were contemporary with
Christ, having no interest in the wickedness
of their ancestors, considered it in the dis-
position of which we have been speaking, and
were ashamed of it, and condemned it. They
considered themselves in contrast with them,
and gave themselves the preference. ' If we
had been in the days of our fathers, we would
not have been partakers with them in the
blood of the prophets.' Jesus Christ unde-
ceives them, and rends the veil with which
they covered the turpitude of their own
hearts from themselves. He declares, if
they had lived in the days of their fathers,
they would have imitated their conduct ; be-
cause, being in similar circumstances, they
actually pursued similar methods. And he
assures them, that, if they were judged by
their fruits, tlieir zeal in repairing the sepul-
chres, and in embellishing the monuments of
the prophets, proceeded less from a design to
honour the memories of the hoi}' men, than
from a disposition to imbrue their own sacri-
legious hands in their blood, as their ances-
tors had formerly done.
The duty of my office, and the subject
which Providence calls me to-day to explain,
oblige me to make an odious, but perliaps a
too just, application of these words. When
you hear ofthe unbelief of the Jews, you say,
' If we had lived in the times of them, who
heard the sermons of Jesus Christ, and who
saw his miracles, we would not have been
partakers with them in the parricide of the
prophets.' Alas ! n:y brethren, how little do
we know of ourselves ! How easy is it to
form projects of virtue and holiness, wlien
nothing but the forming of them is in ques-
tion, and when we are not called to practise
and execute them ! But what I you, my
brethren ! would you have believed in Jesus
Christ? You would have believed in Jesus
Christ ; you would have followed Jesus
Christ, would you ?
Well, then, realize the time of Jesus Christ.
Suppose the Hague instead of Jerusalem.
Suppose Jesus Christ in the place of one of
those insignificant men who preach the gos-
182
THE LITTLE SUCCESS OF
[Ser. xvm.
pel to you : iupposc this congregation instead
of the Jews, to whom Jesus Christ preached,
and in whose presence he wrought his mi-
racles. You would have believed in Jesus
Christ, would you ? You would have followed
Jesus Christ, would you ?
What I thou idle soul I thou, who art so in-
dolent in every thing connected with religion,
that thou sayest, we require too much, when
we endeavour to persuade thee to examine
the reasons which retain thee in the profes-
Bion of Christianity, when we exhort thee to
consult thy pastors, and to read religious
books! Wliat ! wouldst thou have renoun-
ced thine indifference and sloth, if thou hadst
lived in the days of Jesus Christ ? Would thy
supine soul have aroused itself to examine
the evidences of the divinity of his mission,
to develope the sophisms with which his ene-
mies opposed him, to assort the prophecies
with the actions of his life, in order to deter-
mine their accomplishment in his person ?
What ! thou vain soul ! who always takest
the upper hand in society, who art incessant-
ly prating about thy birth, thine ancestors,
thy rank ! Thou who studiest to make thy
dress, the tone of tliy voice, thine air, thy
gait, thine equipage, thy skeleton, thy car-
cass, thine all, proclaim thee a superior per-
sonage ! wouldst thou have joined thyself to
the populace, who followed Jesus Christ ; to
the poor fishermen, and to the contemptible
publicans, who composed the apostolic school ;
wouldst thou j liaveTollowed this Jesus?
What ! thou miser ! who wallowest in sil-
ver and gold ; thou who dost idolize thy trea-
sures, and makest thy heart not a temple of
the Holy Ghost, but a temple of Mammon ;
thou, who art able to resist the exhortations
and entreaties, the prayers and the tears, of
the servants of God ; thou who art insensible
to every form of address which thy pastors
take to move thee not to suffer to die for
want of sustenance, — whom ? A poor misera-
ble old man, who, sinking under the pains
and infirmities of old age, is surrounded with
indigence, and even wants bread. Thou I
who art so ungenerous, so unnatural, and so
barbarous, that thou refusest the least relief
to an object of misery so affecting ; wouldst
thou have believed in Jesus Christ .' Wouldst
thou have followed Jesus Christ.' Thou!
wouldst thou have obeyed this command,
' Go, sell that thou hast, and give to the
poor, and come and follow me .-" Matt. xix.
21.
Ah ! ' Wo unto you scribes and pharisees,
hypocrites ! Ye build the tombs of the pro-
phets, and garnish the sepulchres of the
righteous, and say. If we had been in the
days of our fathers, we would not have been
partakers with them in the blood of the pro-
phets.' But with too much propriety may I
apply to some of you the following words,
' Behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise
men, and scribes; and some of them ye shall
kill and crucify ; and some of them shall ye
scourge in your synagogues, and persecute
them from city to city ; that upon you may
come all the righteous blood shed upon the
earth, from the blood of righteous Abel, unto
the blood of Zacharias, the son of Barachias,'
Matt, xxiii. 29. 34, 35. Yea, behold God
sends ministers unto you, who preach the
same doctrine now that Jesus Christ did in
his day. Resist them, as the Jews resist-
ed Jesus Christ; withstand their preaching, .,
as the Jews withstood the preaching ofj
Jesus Christ ; ridicule them, as the Jews "
ridiculed Jesus Christ , call them ' gluttons'
and ' wine-bibbers,' Matt. xi. 19, as the Jews
called Jesus Christ ; contemn the judgments
which they denounce, as the Jews contemned
the judgments which Jesus Christ foretold ;
till all the calamitous judgments which are
due to the resistance that this nation has
made against the gospel ministry, from its
beginning to this day, fall upon you. But
cease to consider the infidelity and obstinacy
of the Jews as an extraordinary phenomenon.
Do not infer from their not believing the mi-
racles of Christ, that Jesus Christ wrought
no miracles. Do not say. Religion lias
but fev! disciples, therefore, the grounds
of religion are not very evident. For you
are, the greatest part of you, a refutation of
your own sophism. You are witnesses, that
■there is a kind of infidelity and obstinacy,
which resists the most powerful motives, the
most plain demonstrations. And these pub-
lic assemblies, this auditory, this concourse
of people, all these demonstrate, that wisdom
has but few disciples. This is what we un-
dertook to prove.
5. But all this is only supposition. What
will you say, if, by discussing the fifth article,
we apply the subject .' and if, instead of say-
ing. Had you lived in the days of the ancient
Jews, you would have rejected the ministry
of Jesus Christ as they rejected it, we should
tell you, you actually do reject it as they did?
This proposition has nothing hyperbolical
in it in regard to a great number of you.
Nothing more is necessary to prove it, than
a list of the most essential maxims of the
morality of the gospel, and a comparison of
them with the opposite notions which such
Christians form.
For example, it is a maxim of the gospel,
that virtue does not consist in a simple nega-
tion, hut in something real and positive.
Likewise in regard to the employment of time.
What duty is more expressly commanded in
the gospel ? What duty more closely connect-
ed with the great end for which God has
placed us in this world? Is not the small
number of years, are not the few days, which
we pass upon earth, given us to prepare for
eternity ? Does not our eternal destiny de-
pend on the manner in which we spend these
few days and years on earth ? Yet, to see
Christians miserably consume upon nothings
the most considerable parts of their lives,
would tempt one to think, that they had the
absolute disposal of an inexliaustible fund of
duration.
The delaying of coiiversion would afford
another subject proper to show the miserable
art of the greatest part of mankind of shut-
ting their eyes against the clearest truths,
and of hardening themselves against the most
powerful motives. Have not all casuists,
even they who are the most opposite to each
other on all other articles, agreed in this ? ,'
Have they not unanimously endeavoured to
free us from this miserable prepossession, i
!S£H. XVIII.]
CHRIST'S MINISTRY.
183
that God will judge us, not acccording to the
manner in which we live, but according to
the manner in xchich toe die ? Have they
not agreed in representing to us the inability
of dying people to meditate with any degree
of application ; and, in a manner, the impos-
sibility of being entirely renewed on a dying
bed : and yet, do not the greater number of
Christians, even of those whose piety seems
the most genuine, defer a great part of the
work of their salvation to a dying hour ? If
you think I colour the corruption of the age
too strongly, answer me one question : Whence
proceeds our usual fear of sudden death ?
Since the last stages of life are in general the
most fatiguing ; since the reliefs, that are ap-
plied then are so disgustful ; since paKting
adieus are so exquisitely painful ; since slow
agonies of death are so intolerable ; why do
we not consider sudden death as the most
desirable of all advantages ? Why is it not
the constant object of our wishes ? Why
does a sudden death terrify a whole city? Is
it not because our consciences tell us, that
there remains a great deal to be done on our
death-beds ; and that we have deferred that
work to the last period of life, which we
ought to have performed in the days of vi-
gour and health ? Let us enter into these
discussions, and we shall find that it does not
belong to us, of all people, to exclaim against
the obstinacy and infidelity of the Jews.
I have run this disagreeable parallel, I
own, with great reluctance. However, the
inference from the whole, I think, is very
plain. The multitude ought to be no rule
to us. We ought rather to imitate the exam-
ple of one good Christian, than that of a
multitude of idiots, who furiously rush into
eternal misery. They, who rebel against the
doctrine of Jesus Christ, are idiots : they
who submit to them, are wise men. If the
first class exceed the last, beyond all compari-
son in number, they ought to have no influ-
ence over our lives. If the smallest be the
wisest class, we are bound to imitate them.
Thus Jesus Christ reasons : ' Whereunto
shall I liken the men of this generation .■" and
to what are they like .' They are like unto
children sitting in the market place, and call-
ing one to another, and saying, we have
Eiped unto you, and ye have not danced ; we
ave mourned to you, and ye have not wept.
For John the Baptist came neither eating
bread, nor drinking wine ; and ye say, He
hath a devil. The Son of man is come eat-
ing and drinking ; and ye say. Behold a glut-
tonous man and a wine-bibber, a friend of
publicans and sinners. But wisdom is justifi-
ed of all her children,' Luke vii. 31, &c.
There were but very few of the Jews, who
entered into the spirit of the gospel ; as, I
own, there are but few of those called Chris-
tians, who enter into it ; but they are the
wise and rational part of mankind. Jesus
Christ himself has determined it. ' Wisdom
is justified of all her children.' This is not
the opinion of a declaimer ; this is tlie axiom
of a philosopher, that carries its proof and
demonstration with it.
Who were those Jews, who resisted the
powerful exhortations of Jesus Christ, and
the clear evidence of his miracles .'' They
were idiots, who imagined God would sufTer
all the laws of nature to be interrupted to
favour falsehood, and to authorize an impos-
tor : idiots, who thought Satan would oppose
himself, and would himself lend his power
to a man whose doctrine had no other end
than the subversion of his empire ; idiots,
who annihilated prophecy under a pretence
of giving it a sublime meaning : idiots, who
knew not the true interest of mankind ; who
could not perceive, that to put riches and
grandeurs into the possession of men, whose
dispositions, like theirs, were unrenewed,
was to put daggers and death into madmen's
hands ; idiots, who for a great number of
years had lightnings flashing in their eyes,
and thunders roaring in their ears ; but who
coolly endeavoured to shut their eyes, and
to stop their ears, till the tempest struck
them dead, and reduced them to ashes.
What is the character of a modern infidel,
who prefers a system of irreligion before the
system of Christianity .'' He is an idiot ; a
man who voluntarily shuts his eyes against
evidence and truth : a man who, under pre-
tence that all cannot be explained to him,
determines to deny what can : a man who
cannot digest the difficulties of religion, but
can digest those of skepticism : a man who
cannot conceive how the world should owe its
existence to a Supreme Being, but can easi-
ly conceive how it was formed by chance.
On the contrary, what is the character of a
believer .' He is a wise man, a child of wiS'
dom; a man who acknowledges the imper-
fections of his nature : a man who, knowing
by experience the inferiority and uncertainty
of his own conjectures, applies to revelation:
a man who, distrusting his own reason, yields
it up to the direction of an infallible Being,
and is thus enabled, in some sense, to see
with the eyes of God himself.
What is the character of a man who re-
fuses to obey this saying of Jesus Christ,
' No man can serve two masters .•" Matt. vi.
24. He is an idiot ; he is a man who, by en-
deavouring to unite the joys of heaven with
the pleasures of the world, deprives himself
of the happiness of both : he is a man, who
is always agitated between two opposite
parties, that makes his soul a seat of war,
where virtue and vice are in continual fio-ht.
On the contr.nry, what is the character of a
man wiio obeys this saying of Jesus Christ ?
He is a man who after he has applied all the
attention of which he is capable, to distin-
guish the good from the bad, renounces the
last, and embraces the first: a man who,
having felt the force of virtuous motives,
does not suffer himself to be imposed on by
sensual sophisms : a man, who judges of truth
and error by those infallible marks which
characterize both ; and not by a circulation
of the blood, a flow, or dejection, of animal
spirits, and by other similar motives, which,
if I may be allowed to say so, make the
whole course of the logic, and the whole
stock of the erudition, of the children of this
world.
What is the character of the man who re-
fuses to obey this command of Jesus Christ,
' Lay not up treasures upon earth ; for
where your treasure is, there will your heart
184
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
[Ser. XIX.
be also.'' Matt. vi. 19. 21. He is a man
•wlio fi.xes his hopes on a sinking world ; a
man who forgets that death will spoil him of
all his treasures ; a man who is blind to the
shortness of his life ; a man who is insensi-
ble to the burden of old age, even while it
weighs him down ; who never saw the wrin-
kles that disfigure his countenance ; a man
who is deaf to the voice of universal nature,
to the living, the dying, and the dead, who
in concert cry, Remember thou art mortal!
On the contrary, what is the character of
him who obeys this command of Jesus
Christ ? It is wisdom. The man is one who
elevates his hopes above the ruins of a sink-
ing world ; a man who clings to the rock of
ages ; who builds his house on that rock ;
who sends all his riclies before him into eter-
nity; who makes God, the great God, the
depositary of his happiness ; a man, who
is the same in every turn of times, because
no variation can deprive him of the happiness
which he has chosen.
And what are the men who resist our min-
istry, who hear our sermons, as if they were
simple amusements ; who, when they depart
from their places of worship, return to the
dissipations and vices from which they came ;
who, after they have fasted, and prayed, and
received the communion, are always as
worldly, always as proud, always as revenge-
ful, always as ready to calumniate, as be-
fore ? Tliey are really idiots, who know not
the days of their visitation; who 'despise
the riches of the forbearance of God, not
knowing that his goodness leadeth to repent-
ance,' Rom. ii. 4; they are idiots, who feli-
citate themselves to-day with worldly pur-
suits, which to-morrow, will tear their souls
asunder on a death-bed, and the sorrowful re-
membrance of which will torment them
through the boundless ages of eternity. And
those auditors, who are attentive to our doc-
trines, and obedient to ourpiecepts; those
auditors, who thankfully receive the wise,
and patiently bear with the weak, in our
ministry: what are they.' They are wise
men, who refer our ministry to its true mean-
ing, who nourish their souls with the truths,
and daily advance in practising the virtues
of their calling. i
How much does a contrast of these char- ■
acters display the glory of Christianity .' Is 1
this religion less the work of wisdom, because '
idiots reject it .' Doth not the honour of a
small number of wise disciples indemnify us
for all the attacks that a crowd of extravagant
people make on it .' And were you to choose
a pattern for yourselves to-day, my brethren,
which of the two examples would make the
deepest impressions on you ? Would you
choose to imitate a small number of wise
men, or a multitude of fools .' To be re-
proached for preciseness and singularity is a
very powerful temptation, and piety will of-
ten expose us to it. What ! every body else
goes into company ; and would you distin-
guish yourself by living always shut up at
home .' How ! every body allows one part of
the day to gaming and pastime ; and would
you render yourself remarkable by devoting
every moment of the day to religion .' What 1
nobody in the vi^orld requires above a day or
two to prepare for the sacrament ; and would
you distinguish yourself by employing whole
weeks in preparing for that ceremony .' Yes,
I would live a singular kind of life ! Yes,
I would distinguish myself! Yes, though
all the Piiarisees, though all the doctors of
the law, though all the whole synagogue,
should unite in rejecting Jesus Christ ; I
would devote myself to him ! World! thou ■
shalt not be my judge. World ! it is not '||
thou, who shalt decide what is shameful, and
what is glorious. Provided I have the
children of wisdom for my companions, an-
gels for my witnesses, my Jesus for my guide,
my God for my rewarder, and heaven for
my recompense, all the rest signify but little
to me ! May God inspire us with these sen-
timents ! Amen.
SElllMON XIX.
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
Luke xxiii. 5.
He stirreth up the people.
JVEVER was a charge more unjustly
brought, never was a charge more fully and
nobly retorted, than that of Ahab against
Elijah. Elijah was raised up to resist the
torrent of corruption and idolatry which over-
flowed the kingdom of Israel. God, who had
appointed him to an olfice so painful and im-
portant, had richly imparted to him the gifts
necessary to discharge it : so that when the
Scriptures would give us a just notion of the
herald of the Messiah, it says, ' He shall go in
the spirit and power of Klias,' Luke i. 17.
Sublimity in his ideas, energy in his expres-
sions, grandeur in his sentiments, glory in
his miracles, all contributed to elevate this
prophet to the highest rank among them who
have managed the sword of the spirit with
reputation and success. This extraordinary
man appears before Ahab, who insults him
with this insolent language, ' Art thou ho
that troubleth Israel .'' 1 Kings xviii. 17.
Was ever a charge more unjustly brought .' >
Elijah is not terrified with this language.
Neither the majesty nor the madness of Ahab, i
Ser. XIX.]
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
185
neither the rage of Jezebel nor the remem-
brance of so many prophets of the true God
sacrificed to false gods, nothing terrifies him,
nothing aftects him. ' I have not troubled
Israel,' replies he ; ' but thou, and thy father's
house, in that ye have forsaken the command-
ments of tlie Lord, and thou hast followed
Baalim,' ver. 13. Was ever charge retorted
v^rith more magnanimity and courage ?
My brethren, I invite you to day to con-
template men more unjust than Ahab, and I
invite you to contemplate one more magnani-
mous than Elijali. Jesus Christ undertook a
work, that all the prophets, — what am I say-
ing .'' he undertook a work which all the an-
gels of heaven united would have undertaken
in vain. He came to reconcile heaven and
earth. God, wlio sent him into the world in
this grand business, communicated ' the
Spirit without measure to him,' John iii. 34.
Jesus Christ dedicated iiimself entirely to the
office. He made the will of the Father who
had charged him with the salvation of man-
kind, his 'meat and drink,' chap. iv. 34. By
meditation, by retirement, by a holiness
formed on the plan of the holiness of God, of
whose ' glory' he is the ' brightness,' of whose
'person' he is ' the express image,' Heb. i. 3,
he prepared himself for that grand sacrifice,
which was designed to extinguish the flames
of divine justice, burning to avenge the wick-
edness of mankind. After a life so truly
amiable, he was dragged before judges, and
accused before human tribunals of being a
firebrand of sedition, who came to set society
in a flame. Jesus Christ was not moved
with this accusation. Neither the inveteracy
of his accusers, nor the partiality of his judge,
neither the prospect of death, nor the idea
of the cross, on which he knew lie was
to expire, nothing could make him act un-
worthy of his character. Always ready to
communicate to inquirers the treasures of
wisdom and knowledge, of which he was the
depositary, and to reveal himself to them, as
' the true light which lighteth every man that
Cometh into the world,' John i. 1). On this
occasion, he justly discovered his superiority
over his accusers, and over his judges, by re-
fusing to gratify the vain desire of Herod,
who wishea to see him work a miracle, and
by leaving, without any other apology, his
doctrine to apologize for itself.
These are the grand objects which are
proposed to your meditation in the text, and
in the seven following verses that are con-
nected with it. The whole period is perhaps
the most barren part of the history of the
passion : but the most barren parts of this
miraculous history are so fruitful in instruc-
tion, tliat I must needs omit many articles,
and confine myself to the examination of the
first words, which are my text, ' he stirreth
up the people.' It will be necessary, howev-
er, briefly to explain the following verses,
and, after a short explication of them, we re-
turn to the text, the principal matter of this
discourse. We will examine tlie charge of
troubling society, which has always been
laid against Jesus Clirist and his gospel.
O, you ! wlio so often blame religious dis-
courses for troubling tliat false peace, which
you taste in the arms of security, blush to-
day to see what unworthy models you imitate !
And we, ministers of the living, God, so often
intimidated at tliis odious charge, let uslearn
to day courageously to follow the steps of that
Jesus who bore so great a ' contradiction of
sinners against himself!' Heb. xii. 3. May
God assist us in this work ! Amen.
Jesus Christ had been interrogated by Pi-
late, and had answered two calumnies that
had been objected against him. The conduct
of Jesus Christ had always been remarkable
for submission to magistracy, and for con-
tempt of human grandeurs. However, he
had been accused before Pilate of having
forbidden to pay tribute to Cesar, and of
having affected royalty. Pilate had exami-
ned him on these two articles, and, on both,
Jesus Christ had justified his innocence, con-
founded his accusers, and satisfied his judge.
An upright judge would have acquitted
this illustrious prisoner after he had acknow-
ledged his innocence. Pilate took another
method. Whether it were cowardice, or
folly, or policy, or all these dispositions to-
gether, he seized the first opportunity that
offered, to remove a cause into another court,
which he thought he could not determine
without danger to himself My brethren, I
have known many magistrates of consum-
mate knowledge ; I have seen many of incor-
ruptible principles, whose equity was incapa-
ble of diversion by those bribes which the Scrip-
ture says 'blind the eyes of the wise,' Exod.
xxiii. 8. But how rare are they who have reso-
lution enough, not only to judge with rectitude,
but also to support with an undaunted hero-
ism, those suffrages which are the dictates of
equity and truth ! Pilate instead of discharg-
ing Jesus Ciirist from his persecutors and
executioners, in some sort assisted their cru-
elty. Neither able sufficiently to stifle the
dictates of his own conscience to condemn him,
nor obedient enough to them to acquit him,
he endeavoured to find a judge, either more
courageous, who might deliver him, or less
scrupulous, who might condemn liim to
death.
The countrymen of Jesus Christ furnished
Pilate with a pretence. ' They were the
more fierce,' says our evangelist, ' saying,
He stirreth up the people from Galilee to this
place.' Who were they who brought this
accusation against Jesus Christ ? Were they
only the Roman soldiery and the Jewish pop-
ulace .'' No : they were divines and ecclesias-
tics ! .... let us turn from these horrors.
' When Pilate heard of Galilee,' adds St.
Luke, ' he asked whetiier the man were a
Galilean ?' Christ was born in Bethlehem, a
town in Judea, according to this prophecy of
Micah, ' And thou, Bethlehem in the land of
Judah, art not the least among the princes of
Judah ; for out of thee shall come a governor,
that shall rule my people Israel,' Matt. ii. 6;
but his mother was of Nazareth, in Galilee,
from whence she came to Jerusalem with
Joseph, on account of a command of Augus-
tus, which it is needless to enlarge on here.
In Galilee, therefore, and particularly at
Nazareth, Jesus Christ passed those thirty
years of his life, of which the evangelists gave
us no account. We may remark, by the
way, that these circumstances brought about
186
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
[Sek. XIX.
the accomplishment of this prophecy, ' He
shall be called a Nazarene,' ver. 23. This
prophecy, cited in the New Testament, is not
to be found literally in the old : but the pro-
phets very often foretold the contempt that
the Jews would pour on Jesus Christ ; and
his dwelling in Galilee, particularly at Naza-
reth, was an occasion, as of their contempt,
60 of the accomplishment of prophecy. The
Jews considered Galilee as a country hateful
to God ; and although Jonah was born there,
yet they had a saying, that ' no Galilean had
ever received the Spirit of God.' Hence the
Sanhedrim said to Nicodemus, ' Search, and
look; for out of Galilee ariseth no prophet,'
John vii. 52. Agreeably to this, when Philip
said to Nathaniel, ' We have found him of
whom Moses and the prophets did write, Je-
sus of Nazareth,' chap, i.45 ; the latter repli-
ed, 'Can there any good thing come out of
Nazareth?' ver. 4G. The Jews were trans-
ported to find that Jesus Christ was an in-
habitant of this fcity ; because it served them
for a pretence to give him a name of con-
tempt ; accordingly, they called him a JVaza-
rene. They afterward gave the same despi-
cable name to his disciples. St. Jerome tells
us, that in his time they anathematized
Christians under the name of Nazarenes. —
We see also in the book of Acts, that Chris-
tians were called Galileans ; and by this
name they are knowoi in heathen writers.
> Let us return. Herod Antipas (son of
Herod the Great, the same whom John the
Baptist reproved for keeping Herodias, his
brother Philip's wife) reigned in Galilee, un-
der the title of Tetrarch, when Jesus Christ
was cited before Pilate. This was what en-
gaged the Roman governor to send him to
this prince. Whether Antipas, the tetrarch
of Galilee, descended from heathen parents,
as some affirm ; whether he were of Jewish
extraction, as others say ; or whether he
were an Idumean, according to the general
opinion, is not very material. It is very cer-
tain, that if this prince were not sincerely of
the religion of Moses, he pretended to be so;
and, as the law required all heads of families
to celebrate four grand festivals in the year
at the capital of Judea, he had come up to Je-
rusalem to keep the Passover, at which time
the Lord Jesus underwent his passion.
The reputation of our Saviour had reached
this prince. The gospel tells us the absurd
notion that he had entertained of him. He
thought him John the Baptist, whom he had
sacrificed, with as much cowardice as cruelty,
to the revenge of Herodias. His notion was
founded on an opinion of the Jews, who
thought, that many prophets, particularly
they who had sealed their doctrine with their
blood, would rise again at the coming of
the Messiah. Herod was glad of an opportu-
nity of informing himself in this article. He
flattered himself, that if he should not see
such a singular object as a man raised from
the dead, at least Jesus Christ would not re-
fuse to conciliate his esteem, by gratifying
his curiosity, and by performing some extra-
ordinary work in his presence. But should
Providence interrupt the ordinary course of
nature to amuse a profane court ? Jesus
Christ not only would not prostitute his mi-
raculous gifts before Herod, he would not
even deign to answer him.
A very little attention to the genius of the
great will be sufficient to convince us, that
the silence of Jesus Christ, and his refusal to
condescend to the caprice of Herod, must na-
turally expose him to the contempt of this
prince, and to that of his courtiers. Accord-
ingly, we are told, that they ' set him at
nought, and mocked him, and sent him back
again to Pilate.' Some have inquired a reason
why Herod put on him ' a white garment ;'*
and some learned men have thought he in-
tended thereby to attest his innocence ; and
this opinion seems to agree with what Pilate
said to tiie Jews ; Neither ' I nor Herod have
found any fault in this man, touching those
thingswhereof ye accuse him.' But they who
advance this opinion, ought to prove, that the
Jews, or the Romans, did put white garments
on persons whom they acquitted. I own,
though I have taken some pains to look for
this custom in the writings of antiquity, I
have not been able to find it : however, it
doth not follow, that others may not discover
it. Nor is it any clearer, in my opinion,
that the design of those, who put this habit
on Jesus Christ, was the same with that of
the soldiers, who put a reed in the form of a
sceptre into his hand, to insult him because
he said he was a king. I would follow the rule
here which seems to me the most sure ; that is,
I would suspend my judgment on a subject
that cannot be explained.
I add but one word more, before I come to
the principal object of our meditation. The
evangelist remarks, that the circumstances,
which he related, I mean tiie artful address
of Pilate to Herod, in sending a culprit of his
jurisdiction to his bar ; and the similar arti-
fice of Herod to Pilate, in sending him back
again, occasioned their reconciliation. What
could induce them to differ .'' The sacred his-
tory doth not inform us ; and we can only
conjecture. We are told, that some subjects
of Herod Antipas, who probably had made
an insurrection against the Romans, had been
punished at Jerusalem during the passover
by Pilate, Luke xiii. 1, who had mixed their
blood with that of the sacrifices, which they
intended to offer to God at the feast. But
* Our author follows the reading of the French Bi-
ble, Revestu d'un vestement blatic ; our translation
reads it. Arrayed in a gorgeous rohe ; and the origi-
nal word kcLfxTrpi); signifies both. A ichite garment
was a gorgeous, a splendid garment, because priests
and kings wore icliite garments. See Esther viii. 15 ;
2Chron. v. 111. The heavenly visions, which are re-
corded in Scripture, and which were intended for the
more easy apprehension a?id instruction of tliose who
were honoured with them, preserve an analogy in
their imagery between themselves and the known
objects of real life. Hence God, Christ, angels, arid
the spirits of the just, are represented as clothed in
irhite, Dan. vii. 9 ; Luke ix. 29; Acts i. 10, and
Rev. iii. 4.
Herod's design in arraying Christ in white is not
known ; and whether we ought, with Casaubon, in
the following word.s, to find a nnjstery in it, we will
not pretend to say. "Cum igitur vestis Candida,
apud veteres, regia pariter et |sacerdotalis esset ; quit
mysterio i&clxima. providentia divina non agnoscat ;
qiiod verus rex, verus sacerdos, a suis irrisoribus
Candida veste amicitur.' Fuit, quidem, istoruin ani-
mus pessimus : sed hoc veritatis signifirationem mys-
ticam, neque hie, neque in crucis titulo leedebat."
Eierc. in Bar- Annal. S. 73, E. 16.
Ser. XIX.]
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
187
the Scripture does not say, whether this
affair occasioned the difference that subsisted
between the tetrarch of the Jews and the
Roman governor. In general, it was na-
tural for these two men to be at enmity. On
the one hand, the yoke, which the Romans
had put on all the nations of the earth, was
Bufficient to excite the impatience of all, ex-
cept the natives of Rome ; and to stir them
up to perplex and to counteract the govern-
ors, whom they set over the countries which
they had invaded. On the other, it must be
acknowledged, that they, who are deputed to
govern conquered provinces, and, for a time,
to represent tlie sovereign there, very seldom
discharge their offices with mildness and
equity. They are instantly infatuated with
that shadow of royalty to which they have
not been accustomed ; and hence come pride
and insolence. They imagine, they ought to
pusii their fortune, by making the most of a
rank from which they must presently descend;
and hence come injustice and extortion. The
reconciliation of Herod and Pilate is more
surprising than their discord.
We hasten to more important subjects.
We will direct all your remaining attention
to the examination of the text, ' He stirreth
up the people from Galilee to this place.' The
doctrine of Jesus Christ has always been ac-
cused of troubling society. They, who
have preached truth and virtue, have always
been accounted disturbers of the peace of
society. I would inquire.
In what respects this charge is false ; and
in what respects it is true.
II. From the nature of those troubles which
Jesus Christ, and his ministers, excite, I
would derive an apology for Christianity in
general, and for a gospel ministry in particu-
lar ; and prove that the troubling of society
ought not to be imputed to those who preach
the doctrine of Christ; but to those who
hear it.
III. As we are now between two days of
solemn devotion, between a fast, which we
have observed a few days ago, and a com-
munion, that we shall receive a few days
hence : I sliall infer from the subject a few
rules, by which you may know, whether you
have kept the first of these solemnities, or
whether you will approach the last, with suit-
able dispositions. Our te.xt, you see, my
brethren, will supply us with abundant mat-
ter for the remaining part of this exercise.
1. One distinction will explain our first
article, and will show us in what respects
religion does not disturb society, and in what
respects it does. We must distinguish what
religion is in itself from the effects which it
produces through the dispositions of those to
whom it is preached. In regard to the first,
Jesus Christ is 'the Prince of Peace.' This
idea the prophets, this idea the angels, who
announced his coming, gave of him : ' Unto
us a child is born, unto us a son is given, and
the government shall be upon his shoulder :
and his name shall be called, Wonderful,
Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlast-
ing Father, The Prince of Peace :' this is
what the prophets said of him, Isa. ix. 6.
' Glory to God in the highest, and on earth
peace, good-will towards men I' Luke ii. 14.
This was the exclamation of the heavenly
host, when they appeared to the shepherds.
Jesus Christ perfectly answers these descrip-
tions.
Consider the kingdom of this divine Sa-
viour, and you will find, all his maxims are
•peace, all tend to unity and concord : ' A new
commandment I give unto you, that ye love
one another ; by this shall all men know that
ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to
another,' John xiii. 34. Peace is the inheri-
tance he left to his disciples : peace* Heave
with you, my peace I give unto you,' chap.
xiv. 27. Peace between God and man; be-
ing justified by faith we have peace with
God,' Rom. V. I ; he has reconciled ' all
things unto himself, having made peace
through the blood of his cross,' Col. i. 20.
Peace between Jews and Gentiles ; ' for he
is our peace, who hath made both one, and
hath broken down the middle wall of parti-
tion between us ; and came and preached
peace to you which were afar off, and to
them that were nigh,' Eph. ii. 14.17. Peace
in the society of the first disciples ; for ' all
that believed were together, and had all
things common,' Acts ii. 44. Peace in the
conscience ; for without Jesus Christ trouble
and terror surround us. Heaven is armed
with lightnings and thunderbolts, the earth
under the curse, a terrible angel, with a
flaming sword, forbids our access to the gate
of paradise, and the stmgs of conscience are
' the arrows of the Almighty ; the poison
whereof drinketh up the spirit.' Job vi. 4.
But at the approach of Jesus Christ our mi-
series flee, and we listen to his voice, which
cries to us, ' Come unto me all ye that labour
and are heavy laden, and ye shall find rest
unto your souls,' Matt. ix. 28, 29.
But, if religion, considered in itself, breathes
only peace, it actually occasions trouble in
society ; through the dispositions of those to
whom it is preached. According to the gene-
ral dispositions of mankind, the religion of
Jesus Christ must necessarily disgust, and
therefore disturb, schools, courts, churches,
and families; stirring up one minister against
another minister, a confessor against a tyrant,
a pastor against a people, a father against his
family.
1. Schools. There were two celebrated
schools in the days of Jesus Christ, the Pagan
school, and the Jewish school. The Pagan
schools were fountains of errors. They
taught erroneous opinions of God, whose ex-
cellence they pretended to represent by
figures of men, animals, and devils. They
taught erroneous opinions of man, of whose
origin, obligations, and end, they were total-
ly ignorant. They taught erroneous opinions
of morality, which they had adjusted not ac-
cording to the dictates of conscience, but
agreeably to the suggestions of their own
vicious hearts.
The Jewish schools, originally directed by
a heavenly light, had not fallen into errors so
gross : but they were not exempt ; they had
even embraced some capital mistakes. The
fundamental article of the Jewish religion,
that on which depended all their hopes and
all their joys, I mean the doctrine of the
Messiah, was precisely that of which they
188
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
[Ser. XIX.
had entertained the most false ideas. They
represented to themselves a Messiah of flesh
and blood, one adapted to the relish of human
passions. They authorized the most criminal
remissness, and violated the most inviolable
rights of religion and nature. Revenge, in
their opinion, was inseparable from man.
Concupiscence was perfectly consistent with
purity of heart. Perjury changed its nature,
when it was accompanied with certain dou-
ceurs. Divorce was a prevention of discord,
and one of the domestic rights of a married
person.
The Christian religion appears in the world,
and in it other ideas of God, of man, of vir-
tue, of the expected Messiah ; other notions
of concupiscence and revenge, of peijury,
and of all the principal points of religion and
morality. Christianity appears in the world.
The Lord of the universe is no longer asso-
ciated with other beings of the same kind.
He is no longer an incestuous being, no inore
a parricide, an adulterer. He is a being alone
in his essence, independent in his authority,
just in his laws, wise in his purposes and ir-
resistible in his performances. Philosophy is
folly. Epicurus proves himself an idiot des-
titute of reason and intelligence, by not dis-
covering the characters of intelligence and
reason, that shine throughout all the universe,
and by attributing to a fortuitous concourse
of atoms the effect of wisdom the most pro-
found, and of power infinite and supreme.
Pythagoras is a master dreamer, who seems
himself to have contracted the stupidity of
all the animals, the bodies of which his soul
has transmigrated. Zeno is an extravagant
creature, who sinks the dignity of man by
pretending to assign a false grandeur to him,
and makes him meaner than a beast, by af-
fecting to set him a rival with God. The
Christian religion appears in the world. The
Messiah is not a pompous, formidable con-
querer, whose exploits are all in favour of one
single nation. Revenge is murder, concupis-
cence is adultery, and divorces are violations
of the prerogatives of God, separating what
he has joined together, and subverting the
order of the world and the church.
In this manner. Christian theology under-
mined that of the Jewish Rabbins, and that
of the philosophers of Paganism. It is easy
to judge what their fury must have been
when they saw their schools deserted, their
pupils removed, their decisive tone repri-
manded, their reputation sullied, their learn-
ing degenerated into ignorance, and their
wisdom into folly. Have you any difficulty
in believing this .'' Judge of what passed in
former ages by what passes now. As long
as there are Christians in the world, Chris-
tianity will be divided into parties ; and as
long as Christianity is divided into sects and
parties, those divines, who resist preachers
of erroneous doctrines, will render them-
selves odious to the followers of the latter.
No animals in nature are so furious as an
idiot in the habit of a divine, when any of-
fers to instruct him, and a hypocrite, when
any attempts to unmask him.
2. Let us pass to our ne.xt article, and let
us attend the doctrine of Christ to court. If
the servants of Christ had stirred up no other
enemies besides priests and rabbins, they
might have left their adversaries to bawl
themselves hoarse in their solitary schools ;
to hurl afler the innocent, the anathemas and
thunders of synagogues and consistories;
and each Christian, despising their ill-direct-
ed discipline, might have appealed from the
tribunal of such iniquitous judges to that of a
sovereign God, and, with a prophet, might
have said, 'Let them curse, but bless thou:
when they arise, let them be ashamed, ' Psal.
cix. 28.
But the grandees of the world have oflen
as false ideas of their grandeur and power,
as pedants have of their jurisdiction and
learning. Dizzy with the height and bright-
ness of their own elevation, they easily ima-
gine the regal grandeur extends its govern-
ment over the priestly censor, and gives them
an exclusive right of determining articles of
religion, and of enslaving those whose pa-
rents and protectors they pretend to be. As
if false became true, and iniquity just, by
proceeding from their mouths, they pretend,
that whatever they propose is therefore to
be received, because they propose it. They
pretend to the right of making maxims of
religion, as well as maxims of policy : and, if
I may express myself so, of levying prose-
lytes in the church as they levy soldiers for
the army, with colours flying at the first
word of command of His Majesty, for s^ich
is our good pleasure. They make an extra-
ordinary display of this t3'ranny, when their
consciences accuse them of some notorious
crimes which they have committed ; and as
if they would wash away their sins with the
blood of martyrs, they persecute virtue to
expiate vice. It has been remarked, that
the greatest persecutors of the church have
been, in other cases, the least regular, and
the most unjust of all mankind. This was
observed by Tertullian, who, in his apology,
says, ' We have never been persecuted, ex-
cept by princes, whose lives abounded with
injustice and uncleanness, with infamous and
scandalous practices ; by those whose lives
ye yourselves have been accustomed to con-
demn, and whose unjust decisions ye have
been obliged to revoke, in order to re-estab-
lish the innocent victims of their displea-
sure.'* Let us not insult our persecutors ;
but, after the example of Christ, let us 'bless
them that curse us ;' and ' wlien we are re-
viled,' let us ' not revile again,' Matt. v. 44 ;
1 Pet. ii. 23. Perhaps in succeeding ages
posterity may make similar reflections on our
sufferings ; or perliaps some may remark to
our descendants what Tertullian remarked to
the senate of Rome, on the persecutions of
the primitive Christians. I will not enlarge
this article, but return to my subject. The
religion of Jesus Christ has armed a tyrant
agauist a martyr ; a combat worthy of our
most profound considerations, in which the
tyrant attacks the martyr and the martyr the
* Tertullian, in the chapter from xvliirh our author
quotes the passage above, remarks, from the Uoman
historians, that iXero was the first who abused the
imperial sword to persecute Christians, that bomitian
was the second, and then adds; Talp.<i semper nobis
in.«fii-MYnres, injusti, impii, turpes: quos et ipsi dam-
nare consuestis, et a quibus damnalos ristituere soliti
estiti, Apol. cap. v.
Sek. XIX.]
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
m
tyrant, but with very different arms. The
tyrant with cruelty, the martyr with pa-
tience ; the tyrant with blasphemy, the mar-
tyr with prayer; the tyrant with curses, tiie
martyr with blessing ; the tyrant with inhu-
man barbarity, beyond the ferocity of the
most fierce and savage animals, the martyr
with an unshaken steadiness, that elevates
the man above humanity, and fills his mouth
with songs of victory and benevolence,
amidst the most cruel and barbarous tor-
ments.
3. I said, farther, that the religion of Jesus
Christ often occasioned troubles in the cliurck,
and e.xcited the pastor against tJie flock.
The gospel-ministry, I mean, is such that we
cannot exercise it, without often applying
the fire and the knife to the wounds of some
of our hearers. Yes ! these ministers of the
gospel, these heads of the mystical body of
Christ, these fathers, these ambassadors of
peace, these shepherds, to whom the Scrip-
tures give the kindest and most tender names;
these are sometimes incendiaries and fire-
brands, who in i.nitation of their great mas-
ter, Jesus Christ, the ' shepherd and bishop
of souls, come to set fire on the earth,' 1 Pet.
ii. 25; Luke xii. 4!).
Two things will make this article very
plain : consider our commission, and consi-
der society. It is our cormnission, that we
should suffer no murmuring in your adversi-
ties, no arrogance in your prosperities, no
revenge under your injuries, no injustice in
your dealings, no irregularity in your actions,
no inutility in your words, no impropriety in
your thoughts.
Society, on the contrary, forms continual
obstacles against the execution of tliis com-
mission. Here, we meet with an admired
wit, overflowing witli calumny and treach-
ery, and increasing his own fame by commit-
ting depredations on the characters of others.
There, we see a superb palace, where the fa-
mily tread on azure and gold, glittering with
magnificence and pomp, and founded on the
ruins of the houses of widows and orphans.
Yonder we behold hearts closely united ; but,
alas ! united by a criminal tie, a scandalous
intelligence.
Suppose now a pastor, not a pastor by
trade and profession, but a zealous and reli-
gious pastor; who judges of his commission,
not by the revenue which belongs to it, but
by the duties which it obliges him to perform.
What is such a man ? A firebrand, an in-
cendiary. He is going to sap the founda-
tions of that house, which subsists only by
injustice and rapine ; ho is going to trouble
that false peace, and those unworthy plea-
sures, which the impure enjoy in their union :
and so of the rest.
Among the sinners to whose resentment
we expose ourselves, we meet with some
whom birth, credit, and fortune, have raised to
a superior rank, and who hold our lives and
fortunes in their hands. Moses finds a Pha-
raoh ; Elijah an Ahab, and a Jezebel ; St.
John Baptist a Herod, an Herodias ; St.
Paul a Felix and a Drusilla ; St. Ambrose a
Theodosiiis ; St. Chrysostom a Eudoxia, or,
to use his own words, ' another Herodias,
who rageth afresh, and who demandeth the
2 B
head of John Baptist again.' How is H
possible to attack such formidable persona
without arming society, and without incur-
ring the charge of mutiny ? Well may such
putrefied bodies shriek, when cutting, and
burning, and actual cauteries are applied to
the mortified parts '. Well may the criminal
roar when the judgments of God put hit
conscience on the rack !
4. But censure and reproof belong not only
to pastors and leaders of flocks, they are the
duties of all Christians ; Christianity, there-
fore, will often excite troubles in families,
A slight survey of each family will be suffi-
cient to convince us, that each has some pre-
vailing evil habit, some infatuating prejudice,
some darling vice. Amidst all these disor-
ders, each Christian is particularly called to
censure, and to reprove ; and each of our
houses ougiit to be a church, in which the
master should alternately execute the offices
of a priest and prince, and boldly resist those
who oppose his maxims. Christian charity,
indeed, requires us to bear with one ano-
ther's frailties. Ciiarity maintains union,
notwithstanding differences on points that
are not essential to salvation and conscience.
Charity requires us to become ' to the Jews
as Jews, to tliem that are without law as
without law, to be made all things to all
men,' 1 Cor. ix. 2C — 22. But, after all, cha-
rity does not allow us to tolerate the perni-
cious practices of all those with whom we
are connected by natural or social ties, much
less does it allow us to follow them down a
precipice. And, deceive not yourselves, my
brethren, there is a moral as well as a doc-
trinal denial of Jesus Christ. It is not enough,
you know, to believe and to respect the truth
inwardly ; when the mouth is shut, and sen-
timents palliated, religion is denied. In like
manner, in society, in regard to morals, it
is not enough to know our dutv, and to be
guilty of reserves in doing it. If virtue be
concealed in the heart ; if, through timidity
or complaisance, people dare not openly pro-
fess it, they apostatize from the practical
part of religion. Always when you fall in
with a company of slanderers, if you con-
tent yourself with abhorring the vice, and
conceal your abhorrence of it ; if you out-
wardly approve what you inwardly condemn,
you are apostates from the law that forbids
calumny. When your parents endeavour to
inspire you with maxims opposite to the gos-
pel, if you comply with thein, you apostatize
from the law, that says, ' we ought to obey
God rather than men,' Acts vi. 29.
Such being the duty of a Christian, who
does not see the troubles which the religion
of Jesus Christ may excite in families.'' For,
I repeat it again, where is the society, where
is the family, that has not adopted its peculiar
errors and vices .'' Into what society can
you be admitted ? Witli what family' can
you live .'' What course of life can you pur-
sue, in which you will not be often obliged
to contradict your friend, your superior, your
father ?
II. The explanation of our first article,
has almost been a discussion of tiie second ;
and by considering the nature of the troubles
which religion occasions, we have, in a man-
190
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
[See. XIX.
ner proTed, that they ought not to be imput-
ed to those who toach this religion, but to
them who hear and resist it. This is tlie
apology for our gospel, for our reformation,
»nd for our ministry. This is our reply to
the objections of ancient and modern Rome.
One of the strongest objections that was
tnade against primitive Cliristianity, was
taken from the troubles which it excited in
society. ' A religion (said some) that kin-
dles a fire on earth ; a religion, which with-
draws subjects frow the allegiance they owe
to their sovereign ; which requires its vota-
ties to hate father, mother, children ; that
excites people to quarrel with the gods them-
selves ; a religion of this kind, can it be of
heavenly original .'' Can it proceed from any
but the enemy of mankind ?' Blasphemy of
this kind is still to be seen in a city of Spain,*
where it remains on a column, that was
erected by Dioclesian, and on which we read
these words: 'To Dioclesian, Jovius, and
Maximinus, Cesars, for having enlarged the
bounds of the empire, and for having exter-
minated the name of Christians, those dis-
turbers of the public repose. 't
The enemies of our reformation adopt
the sentiment, and speak the language of the
ancient Romans. They have always this ob-
jection in their mouths : Your reformation
was the source of schisms and disturbances.
It was that which armed the Condes, the
Chatillons, the Williams ; or, to use the
words of a historian, t who was educated in
a society, where the sincerity necessary to
make a faithful historian is seldom acquired :
'Nothing was to be seen,' says he, in speak-
ing of the wars, which were excited under
the detestable triumvirate, ^ ' Nothing was to
be seen but the vengeance of some, and the
crimes of others ; nothing but ruins and
ashes, blood and carnage, and a thousand
frightful images of death: and these were,'
adds this venal pen, ' these were the fruits of
the new gospel, altogether contrary to that
of Jesus Christ, who brought peace on earth,
and left it at his death with his apostles.'
But I am pleased to see my religion attack-
ed with the same weapons with which Jesus
Christ and his apostles were formerly attack-
ed. And I rejoice to defend my religion with
the same armour, with which the primitive
Christians defended it against the first ene-
mies of Christianity. To the gospel, then, or
to the cruelty of tyrants, to the inflexible
pride of the priesthood, to the superstitious
rage of the populace, ought these ravages to
* Cluny.
t Grutery corpus Inscript. torn. i. p. 380.
\ Father Maimbourg, in his history of Calvinism.
Book iv.
^ The Duke of Guise, the Constable de Mont-
morenci, and the Marshal de ?t. Andre. The Jesuit,
Whose words our author quotes, is speaking of the
reign of Henry II. in which the kingdom was govern-
ed, or rather disturbed, by the triumvirate, mention-
ed by Mr. Saurin. They, according to the president
Thuanus, were governed by Diana of Poitiers, Duch-
ess of Valentinois, the kind's mistress; and she by
her own violent and capricious passions. Haec vio-
Itnta et acerba regni initia . . . facile ministris
tributa iunt ; praccipue Dianae Pictaviensi, saprrbi et
impotentis aniniifeminae ; . . . HUJL'r^ FEMLWE
AKHITRIO OMNIA KEGEBANTUR. Thuan Hist,
lib. 3. These were the favourilet lueiitiuued in our
prafuce to the 1st vol.
be imputed ? What did the primitive Chris-
tians desire, but liberty to worship the
true God, to free themselves from error, to
destroy vice, and to make truth and virtue -
triumph in every place ? And we, who glory ■
in following these venerable men, we ask, i
What treasons have we plotted .■' Rome ! '
What designs hast thou seen us form .'' Have
we attempted to invade thy property, to con-
quer thy states, to usurp thy crowns .-' Have
we envied the pomp, which thou displayest
with so much parade, and which dazzles thy
gazing followers .-' What other spirit anima-
ted us, beside that of following the dictates of
our consciences, and of using our learning,
and all our qualifications, to purify the
Christian world from its errors and vices .''_ If
the purity of our hands, if the rectitude of
our hearts, if the fervour of our zeal, have
provoked thee to lift up thine arm to crush
us, and if we have been obliged to oppose
thine unjust persecutions by a lawful self^
defence ; is it to us, is it to our reformation,
is it to our reformers, that the discord may
be ascribed ?
That which makes an apology for the re-
formation, and for the primitive gospel, makes
it also for a gospel ministry. It is sufficiently
mortifying to us, my brethren, to be obliged
to use the same armour against the children i
of the reformation that we employ against
the enemies of it. But this armour, how
mortifying soever the necessity may be that
obliges us thus to put it on, is an apology for
our ministry, and will be our glory before that
august tribunal, at which your cause, and
ours, will be heard ; when the manner in
which we have preached the gospel, and the
manner in which you have received our
preaching, will be examined. How often
have you given your pastors the same title
which the enemies of our reformation gave
the reformers .'' I mean that of disturbers of
the peace of society. How often have you
said of him, who undertook to show you all
the light of truth, and make you feel all the
rights of virtue, ' He stirreth up the people .-" M
But I ask again. Ought the disturbances ■
which are occasioned by the preaching of the ■
gospel, to be imputed to those who foment er-
ror, or to them who refute it ; to those who
censure vice, or to them who eagerly and ob-
stinately commit it ? Is the discord to be at-
tributed to those who drown reason in wine, li
or to them who show the extravagance of
drunkenness .'' Is it to those who retain an
unjust gain, or to them who urge the neces-
sity of restoring it .' Is it to those who pro-
fane our solemn feasts, who are ' spots' in our
assemblies, as an apostle speaks, Jude 12.
and who, in the language of a prophet, * de-
file our courts with their feet,'* or to them
* Isaiah i. 12. Tread my courts. The French ver-
sion is better, que vous fouliei de vos pieds mcs parvis.
Fouler aux pieds, is to trample on by way ofcoiUempt\
The prophet meant to show the imperfection of exte-
rior worship ; and probably our translators intended
to convey the same idea by our phrase, Wherefore
do ye tread my courts! As if it had been said, ' The
worship of the mind and heart is essential to the holi-
ness of my festivals ; but you mily tread my courts;
your boriit's indeed are present ; but your attention
and affections are absent : you defile my courts, thai
is, vou celtibrato my festir'ols unkolily,^ Sue eliap.
xxi'x. 13.
Skb. XIX]
CHRISTIANITY NOT SEDITIOUS.
191
who endeavour to reform such abuses ? To
put these questions is to answer them. I
shall, therefore, pass from them to our last
article, and shall detain you but a few mo-
ments in the discussion of it.
III. We are now between two solemnities ;
between a fast, which we kept a few days
ago, and a communion, that we shall receive
a few days hence. I wish you would derive
from the words of the text a rule to discover,
whether you have attended the first of these
eolemnities, and whether you will approach
the last, with suitable dispositions.
There is an opposition, we have seen, be-
tween the maxims of Jesus Christ and the
maxims of the world ; and, consequently, we
have been convinced, that a Christian is call-
ed to resist all mankind, to stem a general
torrent ; and, in that eternal division which
separates the kingdom of Jesus Christ from
the kingdom of sin in the world, to fight
continually against the workl, and to cleave
to Jesus Christ. Apply this maxim to
yourselves, apply it to every circumstance of
your lives, in order to obtain a thorough
knowledge of yourselves.
Thou ! thou art a member of that august
body, to which society commits in trust its
honour, its property, its peace, its liberty, its
life, in a word, its felicity. But with what eye
do men of the world elevated to thy rank ac-
custom themselves to consider these trusts .'
How often do these depositories enter into
tacit agreements, reciprocally to pardon sac-
rifices of;public to private interest .'' How often
do they say one to another, Wink you at my
injustice to-day, and I will wink at yours to-
morrow. If thou enter into these iniquitous
combinations, yea, if thou wink at those who
form them ; if thou forbear detecting them,
for fear of the resentment of those, whose fa-
vour it is thine interest to conciliate, most
assuredly.thou art a false Christian ; most as-
suredly thy fast was a vain ceremony, and
thy communion will be as vain as thy fast.
Thou! thou art set over the church. In a
body composed of so many different members,
it is impossible to avoid finding many ene-
mies of Jesus Christ, some of whom oppose
his gospel with erroneous maxims, and others
with vices incompatible with Christianity.
If thou live in, I know not what, union
with thy flock ; if thou dare not condemn
in public those with whom thou art familiar
in private ; if thou allow in private what
thou condemnest in public ; if the fear of
passing for an innovator, a hroacher of new
opinions, prevent thine opposing abuses which
custom has authorized ; and if the fear of
being reputed, a reformer of the public, pre-
vent thy attacking the public licentiousness ;
if thou say, ' Peace, peace, when there is no
peace,' Ezek. xii. 10 ; most assuredly thy fast
was a vain ceremony, and thy communion
will be a ceremony as vain as thy fast.
Thou ! thou art a member of a family, and
of a society, which doubtless have their por-
tion of the general corruption ; for, as I said
before, each has its particular vice, and its
favourite false maxim : a maxim of pride, in-
terest, arrogance, vanity. If thou be united
to thy family, and to thy society, by a corrupt
tie ; if the fear, lest either should say of thee,
he is a troublesome fellow, he is a morosa un-
social soul, he is a mopish creature, prevent
thy declaring. for Jesus Christ : most assured-
ly thou art a false Christian ; most assuredly
thy fast was a vain ceremony, and thy som-
munion will be as vain as thy fast.
Too many articles might be added to this
enumeration, my brethren. I comprise all in
one, the peace of society. I do not say that
peace, which society ought to cherish ; but
that peace, after which society aspires. It is
a general agreement among mankind, by
which they mutually engage themselves to
let one another go quietly to hell, and, on no
occasion whatever, to obstruct each other ia
the way. Every man who refuses to accedo
to this contract (this refusal, however, is ouj
calling), shall be considered by the world as
a disturber of public peace.
Where, then, will be the Christian's peace .'
Where, then, will the Christian find the
peace after which he aspires .' In another
world, my brethren. This is only a tempestuou*
ocean, in which we can promise ourselves very
little calm, and in which we seem always to
lie at the mercy of the wind and the sea.
Yes, which way soever I look, I discover only
objects of the formidable kind. Nature opens
to me scenes of misery. Society, far from
alleviating them, seems only to aggravato
them. I see enmity, discord, falsehood, trea-
chery, perfidy. Disgusted with the sight of
so many miseries, I enter into the sanctuary,
I lay hold on the horns of the altar, I embrace
religion. I find, indeed, a sincerity in its
promises. I find, if there be an enjoyment
of happiness in this world, it is to be obtained
by a punctual adherence to its maxims. I
find, indeed, that the surest way of passing
through life with tranquillity and ease, is to
throw one's self into the arms of Jesus Christ.
Yet, the religion of this Jesus has its crosses,
and its peculiar tribulations. It leads mo
through pathj edged with fires and flames. It
raises up in anger against mo my fellow-
citizens, relations, and friends.
What consequences shall we derive from
this principle .'' He, who is able and willing
to reason, may derive very important conse-
quences ; consequences with which I would
conclude all our discourses, all our sermons, all
our pleasures, all our solemnities : conse-
quences, which I would engrave on the walls
of our churches, on the walls of your houses,
on the frontispieces of your doors, particular-
ly on the tables of your hearts. The conse-
quences are these. That this is not the place
of our felicity ; that this world is a valley of
tears ; that man is in a continual warfare on
earth ; that nature, with all its treasures, soci-
ety, with all its advantages, religion, with all
its excellencies, cannot procure us a perfect
felicity on earth. Happy we ! if the endless
vicissitudes of the present world conduct us
to rest in the world to come, according to this
expression of the Spirit of God, ' Blessed are
the dead which die in the Lord, they rest
from their labours, and their works do follow
them,' Rev. xiv. 13. To God be honour and
glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XX.
CHRIST THE KING OF TRUTH.
John xviii. 36 — 38.
Jesus said, My hingdom is not of this world. . . . Pilate said unto htntf
Art thou a king then? Jesus answered. Thou say est that I am a king: to
this end was J born, and for this cause came I into the tvorld, that J should
bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my
voice. Pilate suith unto him, What is truth ?
Providence, it is necessary to add the motive
of a Christian to that of a philosopher. This
motive follows, that ' God, who quickeneth
all things,' who disposes all events, who be-
stows a sceptre, or a crook, as he pleases, has
wise reasons for deferring the happiness of
his children to another economy ; and hence
presumption arises, that he will give them
a king, whose ' kingdom is not of this world.'
St. Paul joins this second motive to the first.
' I give thee charge, in the sight of God, who
quickeneth all things, and before Jesus Christ
who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good
confession.' What is this good confession ?
It is that which you have heard in the words
of the text, ' Verily, I am a king, to this end
was I born ; but my kingdom is not of this
world.'
The first of these motives, my brethren,
you can never study too much. It is a con-
duct unworthy of a rational soul, to be sur-
rounded with so many wonders, and not to
meditate on the author of them. But our
present circumstances, the solemnity of this
season, and particularly the words of the text,
engage us to quit at present the motive of a
philosopher, and to reflect wholly on that of
a Christian. I exhort you to-day, by that
Jesus, who declared himself « hin<;,n.r\A who
at the same time said, ' My kingdom is not
of this world,' to endeavour to divert your
attention from the miseries and ielicities of
this world, to which tlse subjects of the Mes-
siah do not belong. This is the chief, this is
the only point of vievi^, in which we shall now
consider the text. We will omit several
questions, which the words have occasioned,
which the disputes of learned men have ren-
dered famous, and on which, at other times,
we have proposed our sentiments ; and we
will confine ourselves to three sorts of reflec-
tions.
I. We intend to justify the idea which
Jesus Christ gives of his kingdom, and to
prove this proposition, ' My kingdom is not
of this world.'
II. We will endeavour to convince you,
that the kingdom of Jesus Christ is therefore
a kingdom of trv'h, because it is not a king-
dom of this world.
III. We will inquire, whether there be any
in this assembly, who are of the truth, and
who hear the voice of Jesus Christ ; whether
this king, whose ' kingdom is not of this world,'
has any subjects in tins assembly. To these
Have you ever considered, my brethren,
the plain conclusion that results from the two
motives which St. Paul addresses to Timothy .''
Timothy was the apostle's favourite. The
attachment which that young disciple mani-
fested to him entirely gained a heart, which
his talents had conciliated before. The apos-
tle took the greatest pleasure in cultivating
a genius, which was formed to elevate truth
and virtue to their utmost height. Having
guarded him against the temptations to which
his age, his character, and his circumstances,
might expose him ; having exhorted him to
keep clear of the two rocks, against which
80 many ecclesiastics had been shipwrecked,
ambition and avarice ; he adds to his instruc-
tions this solemn charge, ' I give thee charge
in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things,
and before Jesus Christ, who before Pontius
Pilate witnessed a good confession, that thou
keep this commandment,' 1 Tim. vi. 13, 14.
God quickens all things. Jesus Christ, before
Pontius Pilate, vv-itnc^sed a good confession.
From the union of these two motives arises
that conclusion which I would remark to
you.
The first may be called the motive of a
philosopher: the second may be called the
motive of a Christian. A philosopher, I
mean a man of sound reason, who finds him-
self placed a little while in the world, con-
cludes, from the objects that surround him,
that there is a Supreme Being, a ' God who
quickeneth all things.' His mind being pene-
trated with tills truth, he cannot but attach
himself to the service of the Supreme Being,
whose existence and perfections he is able to
demonstrate. He assures himself, that the
same Being, whose power and wisdom adorn-
ed the firmament with stars, covered the earth
with riches, and filled the sea with gifts ot
beneficence, will reward those, who sacrifice
their inclinations to that obedience which his
nature requires.
But, let us own, my brethren, the ideas we
form of the Creator are, in some sense, con-
founded, when we attend to the miseries to
which he seems to abandon some of his most
devoted servants. How can the Great Su-
preme,' who quickeneth all things,' leave
those men to languish in obscurity and indi-
gence, who live and move only for the glory
of him .' In order to remove this objection,
which has always formed insuperable difli-
culties against the belief of a God, and of a
Ser. XX.]
CHRIST THE KING OF TRUTH.
193
three reflections we shall employ all the mo-
ments of attention with which you shall think
proper to indulge us.
I. Let us justify the idea, which Jesus
Christ gives us of his kingdom, and let us
prove the truth of this proposition, ' My king-
dom is not of this world.' To taese ends, let
us remark the end of this king, his maxims,
his exploits, his arms, his courtiers, and his
rewards.
1. Remark the end, the design of this king.
"What is the end of the kingdoms of the world ?
They are directed to as many different ends
as there are different passions, which prevail
over the minds of those who are elevated to
the government of them. In a Sardanapalus,
it is to wallow in sensuality. In a Sennacherib,
it is to display pomp and vain glory. In an
Alexander, it is to conquer the whole world.
But let us not be ingenious to present
society to view by its disagreeable sides. To
render a state respectable, to make trade
flourish, to establisli peace, to conquer in a
just war, to procure a life of quiet and tran-
quillity for the subjects, these are the ends of
the kingdoms of this world. Ends worthy of
sovereigns, I own. But, after all, what are
all these advantages in comparison of the
grand sentiments which the Creator has en-
graven on our souls ? What relation do they
bear to that unquenchable thirst for happiness,
which ail intelligent beings feel .' What are
they when the lightning darts, and the
thunder rolls in the air ? What are tliey when
conscience awakes ^ What are they when
we meet death, or what is their value when
we lie in the tomb ? Benevolence, yea,
humanity, I grant, should make us wish our
successors happy: but strictly speaking,
when I die, all dies with me. Whether so-
ciety enjoys the tranquil warmth of peace, or
burns with the rage of faction and war ;
whether commerce flourish or decline ; whe-
ther armies conquer their foes, or be led cap-
tives themselves : each is the same to me.
* The dead know not any thing. Their love,
and their hatred, and their envy, is perished :
neither have they any more a portion for
ever in any thing that is under the sun,'
Eccles. ix. 5, 6.
The end of the kingdom of Jesus Christ is
of another kind. Represent to yourselves
the divine Saviour in the bosom of God,
himself the blessed God.' He cast his eyes
down on this earth. He saw prejudices
blinding the miserable sons of Adam, passions
tyrannizing over them, conscience condemn-
ing them, divine vengeance pursuing them,
death seizing and devouring them, the gulfs
of hell yawning to swallow them up. Forth
he came, to make prejudice yield to demon-
stration, darkness to light, passion to reason.
He came to calm conscience, to disarm the
vengeance of heaven, to ' swallow up death
in victory,' 1 Cor. xv. 54, to close the mouth
of the infernal abyss. These are the designs
of the king Messiah ; designs too noble, too
sublime, for earthly kings. ' My kingdom is
not of this world.'
2. The maxims of this kingdom agree with
its end. What are the maxims of the king-
doms of this world .•" I am ashamed to repeat
them ; and I am afraid, if I suppress them,
of betra3ang the truth. Ah ! why did not the
maxims of such as Hobbes and Machiavel
vanish with the impure authors of them ! Must
the Christian world produce partisans and
apologists for the policy of hell ! These are
some of their maxims. ' Every way is right
that leads to a throne. Sincerity, fidelity,
and gratitude, are not the virtues of public
men, but of people in private life. The safety
of the people is the supreme law. Religion
is a bridle to subjects ; but kings are free
from its restraints. There are some illus-
trious crimes.'
The maxims of Jesus Christ are very dif-
ferent. ' Justice and judgment are the bases
of a throne. Render unto Ccesar the things
which are Caesar's, and unto God the thing^s
that are God's. Seek first the kingdom of
God and his righteousness, and all other
things shall be added to you. Whatsoever
ye would that men should do to you, do ye
even so to them. Let your communication be
yea, yea, and nay, nay: for whatsoever is more
than these cometh of evil,' Psal. Ixxx. 14.
Matt. xxii.21. vi. 33. vii. 12. and v. 37.
3. The exploits of the kingdom of Jesus
Christ accomplish his designs. He does not
employ such artillery as the kings of the earth
do to reduce whole cities to ashes. His sol-
diers are none of those formidable engines of
death in his wars, which are called, the final
reasons of kings. His forces are strangers
to that desperate avidity of conquest, which
makes worldly generals aim to attain inac-
cessible mountains, and to penetrate the
climes that have never been trodden by the
footsteps of men. His exploits are, neither
the forcing of intrenchments, nor the colour-
ing of rivers with blood ; not the covering of
whole countries with carcasses, nor the fill-
ing of the world with carnage, and terror and
death.
The exploits of the Messiah completely
effect the end of his reign. He came, we
just now observed, to dissipate prejudice by
demonstration, and he has gloriously accom-
plished his end. Before the coming of Jesus
Christ, philosophers were brute beasts : since
his coming, brute beasts are become philoso-
phers. Jesus Christ came to conquer our
tyrannical passions, and he has entirely ef-
fected his design. He renovated disciples,
who rose above the appetites of sense, the
ties of nature, and the love of self; disciples
who, at his word, courageously forsook their
property, their parents, and their children,
and voluntarily went into exile ; disciples,
who * crucified the flesh, with the aSections
and lusts,' Gal. v. 24 ; generous disciples,
who sacrificed their lives for their brethren,
and sometimes for their persecutors; disciples
who triumphed over all the horrors, while
they suffered all the pains, of gibbets, and
racks, and fires. Jesus Chiist came to calm
conscience, and to disarm divine justice, and
his design has been perfectly answered. The
church perpetually resounds with 'grace, grace
unto it,' Zech. iv. 7. The penitent is cited
before no other tribunal than tliat of mercy.
For thee, converted sinner ! there are only
declarations of absolution and grace. Jesus
Christ came to conquer death, and he has
manifestly fulfilled his purpose. Shall we
194
CHRIST THE KING OF TRUTH.
[Seh. XX.
Btill fear death, after he has 'brought life
and immortaUty to light by the gospel ?' 2
Tim. i. 10. Shall we still fear death, after
we have seen our Saviour loaded with its
spoils .' Shall we yet fear death, while he
cries to us in our agony, ' Fear not, thou
worm Jacob ; fear not, for I am with thee,'
Isa. xh. 14.10.
4. Let us consider the arms, wLich Jesus
Christ has employed to perform his exploits.
These arms are his cross, his word, his ex-
ample, and his Spirit.
The enemies of Jesus Christ considered
the day of his crucifixion as a triumphant
day. They had solicited his execution with
an infernal virulence. But how much ' high-
er are the ways of God than the ways of
men, and his thoughts than their thoughts,'
Isa. Iv. 9. From this profound night, from
this hour of darkness, which covered the
whole church, arose the most reviving light.
Jesus Christ, during his crucifixion, most ef-
fectually destroyed the enemies of our salva-
tion. Then, ' having spoiled principalities
and powers, he made a show of them openly,
triumphing over them in it,' Col. ii. 15.
Then, he offered to the God of love a sacri-
fice of love, to which God could refuse no-
thing. Then, he placed himself as a rampart
around sinners, and received in himself the
artillery that was discharged against them.
Then he demanded of his Father, not only
by his cries and tears, but by that blood,
which he poured out in the richest profusion
of love, the salvation of the whole world of
the elect, for whom he became incarnate.
To the power of his cross add that of his
word. He had been introduced in the pro-
phecies speaking thus of himself; ' he hath
made my mouth like a sharp sword, and like
a polished shaft,' Isa. xlix. 2. And he is
elsewhere represented, as having * a sharp,
two-edged sword,' proceeding out of ' his
mouth,' Rev. i. 16. Experience has fully
justified the boldness of these figures. Let
any human orator be shown, whose elo-
quence has produced equal effects, either in
persuading, or in confounding, in comforting,
confirming, or conciliating the hearts of
mankind, and in subduing them by its irre-
sistible charms. Had not Jesus Christ, in
all these kinds of elocution, an unparalleled
success .'
The force of his word was corroborated
fay the purity of his example. He was a
model of all the virtues which he exhorted
others to observe. He proposed the re-estab-
lishment of the empire of order, and he first
submitted to it. He preached a detachment
from the world, and he ' had not where to
lay his head.' He preached meekness and
humility, and he was himself 'meek and
lowly in heart, making himself of no reputa-
tion, and taking upon him the form of a
servant.' He preached benevolence, and ' he
went about doing good.' He preached pa-
tience, and ' when he was reviled he reviled
not again :' He suffered himself to be ' led
as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep
before her shearers is dumb, so he opened
not his mouth,' Matt. viii. 20. ix. 29. Phil.
ii. 7. Acts X. 38. and Isa. liii. 7. He
preached the cross, and he bore it. What
conquests cannot a preacher make, when he
himself walks in that path of virtue in which
he exhorts others to go .'
Finally, Jesus Christ uses the arms of the
Spirit, I mean miracles ; and with them he
performs the exploits of which we speak.
To these powerful arms, Jesus Christ and
his disciples teach all nature to yield ; tem-
pests subside ; devils submit ; diseases appear
at a word, and vanish on command; death
seizes, or lets fall his prey ? Lazarus rises ;
Elymas is stricken blind ; Ananias and Sap-
phi ra die sudden and violent deaths. More-
over, with these all-conquering arms, he con-
verts unbelieving souls ; he plants the gos-
pel ; opens the heart ; works faith ; writes
the law in the mind ; enlightens the under-
standing ; creates anew ; regenerates and
sanctifies the souls of men ; he exercises that
omnipotence over the moral void that he ex-
ercised in the first creation over the chaos of
natural beings, and raises a new world out of
the ruins of the old.
5. Let us attend to the courtiers of the-
king Messiah. Go to the courts of earthly
princes ; behold the intriguing complaisance,
the feigned friendships, the mean adulations,
the base arts, by which courtiers rise to the
favour of the prince. Jesus Christ has pro-
mised his to very different dispositions. And
to which of his subjects has he promised the
tenderest and most durable union .■' Hear
the excellent reply, which he made to those
who told him his mother and his brethren de-
sired to speak with him : 'Who is my mother ?
And who are my brethren .-" said he, and
stretching forth his hand towards his disci-
ples, he added, ' Behold my mother, and my
brethren ! for whosoever shall do the will of
my Father, which is in heaven, the same is
my brother, and sister, and mother,' Matt,
xii. 48 — 50. Fraternal love, devotedness to
the will of God, the most profound humility,
are the dispositions that lead to the heart of
Jesus Christ. How impossible to arrive at
the favour of earthly kings by such disposi-
tions as these !
Finally, The great proof, my brethren,
that the ' kingdom of Jesus Christ is not of
this world,' is taken from its rewards. Vir-
tue, I grant, sometimes procures temporal
prosperity to those who practise it. The sa-
cred authors have proposed this motive, in
order to attach men to the laws of Jesus
Christ. ' Godliness is profitable to all things,
having promise of the life that now is, as
well as that which is to come,' 1 Tim. iv. 8.
' He that will love life, and see good days, let
him refrain his tongue from evil, and his
lips that they speak no guile ; let him es-
chew evil, and do good, let him seek peace, .
and ensue it,' 1 Pet. iii. 10, 11. 1
One would suppose St. Peter's thought |
might be amplified, and that we might add,
Would any man acquire a fortune ? Let him
be punctual to his word, just in his gains, and
generous in his gifts. Would any man be-
come popular in his reputation ? Let him
be grave, solid and cautious. Would any man
rise to the highest promotions in the army ?
Let him be brave, magnanimous, and expert
in military skill. Would any man become
prime minister of state ? Let him be aifa-
See. XX.]
CHRIST THE KING OF TRUTH.
195
ble, incorruptible, and disinterested. But,
may I venture to say it .' This morality is fit
only for a hamlet now-a-days ; it is imprac-
ticable on the great theatres of the world,
and, so great is the corruption of these times,
we must adopt a contrary style. Who icould
acquire a fortune ? Let him be treacherous,
and unjust, let him be concentred in his own
interest. Who would become popular, and
have a crowded levee ? Let him be a shallow,
intriguing, self-admirer. Who would occupy
the first posts in the army ? Let him flatter,
let him excel in the art of substituting
protection and favour in the place of real
merit.
What conclusion must we draw from all
these melancholy truths .'' The text is the con-
clusion, ' my kingdom is not of this world.'
No, Christian, by imitating thy Saviour,
thou wilt acquire neither riches, nor rank:
thou wilt meet with contempt and shame, po-
verty and pain ! But peace of conscience, a
crown of martyrdom, an eternal ' mansion
in the Father's house,' John xiv. 2, the so-
ciety of angels, the heavenly Jerusalem, these
are the rewards which Jesus Christ himself
reaped, and these, he has promised, thou
shalt reap !
II. We have proved that the kingdom of
Jesus Christ ' is not of this world, we will
proceed now to prove, that it is therefore
a kingdom of truth. ' Thou sayest that I
am a King ; to this end was I born, and for
this cause came I into the world, that I
should bear witness unto the truth.'
What is this truth? Two ideas may be
formed of it. It may be considered, either
in regard to the Jews who accused Christ
before Pilate ; or in regard to Pilate himself,
before whom Jesus Christ was accused.
If we consider it in regard to the Jews,
this truth will respect the grand question,
which was then in dispute between Jesus
Christ and them ; that is, Whether he were
the Messiah whom the prophets liad foretold.
If we consider it in regard to Pilate, and
to the Pagan societies, to which this Roman
governor belonged, a more general notion
must be formed of it. The Pagan philoso-
phers pretended to inquire for truth ; some
of them affected to have discovered it, and
others affirmed that it could not be discover-
ed, that all was uncertain, that finite minds
could not be sure of any thing, except that
they were sure of nothing. This was parti-
cularly the doctrine of Socrates. Learned
men have thought the last was Pilate's sys-
tem ; and, by this hypothesis, they explain
his reply to Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ said
to him, ' I came to bear witness to the
truth.' Pilate answered, ' What is truth .^'
Can frail men distinguish truth from false-
hood .' How should they know truth ^
Whether this be only a conjecture, or not,
I affirm, that, let the term truth be taken
in which of the two senses it will, Jesus
Christ came to bear witness to truth, in both
senses, and that his is a kingdom of truth, be-
cause it is not a kingdom of thisworld: whence
it follows, that there are some truths of which
we have infallible evidence.
The kingdom of Jesus Christ, ' is not of
thi« world,' therefore Jesus Christ is the
promised Messiah. The Jews meet with
nothing in Christianity equal in difficulty to
this ; and their error on this article, it must
be acknowledged, claims our patience and
pity.
The prophets have attributed a sceptre to
Jesus Christ, an emblem of the regal autho-
rity of temporal kings: 'Thou shalt break
them with a sceptre of iron.'* They attri-
buted to him a throne, the seat of temporal
kings : ' thy throne, O God ! is for ever and
ever ; the sceptre of thy kingdom is a right
sceptre,' Ps. xlv. 6. They attributed to him
the armies of a temporal king : ' Thy people
shall be willing in the day when thou shalt
assemble thine army in holy pomp,' Ps. ex.
3. They attributed to him homages like
those which are rendered to a temporal king :
' They that dwell in the wilderness shall
bow before him ; and his enemies shall hck
the dust,' Ps. Ixxii. 9. They attributed to
him the subjects of a temporal king : ' Ask of
me, and I shall give thee the heathen for
thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of
the earth for thy possession,' Ps. ii. 8.
They attributed to him the prosperity of a
temporal king- : ' The kuigs of Tarshish and
of the isles, shall bring presents ; the kings
of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts,' Ps. Ixxii.
10. They attributed to him the exploits of
temporal kings : ' He shall strike through
kings in the day of his wrath ; he shall judge
among the heathen, he shall fill the places
with the dead bodies, he shall wound the
heads over many countries,' Ps. ex. 5, 6.
They even foretold that the king promised to
the Jews should carry the glory of his nation
to a higher degree than it had ever attained
under its most successful princes.
How could the Jews know our Jesus by
these descriptions, for he was only called a
king in derision, or at most, only the vile popu-
lace seriously called him so .' Our Jesus had
no other sceptre than a reed, no other crown
than a crown of thorns, no other throne than
a cross ; and the same may be said of the rest.
Never was an objection seemingly more un-
answerable, my brethren : never was an ob-
jection really more capable of a full, entire
and conclusive solution. Attend to the fol-
lowing considerations : —
1. Those predictions, which are most in-
contestable in the ancient prophecies, are
that the sceptre of the Messiah was to be 'a
sceptre of righteousness,' Ps. xlv. 6 Heb. i.
8; and that they, who would enjoy the feli-
cities of his kingdom, must devote them-
selves to virtue. They must be humble, and
' in lowliness of mind, each must esteem an
other better than himself,' Phil. ii. 3. They
must be clement towards their enemies, ' do
good to them that hate them, and pray for
* Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron. Our
author uses the French version, Tu les froisseras
avec un sceptre de fer. The Hebrew word nym
is put literally for a common walking-stick, Exod.
xxi. 19; a?-od of correction, Prov. x. 13; the staff,
that was carried by the head of a tribe, or by a ma-
gistrate, as an ensign of his office, Gen. ilix. 10- the
sceptre of a prince, and indeed for a rod, or statf, of
any kind. It is \)nlfifruratit)cly for support, affliction,
power, &c. The epithet iron is added to express a
penal exercise of power, aatliat o{ golden is to signify
a mild use of it.
196
CHRIST THE KING OF TRUTH.
[Sbr. XX.
them which persecute them,' Malt. v. 44.
They must subdue the rebellion of the senses,
subject them to the empire of reason, and
• crucify the flesh with its atfections, and
lusts,' Gal. V. 24. But of all the means that
can be used to subjugate us to those virtues,
that which we have supposed is the most eli-
gible ; I mean, the giving of a spiritual and
metaphorical sense to the ancient prophe-
cies. What would be the complexion of the
kingdom of the Messiah, were it to aiford us
all those objects which are capable of flatter-
ing and of gratifying our passions ? Riches
would irritate our avarice. Ease would in-
dulge our sloth and indolence. Pomp would
produce arrogance and pride. Reputation
would excite hatred and revenge. In order
to mortify these passions, the objects must
be removed by which they are occasioned or
fomented. For the purpose of such a mortifi-
cation, a cross is to be preferred before a bed
of down, labour before ease, humiliation be-
fore grandeur, poverty before wealth.
2. To give a literal meaning to the prophe-
cies which announce the kingdom of Christ,
is to make them contradict themselves.
Were terrestrial pomp, were riches, and hu-
man grandeurs always to attend the Messiah,
what would become of those parts of the
prophecies which speak with so much ener-
gy of his humiliation and sufferings .' What
would become of the propiiecy, which God_
himself gave to the first man, ' The seed of
the woman shall bruise the serpent's head :'
but indeed ' the serpent shall bruise his heel.''
What would become of this prophetic saying
of the psalmist, ' I am a worm, and no man ;
a reproach of men, and despised of the peo-
ple.'' Ps. xxii. 6. What would become of
this prophecy of Isaiah, ' He hath no form
nor comeliness ; when we shall see him, there
is no beauty, that we should desire him ; he
was despised, and we esteemed him not,'
chap. liii. 2, 3. Whether, to free ourselves
from this difficulty, we say, with some Jews,
that the prophets speak of two Messiahs .'
or with others, dispute the sense in which
even the traditions of the ancient Rabbins
explained these prophecies, and deny that
they speak of the Messiah at all : in either
case, we plunge ourselves into an ocean of
difficulties. It is only the kingdom of our
Jesus, that unites the grandeur and the
meanness, the glory and the ignominy, the
immortahty and the death, whicli, tlie ancient
prophets foretold, would be found in the
kingdom, and in the person of the Messiah.
3. The prophets themselves have given the
keys of their prophecies concerning the Mes-
siah. ' Behold ! the days come, saith the
Lord, that I will make a new covenant with
the house of Israel, and with the house of Ju-
dah. I will put my law in their inward parts,
and write it in their hearts,' Jer. xxxi. 31.
And again, ' I will have mercy upon the
house of Judah, and will save them by the
Lord their God ; and will not save them by
bow, nor by sword, nor by battle, by horses,
nor by horsemen,' Hos. i. 7. What is Ihat
covenant, which engageth to jnd the divine
law in the hearts of them with whom it is
made .' What is this salvation which is pro-
cured ' neither by bow nor by sword .-' Where
is the unprejudiced man, who does not per-
ceive that these passages are clews to tho
prophecies, in which the Messiah is repre-
sented as exercising a temporal dominion on
earth .-'
4. If there be any think literal in what the
prophets have foretold of the eminent de-
gree of temporal glory to which the Mes-
siah was to raise the Jewish nation ; if the
distinction of St. Paul, of Israel after the flesh,
1 Cor. X. IH, from ' Israel after the Spirit,'
Rom. ix. 3. G, be verified in this respect; if
the saying of John the Baptist, ' God is able
of these stones to raise up children unto
Abraham,' Matt. iii. 9 ; if, in one word, as we
said before, tiiere be any thing literal in those
prophecies, loe expect a literal accomplish-
ment of them. Yes ! we expect a period, in
which the king Messiah will elevate the
Jewish nation to a more eminent degree of
glory, than any to which its most glorious
kino-s have ever elevated it. The heralds of
the kingdom of our Messiah, far from contest-
ing the pretensions of the Jews on this article,
urged the truth and the equity of them. ' I
say then (these are the words of St. Paul,
writing on the rejection of the Jews), I say
then. Have they stumbled that they should
fall r Rom. xi. 11, 12. God forbid! ' But ra-
ther through their fall salvation is come unto
the Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy.
Now if the fall of them be the riches of the
world, and the diminishing of them the
riches of the Gentiles ; how much more their
fulness .''
St. Paul establishes in these words two
callings of the Gentiles : a calling which was
a reproach to the Jewish nation, and a calling
which shall be the glory of that nation. That
calling which was a reproach to the Jews,
was occasioned by their infidelity ; ' the fall
of them was the riches of the world, and the
diminishing of them the riches of the Gen-
tiles :' that is to say, the apostles, disgusted at
the unbelief of the Jews, preached the gospel
to the Pagan world.
But here is a second calling mentioned,
which will be glorious to the Jews, and this
callino- will be occasioned by the return of
the Jews to the covenant, and by their embra-
cing the gospel. The Gentiles, to whom the
gospel had not been preached before, will be
so stricken to see the accomplishment of
those prophecies which had foretold it ; they
will be so affected to see the most cruel ene-
mies of Jesus Christ become his most zealous
disciples, that they will be converted through
the influence of the example of the Jews.
' ]f the fall of them,' if the fall of the Jews,
were ' the riches of the world, and the dimin-
ishing of them the riches of the Gentiles,
how much more their fulness .'' This is an ar-
ticle of faith in the Christian church.
This furnishes us also with an answer to
one of the greatest objections that was ever
made against the Christian system, touching
the spiritual reign of the Messiah. A very
ingenious Jew has urged this objection ; I
mean the celebrated Isaac Orohio. This
learned man, through policy, had professed
the Catholic religion in Spain : but, after the
fear of death had made him declare himself a
Christian, in spite of the most cruel tortures
Sbb. XX.]
CHRIST THE KING OF TRUTH.
197
that the inquisition could invent, to make him
own himself a Jew; at length he came into
these provinces to enjoy that amiable tolera-
tion which reigns here, and not only profess-
ed his own religion, but defended it, as well
as he could, against the arguments of Chris-
tians. Offended at first with the gross no-
tions which his own people had formed of the
kingdom of the Messiah, and mortified at see-
ing how open they lay to our objections, he
endeavoured to refine them. ' We expect
(says he) a temporal kingdom of the Messiah,
not for the gratifying of our passions, nor for
the acquisition of riches, neither for the ob-
taining of eminent posts, nor for an easy life
in this world ; but for the glory of the God of
Israel, and for the salvation of all the inhabi-
tants of the earth, who, seeing the Jews
loaded with so many temporal blessings, will
be therefore induced to adore that God, who
is the object of their worship.' My brethren,
apply the reflection, that you just now heard,
to this ingenious objection.*
5. If the glory of the king Messiah does not
shine so brightly in the present economy as
to answer the ideas which the prophets have
given of it, we expect to see it shine icith "unex-
ampled lustre after this economy ends. When
we say that the kingdom of the Messiah
' is not of this world,' we are very far from
imagining that this world is exempted from
his dominion. We expect a period, in which
our Jesus, sitting on the clouds of heaven in
power and great glory, elevated in the pres-
ence of men and angels, will appear in tre-
mendous glory to all those ' who pierced him,'
Rev. i.7, and will enter into a strict scrutiny
concerning the most horrible homicide that
was ever committed. We expect a period in
which the plaintive voices of the ' souls under
the altar' will be heard, chap. vi. 9 ; a period, in
which they will reign with him, and will ex-
perience ineffable transports, in casting their
crowns at his feet, in singing the song of Mo-
ses the servant of God, and the song of the
Lamb, and in ' saying, Alleluia ! for the Lord
God omnipotent reigneth : let us be glad and
rejoice, and give honour to him,' chap. xix.
6, 7. And we do not expect these excellent
displays, merely because they delioht our im-
aginations, and because we have more credu-
lity than means of conviction, and motives of
credibility. No such thing. The miracles
which our Jesus has .already wrougjit, are
pledges of others which he will hereafter
Eerform. The extensive conquests, that he
as obtained over the Pagan world, prove
those which he will obtain over the whole
universe. The. subversion of the natural
* This learned Jew was of Seville, in Spain, and,
after he had escaped from the prison of the inquisition
by pretending to be a Christian, practised physic at
Amsterdam. Tliere he professed Judaism, and en-
deavoured to defend it against Christianity in a dis-
Eute with professor Limborch. The passage quoted
y Mr. Saurin, is the last of four objections, which he
made against the Christian religion. The whole was
published by Limborch, under the title, De veritale
religionis Christianae, arnica collatio cum crudito Ju-
daeo. Gouda. '!to. 1G87. The inquisitors exasperated
this celebrated Jew, Limborch confuted him : but nei-
ther converted him ; for he thought that every one
ought to continue in his own religion ; and said, if he had
bten born of parents who worshipped Ihc sun, he should
not renounce that worship.
2 C
world, which sealed the divihity of his first
advent, demonstrates that which will signal-
ize his second appearance.
The kingdom of the Messiah ' is not of thia
world,' therefore it is a kingdom of truth,
therefore Jesus Christ is the Messiah promis-
ed by the prophets. In explaining the pro-
phecies thus, we give them not only the most
just, but also the most sublime sense, of which
they are capable. To render those happy
who should submit to his empire, was the
end of his coming. But let us not forget,
every idea of solid happiness must be regula-
ted by the nature of man.
What is man ? He is a being divested of
his privileges, degraded from his primitive
grandeur, and condemned by the supreme or-
der and fitness of things to everlasting misery.
Again, What is man ^ He is a being, who,
from that depth of misery into which his sins
have already plunged him, and in sight of that
bottomless abyss into which they are about
to immerse him forever, cries. ' 0 wretched
man that I am ! Who shall deliver me from
the body of this death V Rom. vii. 24.
Once more. What is man .'' He is a being,
who, all disfigured and debased as he is by
sin, yet feels some sentiments of his primeval
dignity, still conceives some boundless wish-
es, still forms some immortal designs, which
time can by no means accomplish.
This is man ! Behold his nature ! I propose
now two comments on the ancient prophecies.
The interpretation of the synagogue, and the
interpretation of the Christian church : the
commentary of the passions, and that of the
gospel. I imagine two Messiahs, the one such
as tlie synagogue thought him, the other such
as the disciples of Jesus Christ represent him.
I place man between these two Messiahs,
and I demand, which of these two heroical
candidates would a rational man choose for
his guide .'' Which of these two conquerors
will conduct him to solid felicity .^ The first
presents objects to him, sensible, carnal, and
gross : the second proposes to detach him
fi'om the dominion of sense, to elevate him to
ideas abstract and spiritual, and, by alluring
his soul from the distractions of earthly
things, to empower him to soar to celestial
objects. The one offers to open as many
channels for the passions as their most rapid
flow may require : the other to filtrate the
passions at the spring, and to keep all in pro-
per bounds, by giving to each its original
placid course. The one proposes to march
at the head of a victorious people, to animate
them by his valour and courage, to enable
them to rout armies, to take garrisons, to
conquer kingdoms : the other offers to disarm
divine justice; like David, to go weeping
' over the brook Cedron,' 2 Sam- xv. 23,
John xviii. 1 ; to ascend Mount Calvary ; to
' pour out his soul' an offering on the cross,
Isa. liii. 12, and, by these means to reconcile
heaven and earth. I ask. Who, the Jews, or
we, affix the most sublime meaning to the
predictions of the prophets .' I ask. Whether,
if the choice of either of these Messiahs were
left to us, the Christian Messiah would^notbe
infinitely preferable to the other .-' Our Jesus,
all dejected and disfigured as he is, all cover-
ed as he is with his own blood, is he not a
198
CHRIST THE KING OF TRUTH
[Ser. XX.
thousand times more conformable to the
wishes of a man, who knows himself, than
the Messiah of the Jews, than the Messiah of
the passions, with all his power, and with all
his pomp ?
III. [t only remains to examine, my bre-
thren, whether this Jesus, whose ' kingdom is
not of this world,' has many subjects. But,
alas 1 to put this question is to answer it ; for
where shall I find the subjects of this Jesus,
whose ' kingdom is not of this world f' I seek
them first among the people, to whom ' were
coiimiitted the oracles of God,' Rom. iil. 2,
and who grounded all their hopes on the
coming of the king Messiah. This nation, I
see, pretends to be offended and frightened
at the sight of a spiritual king, whose chief
aim is to conquer the passions, and to tear
the love of the world from the hearts of his
subjects. Hark ! they cry, ' We will not
have this man to reign over us ! Away with
him, away with him! Crucify him, crucify
him ! His blood be on us and on our children !'
Luke xix. 14 ; John xix. 15, and Matt, xxvii.
25.
I turn to the metropolis of the Christian
world. I enter the Vatican, the habitation of
the pretended successor of this Jesus, whose
* kingdom is not of this world ;' and lo ! I
meet with guards, drummers, ensigns, light-
horse, cavalcades, pompous equipages in
peace, instruments of death in war, habits of
silver and keys of gold, a throne and a triple
crown, and all the grandeur of an earthly
court. I meet with objects far more scan-
dalous than any I have seen in the synagogue.
The synagogue refuses to attribute a spi-
ritual meaning to the gross and sensible em-
blems of the prophets ; but Rome attributes
a gross and sensible meaning to the spiritual
emblems of the gospel. The prophets had
foretold, that the Messiah should hold a scep-
tre in his hand; and the synagogue rejected
a Messiah, who held only a reed. But the
gospel tells us, the Messiah held only a reed,
and Rome will have a king who holds a scep-
tre. The prophets had said Christ should be
crowned with glory ; and the synagogue re-
jected a king, who was crowned only with
thorns. But the gospel represents Jesus
Christ crowned with thorns ; and Rome will
have a Jesus, crowned with glory, and places
a triple crown on the head of its pontiff. The
first of these errors appears to me more tole-
rable than the last. ' Judah hath justified
her sister Samaria,' Ezek. xvi. 51, 52. Rome
is, on this article, less pardonable than Jeru-
salem.
Where then is the kingdom of our Messiah .'
I turn towards you, my brethren ; I come in
search of Christians into this church, the
arches of which incessantly resound with
pleas against the pretensions of the syna-
gogue, of the passions, and of Rome. But
alas ! Within these walls, and among a con-
gregation of the children of the reformation,
how few disciples do wc find of this Jesus,
whose ' kingdom is not of this world I'
I freely grant, that * a kingdom, which is
not of this world,' engages us to so much
mortification, to so much humility, and to so
much patience ; and that we are naturally so
sensual, so vain, and so passionate, that it is
not very astonishing, if in some absent mo-
ments of a life, which in general is devoted
to Jesus Christ, we should suspend the exer-
cise of those graces. And I grant farther,
that when, under the frailties which accom-
pany a Christian life, we are conscious of a
sincere desire to be perfect, of making some
progress towards the attainment of it, of ge-
nuine grief when we do not advance apace in
the road that our great example has marked
out, when we resist sin, when we endeavour
to prevent the world from stealing our hearts
from God ; we ought not to despair of the
truth of our Christianity.
But, after all, ' the kingdom of Jesus
Christ is not of this world.' Some of you
pretend to be Christians ; and yet you declare
coolly and deliberately, in your whole con-
versation and deportment, for worldly max-
ims diametrically opposite to the kingdom
of Jesus Christ.
' The kingdom of Jesus Christ is not of
this world.' You pretend to be Christians ;
and yet you would have us indulge and ap-
prove of your conduct, when you endeavour
to distinguish yourselves from the rest of
the world, not by humility, moderation, and
benevolence, but by a worldly grandeur, made
up of pomp and parade.
' The kingdom of Jesus Christ is not of
this world. You pretend to be Christians;
and although your most profound application,
your most eager wishes, and your utmost
anxieties, are all employed in establishing
your fortune, and in uniting your heart to the
world, yet you would not have us blame your
conduct.
' The kingdom of Jesus Christ is not of
this world.' You pretend to be Christians,
and yet you are offended, whenv/e endeavour
to convince you by our preaching, that what-
ever abates your ardour for spiritual blessings,
how lawful soever it may be in itself, either
the most natural inclination, or the most in-
nocent amusement, or the best intended ac-
tion, that all become criminal when they pro-
duce this effect.
' The kingdom of Jesus Christ is not of
this world.' You affect to be Christians ;
and yet you think we talk very absurdly,
when we affirm, that whatever contributes to
loosen the heart from the world, whether it
be the most profound humiliation, poverty
the most extreme, or maladies the most vio-
lent, any thing that produces this detach-
ment, ought to be accounted a blessing.
You murmur, when we say, that the state of
a man lying on a dung-hill, abandoned bjf all
mankind, living only to sufler ; but, amidst
all these mortifying circumstances, praying,
and praising God, and winding his heart
about eternal objects ; is incomparably hap-
pier than that of a worldling, living in splen-
dour and pomp, surrounded by servile flatter-
ers, and riding in long processional state.
But open your eyes to your real interests,
and learn the extravagance of your pretensions.
One, of two things, must be done to satisfy
us. Either Jesus Christ must put us in pos-
session of the felicities of the present world,
while he enables us to hope for those of the
world to come ; and then our fondness for the
first would cool our affection for the last, and
Ser XXL]
THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST-i
199
an iinmoderato''!nve''of this life woiild pro-
duce a disrelish for the next : or, Jesus Christ
must confiriC his gifts, and our hopes to the
present world, and promise as nothing in tiie
world to come, and then our destiny would
be deplorable indeed.
Had we hope only in this life, whither
should we flee in those moments, in which
our rauids, glutted and palled with worldly
objects, most clearly discover all the vanity,
the emptiness, and the nothingness of them ?
Had we hope only in this life whither could
we flee when the world shall disappear ; wlian
the ' heavens shall pass away with a great
noise, when the elements shall melt with fer-
vent heat, when the earth, and all its works,
shall be burnt up ?' 2 Pet. iii. 10.
Had we hope only in this life whither could
we flee when the spiings of death, which wo
carry in our bosoms, shall issue forth aiid
overwhelm the powers of life .'' What would
become of us a few days hence, when, com-
pelled to acknowled'Tc the nullity of the pre-
sent world, we shall exclaim, Vanity of vani-
ties, all is vanity ?
Ah ! I am hastening to the immortal world,
1 stretch my hands towards the immortal
world, T fuel, T grnsp tlm immortal world j I
have no need of a Redeemer, who reigns in
this present world ; I want a Redeemer, who
reigns in the immortal world ! My finest ima-
ginations, my highest prerogatives, my most
exalted wishes, are the beholding of a reign-
ing Redeemer in the v/orld to which I go ;
the sight of him sitting on the throne of his
Father ; the seeing of ' the four living crea-
tures, and the four-and-twenty elders, falling
down before him, and casting their crowns
at his feet,' Rev. iv. 9, 10: the hearing of
the melodious voices of the triumphant hosts,
saying, ' glory be unto him that sitteth upon
the throne,' chap. v. 13. The most ravish-
ing object, that can present itself to my eyes
in a sick-bed, especially, in the agonies of
death, when I shall be involved in darkness
that may be felt, is my Saviour, looking at
me, calling to me, animating me, and saying,
' To him that overcometh will I grant to sit
with me in my throne.' But what would all
this be ? Jesus Christ will do more. He will
give me power to conquer, and he will crown
me when the battle is won. May God grant
us these blessings ! Amen.
SERMON XXI.
THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST.
Psalm cxviii. 15, 16.
The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous:
the right hand of the Lord doth valiantly. The right hand of the Lord
is exalted: the right hand of the Lord doth valiantly .
' W OMAN, v/hy weepest thou .'' John xx.
13. 15, was the language of two angels arid
of Jesus Christ to Mary. The Lord had been
crucified. The infant church was in mourn-
ing. The enemies of Christianity were tri-
umphing. The faith of the disciples was
tottering. Mary had set out before dawn of
day, to give vent t , her grief, to btitho the
tomb of her master ',/lth tecrs, and to render
funeral honours to him. In. t'.:ese sad circum-
stances, the heavens opened, two angels
clothed in white garments descended, and
placed themselves on the tomb that enclosed
the dear depositum of the love of God to the
church. At the fixed moment, they rolled
away the stone, and Jesus Christ arose from
the grave loadeJ with the spoils of death.
Hither Mary conges to see the dead b.dy, the
poor remains of him ' who should h.:ve re-
deemed Israel,' Lukexxiv. 21, and, finding
the tomb empty, abandons her whole soul to
grief, and bursts into floods of teais. The
heavenly messengers directly address these
comfortable words to her, ' Woman, why
weepest thou ':'' Scarcely had she told them
the cause of her grief, before Jesus puts the
same question to her, ' Woman, why weepest
thou .'" And to this language, which insin-
uates into her heart, and excites, if I may
venture to speak so, from the bottom of her
soul, every emotion of tenderness and love
of which she is capable, he adds ' Mary !'
This is the magnificent, this is the affect-
ing object, on which the eyes of all the
church are this day fixed. This is the com-
fortable language, which heaven to-day pro-
claims. For several weeks past, you have
been in tears. Your churchoe have been in
mourning. Your eyes have beheld only sad
and melancholy objects. On the one hand,
you have been examining your consciences,
and your minds have been overwhelmed with
the sorrowful remembrance of broken reso-
lutions, violated vows, and fruitless commu-
nions. On the other, you have seen Jesus,
betrayed by one disciple, denied by another,
forsaken h'y all ; Jesus, delivered by priests
to secular powers, and condemned by his
judges to die ; Jesus, ' sweating, as it were,
great drops of blood,' Luke. xxii. 34, praying
in Gethsemane, ' O my Father ! if it be pos-
sible, let this cup pass from me,' Matt. xxvi.
39, and crying on Mount Calvary, ' My God,
my God, why hast thou forsaken me ?' chap
xxvii. 46 ; Jesus, lying in the grave : these
have been the mournful objects of your late
200
THE RESURRECTION OF
[Ser. XXI.
contemplation. At the hearing of this tragi-
cal history, conscience trembles ; and the
whole church, on seeing the Saviour en-
tombed, weeps as if salvation were buried
with him. But take courage thou tremulous
Conscience ! Dry up thy tears, thou church
of Jesus Christ! 'Loose thyself from the
bands of thy neck, O captive daughter of
Sion !' Isa. lii. 2. Come, my brethren ! ap-
proach the tomb of your Redeemer, no more
to lament his death, no more to embalm his
sacred body, which has not been ' suffered to
see corruption,' Acts ii. 27, but to shout lor
joy at his resurrection. To this the prophet
mvites us in the text ; ' The voice of rejoic-
ing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the
righteous: the right hand of the Lord doth
valiantly. The right hand of the Lord is
exalted : the right hand of the Lord doth
valiantly.'
I have not questioned, whether the psalm
in general, and the text in particular, regard
the Messiah. The ancient Jews understood
the psalm of him ; and therefore made use
of it formerly among their prayers for his ad-
vent. We agree with the Jews, and, on this
article, we think they are safer guides than
many Christians. The whole psalm agrees
with Jesus Christ, and is applicable to him
as well as to David, particularly the famous
words that follow the text: 'The stone,
which the builders refused, is become the
head-stone of the corner. This is the Lord's
doing, it is marvellous in our eyes.' These
words are so unanimously applied to the ex-
altation, and particularly to the resurrection,
of Jesus Christ, in the books of the New
Testament, in the gospel of St. Mathew, in
that of St. Mark, in that of St. Luke, in the
book of Acts, in the epistle to the Romans,
and in that to the Ephesians, that it seems
needless, methinks, to attempt to prove a
matter so fully decided.
The present solemnity demands reflections
of another kind, and we will endeavour to
show you,
I. The truth of the event of which the
text speaks ; ' The right hand of the Lord is
exalted : the right hand of the Lord doth va-
liantly.'
n. We will justify the joyful acclamations,
which are occasioned by it, ' The voice of
rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles
of the righteous.'
L Let us examine the evidences of the
truth of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Infidelity denies it, and vi^hat perhaps may
be no less injurious to Christianity, supersti-
tion pretends to establish it on falsehood and
absurdity. A certain traveller" pretends,
that the inhabitants of the Holy Land still
show travellers ' the stone which the builders
refused,' and which became ' the head-stone
of the corner.' In order to guard you against
infidelity, we will urge the arguments which
prove the truth of the resurrection of Jesus
Christ : but, to prevent superstition, we will
attribute to each argument no more evidence
than what actually belongs to it.
* I'cter Belon. Observ. lib. ii. cap. 83. Belon was
a countryman of our author, a physician of Le Mans,
who travelled from 154C to 154y. Ilia travels were
published 1555.
In proof of the resurrection of Jesus Christ,
we have, 1. Presumptions. 2. Proofs. 3.
Demonstrations. The circumstances of his
burial aftbrd some presumptions ; the testi-
monies of the apostles furnish us with some
arguments ; and the descent of the Holy
Spirit on the church furnishes us with demon-
strations.
1. From the circumstances of the burial
of Jesus Christ, I derive some presumptions
in favour of the doctrine of the resurrection.
Jesus Christ died. This is an incontestable
principle. Our enemies, far from pretending
to question this, charge it on Christianity as
a reproach.
The tomb of Jesus Christ was found empty
a few days after his death. This is another
incontestable principle. For if the enemies
of Christianity had retained his body in their
possession, they would certainly have produc-
ed it for the ruin of the report of his resur-
rection. Hence arises a presumption that
Jesus Christ rose from the dead.
If the body of Jesus Christ was not rais-
ed from the dead, it must have been stolen
away. But this theft is incredible. Who
committed it .-' The enemies of Jesus Christ?
Would they have contributed to his glory,
by countenancing a report of his resurrec-
tion .'' Would his disciples .-' It is probable,
they would not ; and, it is next to certain,
they could not. How could they have under-
taken to remove the body .-" Frail and timo-
rous creatures, people, who fled as soon as
they saw him taken into custody ; even
Peter, the most courageous, trembled at the
voice of a servant girl, and three times de-
nied that he knew him ; people of this char-
acter, would they have dared to resist the au- .
thority of the governor .' Would they have ■
undertaken to oppose the determination of ^
the Sanhedrim, to force a guard, and to
elude, or to overcome, soldiers armed and
aware of danger .'' If Jesus Christ were not
risen again (I speak the language of unbe-
lievers), he had deceived his disciples with
vain hopes of his resurrection. How came
the disciples not to discover the imposture .''
Would they have hazarded themselves by un-
dertaking an enterprise so perilous, in favour
of a man who had so cruelly imposed on their
credulity .''
But were we to grant that they formed the
design of removing the body, how could they
have executed it .-' How could soldiers, arm-
ed, and on guard, suffer themselves to be
overreached by a few timorous people ? ' Ei-
ther (says St. Augustine),* they were asleep
or awake: if they were awake, why should
they suffer the body to be taken away ? If
asleep, how could they know that the disci-
ples took it away .■* How dare they then de-
pose that it was stolen ? All these, however,
are only presumptions.
The testimony of the apostles furnishes us
with arguments, and there are eight consid-
erations which give their evidence sufficient
weight. Remark the nature, and the number,
of the witnesses : the facts they avow, and
the agreement of their evidence : the tribu-
nals before which they stood, and the time
* Serm. ii. in Ps. xsxvi.
Ser. XXI.]
JESUS CHRIST.
201
in which they made their depositions: the
place where they affirmed the resurrection,
and their motives for doing so.
1. Consider the nature of these witnesses.
Had they been men of opulence and credit
in the world, we might have thought that
their reputation gave a run to the fable. Had
they been learned and eloquent men, we
might have imagined, that the style in which
they told the tale had soothed the souls of
the people into a belief of it. But, for my
part, when I consider that the apostles were
the lowest of mankind, without reputation to
impose on people, without authority to com-
pel, and without riches to reward : when I
consider, that they were mean, rough, un-
learned men, and consequently very unequal
to the task of putting a cheat upon others ;
I cannot conceive, that people of this char-
acter could succeed in deceiving the whole
church.
2. Consider the number of these loitnesscs.
St. Paul enumerates them, and tells us, that
Jesus Christ 'was seen of Cephas,' 1 Cor.
XV- 5, &c. This appearance is related by
St. Luke, who says, ' the Lord is risen in-
deed, and has appeared to Simon,' chap,
xxiv. 34. TJie apostle adds, ' then he was
seen of the twelve:' this is related by St.
Mark, who says, ' he appeared unto the ele-
ven,' chap. xvi. 14 ; it was the same appear-
ance, for the apostles retained the appellation
twelve, although, after Judas had been guil-
ty of suicide, they were reduced to eleven.
St. Paul adds farther, ' after that he was seen
of above five hundred brethren at once :'
Jesus Christ promised this appearance to the
women, ' Go into Galilee, and tell my breth-
ren that they shall see me there,' Matt,
xxviii. 10. St. Luke tells us, in the first
chapter of Acts, that the church consisted of
* about a hvmdred and twenty' members ;
this was the church at Jerusalem : but the
greatest part of the five himdred, of whom
St. Paul speaks, were of Galilee, where Je-
sus Christ had preached his gospel, and where
these converts abode after his resurrection.
The apostle subjoins, ' after that he was seen
of James ; this appearance is not related by
the evangelists, but St. Paul knew it by tra-
dition.* St. Jerome writes, that in a Hebrew
gospel, attributed to St. Matthew, called The
Gospel, of the jYazarcnes, it was said, ' Jesus
Christ appeared to St. James ;' that this
apostle having made a vow neither to eat nor
drink till Jesus should rise from the dead, the
divine Saviour took bread and broke it, took
wine and povired it out and said to him, ' Eat
and drink, for the Son of Man is risen from
the dead.'t St Paul yet adds farther, ' Then
* Two of our Lord's apostles were named James.
The elder of the two, brother of John, was put to
death by Ilerod, Acts .\ii. 2. The other, who was a
first cousin to Jesus Clirist, was called the less, the
younger probably, and lived many years after. It is
not certain which of the two St. Paul means. If
he mean the fust, he had the account of the appear-
ing of the Lord to him, probably, as Mr. Sauriu says,
by tradition : if the last, it is likely ho had it from
James himself; for him he saw at Jemsalem, Gal.
i. 19. and he was living in the year .57, when St.
Paul wrote this first Epistle to the Corintliians.
t The gospel, of which Mr. Saurin, after St. Je-
rome, speaks, is now lost. It was probably one of
he was seen of all the apostles ; and last of
all, of me also, as of one born out of due
time.' So numerous were the witnesses of
the resurrection of Jesus Christ ! from this
fact we derive a second argument ; for, had
the witnesses been few, it might have been
said, that the base design of deceiving the
whole church was formed by one, and propa-
gated by a few more ; or that some one had
fancied he saw Jesus Christ: but when St.
Paul, when the rest of the apostles, when
' five hundred brethren' attest the truth of
the fact, what room remains for suspicion and
doubt ?
3. Observe the facts themselves which they
avoic. Had they been metaphysical reason-
ings, depending on a chain of principles and
consequences ; had they been periods of chro-
nology, depending on long and difficult cal-
culations ; had they been distant events,
which could only have been known by the
relations of others ; their reasonings might
have been suspected ; but they are facts
which are in question, facts which the wit-
nesses declared they had seen with their own
eyes, at divers places, and at several times.
Had they seen Jesus Christ .' Had they
touched him .-' Had they sitten at table and
eaten with him ? Had they conversed with
him .'' All these are questions of fact : it
was impossible they could be deceived ia
them.
4. Remark the agreement of their evidence.
They all unanimously deposed, that Jesus
Christ rose from the dead. It is very extra-
ordinary, that a gang of five hundred impos
tors (I speak the language of infidels), a com-
pany, in which there must needs be people
of different capacities and tempers, the witty
and the dull, the timid and the bold : it is
very strange, that such a numerous body as
this should maintain a unity of evidence.
This however is the case of oar witnesses.
What Christian ever contradicted himself.''
What Christian ever impeached his accompli-
ces .' What Christian ever discovered this
pretended imposture .''
5. Observe the tribunals before which they
gave evidence, and the innumerable multi-
tude of people by whom their testimony was
examined, by Jews and heathens, by philoso-
phers and Rabbles, and by an infinite number
of people, who went annually to Jerusalem.
For, ray brethren, Providence so ordered
those mangled, interpolated, copies of the true gospel
of St. Matthew, which through the avidity of the low-
er sort of peoiilc to know the history of Jesus Christ,
had been transcribed, and debased, and was handed
about the world. I call it mangled; because some
parts of the true gospel were omitted. 1 call it inter-
polated ; because some things were added from other
gospels, as the history of the woman caught in adul-
tery, from St. John: Euseb. Eccl. Hist. lib. iii. cap.
39. and oe/tcrs/j-ojn report, as the above passage re-
lative to James, &c. This book was written in Sy-
riac, with Hebrew charactere. St. Jerome translated
it into Greek and Latin, and divers of the fathers
quote it, as Hegesippus. Euseb. E. II. lib. iv. 22. Ig-
natus Ep. ad Smvrnenses, Edit. Usserii, p. 112.
Clement of Alexandria, Stromat. lib. ii. p. 278, Edit.
Lugrtuii, 16113. Origen, St. Jerome, &c. It went by
the names of the gospel according to St. Matthew, the
gospel according to the llcbreies, the gospel of the
twelve apostles, the gospel of the JVazarenes. See
Luke i. 1,2.
502
THE RESURRECTION OF
[Ser. XXI.
those circumstances that the testimony of
the apostles might be unuspected. Provi-
dence continued Jerusalem forty years after
the resurrection of our Lord, that all the
Jews in the world might examine the evi-
dence concerning it, and obtain authentic
proof of the truth of Christianity. I repeat it
again, then, the apostles maintained the re-
surrection of Jesus Christ before Jews, before
pawans, before philosophers, before Rabbles,
before courtiers, before lawyers, before people,
expert in examining, and in cross-examining,
■witnesses, in order to lead them into self-
contradiction. Had the apostles borne their
testimony in consequence of a preconcerted
plot between themselves, is it not morally
certain, that, as they were examined before
such different and capable men, some one
would have discovered the pretended fraud .''
G. Consider the place, in which the apostles
bore their testimony. Had they published
the resurrection of the Saviour of the world
in distant countries, beyond mountains and
seas, it might have been supposed, that dis-
tance of place, rendering it extremely diffi-
cult for their hearers to obtain exact informa-
tion, had facilitated the establishment of the
error ! But the apostles preached in Jerusa-
lem, in the synagogues, in the pretorium ;
they unfolded and displayed the banners of
their Master's cross, and set up tokens of his
victory, on the very spot on which the infamous
instrument of his sufferings had been set up.
7. Observe the time of this testimony. Had
the apostles first published this resurrection
several years after the epocha which they as-
signed for it, unbelief might have availed it-
self ofthe delay : but three days after the death
of Jesus Christ, they said, he was risen again,
and they re-echoed their testimony in a sin-
gular manner at Pentecost, when Jerusalem
expected the spread of the report, and endea-
voured to prevent it ; while the eyes of
their enemies were yet sparkling with rage
and madness, and while Calvary was yet
dyed with the blood they had spilt there. Do
impostors take such measures ^ Would not
they have waited till the fury ofthe Jews had
been appeased, till judges and public officers,
had been changed, and till people had been
less attentive to their dispositions .''
8. Consider, lastly, </«e motives uihich indu-
ced the apostles to publish the resurrection of
Jesus Christ. Survey the face of the world,
examine all the impostures, that are practised
in society ; falsehood, imposition, treachery,
perjury, abound in society. To every differ-
ent trade and profession some peculiar de-
ceptions belong. However, all mankind have
one design in deceiving, they all deceive for
their own interest. Their interests are infi-
nitely diversified : but it is interest, however,
that always animates all deceivers. There is
one interest of pride, another of pleasure, a
third of profit. In the case before us, the
nature of things is subverted, and all our no-
tions of the human heart contradicted. It
must |be presupposed, that, whereas other
men generally sacrifice tlie interest of their
salvation to their temporal interest, the apos-
tles, on the contrary, sacrificed their tempo-
ral interest without any inducement from the
interest of salvation itself. Suppose they
had been craftily led, during the life of Jesus
Christ, into the expectation of some temporal
advantages, how came it to pass, that, after
they saw their hopes blasted, and themselves
threatened with the most rigorous punish- 1
ments, tliey did not redeem their lives by 1
confessing the imposture .'' In general, the
more wicked a traitor is, the more he trem-
bles, alters, and confesses, at the approach of
death. Having betrayed, for his own inter-
est, the laws of his country, the interests of
society, the confidence of his prince, and the
credit of religion, he betrays the companions
of his imposture, the accomplices of his
crimes. Here, on the contrary, the apostles
persist in their testimony till death, and sign
the truths they have published with the last
drops of their blood. These are our arguments.
We proceed now to our demonstrations,
that is, to the miracles with which the apos-
tles sealed the truth of their testimony. Ima-
gine these venerable men addressing their .1
adversaries on the day of the Christian Pen- '
tecost in this language : ' You refuse to be-
lieve us on our depositions ; five hundred of
us, you think are enthusiasts, all infected
with the same malady, who have carried our
absurdity so far as to imagine that we have
seen a man whom we have not seen ; eaten
with a man with whom we have not eaten ;
conversed with a man with whom we have
not conversed: or, perhaps, you think us im-
postors, or take us for madmen, who intend to
suffer ourselves to be imprisoned, and tortu-
red, and crucified, for the sake of enjoying the
pleasure of deceiving mankind by prevailing
upon them to believe a fanciful resurrection :
you think we are so stupid as to act a part so
extras -11! iint. But bring out your sick ; pre-
sent y ui- demoniacs ; fetch hither your dead ;
confront us with Medes, Parthians,and E!am-
ites ; let Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia, Egypt,
Phrygia, Pamphylia,let all nations and people
send us some of their inhabitants, we will re-
store hearinglto the deaf, and sight to the blind,
we will make the lame walk, we will cast out
devils, and raise the dead. We, we publicans, we
illiterate men, we tent-makers, we fishermen,
we will discourse with all the people of the
world in their own languages. AVe will ex-
plain prophecies, elucidate the most obscure
predictions, develope the most sublime myste-
ries, teach you notions of God, precepts for
the conduct of life, plans of morality and reli-
gion, more extensive, more sublime, and
more advantageous, than those of your priests
and philosophers, yea, than those of Moses
himself. We will do more still. We will
communicate these gifts to you, " the word
of wisdom, the word of knowledge, faith, the
gifts of healing, the working of miracles-, pro-
phecy, discerning of spirits, divers kinds of
tongues, interpretation of tongues," 1 Cor. xii.
8, &c. all these shall be communicated to
you by our ministry.'
All these things the apostles professed ; all
these proofs they gave of the resurrection of
Jesus Christ ; ' this Jesus hath God raised
up ; and he hath shed forth this which ye
now see and hear.' Acts ii. 32, 33. This
consideration furnishes us with an answer to
the greatest objection that was ever made to
the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and, in ge-
Ser. XXI.]
JESUS CHRIST.
203
neral, to his whole economy. ' How is it,'
say unbelievers sometimes, ' that your Jesus
exposed all the circumstances of his abase-
ment to the public eye, and concealed those
of his elevation ? If he were transfigured on
the mount, it was only before Peter, James,
and John, If he ascended to heaven, none
but his disciples saw his ascent. If he i;'Ose
again from the dead, and appeared, he ap-
peared only to those who were interested in
his fame. Why did he not show himself to
the synagogue ? Why did he not appear to
Pilate .' Why did he not show himself alive in
the streets, and public assemblies of Jerusa-
lem ? Had he done so, infidelity would have
been eradicated, and every one would have
believed his own eyes : but the secrecy of all
these events exposes them to very just suspi-
cions, and gives plausible pretexts to errors,
if errors they be.' We omit many solid an-
swers to this objection ; perhaps we may
urge them on future occasions, and at present
we content ourselves with observing, that the
apostles, who attested the resurrection of Je-
sus Christ, wrought miracles in the presence
of all those, before whom, you say, Jesus
Christ ought to have produced himself after
his resurrection. The apostles wrought mi-
racles ; behold Jesus Christ ! see his Spirit !
behold his resurrection ! ' God hath raised up
Jesus Christ, and he hath shed forth what ye
now see and hear.' This way of proving the
resurrection of Christ was as convincing as
the showing of himself to each of his ene-
mies would have been ; as the exposure of
his wounds before them, or the permitting of
them to thrust their hands into his side,
would have been. Yea, this was a more con-
vincing way than that would have been for
which you plead. Had Jesus Christ shown
himself, they might have thought him a
phantom, or a counterfeit; they might have
supposed that a resemblance of features had
occasioned an illusion : but what could an
unbeliever oppose against the healing of the
sick, the raising of the dead, the expulsion of
devils, the alteration and subversion of all
nature ?
It may be said, perhaps all these proofs, if
indeed they ever existed, were conclusive to
them, who, it is pretended, saw the miracles
of the apostles ; but they can have no weight
with us, who live seventeen centuries after
them. We reply, The miracles of the apos-
tles cannot be doubted without giving in to a
universal skepticism ; without establishing
this unwarrantable princijile, that we ought
to believe nothing but what we see ; and
without taxing three sorts of people, equally
unsuspected, with extravagance on this occa-
sion.
1. They, who call themselves the operators
of these miracles, would be chargeable with
extravagance. If they wrought none, they
were impostors who endeavoured to deceive
mankind. If they were impostors of the
least degrne of common sense, they would
have used some precautions to conceal their
imposture. But see how they relate the
facts, of the truth of which we pretend to
doubt. They specify times, places and cir-
cumstances. They say, such and such facts
passed in such cities, such public places, such
assemblies, in sight of such and such people.
Thus St. Paul writes to the Corinthians. He
directs to a society of Christians in the city
ofCorinth. He tells them, that they had
received miraculous gifts, and censures them
for making a parade of them. He reproves
them for striving to display, each his own
gifts in their public assemblies. He gives
them some rules for the regulation of their
conduct in this case : ' If any man speak in
an unknown tongue, let it be by two, or at
the most by three, and that by course, and let
one interpret. If there be no interpreter, let
him keep silence in the church. Let the
prophets speak, two, or three. If any thing
be revealed to another that sitteth by, let the
first hold his peace,' 1 Cor. xiv. 27,28, &c. I
ask, with what face could St. Paul have writ-
ten in this manner to the Corinthians, if all
these facts had been false .'' If the Corinthians
had received neither ' the gifts of prophecy,
nor the discerning of spirits, nor divers kinds
of tongues .-" What a front had he who wrote
in this manner !
2. The enemies of Christianity must be
taxed with extravagance. Since Christians
gloried in the shining miracles that their
preachers wrought ; and since their preachers
gloried in performing them before whole as-
semblies, it would have been very easy to
discover their imposture, had they been im-
postors. Suppose a modern impostor preach-
ing a new religion and pretending to the
glory of confirming it by notable miracles
wrought in this place : What method should
we take to refute him .'' Should we affirm that
miracles do not prove the truth of a doctrine .-•
Should we have recourse to miracles wrought
by others ? Should we not exclaim against the
fraud .'' Should we not appeal to our own
eyes .'' Should we want any thing more than
the dissembler's own professions to convict
him of imposture ? Why did not the avowed
enemies of Christianity, who endeavoured by
their publications to refute it, take these
methods .' How was it, that Celsus, Porphyry,
Zosimus, Julian the apostate, and Hierocles,
the greatest antagonist that Christianity ever
had, and whose writings are in our hands,
never denied the facts ; but, allowing the
principle, turned all the points of their argu-
ments against the consequences that Chris
tians inferred from them ? By supposing the
falsehood of the miracles of the apostles, do
we not tax the enemies of Christianity with
absurdity .''
In fine. This supposition charges the whole
mtiltitude of Christians, who embraced the
gospel, with extravagance. The examination
of the truth of religion, now depends on a
chain of principles and consequences which re-
quire a profound attention ; and therefore, the
number of those who profess such or such a re-
ligion, cannot demonstrate the truth of their
religion. But in the days of the apostles the
whole depended on a few plain facts. Has
Jesus Christ communicated his Spirit to his
apostles ? Do the apostles work miracles ?
Have they the power of imparting miraculous
gifts to those who embrace their doctrine .'
And yet this religion, the discussion of
which was so plain and easy, spread itself far
and wide. If the apostles did not work mira-
204
THE RESURRECTION OF
[Seb. XXI.
eles, one of these two euppositions must be
made ; — either these proselytes did not deign
to open their eyes, but sacrificed their preju-
dices, passions, educations, ease, fortunes,
lives and consciences, witliout condescending-
to spend one moment on the examination of
this question, Do the apostles work miracles ?
or that, on supposition they did open their
eyes, and did find the falsehood of these pre-
tended miracles, they yet sacrificed their
prejudices, and their passions, their educa-
tions, their ease, <and their honour, their pro-
perties, their consciences, and their lives, to
a religion, which wholly turned on this false
principle, that its miracles were true.
Collect all these proofs together, my bre-
thren, consider them in one point of view,
and see how many extravagant suppositions
must be advanced, if the resurrection of our
Saviour be denied. It must be supposed that
fuards, who had been particularly cautioned
y their officers, sat down to sleep, and that
however they deserved credit, when they
Baid the body of Jesus Christ was stolen ; it
must be supposed that men who had been
imposed on in the most odious and cruel man-
nerinthe world, hazarded their dearest en-
joyments for the glory of an impostor. It
must be supposed that ignorant and illiterate
men, who had neither reputation, fortune
nor eloquence, possessed the art of fascinating
the eyes of all the church. It must be sup-
posed, either that five hundred persons were
all deprived of their senses at a time ; or
that they were all deceived in the plainest
matters of fact ; or that this multitude of
false witnesses had found out the secret of
never contradicting themselves, or one ano-
ther, and of being always uniform in their
testimony. It must be supposed, tliat the
most expert courts of judicature could not
find out a shadow of contradiction in a palpa-
ble imposture. It must be supposed, that the
apostles, sensible men in other cases, chose
precisely those places, and those times, which
were the most unfavourable to their views.
It must be supposed that millions madly suf-
fered imprisonments, tortures, and crucifix-
ions, to spread an illusion. It must be sup-
posed, that ten thousand miracles were
wrought in favour of falsehood : or all these
facts must be denied, and then it must be
supposed, that the apostles were idiots, that
the enemies of Christianity were idiots, and
that all tlie primitive Christians were idiots.
The arguments, that persuade us of the
truth of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, are so
clear and so conclusive, that, if any difficulty
remains it arises from the brightness of the
evidence itself. Yes, I declare, if any thing has
shaken my confidence in it, it has arisen from
this consideration. I could not conceive how
a truth, attested by so many irreproachable
witnesses, and confirmed by so many notori-
ous miracles, should not make more prose-
lytes, how it could possibly be that all the
Jews, and all the heathens, did not yield to
this evidence. But this difficulty ought not
to weaken our faith. In the folly of mankind
its solution lies. Men are capable of any
thing to gratify their passions, and to defend
their prejudices. The unbelief of the Jews
and heathens is not more wonderful than a
hundred other phenomena, which, were we
not to behold them every day, would equally
alarm us. It is not more surprising than th©
superstitious veneration in which, for many
ages, the Christian world held that dark, con-
fused, pagan genius, Aristotle ; a veneration,
which was carried so far, that when metaphy-
sical questions were disputed in the schools,
questions, on which every one ought always
to have liberty to speak his opinion ; when
they were examining whether there were a
void in nature, whether nature abhorred a
vacuum, whether matter were divisible, whe-
ther they were atoms, properly so called ;
when it could be proved, in disputes of this
kind, that Aristotle was of such or such an
opinion, his infallibility was allowed, and the
dispute was at an end. The unbelief of the
ancients is not more surprising than the cre-
dulity of the moderns. We see kings, and
princes, and a great part of Christendom,
submit to a pope, yea, to an inferior priest,
often to one who is void of both sense and
grace. It is not more astonishing than the
implicit faith of Christians, who believe, in an
enlightened age, in the days of Des Cartes,
Paschal, and Malbranche : what am I saying .''
Des Cartes, Paschal, and Malbranche them-
selves believe, that a piece of bread which
they reduce to a pulp with their teeth, which
they taste, swallow, and digest, is the body of
their Redeemer. The ancient unbelief is not
more wonderful than yours, protestants ! You
profess to believe there is a judgment, and a
hell, and to know that misers, adulterers, and
drunkards, must suffer everlasting punish-
ments there ; and, although you cannot be
ignorant of your being in this fatal list, yet
you are as easy about futurity, as if you had
read your names in the book of life, and had
no reason to entertain the least doubt of
your salvation.
II. We have urged the arguments, that
prove the resurrection of Christ : I shall de-
tain you only a little longer in justifying the
jo3'ful acclamations which it produced. ' The
voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tab-
ernacles of the righteous : the right hand of
the Lord doth valiantly. The right hand of
the Lord is exalted : the right hand of the
Lord doth valiantly.'
The three melancholy days that passed be-
tween the death of Jesus Christ and his re-
surrection, were days of triumph for the ene-
mies of the church. Jesus Christ rises
again ; and the church triumphs in its turn :
' The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the
tabernacles of the righteous. The right
hand of the Lord is exalted : the right hand
of the Lord doth valiantly.'
1. In those melancholy da3'^s, heresy tri-
1/mphcd over truth. The greatest objection,
that was made against the satisfaction of Je-
sus Christ, was taken from his innocence,
which is the foundation of it. For if Jesus
Christ were innocent, where was divine jus-
tice, when he was overwhelmed with suffer-
ings, and put to death.' Where was it, when
he was exposed to the unbridled rage of the
populace .'' This difficulty seems at first in-
dissoluble. Yea, rather let all the guilty
perish ; rather let all the posterity of Adam
be plunged into hell ; rather let divine jus-
Ser. XXI.]
JESUS CHRIST.
205
tico destroy every creature that divine good-
ness has made, than leave so many virtues,
80 much benevolence, and so much fervour,
humility so profound, and zeal so great, with-
out indemnity and reward. But when we
Bee that Jesus Christ, by suffering death, dis-
armed it, by lying on the tomb took away its
Bting, by his crucifixion asCended to a throne,
the diriiculty is diminished, yea it vanishes
away : ' The voice of rejoicing and salvation
is in the tabernacles of the righteous. The
right hand of the Lord is exalted : the right
hand of the Lord doth valiantly.' God and
man are reconciled ; divine justice is satisfied ;
henceforth we may go ' boldly to the throne
of grace. There is now no condemnation to
them which are in Christ Jesus. Who shall
Jay any thing to the charge of God's elect.''
Who is he that condemneth ? It is Christ
that died, yea, rather that is risen again,'
Heb. iv. 16.
2. In those mournful days ivfdclity tri-
umphed over faith. At the sight of a deceas-
ed Jesus the infidel displayed his system by
insulting him, who sacrificed his passions to
his duty, and by saying. See, see that pale,
motionless carcass : ' Bless God and die !*
All events come alike to all : there is one
event to the righteous and to the wicked ; to
the clean and to the unclean ; to him that
sacrificeth and to him that sacrificeth not ; as
is the good, so is the sinner, and he that
Bweareth, as he that feareth an oath,' Eccl.
ix. 2. Jesus Christ rises from the dead :
' The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the
tabernacles of the righteous.' The system
of the infidel sinks : ' he errs, not knowing
the Scriptures, nor the power of God,' Matt,
xxii. 29.
In those dismal days, tyranny triumphed
over the perseverance of martyrs. Innocence
* So the French Bibles render the words, BLESS
Gotland die! our translation has it, CURSE God and
die. Job, who best knew his wife, calls this afoolish
eaying; that is, a saying void of humanitii a.i\d reli-
fion: for so the word foolish signifies in'Scripture.
t was a cruel, popular sarcasm, frequently cast by
skeptics on those who persisted in the beliefof a God,
a«d of the perfection and excellence of his provi-
dence, even wliile he suffered them to sink under the
most terrible calamities, * Your God is the God of uni-
versal nature ! He regards the actions of men ! He
rewards virtue J He punishes vice ! On these erro-
neous principles your adoration of him has been built.
This was a pardonable folly in the time of your pros-
ferjty : but what an absurdity to persist in it now !
f 3'.our present sufferings do not undeceive you, no
future means can. Your mind is past information.
Persevere ! Oo on in your adoration till you die.
It may seem strange, at first, that the same term
should stand for two such opposite ideas as blessinrr
and cnrsing: but a very plain and natural reason may
be assigned for it. The Hebrew word originally sig-
nified to ble.'^s, benediccre .- and, when applied to God,
it meant to bless, that is, to pj-aise God hy worshipping
him. The Talmudists say, that the religious honours
which were paid to God, were of four sorts. The
prostration of the whole body, was one: The bowing
of the head, another: The bending of the upper part
of the body towards the knees, a third: and genufiex-
ion, the fourth. Megillae fol. 22. 2. apud Bu.ttorf. Le.x.
In these ways was God praised, worshipped, or blessed,
and the Hebrew word for blessing was naturally put
for genuflexion, the. ezpression of blessing, or praising;
thus it 18 rendered Psalm xcv. 6. let us kneel before
the Lord : 2 Chron. vi. 13. Solomon kneeled down
upon his knees. The bending of the knee being a
ustiat token o/rMpeet which people paid to oneanother
when they met, the word was transferred to this also,
aad ig properly rendered salute, 2 King? iv. 29. If
Uiou me«t any m»n,snlut« him not. The same token
2 D
was oppressed, and the rewarda of virtue
seemed to be buried in the tomb of him, who,
above all others, had devoted himself to it.
Jesus Christ rises again : ' the voice of re-
joicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of
the righteous.' The designs of the enemies
of innocence are all frustrated, and their at-
tempts to disgrace purity serve only to exalt
its glory, and to perpetuate its memory. Let
the tyrants of the church, then, rage against
us ; let ' the gates of hell,' Matt. xvi. 18, con-
sult to destroy us ; let the kings 'of tho
earth,' more furious often than hell itself,
' set themselves against the Lord, and against
his anointed,' Ps. ii. 2 ; let them set up gib-
bets, let them equip galleys, let them kindle
fires to burn us, and prepare racks to torture
us ; they themselves, and all their cruel in-
ventions, shall serve the purposes of the Al-
mighty God. The Assyrian is only ' the rod
of his anger,' Isa. x. 5. Herod and Pilate do
only ' v/hat his hand and his counsel deter-
mined before to be done,' Acts iv. 28. God
knows how to restrain their fury, and to say
to them, as he says to the ocean, 'Hitherto
shalt thou come, but no farther; and here
shall thy proud waves be stayed, 'Job. xxxviii. 2.
4. Finally, in those fatal days, death tri-
umphed over all human hope of immortal
glory. The destiny of all believers is united
to that of Jesus Christ. He had said to his
disciples, ' Because I hve, ye shall live also,'
John xiv. 19. In like manner, on the sama
principle, we may say. If he be dead, we are
dead also. And how could we have hope to
live, if he, who is our life, had not freed hini'
self from the state of the dead ? Jesus Christ
rises from the dead : ' The voice of rejoicing ig
in the tabernacles of the righteous.' Nature
is reinstated in its primeval dignity ; ' death
is swallowed up in victory,' 1° Cor. xv. 64;
of respect being paid at parting, the word was also ap-
plied to that: They blessed Kebekah, that is, they
bade her farewell, accompanying their good wishes
with gemtfiexion. From this known meaning of the
word it was applied to a bending of tlie knee whera
no blessing could be intended ;he made his camels kneel
down. Gen. xxiv. 11. It was put sometimes for the
respect that was paid to a magistrate, Gen. xli. 43,
and sometunes for the respect which idolaters paid to
false gods. But to bow the knee to an idol was to
deny the existence of God, to renounce his icorship, or,
in the Scripture style, to curse God, to blasphemcGod,
&c. /// beheld the sun or the moon, and my mouth,
haskissed my hand .- I should have dented the God that
is above. Job xxxi. 26—28. Only the scope of the
place, therefore, can determine the precise meaning
of the word. The word must be rendered curse, deny
God, or renounce his worship, Job i. 5. 11. and it must
be rendered bless, acknowledge, or worship him in
ver. 21. The Septuagint, after a long sarcastic para-
phrase, supposed to have been spoken by Job's wife,
renders the phrase n^ovrt p:iiusi 7rpo( x-upiov, nctm^iura..
To bring our meaning into a narrow compass. If an
ancient Jew had seen a dumb man bend his knee in
the tabernacle, or in the temple, he would have said
p3 nin'' he blessed the Lord. Had he seen him
bend his knee rt court, in the presence of Solomon, he
would have said pD "jl^ he blessed, that is, he sa-
luted the king. And had he seen him bend his knea
in a house of Baal, or in an idolatrous grove, ho
would have said, VN '\'^2 he blessed an idol ; or, as
the embracing of idolatry was the renouncing of the
worship of the true God, he would have expressed th»
same action hy 71171'' IID he cursed JEHOVAH
We have ventured this 'conjecture, to prevent any
prejudices against the English Bible that may arise
from the seeminjly uncertain mcanhnj of sotiie He-
brew words.
206
THE RESURRECTION OT JESUS CHRIST.
[Ser. XXI.
the grare is di.sarmcd of its sting. Let my
eyesight decay ; let my body bow under tlie
weiglit of old age ; let the organs of my body
cease to perform their wonted operations ;
let all my senses fail; death sweep away the
dear relatives of my bosom, and \i\j frirnd:-,
'wlio are as mine own soul,' Dent. xiii. G;
lot these eyes all, gushing with tears, atten-
ded with sobs, and sorrows, and groans, be-
hold her expire, who was my company in so-
litude, my counsel in diiTiculty, my comfort
in disgrace ; let me follow to the grave the
bones, the carcass, the precious remains of
this dear part of m3'sclf; my converse is sus-
fiendod, but is not destroyed : ' Lazarus, my
riend, sleepeth, but if I believe, I shall see
the fflory of God.' Jesus Christ is ' the re-
surrection and the life,' John xi. 2. 40. 2.5.
He is risen from the dead, we, therefore, shall
one day rise. Jesus Christ is not a private
person, he is a public representative, he is
the surety of the church, ' the first fruits of
them that sleep. If the Spirit of him, that
raised up Jesus from the dead, dwell in you ;
lie that raised up Clirist from the dead shall
also quicken your mortal bodies, by his Spirit
that dwelleth in you,' 1 Cor. xv. 20; Rom.
viii.2.
Was ever joy more rational .' Was triumph
ever more glorious f Tlic triumjjhant entries
of conquerors, the songs that rend the air in
praise of their victories, the pyramids on
which their exploits are transmitted to pos-
terity, when they have subdued a general,
routed an army, humbled the pride, and re-
pressed the rage of a foe ; ought not all tliesc
to yield to the joys that are occasioned by the
event which v.e celebrate do-day ? Ought not
all these to yield to the victories of our in-
comparable Lord, and to his people's expres-
sions of praise ? One part of the gratitude,
which is due to beneficial events, is to know
their value, and to be aftecled with the bene-
fits which they procure. Let us celebrate
the praise of the Author of our redemption,
my brethren ; let us call heaven and earth
to witness our gratitude. Let an increase of
leal accompany this part of our engagements.
Let a double portion of fire from heaven kin-
dle our sacrifice; and with alier.rt penetrated
with the liveliest gratitude, and with the
most ardent love, let each Christian exclaim,
* Blessed be the God and Father of my Lord
Jesus Christ, who, according to his abundant
mercy, hath begotten me again to a lively
hope, by the resurrection of Jesus Chri.st
from the dead,' 1 Pet. i. 3. Let him join his
voice to that of angels, and, in concert witii
the celestial intelligences, let him sing, ' Hoi}',
holy, holy is the Lord of hosts ; the whole
earth is full of his glory,' Isa. vi. 3. Let ' the
tabernacles of the righteous' resound with
the text, 'the right hand of the Lord doth
valiantly: the right hand of the Lord doth
valiantly.'
But what melancholy thoughts arc these,
which interrupt the pleasures of this day ?
Whose tnhcrnades are these .'' The taberna-
cles of the righteous ? Ah ! my brethren !
wo be to you, if, under pretence that the
righteous ought to rcjoico to-day, you re-
joice by adding sin to sin ! The resurrection
of the Saviour of tho world perfectly as-
sorts with the other parts of his economy.
It is a spring flowing with motives to holi-
ness. God has left nothing undone in tho
work of your salvation. The great work is
finished. Jesus Christ completed it, when
he rose from the tomb. The Son has paid
the ransom. The Father has accepted it.
The Holy Spirit has published it, and, by
innumerable prodigies, has confirmed it.
None but yourselves can condemn you.
Nothing can deprive you of this grace, but
your own contempt of it.
But tlic more precious this grace is, the
more criminal, and the more aflTronting to
God, will your contempt of it be. The more
joy, with whicli the glory of a risen Jesus
ought to inspire you, if you believe in him,
the more terror ought you to feel, if you at-
tempt to disobey him. He, who ' declared
him the Son of God with power by the re-
surrection from the dead,' put ' a sceptre
of iron' into his hand, that he might break
his enemies, and ' dash them in pieces like a
potter's vessel,' Rom. i. 4"; Ps. ii. 9. Dost
thou enter into these reflections.' Dost thou
approach the table of Jesus Christ with de-
terminations to live a new life .' I believe so.
But the grand fault of our communions, and
solemn festivals, does not lie in the precise
time of our communions and solemnities.
The representation of Jesus Christ in the
Lord's supper ; certain reflections, that move
conscience ; an extraordinary attention to
the noblest objects in religion ; the Solemni-
ties that belong to our public festivals ; in-
spire us with a kind of devotion : but how
often docs this devotion vanish with the ob-
jects that produced it .■" These august symbols
should follov/ thee into th}"- warfare in the
woild. A voice should sound in thine ears
amidst the tumult of the world ; amidst tho
dissipating scenes that besiege thy mind ;
amidst the pleasures that fascinate thine eyes ,
amidst the grandeur and glory which thou
causest to blaze around thee, and with which
thou thyself, allhongh, alas ! always mortal,
always a worm of the earth, always dust and
ashes, art the first to be dazzled ; a v^e
should sound in thine ears. Remember Tny
vows, Remember thine oaths. Remember thy
joys.
My brethren, if )'ou be not to-morrow, and
till the next Lord's-snpper-day, what you are
to-day, we recall all the congratulations, all
tlie benedictions, and all the declarations of
joy, which we have addressed to a^ou. Instead
of congratulating you on your happiness in
being permitted to approach God in your de-
votions, we will deplore your wickedness in
adding perfidy and perjury to all your other
crimes. Instead of benedictions and vows,
we will cry, ' Anathema Maranatha ; if any
man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him
be Anathema,' 1 Cor. xvi. 22. If any man
who has kissed the Saviour betray him, let
him be Anathema. If any man defile the
mysteries of our holy religion, let him bo
Anathema. If any man ' tread under foot
the Son of God, and count the blood of the
covenant an unholy thing, let him be Ana-
thema,' Hcb. x. 29. Insteadof inviting thee
to celebrate the praise of the Author of our
being, we forbid thee the practice, for it is
Ser. XXII.]
THE EFFUSION OF THE HOLY SPIRIT.
207
' comely only for the upright,' Ps. xxxiii. 1. 1
God, by our ministr}^, saith to thee, ' Thou
wicked man ! Wliat hast thou to do to take
rny covenant in thy mouth?' Ps. 1. 16. Why
does that mouth now bless my name, and |
then blaspheme it : now praise nae, thy I
Creator, and then defame my creatures :
nov«' publish my gospel, and then profane it .' {
If, on the contrary, you live agreeably to j
tho engagements into which you have enter- 1
ed to-day ; what a day, wliat a day, my
brethren, is this day ! A day, in v/hich you
liave performed the great v/ork for which
God formed you, and which is all that de-
serves the attention of an immortal soul. A
day in which many impurities, many calum-
nies, many passionate actions, many perjuries,
and many oatlis, have been buried in ever-
lasting silence. It is a day in which you
have been washed in the blood of the Lamb ;
in which you have entered into fellowship
with God ; in which you have heard these
triumphant shouts in the church, ' Grace,
grace unto it,' Zech. iv. 7. A day in which
you have been ' raised up together, and made
to sit together in heavenly places in Christ
Jesus,' Epli. Ji. 6. A da}-, the pleasing re-
membrance of wliich will follow you to your
death-bed, and will enable your pastors to
open the gates of heaven to you, to commit
your souls into the hands of the Redeemer,
who ransomed it, and to say to you, Remem-
ber, on such a day your sins were effaced ;
remember, on such a day Jesus Christ dis-
armed death ; remember, on such a day thu
gate of heaven was opened to you.
O day ! which the Lord has made, let me
for ever rejoice in thy light ! O day of de-
signs, resolutions, and promises, may I never
forget thee ! O day of consolation and grace,
may a rich effusion of the peace of God on
this fiuditory preserve thy memorial through
a thousand generations I
Receive this peace, my dear brethren. I
spread over you hands washed in the inno-
cent blood of my Redeemer ; and as our risen
Lord Jesus Ciirist, wlien he appeared to his
disciples, said to them, ' Peace, peace be unto
you;' so we, by his command, while we cele-
brate the memorable history of his resurrec-
tion, say to you, ' Peace, peace be unio you.
As many as walk according to this rule,
peace be on them, and mercy, and upon tho
Israel of God,' John xx. 19. 21 ; Gal vi. 16.
To him be honour and glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XXri.
THE EFFUSION OF THE HOLY SPIRIT.
Acts ii. 37.
Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto
Peter, and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall
we do ?
* Son of man, I send thee to the children
of Israel, to a rebellious nation. They will
not hearken unto thee ; for tliey will not
hearken unto me : yet thou shalt speak unto
them, and tell them, Tiius saith the Lord
God ; whether they will hear, or whether
they will forbear , and they shall know that
there hath been a prophet among them,'
Ezek. ii. 3. 5; iii. 7. 11. Thus God for-
merly forearmed Ezekiel against the greatest
discouragement that he was to meet with in
his mission, 1 mean the unsuccessfulness of his
ministry. For, my brethren, they arc not on-
ly your ministers, who are disappointed in
the exercise of the ministry : the Isaiahs,
the Jeremiahs, the Ezekiels, arc often as un-
successful as we. In such melancholy cases,
we must endeavour to surmount the obstacles
which the obduracy of sinners opposes against
the dispensations of grace. We must shed
tears of compassion over an ungratet'ul Jeru-
salem : and if", after we have used every pos-
sible mean, we find the corruption of our
hearers invincible, we must be satisfied with
the peace of a good conscience, v/e must
learn to say with the prophet, or rather with
Jesus Christ, ' I have laboured in vain, I
have spent my strength for nought, and in
vain: }'et surely ray judgment is with tha
Lord, and my work with my God,' Isa. xlix.
4. We must content ourselves with this
thought, if our hearers have not been sancti-
fied, they have been left without excuse ; if
God has not been glorified in their conver-
sion, he will be glorious in their destruc-
tion.
But how sad is this consolation ! how me-
lancholy is this encouragement ! By consc
crating our ministry to a particular society,
we unite ourselves to the members of it by
the tcnderest ties, and wliatever idea we
have of the happiness which God reserves
for us in a future state, we know not how to
persuade ourselves that we can be perfectly
happy, when those Ciiristians, v,-ho:n we con
sider as our bretliren, and our children, are
plunged in a gulf of everlasting v.-o. ' If tho
angels of God rejoice over one sinner that'
ropentoth,' Luke xv. 10, what pleasure must
he feel, who has reason to hope that in this
valley of tears he has had the honour of
opening the gate of heaven to a multitude of
pinners, that he )ms ' saved himself, and them
' that heard him," 1. Tim. iv. 16.
208
THE EFFUSION OP
[Ser. XXII.
Tin* pnre joy God gave on the day of
Pentecost to St. Peter. When ho entered
the ministerial course, he entered on a course
of tribulations. When he was invested
with the apostleship he was invested with
martyrdom. He who said to him, ' Feed my
eheep, feed my lambs,' said also to him, ' Ve-
rily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou
wast young, thou girdedst thyself, and walk-
edst whither thou wouldst: but when thou
shalt be old, thou slialt stretcli forth thy
hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry
thee whither thou wouldst not,' John xvi. 15,
16. 18. In order to animate him against a
world of contradicting oppose rs, and to sweet-
en the bitternesses which were to accompany
his preaching, Jesus Christ gave him tlie
most delicious pleasure that a Christian
preacher can taste. He caused, at the sound
of his voice, those fortresses to fall which
were erected to oppose the establishment of
the gospel. The first experiment of St. Peter
is a miracle ; his first sermon astonishes,
alarms, transforms, and obtains, three thou-
sand conquests to Jesus Christ.
This marvellous event the primitive church
saw, and this while we celebrate, we wish to
see again to-day. Too long, alas ! we have
had no other encouragement in the exercise
of our ministry than that which God former-
ly gave to the prophet Ezekiel : shall we ne-
ver enjoy that which he gave to St. Peter .''
too long, alas ! we have received that com-
mand from God, 'Thou shalt speak unto them,
and tell them. Thus saith the Lord, whether
they will hear, or whether they will forbear,
for they are a rebellious house.' Almighty
God! pour out that benediction on this ser-
mon, which will excite compunction in the
hearts, and put these words in the mouths of
converts, ' Men and brethren what shall we
do .■" Add new members ' to thy church,'
Acts ii. 47; not only to the visible, but also
to the invisible church, which is ' thy pecu-
liar treasure,' Exod. xix. 5, the object of thy
tenderest love. Amen.
' When they heard this they were pricked
in their heart.' They of whom the sacred
historian speaks were a part of those Parthi-'
ans, and Medes, and Elamites, and dwellers
in Mesopotamia, and in Judea and Cappado-
cia, in Pontus, Asia, Phrygia, and Egj-pt,
ver. 9, 10, who had travelled to Jerusalem
to keep the feast of Pentecost. Wiien these
men heard this, that is, when they heard the
sermon of St. Peter, ' they were pricked in
their heart, and said, Men and brethren, what
shall we do ?' In order to understand the
happy effect, we must endeavouF to under-
stand the cause. In order to comprehend
what passed in the auditory, we must under-
stand the sermon of the preacher. There are
five remarkable things in the sermon, and
there are five correspondent dispositions in
the hearers.
I. I see in the sermon a noble freedom of
speech ; and in the souls of the hearers those
deep impressions, which a subject gene-
rally makes, when the preacher himself is
deeply affected with its excellence, and em-
boldened by the justice of his cause.
II. There is in tlic sermon a miracle which
gives dignity and weight to tb« tubject : and
there is in the souls of the auditors that d«-
ference, which cannot be withheld from a
man to whose ministry God puts his seal.
III. I see in the sermon of the preacher an
invincible power of reasoning; and in the souls i
of the audience that conviction which carries 1
along with it the consent of the will.
IV. There are in the sermon stinging re-
proofs ; and in the souls of the hearers pain-
ful remorse and regrets.
V. I observe in the sermon threatening*
of approaching judgments ; and in the souls
of the hearers a horror, that seizes all their
powers for fiear of the judgments of a con-
suming God, Hcb. xii. 2'J. These are five
sources of reflections, my brethren ; fivo
comments on the words of the text.
I. We have remarked in the sermon of St.
Peter, that noble freedom of speech which
so well becomes a Christian preacher, and
is so well adapted to strike his hearers. How
much soever we now admire this beautiful
part of pulpit eloquence, it is very difficult
to imitate it. Sometimes a weakness of
faith, which attends your best established
preachers ; sometimes worldly prudence ;
sometimes a timidity, that proceeds from a
modest consciousness of the insufficiency of
their talents ; sometimes a fear, too well
grounded, alas ! of tlie retorting of those
censures which people, always ready to
murmur against them, who reprove their
vices, are eager to make ; sometimes a fear
of those persecutions, which the world al-
wa3's raises against all whom heaven qualifies
to destroy the empire of sin : all these con-
siderations damp the courage of the preach-
er and deprive him of freedom of speech.
If in the silent study ,'when the mind is filled
with an apprehension of the tremendous
majesty of God, we resolve to attack vice, i|
how eminent soever the seat of its dominion 1
may be, I own, my brethren, we are apt to
be intimidated in a public assembly, when in
surveying the members of whom it is compo-
sed, we see some hearers, whom a multitude
of reasons ought to render very respectabla
to us. J
But none of these considerations had any \
weight with our apostle. And, indeed, why
should any of them affect him ? Should the
weakness of his faith ? He had conversed
with Jesus Christ himself; he had accompa-
nied him on the holy mount, he had ' heard
a voice from the excellent glory,' saying,
' This is my beloved Son in whom I am well
pleased,' 2 Pet. i. 17. Moreover, he had
seen him alter his resurrection loaden with
the spoils of death and hell, ascending to
heaven in a cloud, received into the bosom
of God amidst the acclamations of angels,
shouting for joy, and crying, ' Lift up your
-heads, O ye gates ! ye everlasting doors ! the
King of g:ory shall come in,' Ps. xxiv. 7.
Could he distrust his talents.' The prince of
the kingdom, ' the author and finisher of
faith,' Heb. xii. 2, had told him, 'Thou
art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my
church,' Matt. xvi. 18. Should he dread re-
proaches and recriminations ? The purity
of his intentions, and the sanctity of his life,
confound them. Should he pretend to keep
fair with th« world ? Bui what finesis is to
skr. xxn.]
THE HOLT SPIRIT
209
be used, when eternal misery is to be de-
nounced, and eternal happiness proposed ?
Should he shrink back from the suiibrings
that superstition and cruelty were preparing
for Christians ? His timidity would have
cost him too dear ; it would have cost him
tighs too deep, tears too many. Persecuting
tyrants could invent no punishments so se-
vere as those which his own conscience had
inflicted on him for his former fall : at all
adventures, if he must be a martyr, he
chooses rather to die for religion than for
apostacy.
Philosophers talk of certain invisible bands
that unite mankind to one another. A man
animated with any passion, has in the fea-
tures of his face, and in the tone of his voice,
a something, that partly communicates his
Bentiments to his hearers. Error proposed in
a lively manner by a man, who is affected
with it himself, may seduce unguarded peo-
ple. Fictions, which we know are fictions,
exhibited in this manner, move and affect us
for a moment. But what a dominion over
the heart does that speaker obtain who de-
livers truths, and who is aifected himself
with the truths which he delivers .-' To this
part of the eloquence of St. Peter, we must
attribute the emotions of his hearers ; ' they
were pricked in their heart.' They said to
the apostles, 'Men and brethren, what shall
we do ?' Such are the impressions which a
man deply affected with the excellence of his
subject, and emboldened by the justice of his
cause, makes on his hearers.
II. A second thing which gave weight and
dignity to the sermon of St. Peter was
the miracle that preceded his preaching, I
mean the gifts of tongues, which had been
communicated to all the apostles. This pro-
digy had three characteristic marks of a ge-
nuine miracle. What is a true, genuine,
authentic miracle ? In my opinion, one of
the principal causes of the fruitlessness of all
our inquiries on this article is the pretend-
ing to examine it philosophically. This rock
we should cautiously endeavour to avoid.
Mankind know so little of the powers of na-
ture, that it is very difficult, if not impossi-
ble to determine strictly and philosophically,
whether an action, which seems to us a real
miracle, be really such ; or whether it be
not our ig'norance that causes it to appear so
to us. We are so unacquainted with the fa-
culties of unembodied spirits, and of others
which are united to some portion of matter
by laws different from those that unite our
bodies and souls, that we cannot determine
whether an event, which seems to us an im-
mediate work of the omnipotence of God, be
not operated by an inferior power, though sub-
ordinate to his will.
But the more reason a philosopher has for
mortification, when he pretends thoroughly
to elucidate abstruse questions, in order to
gratify curiosity, the more helps has a Chris-
tian to satisfy himself, when he investi-
gates them with the laudable design of know-
ing all that is necessary to be known, in
order to salvation. Let us abridge the mat-
ter. Tlie prodigy, that accompanied tlio ser-
mon of St. Peter, had three characteristic
marks of a real miracle.
1. It teas above human power. Every '
pretended miracle, that has not this first
character, ought to be suspected by us. Th»
want of this has prevented our astonishment
at several prodigies that have been played off"
against the reformation, and will always pre-
vent their making any impression on our
minds. No ; should a hundred statues of the
blessed virgin move before us ; should th©
images of all the saints walk ; should a thou-
sand phantoms appear ;* should voices in th©
air be heard against Calvin and Luther ; wo
should infer only one conclusion from all-
these artifices ; that is, that they vvho uso
them, distrusting the justice of their cause,
supply the want of truth with tricks ; that,
as they despair of obtaining rational converts,
they may, at least, proselyte simple souls.
But the prodigy in question was evidently
superior to human power. Of all sciences in
the world, that of languages is the least capa-
ble of an instantaneous acquisition. Certain,
natural talents, a certain superiority of ge-
nius, sometimes produce in some men th»
same effects which long and painful industry
can scarcely ever produce in others. Wo
have sometimes seen people, whom naturo-
seems to have designedly formed, in an in-
stant become courageous captains, profound
geometricians, admirable orators : but tongue*''
are acquired by study and time. The acqui-
sition of languages is like the knowledge of
history. It is not a superior genius, it is not
a great capacity, that can discover to any
man what passed in the world ten or twelvo
ages ago. The monuments of antiquity
must be consulted, huge folios must be read,
and an immense number of volumes must bo
understood, arranged, and digested. In liko
manner, the knowledge of languages is a
knowledge of experience, and no man can
ever derive it from his own innate fund of
ability. Yet the apostles, and apostolicaL
men, men who were known to be men of no
education, all on a sudden knew the arbitrary
signs, by which different nations had agreed
to express their thoughts. Terms, which
had no natural connexion with their ideas,
I were all on a sudden arranged in their minds.
Those things, which other men can only ac-
quire by disgustful labour, those particularly,
which belong to the most difficult branchea-
of knowledge, they understood, without mak.
ing the least attempt to learn them. They
even offered to communicate those gifts to.
them, who believed their doctrine, and there-
by prevented the suspicions that might havo
been formed of them, of having affected igno-
rance all their lives, in order to astonish all
the world at last with a display of literature,
and by that to cover the black design of im-
posing on the church.
2. But perhaps these miracles may not be
the more respectable on account of their
superiority to human power. Perhaps, if
they be not human, they may be devilish.'
No, my brethren, a little attention to their
second character will convince you that they
are divine. ' Their end was to incline men,
not to renounce natural and revealed religion,
but to respect and to follow both : not to rcn-
* Sec a great nunibor nf examples of this kind in
Lavater's Trait da f^'utres.
210
THE EFFUSION OF
[Ser. XXII.
der an attentlvo examination unnecessary,
but to allure men to it.'
• It is impossible that God should divide an
intelligent soul between evidence and evi-
dence ; between the evidence of falseliood in
an absurd proposition, and the evidence of
truth that results from a miracle wrou<rht in
favour of that proposition. I hn.ve evident
proofs in favour of this proposition, The
whole is greater than a j) art : were God to
work a miracle in favour of the opposite pro-
position, TIte ichole is less than a part, he
would divide my mind betvvecn evidence and
evidence, between the evidence of my pro-
position, and the evidence that resulted from
the miracle wrought in favour of the opposite
proposition : he would require me to believe
one truth, that could not be established with-
out the renouncing of another truth.
In like manner, were God to work a mi-
racle to authorize a doctrine oppo.site to any
one of those which are demonstrated by na-
tural or revealed religion, God would be con-
trary to himself; he would establish that by
natural and revealed religion which he would
destroy by a miracle, and he would establish
by a miracle what he would destroy by na-
tural and revealed religion.
The end of the prodigy of the preaching of
St. Peter, the end of all the miracles of the
apostles, was to render men attentive to na-
tural and revealed religion. "When they ad-
dressed themselves to Pagans, you know,
they exhorted them to avail themselves of
the light of nature in oi-der to understand
their need of revelation : and in this chapter
the apostle exhorts the Jews to compare the
miracle that was just now wrought with their
own prophecies, that from both there might
arise proof of the divine mission of that Mes-
siah whom he preached to them.
'3. The prodigy that accompanied the
preaching of St. Peter had the third charac-
ter of a true miracle. It icas icrovght in the
presence of those irho had the greatest bitc-
rest in hnoiciyig the truth of il. Witliout
this, how could this miracle have inclined
them to embrace the religion in favour of
which it was wrought .' On this article there
has been, and there will be, an eternal dispute
betvvecn us and the members of that commu-
nion, with which it is far more desirable for
lis to have a unity of faith than an open war.
It is a maxim, which the church of Rome h;is
constituted an article of faith, that the pre-
sence of a heretic suspends.a miracle. How
unjust is this mnxim !
VVe dispute with you the essential charac-
ters of the true church. You pretend that
one indelible cliaracter is the power of work-
ing miracles; and, you add, this power re-
sides with you in all its glory. Vv'e require
you to produce evidence. We promise to be
open to conviction. We engage to allow the
argument, which you derive from the power of
working miracles, all the weight that religion
will suffer us to give it. But you keep out
of sight. You choose for your theatres cloi.=;-
tcrs and monasteries, and your own partisans
and disciples are your only spectators.
Tho-apostles observed a diflcrcnt conduct.
Very far from adopting your maxim, tJial tlie
presence of a heretic suspends a miracle.
they affirmed the direct contrary. St. Paul
expressly says, * Tongues are for a sign, not
to them that believe, but to them that believe
not,' 1 Cor. xiv. 22. This is a very remark-
able passage. Some of the primitive Chris-
tians made an indiscreet parade of their mi-
raculous gifts in religious assemblies. St.
Paul reproves their vanity ; but at the samo
time tells the Corinthians, that in some cases
they might produce those gifts in their as
semblies, they might e.xercise them when
unlelievers were present ; that is, when per-
sons were in their assemblies Vv'ho were not
convinced of the truth of the gospel.
Read the history of the apostles. Whero
did Philip the evangelist heal a great number
of demoniacs.' Was this miracle performed
in the cell of a monastery .-' In the presence
of partial and interested persons ? No: it was
in Samaria ; in the presence of that celebrat-
ed magician, who, not being able to deny, or
to discredit, the miracles of the apostle, of-
fered to purchase the power of working them,
Acts. viii. 7. 9. 18, &c. Where did the Holy
Spirit descend on Cornelius, the centurion,
and on all those who were with him ? chap.
X. In a dark chamber of a convent ? Not
in the presence of suspected persons .-" Behold !
it was in Cesarea, a city full of Jews, a city,
in which the Roman governors held their
courts, and'where a considerable garrison of
Roman soldiers was always stationed. In
what place was the imagination of the popu-
lace so stricken with the miracles that were
wrought by St. Paul in the course of two
years, that they carried 'unto the sick hand-
kerchiefs and aprons,' at the touching of
which,' diseases departed from them, and the
evil spirits went out of them ?' Acts .xix. 12.
Was it in a nunnery ? Was it not in the pre-
sence of suspected persons .' Behold ! it was
at Ephesus, another metropolis, where a great
number of Jews resided, and where they had
a- famous synagogue. And not to wander
any farther from my principal subject, whero
did the apostles exercise those gifts which
they had received from the Holy Ghost ? In
a conclave .' No. In the presence of suspect-
ed persons .' Yea : in the presence of Modes,
Parthians, and Elamites, before dwellers in
Mesopotamia, in Pontus, in Asia, in Phrygia,
and in Egypt, in Pamphylia, in Libya, and
in Rome. They exercised their gifts in
Jerusalem itself, in the very city where Jesus
Christ had been crucified. The prodigy,
that accompanied the preaching of St. Peter,
had all the characters then of a true, real,
genuine miracle.
The miracle being granted, T afurm, that
the tompnnction of heart, of which my text
speaks, was an effect of that attention which
could not be refused to such an extraordinary
event, and n? that deference, which could not
he withheld from a, man, to whose ministrij
Cod had set his zeal. Such prodigies might
well give dignity aaul Vi'cight to the language
of those who v/rought them, and prepare the
minds of spectators to attend to the evidence
of their argumentation. Modern prcacliers
sometimes borrow the innocent artifices of
eloquence, to engage j'ou to hear those
truths which j-oii ought to hear for their own
sakcs. Thpi' endeavour sometime? to obtain,
Seb. XXII.]
THE HOLY SPIRIT.
21i
by a choice of words, a tour of thought, an
harmonious cadence, that attention which
you would often withliold from their subjects
were they content witli proposing them in a
manner simple and unadorned. But how
g;reat were tiie advantages of the first heralds
of the gospel over modern preachers ! The
resurrection of a dead body ; what a fine ex-
ordium ! the sudden death of an Ananias and
a Sapphira ; what an alarming conclusion I
The expressive eloquence of a familiar super-
natural knowledge of the least known, and
the best sounding, tongues ; how irresistibly
striking ! Accordingly, three thousand of
the hearers of St. Peter, yielded to the power
of his speech. They instantly, and entirely,
surrendered themselves to men, who address-
ed them in a manner so extraordinary, ' they
were pricked in their heart, and said unto
Peter, and to the rest of the apostles, Men
and brethren, what shall we do ?'
III. We remark, in the discourse of the
apostle, an inviucihle power of reasoning,
and, in the souls of his hearers, that convic-
tion lohick carries along with it the consent
of the uhU. Of all methods of reasoning with
an adversary, none is more close and con-
clusive than that v/hich is taken from his
own principles. It has this advantage; above
others, the opponent is obliged, according to
strict rules of reasoning, to admit the argu-
ment, although it be sophistical and false.
For by what rule can he reject my proposi-
tion, if it have an equal degree of probability
with another proposition, which he receives
as evident and demonstrative .' But when the
principles of an adversary are well grounded ;
and when we are able to prove that his prin-
ciples produce our conclusions, our reasoning
becomes demonstrative to a rational opponent,
and he cannot deny it.
Christianity, it is remarkable, is defensible
both ways. The first may be successfully em-
ployed against Pagans ; the second more suc-
cessfully against the Jews. It is easy to con-
vince a heathen, that he can have no right to
exclaim against the mysteries of the gospel ;
because, if he have any reason to exclaim
against the mysteries of Christianity, he
has infinitely more to exclaim against those
of Paganism. ' Doth it become you,' said
Justin Martyr to the heatJiens, in his se-
cond apology for Christianity, ' Doth it be-
come you to disallow our mysteries ; tliat tlic
Word was the only-begotten Son of God,
that he was crucified, that he rose from the
dead, that he ascended to heaven ? We affirm
nothing but what has been taught and believ-
ed by you. For the authors, ye know, whom
ye admire, say that Jupiter had many chil-
dren ; that Mercury is tiie word, the interpre-
ter, the teacher of all; that iEsculapius, after
he had been stricken with thunder, ascended
to heaven, and so on.'*
The second way was employed more suc-
cessfully by the apostles against the Jews.
They demonstrated, that all the reasons,
which obliged them to be Jews, ougjit to have
induced them to become Christians : that
every argument, which obliged them to ac-
* Justin Martyr. Apol. 2 pro Christian, p. CC. C7,
edit. Paris 1630.
knowledge the divine legation of Moses,
ought to have engaged them to believe in
Jesus Clirist. St. Peter made use of this
method. All the apostles used it. Put toge-
ther all those valuable fragments of their
sermons which the Holy Spirit has preserv-
ed, and you will easily see, that these holy
men took the Jews on their own principles,
and endeavoured to convince them, as we
just now said, that whatever engaged them
to adhere to Judaism ought to have engaged
them to embrace Christianity, that what in-
duced them to be Jews ought to have induced
them to become Christians.
What argument can you allege for your
religion, said they to the Jews, which does
not establish that which we preach .' Do you
allege the privileges of your legislator f Your
argument is demonstrative : Moses had access
to God on the holy mountain ; he did con-
verse with him as a man speaks to his friend.
But this argument concludes for us. The
Christian legislator had more glorious privi-
leges still. ' God raised him up, having loos-
ed the pains of death,' Acts ii. 24, &c. he suf-
fered not his Holy One to see corruption, he
has caused him ' to sit on his throne, he hath
made hira both Lord and Christ.'
Do you allege the purity of the moraUty of
your religion .■' Your argument is demonstra-
tive. The manifest design of your religion
is to reclaim men to God, to prevent idolatry,
and to inspire them with piety, benevolence,
and zeal. But this argument concludes for
us. What do we preach to you but these
very articles ? To what would we engage
you, except to * repent' of your sins, to receive
' the promise' which was made ' unto you and
to your children,' and 'to save yourselves
from this untoward generation.'' ver. 39. Do
we require any thing of you beside that spirit
of benevolence, which unites the hearts of
mankind, and which makes us ' have all things
common, sell our possessions, part them to
all men as every man hath need, and continue
daily in the temple with one accord .'" ver. 44.
Do you allege the miracles that were
wrouglit to prove the truth of your religion ?
Your argument is demonstrative. But this
argument establishes the truth of our reli-
gion. Behold the miraculous gifts, which
have been already communicated to those
who iiave believed, and which are ready to
be communicated to those who sliall yet be-
lieve. Behold each of us vv'orking miracles,
which have never been wrought by any, ex-
cept by a i'ew of the divine men who are so
justly venerable in your esteem. See, the
Holy Ghost is 'poured out upon all flesh ;
our sons and our daughters prophesy, our
young men see visitjns, and our old men dream
dreams, our servants and our hand-maidens'
are honoured with miraculous gifts, ver. 17.
What, tlien, are the prejudices that still en-
gage you to continue in the professioii of Ju-
daism.' Are they derived from the propho!
cies ? Your principles are demonstrative : but,
in tlie person of our Jesus, we show you to-
day all the grand characters, wliich your own
prophets said, would bo found in the Messiah.
In the person of our Jesus is accomplished
that famous prophecy in the sixteenth Psalm,
which some of you apply to David, and, to
212
THE EFFUSION OF
[Ser. xxn.
support a misrepresentation, propatrate a ridi-
culous tradition, that he never died, although
his tomb is among you : ' Thou wilt not leave
my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine
Holy One to see corruption,' ver. 10. In the
person of Jesus is accomplished the celebrat-
ed prediction of the Psalmist, ' Sit thou at my
right hand, until I make thine enemies thy
footstool,' Ps. ex. 1. Such were the argu-
ments of St. Peter.
Close reasoning ought to be the soul of all
discourses. I compare it in regard to elo-
<juence with benevolence in regard to religion.
Without benevolence we may maintain a
show of religion, but we cannot possess the
Bubstance of it. ' Speak with the tongues of
angels, have the gifts of prophecy, understand
all mysteries, have all faith, so that ye could
remove mountains, bestow all your goods to
feed the poor, and give your bodies to be
burned,' if you have not benevolence, you are
•nothing,' 1 Cor. xiii. 1, &c. if you be desti-
tute of benevolence, all your virtue is nothing
but a noise, it is only as ' sounding brass, or
as a tinkling cymbal.' In like manner in re-
gard to eloquence ; speak with authority,
•display treasures of erudition, let the liveliest
and most sublime imagination wing it away,
turn all your periods till they make music in
the most delicate ear, what will all j'our dis-
courses be, if void of argumentation -•' a noise,
'sounding brass, a tinkling cymbal.' You
may surprise ; but j'ou cannot convince : you
may dazzle ; but you cannot instruct : you
may, indeed, please ; but you can neither
change, sanctify, nor transform.
IV. There are, in the sermon of St. Peter,
stinging reproofs; and, in the souls of the
hearers, a pungent remorse. The apostle re-
S roves the Jews in these words, ' Jesus of
fazareth, a man approved of God among
Jou, by miracles, and wonders, and signs,
im, being delivered by the determinate coun-
sel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken,
and by wicked hands have crucified and slain,'
ver. 22. This single reproof excited the most
flchocking ideas that can alarm the mind.
Aud who can express the agitations which
were produced in the souls of the audience ?
What pencil can describe the state of their
consciences .' They had committed this crime
* through ignorance,' Acts iii. 17. They had
congratulated one another on having destroy-
ed the chief enemy of their religion, and on
having freed the ciiurch from a monster who
had risen up to devour it. They had lifted
up their bloody hands towards heaven, and,
to the rewarder of virtue, had prayed for a
recompense for parricide. They had inso-
lently displayed the spoils of Jesus, as trophies
after a victory are displayed. The same prin-
ciple which excited them to commit the
crime, prevented their discover}' of its enor-
mity, after they had committed it. The same
veils, which they had thrown over the glori-
ous virtue of Jesus Christ, during his humi-
liation, they still continued to throw over it,
in his exaltation. St. Peter tore these fatal
veils asunder, ^s He showed these ||madmen
their own conduct in its true point of light;
and discovered their parricide in all its hor-
ror : ' Ye have taken, and crucified, Jesus,
who was approved of God' I think I see the
history, or, shall I say the fable ? of a Theban
king acting over again. Educated far from
the place of his nativity, he knew not his
parents. His magnanimity seemed to indi-
cate, if not the grandeur of his birth, at least
the lustre of his future life. The quelling of
the most outrageous disturbers of society, and
the destroying of monsters were his favourite
employments. Nothing seemed impossible
to his courage. In one of his expeditions,
without knowing" him, he killed his father.
Some time after, he encountered a monster,
that terrified the whole kingdom, and for his
reward obtained his own mother in marriage.
At length he found out the fatal mystery of
his origin, and the tragical murder of his own
father. Shocked at his wretchedness ; it is
not riglit, exclaimed he, that the perpetrator
of such crimes should enjoy his sight, and ha
tore out his own eyes.
This image is too faint to express the ago»
nies of the Jews. The ignorance of ffidipua
was invincible : that of the Jews was volun-
tary. St. Peter dissipated this ignorance.
' Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God,
ye have taken, and by wicked hands have
crucified and slain.' This charge excited
ideas of a thousand distressing truths. The
apostle reminded them of the holy rules of
righteousness which Jesus Christ had preach-
ed and exemplified, and the holiness of him
whom they had crucified, filled them with a
sense of their own depravity.
He reminded them of the benefits which
Jesus Christ had bountifully bestowed on
their nation, of the preference which he had
given them above all other people in tho
world, and of the exercise of his ministry
among ' the lost sheep of the house of Israel,'
Matt. XV. 24, and his profusion of these bless-
ings discovered their black ingratitude.
He reminded them of the grandeur of
Jesus Christ. He showed them, that the
Jesus, who had appeared so very contempti-
ble to them, ' upheld all things by the word
of his power ; that the angels of God wor-
shipped him ; that God had given him a name
above every name, that at the name of Jesus
every knee should bow,' Heb. i. 3. 6.
He reminded them of their unworthy treat-
ment of Jesus Christ ; of their eager outcries
for his death ; of their repeated shoutings,
' Away with him, away with him, crucify him,
crucify him,' Lul^e xxiii. 18. 21 ; of their bar-
barous insults, ' He saved others, let him save
himself,' ver. 35; of the crown of thorns, the
scarlet robe, the ridiculous sceptre, and all
other cruel circumstances of his sufferings and
death ; and the whole taught them the guilt of
their parricide. The whole was an ocean of
terror, and each reflection a wave, that over-
whelmed, distorted, and distressed their souls.
V. In fine, we may remark in the sermon of
St. Peter, denunciations of divine vengeance.
The most effectual mean for the conversion
of sinners, that which St. Paul so" success-
fully employed, is terror, 2 Cor. v. 11. St.
Peter was too well acquainted with the obdu-
racy of his auditors not to avail himself of this
motive. People, who had imbrued their hands
in the blood of a personage so august, want-
ed this mean. In order to attack them with
any probability of success, it was necessary
Ser. XXII.]
THE HOLY SPIRIT.
2J3
to shoot ' the arrows of the Almighty* at them,
and to ' set tiie terrors of God in array
•gainst them,' Job vi. •!. St. Peter described
to these murderers ' that great and njtable
day of the Lord,' ver. 21, so famous ainon^
their prophets, ' that day,' in which God
would avenge the death of his Son, punish
the greatest of all crimes with the greatest
of all miseries, and execute that sentence
which the Jews had denounced on themsolves,
' His blood be on us and on our children,'
Matt, xxvii. 25.
St. Peter quoted a prophecy of Joel, which
foretold that t'atal day, and the prophecy was
the more terrible, because one part of it was
accomplished ; because the remarkable events
that were to precede it v.'ere actually come
to pass ; for the Spirit of God had begun to
' pour out' his miraculous influences ' upon all
ilesh, young men had seen visions, and old
men had dreamed dreams ;' and the formida-
ble preparations of approaching judgments
were then before their eyes. Herod the
Great had already pnt those to a cruel deatli
who had raised a sedition on account of his
Athens and Rome ." Yield to our fishermen
and tentmikets. O how powerful is tha
sword of tlie Spirit in the hands of our npos«
ties! See the executioners of Jesus Christ,
yet foaming with rage and madness against
him. Sec ! they are as ready to shed
the blood of the disciples, as tiiey were to
murder their Master. But the voice of St.
Peter quells all their rage, turns the current
of it, and causes those to bow to the yoke of
Jesus Christ who had just before put him
to death.
Allow, my brethren, that you cannot re-
collect the sermon of St. Peter without envy-
ing those happy primitive Christians, who
enjoyed the precious advantage of hearing
such a preacher ; or without saying to your-
selves, such exhortations would have found
tiie way to our hearts, they would have
aroused us from our security, touched our
consciences, and produced eftects which the
modern way of preaching is incapable of pro-
ducing.
But, my brethren, will you permit us to
ask you one question ? Would you choose to
placing the Roman eagle on the gate of Ihe ! hear the apostles, and ministers like the apos
temple. Already Pilate had set up the Ro- ties.' Would you attend their sermons? or,
man standard in Jerusalem, had threatened to say all in one word, do )'ou wish St. Peter
all who opposed it with death, and had made ' was now in this pulpit .' Tliink a little, before
a dreadful havoc among them who refused to ' y"u answer this question. Compare the taste
agree to iiis making an aqueduct in that city j of this auditory with the genius of the preach-
Twenty thousand Jews had been already mas- ; er; your delicacy with that liberty of speech
sacred in Cesarea, thirteen thousand in Scy- j with which he reproved the vices of his own
thopolis, and fifty thousand in Alex^mdria. times. For our parts, we, who think wo
Cestius Gallus had already overwhelmed Ju- i know you, we are persuaded, that no preacher
dea with a formidable army.* Terrible har
bingers of that great and notable day of the
Lord !' Just grounds of fear and terror ! The
auditors of St. Peter, on hearing these pre-
dictions, and on perceiving tlieir fulfilment,
' were pricked in their heart, and said,' to all
the members of the apostolical collecfe,
* Men and brethren, What shall we do ?'
Such was the power of the sermon of St.
Peter over the souls of his hearers ! Human
eloquence has sometimes done wonders wor-
thy of immortal memory. Some of the an-
cient orators have governed the souls of the
most invincible hearers, and the life of Cicero
affords us an example. Ligarius had the au-
dacity to make war on Cesar. Cesar was de-
termined to make the rash adventurer a vic-
tim to his revenge. The friends of L'garius
durst not interpose, and Ligarius was on the
point, either of being justly punished for his
offence, or of being sacrificed to the unjust
ambition of his enemy What force could
control the power of Cesar .'' But Cesar had
an adversary, whose power was superior to
his own. This adversary pleads for Ligarius
against Cesar, and Cesar, all invincible as he
■ is, yields to the eloquence of Cicero. Cicero
pleads, Cesar feels ; in spite of himself, his
wrath subsides, his hatred diminishes, his
Vengeance disappears. The fatal list of the
crimes of Ligarius, which he is about to pro-
duce to the judges, falls from his hands, and
he actually absolves him at the close of the
oration, whom, when he entered the court, he
meant to condemn. But yield, ye orators of
lib. xvii. cap. 6. p. 760. Oxon. i
i;. p. ,3:. Da Bell. Jud. lib. ii.
2 E
* Joseph. Antia.
1720. ,(,id. lib. i',/
e:ip. IS. p. 10S5.
would be less agreeable to you than St. Peter.
Of all the sermons that could be addressed to
you, there could be none that would be re.
ceived less favourably than those which
should be composed on the plan of that which
this apostle preached at Jerusalem.
One wants to find something new in every
sermon ; and under pretence of satisfying his
laudable desire of improvement in knowledge,
would divert our attention from well-known
vices, that deserved to be censured. Another
desires to be pleased, and would have us
adorn our discourses, not that we may obtain
an easier access to his heart ; not that we
may, by the innocent artifice of availing our-
selves of his love of pleasure, oppose the love
of pleasure itself; but that we may flatter a
kind of concupiscence, which is content to
sport with a religious exercise, till, when di-
vine service ends, it can plunge into more
sensual joy. Almost all require to be lulled
asleep in sin: and, although nobody is so
gross as to say. Flatter my wicked inclina-
tions, stupify my conscience, praise my
crimes, yet almost every body ' loves to have
it so,' Jer. v. 31. A principle of, I know not
what, refined security makes us desire to be
censured to a certain degree, so that the
slight emotions which we receive xnay servo
for a presumption that we repent, and may
produce an assurance, which wo could not
enjoy under an apology for our sins. We
consent to the touching of the wound, but we
refuse to suffer any one to probe it. Leni-
tives may be applied, but the fire and the
knife must not go to the bottom of the putre-
faction to malie a sound cuie.
Ah ! how disagr'-.eable to you vould th«
214
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
[Ser. XXIII.
sermonB of the apostles have been ! Realize
them. Imagine one of those venerable men
ascending this pulpit, after he had been in
the public places of your resort, after lie had
been familiarly acquainted with your domes-
tic economy, after he had seen through the
flimsy veils that cover some criminal in-
trigues, after he had been informed of certain
Secrets which I dare not even hint, and of
some barefaced crimes that are committed in
the sight of the sun : would the venerable
man, think you, gratify your taste for preach-
ing ? Would he submit to the laws that your
profound wisdom tyrannically imposes on your
preachers? Would he gratify your curiosity,
think you, with nice discussions ? Do you be-
lieve he would spend all his time and pains
in conjuring you not to despair ? Would he
content himself, think you, with coolly in-
forming you, in a vague and superficial man-
ner, that you must be mrtuotis ? Would he
finish his sermon with a pathetic exhortation
to you not to entertain the least doubt about
your salvation .''
Ah ! my brethren, I think I hear the holy
man, I think I hear the preacher animated
with the same spirit, that made him boldly
tell the murderers of Jesus Christ ; ' Jesus of
Nazareth, a man approved of God among
you, by miracles, and wonders, and signs, ye
have taken, and by wicked hands have cruci-
fied and slain.' I think I see St. Peter, the
man who was so extremely affected with the
sinful state of his auditors ; the preacher who
exhibited the objects that he exposed in his
sermon, in that point of view which was most
likely to discover to his auditors the enormity
of their actions: I think I see him tearing
the miserable veils with which men conceal
the turpitude of their crimes, after they have
committed them. — I think I hear him enu-
merating the various excesses of this nation,
and saying. You I you are void of all sensibil-
ity, when we tell you of the miseries of the
church, when we describe those bloody
scenes, that are made up of dungeons, galleys,
apostates, and martyrs. You ! you have si-
lently stood by, and suffered religion to be
attacked ; and have favoured the publication
of those execrable books which plead for a
system of impiety and atheism, and which
are professedly written to render virtue con-
temptible, and the perfections of God doubt-
ful. You! you have spent twenty, thirty,
forty years, in a criminal neglect of religion,
without once examining whether the doc-
trines of God, of heaven, and of hell, be fables
or facts. I think I hear him exhort each of
you to ' save himself from this untoward ge-
neration,' Acts ii. 40.
Let us throw ourselves at the feet of the
apostle, or rather, let us prostrate ourselves
at the foot of the throne of that Jesus, whom
we have insulted ; and who, in spite of all
the insults that we have offered him, still
calls, and still invites us to repent. Let each
of us say to him, as the convinced Saul said to
him on the road to Damascus, ' Lord ! what
wilt thou have me to do .'" Acts ix. 6. O !
may emotions of heart as rapid as words, and
holy actions as rapid as emotions of heart ;
may all we are, and all we have, may all
form one grand flow of repentance ; and may
' the day of salvation, the day of the gladness
of the heart, succeed that great and notable
day of the Lord,' Isa. Ixix. 8. Cant. iii. 2.
the distant prospect of which terrifies us, and
the coming of which will involve the impeni-
tent in hopeless destruction. May God him-
self form these dispositions within us ! To
him be honour and glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XXIII.
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
Luke xvii. 27 — 31.
The rich man said, I pray thee, father Abraham, that thou wouldest send Lazarus to my
father's house ; for I have five brethren, that he may testify unto them, lest they also
come into this place of torment. Abraham saith unto him, They have Moses and the prer-
phets ; let them hear them. And he said, J^'ay, father Abraham : but if one icent unto
them from the dead, they will repent. And he said unto him, If they hear not Moses
and the proph ets, neither will they be persuaded, though one rose from the dead.
' liET no man say when he is tempted, I am'
tempted of God : for God cannot be tempted
with evil, neither tempteth he any man.'
Thus speaks St. James in the first chapter of
his general episUe, ver. 13. The apostle pro-
poses in general to humble his readers under
a sense of their sins, and in particular to op-
pose that monstrous error, which taxes God
with injustice by making him the author of
sin. This seems at first view quite needless,
at least, in regard to us. God the author of
Bin ! Odious supposition I So contrary to our
surest ideas of the Supreme Being, so opposite
to his law, so incompatible with the purity of
those ' eyes, which cannot look on iniquity,'
Hab. i. 13. that it seems impossible it should
enter the mind of man ; or, if there were any
in the time of St. James who entertained such
an opinion, they must have been monsters,
who were stifled in their birth, and who have
no followers in these latter ages.
Alas ! my brethren, let us learn to know
ourselves. Although this notion seems re-
pugnanl to our reason at first, yet it is bit
Skr. xxm.]
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
215
too true, we secretly adopt it; we revolve it
in our minds ; and we even avail ourselves
of it to excuse our corruption and ignorance.
As the study of truth requires leisure and
labour, man, naturally indolent in matters of |
religion, usually avoids both ; and, being at I
the same time inclined to evade a charge of
guilt, and to justify his conduct, seeks the |
cause of his disorder in heaven, taxes God '
himself, and accuses him of having thrown '
such an impenetrable veil over truth, that it I
cannot be discovered ; and of having placed |
virtue on the top of an eminence, so lofty
and so craggy, that it cannot be attained. It
is, therefore, necessary to oppose that doc-
trine against modern infidels, which the apos-
tles opposed against ancient heretics ; to pub-
lish, and to establish, in our auditories, the
maxim of St. James, ' Let no man say when
he is tempted, I am tempted of God : for
God cannot be tempted with evil, neither
tempteth he any man.
To this important end we intend to direct
our meditation to-day ; and to this the
Saviour of the world directed the parable,
the conclusion of which we have just now
read to you. Our Saviour describes a man
in misery, who, by solicithig Abraham to em-
ploy a new mean for the conversion of his
brethren, tacitly exculpates himself," and
seems to tax Providence with having for-
merly used only imperfect and improper
means for his conversion. Abraham repri-
mands his audacity, and attests the suffi-
ciency of the ordinary means of grace. Thus
speaks our evangelist; 'The rich man said,
I pray thee, father Abraham, that thou
wouldest send Lazarus to my father's house ;
for I have five brethren ; that he may testify
imto them, lest they also come into this
place of torment. Abraham saitli unto him.
They have Moses and the prophets; let them
hear them. And he said. Nay, father Abra-
ham : but if one went unto them from the
dead, they will repent. And he said unto
him. If they hear not Moses and the pro-
phets, neither will they be persuaded though
one rose from the dead.'
Before we enter into a particular discus-
sion of the subject, we will make two general
observations, which are the ground of the
whole discourse. The passage we have read
to you seems at first an unnatural association
of heterogeneous ideas : a disembodied, wick-
ed man, in flames! ver. 24; a conversation
between a miserable man in hell, and Abra-
ham ansidst angels in glory ! compassion in
a damned soul, revolving in the horrors of
hell ! The combination of these ideas does
not appear natural, and therefore they neces-
sarily put us on inquiring, Is this a bare his-
tory ? Is it the relation of an event that ac-
tually came to pass, but coloured with bor-
rowed imagery, which Jesus Christ, accord-
ing to his usual custom, employed to convey
to his hearers some important truth .'
We shall enter no further at present into a
discussion of these articles than the subject
before us requires. Whether the Lord nar-
rate a real history, as some pretend, because
Lazarus is named, and because a circumstan-
tial detail agrees better with real facts than
with fiction : or whether the whole be a para-
ble, which seems not unlikely, especially if,
as some critics affirm,* some ancient manu-
scripts introduce the passage with these
words, Jesus spake a parable, sating,
' There was a certain rich man,' and so on:
or whether, as in many other cases, it be a
mixture of real history, coloured with para-
bolical simile : which of these opinions soever
we embrace (and, by the way, it is not of
any great consequence to determine which
is the true one,) our text, it is certain, can-
not be taken in a strict literal sense. It can-
not be said, either that the rich man in hell
conversed with Abraham in heaven,or that he
discovered any tenderness for his brethren.
No, there is no communication, my brethren,
j between glorified saints and the prisoners
I whom the vengeance of God confines in hell.
I The great gulf that is fixed between them,
I prevents their approach to one another, and
' deprives them of all converse together
Moreover, death which separates us from all
the living, and from all the objects of our pas-
sions, effaces them from our memories, and
detaches them from our hearts. And although
the benevolence of the glorified saints may
incline them to interest themselves in the
state of the mihtant church, yet the torments
of the damned exclude all concern from their
minds, except that of their own tormenting
horrors.
Our next observation is on the answer of
Abraham ; ' If they hear not Moses and the
prophets, neither will they be persuaded
though one rose from the dead,' What a
paradox ! Who would not be affected and
converted, on seeing one return from the
other world to attest the truth of the gospel .•'
Could tiie tyrants of our days see the places
where Nero, Dioclesian, and Decius, expiated
their cruelties to the primitive Christians,
would they persist in their barbarities ? Were
that proud son, who wastes in so much luxury
the wealth that his father accumulated by
his extortions, to behold his parent in devour-
ing fire, would he dare to abandon himself to
his stupid pleasures, and to retain a patrimony
i which was acquired with a curse ? This dif-
'• ficulty is the more considerable, because
' Jesus Christ speaks to Jews. The Jews
were less acquainted with the state of souls
' afler death than Christians are. It should
seem, the rising of a person from the dead,
I by increasing their knowledge on that article,
I would have been a much stronger motive to
[ piety than all their ordinary means of revela-
! tion.
I My brethren, this is one of those undeniable
truths which, although some particular ex-
\ ception may be made to them, are yet strictly
verified in the ordinary course of things.
I The precise meaning of our Saviour, if I
i mistake not, may be included in tv/o proposi-
I tions, of which, the one regards infidels, and
' the other libertines.
I First, The revelation that God addresses
j to us has evidence of its truth sufficient to
! convince every reasonable creature who will
i take the pains to examine it.
; Secondly, God has founded the gospel ex-
i hortations to virtue on motives the most pro-
: per to procure obedience.
' * gee Pr. Mill's (iropk Testament.
216
THE SUFnCIENCT OF REVELATION.
[Ser. xxm.
From these two propositions it follows, that ,
men have no right to require either a clearer i
revelation, or stronger motives to obey it;
and that, were God to indulge the unjust pre-
tensions of sinners ; were he even to con-
descend to send persons i'r'im the dead, to at-
test tile Irutli of the gospel, and to address
us by new motives, it is probabl"*, not to say
certain, that the new prodigy would neither
effect the conviction of unbelievers, nor the
conversion of libertines. My text is an apo-
logy for religion, and such I intend this ser-
mon to be. An apology for Christianit3-
against the dilUculties of infidels, and an
apology for Christianity against the subter-
fuges of libertines. Let us endeavour to con-
vince both, that he, who resists Mo.^es and the
prophets, or rather, Jesus Christ, the apos-
tles, and the gospel (for we preach to a Chris-
tian auditory,) would not yield to any evi-
dence that might arise from the testimony of
e person raised from the dead. If the obscurity
of revelation under the Mosaical economy
eeems to render the proposition in the te.xt
less evident in regard to the Jews, we will
endeavour to ren.ove this difl^icuity at the
close of this discourse.
I. We begin with unbelievers, and we re-
duce them to five classes. The first consists
of stupid infidels ; the next of negligent infi-
dels ; the third of witty infidels ; the fourth
is made up of those who are interested in in-
fidelity ; and the last we call philosopliical in-
fidels. We affirm that the proposition of
Jesus Christ in the text, that it would not be
just, that, in general, it would be useless, to
evoke the dead to attest the truth of revela-
tion, is true in regard to these five classes of
unbelievers,
I. We place the stvpid ivfidel in the first
rank. By a stupid infidel we mean a person,
whose genius is so small, that he is incapa-
ble of entering into the easiest arguments,
and of comprehending the plainest discus-
sions ; wliose dark and disordered mind per-
plexes and enslaves reason ; and whom God
Beems to have placed in society chiefly for
the sake of rendering the capacities of others
more conspicuous. Unbelievers of this kind
attend to the mysteries of Christianity with
an incapacity equal to that which they dis-
cover m the ordinary affliirs of life, and ihev
refuse to believe, because they are incapable
of perceiving motives of credibility. Have
these people, you will ask, no right to require
a revelation more proportional to their capa-
cities; And may God, agreeably to exact
rules of justice and goodness, refer them to
the present revelation .' To this we have two
things to answer.
First, There would be some ground for this
pretence, were God to exact of dull capa-
cities a faith as great as that which he re-
Suires of great, lively, and capable minds,
ut the scriptures attest a truth that per-
fectly agrees with the perfections of God;
that is, that the vumher of talents, which
God gives to mankind , will, regulate the ac-
count which he will require of them in that
great day when he will come to judge the
world. ' As many as have sinned without
law,' Rom. ii. 12. (remember these maxims,
jroo iaint and trembling consciences; you
whose minds are fruitful in doubts and fears,
and who, after you have made a thousand
laborious researches, tremble lest you should
have taken the semblance of truth for truth
itself) ' As many as have sinned without
law, shall also perish without law ;' that is to
say, without being judged by any law,
which they have not received, ' That ser-
vant, which knew his Lord's will, and pre-
pared not himself, neither did according to
liis will, shall be beaten with more stripes,
than he who knew it not. It shall be more
tolerable for Tyre and Sidon tlian for the
cities in which Jesus Christ himself preached
his Gospel,' Luke xii. 47; Matt. xi. 22. If
it were granted, then, that such a prodigy as
the appearance of one risen from the dead
would strike a stupid infidel, God is not
obliged to raise one ; because he will regu-
late his judgment, not only by the nature of
that revelation which was addressed to him,
but also by that portion of capacity which
was given him to comprehend it. I would
impress this observation on those savage
souls, who act as if they were commissioned
to dispense the treasures of divine justice,
and who are as liberal of the judgments of
God as he is of Ins eternal mercy. No, my
brethren, these are not ' the saints who shall
judge the world,' 1 Cor. vi. 2 these are the
'wicked and slothful servants,' who accuse i
their master of ' reaping where he hath not \
sown,' Matt, xxv.24. The blessed God, who
is less inclined to punish than to pardon, will
never impute to his creatures the errors of
an invincible ignorance. Without this con-
sideration, I own, although I am confirmed
in believing my religion by the clearest evi-
dence, yet my conscience would be racked
with continual fears, and the innumerable
experiences I have had of the imperfection of
my knowledge would fill me with horror and
terror, even while in the sinceiest manner I
sliould apply my utmost attention to my sal-
vation.
We affirm, in the second place, that the fun-
damental truths of religion lie within the -m
reach of people of the vicancst capacities, if v
l.hey ici.li take the pains to examine them. 1
Tills is one of the bases of our reformation.
Happy protestants ! (by the way) were you
always to act consistently with your own
principles, if, either b}' an obstinate heresy,
or by an orthodoxy too scliolastic, you were
not almost always falling into one of these
two extremes, either into that of renouncing
Christianity, by explaining away its funda-
mental truths ; or, if I may venture to speak
so, into that of sinking it, by overloading it
with the embarrassing disputes of the schools.
We say, then, that the fundamental points
of Christianity lie within tlie reach of the
narrowest capacities. The Christian religion
teaches us, that God created the world. Does
not this truth, which philosophy has establish-
ed on so many abstract and metaphysical
proofs, demonstrate itself to our minds, to our
eyes, and to all our senses .' Do not the in-
numerable objects of sense, which surround
us, most emphatically announce the existence
and the glory of the Creator .' The Chris-
tian religion commands us to live holily.
Does not this truth ako demonstrate itself.'
SjiR. XXIII.]
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
217
Jg not the voice of conscience in concert
with that of religion ; does it not give evi-
dence in favour of the laws which religion
prescribes .' The Christian religion teaches
us, that Jesus Christ came into the world,
that he lived among men, that he died, that
he rose again, that he gave the Holy Spirit
to the first heralds of the gospel ; these are
facts, and we maintain that these facts are
supported by proofs, so clear, and so easy,
that men must be entirely destitute of every
degree of impartial reason not to perceive
their evidence.
Farther. Take the controversies that now
subsist among Christians, and it will appear
that a man of a very moderate degree of sense
may distinguish truth from error on these
articles. For, my brethren, we ought not to
be intimidated, either at the authority, or
at the characters, of those who start difficul-
ties. The greatest geniuses have often main-
tained the greatest absurdities. It has been
affirmed, that there is no motion in nature.
Some philosophers, and philosophers of name,
have ventured to maintain that there is no
matter ; and others have doubted of their own
existence. If you determine to admit no pro-
positions, that have been denied or disputed,
you will never admit any. Consider modern
controversies with a cool impartiality ; and
you will acknowledge, that an ordinary capa-
city may discern the true from the false in
the contested points. A man of an ordinary ca-
!)acity may easily perceive, in reading the
loly Scriptures, that the author of that book
neither intended to teach us the worship of
images, nor the invocation of saints, nor
transubstantiation, nor purgatory. A mode-
rate capacity may conclude, that the Scrip-
tures, by attributing to Jesus Christ the
names, the perfections, the works, and the
worship of God, mean to teach us that he is
God. A moderate capacity is capable of dis-
covering, that the same Scriptures, by com-
paring us to the deaf, the blind, the dead, the
* things which are not,' I Cor. i. 28, intend
to teach us that we have need of grace, and
that it is impossible to be saved without its
assistance. Men, who have not genius and
penetration enough to comprehend these
truths, would not be capable of determining
whether the attestation of one sent from the
dead were inconclusive or demonstrative.
But infidels are rarely found among people
of the stupid class ; their fault is, in general,
the believing too much, and not the credit-
ing too little. Let us pass, then, to the nest
article.
2. We have put into a second class negli-
gent infidels ; those who refuse to believe,
because they will not take the pains to exa-
mine. Let us prove the truth of the propo-
sition in the te.\t in regard to them ; and let
us show, that if they resist ordinary evidence,
' neither would they be persuaded though one
rose from the dead.'
Careless people are extremely rash, if they
require new proofs of the truth of Christiani-
ty. If, indeed, they had made laborious re-
searches ; if they had weighed our arguments;
if they had examined our systems ; if, after
all their inquiries, they had not been able to
discover any tiling satisfactory on the side of
I religion ; if our gospel were destitute of
proof; if, notwithstanding this defect, God
I would condemn them for not believing, and,
I instead of proposing new arguments, would
i insist on their yielding to arguments, which
1 neither persuaded the judgment, nor affected
the heart; they would have reason to com-
[ plain. But how astonishing is the injustice
I and ingratitude of mankind ! God has re-
vealed himself to them in the most tender
and affectionate manner. He has announced
I those truths, in which they are the mostdeep-
I ly interested, a hell, a heaven, a solemn alter-
I native of endless felicity, or eternal misery.
He has accompanied these truths w ith a thou-
sand plain proofs ; proofs of fact, proofs of
' reason, proofs of sentiment. He has omitted
nothing that is adapted to the purposes of
convincing and persuading us. Careless un-
believers will not deign to look at these argu-
ments ; they will not condescend to dig the
field, in which God has hid his treasure ; they
choose rather to wander after a thousand
vain and useless objects, and to be a burden
to themselves through the fatigues of idleness,
than to confine themselves to the study of re-
I ligion ; and, at length, they complain that
1 religion is obscure. They, who attest the
j truth to you, are venerable persons. They
I tell you they have read, weighed, and exa-
i mined the matter, and they offer to explain,
to prove, to demonstrate it to you. All thi»
does not signify, you will not honour them
with your attention. They exhort you, and
assure you, that salvation, that your souls,
that eternal felicitj', are articles of the utmost
importance, and require a serious attention.
It does not signify, none of these considera-
tions move you ; and, as we said just now,
you choose rather to attach yourselves to
trite and trifling affairs ; you choose rather
to spend your time in tedious and insipid talk ;
you choose rather to exhaust your strength
in the insupportable languors of idleness,
than to devote one year, one month, one day,
of your lives to the examination of religion ;
and after you have gone this perpetual round
of negligence, you complain of God ; it is ho
who conducts you through valleys of dark-
ness ; it is he who leads you into inextricable
labyrinths of illusions and doubts ! Ought the
Deity, then, to regulate his economy by your
caprices ; ought he to humour your wild fan-
cies and to reveal himself exactly in the way,
and punctually at the time, which you shall
think proper to prescribe to him .'
This is not all. It is certain, were God to
grant persons of this character that indul-
gence which the wicked rich man required ;
were God actually to evoke the dead from
the other world to reveal what was doing
there ; it is very plain, they would receive no
conviction ; and the same fund of negligence,
which prevents their adherence to religion
now, would continue an invincible obstacle to
their faith, even after it had been confirmed
in a new and extraordinary manner. This is
not a paradox, it is a demonstration. The
apparition in question would require a chain
of principles and consequences. It would be
liable to a great number of difficulties, and
difficulties greater than those which are now
objected against religion. It must be inquir-
218
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
[Ser. XXIII.
ed, first, whether he, who saw the apparition,
were free from all disorder of mind when he
saw it ; or whether it were not the effect of
a momentary insanity, or of a profound re-
verie. It must be examined farther, whether
the apparition really came from the other
world, or whether it were not exhibited by
the craft of some head of a party, like those
which are seen in monasteries, like those
which were rumoured about at the reforma-
tion to impose on the credulity of the popu-
lace ; many instances of which may be seen
in a treatise on spectres, written by one of
our divines.* On supposition that it were a
dead person sent from the other world, it
would be necessary to examine, whether he
were sent by God, or by the enemy of our
salvation, who, under a pretence of reforming
us, was setting snares for our innocence, and
creating scruples in our minds. If it were
proved that the vision came from God, it
must still be inquired, whether it were an
effect of the judgment of that God, who judi-
cially hardens some, by ' sending them strong
delusions, that they should believe a lie, be-
cause they received not the love of the truth,'
2 Thess. ii. 2 ; or whether it were an effect
of his grace condescending to smooth the
path of religion. All these questions, and a
thousand more of the same kind, which na-
turally belong to this matter, would require
time, and study, and pains. They would re-
quire the merchant to suspend his commer-
cial business, the libertine to lay aside his
pleasures, the soldier to quit for a while his
profession of arms, and to devote himself to
retirement and meditation. They would re-
quire them to consult reason. Scripture, and
history. The same fund of carelessness, that
now causes the obstinacy of our infidel,
would cause it then ; and would prevent his
undertaking that examination, which would
be absolutely necessary in order to determine
whether the apparition proved the truth of
that religion which it attested, and whether
all the difnculties that attended it could be
removed. We may then say in regard to
idle infidels, ' they have Moses and the pro-
phets; let them hear them. If they hear
not Moses and tlie prophets, neither will they
be persuaded though one rose from the dead.'
o. The same observations wliich we have
just now made, in regard to ncgliofcnt people,
are equally applicable to a third order of per-
sons, whom we have called iciUy infidels,
and we class them by themselves, only on ac-
count of their rank in the world, and of the
ascendancy which they know how to obtain
over the hearts of mankind. We denomi-
nate those witty infidels, who airreeably to
the taste of the last age, have not cultivated
their genuiscs with a sound and rational phi-
losophy ; but have made an ample collection
of all the tinsel of the sciences (pardon
this expression), and have polished, and en-
riched their fancies at the expenju of their
judgments. Tiiey are quick at repartee,
smart in answering; their wit sparkles, and
their railleries bite ; and, being infatuated
with a conceit of their own superiorit}', they
dispense with those rules of examination,
* Laraier.
in their own favour, to which the rest of man-
kind are confined, and study only to excel in
substituting jests for solid arguments. Dis-
pute as long as we will with a man of this
character, we can never obtain an exact an-
swer. His first reply is a bit of historical
erudition. Next he will quote one line from
Horace, and two from Juvenal, and, by elud-
ing in this manner our arguments and objec-
tions, he will think himself the victor, be-
cause he knew how to avoid the combat, and
he will, therefore, think himself authorized
to persist in infidelity.
"The same reflections which regard the
negligent infidel, are appplicable to him,
whom we oppose in this article. It is neither
agreeable to the justice, nor to the wisdom
of God, to employ new evidence in his favour.
Not to his justice ; for how can a man who
is profane by profession, a man who, for the
sake of rendering himself agreeable to his
companions, and of procuring the reputation
of ingenuity, ridicules the most grave and
serious truths, declares open war with God,
and jests with the most sacred things : how
can a man of this character be an object of
the love of God.' Why should God alter
the economy of his Spirit and grace in his
favour .' Neither is it agreeeble to his wis-
dom : but, as what we have said on the fore-
going article may be applied to this, we pass
to the fourth class of unbelievers, whom we
have denominated interested infidels; infi-
dels, the gratifications of whose passions ren-
der the destruction of Christianity necesary
to them.
4. Infidels throvgh depraved passions, it
must be granted, are very numerous. I
cannot help asking, why, on every other ar-
ticle but that of religion, our infidels content
themselves with a certain degree of evidence,
whereas on this they cannot see in the
clearest light .'' The more we examine, the
clearer we perceive, that the reason origin-
ates in the passions; other subjects either
very little, or not at all, interest their pas-
sions: these they see; religion svvays the
passions ; to religion therefore they are blind.
Whether the sun revolve around the earth,
to illuminate it ; or whether the earth re-
volve around the sun, to beg, as it ;vere,
light and influence from it : whether matter
be infinitely divisible ; or whether there be
atoms, properly so called : whether there be
a vacuum in nature ; or whether nature ab-
hor a void : take which side we will of these
questions, we inaj^ continue covetous or am-
bitious, imperious, oppressive, and proud.
Pastors may be negligent, parents careless,
children disobedient, triends faithless. But
Vi^hether there be a God ; whether ' he hath
appointed a day, in which he will judge the
world in righteousness,' Acts xvii. 31 ; whe-
ther an eye, an invisible eye, watch all our
actions,'and discover all our secret thoughts :
these are questions, which shock our pre-
judices, attack our passions, thwart and dis-
concert the whole of our system of cupid-
ity.
I Unbelievers, whose passions are mterest-
1 ed in infidelity, are affected in this manner ;
1 and nothing can be easier to prove than that
I tba resurrection of a dead person would pro-
I
San. XXIII.]
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
219
duce no conviction of truth in them. Enter
into your own hearts, my brethren ; the
proof of our proposition may be found there.
The sentiments of the heart have a close
connexion with the ideas of the mind, and
our passions resemble prisms, which divide
every ray, and colour every object with an
artificial hue.
For example : employ a sensible Christian
to reconcile two enemies, and you will admire
the wise and equitable manner in which he
would refute every sophism that passion
could invent. If the ground of complaint
should be exaggerated, he would instantly
hold the balance of equity, and retrench
what anger may have added to truth. If
the offended should say, he has received a
grievous injury, he would instantly answer,
that between two jarring Christians, it is im-
material to inquire, in this case, the degree
of iniquity and irrationality in the offence ;
the immediate bwiness, he would say, is the
reasonableness of forgiveness. If the offend-
ed should allege, that he has often forgiven,
he would reply, this is exactly the case be-
tween the Judge of the world and his offend-
ing creatures, and yet, he would add, the in-
sulting of a thousand perfections, the for-
getting of a thousand favours, the falsifying
of a thousand oaths, the violating of a thou-
sand resolutions, do not prevent God from
opening the treasures of his mercy to us. If
the complainant should have recourse to the
ordinary subterfuge, and should protest that
he had no animosity in his heart, only be is
resolved to have no future intimacy with a
man so odious, he would dissipate the gross
illusion, by urging the example of a merci-
ful God, who does not content himself with
merely forgiving us, but, in spite of all our
most enormous crimes, unites himself to us
by the tenderest relations. Lovely morality,
my brethren ! Admirable effort of a mind,
contemplating truth without prejudice and
passion ! But place tiiis Arbitrator, who
preaches such a morality, in different circum-
stances. Instead of a referee, make him a
party ; instead of a mediator between con-
tending parties, put him in a place of one of
them. Employ his own arguments to con-
vince him, and, astonishing ! he will consid-
er each as a sophism, for all his arguments
now stand at the tribunal of a heart full of
wrath and revenge. So true it is, that our
passions alter our ideas ; and that the clear-
est arguments are divested of all their evi-
dence, when they appear before an interested
man.
Do you seriousl}' think, that the divines
of the church of Rome, when they dispute
with us, for example, on the doctrines of in-
dulgences and purgatory, do you really think
they require proofs and arguments of us ?
Not they. The more clearly we reason
against them, the more furiously are they
irritated against us. I think I see them cal-
culating the profits of their doctrines to them-
selves, consulting that scandalous book, in
which the price of every crime is rated, so
much for a murder, so much for assassination,
so much for incest ; and finding on each
part of the inexhaustible revenue of the sins
of mankind, arguments to establish their
belief.* Thus our interested infidels reject
the clearest arguments. It is a fixed point
with them, that the religion which indulges
their passions is the best religion, and that
which restrains them most, the worst. This
is the rule, this is the touchstone, by which
they examine all things. The more proofs
we produce for religion, the more we preju-
dice them against religion ; because the more
forcible our arguments are, the more effectual-
ly we oppose their passions ; the more we op-
pose their passions, the more we alienate them
from that religion which opposes them.
I appeal to experience. The Scripture af-
fords us a plain example, and a full comment,
in the behaviour of the unbelieving Jews
who lived in the time of Jesus Christ. Je-
sus Christ preached ; he condemned the pre-
judices of the synagogue ; he subverted the
favourite carnal systems of the Jews ; he at-
tacked the vices of their superiors ; he preach-
ed against the irregularity of their morals;
he unmasked the hypocritical Pharisees.
These attacks were sufficient to excite their
rage and madness ; and they, being disposed
to gratify their anger, examined the doc-
trine of Jesus Christ only for the sake of
finding fault with it. Jesus Christ must be
destroyed ; for this purpose, snares must be
laid for his innocence, his doctrine must bo
condemned, and he must be proved, if possi-
ble, a false Messiah. The)" interrogate him
on articles of religion and policy ; but Jesus
Christ gives satisfactory answers to all their
questions. They examine his morals ; but
every step of his life appears wise and good.
They shift his conversation ;, but every ex-
pression ' is always witli grace seasoned
with salt,' Collos. iv. 6. None of these
schemes will effectuate their designs. The
man, say they, preaches a new doctrine ;
if he were sent of God, he would produce
some proof of his mission : Moses and the
prophets wrought miracles, Jesus Christ
performs miracles ; he heals the sick, raises
the dead, calms the Vv'inds and the waves, and
alters all the laws of nature. He operates
more than enough to persuade impartial
minds. But their passions suggest answers.
' This fellow doth not cast out devils,' say
they, ' but by Beelzebub, the prince of the
devils,' Matt. xii. 24. But Lazarus, who
was raised from the dead, and who is now
* Mr. t-'aurin means the tax-bnok of the Roman
chancery, wliich we hiive mentioned in the preface
to the 1st vol. p. 7. 'J'liis scandalous book was
first printed at Rome in 1514, then at Cologne in 1515,
at Paris in 15-0, and often at otlier places since. It is
entitled, Reirule, Cunstilut'wncs, Rcscrvationis Can-
ccllarie S. Domird nnnlri Leoiiis Pape decimi, &c.
Tliere we meet with sucli articles as these.
Absolution for killing one's father or mother 1 du-
cat— V carlins.
Ditto, For all the acts of lewdne.^s committed by a
clerk — with a dispensation to be capable of taking
orders, and to hold ecclesiastical benefits, &c.
36 tourn. 3 due.
Ditto, For one who shall keep a concubine, with a
dispensation to take orders, &.c. — 21 tour. 5 due. 9 carl.
As if this traffic were not scandalous enough of it-
self, it is .added, ' Et nota diligenter, &c. Take no-
tice particularly, that sucli graces and dispensations
are not granted to the ]wor ; for, not having where-
with to pay the y cannot be comforted.
The zeal of the reformers against the church of
Rome ceases to appear intemperate in my eye, when
I consider these detestable enormities.
220
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
ISer. xxm.
living among you, speaks in favour of Jesus
Christ ; Lazarus must be made away with ;
he must be a second time laid in the tomb ;
all the traces of the glory of Jesus Christ
must be taken away ; and that light which is
already too clear, and which will hereafter
be still clearer, must be extmguislied lest it
should discover, expose, and perplex us.
This is a natural image of a passionate in-
fidel. Passion blinds him to the most evi-
dent truths. It is impossible to convince
a man, who is determined not to be con-
vinced. One disposition, essential to the
knowing of truth, is a sincere love to it :
' The secret of the Lord is with them that
fear him,' Ps. xxv. 14. ' If any man will
do his will, he shall know of the doctrine,
whether it be of God, or whether I speak
of myself,' John vii. 17. ' This is the con-
demnation, that light is come into tiie world,
and men loved darkness rather than light,
because their deeds were evil,' chap. iii. 19.
5. We come, finally, to the philosophical
infidel ; to him, who, if we believe him, is
neither blinded by prejudices, nor prevented
by negligence, nor infatuated by his imagi-
nation, nor beguiled by irregular passions.
Hear him. He assures you the only wish,
that animates him, is that of knowing the
truth, and that he is resolved to obey it, find
it where he will : but after he has agitated a
thousand questions, after he has undertaken
a thousand investigations, and consulted a
thousand volumes, he has found notliing sa-
tisfactory in proof of Christianity ; in short,
he says he is an unbeliever only because he
cannot meet with any motives of belief. Can
it be said to such a man, 'neither wilt thou
be persuaded though one rose from thedead .■"
We will reply presently. But allow us
first to ask a previous question. Are there
any infidels of this kind .'' Is the man, whom
we have described, a real, or an imaginary
being .' What a question ! say you. What !
can a man, who devotes his whole life to
meditation and study, a man, who has search-
ed all the writings of antiquity, who has dis-
entangled and elucidated the most dark and
difficult passages, who has racked his inven-
tion to find solutions and proofs, who is nour-
ished and kept alive, if the expression may be
used, with the discovery of truth ; a man, be-
sides, who seems to have renounced the
company of the living, and has not the least
relish for even the innocent pleasures of so-
ciety, so far is he from running into the gross-
est diversions ; can such a man be supposed
to be an unbeliever for any other reason than
because he thinks it his duty to be so .' Can
any, but rational motives, induce him to dis-
believe .'
Undoubtedly ; and it would discover but
little knowledge of the human heart, were we
to imagine, either that such an infidel was
under the dominion of gross sensual passions,
or that he was free from the government of
other, and more refined passions. A desire
of being distinguished , a love of fame,the glory
of passing for a superior genius, for one who
has freed himself from vulgar errors; these
are, in general, powerful and vigorous passions,
and those are usually tho grand springs of a
pretended philosophical infidelity. One un-
deniable proof of the truth of my assertion ia
his eagerness in publishing and propagating
infidelity. Now this can proceed from no-
thing but from a principle of vainglory. For
why should his opinion be spread.' For our
parts, when we publish our systems, whether
we pubiisii truth or error, we have weighty
reasons for publication. Our duty, we think,
engages us to propagate what we believe. In
our opinion, they wiio are ignorant of our
doctrine are doomed to endless misery. Is
not this sufficient to make us lif\ up our
voices .' But you, who believe neither God,
nor judgment, nor heaven, nor hell; what
madness inspires you to publish your senti-
ments .' It is, say you, a desire of freeing so-
ciety from the slavery that religion imposes
on them. Miserable freedom ! a freedom
from imaginary errors, that plunges us into
an ocean of real miseries, that saps all the
bases of society, that sows divisions in fami-
lies, and excites rebellions in states ; that de-
prives virtue of all its motives, all its induce-
ments, all its supports. And what, pray, but
religion, can comfort us under the sad catas-
trophes to which all are subject, and from
which the highest human grandeur is not
exempt .-' What, but religion, can conciliate
our minds to the numberless afflictions which
necessarily attend human frailty .' Can any
thing but religion calm our consciences under
their agitations and troubles .■' Above all,
what can relieve us in dying illnesses, when
lying on a sick-bed between present and real
evils, and the frightful gloom of a dark futu-
rity ? Ah ! if religion, which produces such
real efiects, be a deception, leave me in pos-
session of my deception ; I desire to be de-
ceived, and I take him for my most cruel
enemy who offers to open my eyes.
But let us give a more direct answer. You
are a philosopher. You have examined reli-
gion. You find nothing that convinces you.
Difficulties and doubts arise from every part ;
the prophecies are obscure ; the doctrines
are contradictory ; the precepts are ambigu-
ous ; the miracles are uncertain. You require
some new prodigy, and, in order to your full
persuasion of the truth of immortality, you
wish some one would come from tl)e dead
and attest it. I answer, if you reason conse-
quentially, the motive would be useless, and,
having resisted ordinary proofs, you ought, if
you reason consequential!}', to refuse to be-
lieve the very evidence which you require.
Let us confine ourselves to some one article
to convince you ; suppose the resurrection o(
Jesus Christ. The apostles bore witness
that Jesus Christ rose from the dead. This is
our argument. To you it appears jejune and
futile, and your undetermined mind floats be-
tween two opinions ; either the apostles, you
think, were deceived ; or they deceived others.
These are your objections. Now, if either of
these objections be well grounded, I affirm
you ought not to believe ' though one rose
from the dead' to persuade you.
The apostles were deceived you say. But
this objection, if well-grounded, lies against
not only one, but twelve apostles ; not only
against twelve apostles, but against more
than ■ five hundred brethren ;' not only
against mora than " five hundred brethren,' 1
S2R. XXIII.]
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
221
/
Cor. XV. 6, but against all who attested the
miracles wrought in favour of the re.surrec-
tion of Christ : all these persons, who in other
rases were rational, must have been insane,
liad they thought they had seen what they
had not seen, heard what they had not heard,
conversed with a man with whom tliey had
not conversed, wroucrht miracles which they
had not wrought. They must be supposed to
have persisted in these extravagances, not
only for an hour, or a day, but for forty days,
yea, for the whole course of tiieir lives.
Now, I demand, since an illusion produced a
persuasion so clear and full, how could you
assure yourself that you was not deceived in
examining tiiat new evidence which you re-
quire ? If so many different persons may be
justly taxed with absence of mind, or insanity,
what assurance would j'ou have tliat you was
not thrown into a disordered state of mind at
the sight of an apparation.'
Let us reason in a similar manner on your
second supposition. If the apostles were im-
postors, there must have been in the world
men so contrary to all the rest of their species,
as to suffer imprisonment, punishment, and
death, for the support of a falsehood. This
absurdit}' nmst have intoxicated not only one
person, but all the thousands who sealed the
gospel with their blood. The apostles must
have been destitute of every degree of com-
mon sense, if intending to deceive the world,
they had acted in a manner the least likely of
any to abuse it ; marking places, times, wit-
nesses, and all otiier circumstances, the most
proper to discover their imposture. Moreover,
their enemies must have conspired with them
in the illusion. Jews, Gentiles, and Christians,
divided on every other article, must have all
agreed in this, because no one ever confuted :
What am I saying .' No one ever accused our
sacred authors of nnposturc, although nothing
could have been easier, if they had been im-
postors. In one word,a thousand strange buppo-
sitionsmust be made. But I demand again, if
those suppositions have any likelihood, if God
have given to falsehood so many characters of
truth, if Satan be allowed to act his part so
dexterously to seduce us, how can you assure
yourself that God will not permit the father
of falsehood to seduce you also by an appari-
tion .'' How could you assure yourself after-
ward that he had not done it ? Let us con-
clude, then, in regard to unbelievers of every
kind, that if the ordinary means of grace be in-
adequate to the production of faith, extraor-
dinary prodigies would be so too.
Let us proceed now, in brief, to prove, that
motives to virtue are sufficient to induce
men to be virtuous, as we have proved that
motives of credibility are sufficient to con-
found the objections of infidels.
We believe, say you, the truths of religion :
but a thousand snares are set for our inno-
cence, and we are betrayed into immorality
and guilt. Our minds seduce us. Examples
hurry us away. The propensities of our own
hearts pervert us. A new miracle would
•nwalie us from our indolence, and would re-
animate our zeal. We have two things to
answer.
1. We deny thSjOiFcct which you expect
ffom this apparitioti. This miracle will be
3 F
wrought either seldom, or frequently. If it
were wrought every day, it would, on that
very account, lose all its'efficacy ; and as the
Israelites, through a long habit of seeing mi-
racles, were famiUarized to them till they re-
ceived no impressions from them, so it would
be with you. One while they saw ' waters
turned into blood,' another they beheld the
• first-born of Egypt smitten ;' now the sea
divided to open a passage for them, and then
the heavens rained bread, and rivers flowed
from a rock ; ' yet they tempted and provoked
the most high God, and kept not his testimo-
nies," I'g. Ixxviii. 44. 51. oti. You yourselves
every day see the heavens and the earth, the
Works of nature, and the properties of its ele-
mentary parts, a rich variety of divine work-
manship, which, by proving the existence of
tlie Creator, demand the homage that you
ought to render to him ; and as you see them
without emotions of virtue, so would you
harden your hearts against the remonstrances
of the dead, were they frequently to rise, and
exhort you to repentance.
Were the miracle wrought now and
then, wiiat you experience on other occa-
sions would infallibly come to pass on this.
You would be affected for a moment, but th«
impressions would wear off, and you would
fall back into your former sins. The proofs
of this conjecture are seen every day. Peo-
ple who have been often touched and pene-
trated at the sight of certain objects^ have as
often returned to their old habits when the
power of the charm has abated. Have j^ou
never read the heart of an old miser at the
fimeral of one of his own age ? Methinks f
hear the old man's soliloquy : ' I am full four-
score years of age, 1 have outlived the time
which God usually allots to mankind, and I
am now a pall-bearer at a funeral. The me-
lancholy torches are lighted ; the attendants
are all m mourning, the grave yawns for its
prey. For whom is all this funeral pomp .■'
What part am I acting in this traged}' ? Shall
I ever attend another funeral, oi: is my own
already preparing .' Alas ! if a few remains of
life and motion tell me I live, the burying of
my old friend as.^ures me 1 must soon die.
The wrinkles which disfigure my face ; the
weight of years that makes me stoop ; the in-
firmities which impair my strength ; the tot-
tering of m}' enfeebled carcase ; all second the
voice of my deceased friend, and warn me of
my approaching dissolution. Yet, what an\ \
about .' I am building houses, I am amassing;
money, I am pleasing myself Avith the hopes
of adding- to my capital this yeaj, and of in-
creasing my income the next. Q fatal blind-
ness ! folly of a heart, whic'a avarice has ren-
dered insatiable ! Ilencei'jttb I will think
only about dying. I wil'.go and order my Mi-
neral, put on my shro'id,lie in my coffin, aod
render myselfinsenF.ble to every care except
that of ' dying the. doatli of the rio-Iiteoiis,' '
Numb, .xxiii. 10, Thus talks the old man ta
himself, as he goes to the grave, and you
think, perhaps, his liie will resemble his re-
flections, and that he is going to become char-
itable, liberal, and disinterested. No, no, all
his reflections will vanish with tlie objects
that produced them, and as soon as he returnsi
from the fuiieral, he will forget lie is mortal.
2^:22
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION
[Ser. XXIllf
in like manner, the return of one from the i ating than the most violent Agonies herr
tlcad would perhaps affect you on the spot
you would make many fine reflections, and
form a thousand new resolutions -. but, when
the phantom had disappeared, j'our depravi-
ty would take its old course, and all your re-
flections would evaporate- This is our first
answer.
2. We add, secondly. A man persuaded
of the divinity of religion, a man who, not-
withstanding that persuasion, persists in im-
penitence, a man of this character has carried
obduracy to so high a pitch, that it is not
conceivable any new motives would alter him.
He is already so guilty, that far from having
any right to demand extraordinar}' means, lie
ought rather to expect to be deprived of the
ordinary means, which he has both received
and resisted. Let us dive into the conscience
of this sinner ; let us for a moment fathom
the depth of the human heart ; let us hear
liis detestable purposes. ' I believe the truth
of religion ; I believe there is a God : God,
I believe, sees all my actions, and from his
penetration none of my thoughts arc hid ; I
believe he holds the thunder in his hand, and
one act of his will is sufficient to strike me
dead ; I believe these truths, and they are
BO solemn, that I ought to be influenced to
my duty by them. However, it does not sig-
nify, I will sin, although I am in his imme-
diate presence ; I will ' provoke the Lord to
jealousy,' as if I were ' stronger than he,'
I Cor. X. 22, and the sword that hangs over
my head, and hangs only by a single thread,
shall convey no terror into my mind. I be-
lieve the truth of religion ; God has for me,
I think, ' a love which passeth knowledge ;
I believe he gave me my existence, and to
him I owe my hands, my eyes, my motion,
my life, my light; moreover, I believe he
gave me his Son, his blood, his tendercst
mercy and love. All these affecting objects
Ought indeed to change my heart, to make me
blush for my ingratitude, and to induce me
to render him love for love, life for life. But
no ; I will resist all these innumerable mo-
tives, I will affront my benefactor, I will
woimd that heart that is filled with pity for
me, I will ' crucify the Lord of glory afresh,'
Heb. vi. 6. If his love trouble me, I will for-
get it. If my conscience reproach me, I will
stifle it, and sin with boldness. I believe the
truth of religion ; there is, I believe, a heaven,
a presence of God in which there ' is a fulness
of joy and pleasure for evermore,' Ps. xvi. 2.
The idea of felicity consummate in glory
ought, I must own, to make me superior to
•worldly pleasures, and I ought to prefer ' the
fountain of living waters' before my own
* broken cisterns that can hold no water,' Jer.
ii. 13, but it docs not signify, I will sacrifice
' the things that are not seen to the things
that are seen,' 2 Cor. iv. 18, the glorious de-
lights of virtue to ' the pleasures of sin,' and
the ' exceeding and eternal weight of glory,'
Heb. xi. 25; 2 Cor. iv. 17, to momentary
temporal pursuits. I believe the truth of re-
ligion ; tiicre is, I believe, a hell for the im-
penitent, there are ' chains of darkness, a
worm that dieth not, a fire that is never
quenched,' 2 Pet. ii. 4 ; Mark ix. 44. In hell,
I believe, there aie pains fur more cxcruci-
worse than the gout and the stone, less tole-
rable than the sufferings of a galley-slave,
the breaking of a criminal on the wheel, or
the tearing asunder of a martyr with red-hot
pincers of iron. I believe these things ; and
I am, I know, in the case of them, against
whom these punishments arc denounced :
freedom from all tiiese is set before me, and
I may, if I will, avoid ' the bottomless abyss/
Rev. ix. 1, but, no matter, 1 will precipitat»
myself headlong into the horrible gulf A
small pittance of reputation, a very little glo-
ry, an inconsiderable sum of mone}', a few
empty and deceitful pleasures, will aeive to
conceal those perils, the bare ideas of which
would terrify my imagination, and subvert
my designs. Devouring worm ! chains of
darkness! everlasting burnings I infernal spi-
rits ! fire ! sulphur I smoke ! remorse ! rage 1
madness ! despair ! idea, frightful idea of s
thousand years, often thousand years, of ten
millions of years, of endless revolutions oi
absorbing eternity ! You shall make no im-
pressions on my mind. It shall be my forti-
tude to dare you, my glory to afiront you.'
Thus reasons the sinner who believes, but
who lives in impenitence. This is the heart
that wants a new miracle to affect it. But, I
1 demand, can you. conceive an}' prodigy that
I can soften a soul so hard .'' I ask, If so many
motives be useless, can yoH conceive any
others more effectual .'' Would you have God
attempt to gain an ascendancy over you by
means more influential .' Would you have
him give you more than immortality, more
than his Son, more than heaven .' Would
you have him present objects to you more
frightful than hell and eternity .'
We know what you will reply. You will
say. We talk fancifully, and fight with slia-
dows of our own creation. If the sinner, say
you, would but think of these things, they
would certainly convert him ; but he forgets
them, and therefore he is more to be pitied
for his distraction, than to be blamed for his
insensibility. Were a person to rise from the
dead, to recall, and to fix his attention, he
would awake from his stupor. Idle sophism I
As if distraction, amidst numberless objects
that demand his attention, were not the high-
est degree of insensibility itself But why
do I speak of distraction ? I have now be-
fore me clear, full, and decisive evidence,
that even while sinners have all those objects
in full view, they derive no sanctifying influ-
ence from them. Yes, I have made the ex-
periment, and consequently my evidence it
undeniable. I see that all the motives of love,
fear, and horror, united, are too weak to con
vert one obstinate sinner. My evidences,
my brethren, will you believe it .' are your-
selves. Contradict me, refute me. Am I not
now presenting all these motives to 3'ou '
Do not speak of distraction, for I look at you,
and you hear me. I present all these niotivcB
to you : this God, the witness, and judge ot
your hearts; these treasures of mercy, which
he opens in your favour ; this Jesus, who,
amid the most excruciating agonies, expired
for you. To you we open the kingdom ot
heaven, and draw back all the veils that hide
futurity from you. To you, to yoo we present
See. XXIIL]
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
22S
the devils with their rage, hell with its tor-
ments, eternity with its horrors. We con-
jure you this inoment, by the solemnity of all
these motives, to return to God. I repeat it
again, you cannot pretend distraction now,
you cannot pretend forgetfulness now, nor
.can you avoid to-day, either the glory of con-
version, or the shame of an impenitence that
resists the most solemn and pathetic objects.
But is it not true that none of these motives
touch you .' I mean, they do not reform you.
For it does not argue any piety, if, after we
?iave meditated on a subject, ciiosen our sen-
timents and our expressions, and, with an
assemblage of Scripture-imagery, covered
the pleasures of paradise, and the horrors of
hell, with colouring the best adapted to exhi-
bit their nature, and to affect yours ; I say,
it requires no pity to feel a moving of the
animal spirits, a slight emotion of the heart.
You are just as much affected with a repre-
sentation, which, you know, is fiction, and
exhibited by actors in borrowed guise ; and
you do us very little honour, by giving us
what you bestow on theatrical dcclaimers.
But is any one of you so affected with these
motives, as to go, without delay, to make res-
titution of ill-gotten gain, to break off an im-
pure connexion .' I ask again. Can you con-
tradict me .' Can you refute me .' Alas ! we
know what a sermon can do, and we have
reason for affirming, that no known motives
will change some of our hearts, although we '
do attend to them; and for inferring this just
consequence, a thousand new motives would
be as useless as the rest.
In this manner we establish the truth, thus
we prove the sufficiency of the Christian reli-
gion, thus we justify Providence against the
unjust reproaches of infidel and impenitent
sinners, and thus, in spite of ourselves, we
trace out our own condemnation. For, since
we continvie some of us in unbelief, and
others of us in impenitence, we are driven
either to tax God with employing means ina-
dequate to the ends of instruction and con-
version, or to charge the guilt of not improv-
ing them on ourselves. We have seen that
our disorders do not flow from the first ; but
that they actuaUy do proceed from the last
of these causes. Unto thee, then, ' O Lord !
belongeth righteousness ; but unto ug confu-
sion of faces this day,' Dan. ix. 7.
Here we would finish this discourse, had
we not engaged at first \fi answer a difficult
question, which naturally arises from our
te.vt, and from the manner in which we have
discussed it. Could the Jews, to whom the
state of the soul after death was very little
known, be numbered among those who would
' not be persuaded though one rose from the
dead .'" We have two answers to this seem-
ing difficulty.
1. We could deny that notion which
creates tliis difficulty, and affirm, that the
state of the soul after death was much better
understood by the Jews than you suppose.
We could quote many passages from the Old
Testament, where the doctrines of heaven
and of hell, of judgment and of the resurrec-
tion, are revealed; and we could show, that
the Jews were so persuaded of the truth of
these doctrines, that tiiey considered tho Sad- ;
ducees, who doubted of them, as sectaries
distinguished from the rest of the nation.
But as our strait limits will not allow us
to do justice to those articles by fully discuss-
ing them, we will take another method of
answering the objection.
2. The Jews had as good evidence of the
divine inspiration of the Old Testament as
Christians have of the New. So that it might
as truly be said to a Jew, as to a Christian,
If thou resist the ordinary evidence of tlie
truth of revelation, 'neither wouldest thou
be persuaded though one rose from the dead'
to attest it.
It is questionable, whether the Jevi'ish re-
velation explained tho state of souls after
death so clearly that Jesus Christ had suffi-
cient grounds for his proposition. But were
we to grant what this question implies ; were
we to suppose, tliat the state of souls after
death was as much unknown as our querist
pretends ; it would be still true, that it was
incongruous with the justice and wisdom of
God to employ new means of conversion in
favour of a Jew, who resisted Moses and the
prophets. Our proof follows.
Moses and the prophets taught sublime
notions of God. They represented him as a
Being supremely wise, and supremely power-
ful. Moreover, Moses and the prophets ex-
pressly declared, that God, of whom they
gave some sublime ideas, would display his
power, and his wisdom, to render those com-
pletely happy who obeyed his laws, and them
completely miserable who durst affi'ont his
authority. A Jew, v.'ho was persuaded on
the one hand, that Moses and the prophets
spoke on the part of God ; and, on the other,
that Moses and the prophets, whose mission
was unsuspected, declared that God would
render those completely happy who obeyed
his laws, and them completely miserable who
durst affront his authority ; a Jew, who, in
spite of this persuasion, persisted in impeni-
tence, was so obdurate, that his conversion,
by means of any new motives, was incon-
ceivable ; at least, he was so culpable, that
he could not equitably require God to em-
ploy new means for his conversion.
What does the gospel say more on the
punishments which God will inflict on the
wicked, than Moses and the prophets said
(I speak on the supposition of tiiose who de-
ny any particular explications of the doctrine
of immortality in the Old Testament). What
did Jesus Christ teach more than Moses and
the prophets taught. ■" He entered into a
more particular detail ; he told his hearers^
there was ' weeping and wailmg and gnash-
ing of teeth ; a worm that died not, and a
fire that was not quenched.' But the general
thesis, that God would display his attributes
in punishing the wicked, and in rewarding
the good, this general thesis was as well
known to the Jews as it is to Christians ; and
this general thesis is a sufficient ground for
the words of the text.
The most that can be concluded from this
objection is, not that the proposition of Je-
sus Christ was not verified in regard to tho
Jews, but that it is much more verified in re-
gard to Christians; not that the Jews, who
resisted Moses and tiie prophets, Vi'cre not'
224
THE SUFFICIENCY OF REVELATION.
[Ser. XXIIL
very guilty, but that Christians, who resist
tlie jyrospftl, ore much more guilty. Wc
are fully ooiivinced of the trutii of this as-
snition. We wish your minds were duly af-
fected with it. To this purpose we proceed
to the application.
First, VVe address ourselves to infidels : O
lhat you would for once seriotisly enter into
the reasonable dispositionof desiring to know
smd to obey the truth ! At least, examine,
nnd see. If, after all your pains, you can
find nothing credible in the Christian reli-
jrion, we own v.-e are strangers to the hu-
man heart, and we must give you up, as be-
longing to a species of beings different from
ours. But what irritates us is to see, that
among the many infidels, who are endea-
vouring to destroy the vitals of religion,
there is scarcely one to be found whose erro-
neous principles do not originate in a bad
heart. It is the heart that disbelieves; it is
the heart which must be attacked ; it is the
heart that must be convinced.
People doubt because they will doubt.
Dreadful disposition ! Can nothing discover
thine enormity ? What is infidelity good for ?
By what charm does it lull the soul into a
willing ignorance of its origin and end.'' If,
during the short space of a mortal life, the love
of independence tempt us to please ourselves
with joining his monstrous party, how dear
will the union cost us when we come to die I
O ! were my tongue dipped in the gall of
celestial displeasure, I would describe to you
the state of a man expiring in the cruel un-
certainties of unbelief; who sees, in spite of
liimself, yea, in spite of himself, the truth
of that religion, which he has endeavoured
to no purpose to eradicate from his heart.
j\h! see! every thing contributes to trou-
l>le him now. ' I am dying — I despair of re-
•^overing — j)hysicians have given me over —
the sighs and tears of my friends are use-
less ; yet they have nothing else to bestow —
medicines lake no effect — consultations come
to nothing — alas ! not you — not my little for-
<une — the whole world cannot cure uie — I
juust die — It is not a preacher — it is not a
religious book — it is not a trifling declaimer
— it is death itself that preaches to me —
I feel, I know not what, shivering cold in
jny blood — I am in a dying sweat — my feet,
my hands, every part of my body is wasted
— I am more like a corpse than a living
body — I am rather dead than alive — I
must die — Whither am I going.' AVhat
■will become of me ? What will become
of my body .' My God ! what a frightful
^ipectacle ! I see it ! The horrid torches — the
dismal shroud — the coffin — the pall — the toll-
ing bell — the subterranean abode — carcases
—worms — putrefaction — What will become
of my Houl .' I am ignorant of its destiny — I
am tumbling headlong into eternal night-^-my
infidelity tells me my soul is notjiing but a
portion of subtle matter — another world a
vision — immortality a fancy — But yet, I feel,
,tknow not what that troubles my infidelity
— annihilation, terrible as it is, would appear
tolerahlft to me, were not the ideas of heaven
and hell to present themselves to me, in spite
«f myself— But I see that heaven, that immor-
tal maiiiion cf g-lory shut against mc— 1 see
it at an immense distance — I see it at a place,
which my crimes forbid me to enter — I see
hell — hell, which 1 have ridiculed — it opens
under my feet — 1 hear the horrible groans of
the damned — the smoke of the bottomless pit
chokes my words, and wraps my thoughts in
suffocating darkness.'
Such is the infidel on a dying bed. This
is not an imaginary flight ; it is not an arbi-
trary invention, it is a description of what
we see every day in the fatal visits, to which
our ministry engages us, and to which God
seems to call us to be sorrowful witnesses of
his displeasure and vengeance. This is what
infidelity comes to. This is what infidelity
is good for. Thus most Bkej>tics die, al-
though, while they live, they pretend to free
themselves from vulgar errors. I ask again,
Wiiat charms are there in a state that has
such dreadful consequences? How is it pos-
sible for men, rational men, to carry their
madness to such an excess.'
Without doubt, it would excite many mur-
murs in this auditory ; certainly Ave should
be taxed with strangely exceeding the mat
ter, were we to venture to say, that many of
our hearers are capable of carrying their
corruption to as great a length as I have de-
scribed. Well ! we will not say so. We
know your delicacy too well. But allow us
to give you a task. We propose a problem
to the examination of each of you.
Who, of two men, appears most odious to
3'ou .' One resolves to refiise nothing to his
senses, to gratify all his wishes without re-
straint, and to procure all the pleasures that
a worldly life can afford. Only one thought
disturbs him, the thought of religion. The
idea of an ofiended Benefactor, of an angry
Supreme Judge, of eternal salvation neglect-
ed, of hell contemned ; each of these ideas
poisons the pleasures which lie wishes to pur-
sue. In order to conciliate his desires with
his reniorse, he determines to try to get rid
of the tJiought of religion. Thus he becomes
an obstinate atheist, for the sake of becom-
ing a peaceable libertine, and he cannot sin
quietly till he has flattered himself into a be-
lief that religion is chimerical. This is the
case of the first man.
The second man resolves to refuse nolhinrr
to his sensual appetites, to gratify all his wish-
es without restraint, and to procure all the
pleasures that a worhily life can afford. The
same thought agitates him, the thought of
religion. The idea of an offended Benefactor,
of an angry Supreme Judge, of an eternal
salvation neglected, of hell contemned, each
of these ideas poisons the pleasures which
he wishes to pursue. He takes a different
method of conciliating his desires witii his
remorse. He does not persuade himself that
there is no benefactor ; but he renders himself
insensible to his benefits. He does not flat-
ter himself into the disbelief of a Supreme
Judge ; but he dares his majestic authority.
He does not think salvation a chimera ; but
he hardens his heart against its attractive
charms. He does not question whetlier there
be a hell ; but he ridicules its torments.
This is the case of the second man. The
task, which we take the liberty to assign
youj ig to e-taminc; but to examine coolly and
Seu. XXIV.]
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION,
223
deliberately, wliich of these two men is the
most guilty.
Would to God, our hearers had no other
interest in the examination of this question
than what compassion for the misery of
others gave them ! May the many false
-Christians, who live in imjienitence, and
who felicitate themselves for not living in
infidelity, be sincerely affected, dismayed,
und ashamed of giving occasion for the ques-
tion, whether they be not more edious them-
selves than those whom they account the
most odious of mankind, I mean skeptics
and atheists ! May each of us be enabled to
improve the means which God has employ-
ed to save its ! May our faith and obedience
be crowned! and may we be adm.itted with
Lazarus into the bosom of the Father of the
faithful ! The Lord hear our prayers I To
him be honour and glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XXIV.
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
1 Cor. i. 21,
.y^ter thai in the wisdom of God the world by loisdom knew not God, it
pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe.
It is a celebrated saying of TcrtuUian, my
brethren, that every mcrhanic aviong Chris-
tians knew God, and could make him known
to others. Tertullian spoke thus by way of
contrast to the conduct of the philosopher
Thales towards Croesus the king. Croesus
asked this philosopher. What is God .' Thales
\hy llie way, some relate the same story of
Simonides), required one day to consider the
matter, before he gave his answer. When
one day was gone, Crossus asked him again,
Wiiat is God .'' Thales eutrealed two days
to consider. When two da3's were expired,
the question was proposed to him again ; he
besougi'.t tlse king to grant him four days.
After four days he required eiglit : after
«iglit, sixteen ; and in this manner he conti-
nued to procrastinate so long, that the king,
iuii>atieiit at his delay, desired to know the
reason of it. O king1 said Thales, be not
■iisfonished that I defer my answer. It is a
question in which my insufficient reason is
lost. The oftener I ask myself, What is
Goil ? the more incapable I find myself, of
answering. New difficulties arise every mo-
ment, and my knowledge diminishes as my
inquiries increase.
Tertullian hereupon takes an occasion to
triumph over the philosophers of paganism,
and to make an eulogium on Christianity.
Thalfcs, the chief, of the wise men of Greece;
Thales, who has added the erudition of
Egypt to the wisdom of Greece ; Thales
cannot inform the king what God is! The
meanest Christian knows more than he.
'What man knoweth the things of a man
save the spirrt of a man which is in him :
even so tlie thiKgs of God knoweth no man,
but the Spirit of God,' 1 Cor. ii. 11. The
Christian has ' more understanding than all
his teachers,' according to the Psalmist, Ps.
fxix. yO ; for, as far as tho liglit of revela-
tion is above that of nature, so far is the
mf-anest Christian above the wisest heathen
ohilosopher.
Of this superiorityof knowledge we intend
to treat to-day. This St. Paul had in view
in the first chapters of this epistle, and par-
ticularly in the text. But in order to a tho-
rough knowledge of the apostle's meaning,
we must explain his terms, and mark the oc
casion of them. With this explication we
begin.
Greece, of which Corinth was a considera-
ble city, was one of those countries which
honoured the sciences, and which the scien-
ces honoured in return. It was the opinion
there, that the prosperit}' of a state depended
as much on the culture of reason, and on the
establishment of literature, as on a well disci-
plined army, or an advantageous trade ; and
that neither opulence nor grandeur were of
any value in the hands of men who were des-
titute of learning and good sense. In this,
they were wortiiy of emulation and praise.
At the same time, it was very deplorable that
their love of learning should often be an oc-
casion of their ignorance. Nothing is more
common in academies and universities (in-
deed it is an imperfection almost inseparable
from them) than to see each science alter-
nately in vogue ; each branch of literature
becomes fashionable in its turn, and some
doctor presides over reason and good sense,
so that sense and reason are iiotliing without
his approbation. In St. Paul's time, philoso-
phy was in fasliion in Greece ; not a sound
chaste philosophy, that always took reason
for its guide (a kind of science, which has
made greater progress in our times than in
all preceding ages) ; but a philosophy full of
prejudices, subject to the authority of the
heads of a sect which was then niost in vogue,
expressed politely, and to use the language of
St. Paul, proposed ' with tlie words which
man's wisdom teachetii,' 1 Cor. ii. 13. With-
out this philosophy, and this eloquiMicc, peo-
ple were despised by tlic Greeks, The apos
ties were very little versed in these sciences.
Tlie gospel they preached was formed upon
another plan ; and they who preached it
were destitute o2' t!i8»^ ornamentB : accord
22G
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
[Sen. XXIV.
ing]y they were treated by the far greater
part witli contempt. The want of these was
a great offence to the Corinthians. They
could not comprehend, that a doctrine, which
came from lieaven, could be inferior to hu-
man sciences. St. Paul intended in this
epistle to guard the Corinthians against this
objection, and to make an apology for the
gospel, and for liis ministry. The text is an
abridgment of his apology.
The occasion of the words of the te.\t js a
key to the sense of each e.xpression ; it ex»
plains those terms of the apostle which need
explanation, as %vell as the meaning of the
whole proposition : ' After that in the wisdom
of God the world by wisdom knew not God,
it pleased God, by the foolishness of preach-
ing, to save them that believe.'
The wisdom, or the learnivg, of which St.
Paul speaks, is philosopliy. This, I think, is
incontestable. The first Epistle to the Co-
rinthians, I grant, was written to two sorts of
Christians, to some who came from the pro-
fession of Judaism, and to others who came
from the profession of paganism. Some com-
mentators doubt whether, by the 2cisr, of
whom St. Paul often speaks in this chapter,
We are to understand Jews or pagan philoso-
phers : whether by wisdom, we are to under-
stand the system of the synagogue, or the
system of the porch. They are inclined to
take the words in the former sense, because
the Jews usually called their divines, and phi-
losophers, wise men, and gave the name of
icisdom to every branch of knowledge. Theo-
logy they called, wisdom concerning God;
natural philosophy they called, jtnsdom con-
eerning nature; astronomy they called, icis-
dom concerning the stars ; and so of the rest.
But, although we grant the truth of this re-
mark, we deny the application of it here. It
seems very clear to us, that St. Paul, through-
out this chapter, gave the Pagan philoso-
phers the appellation icise, which they affect-
iad. The verse, that follows the te.\t, makes
this very plain : ' the Jews require a sign, and
the Greeks seek after wisdom:' that is to say,
the Greeks are as earnestly desirous of philo-
sophy, as the Jews of miracles. By icisdom,
jnthe text, then, we are to understand philo-
sophy. But the more fully to comprehend
the meaning of St. Paul, we must define this
philosophy agreeably to his ideas. Philosophj',
then, ' is that science of God, and of the
chief good, which is grounded, not on the
testimony of any superior intelligence, but on
the speculations and discoveries of our own
reason.'
There are two more expressions in our
text, that need explaining ; ' the foolishness
of preaching,' and * them tJiat believe :' ' after
that in the wisdom of God the world by wis-
dom knew not God, it pleased God by the
foolishness of preaching to save them that be-
lieve.' They who believe, are a class of peo-
ple, who take a method of knowing God op-
posite to that of philosophers. Philosophers
determine to derive all their notions of God,
and of the chief good, from their own specu-
lations. Believers, on the contrary convinced
efthe imperfection of their reason, and of the
narrow limits of their knowledge, derive their
religious ideas Irom thg testimony of a superior
intelligence. The superior intelligence, whom
they take for their guide, is J.-f.sus Christ; and
the testimony, to which they submit, is the gos-
pel. Our meaning will be clearly conveyed by a
remarkable passage of Tertullian, who shows
the difterence between him, whom St. Paul
calls icise, and him whom he calls a believer.
On the famous words of St. Paul to the Co-
lossians, ' Beware lest any man spoil you
through philosophy and vain deceit,' chap. ii.
8, says this father ; ' St. Paul had seen at
Athens that liuman wisdom, which cnrtaileth
and disguiseth the truth. He had seen, that
some heretics, endeavoured to mix that wis-
dom with the gospel. But what communion
hath Jerusalem with Athens .-' the church witii
the academy .'' heretics with true Christians .'
Solomon's porch is our porch. Wo have na
need of speculation, and discussion, after we
have known Jesus Christ and his gospel.
When we believe we ask nothing more ; for
it is an article of our faith, that he who be-
lieves, needs no other ground of his faith thaa
the gospel.' Thus speaks Tertullian.
But why does St. Paul call the gospel, 'the
foolishness of preaching ? ' It pleased God by
the foolishness of preaching to save them that
believe.' Besides, he calls it, ' the foolishness
of God : the foolishness of God is v.^iser than
men,' ver. 25. And he adds, ver. 37. ' God
hath chosen the foolish thing of the world t*
confound the wise.'
It is usual with St. Paul, and the style is
not peculiar to him, to call an object not by a
name descriptive of its real nature, but by a
name expressive of the notions that are form-
ed of it in the world, and of the effects that
are produced by it. Now, the gospel being
considered by Jews and heathens as a foolish
system, St. Paul calls it, foolishness. That
this was the apostle's meaning two pa.ssages
prove. ' The natural man receiveth not the
things of the Spirit of God : for they are
FOOLisHKF.ss UNTO HIM,' cliap. ii. 14. You see,
then, in what sense the gospel is foolish7iess;
it is so called, because it appears so to a natv-r
ral man. Again, ' We preach Christ crucifi-
ed, unto the Jews a stumbling-block, and
UNTO THE Greeks FOOLISHNESS.' You see iu
what sense the gospel is called foolishness ;
it is because the doctrine of Jesus Christ cru-
cified, which is the great doctrine of the gos-
pel, was treated as foolishness. The histor}'
of the preaching of the apostles fully justifies
our comment. The doctrines of the gospel,
in general, and that of a God-man crucified,
in particular, were reputed foolish. ' We are
accounted fools,' says Justin Martyr, ' for
giving such an eminent rank to a crucified
man,'* ' The wise men of tlie world,' says St.
Augustine, 'insult us, and ask, W"hero is
your reason and intelligence, when you wor-
ship a man who was crucified .''t
These two words, icisdom and foolishness
being thus explained, I think we may easily
understand the whole text. ' After that in the
wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew
not God, it pleased God, by the foolishness of
preaching, to save them that believe.' To
know God is a short phrase, expressive of an
idea of the virtues necessary to salvation ; it
* Apol. Secund.
t Serm. viii. de vetk* Apost.
Ser. XXIV.3
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
m
is equal to the term theology, that is, science
concerning God; a body of doctrine, contain-
ing all the truths which are necessary to sal-
vation. Agreeably to this, St. Paul explains
the phrase lo knoxc God, by the expression,
to be sated. ' After that in the wisdom of
God the world by wisdom knew not God, it
pleased God by the foolishness of preaching
to save them that believe :' and, a little lower,
%vhat he had called ' knowing God,' he calls
' knowing the mind of the Lord,' chap. ii. 16,
that is, knowing that plan of salvation which
God has formed in regard to man.
When therefore the apostle said, ' The
world by wisdom knew not God,' he meant,
that the heathens had not derived from the |
light of nature all the help necessary to ena-
ble them to form adequate notions of God,
and of a worship suited to his perfections.
Above all, he meant to teach us, that it ^Vas
impossible for tlie greatest philosophers to
discover by the light of nature all the truths
that compose the system of the gospel, and
particularly the doctrine of a crucified Re-
deemer. The accomplishment of the great
mystery of redemption depended on the pure
will of God, and, consequently, it could be
known only by revelation. With this view,
he calls the mysteries cf revelation ' things
Which eye hatli not seen, nor ear heard, but
which God hath revealed by his Spirit,' ver.
1>, 10.
The apostle says, ' After the world by wis-
dom knew not God, it pleased God to save
believers by the foolishness of preaching.'
That is to say, since the mere systems of rea-
son were eventually insufficient for the salva-
tion of mankind, and since it was impossible
that tlieir speculations should obtain the true
knowledge of God, God took another way to
instruct them : he revealed by preaching the
gospel, what the light of nature could not dis-
cover, so that the system of Jesus Christ,
and his apostles, supplied all that was want-
ing in the systems of the ancient philosophers.
But it is not in relation to the ancient phi-
losophers only that we mean to consider the
proposition in our text ; we will examine it
also in reference to modern philosophy. Our
philosophers know more than all those of
Greece knew ; but their science, which is of
unspeakable advantage, while it contains itself
within its proper sphere, becomes a source of
errors when it is extended beyond it. Human
reason now lodges itself in new intrench-
ments, v^^hen it refuses to submit to the faith.
It even puts on new armour to attack it, after
it has invented new methods of self-defence.
Under pretence that natural science has made
greater progress, revelation is despised. Un-
der pretence that modern notions of God the
Creator are purer than those of the ancients,
the yoke of God the Redeemer is shalcen off.
We are going to employ the remaining part
of this discourse in justifying the proposition
of St. Paul in the sense that we have given it :
we are going to endeavour to prove, that re-
vealed religion has advantages infinitely su-
perior to natural religion : that the greatest
geniuses are incapable of discovering by their
own reason all the truths necessary to salva-
tion : and that it displays the goodness of
God, not to abandon us to tlie uncertainties
of our own wisdom, but to moke us the rich
present of revelation.
We will enter into this discussion by placing
on the one side, a philosopher, contemplating
the works of nature ; on the other, a disciple
of Jesus Christ, receiving the doctrines of re-
velation. To each we will give four subjects
to examine : the attributes of God ; the na-
ture of man ; the means of appeasing the re-
morse of conscience ; and a future state.
From their judgments on each of these sub-
jects, evidence will arise of the superior worth
of that revelation, which some minute philo-
sophers affect to despise, and above which
they prefer that rough draught which they
sketch out by their own learned specula-
tions.
I. Let us consider a disciple of natural re-
ligion, and a disciple of revealed religion j
meditating on the attributes of God. When
the disciple of natural religion considers the
symmetry of this universe ; when he ob-
serves that admirable uniformity, which ap-
pears in the succession of seasons, and in the
constant rotation of night and day ; when he
remarks the exact motions of the heavenly
bodies; the flux and reflux of the sea, so
ordered that billows, which swell into moun-
tains, and seem to threaten the world with a
universal deluge, break away on the shore,
and respect on the beach the command of
the Creator, who, said to the sea, ' Hitherto
shall thou come, but no farther ; and here
shall thy proud waves bo stayed,' Job xxxviii.
11 ; when he attends to all these marvellous
works, he will readily conclude, that the
Author of nature is a being powerful and
wise. But when he observes, winds, tem-
pests and earthquakes, which seem to threaten
the reduction of nature to its primitive chaos ;
when he sees the sea overflow its banks, and
bnrst the enormous moles, that the industry
of mankind had raised ; his speculations will
be perplexed, he will imagine he sees charac-
ters of imperfection among so many proofs of
creative perfection and power.
When he thinlisthat God, having enriched
the habitable world with innumerable pro-
ductions of infinite worth to the inhabitant,
has placed man here as a sovereign in a su-
perb palace ; when he considers how admira-
bly God has proportioned the divers parts of
the creation to the construction of the human
body, the air to the lungs, aliments to the
different humours of the body, the medium
by which objects are rendered visible to the
eyes, that by which sounds are commnnicat-
ed to the ears ; when he remarks how God
has connected man with his own species, and
not with animals of another kind ; how he
has distributed talents, so that some requir-
ing the assistance of others, all should be
mutually united together; how he has bound
men together by visible tie.s, so that one can-
not see another in pain without a sympathy
that inclines him to relieve him : when the
disciple of natural religion meditates on
these grand subjects, he concludes that th»
Author of nature is a beneficent being. But
when he sees the innumerable miseries to
which men are subject ; when he finds that
every creature which contributes to support,
contributes at tlie snme time to destroy ue ;
S28
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
[Ser. XX1\
when he tliinks that the air, which assists
respiration, conveys epidemical diseases, and
imperceptible poisons ; that aliments which
nourish us are often our bane ; that the ani-
mals that serve us often turn savage against
us ; when he observes the perfidiousness of
society, the mutual industry of mankind in
tormenting each other ; the arts which they
invent to deprive one another of life ; when
he attempts to reckon up the innumerable
maladies that consume us ; when he considers
death, which bows the loftiest heads, dissolves
the firmest cements, and subverts the best
founded fortunes : when he makes these re-
flections, he will be apt to doubt, whether it
be goodness, or the contrary attribute, that
inclines the Author of our being to give us
existence. When the disciple of natural reli-
gion reads those reverses of fortune of which
history furnishes a great many examples ;
when he sees tyrants fall from a pinnacle of
grandeur ; wicked men often punished by
their own wickedness ; the avaricious pun-
ished by the objects of their avarice ; the am-
bitious by those of their ambition ; the volup-
tuous by those of their voluptuousness ; when
he perceives that the laws of virtue are so
essential to public happiness, that without
them society would become a banditti, at
least, that society is more or less happy or
miserable, according to its looser or closer at-
tachment to virtue ; when he considers all
these cases, he will probably conclude, that
the Author of this universe is a just and holy
Being. But, when he sees tyranny establish-
ed, vice enthroned, humility in confusion,
prids wearing a crown, and love to holiness
sometimes exposinj^' people to many and in-
tolerable calamities ; he will not be able to
justify God, amidst the darkness in which his
equity is involved in the government of the
world.
But, of all these mysteries, can one be pro-
posed which the gospel does not unfold ; or,
at least, is there one on which it does not
give us some principles which are sufficient
to conciliate it with the perfections of the
Creator, how opposite soever it may seem ?
Do the disorders of the world puzzle the
disciple of natural religion, and produce
difficulties in his mind ? With the principles
of the gospel I can solve tliem all. When it
is remembered, that this world has been de-
filed by the sin of man, and that he is there-
fore an object of divine displeasure ; when
the principle is admitted, that the world is
not now what it was when it came out of
the hands of God ; and that, in comparison
with its pristine state, it is only a heap of
Tuins.the truly magnificent, but actually ruin-
ous heap of an edifice of incomparable beau-
ty, the rubbish of which is far more proper
to excite our grief for the loss of its pri-
initive grandeur, than to suit our present
wants. Wlicn these reflections are made,
can wo find any objections, in the disorders of
the world, against the wisdom of our Creator .'
Are the miseries of man, and is the fatal
necessity of deatli, in contemplation .'' With
the principles of the gospel I solve the diffi-
culties which these sad objects produce in the
mind of the disciple of natural religion. If
'he principk's of Christianity be admitted,
if we allow that the afflictions of good men
are profitable to them, and that, in many
cases, prosperity would be fatal to them : if
we grant, that the present is a transitory
state, and that this momentary life will be
succeeded by an immortal state ; if we recol-
lect the many similar truths which the gospel
abundantly declares ; can we find, inhuman
miseries, and in the necessity of dying, objec-
tions against the goodness of the Creator ?
Do tlie prosperities of bad men, and tho
adversities of the good, confuse ovir ideas
of God .■' With the principles of the gospel
I can remove all the difficulties which these
different conditions produce in the mind of
the disciple of natural religion. If the prin-
ciples of the gospel be admitted, if we be
persuaded that the tyrant, whose prosperity
astonishes us, fulfils the counsel of God ; if
ecclesiastical history assures us that Herode
and Pilates themselves contributed to the es-
tablishment of that very Christianity wliich
they meant to destroy ; especially, if we ad-
mit a state of future rewards and punish-
ments ; can the obscurity in which Provi-
dence has been pleased to wrap up some of
its designs, raise doubts about the justice of
the Creator .'
In regard then to the first object of contem-
plation, the perfection of the nature of God,
revealed religion is infinitely superior to
natural religion ; the disciple of the first
religion is infinitely wiser than the pupil of
the last.
II. Let us consider these two disciples exr
amining the nature of man and endeavour-
ing to know themselves. The disciple of na-
tural religion cannot know mankind : lie can-
not perfectly understand the nature, the obli-
gations, the duration of man.
1. The disciple of natural religion can on-
ly imperfectly know the nature of man, the
difference of the two substances of vi'hich he
is composed. His reason, indeed, may spe-
culate the matter, and he may perceive that
there is no relation between motion and
thought, between the dissolution of a few
fibres and violent sensations, of pain, between J
an agitation of humours and profound re- J
flections ; he may infer from two different ef- '
fects, that there ought to be two different
causes, a cause of motion, and a cause of
sensation, a cause of ag'itating humours, and
a cause of reflecting, that there is a body,
and that there is a spirit.
But, in my opinion, those philosophers,
who are best acquainted with the nature of
man, cannot account for two difficulties,
that are proposed to them, when, on the
mere principles of reason, they affirm, that
man is composed of the two substances of
matter and mind. I ask, first, Do you so
well understand matter, are your ideas of it
so complete, that you can affirm, for certain,
it is capable of nothing more than this, or
that .' Are you sure it implies a contradic-
tion to affirm, it has one property which ha«
escaped your observation ? and, consequently.,
can you actually demonstrate, that the es-
sence of matter is incompatible with thoughf
Since, when j'ou cannr)t discover the unioit
of an attribute with a subject, you instantly
conclude, tliat two attributes, which seem t^
Seb. XXIV.]
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
229
you to have no relation, suppose two different
subjects : and, since you conclude, that ex-
tention and thought compose two different
subjects, body and soul, because you can dis-
cover no natural relation between extent and
thought : if I discover a tiiird artribute,
whicn appears to me entirely unconnected
with both extent and thought, I shall have
a right, in my turn, to admit three subjects
in man ; matter, which is the subject of ex-
tent : mind, which is the subject of thought ;
and a third subject, which belongs to the at-
tribute that seems to me to have no relation
to either matter or mind. Now I do know
such an attribute ; but I do not know to
which of your two subjects I ought to refer
it : 1 mean sensation. I find it in my nature,
and I experience it every hour ; but I am
altogether at a loss whether I ought to attri-
bute it to body or to spirit. 1 perceive no
more natural and necessary relation between
sensation and motion, than between sensa-
tion and thought. There are, then, on your
principle, three substances in man : one
the substratutn, which is the subject of ex-
tension ; another, which is the subject of
thought; and a third, which is the subject
of sensation: or rather, I suspect there is
only one substance in man, which is known
to me very imperfectly, to which all these
attributes belong, and which are united to-
gether, although I am not able to discover
their relation.
Revealed religion removes these difficul-
ties, and decides the question. It tells us
that there are two beings in man, and, if I
may express myself so, two different men,
the material man, and the immaterial man.
The Scriptures speak on these principles
thus : ' The dust shall return to the earth as
it was ;' this is the material man : ' The spir-
it shall return to God who gave it,' Eccl.
xii. 7 ; this is the immaterial man. ' Fear
not them_-which kill the body,' that is to say,
the material man : ' fear him which is able
to destroy the soul,' Matt. x. 28, that is the
immaterial man. ' We are willing to be ab-
sent from the body,' that is, from the material
man ; and to be present with the Lord,' 2
Cor. v. 8, that is to say, to have the immate-
rial man disembodied. ' They stoned Stephen,'
that is, the material man : ' calling upon God,
and saying. Lord Jesus, receive my spirit,'
Acts vii. 59, that is to say, receive the imma-
terial man.
9. The disciple of natural religion can ob-
tain only an imperfect knowledge of the obli-
gations, or duties of man. Natural religion
may indeed conduct him to a certain point,
and tell him that he ought to love his bene-
factor, and various similar maxims. But is
natural rehgion, think you, sufficient to ac-
count for that contrariety, of which every man
is conscious, that opposition between inclina-
tion and obligation .'' A very solid argument,
I grant, in favour of moral rectitude, arises
from observing, that to whatever degree a
man may carry his sin, whatever efforts he
may make to eradicate those seeds of virtue
from his heart which nature has sown there,
he cannot forbear venerating virtue, and re-
coiling at vice. This is certainly a proof that
3 G
the Author of our being meant to forbid vice,
and to enjoin virtue. But is there no room for
complaint .'' Is there nothing specious in the
following objections.' As, in spite of all my
endeavours to destroy virtuous disj)ositions, 1
cannot help respecting virtue; you infer, that
the Author of my being intended I should be
virtuous: so, as in spite of all my endeavourd
to eradicate vice, I cannot help loving vice,
have I not reason for inferring, in my turn,
that the Author of my being designed I
should be vicious ; or, at least, that he can-
not justl}- impute guilt to me i'or performing
those actions which proceed from some prin-
ciples that were born with me .' Is there no
show of reason in this famous sophism .-' Re-
concile the God of nature with the God of
religion. Explain how the God of religion
can forbid what the God of nature inspires ;
and how he who follows those dictates, which
the God of nature inspires, can be punished
for so doing by the God of religion.
The gospel unfolds this mystery. It attri-
butes this seed of corruption to the depravity
of nature. It attributes the respect we feel
for virtue to the remains of the image of God
in which we were formed, and which can
never be entirely effaced. Because we were
born in sin, the gospel concludes that we
ought to apply all our attentive endeavours
to crai icate the seeds of corruption. And,
because the imyge of the Creator is partly
erased from our hearts, the gospel conclude.'^
that we ought to give ourselves wholly to the
retracing of it, and so to answer the excel-
lence of our extraction.
3. A disciple of natural religion can obtain
only an imperfect knowledge of the duratioit
of man, whether his soul be immortal, or
whether it be involved in tlie ruin of matter.
Reason, I allow, advances some solid aro-u-
ments in proof of the doctrine of the imnior-
tality of the soul. For what necessity is
there for supposing that the soul, which' is a
spiritual, indivisible, and immaterial being,
that constitutes a whole, and is a distinct
being, although united to a portion of matter,
should cease to exist when its union with the
body is dissolved .'' A positive act of the Cre-
ator is necessary to the annihilation of a sub-
stance. The annihilating of a being that
subsists, requires an act of power similar to
that which gave it existence at first. Now,
far from having any ground to believe that
God will cause his power to intervene to an-
nihilate our souls, every thing that we know
persuades us, that he himself has enncraveji
characters of immortality on them, and that
he will preserve them for ever. Enter into
thy heart, frail creature ! see, feel, consider
those grand ideas, those immortal designs,
that thirst for existing, whicli a thousand
ages cannot quench, and in these lines and
points behold the finger of the Creator writ-
ing a promise of immortality to thee. But,
how solid soever these arguments may bo,
however evident in themselves, and striking
to a philosopher, they are objectionable, be-
cause they are not popular, but above vulgar
minds, to whom the bare terms, spirituality
and existence, are entirely barbarous, and
convey no meaning at all.
230
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
[Ser. XXIV.
Mo?oover, tbc union between the operiitions
of the soul, and those of the body, is so close,
that all the philosophers in the world cannot
certainly determine, whether the operations
of the body ceasing, the operations of the
soul do not cease with them. I see a body
in perfect health, the mind therefore is sound.
The same body is disordered, and the mind is
disconcerted with it. The brain is filled, and
the soul is instantly confused. The brisker
the circulation of the blood is, the quicker the
ideas of the mind are, and the more extensive
itp knowledge. At length death comes, and
diBsolves all the parts of the body ; and how
difficult is it to persuade one's self that the ]
soul, which WIS affected with every former
motion of the body, will not be dissipated by
its entire dissolution !
Are they the vulgar only to whom the phi-
losophical arguments of the inmiortality of
the soul appear deficient in evidence .'' Do i
not superior geniuses require, at least an ex- |
planation of what rank you assign to beasts, ]
on the principle that nothing capable of ideas I
and conceptions can be involved in a dissolu- I
tion of matter .' Nobody would venture to af- i
firm now, in an assembly of philosophers, :
what was some time ago maintained with ;
great warmth, that beasts are mere self-mov- !
ing machines. Experience seems to demon-
strate the falsity of the metaphysical reason-
ings which have been proposed in favour of
this opinion ; and we cannot observe the ac-
tions of beasts without being inclined to infer
one of these tvsro consequences : either the
spirit of man is mortal, like his body, or the
souls of beasts are immortal like those of
mankind.
Revelation dissipates all our obscurities,
and teaches us clearly, and without any niay-
ibe, that God wills our immortality. It carries
our thoughts forward to a future state, as to a
fixed period, whither the greatest part of the
promises of God tend. It commands us, in-
deed, to consider all the blessings of this life,
the aliments that nourish us, the rays which
enlighten us, the air we breathe, sceptres,
crowns, and kingdoms, as effects of the liber-
ality of God, and as grounds of our gratitude.
But, at the same time, it requires us to sur-
mount the most magnificent earthly objects.
It commands us to consider light, air, and
aliments, crowns, sceptres and kingdoms, as
unfit to constitute the felicity of a soul crea-
ted in the image of the blessed God, 1 Tim.
i. 11, and with whom the blessed God has
formed a close and intimate union. It assures
us, that an age of life cannrt fill the wish of
duration, v-hich it is the noble prerogative of
an immortal soul to form. It does not
ground the doctrine of immortality on meta-
physical speculations, nor on complex argu-
ments, uninvestigable by the greatest part of
mankind, and which always leave some doubts
in the minds of the ablest philosophers. The
gospel grounds the doctrine on the only
principle that can support the weioht with
which it is encumbered. The principle which
1 mean is the will of the Creator, who hav-
ing created our souls at first by an act of his
will, can either eternally preserve them,
or absolutely annihilate them, whether they
he toaterial or spiritual, mortal or immortal;
by nature. Thus the disciple of revealed
religion does not float between doubt and as-
surance, hope and fear, as the disciple of na-
ture does. He is not obliged to leave the
most interesting question that poor mortals
can agitate undecided ; whether their souls
perish with their bodies, or survive theii*
ruins. He does not say, as Cyrus said to his
children : ' I know not how to persuade my-
self that the soul lives in this mortal body,
and ceases to be when the body expires, I am
more inclined to think, that it acquires afler
death more penetration and purity.'* He
does not say, as Socrates said to his judg-
es : ' And now we are going, I to suffer death,
and you to enjoy life. God only knows
which is best.'t He does not say, as Cicero
said, speaking on this important article : ' I
do not pretend to say, that what I affirm is as
infallible as the Pythian oracle, I speak only
by conjecture.']: The disciple of revelation,
authorized by the testimony of Jesus Christ,
who ' hath brought life and immortality to
light through tlie gospel,' 2 Tim. i. 10, boldly
affirms, 'Though our outward man perish,
yet the inward man is renewed day by day.
We, that are in this tabernacle, do groan, be-
ing burdened ; not for that we would be un-
clothed, but clothed upon, that mortality
might be swallowed up of life. I know whom
I have believed, and I am persuaded that he
is able to keep that which I have committed
to him, against that day,' 2 Cor. iv. 16 ; v. 4 ;
and 2 Tim. i. 12.
III. We are next to consider the disciple
of natural religion, and the disciple of reveal-
ed religion, at the tribunal of God as penitents
soliciting for pardon. The fonner cannot
find, even hy feeling after it, in natural reli-
gion, according to the language of St. Paul,
Acts xvii. 27, the grand mean of reconcilia-
tion, which God has given to the Church ; I
mean the sacrifice of the cross. Reason, in-
deed, discovers that man is guilty ; as the
confessions and acknowledgments which the
heathens made of their crimes prove. It dis-
cerns that a sinner deserves punishment, as the ,
remorse and fear with which their consciences I
were often excruciated, demonstrate. It '
presumes, indeed, that God will yield to the
entreaties of his creatures, as their prayers,
and temples, and altars testify. It even goes
so far as to perceive the necessity of.satisfy-
ing divine justice ; this their sacrifices, this
their burnt-offerings, this their human victims,
this tiie rivers of blood that flowed on their
altars, show.
But how likely soever all these speculations
may be, they form only a systematic body
without a head ; for no positive promise of
pardon from God himself belongs to them.
The mystery of the cross is entirely invisible ;
for only God could reveal that, because only
God could plan, and only he could execute
that profound relief How could human rea-
son, alone, and unassisted, have discovered
the mystery of redemption, when, alas ! afler
an infallible God had revealed it, reason is
absorbed in its depth, and needs all its submis-
sion to receive it as an article of faith .-'
* Xenophon. Cyrop.
t Platoii. Apol. Socrat ad fin.
i Ciceron. Tusc. QUKSt. lib. U
Seb. XXIV.]
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
23i
But, that which natural religion cannot at-
tain, revealed religion clearly discovers. Reve-
lation exhibits a God-man, dying lor the sins
of mankind, and setting grace before every
penitent sinner ; grace for all mankind. The
Bchools have often agitated the questions, and
sometimes very indiscreetly, Whether Jesus
Christ died for all mankind, or only for a
small number .•' Whether liis blood were shed
for all who hear the gospel, or for those only
who believe it ? We will not dispute these
points now; but we will venture to affirm,
that there is not an individual of all our hear-
ers, who has not a right to say to himself. If
I believe, I shall be saved ; I shall believe, if
I endeavour to believe. Consequently every
individual has a right to apply the benefits
of the death of Christ to himself. The gos-
pel reveals grace, which pardons the most
atrocious crimes, those that have tlie most
latal influences. Although you have denied
Christ with Peter, betrayed him with Judas,
persecuted him with Saul ; yet the blood of a
God-man is sufficient to obtain your pardon,
if you Jbe in the covenant of redemption :
Grace, which is accessible at all times, at
every instant of life. Wo be to you, my bre-
thren ; wo be to you, if abusing this reflec-
tion, you delay your return to God till the
last moments of your lives, when your re-
pentance will be difficult, not to say impracti-
cable and impossible I But it is always cer-
tain that God every instant opens the treas-
ures of his mercy, when sinners return to
him by sincere repentance; grace, capable of
terminating all the melancholy thoughts that
are produced by the fear of being abandoned
by God in the midst of our race, and of hav-
ing the work of salvation left imperfect ; for,
after he has given us a prese'nt so magnifi-
cent, what can he refuse ? ' He that spared
not his own Son, but delivered him up for
us all, how shall he not with him also freely
give us all things.'" Rom.v^'iii. 32. Grace,
so clearly revealed in our Scriptures, tjiatthe
most accurate reasoning, heresy the most ex-
travagant, and infidelity the most obstinate,
cannot enervate its declarations ; fsr the
death of Christ may be considered in difier-
ent views : it is a sufficient confirmation of
his doctrine ; it is a perfect pattern of pa-
tience ; it is the most magnanimous degree
of extraordinary excellences that can be im-
agined : but the gospel very seldom presents
it to us in any of these views, it leaves them
to our own perception ; but when it speaks
of his death, it usually speaks of it as an ex-
piatory sacrifice. Need we repeat here a
number of formal texts, and express deci-
sions, on this matter ? Tiianks be to God,
wc are preacliing to a Christian auditory,
who make the death of the Redeemer the
foundation of faith ! The gospel, then, as-
sures the penitent sinner of pardon. Zcno,
Epicurus, Pythagoras, Socrates, Porch,
Academy, Lycmum, what have you to offer
to your disciples equal to this promise of the
gospel .'
IV. But that which principally displays
the prerogatives of the Christian above those
of the philosopher is an all-sujjlcient provi-
sion against the fear of death. A compari-
son between a dying Pagan and a dying
Christian will show this. 1 consider a Pagan,
in his dying-bed, speaking to himself what
follows: ' On which side soever I consider
my state, I perceive nothing but trouble and
despair. If 1 observe the forerunners of
death, I see awful symptoms, violent sick-
ness and intolerable pain, which surround
my sick-bed, and are the first scenes of tho
bloody tragedy. As to the world, my dear-
est objects disappear ; my closest connexions
are dissolving ; my most specious titles are
effacing ; my noblest privileges are vanish-
ing away ; a dismal curtain falls between my
eyes and all the decorations of the universe.
In regard to my body, it is a mass without
motion or life ; my tongue is about to be
condemned to eternal silence ; my eyes to
perpetual darkness ; all the organs of my
body to entire dissolution ; and tlio misera-
ble remains of my carcass to lodge in the
grave, and to become food for worms. If I.
consider my soul, I scarcely know whether
it be immortal ; and could I demonstrate it>!
natural immortality, I should not bo able to
say, whether my Creator would display hi«
attributes in preserving, or in destroying it ;
wJiether my wishes for immortality be tho
dictates of nature, or the language of sin.
If I consider ray past life. I have a witnes.s
within me, attesting that my practice has
been less than my knowledge, how small so-
ever the latter has been ; and that the abun-
dant depravity of my lieart has thickened
the darkness of my mind. If I consider fii-
turiity, I think I discover, through many
tliick clouds, a future state ; my reason sug-
gests that the Author of nature has not giv-
en me a soul so sublime in thought, and so
expansive in desire, merely to move in this
little orb for a moment : but this is nothing
but conjecture ; and if there be another eco-
nomy after this, should I be less misei'able
than I am here ? One moment I hope for
annihilation, the next I s.hudder with the fear
of being amiihilatcd ; my thoughts and de-
sires are at war with each otlier ; they rise,
they resist, thej' destroy one another.' Such
is the cl3'ing heathen. If a few examples of
those who have died otherwise be adduced,
they ought not to be urged in evidence
against what wo have advanced ; for they
are rare, and very probably deceptive, their
outward tranquillity being only a conceal-
ment of trouble within. Trouble is the
greater for confinement within, and for au
affected appearance without. As we ought
not to believe that philosophy has rendered
m.cn insensible of pain, because some philo-
sopliers have inaintaincd that pain is no evil,
and have seemed to triumph over it; so nei-
ther ought we to believe that it has disarmed
death in regard to the disciples of natural
religion, because some have afiirmed that
death is not an object of fear. After all, if
some Pagans enjoyed a real tranquillity at
death, it was a groundless tranquillity to
which reason contributed notliing at all.
O ! how differently do Christians die !
How does revealed religion triumph over the
religion of nature in this respect! May eacli
of our hearers be a new evidence of this ar-
232
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
[Sbb. XXIV.
tide ! The whole that troubles an expiring
heathen, revives a Christian in his dying
bed. ^ "
Thus speaks the dying Christian : ' When
I consider the awlul s)'mptoins of deatii, and
the violent ag-onies of dissolving nature, they
a[)pear to me as medical preparations, slir.rp
but salutary ; they are necessyry to detach
me from life, and to separate the remains of
inward depravity from me. Besides, I shall
not be abandoned to my own frailty ; but my
patience and constancy will be proportional
to my sufferings; and tnat poweffu' arm
v/hich has su'opt.ited mc tlirougl; life, will
uphold me under the pres.'<ure ol ueaih. If I
consider uiy rns, many as ihey are, I am in-
vulneinble ; ior I go to a tribunal of mercy,
wliere God is reconciled, and justice is satis-
fied. If I consider my body, I perceive I am
putting off a mean and corriiptibic bab:t, and
putting on robes of glory. Full, fall, ye im-
perfect senses, ye frail organs; fall, house
of clay, into your original dust ; you will be
' sown in corruption, but raised in incorrup-
lion ; sown in dishonour, but raised in glory;
sown in weakness, but raised in power,' 1
Cor. XV. 42. If I consider my soul, it is
passinjr, I see, from slavery to freedom. I
shall carry with me that wfiich thinks and re-
jlects. I shall carry with me the delicacy of
taste, the harmony of sounds, the beauty ol
colours, the fragrance of odoriferous smells. I
shall surmount heaven and earth, nature and
all terrestrial things, and my ideos of all
their beauties will multiply and expand. If
I consider the future economy to which I go,
I have, I own, very inadequate notions of it;
but my incapacity is the ground of my expec-
tation. Could I perfectly comprehend it, it
would argue its resemblance to some of the
present objects of my senses, or its minute
proportion to the present operations of my
mind. If worldly dignities and grandeurs,
if accumulateil treasures, if the enjoyments
of the most refined voluptuousness were to
represent to me celestial felicity, I should
suppose that, partaking of their nature they
partook of their vanity. But, if nothing
can here represent the future state, it is be-
cause that state surpasses every other. My
ardour is increased by my imperfect know-
ledge of it. My knowledge and virtue, I am
certain, will be perfected ; I know I shall
comprehend truth, and obey order ; I know
I shall be free from .ill evils, and in posses-
sion of all good ; I shall be present with God,
I know, and with all the happy sj)irits who
surround his throne ; and this perfect state,
I nm sure, will continue for ever and ever.'
Such are the all-suihcient supports which
revealed religion affords against the fear of
death. Such are the meditations of a dying
Christian ; not of one whose whole Christi-
anity consists of dry speculations, which
have no influence over his practice ; but of
one who applies his knowledge to relieve
the real wants of his life.
Christianity then, we have seen, is supe-
rior to natural religion, in these four re-
spects. To these we will add a few more
reflections in farther evidence of the superi-
ority of revealed religion to the religion of j
nature. 1
1. The ideas of the ancient philosophesr
concerning natural religion were iiot collect-
ed into a body of doctrine. One philosopher
had one idea, another studious man had ano-
ther idea ; ideas of truth and virtue, there-
fore, lay dispersed. Who does not see the
pre-eminence of revelation on this article .'
No human capacity either has been, or would
ever have been, equal to the noble concep-
tion of a perfect body of truth. There is
no genius so narrovv^ as not to be capable of
pi'oposing some clesr truth, some excellent
maxim : but to lay down principles, and to
perceive at once a chain of consequences,
these are the efforts of great geniuses ; this
capability is philosophical perfection. If this
axiom be incontestable, what a fountain of
wisdom does the system of Christianity ar-
gue '^ It presents us, in one lovely body of
perfect symmciry,all the ideas we have enu-
merated. One idea supposes another idea;
and the whole is united in a manner so com-
pact, that it is impossible to alter one parti-
cle without defacing the beauty of all.
2. Pagan pliilosopkers never had a. system
of vntiiral religion coniparable with that of
modern pkilu-'iophers, although the latter
glory in their contempt of revelation. Mo-
dern philosophers have derived the clearest
and be :t iiarts of their systems from the very
revelation which tliey affect to despise. We
grant, the doctrines of the perfections of
God, of providence, and of a future state,
are perfectly conformable to the light of rea-
son. A man who should pursue rational
tracks of knowledge to his utmost power,
would discover, we own, all these doctrines :
but it is one thing to grant that these doc-
trines are conformable to reason, and it is
another to affirm that reason actually discov-
ered them. It is one thing to allow, that a
man, who should pursue rational tracks of
knowledge to his utmost power, would dis-
cover all these doctrines ; and it is another
to pretend, that any man has pursued these
tracks to the utmost, and has actually dis-
covered them. It was the gospel that taught
mankind the use of their reason. It was the
gospel tliat assisted men to form a body of
natural religion. Modern philosophers avail
themselves of these aids ; they form a body
of natural religion by the light of the gos-
pel, and then they attribute to their own
penetration what they derive from foreign
aid.
3. WhaA. was most rational in the natural
religion of the Pagan philosophers teas mix-
ed with fancies and dreams. There was not
a single philosopher who did not ndopt some
absurdity, and communicate it to his disci-
ples. One taught that every being was ani-
mated with a particular soul, and on this ab-
surd hypothesis he pretended to account for
the phenomena of nature. Another took
every star for a god, and thought the soul a
vapour, that passed firom one body to another,
expiating in the body of a beast the sins that
were committed in that of a man. One at-
tributed the creation of the world to a blind
chance, and the government of all events in
it to an inviolable fate. Another affirmed
the eternity of the world, and said, there
was no period in eternity in which heaven
Seh. XXIV.]
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
233
and earth, nature and elements were not vi- i
sible. One said every thing is uncertain; i
we are not sure of our own existence ; the
distinction between just and unjust, virtue |
and vice, is fanciful, and has no real founda- |
tion in the nature of things. Another made '
matter equal to God ; and maintained, that i
it concurred with the Supreme Being in the [
formation of the universe. One took the i
world for a prodigious body, of which he j
thought God was the soul. Another affirm-
ed the materiality of the soul, and attributed |
to matter the faculties of thinking and rea- j
soning. Some denied tjie immortality of the
soul, and the intervention of Providence ;
and pretended that an infinite number of
particles of matter, indivisible, and indes- ;
tructible revolved in the universe ; that !
from their fortuitous concourse arose the j
present world ; that in all this there was ■
no design : that the feet were not formed ,
for walking, the eyes for seeing, nor the
hands for handling. On the contrary, the |
gospel is light without darkness. It has no-
t' ing mean ; nothing false ; nothing that
does not bear the characters of that wisdom
from which it proceeds.
4. What teas pure in the natural religion
of the heathens was not known, nor could
be knovm to any bvt philosophers. The
common people were incapable of that pene-
tration and labour, which the investigating
of truth, and the distinguishing of it from
that falsehood, in which passion and preju-
dice had enveloped it, required. A medi-
ocrity of genius, I allow, is sufficient for the
purpose of inferring a part of those conse-
quences from the works of nature, of which
we form the body of natural religion ; but
none but geniuses of the first order are ca-
pable of kenning those distant consequences
which are enfolded in darkness. The bulk
of mankind wanted a short way proportional
to every mind. They wanted an authority
the infallibility of which all mankind might
easily see. They wanted a revelation found-
ed on evidence plain and obvious to all the
world. Philosophers could not show the
world such a short way, but revelation has
shown it. No philosoplier could assume the
authority necessary to establish such a wa}' :
it became God alone to dictate in such a
mamier, and in revelation he has done it.
Here we would finish this discourse ; but,
as the subject is liable to abuse, we think it
necessary to guard you against two common
abuses : and as the doctrine is reducible to
practice, v/e will add two general reflections
on the whole to direct your conduct.
1. Some, who acknowledge the superior
excellence of revealed religion to the religion
of nature, cast an odious contempt on the
pains that arc taken to cultivate reason, and
to improve the mind. They think the way
to obtain a sound system of divinity is to
neglect an exact method of reasoning ; with
them to be a bad philosopher is the ready
way to become a good Christian ; and to cul-
tivate reason is to render the design of re-
ligion abortive. Nothing can be more fo-
reign from the intention of St. Paul, and the
design of this discourse, than such an absurd
consequence. Nothing would so eifectually
depreciate the gospel, and betray the cause
into the hands of atheists and infidels. On
the contrary, an exact habit of reasoning is
essential to a sound system of divinity ; rea-
son must be cultivated if we would under-
stand the excellent characters of religion ;
the better the philosopher, the more disposed
to become a good Christian. Do not deceive
yourselves, my brethren; without rational
knowledge, and accurate judgment, the full
evidence of the arguments that establish the
doctrine of the existence of God can never
be perceived ; at least the doctrine can never
be properly defended. Without the exercise
of reason, and accuracy of judgment, we
can never perceive clearly the evidence of
the proofs on which we ground the divinity
of revelation, and the authenticity of the
books that contain it ; at least, we can ne-
ver answer all the objections which libertin-
ism opposes against this important subject.
Without rational and accurate knowledge,
the true meaning of revektion can never be
understood. Without exercising reason, and
accuracy of judgment, we cannot distinguish
which of all the various sects of Christian-
ity has taken the law of Jesus Christ for its
rule, his oracles for its guide, his decisions for
infallible decrees ; at least we shall find it
extremely difficult to escape those dangers
which heresy will throw across our path at
every step, and to avoid those lurking holes
in which the most absurd sectaries lodge.
Without the aid of reason, and accuracy of
thought, we cannot understand the pre-em-
inence of Christianity over natural religion.
The mare a man cultivates his reason, the
more he feels the imperfection of his reason.
The more accuracy of judgment a man ac-
quires, the more fully will he perceive his
need of a supernatural revelation to supply
the defect of his discoveries, and to render
his knowledge complete.
2. The pre-eminence of revelation inspires
some with a cruel divinity,: who persuade
themselves, that all whom they think have
not been favoured with revelation, are ex-
cluded from salvation, and doomed to ever-
lasting flames. The famous question of the
destiny of those who seem to us not to have
known any tiling but natural religion, we
ought carefully to divide into two questions j
a question of fact, and a question of right.
The question of right is, whether a heathen,
considered as a heathen, and on supposition
of his having no other knowledge than that
of nature, could be saved .^ The question of
fact is, whether God, through the same mer-
cy, which inclined him to reveal himself
to us in the clearest manner, did not give to
some of the heathens a knowledge superior to
that of natural religion.
What we have already heard is sufficient
to determine the question of right : for, if
the notion we have given of natural religion,
be just, it is sufficient to prove, that it is in-
capable of conducting mankind to salvation.
' This is life eternal, to know the only
true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast
sent,' John xvii. 3. ' There is no other name
under heaven given among men whereby we
must be saved,' Acts iv. 13. The disciples
of natural religion had no hope and ' were
'234
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
[Ser. XXIV
without God in the world,' Eph. ii 12. A
latitudinarian theology in vain opposes these
decisions, by alleging some passages of Scrip-
ture which seem to favour the opposite
opinion. In vain is it urged, that ' God
never left himself without witness, in doing
the heathens good;' for it is one thing to re-
ceive of God ' rain from heaven, and fruitful
seasons,' Acts xiv. 17 (and the apostle speaks
of these blessings only) : and it is another
thing to participate an illuminating faith, a
sanctifying spirit, a saving hope. In vain is
that quoted, which our apostle said in his dis-
course in the Areopagus, that ' God hath de-
termined,— that the heathens should seek the
Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and
find him,' chap. xvii. 27 : for it is one thing
to find God, as him who ' giveth life and
breath to all mankind, as him who hath made
of one blood all nations of men, as him in
whom we live, and move and have our being ;
as him whom gold, or silver, or stone cannot
represent,' ver. 25. 28, 29 ; and another thing
to find him as a propitious parent ; opening
the treasures of his mercy, and bestowing on
ns his Son. It is to no purpose to allege that
the heathens are said to have been icithout
excuse : for it is one thing to be inexcusable
for ' changing the glory of the incorruptible
God into an image made like to corruptible
man, and to birds, and four-footed beasts, and
creeping things,' Rom. i. 20 ; for giving them-
selves up to those excesses which the holiness
of this place forbids me to name, and which '
the apostle depicts in the most odious colours ;
and it is another thing to be inexcusable for
rejecting an economy that reveals every thing
necessary to salvation. There is no difficulty,
then, in the question of right. The disciple
of natural religion, considered as such, could
2iot be saved. Natural religion was insuffi- ,
cient to conduct men to salvation. j
But the question of fact, (whether God
gave any pagan knowledge superior to that
of natural religion .'') ought to be treated
with the utmost caution.
We will not say, with some divines, that '
1 he heathens were saved by an implicit faith
in Jesus Christ. By implicit faith, they ;
mean, a disposition in a wise heathen to have ■
believed in Jesus Christ, Had Jesus Christ
heen revealed to him. We will not affirm,
with Clement of Alexandria, that philosophy
was that to the Greeks which the law was to
the Jews, a ' schoolmaster, to bring men
unto Christ,'^ Gal. iii. 24. We will not af-
firm, with St. Chrysostom, that they who,
despising idolatry, adored the Creator be-
fore the coming of Christ, were saved with-
out faith. t We will not, like one of the re-
formers, in a letter to Francis I. king of
France, place Theseus, Hercules, Numa,
Aristides, Cato,and the ancestors of the king,
Avith the patriarchs, the Virgin Mary, and the
apostles ; acting less in the character of a
minister, whose office it is to ' declare all the
counsel of God,' Acts xx. 27, than in that of
an author, whose aim it is to flatter the vanity
of man.t Less still, do wo think we have a
* Strom, lib. i. p. aK. Edit. Par. vi. 499.
f Horn, ixvii. St. Math.
\ S'ee ail Epistle of Zuinglius, at the beginning of
his Exposition of the Christian Faith.
right to say, with St. Augustine, that the
Erythrean Sybil is in heaven.* Some, who
now quote St. Chrysostom, St. Clement, and
St. Augustine, with great veneration, would
anathem.atize any contemporary who should
advance the same propositions which these
fathers advanced. But after all, who dares
to ' limit the Holy One of Israel .'' Ps.lxxviii.
41. Who dares to affirm, that God could not
reveal himself to a heathen on his death-bed?
Who will venture to say, he has never done
so .'' Let us renounce our inclination to damn
mankind. Let us reject that theology which
derives its glory from its cruelty. Let us en-
tertain sentiments more charitable than those
of some divines, who cannot conceive they
shall be happy in heaven, unless they know
that thousands are miserable in hell. This
is the second abuse which we wisli to pre-
vent.
But although we ought not to despair of
the salvation of those who were not born un-
der the economy of grace as we are, we
ought however (and this is the first use of
our subject to which we exhort you,) we
ought to value this economy very highly, to
attach ourselves to it inviolably, and to de-
rive from it all the succour, and all the know-
ledge, that we cannot procure by our own
speculations. Especially, we ought to seek
in this economy for remedies for the disor-
ders which sin has caused in our souls. It is
a common distemper in this age, to frame
arbitrary systems of religion, and to seek
divine mercy where it is not to be found.
The wise Christian derives his system from
the gospel only. Natural reason is a very
dangerous guarantee of our destiny. Nothing
is more fluctuating and precarious than the
salvation of mankind, if it have no better as-
surance than a few metaphysical speculations
on the goodness of the Supreme Being. Our
notions of God, indeed, include love. The
productions of nature, and the conduct of
Providence, concur, I grant, in assuring us,
that God loves to bestow benedictions on his
creatures. But the attributes of God are
fathomless ; boundless oceans, in which we
are as often lost as we have the presumption
to attempt to traverse them without a pilot.
Nature and Providence are both labyrinths,
in which our frail reason is quickly bewilder-
ed, and finally entangled. The idea of jus-
tice enters no less into a notion of the Su-
preme Being than that of mercy. And, say
what we will, that we are guilty creatures
will not admit of a doubt ; for conscience
itself, our own conscience, pronounces a sen-
tence of condemnation on us, however prone
we may be to flatter and favour ourselves.
God condescends to terminate the doubts
which these various speculations produce in
our minds. In his word of revelation he as-
sures us that he is merciful ; and he informs
us on what we may found our hopes of shaa'-
ing his mercy, on the covenant he has made
with us in the gospel. Wo be to us if, by
criminally refusing to ' bring every thought
to the obedience of Christ,' 2 Cor x. 5, we
forsake these ' fountains of hving waters,'
which he opens to us in religion, and persist
in ' hewing out broken cisterns of speculations
* City of God lib. .xviii. c.23.
Seb. XXIV.]
THE ADVANTAGES OF REVELATION.
^3o
and systems!' Jer. ii. 13. The sacred books,
which are in our hands, and which contain
the substance of the sermons of insjlired men,
show us these ' fountains of living waters.'
They attest, in a manner the most clear, and
level to the smallest attention of the lowest
capacity, that Jesus Christ alone has recon-
ciled us to God ; that ' God hath set him
forth to be a propitiation, through faith in his
blood ; that God called him to be a high
priest, that he might become the author of
eternal salvation unto all them that come
vmto God by him,' Rom. iii. 25 ; Heb. v. 9. 10;
and chap. vii. 25. Let us go then unto God
'by him,' and bv him only: and, let me re-
peat it again. Wo be to us, if we determine
to go to God by our own speculations and
systems.
But the principal use we ought to make of
the text, and of this sermon, is truly and
thoroughly to acknowledge that superiority
of virtue and holiness, to which the superi-
ority of revealed religion engages us. A
mortifying, but a salutary reflection ! What
account can we give of the light that shines
iu the gospel with so much splendour, and
which distinguishes us from the heathens,
whose blindness we deplore .' When we
place the two economies opposite to each
other, and contemplate both, a cloud of re-
flections arise, and our prerogatives present
themselves from every part. The clearest
light shines around us. Light into the attri-
butes of God ; light into the nature, the obli-
gations, the duration of man ; light into the
grand method of reconciliation, which God
has presented to the church ; light into the
certainty of a future state. But when we
oppose disciple to disciple, virtue to virtue,
we hardly find any room for comparison.
Except here and there an elect soul ; here
and there one lost in the crowd, can you see
any great difference between the Christian
and the pagan world .'
What shame would cover us, were we to
contrast Holland with Greece, the cities in
these provinces with the city of Corinth !
Corinth was the metropolis of Greece.
There commerce prospered, and attracted
immense riches from all parts of the universe,
and along with wealth, pride, imperiousness,
and debauchery, which almost inevitably
follow a prosperous trade. Thither went
some of the natives of other countries, and
carried with them their passions and their
vices. There immorality was enthroned
There, according to Strabo,* was a temple
dedicated to the immodest Venus. There
the palace of dissoluteness was erected, the
ruins of which are yet to be seen by travel-
lers ; that infamous palace, in which a thou-
sand prostitutes were maintained. There
the abominable Lais held her court, and ex-
acted six talents of every one who fell a prey
to her deceptions. There impurity was be-
* Geog. lib. viii. p. 378. Edit. Far. 1620-
come so notorious, that a Corinthian waa
synonymous to a prostitute ; and the pro-
verb, ' to live like a Corinthian,' was as much
as to say, ' to live a life of debauchery.'* Ye
provinces ! in which we dwell. Ye cities !
in which we preach. O, Laisi Lais! who atten-
dest our sermons so often,
I spare you. But how could we run the pa-
rallel between Holland and Gieece, between
these cities and that of Corinth ?
Moreover, were we to compare success
with success, the docility of our disciples
with the docility of those disciples to whom
the pagan philosophers, who lived in those
days of darkness, preached, how much to our
disadvantage would the comparison be .' Py-
thagoras would say, when I taught philosophy
at Crotona. I persuaded the lascivious to re-
nounce luxury, the drunkard to abstain from
wine, and even the most gay ladies to sacri-
fice their rich and fashionable garments to
modesty .+ When I was in Italy, I re-estab-
lished liberty and civil government, and by
one discourse reclaimed two thousand men ;
I prevailed with them to subdue the sugges-
tions of avarice, and the emotions of pride,
and to love meditation,retirement and silence.
I did more with my philosophy than you do
with that morality, of which you make such
magnificent display. Hegesias would say, I
threw all Greece into an uproar : what I said
on the vanity of life, on the insipid nature of
its pleasures, the vanity of its promises, the
bitterness of its calamities, had an effect so
great, that some destroyed themselves, others
would have followed their example, and I
should have depopulated whole cities, had
not Ptolemy silenced me.| My discourses
detached men from the world more effectual-
ly than yours, although you preach the doc-
trines of a future life, of paradise, and of
eternity. Zeno would tell us, I influenced
my disciples to contemn pain, to despise a
tyrant, and to trample on punishment. I did
more towards elevating man above humanity
with that philosophy, of which you have
such unfavourable ideas, than you do M'ith
that religion on which you bestow such fine
encomiums.
What then ! Shall the advantages, which
advance the Christian revelation above the
speculations of the pagan world, advance at
the same time the virtues of the pagans
above those of Christians ? And shall all the
ways of salvation which are opened to us in
the communion of Jesus Christ, serve only to
render salvation inaccessible to us ? God for-
bid ! Let us assimilate our religion to the
economy under which we live. May know-
ledge conduct us to virtue, and virtue to feli-
city and glory ! God grant us this grace I To
him be honour and glory for ever. Amen.
* Erasm. Adag. Cent. 7. p. 633. 720.
t Diog. Laert. lib. iii. in Pytliag. p. 114. Edit. Bom.
fol. 1594.
i Cic. Qil.Tusc. lib. i.Diog. Laert. in Aristip. lib.ii.
SERMON XXV.
THE SUPERIOR EVIDENCE AND INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITT.
1 John iv. 4.
Greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world.
That appearance, which is recorded in the
second book of Kings, cliap. vi. 8, &c. was
very proper to embolden the timid servant of
Elisha. The king of Sj'ria was at war with
the king of Israel. The wise counsel of the
prophet was more advantageous to his
prince than that of his generals was. The
Syrian thought, if he could render himself
master of such an extraordinary man, he
could easily subdue the rest of the Israelites.
In order to ensure success he surrounded Do-
than, the dwelling place of the prophet, with
his troops in the night. The prophet's ser-
vant was going out early the next morning
with his master, when on seeing the numer-
ous Syrian forces, he trembled, and exclaimed,
' Alas ! my master, how shall we do .''' Fear
not, replied Elisha, ' they that be with us, are
more than they that be with them.' To this
he added, addressing himself to God in pray-
er, ' Lord, open his eyes that he may see !'
The prayer was heard. The servant of
Elisha presently saw the sufficient ground
of his master's confidence ; he discovered
a celestial multitude of horses, and chariots of
fire, which God had sent to defend his servant
from the king of Syria.
How often, my brethren, have you trem-
bled at the sight of that multitude of enemies
Tfhich is let loose against you ? When you
have seen yourselves called to wrestle, as St.
Paul speaks, ' not only against flesh and
blood, but against principalities, against pow-
ers, against spiritual wickedness in high pla-
ces ;' against the sophisms of error, against
the tyrants of the church, and which is still
more formidable, against the depravity of
your own hearts : how often in these cases
have you exclaimed, ' Alas ! how shall we do .'
Who is sufficient for these things ?' 2 Cor.
ii. 16 'Who then can be saved.'' Matt,
xix. 25.
But take courage, Christian wrestlers !
' they that be with you are more than they
that are against you. O Lord! open their
eyes that they may see ! Mas they see the
great cloud of witnesses,' Heb. xii; 1, who
fought in the same field to which they are
called, and there obtained a victory ! May
they see the blessed angels who encamp round
about them, to protect their persons, and to de-
feat their foes ! May they see the powerful aid
of that Spirit wiiich thou hast given them!
' May they see Jesus, the author and finisher of
their faith,' Ps. xxxiv. 7 ; 1 John iii. 24, and
Heb. xii.2, who animates them from heaven,
and the eternal rewards which thou art pre-
paring to crown their perseverance ! and may
a happy experience teach them that truth, on
which we are going to fix their attention,
' Greater is he that is in them, than he that
is in the world.' Amen.
Two preliminary remarks will elucidate
our subject :
1. Although the proposition in my text is
general, and regards all Christians, yet St.
.John wrote it with a particular view to those
persons to whom he addressed the epistle
from which we have taken it. In order to
ascertain this, reflect on the times of the
apostles, and remnrk the accomplishment of
that prophecy which Jesus Christ had some
time before delivered. He had foretold, that
there would arise in Judea ' false Christs,
and false prophets, who would show great
signs and wonders, insomuch that (if it were
possible), they would deceive the very elect,'
Matt. xxiv. 24. This prophecy was to be ac-
complished immediately before the destruc-
tion of Jerusalem : and to that period learned
men assign the publication of this epistle. St.
John calls the time in which he wrote, ' the
last time,' chap. ii. 18, that is to say, in the
Jewish style, the time in which the metropo-
lis of Judea was to be destroyed : and adds
the sign by which Christians might ' know,
that it was the last time ; as ye have heard
that Antichrist shall come, even now are
there many Antichrists ; whereby we know
that it is the last tmie.' Remark those words,
' as ye have heard :' the apostle meant by
thciii, to remind his readers of the prophecy
of Jesus Christ.
I do not pretend now to inquire what sedu-
cers Jesus Christ particularly intended in this
prophecy. Simon the Sorcerer may be pla-
ced in the class of false Christs. There is a
very remarkable passage to this purpose in
the tenth verse of the eighth chapter of Acts.
It is there said, that this impostor had so ' be-
witched the people of Samaria, that all, from
the least to the greatest, said. This man is the
great power of God.' What means this
phrase, the great power of God f It is
the title which the ancient Jews gave the
Messiah. Philo, treating of the divine essence,
establishes the mystery of the Trinity, as
clearly as a Jew could establish it, who had
no other guide than the Old Testament. He
speaks first of God ; then of what he calls the
logos, the word (the same term is translated
70ord in the first chapter of the gospel of St.
John), and he calls this word the great power
of God, and distinguishes him from a third
person, whom he denominates the second,
power. Moreover, Origen says, Simon the sor-
cerer took the title of Son of God, a title which
the Jews had appropriated to the Messiah.
3er. XXV.]
THE SUPERIOR EVIDENCE, ifec.
23t
As there were false Christs in the time of
St. John, so there were also false prophets,
that is, false teachers. These St. John has
characterized in the chapters which precede
my text ; and the portraits drawn by the
apostle are so exactly like those which tlie
primitive fathers of the church have exhibited
of Ebion and Ceriiithus, that it is easy to
know them. A particular investigation of
this subject would divert onr attention too
far from our principal design ; and it shall
Suflice at present to observe, that these im-
postors caused great mischiefs in the church.
Simon, the sorcerer, indeed, at first, renounc-
ed his imposture ; but he soon adopted it
again. Justin Martyr informs us, that, in
his time, there remained some disciples of
that wretch, who called him the first intelli-
gence of the divinity, that is, the tcord ; and
who named Helen, the associate of Simon in
his imposture, the second intelligence of the
divinity, by which title they intended to de-
scribe the Holy Ghost. Only they, who are
novices in the history of primitive Christiani-
ty, can be ignorant of the ravages, which
Ebion and Cerinthus made in the church.
But Jesus Christ had foretold, and all ages
have verified the prediction, that ' the gates
of hell should not prevail against the church,'
Matt. xvi. 18. The most specious sophisms of
Ebion and Cerinthus, the most seducing de-
ceptions of Simon and his associates, did
not draw off one of the elect from Jesus
Christ ; the faithful followers of the Son of
God, notwithstanding their dispersion tri-
umphed over false Christs, and false teachers.
St. John extols their victory in the words of
my text ; ' Ye have overcome them (says he),
because greater is he that is in you, than he
that is in the world.'
It seems almost needless precisely to
point out here whom St. John means by
' him, who is in believers,'' and by ' him who
is in the world ;' or to determine which of the
different senses of commentators seem to us
the most defensible. Some say, the apostle
intended the Holy Spirit by ' him who is in
you ;' others think, he meant Jesus Christ ;
and others suppose him speaking of the prin-
ciple of regeneration, which is in Christians,
and which renders them invulnerable by all
the attacks of the world. In like manner, if we
endeavour to affix a distinct idea to the other
terms, ' him who is in the world;' some pre-
tend that St. John means Satan ; others, that
he expresses, in a vague manner, all the means
which the world employs to seduce good men.
But, whatever difference there may appear
in these explications, they all come to the
same sense. For if the apostle speaks of
the inhabitation of Jesus Christ, it is certain,
he dwells in us by his Holy Spirit ; and if he
means the Holy Spirit, it is certain he dwells
in us by the principles of regeneration. In
like manner in regard to the other proposi-
tion. If it be Satan, who, the apostle says,
is in the world, he is there undoubtedly by
the errors which his amissaries published
there, and by the vices which they introduce
there. The design of the apostle, therefore,
is to show the superiority of the means which
God employs to save us, to those which the
world employ to destroy us.
2 H
2. But this prodiices atjother difficulty,
and the solution of it is my second article. It
should seem, if the apostle had reason to say
of them who had persevered in Christianity,
that ' he who was in them was greater than
he who was in the world,' seducers also had
reason to say. that he wlio was in those whom
they had seduced, was greater than he who
was in persevering Christians. Satan has
still, in our day, more disciples than Jesus
Christ. Can it be said, that Satan, is greater
than Jesiis Christ .' Can it be said, that the
means employed by that lying and murder-
ing spirit to seduce mankind, ate superior to
those which the Holy Spirit employs to illu-
minate them .'' No, my brethren ; and our
answer to these questions, which requires
your particular attention, will serve to elu-
cidate one of the most obscure articles of re-
ligion. We will endeavour to express the
matter clearly to all our attentive hear
ers.
We must carefully distinguish a mean ap-
plied to an irrational agent from a mean ap*
plied to an intelligent agent. A mean, that
is applied to an irrational agent, can never
be accounted superior to the obstacles which
oppose it, unless its superiority be justified
by success. A certain degree of power is
requisite to move a mass of a certain weight;
a degree of power superior to the weight of a
certain mass will never fail to move the mass
out of its place, and to force it away.
But it is not so with the means which are.
applied to intelligent beings ; they are not
always attended with thaf success which, it
should seem, ought to follow the application
of them. I attempt to prove to a man, on
whom nature has bestowed common sense,
that if an equal number be taken from an
equal number, an equal number will remain.
I propose my demonstration to him with all
possible clearness, and he has no less faculty
to comprehend it, than I have to propose it.
He persists, however, in the opposite pro-
position : but his obstinacy is the only cause
of his error ; he refuses to believe me, be-
cause he refuses to hear me. Were an at-
tentive and teachable man to yield to my
demonstration, while the former persisted in
denying it, could it be reasonably said then,
that motives of incredulity in the latter were
superior to motives of credulity ? We must
distinguish, then, a mean applied to an intel-
ligent being, from a mean applied to an irra-
tional being.
Farther. Among the obstacles, with which
intelligent beings resist means applied to
them, physical obstacles must be distinguish-
ed from moral obstacles. Physical obstacles
are such as necessarily belong to the being
that resists, so that there is no faculty to
remove them. I propose to an infant a con-
clusion, the understanding of whicli depends
on a chain of propositions, which he is inca-
pable of following. The obstacle, which I
find in him, is an obstacle merely physical ;
he has not a faculty to remove it.
I propose the same conclusion to a man of
mature age ; he understands it no more
than the infant just now mentioned: but his
ignorance does not proceed from a want of
those faculties whith are necessary to com-
238
THE SUPERIOR EVIDENCE AND
[Ser. XXV.
prehendit, but from his disuse of them. This
is a moral obstacle.
It cannot be fairly said, that the power ap-
plied to physical resistance is greater than
the resistance, unless it necessarily prevail
over it : but it is very different with that
power, which is applied to moral resistance.
Those who have attended to what has been
said, easily perceive the reason of the dif-
ference, without our detaining you in explain-
ing it.
Why do we not use the same fair reason-
ing on religious subjects, which we profess
to use on all other subjects ? Does religion
authorise us to place that to the account of
God which proceeds solely from the free ob-
stinacy and voluntary niaUce of mankind ?
Jesus Christ did not deso'nd to this world to
convert irrational beings, but intelligent
creatures: he Ibund two sorts ol' obstacles in
the way of their conversion, obstacles merely
physical, and obstacles merely moral. Ob-
stacles merely physical are those which
would have prevented our discovering the
plan of redemption, if he had not revealed it ;
and of the same kind are tliose, which our
natural constitution, being disconcerted by
sin, opposes against the end, which our Sa-
viour proposes, of rendering us holy. Jesus
Christ has surmounted tliese obstacles by
the light of revelation, and by the aid of his
Holy Spirit.
But he found also other obstacles merely
moral. Such were those which he met with
in the Pharisees, and which hindered those
execrable men frofti yielding to the power of
his miracles. Such are those still of all er-
roneous and wicked men, whose errors and
vices proceed from similar principles. The
superiority of the means, which Jesus Christ
uses to reclaim them, does not depend on the
success of those means: they fail, it is evi-
dent, through the power of those merely
moral obstacles, which a voluntary malice,
and a free obstinacy, oppose against them.
This remark, as 1 said before, elucidates
one of the most obscure articles of Chris-
tianity. It accounts for the conduct of God
towards his creatures, and for the language
which his servants used on his behalf The
omnipotence ot God is more than sufficient
to convince the most obstinate minds, and to
change the most obdurate hearts, and yet he
declares, although he has displayed only some
degree of it, that he has employed all the
means he could to convert the last, and to
convince the first. ' What could have been
done more to my vineyard that I have not
done in it? Wherefore, when I looked that it
should bring forth grapes, brought it forth
wild grapes ? O iniiabitants of Jerusalem, and
men of Judah, judge, I pray you, betwixt me
and my vineyard. What could have been
done more to my vineyard .■' Isa. v. 3, 4.
Acts of omnipotence might have been done,
in order to have forced it to produce good
ffrapes, and to have annihilated its unhappy
fertilit}' in producing icild grapes. But no,
his vineyard, as he says, was the house of
Israel. The house of Israel consisted of in-
telligent beings, not of irrational bein;:;s.
God applied to these beings means suitable,
not to irrational, but to intelligent beings. He
met with two sorts of obstacles to the con-
version of these beings ; physical obstacles^
and moral obstacles ; and he opposed to each
sort of these obstacles a superior power ; but
a power suitable to the nature of each. The
superiority of that, which he opposed to
physical obstacles, necessarily produced its
effect, without which it would not have been
a superior, but an interior, power. To moral
obstacles he opposed a power suitable to
moral obstacles ; if it did not produce its ef-
fect, it was nut because it had not in itself
superior influence ; God was not to be blam-
ed, but they, to whom it was applied.
Our remark is, particularly, a key to our
text. The means wiiicii God employs to ir-
radiate our minds, and to sanctity our hearts
are superior to those which the world employs
to deceive and to deprave us; if that superi-
ority, winch is always influential on believers,
be destitute of influence on obstinate sinners,
it IS no le.<<s superior in its own nature. The*
unsuccesstiilness of the means with the last
proceeds solely from their own obstinacy and
malice. 'What could have been done more to
my vineyard, that I have not done in it ?' ' Ye
have overcome them, because greater is he
that is in you, than he that is in the world.'
This, I think, is the substance of the meaning
of the apostle.
But, as it is only the general sense, it re-
quires to be particularly developed, and I
ought to investigate the subject by justitying
three propositions, which are included in it,
and which 1 shall have occasion to apply to
the Christian religion.
I. Truth has a light superior to all the
glimmerings of falsehood.
II. Motives to virtue are stronger than
motives to vice.
III. The Holy Spirit, who opens the eyes of
a Cliristian, to show him the light of the
trutii, and who touches his heart, in order to
make him teel the power of motives to vir-
tue, is infinitely more powerful than Satan,
who seduces mankind by falsehood and vice.
Each of these propositions would require
a whole discourse ; I intend, however, to ex-
plain them all in the remaining part of this
the more brevity I am obliged to observe, the
more attention you ought to give.
I. Truth has a light superior to all the
glimmerings of error. Some men, I grant,
are as tenacious of error, as others are of
truth. False religions have disciples, wh»
seem to be as sincerely attached to them, as
believers are to true religion: and if Jesus
Christ has his martyrs, Satan also has his.
Yet 1 aflirm, that the persuasion of a many
who deceives himself, is never equal to that
of a man who does not deceive himself. How
similar soever that impression may appear,
which falsehood makes on the mind of him
who is seduced by it, to that which truth
makes on liie mindofhim who is enlightened
by it ; there is always this grand difference,
the force of truth is irresistible, whereas it is
always possible to resist that of error.
The force of a known truth is irresistible.
There are, it is granted, some truths, thera
are even infinite numbers, which lie beyond
the stretch of my capacity : and there may
also be obstacles, that hinder my knowledge
Ser. XXV]
INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY.
239
of a truth proportional to the extent of my
mind. There may, indeed, be many distrac-
tions, which may cause me to lose sight of
the proofs that establish a truth ; and there
may be many passions in me, which may in-
duce me to wish it could not be proved, and
which, by urging me to employ the whole
capacity of my mind in considering objec-
tions against it, leave me no pnrt of my per-
ception to attend to what establishes it. Yet
all these cannot dimini'^h the liarht which is
essential to truth ; none of these can prevent
a known truth from carrying away the con-
sent in an invincible manner. As a cloud,
that conceals the sun, does not diminish the
splendour which is essential to that globe of
fire ; so all the obstacles, which prevent my 1
knowledge of a truth, that lies within the |
reach of my capacity, cannot prevent my re- 1
ceivin:>' the evidence of it, in spite of myself, i
as sonn as I become attentive to it. It does |
not depend on me to believe, that from the j
addition of two to two there results the nura- '
ber four. It is just the same with the truths \
of pliilosophy; the same with the truths of ^
religion, and the same with all the known
truths in the world. To speak strictly, the
knowledge of a truth, and the belief of a
truth, is one and the same operation of the
mind. Mental liberty does not consist in
believing, or in not believing a known truth ;
it consists in giving, or in not giving, that at-
tention to a truth which is requisite in order
to obtain the knowledge of it. Merit, and
demerit (allow me these expressions, and
take them in a good sense,) merit and de-
merit do not consist in believing, or in dis-
believing, a known truth ; for neither of
these depend upon us ; they consist in re-
sisting, or in not resisting, the obstacles
which prevent the knowledre of it. We con-
clude, then, that the force of a known truth
is irresistible.
It is not the same with error. How strong
soever the prejudices may be that plead for
it, it is always possible to resist it. Never
was a man deceived in an invincible manner.
There is no error so specious, in regard to
which a man, whose mental powers are in a
good state, and not depraved by a long habit
of precipitation, cannot suspend his judg-
ment.
I do not say, that every man is always
capable of unravelling a sophism : but it is
one thing not to be able to unravel a sophism,
and it is another to be invincibly carried
awiy with its evidence. Nor do I affirm,
that a man will always find it easy to suspend
his judgment. What there is of the plausi-
ble in some errors ; our natural abhorrence
of labour ; the authority of our seducers ; the
interest of our passions in being seduced ;
each of these separately, all these together,
will render it sometimes extremely difficult
to us to suspend our judgments, an 1 will hur-
ry us on to rash conclusions. It belongs to
human frailty to prefer an easy faith above
a laborious discussion ; and we rather
choose to believe we have found the truth,
than submit to the trou'le of looking for it.
It is certain however, when we compare
what passed in our minds, when we yielded
to a truth, with what passed there when we
sufiTered ourselves to be seduced by an error,
we perceive, that in the latter case our ac-
quiescence proceeded from an abuse of our
reason ; whereas in the former it came from
our fair and proper use of it. Truth, then,
has a light sunerior to the fflimmprings of
error. There is, therefore, something great-
er in a man whom truth irradiates, than there
is in a man whom falsehood blinds
Let us abridge our subject. Let us apply
what we have said of truth in jreneral to the
truths of religion in particular. To enter
more fully into the desiorn of our text, let us
make no difficulty of retirJn? 'rom it to a
certain point, and leaving Ebion, Cerinthus,
and Simon the sorcerer, whom, probably,
St. John had in view, let us stop at a famous
modern controversy. Let us attend to the
contest between a believer of ravelation and
a skeptic, and we shall see the superior evi-
dence of that principle of truth, which en-
lightens the first, above the nrinciple of er-
ror, which blinds the last. What a superi-
ority has a believer over a skeptic ? What a
superiority at the tribunal of authority ' at
the tribunal of interest ! at the tribunal of
history I at the tribunal of conscience ! at
the tribunal of reason ! at the tribunal of
skepticism itself! From each of these it
may be truly pronounced, ' Greater is he
that is in you, than he that is in the
world'
1. The believer is superior at the tribunal
of authoritij. The skeptic objects ag'inst
the believer, the examples of some few na-
tions, who, it is said, live with religion ; and
those of some philosophers, whose pretended
atheism has rendered them famous. The
believer reolies to the skeptic, bv urgin? his
well-grounded suspicions in regard to those
historians, and travellers, who have published
such examples ; and, opposing authority
against authority, in favour of the grand
leading principles of relifrion, he alleges the
unanimous consent of the whole known,
world
2. At the tribunal of interest. The skep-
tic resists the believer, by areuing the con-
straint which rpliffion continually puts on
mankind-, the pleasure of pursuing every
wish, without being- terrified with the idea of
a formid-ihle witness of our actions, or a fu-
ture account of our conduct. Thr' bel'ever
resists the skeptic, by aro-uino- the benefit Of
society, which wonld entirely be subverted,
if infidels could effect their dreadful design,
of demolishinor those bulwarks, which reli-
gion builds. He urjes the interest of each
individual, who in those periods of life, in
which he is disgusted with the world : in
those, in which he is exposed to catastrophes
of glory and fortune ; above all, in the pe-
riod of death, has no refufje from despair,
if the hopes, that religion affords, be ground-
less.
3. At the tribunal of history. The skep-
tic objects to the believer the impossibility
of obtaining demonstration, properly so call-
ed, of distant facts. The believer urges on.
the infidel his own acquiescence in the evi-
dence of events, as ancient as those, the dis-
tance of which is objected ; and. turning his
own w^eapons against him, he demonstrates
240
THE SUPERIOR EVIDENCE AND
[See. XXV
to him, that reasons, still stronger than those,
which constrain the skeptic to admit other
events, such as number of witnesses, unani-
mity of historians, sacrifices made to certify
the testimony, and a thousand more similar
.proofs, ought to engage him to believe the
iacts on which religion is founded.
4. At the tribunal of conscience. The in-
fidel opposes his own experience to the be-
liever, and boasts of having shaken off the
yoke of this tyrant. The believer replies,
\>y relating the experiences of the most cele-
brated skeptics, and, using the infidel him-
self for a demonstration of the truths, which
he pretends to subvert, reproaches him with
feeling, in spite of hmself, the remorse of that
conscience, from which he affects to have
freed himself; he proves that it awakes
when lightnings flash, when thunders roll in
the air, when the messengers of death ap-
proach to execute their terrible ministry.
5. At the tribunal o£ reason. The skeptic
objects to the believer, that religion demands
the sacrifice of reason of its disciples ; that
it reveals abstruse doctrines, and incompre-
hensible mysteries.' and that it requires all
to receive its decisions with an entire sub-
mission. The believer opposes the infidel,
by arguing the infallibility of the intelligence
who revealed these doctrines to us. He
proves to him, that the best use that can be
made of reason, is to renotmce it in the
sense in which revelation require its renun-
ciation, so that reason never walks a path so
safe, nor is ever elevated to <t, degree of ho-
nour so eminent, as when ceasinj^ to see with
its own eyes, it sees only with the eyes of
the infallible God.
C. The believer triumphs over the infidel
at the tribvmal of skepticism itself One sin-
gle degree of probability in the system of
the believer, in our opinion, disconcerts and
confounds the system of the skeptic ; at least
it ought to embitter all the fancied sweets of
infidelity. What satisfaction can a man of
sense find in that boasted independence,
which the system of infidelity procures, if
there be the least shadow of a probability of
its plunging him into endless misery ^ But
this very man, who finds the evidences of re-
ligion too weak to induce a man of sense to
control his passions, during the momentary
duration of this life, this very man finds the
system of infidelity so evident, that it enga-
ges him to dare that eternity of misery which
religion denounces against the impenitent.
What a contrast ! The obstinate skeptic
falls into a credulity that would be unpardon-
able in a child. These fiery globes, that
revolve over our heads with so much pomp
and glory ; these heavens that declare the
glory of God, Ps. xix. 1 ; that firmament,
■which shows his handy-work ; these succes-
sions of seasons ; that symmetry of body ;
f hese faculties of mind ; the martyrs, who at-
tested the truth of the facts on which religion
is founded ; the miracles, that confirm the
facts ; that harmony, between the prophicies
and their accomplishment ; and all the other
numerous arguments, that establish the doc-
trine of the existence of God, and of the
truth of revelation ; all these, he pretends,
cannot prove enough to engage him to ren-
der homage to a Supreme Being : and the
few difficulties, which he objects to us ; a
few rash conjectures ; a system of doubts and
uncertainties, seem to him sufficiently con-
clusive to engage him to brave that ado
rable Being, and to ertpose himself to all
the miseries that attend those who affront
him.
We conclude, then, that our first proposi-
tion is sufficiently justified. Truth in gene-
ral, the truths of reUgion in particular, have
a light superior to all the glimmerings of er-
ror. ' Greater is he that is in you, than he
that is in the world.'
II. We said, in the second place, motives
to virtue are superior to motives to vice.
This proposition is a necessary consequence
of the first. Every motive to vice supposes
that in some cases, it is more advantageous
to a man to abandon himself to vice than to
cleave inviolably to virtue : this is a false-
hood ; this is even a falsehood of the gross-
est kind. In what case can a creature pro-
mise himself more happiness in rebelling
against his Creator, than in submitting to
his authority .' In what case can we hope
for more happiness in pleasing Satan than in
pleasing God .''
What I affirmed of all kno\vn truth, that,
its force is irresistible, I affirm on the same
principle, of all motives to virtue : tlie most
hardened sinners cannot resist them if they
attend to them, nor is tliere any other way
of becoming insensible to them, than that of
turning the e3'es away from them. Dissipa-
tion is the usual cause of our irregularities.
The principal, I had almost said, the only se-
cret of Satan, in his abominable plan of hu-
man destruction, is to dissipate and to stun
mankind ; the noise of company, the din of
amusements, the bustle of business ; it docs
not signify if it be but a noise, it will always
produce its effect ; it will always divide the
capacity of the mind, it will prevent him, in
whose ears it sounds, from thinking and re-
reflecting, from pursuing an argument and
from attending to the weight of conclusive
evidence.
And really, where is the man so blind as to
digest the falsehoods which motives of vice
imply .' WJiere is the wretch so resolute as
to reason in this manner .•"
' I love to be esteemed ; I will therefore
devote myself wholly to the acquisition of
the esteem of those men who, like nie, will
shortly be devoured with worms ; whose
ashes, like mine, will be shortly confounded
with the dust of the earth : but I will not
take the least pains to obtain the approbation
of those noble intelligencies, those sublime
geniuses, tliose angels and seraphims, who
incessantly surround the throne of God ; I
will not give myself a moment's concern
about obtaining a share of those praises;,
which the great God will one day bestow,
in rich abundance before heaven and earth,
on them who have been faithful to him.
I love honour ; I will therefore apply my-
self wholly to make the world say of me,
That man has an excellent taste tor dress ;
his table is delicately served ; the noble
blood of his family was never debased by
ignoble alliances; nobody can offend him
See. XXV.]
INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY.
241
with impunity ; he must always be approach-
ed with respect : but I will never give myself
any trouble to force them to say of me, that
man fears God ; he prefers his duty above all
other things ; he thinks there is more magna-
nimity in giving an affront than in revenging
it; to be holy, in his opinion, is better than
to be noble in the world's esteem, and so on.
I am very fond of pleasure ; I will there-
fore give myself wholly to the gratification of
my senses ; to the leading of a voluptuous
life ; a feast shall be succeeded by an amuse-
ment, and an amusement shall conduct to de-
bauchery ; this round I intend perpetually to
pursue : but I will never stir one step to ob-
tain that ' fulness of joy,' which is 'at God's
right hand,' that ' river of pleasures,' with
which ' they, who put their trust under the
shadow of his wings, are abundantly satisfied,'
Ps. xvi. 11, and xxxvi. 7, 8.
I hate constraint and trouble ; I will there-
fore divert my attention wholly from all peni-
tential exercises ; and particularly from im-
prisonment, banishment, racks, and stakes :
but I will brave the chains of darkness, with
their galling weight ; the devils, with their
fury ; hell, with its flames ; I am at a point, I
consent to curse eternally the day of my
birth ; eternally to consider annihilation as
an invaluable good ; to seek death for ever
without finding it ; for ever to blaspheme my
Creator ; eternally to hear the bowlings of
the damned ; to howl eternally with them ;
like them, to be forever and ever the object
of that condemning sentence,' Depart from
me, ye cursed I into everlasting fire, prepa-
red for the devil and his angels,' Matt. xxv.
41. I ask again, Where is the wretch hard-
ened enough to digest these propositions ?
Yet these are the motives to vice. Is not the
developing of these sufficient to discover,
that they ought to yeld to virtue, and to
!)rove in our second sense, that ' Greater is
le that is in us, than he that is in the
world .'"
But, how active soever the light of religion
may be, prejudices often cover its brightness
from us ; how superior soever motives to
virtue may be to motives to vice, our pas-
sions invigorate motives to vice, and ener-
vate those to virtue. Were we even free
irom innate dispositions to sin, we should be
hurried into it by an external enemy, who
studies our inclinations, adapts liimself to our
taste, avails himself of our frailties, manages
circumstances," and who, according to the ex-
pression of an apostle, * walketh about as a
roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour,'
1 Pet. v. 8. This enemy is Satan.
III. But the Holy Spirit, who opens our
eyes (and this is my third proposition), the
Holy Spirit, who opens our eyes to show us
the light of truth, and who touches our hearts
to make us feel the force of virtuous motives,
is infinitely more powerful than Satan.
I do not pretend to agitate here the indis-
soluble question concerning the power of the
devil over sublunary beings, and particularly
over man : what I should advance on this
subject would not be very agreeable to my
hearers. We are naturally inclined to attri-
bute too much to the devil, and we easily
persuade ourselves that weaie in an enchant-
ed world. It seems to us that as many de-
grees of power as we add to those which
God has given the tempter, so many apolo-
gies we acquire for our frailties; and that the
more power the enemy has, with whom we
are at war, the more excusable we are for
suffering ourselves to be conquered, and for
yielding to superior force. Do we revolve
any black design in our minds .•' It is the de-
vil who inspires us with it. Do we lay a
train for executing any criminal intrigue ? It
is the devil who invented it. Do we forget
our prayers, our promises, our protestations ?
It is the devil who effaced them from our
memory. My brethren, do you know who is
the most terrible tempter. Our own cupidity.
Do you know what devil is the most formida-
ble ? It is self
But, passing reflections of this kind, and
taking, in its plain and obvious meaning, a
truth which the holy Scriptures in a great
man\' places attest, that is, that the devil con-
tinually endeavours to destroy mankind ; I re-
peat my third proposition, The Holy Spirit,
who watches to save us, is infinitely more
powerful than the devil, who seeks to destroy
us.
The power of Satan is a harrowed power.
This mischievous spirit cannot move without
the permission of God ; yea, he is only a min-
ister of his will. This appears in the history
of Job. Jealous of the prosperity, more still
of the virtue of that holy man, he thought he
could corrupt his virtue by touching his pros-
perity. But he could not execute one of his
designs farther than, by God loosing his rein,
allowed him to execute it. The power of the
Spirit of God is a power proper and essential
to him who exercises it.
Because the power of the devil is a borrowed
power, it is a limited power, and although we
are incapable of determining its bounds, yet
we may reasonabl}' believe they are narrow.
' Jehovah will not give his glory to any other,'
isa. xlii. 8 ; least of all will he give it to
such an unworthy being as the devil.
The power of the Spirit of God is a bound-
less power. He acts on exterior beings to
make them concur in our salvation. He acts
on our blood and humours, to stir them to mo-
tion, or to reduce them to a calm. He acts
on our spirits, I mean on those subtile parti-
cles which, with inconceivable rapidit}', convey
themselves into the divers organs of our
bodies, and have an extensive influence over
our faculties. He acts on our memories, to
impress them with some objects, and to eflace
others. He acts immediately on the sub-
stance of our souls; he produces ideas; he
excites sensations ; he suspends the natural
effects of their union to the body. He some-
times, by this suspension, renders a martyr
insensible to the action of the flames that
consume him ; and teaches him to say even
amidst the most cruel torments, ' I glory in
tribulations, knowing that tribulation worketh
patience ; and patience e-\perience, or proof '
(this is a metaphor taken from gold, which is
proved by the fire that purifies it), ' and ex-
perience hope ; and hope maketh not asha-
med, because the love of God is shed abroad
in my heart by the Holy Ghost, which is giv-
en unto me,' Rom. y. 3—5.
242
THE SUPERIOR EVIDENCE, &c.
ISer. XXV-.
As the power of Satan is limited in its de-
grees, so is it also in its duration. Recollect
a visiou of St. John. ' I saw,' said he , ' an
angel come down from heaven, having the
key of the bottomless pit, and a great chain
in his hand. And he laid hold on the dragon,
that old serpent, which is the devil and Satan,
and bound him a thousand years, and cast
him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up,
and set a seal upon him that he should de-
ceive the nations no more.' Rev. xx. 1 — 3.
Without making any vain attempts to fix
the sense of this vision, let us be content to
derive this instruction from it, that the power
of the devil is limited in its duration, as well
as in its degrees. There are periods in
which Satan is bound with the chain of the
superior power of the Holy Ghost. There
are times in which he is shut up in a prison,
sealed with the seal of the decrees of God ;
a seal that no created power can open.
The power of the Spirit of God is without
limits in its periods as it is in its degrees.
Christian ! the worse thy times are, the
jnore ready will this spirit be to succour thee,
if thou implore his aid. Art thou near some
violent operation ? Does an object fatal to
thine innocence fill thee with fear and dread ? ;
'Do the sorrows of death compass thee.' Do the j
pains of hell get hold on thee ? Call upon the i
name of the Lord ;' say, ' O Lord ! I beseech
thee, deliver my soul,' Ps. cxvi. 3, 4. He will .
hear thy voice, and thy supplications ; and,
by the mighty action of his Spirit, he will 1
* deliver thy soul from death, thine eyes from
tears, and thy feet from falling,' ver. 1.8.
How invincible soever the hatred of Satan
to us may appear, it cannot equal the love of
God for us ; whatever desire the devil may
have to destroy us, it cannot compare with
that which the Holy Spirit has to save us. It
would be easy to enlarge these articles, and
to increase their number ; but our time is
nearly elapsed. What success can Satan
have against a Spirit armed with so much
power, and animated with so much love .'
' Surely, there is no enchantment against Ja-
cob, neither is there any divination against
Israel. Ye have overcome th^m ; because
greater is he that is in you, than he that is in
the world.'
My brethren, the age for which God has
reserved us has a great resemblance to that
of that of the apostles. Satan is as indefati-
gable now in his attempts to destroy man-
kind as he was then. We also have our Si-
mons, who call themselves 'the great power
of God.' We have men like Ebion and Ce-
rinthus : and if the ministers of Jesus Christ
conquer the world, the world also conquers
some of the ministers of Christ.
In which class, my brethren, must you be
placed ? In that of the disciples of false
Christs, or in that of the disciples of the true
Saviour ? In the class of those whom the
world conquers, or in the classF of those
who have conquered the world ? On a clear
answer to this question depends the conse-
quence you must draw from the words of the
text.
If you be of those who are overcome by
the world, the text should alarm and confound
you. You have put arms into the hands of
this enemy. Nothing but a fund of obstinacy
and malice could have induced you to resist
the superior means which God has employed
to save you. You are that vineyard, of
which the prophet said, ' My well-beloved
hath a vineyard in a very fruitful hill ; and
he fenced it, and built a tower, and planted it
with the choicest vine ; and he looked that it
should bring forth grapes, and it brought
forth wild grapes,' Isa. v. 1 — 3 ; and as you
are the original of this portrait, you are also
the object of the following threatening,
' And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem, I will
tell you what I will do to my vineyard. I
will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall
be eaten up, and break down the wall there-
of, and it shall be trodden down, and I will lay
it waste, I will also command the clouds, that
they rain no rain upon it,' ver. 5, 6.
But the text ourht to fill you with joy
and consolation, if you be of those who h-ve
overcome the world. What pleasure does it
afford a believer to remember bis combats
with the world and his conquests over it !
What unspeakable pleasure, to be able to say
to himself, ' In my youth my vigorous con
constitution seemed to threaten to drive me
to the utmost excesses ; in my mature age,
I walked in some slipnery paths, which made
me almost despair of preserving my candour
and innocence; here, a certain conipany had
an absolute authority over my mind, and
used it only to seduce me ; there, an invrfe-
rate enemy put my resolution to the severest
trial, and exhausted almost all my patience ;
here, false teachers, who were so dexter-^us
in the art of enveloping the truth, that the
most piercing eyes could scarcely discern it,
had well nigh beguiled me ; there, violent
persecutors endeavoured to force me to an
open abjuration of religion. Thanks be to
God ! I have resisted all these efforts ; and,
although Satan has sometmies succeeded in
his designs, and has made me totter, he has
always tailed in his main purpose, of making
me fall finally, and of tearing me for ever
from the communion of Jesus Christ.'
The victories you have obtained, my ber-
thren, are pledges of others which you will
yet obtain. Come again, next Lords day,
and renew your strength at the table of Je-
sus Christ. Come, and promise him anew,
that you will be always faithful to that reli-
gion, the light of which shines in your eyes
with so much glory. Come, and protest to
him, that you will give yourselves wholly up
to those powerful motives to virtue which
his gospel affords. Come, and devote your-
selves entirely to that Spirit wliich he has
given you. Having done these things, fear
nothing ; let your courage redouble, as your
dangers increase.
All the attacks, which Satan has made on
your faith to this day, should prepare you
for the greatest and most formidable attack
of all ; ' ye have not yet resisted unto blood,
striving against sin,' Heb. xii. 4. The last
enemy that shall ' be destroyed is death,' 1
Cor. XV. 26. The approaches of death are
called ' an agony,' that is, the combat by
excellence. Then Satan will attack you
with cutting griefs, with doubts and remorse.
He will represent to you a deplorable family,
Sfea. XXVI.]
THE ABSURDITY OF LIBERTINISM, &c.
243
whoso cries will pierce your hearts, and
which, by tightening the ties that bind you
to the world, will retain your souls on earth,
while they long to ascend to heaven. He
will terrify you with ideas of divine justice,
and ' fiery indignation, which shall devour
the dversaries,' Heb. x. 27. He will paint
dismal col lurs to you, the procession at
your funeral, the torch, the shroud, and the
grave.
But ' he who is in you,' will render you
invulnerable to all these attacks. He will
represent to you the delightful relations you
are goin j to form ; the heavenly societies
to wnich you are going to be united ; the
blessed angels, waiting to receive your souls.
He will show you that m the tomb of Jesus
Christ which will sanctify yours. He will
remind you of that death of the Saviour
which renders your's precious in the sight of
God. He will open the gates of heaven to
you, and will enable you to see, without a
sigh, the foundations of the earth sinking
away from your feet. He will change the
groans of your death-beds into songs of tri-
umph ; and, amidst all your horrors, he will
teach each of you to exult, ' Blessed be th?
Lord my strength, who teacheth my hands
to war, and my fingers to fight,' Ps. cxliv. 1.
' Thanks be unto God, who always causeth
us to triumph in Christ,' 2 Cor. ii. 14. ' O
death where is thy sting .' O grave, where
is thy victory .-" 1 Cor. xv. 55. God grant
you this blessing. To him be honour and
glory. Amen.
SERMON XXVI.
THE ABSURDITY OF LIBERTINISM AND INFIDELITY.
Psalm xciv. 7 — 10.
They say, the Lord shall not see : neither shall the God of Jacob regard if.
Understand ye brutish among the people : and ye fools, when will ye be
wise? He that planted the ear, shall he not hear? He that formed the eye,
shall he not see ? He that chastiseth the heathen, shall not he correct ? He
that teacheth man knowledge, shall not he know?
Invective and reproach seldom proceed |
from the mouth of a man wlio loves truth '
and defends it. They are the unusual wea-
pons of them who plead a desparate cause ; !
who feel themselves hurt by a formidable ad- I
versary who have not the equity to yield j
when they ought to yield ; and who have
no other part to take than that of supply-
ing the want of solid reasons by odious '
names. I
Yet, whatever charity we may have for |
erroneous people, it is difficult to see with
moderation men obstinately maintaining some
errors, guiding their minds by the corruption
of their hearts, and choosing rather to ad-
vance the most palpable absurdities, than to
give the least check to the most irregular
passions. Hear how the sacred authors treat
people of this character : ' My people is fool-
ish, they have not known me ; tliey are sot-
tish children, they have no understanding.
The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass, his
master's crib ; but Israel doth not know, my
people doth not consider. Ephraim is like a
silly dove without heart. O generation of
vipers, who hath warned you to flee from
the wrath to come ? O foolish Galatians,
who hath bewitched you i" Jer. iv. 22 ; Isa.
i. 3; Hos. vii. 11 ; Matt. iii. 7 ; and Gal.
iii. 1.
Not to multiply examples, let it suffice to
remark, that if ever there were men who
deserved sach odious names, they eir^ such
as our prophet describes. Those abominable
men, I mean, who, in order to violate the
laws of religion without remorse, maintain
that religion is a chimera ; who break down
all the bounds which God has set to the wick-
edness of mankind, and who determine to be
obstinate infidels, that they may be peaceable
libertines. The prophet therefore lays aside,
in respect to them, that charity which a
weak mind would merit, that errs only
through the misfortune of a bad education,
or the limits of a narrow capacity. ' O ye
most brutish among the people,' says he to
them, ' understand. Ye fools when will ye
be wise .'"
People of this sort I intend to attack to-
day. Not that I promise myself much suc-
cess with them, or entertain hopes of re-
claiming them. These are the fools of whom
Solomon says, ' though thou shouldest bray
a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle,
yet will not his foolishness depart from him,'
Prov. xxvii. 22. But I am endeavouring to
prevent the progress of the evil, and to guard
our youth against favourable impressions of
infidelity and libertinism, which have already
decoyed away too many of our young people,
and to confirm you all in your attachment to
your holy religion. Let us enter into the
matter.
In the stylo of the sacred authors, parti-
cularly in that of our prophet, to deny the
exiflteace of a God, the doctrine of Provi-
244
THE ABSURDITY OF
[Ser. XK\t
dence, and tlie essential difFerence between
just and unjust, is one and the same thing.
Compare the psalm out of which I have taken
my text, with the fourteenth, with the fifty-
third, and particularly with the tenth, and
you will perceive, that the prophet confounds
them, who say in their hearts, ' there is no
God,' with those who say, ' God hath forgot-
ten ; he hideth his face, he will never see it,"
Ps. X. 11.
In effect, although the last of these doc-
trines may be maintained without admitting
the first, yet the last is no less essential to re-
ligion than the first. And although a man
may be a deist, and an epicurean, without
being an atheist, yet the system of an athe-
ist is no more odious to God than that of an
epicurean, and that of a deist.
I shall therefore make but one man of
pain.' Tolerable reflections in a book, plau-
sible arguments in a public auditory ! But,
weak reflections, vain arguments, in a bed
of infirmity, while a man is suffering the
pain of the gout or the stone !
O ! how necessary is religion to us in these
fatal circumstances ! It speaks to us in a
manner infinitely more proper to comfort ue
under our heaviest afflictions ! Religion
says to you, ' Out of the mouth of the Most
High proceedeth not evil and good,' Lam.
iii. 38. ' He formeth light, and createtli
darkness; he maketh peace, and crcateth
evil,' Isa. xlv. 7. ' Shall there be evil in
the city, and the Lord hath not done it.''
Amos iii. 6. Religion tells you, that if God
afflicts you it is for your own advantage ; it
is, that, being uneasy on earth, you may
take your flight towards heaven ; that ' your
these different men, and, after the examble ; light affliction, which is but for a moment,
of the prophet, I shall attack iiim with the I may work for you a far more exceeding and
same arms. In order to justify the titles that { eternal weight of glory,' 2 Cor. iv. 17. Re-
he gives an infidel, I shall attack,
I. His taste.
II. His policy.
HI. His indocility.
IV. His logic, or, to speak more properly,
his way of reasoning.
V. His morality.
VI. His conscience.
VII. His poUteness and knowledge of the
world.
In all these reflections, which I shall pro-
portion to the length of these exercises, I
ligion bids you ' not to think it strange, con-
cerning the fiery trial, which is to try you,
as though some strange thing happened unto
you,' 1 Pet. iv. 12, but to believe, that 'the
trial of your faith, being much more precious
than that of gold, which perisheth, will be
found unto praise, and honour, and glory^
at the appearing of Jesus Christ,' chap,
i. 7.
But religion is above all necessary in the
grand vicissitude, in the fatal point, to which
all the steps of life tend ; I mean, at the
shall pay more regard to the genius of our i hour of death. For at length, after we have
age than to that of the times of the prophet : I rushed into all pleasures, after we have sung
and I shall do this the rather, because
we cannot determine on what occasion the
psalm was composed of which the text is a
part.
■I. If )'ou consider tjie taste, the discern-
ment, and choice of the people, of whom the
well, danced well, feasted well, we must die,
we must die. And what, pray, except re-
ligion can support a man, struggling with
' the king of terrors .■" Job xviii. 14. A man,
who sees his grandeur abased, his fortune
distributed, his connexions dissolved, his
prophet speaks, you will see he had a great ] senses benumbed, his grave dug, the world
right to denominate them, most brutish and i retiring from him, his bones hanging on the
foolish.' What an excess must a man have ! verge of the grave, and iiis soul divided
attained, when he hates a religion without i between the horrible hope of sinking into
which he cannot but be miserable ! Who, of
the happiest of mankind, does not want the
succour of religion .'' What disgraces at
court ! What mortifications in the army !
What accidents in trade ! What uncertain-
ty in science ! What bitterness in pleasure !
What injuries in reputation ! Wliat incon-
stancy in riches ! Wliat disappointments in
projects ! What infidelity in friendship !
What vicissitudes in fortune ! Miserable
man ! What will support thee under so ma-
ny calamities ? What miserable comforters
are the passions in these sad periods of life !
How inadequate is philosopliy itself, how
improper is Zeno, how unequal are all his
followers, to the task of calming a poor mor-
tals when they tell him, ' Misfortunes are
inseparable from human nature. No man
should think himself exempt from any thing
that belongs to the condition of mankind. If
maladies be violent, they will be short ; if
they be long, they will be tolerable. A fatal
necessity prevails over ail mankind ; com-
plaints and regrets cannot change the order
of things. A generous soul should be supe-
rior to all events, it should despise a tyrant,
defy fortune, and render itself insensible to
nothing, and the dreadful fear of falling into
the hands of an angry God.
In sight of these formidable objects, fall,
fall, ye bandages of infidelity ! ye veils of
obscurity and depravity ! and let me perceive
how necessary religion is to man. It is that
which sweetens the bitterest of all bitters.
It is that which disarms the most invincible
monster. It is that which transforms the
most frightful of all objects into an object of
gratitude and joy. It is that which calms
the conscience, and confirms the soul. It is
that which presents to the dying behever
another being, another life, another economy,
other objects, and other hopes. It is that
which, ' while the outward man perisheth,
reneweth the inward man day by day,' 2 Cor.
iv. 16. It is that which dissipates tiie hor-
rors of ' the valley of the shadow of death,'
Ps xxiii 4. It is that which cleaves the
clouds in the sight of a departing Stephen ;
tells a converted thief, ' to-day shalt thou be-
in paradise,' Luke xxiii. 43, and cries to all
true penitents, ' Blessed are tlie dead which
die in the Lord,' Rev. xiv. 13.
H. Having taken the unbelieving libertine
on his own interest, I take hiia on the public
Ser. XXVI.j
LIBERTINISM AND INFIDELITY.
34/5
interest, and having attacked his taste and
discernment, 1 attack his policy. An inndel
is a disturber of public peace ; who, by un-
dertaking to sap the foundations of religion,
undermines those of society. Society cannot
subsist -without religion. If plausible objec-
tions may be formed against this proposition,
it is because opponents have had the art of
disguising it. To explain it, is to preclude
the sophisms which are objected against it.
Permit us to lay down a few explanatory
principles.
First. When we say. Society cannot sub-
sist without religion, we do not comprehend
in our proposition all the religions in the
world. The proposition includes only those
religions which retain the fundamental prin-
ciples that constitute the base of virtue ; as
the immortality of the soul, a future judg-
ment, a particular Providence. We readily
grant there may be in the world a religion
worse than atheism ; for example, any re-
ligion that should command its votaries to
kill, to assassinate, to betray. And as we
readily grant this truth to those who take the
pains to maintain it, so whatever they oppose
to us, taken from the religions of pagans,
which were hurtful to society, is only vain
declamations, that prove nothing against
«s.
Secondly. When we affirm. Society cannot
subsist without religion, we do not pretend,
that religion, which retains articles safe to
society, may not so mix those articles with
other principles pernicious to it, that they ;
may seem at first sight v^orse than atheism.
We affirm only, that to take the whole of ,
such a religion, it is move advantageous to \
society to have it than to be destitute of it. j
All, therefore, that is objected against our i
proposition concerning thuse wars, crusades, '
and persecutions, which were caused by ,
superstition, all this is only vain sophistry, .
which does not affect our thesis in tlie least. |
Thirdly. When we say, Society cannot
subsist without religion, we do not say, that
religion, even the purest religion, may not '
cause some disorders in society ; but we af-
firm only, that these disorders, however i
numerous, cannot counterbalance the benefits [
which religion procures to it. So that all
objections, taken from the troubles Vi'hich .
zeal for truth may have produced in some !
circumstances, are only vain objections, that '
cannot weaken our proposition. |
Fourthly. When wc affirm, Society cannot j
subsist without religion, we do not affirm I
that all the virtues which are displayed in
society proceed from religious principles ; so
that all just ujagistrates are just lor their
love of equity ; that all grave ecclesiastics
.'ire serious because they respect their charac-
ter ; that all chaste women are chaste from a
principle of love to virtue : human motives,
we -freely grant, often prevail instead of bet-
ter. We affirm only, that religious prin-
ciples arc infinitely more proper to regulate
society than human motives. Many persons,
we maintain, do actually govern their con-
duct by religious principles, and society
would be incomparably more irregular, were
there no religion in it. That list of virtues,
therefore, which only education and consti-
2 1
tution produce, does not at all affect the prin-
ciple which we are endeavouring to establish ;
and he, who takes his objections from it,
does but beat tlie air.
Lastly. When we affirm. Society cannot
subsist irithout religion, we do not say, that
all atiieists and deists ought therefore to
abandon themselves to all sorts of vices ; nor
tliat they who have embraced atheism, if in-
deed there have been any such, were always
the most wicked of mankind. Many people
of these characters, we own, lived in a regu-
lar manner. We affirm only, that irveligion,
of itself, opens a door to all sorts of vices ;
and that men are so formed, that their dis-
orders would increase were they to dis-
believe the doctrines of the existence of a
God, of judgment, and of providence. All
the examples, therefore, that are alleged
against us, of a Diagoras, of a Theodorus,
of a Pliny, of a Vanini, of some societies,
real or ciiiincrical, who, it is pretended, lived
regular lives without the aid of religion ; all
these examples, I say, make nothing against
our hypothesis.
These explanations being granted, we main-
tain, that no politician can succeed in a design
of uniting men in one social body without
supposing the truth and reality ot religion.
For, if there be no religion, each member of
society may do what he pleases; and then
each would give a loose to his passions ;
each would employ his power in crushing the
weak; his cunning in deceiving the simple,
his eloquence in seducing the credulous, his
credit in ruining commerce, his authority in
distressing the whole with horror and terror,
and carnage and blood. Frightful disorders
in their nature ; but necessary on principles
of infidelity ! For, if you suppose these dis-
orders may be prevented, their prevention
must be attributed either to private interest^
to vrorldly honour, or to human laws.
But private interest cannot supply the
place of religion. True, were all men to
agree to obey the precepts of religion, eacji
would find his own account in his own obe-
dience. But it does not depend on an indi-
vidual to oppose a pojjular torrent, to reform
the public, and to make a new world: and,
while the world continues in its present state,
he will find a thousand circumstances in
which virtue is incompatible with private
interest.
Nor can icorldly honour supply the place
of religion. For what is worldly honour.'* It
is a superficial virtue ; an art, that one man
possesses, of disguising himself from another ;
of deceiving politely; of appearing virtuous
rather tlian of being actually so. If you
extend the limits of worldly honour fartlier,
if you laalce it consist in that purity of con-
science, and in that rectitude of intention,
which are in effect firm and solid foundations
of virtue, you will find, either that this is
only a tine idea of what almost nobody is
capable of, or, if I may be allowed to say so,
that the virtues which compose your complex
idea of worldly honour are really branches of
religion.
Finally, Human laics cannot supply the
place ol*^ religion. To whatever degree of
perfection they may be improved, they will
246
THE ABSURDITY OF
[SEn. XXVI-
always savour in three things of the imper-
fection of the legishitors.
1. They will be imperfect in their sub-
fttanre. They may prohibit, indeed, enor-
mous crimes ; but they cannot reach refined
irregularities, which are not the less capable
of troubling society for appearing less atro-
cious. They may forbid muidcr, Ihcft.
and adultery; but they can neither forbid
avarice, anger, nor concupiscence. Tiiey
will avail in the preserving and disposing'; of
property, they may command tlie payment
of taxes to the crown, and of debts to the
merchant, tlie cultivation of sciences, and
liberal arts ; but they cannot ordain patience,
meekness and love ; and you will grant, a
eociety, in which there is neither patience,
meekness, nor love, must needs be an unhappy
society.
2. Human laws will be weak in their mo-
tives. The rewards Avhich they offer may
be forborne, for men may do without them ;
the punishments which they inflict may be
suffered ; and there are some particular cases
in which they, who derogate from their
authority, may advance their own interest
more than if they constantly and scrupulously
bubmit to it.
3. Human laws will be restrained in their
txtent. Kings, tyrants, masters of the world,
know the art of freeing themselves from them.
The laws avenge us on an insignificant thief,
whom the pain of hunger and tJie fear of
death tempted to break open our houses, to
rob us of a trifling sum ; but wlio will avenge
us of magnificent thieves .'' For, my brethren,
some men, in court cabinets, in dedicatory
epistles, in the sermons of flatterers, and in
the prologues of poets, are called conquerors,
heroes, demi-gods ; but, in this pulpit, in this
church, in tiie presence of the Cod who fills
this house, and who regards not the appear-
ances of men, you conquerors, you heroes,
you demi-gods, are often nothing but thieves
and incendiaries. Who shall avenge us of
those men who, at the head of a hundred thou-
sans slaves, ravage the whole v.-orld, pillage on
the right hand and on tlie left, violate the
most sacred rights, and overwhelm society
with injustice and oppression ? Who does
not perceive the insufficiency of human laws
on this article, and tiie absolute necessity of
reliri'ion .'
HI. The infidel carries his indociUtij to
the utmost degree of extravagance, by under-
faking alone to oppose all mankind, and by
audaciously preferring his own judgment
above that of the whole world, who, except-
ing a small number, have unanimously em-
bfaced the truths which he rejects.
This argument, taken from unanimous
consent, furnishos in favour of religion, eitlicr
a bare presum[)fion, or a real demonstration,
according to the different tiicns under which
it is presented.
It furnishes a proof perhaps more than pre-
sumptive when it is opposed to the objections
which an unbelieving philosoplier alleges
against rtiigion. For, although the faith of a
rational man ought not to be Ibunded on a plu-
rality of suffrages, yet mianimity of opinion
13 respectable, when it has three characters.
J. When anopinion i>rcvnils ill all places. Pre-
judices vary with climates, and whatever de-
pends on human caprice differs in France, and
in Spain, in Europe and Asia, according as the
inhabitants of each country have their blood
hot or cold ; tlieir imagination strong or weali.
2. Wkenan opinion prevails at all times. Pre-
judices change with the times ; years instruct ;
»nd experience corrects errors, which ages
have lendered venerable. 3. When an opinion
is contrary to the pas.^ions of men. A pre-
judice that controls human passions cannot
be of any long duration. The interest that a
man has in discovering his mistake will put
him on using all his endeavours to develope
a delusion. These three characters agree to
truth only.
I am aware that some pretend to enervate
tills argument, by the testimonies of some
ancient historians, and by the relations of
some modern travellers, who tell us of some in-
j dividuals, and of some whole societies, who are
; destitute of the knowledge of God and of
relio-ion.
i But, in order to a solid reply, we arrange
these atheists and deists, who are opposed to
us, in three different classes. The first con-
sists of philosophers, the next of the senseless
populace, and the last of profligate persons.
Philosophers, if you attend closely to the
matter, will appear, at least the greatest part
of them will appear, to have been accused of
iiaving no religion, only because they had a
jjurer religion tiian the rest of their fellow-
citizens. They would not admit a plurality
of gods, they were therefore accused of be-
lieving in no God. The infidelity of the
scn.^elcss jiopniucc is favourable to our argu-
ment. We affirm, wherever there is a spark
of reason, there is also a spark of religion. Is
it astonishing that they who have renounced
the former, should renounce the latter also.-'
As to the profligate, who extinguish their
own little light, we say of them, with a mod-
ern writer, it is glorious to religion to haze
tneniics of this character.
But let us sec whether this unanimous
consent, which has afl'orded us a presumption
in favour of religion, will furnish us with a
demonstration rigainst those who oppose it.
Authority ought never to prevail over our
minds, against a judgment grounded on solid
reasons, and received on a cool examination.
But authority, especially an authority found-
ed on an unanimity of sentiment, ought al-
ways to sway our minds in regard to a judg-
ment formed without solid reasons, without
examination, and without discussion. No
men deserve to be called the most 'foolish,
and the m('St butish* among the people,' so
much as those men, who beiug, as the great-
est number of infidels arc, without study,
and witliout knowledge ; who. without deign-
ing to wcigli, and even without condescend-
ing to hear, tlie reasons on which all tlic men
in the world, except a few, found the doctrine
of the existence of God and of providence,
•"' Mr. Saurin follows the reading of tlie French vet-
sinn, les jilu.'' brulMix, (,.u.sf brutish. 'I'his is peifcclly
agrppable to the original, fur the Hebrew forms the
superlative <U'!;ree by prefi.\ing the letter link to a
noun-sutistaMtive, which follows an adjective, as here,
Cant, i.H; I'rov. .\.\x. 30, honiinum iiiuti.^-iiri ; lio-
niiiiuni f,tiiiiidi.«(;«i ; totiusliujus populi atupidis^i/iif ;
s;iy coinmentators.
bEB. XXVI.]
LIBERTINISM AND INFIDELITV,
247
give themselves an air of infidelity, and inso-
lently say, Mercury, Trismegistus, Zoroaster,
Pythagoras, Aristotle, Socrntes, Plato,Spncca;
moreover, M<)ses,Solomon, Paul, and the apos-
tles, taught sucli and such doctrines ; but, for
my part, I am not of tlieir opinion. And nn
what ground pray do you reject the dostrines
which have been defended by such illustrious
men.'' Do you know that, of all charac-
ters, there is not one so difficult to sustain as
that which j^ou affect ? For, as you deny the
most common notions, the clearest truths,
sentiments, which are the most generally re-
ceived, if you would maintain an appearance
of propriety of character, you must be a su-
perior genius. You must make profound
researches, digest immense volumes, and dis-
cuss many an abstract question. You must
learn the art of evading demonstrations, of
palliating sophisms, of parrying ten thousand
thrusts, that from all parts will be taken at
you. But you, contemptible genius ! you
idiot ! you, who hardly know how to arrange
two words without offending against the rules
of grammar, oi to associate two ideas without
shocking common sense, how do you expect
to sustain a character which the greatest ge-
niuses are incapable of supporting .''
IV. Yet, as no man is so unreasonable as
not to profess to reason ; and as no man
takes up a notion so eagerly as not to pique
himself on having taken it up after a mature
deliberation, we must talk t'> the infidel as to
a philosopher, who always follows the dictates
of reason, and argues by principles and con-
sequences. Well, then ! Let us examine his
logic, or, as I said before, his way of reason-
ing; his way of reasoning, you will see, is
his brutality, and his logic constitutes his
extravagance
In order to comprehend this, weigh, in the
most exact and equitable balance, the argu-
ment of our prophet. 'He that planted the '
ear, shall he not hear .-' He that formed the \
eye, shall he not see ? He that chastise th the I
heathen, shall he not correct .'' He that teach- j
eth man knowledge, shall not he know.''
These are, in brief, three sources of evidences,
which supply the whole of religion with
proof. The first are taken from the works of'
nature ; ' He who planted the ear ; He who I
formed the eye.' The second are taken from
the economy of Providence ; ■ He that chasti-
seth the heathen.' The third arc taken from
the history of the church ; ' He that teacheth
man knowledge.'
The first are taken from the wonderful
works of nature. The propiiet alleges only
two examples ;, the one is tiiat of the ear, the
other that of the eye. None can communi-
cate what he has not, is the most incontesta-
ble of all principles. He who communicates
faculties to beiap;s whom he creates, mus'
needs possess whatever is most noble in such
facultias. He w'lo empowered creatures t"
hear, must himself hear. He who impartc:
the faculty of discerning objects, must needr-
himself discern them. ( 'onsequently, tliere
is great extravagance in saying, ' The Lord
shall not see, neither shall the God of Jacob
regard it.'
The same argument which the structure of
our ears, and that of our eyes affords us, Vv'o
derive also from all the wonderful works of
the Creator. The Creator possesses all those
great and noble excellencies, in a superior
degree, the faint shadows of which he has
communicated to creatures. On this princi-
ple, whiit an idea ought we to form of the
Creator^ From what a profound abyss of power
)iiust those boundless spaces have proceeded,
that immeasurable extent, in which imao-ina-
tion is lost, those vast bodies that surround us,
tliose luminous globes, those flaming spheres
which revolve in tiie heavens, along with all
tl)e other works that compose this universe ?
From what an abyss of wisdom must the sue-'
cession of seasons, of day and of night, have
proceeded ; those glittering stars, so exact in
tlieir courses, and so punctual in their dura-
tion ; along with all the different secret
springs in the universe, which with the ut-
most accuracy answer their design .' From
what an abyss of intelligence must rational
creatures come, beings who constitute the
glory of the intelligent world ; profound poli-
ticians, who pry into the most intricate folds
of the human heart; generals, who diffuse
themselves through a whole army, animating
with their eyes, and with their voices, the
various regiments which compose their forces;
admirable geniuses, who develope the myste-
ries of nature, rising into the heavens by diop-
trics, descending into the deepest subterra-
nean abysses ; quitting continental confine-
ment by the art of navigation ; men who,
across the waves, and in spite of the winds,
contemn the rocks, and direct a few planlcs
fastened together to sail to the most distant
climes .'' Who can refuse to the author of
all these wonderful works the faculty of see-
ing and hearing.''
But I do not pretend to deny, an infidel
will saj', that all these wonderful works owe
their existence to a Supreme < 'ause ; or, that
the Supreme Being, by whom alone they ex-
ist, docs not himself possess all possible per-
fection. But I affirm, that the Supreme
Being is so great, and so exalted, that this
elevation and inconceivable excellence pre-
vent him from casting his eyes down to the
earth, and paying any regard to what a
creature, so mean, and so indigent as man,
performs, A being of infinite perfection,
does he interest himself in my conduct .'*
Wi'l he stoop to examine whether I retain or
dischar'Te the wngesofmy servants .' Wheth-
er I be regular or irregular in my family .' and
so on. A king, surrounded with magnifi-
cence and pomp, holding in his powerful
hands tiie reins of his empire ; a king, em-
ployed in weighing reasons of state, in equip-
ping his fieots, and in levying his armies;
will he concern himself with the demarches
of a Ccvr worins crawling beneath his feet .'
But this c^riiipirison of God to a king, and
of men to worms, is absurd and inconclusive.
Tlie econon)y of Providence, and the history
t'tiie church, in concert with the wonderful
•!rl.s of nature, discover to us ten thousand
differences between the relations of God to
men, and those of a king to worms of the
eaith. No king has given intelligent souls
to worms ; but God has given intelligent
souls to us. No king has proved, by ten
thousand avenginrr strokes, and by ten thon-
THE ABSURDITY OF
[Ser. XXVI.
sand glorious rewards, thai he observed the
conduct of worms ; but God, bj' ten thousand
jjlorious recompenses, and by ten thousand
vindictive punishments, lias proved his atten-
tion to the conductor men. No king has made
!L covenant with worms ; but God has entered
into covenant with us. No king has command-
ed worms to obey him ; but God, wo affirm,
lias ordained our obedience to him. No king
Can procure eternal felicity to worms ; but
Ood can communicate endless happiness tons.
A king, although he be a king, is yet a man ;
liis mind is little and contracted, yea, infi-
nitely contracted ; it would be absurd, that '
lie, being called to govern a kingdom, should
fill his capacity with trifles : but is this J'our
notion of the Deity ? The direction of the
sun, the government of the world, the forma- i
tion of myriads of beings which live through
universal nature, the management of the
whole universe, cannot exhaust that intelli-
gence who is the object of our adoration and
praise. While his thoughts include, in their
boundless compass, all real and all possible
beings, his eyes survey every individual as if
each were the sole object of his attention.
These arguments being thus stated, either
eur infidel must acknowledge that they, at
least, render probable the truth of religion in
general, and of this thesis in particular,
' God regardeth the actions of men ;" or he
refuses to acknowledge it. If he refuses to
acknowledge it ; if he seriously affirms, that
all these arguments, very far from arising to
demonstration, do not even afford a probabili-
ty in favour of religion, then he is an idiot,
and there remains no other argument to pro-
pose to him than that of our prophet, 'Thou
fool ! When wilt thou be wise .■"
I even question whether any unbeliever
could ever persuade himself of what he en-
deavours to persuade others ; that is, that the
aasemblage of truths, which constitute the
body of natural religion; that the heav}'
strokes of justice avenging vice, and the ec-
etatic rewards accompanying virtue, which
appear in Providence ; that the accomplish-
ment of numerous prophecies; that the ope-
ration of countless miracles, which are rela-
ted in authentic histories of the cliurch; noj
I cannot believe tliat any infidel could ever
prevail with himself to "think, that all this
train of argument does not form a probability
against a system of infidelity and atheism.
But if the power and the splendour of truth
forces his consent ; if he be obliged to own,
that although my arguments arc nut demon-
strative, they are, however, in his opi-
nion, probable ; then, with the prophet, I say
to him, ' O tjiou most brutish among the
people !'
\ . Why ? Because, in comparing his logic
with his moTalitrj (and this is my fitfh article),
1 perceive that nothing but an excess of
brutality can unite the two things. Hear how
he reasons; 'It is probable, not onlv that
there is a God, but also that this God regards
the actions of men, that he reserves to him-
self the pimishment of those who follow the
suggestions of vice, and the rewarding of
them who obey the laws of virtue. The sys-
tem of irreligion is counterbalanced by that
of religion. Perhaps irreligion may be well
grounded ; but perhaps religion may be so.
In this state of uncertainty, I will direct my
conduct on the principle that irreligion is
well-grounded, and that religion has no foun-
dation. ' I will break in pieces,' ver 5. (this
was the language, according to our Psalmist,
of tlie unbelievers of his time), ' I will break
in pieces the people of God ; I will afflict
his heritage ; I will slay the widow and the
stranger ; or, to speak agreeably to the genius
of our time, I will spend my life in pleasure,
in gratifying mj' sensual appetites, in avoid-
ing what would check me in my course ; in a
word, in living as if I were able to demon-
strate either that there was no God, or that
he paid no regard to the actions of men.
Ought he not rather, on the contrary, as hie
mind is in a state of uncertainty between
both, to attach himself to that which is the
most safe r' Ought he not to say, ' I will so
regulate my conduct, that if there be a God,
whose existence indeed I doubt, but, however,
am not able to disprove ; if God pay any re-
gard to the actions of men, which I question,
but cannot deny, he may not condemn me."
Judge ye. Christians! men who can thus
brutally insult a dark futurity, and the bare
possibility of those punishments which reli-
gion denounces against the wicked ; such
men, are they not either the most foolish, or
the most brutish among the people ? ' Under-
stand, ye most brutish among the people ! Ye
fools ! When will you be wise .''
VI. I would attack the conscience of the
libertine, and terrify him with the language
of m}^ text, 'He who teacheth man knowledcre,
shall not he correct ?' That is to say, He who
gave you laws, shall not he regard your viola-
tion of them ? The persons whom I attack, I am
aware, have defied us to find the least vestice
of what is called conscience in them. But
had you thoroughly examined yourselves
when you set us at defiance on this article ?
Have you been as successful as you pretend-
ed to have been in your daring enterprise of
freeing yourselves entirely from the terrors
of conscience .■' Is this ligiit quite extinct ?
This interior master, does he dictate nothing
^ to you? This rack of the Almighty, does it
never force you to confess what you would
i willingly deny .-' Are your knees so firm, that
i they never smite together with dread and
^ horror.''
The question, concerning the possibility of
entirely freeing a man from the empire of
conscience, is a question of fact. We think
we have reason for affirming, that no man
can bring himself to such a state. You pre-
tend to be yourselves a demonstration of
tJie contrary. You are, you declare, perfect-
ly free from the attacks of conscience. This
is a fact, and I grant it ; I take your word :
but hero is another fact, in regard to which
wc ought to be believed in our turn, and on
which our word is wortli as much as yours.
This is it : we have seen a great number of
sick people ; we have attended a great num-
ber of dying people. Among those, to whom
in the course of our ministry we have been
called, we have met with all sorts of charac-
ters. We have visited some, who once were
what you profess to be now, people who
boasted of having freed themselves from vul-
Heh. XXVI.]
LIBERTINISM AND INFIDELITY.
'249
ga.r errors, from the belief of a God, a reli
gion, a hell, a heaven, and of saying^, when
they abandon themselves to the utmost ex-
cesses, as you say, ' The Lord shall not see
neither shall the God of Jacob regard it.
But we have never met with a single indi
vidual, no, not one, who has not contradict-
ed himself at the approach of death. It is
said some have not done this. For our parts,
we have never met with any such ; we have
never attended one who has not proved by
his example, that you will contradict your-
selves also. We have often visited those
who have renounced all their systems, and
have cursed their infidehty a thousand and a
thousand times. We have visited many who
have required the aid of that very religion
which they had ridiculed. We have often
seen those who have called superstition to
assist religion ; and who have turned pale,
trembled, and shaken, at the bare sight of
our habit , before they had heard the sentence
which God pronounced by our mouths. But
we have never seen an individual, no, not
one, who died in his pretended skepticism.
It remains with you to account for these
facts. You are to inquire, whether you your-
selves will be more courageous. It belongs
to you to examine, whether you can better
support the character, and whether you can
bear those dying agonies, those devouring
regrets, those terrible misgivings, which
made your predecessors unsay all, and dis-
cover as much cowardice at death as they had
discovered brutality in their lives.
VII. Perhaps you have been surprised,
my brethren, that we have reserved the
weakest of our attacks for the last. Perhaps
you object, that motives, taken from what is
called />o/i<eness, and a knowledge of the wor'd,
can make no impressions on the minds of
those who did not feel the force of our former
attacks. It is not without reason, however,
that we have placed this last. Libertines
and infidels often pique themselves on their
gentility and good breeding. They fre-
quently take up their system of infidelity,
and pursue their course of profaneness, mere-
ly through their false notions of gentility.
Reason they think too scholastic, and faith
pedantry. They imagine, that in order to
distinguish themselves in the world, they
must aflTect neither to believe nor to rea-
son.
Well ! you accomplished geatlcman ! do
you know what the world thinks of you.'
The prophet tells you : but it is not on the
authority of the prophet only, it is on the
opinion of your fellow-citizens, that I mean
to persuade you. You are considered in the
world as the ' most brutish' of mankind.
' Understand, ye most brutish among the
people.' What is an accomplished gentie-
laan? What is politeness and good breed-
ing .' It is the art of accommodating one's
self to the genius of that society, and of seem-
ing to enter into the sentiments of that com-
pany in which we are ; of appearing to ho-
nour what they honour ; of respecting what
they respect ; and of paying a regard even
to their prejudices, and their weaknesses.
On these principles, are you not the rudest
and most unpolished of maiJiind ? Or, to
repeat the language of my text, are you not
the ' most brutish among the people .'' You
'ive among people who believe a God, and a
religion ; among people who were educated
n these principles, and who desire to die iii
hese principles; among people who have
many of them sacrificed their reputation^
their ease, and their fortune to religion.
Moreover, you live in a society, the founda-
tions of which sink with those of religion,
so that were the latter undermined, the for-
mer would therefore be sunk. All the mem-
bers of society are interested in supporting
this edifice, which you are endeavouring to
destroy. The magistrate commands you not
to publish principles that tend to the subver-
sion of his authority. The people request
you not to propagate opinions which tend to
subject them to the passions of a magistrate,
who will imagine he has no judge superior
to himself. This distressed mother, mourn-
ing for the loss of her only son, prays you
not to deprive her of the consolation which
she derives from her present persuasion, that
the son whom she laments is in possession
of immortal glory. That sick man beseech-
es you not to disabuse him of an error that
sweetens all his sorrows. Yon dying man
begs you would not rob him of his only hope.
The whole world conjures you not to estab-
lish truths (even supposing they were truths,
an hypothesis which I deny and detest), the
whole world conjures you not to establish
truths, the knowledge of which would be fa-
tal to all mankind. In spite of so many
voices, in spite of so many prayers, in spite
of so many entreaties, and among so many
people interested in the establishment of re-
ligion, to afiirm that religion is a fable, to
oppose it with eagerness and obstinacy, to
try all your strength, and to place all your
glory in destroying it : what is this but the
height of rudeness, brutality, and mad-
ness.' ' Understand, ye most brutish among
the people I Ye fools ! When will ye be
wise r
Let us put a period to this discourse. We
come to you, my brethren ! When we preach
against characters of these kinds, we think
we rea.d what passes in your hearts. You
congratulate yourselves, for the most part,
for not being of the number for detestino- in-
fidelity, and for respecting relig'ion. But
shall we tell you, my brethren .' How odious
soever the men are, whom we have describ-
ed, we know others more odious still. There
is a restriction in the judgment, which the
prophet forms of the first, when ho calls them
in the text, • The most foolish, and the most
brutish among the people ; and there are
some men who surpass them in brutality and
extravagance.
Do not think we exceed the truth of the
matter, or that we are endeavouring to ob-
tain your attention by paradoxes. Really, I
speak as I think ; I think there is more in-
genuousness, and even (if I may venture to
say so), a less fund of turpitude in men who,
having resolved to roll on with the torrent
of their passions, endeavour to perauado
themselves either that there is no God, or
that he pays no regard to the actions of men ;
than iii those who, believing the existence
250
THE SALE OF TRUTH.
[rfBR. xxva.
and providence ol' God, live as if they believ-
ed neither. Infidels were not able to sup-
port, in their excesses, the ideas of an injured
benefactor, of an angry Supreme Judge, of
an eternal salvation neglected, of daring
hell, a ' lake burning with fire and brim-
stone, and smoke ascending up for ever
and ever,' Rev. xxi. 8; xiv. 11. In order
to give their passions a free scope, they
found it necessary to divert their attention
firom all these terrifying objects, and to ef-
face such shocking truths from their minds.
But you ! who believe the being of a God!
You ! who believe yourselves under his eye,
and who insult him every day without re-
pentance, or remorse ! You ! who believe
God holds thunder in his hand to crush sin-
ners, and yet live in sin ! You ! who think
there are devouring flames, and chains of
darkness ; and yet presumptuously brave
their horrors ! You ! who believe the im-
mortality of your souls, and yet occupy your-
selves about nothing but the present life !
What a front! What a brazen front is
VOURS !
You consider religion a revelation proceed-
ing from heaven, and supported by a thousand '
authentic proofs But, if your faith be well- j
grounded, how dangerous is your condition ! i
For, after all, the number of evidences who [
attest the religion which you believe, this
number of witnesses depose the truth of the
practical part of religion, as well as the truth
of the speculative part. These witnesses at-
test, that ' without holiness, no man shall
see the Lord; that neither thieves, nor co-
vetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor ex-
tortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God,'
Heb. xii 14; 1 Cor. vi. 10. And conse-
quently, these evidences attest that you
thieves, that you covetous, that you drunk-
ards, that you revilers, that you extortioners,
shall be excluded from that happv mansion.
Do you reject this proposition .' Class your-
selves then with infidels. Contradict nature ;
contradict conscience ; contradict the church;
deny the recovery of strength to the lame ;
the giving of sight to the blind ; the raising
of the dead ; contradict heaven, and earth,
and sea, nature, and every element. Do you
admit the proposition .' Acknowledge thea
that you must be irretrievably lost, unless
your ideas be reformed arhd renewed, unless
you renounce the world that enchants and
fascinates your eyes.
This, my brethren, this is your remedy.
This is what we hope for you. This is that
to which we exhort you by the compassion of
God, and by the great salva,tion which reli-
Sfion presents to you. Respect this religion.
Study it every day. Apply its comforts to
your sorrows, and its precepts to your lives.
And, joining promises to precepts, and pre-
cepts to promises, assort your Christianity.
Assure yourselves then of the peace of God
in this life and of a participation of his glo-
ry after death. God grant you this grace 5
Amen.
SERMON XXVII.
THE SALE OF TRUTH.
Prov. xxiii. 23.
Sell not the truth.
' If Balak would give me his house full of
silver and (fold, I cannot go beyond the word
of the Lord my God, to do less or more,'
Numb. xxii. 18. This was the language of a
man whose memory the church holds in exe-
cration : but who, when he pronounced these
words, was a model worthy of the imitation of
the wliole world. A king sent for him ; made
him, in some sort, tiie arbiter of the success
of his arms ; considered him as one who
could command victory as he pleased ; put a
commission to him into the hands of the most
illustrious persons of his court ; and accom-
panied it with presents, the magnificence of
which was suitable to the favour he solicited.
Balaam was very much struck with so many
honours, and charmed willi such extranrdina
ry presents. He felt all that a man of mean
rank owed to a king, who sought and SDlicit-
ed his help ; but he felt still more the majesty i
of his cwn character. He professed himself
a minister of that God. bi fore whom ' all na-
tions arc as a drop of a bucket,' Isa. xl. 15; !
and, considering Balak, and his courtiers, in
this point of view, he sacrificed empty honour
to solid glory, and exclaimed in this heroical
style, ' If Balak would give me his house full
of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the
word of the Lord my God, to do less or more.'
Moreover, before Balak, in the presence of
all his courtiers, and, so to speak, in sight of
heaps of silver and gold sparkling to seduce
him, he gave himself up to the emotions of
the prophetic spirit that animated him, and,
burning with that divine fire which this spirit
kindled in his soul, he uttered these sublime
words : ' Balak the king of Moab hath brought
me from Aram, out of the mountains of tlie
East, saying. Come, curse me Jacob, and
come, dety Israel. How shall I curse, whom
God hath not cursed ? Or how shall I defy
whom the Lord hath not defied.' Behold, I
have received commandment to bless, and he
hath blessed, and I cannot reverso it. Surely
there is no enchantment against Jacob, nei-
ther is there any divination against Israel,'
Sib. XXVII.]
THE SALE OF TRUTH.
251
Numb, xxiii. 7, 8. 20. 23. ' How goodly are
thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O
Israel,' chap. xsiv. 5.
I would excite your zeal to-day, my bre-
thren, by an example so worthy of your emu-
lation. A few days ago, you remember, we
endeavoured to show you the importance of
this precept of Solomon, ' Buy the truth.'
We pointed out to you then the means of
making the valuable acquisition of truth. We
told you God had put it up at a price, and
that he required, in order to your possession
of it, the sacrifice of dissipation, the sacrifice of
indolence, the sacrifice ofprecipitancy ofjudg-
ment, the sacrifice of prejudice, the sacrifice
of obstinacy, the sacrifice of curiosity, and
the sacrifice of the passions. In order to in-
^ire you with the noble design ofmaking all
these sacrifices, we expatiated on the worth
of truth, and endeavoured to convince you of
its value in regard to that natural desire of
man, the increase and perfection of his intel-
ligence, which it fully satisfies ; in regard to
the ability which it affords a man to fill those
posts in society to which Providence calls
him ; in regard to those scruples which dis-
turb a man's peace, concerning the choice of
a religion, scruples which truth perfectly
calms ; and, finally, in regard to the banish-
ment of those doubts, which distress people
in a dying hour, doubts which are alwa3's in-
tolerable, and which become most exquisitely
so, when they relate to questions so interest-
ing as those that revolve in the mind of a :
dying man. i
Having thus endeavoured to engage you to I
'buy the truth,' v/hen it is proposed to you,
we are going to exhort you to-day to pre-
serve it carefully after you have acquired it.
We are going to enforce this salutary advice,
that were ten thousand envoys from Moab,
and from Midian, to endeavour to ensnare
you, you ought to sacrifice all things rather
than betray it, and to attend to that same So-
lomon, who last Lord's day said, ' Buy the
truth,' saying to you, to-day, ' and sell it not.'
If what we shall propose to you now re-
quires less exercise of your minds than what
we said to 3^ou in our former discourse, it ;
will excite a greater exercise of your hearts.
When you hear us examine the several cases ,
in which ' the truth is sold,' you may per-
liaps have occasion for all your respect for
us to hear with patience what we shall say on
these subjects.
But, if a preacher always enervates the
force of his preaching when he violates the
precepts himself, the necessity of which he
urges on others, does he not enervate them
in a far more odious manner still, when he
violates them while he is recommending
them ; preaching humil ty with pride and
arrogance ; enforcing restitution on otl)ers,
while he himself is clothed witli the spoils of
the fatherless and the widow; pressing the
importance of fraternal love with hands reek-
ing, as it were, with the blood of his bretliren .'
What idea, then, would you form of us, if,
while we are exhorting you ' not to sell truth,'
any human motives should induce us to sell
it, by avoiding to present portraits too strik-
ing, lest any of you should know yourselves
again. God forbid wc should do so! 'If Ba-
lak would give me his house full of silver and
gold, I would not go beyond the word of the
Lord my God, to speak less or more.' Allow
us, then, that noble liberty which is not in-
consistent with the profound respect which
persons of our inferior station owe to
an auditory as illustrious as this to which we
have the honour to preach Permit us to for-
get every interest but that of trutfi, and to
have no object in view but your salvation and
our own. And thou, God of truth! fill my
mind during the whole of this sermon, with
this exhortation of thine apostle : ' I charge
thee before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ,
who shall judge the quick and the dead at his
appearing and his kingdom ; preach the
word ; be instant in season, out of season ; re-
prove, rebuke, exhort with all long-suffering
and doctrine,' 2 Tim. iv. 1,2. 'Take heed
unto thyself, and unto thy doctrine ; for in
doing this thou shall both save thyself
and them that hear thee,' 1 Tim. iv. 16.
Amen.
You may comprehend what we mean by
' selling truth,' if you remember what we said
it is ' to buy' it. Truth, according to our de-
finition last Lord's day, is put in our text for
an agreement between the nature of an object
and the idea we form of it. ' To buy truth' is
to make all the sacrifices which are necessa-
ry for the obtaining of ideas conformable to
the objects of which they ought to be the ex-
press images. On this principle, our text, I
think, will admit of only three senses, in each
of which we may ' sell truth.'
1. ' Sell not the truth,' that is to say, do
not lose the disposition of mind, that aptness
to universal truth, when you have acquired it.
Justness of thinking, and accuracy of rea-
soning, are preserved by the same means by
which they are procured. As the constant
use of these means is attended with difficulty,
the practice of tliem frequently tires people
out. Tiierc arc seeds of some passions which
remain, as it were, buried during the first
years of life, and which vegetate only in ma-
ture age. There are virtues which some men
would have practised till death, had their
condition been alv/ays the same. A Roman
historian remarks of an emperor,* that ' he al-
ways woul" have merited the imperial digni-
ty, had he never arrived at it.' He who was
a model of docility, when he was only a disci-
ple, became inaccessible to reason and evi-
dence as soon as he was placed in a doctor's
chair. He who applied himself wholly to the
sciences, while he considered his application
as a road to the first offices in the state, be-
came wild in his notions, and lost all the fruit
of his former attention, as soon as he obtain-
ed the post which had been the object of all
his wishes. As people neglect advancing in
the path of truth, they lose the habit of walk-
ing in it. The mind needs aliment and nour-
ishment as well as the body. ' To sell truth'
is to lose, by dissipation, that aptness to
' universal truth' which had been acquired by
attention ; to lose^ by precipitation, by preju-
dice, by obstinacy, by curiosity, by gratifying
the pnssions, those dispositions which had
been acquired by opposite means. This is
Galba. Tacit. Hist. Lili. I.
253
THE SALE OF TRUTH.
CSer. xxvn.
the first sense that may be given to the pre-
cept, ' Sell not the truth.'
2. The Wise Man perhaps intended to ex-
cite those who possess superior knowledge
to communicate it freely to others. He in-
tended, probably, to reprove those mercenary
souls, who trade with their wisdom, and ' sell
it,' as it were, by the penny. This sense
seems to be verified by tlie following words,
' wisdom, and instruction, and understanding.'
Some supply the first verb ' buy, buy wisdom,
and instruction,' The last verb may also be
naturally joined to the same words, and the
passage may be read, ' Sell neither wisdom
nor instruction.' Not that Solomon intended
to subvert an order established in society;
for it is equitable, that they who have spent
their youth in acquiring literature, and have
laid out a part of their forti n? in the acq: i^-
tion, should reap the fru't of tljoir labour,
and be indemnified for the expense of their
education : ' the workman is worthy of his
meat, and they who preach the gospel should
live of the gospel,' Matt. x. 10 ; 1 Cor. ix. 14.
Yet the same Jesus Christ, w'lo was the her-
ald as well as the pattern of disinterestedness,
said to his apostles when he was speaking to
them of the miracles which he had empow-
ered them to perform, and of the truths of the
gospel in general, which lie intrusted them to
preach, ' Freely ye have received, freely give,'
Matt. X. 8. And St. Paul was so far from
staining his apostleship with a mercenary
spirit, that when he thought a reward for his
ministry was likely to tarnish its glory, lie
chose rather to work with his hands than to
accept it. That great man, who had acquired
the delightful habit of living upon meditation
and study, and of expanding his soul in con-
templating abstract things ; that great man
was seen to supply his wants by working at
the mean trade of tent-making, while he was
labouring at the same time in constructing
the mystical tabernacle, the church : greater
in this noble abasement than his pretended
successors in all their pride and pomp. A
man of superior understanding ought to de-
vote himself to the service of the state. His
depth of knowledge should be a public fount,
from which each individual should have liber- \
vy to draw. A physician owes that succour j
to the poor which his profession aft'ords ; the I
counsellor owes them his advice ; the casu-
ist his directions ; without expecting any ,
other reward than tiiat which God has pro-
mised to benevolence. I cannot help repeat-
ing here the idea which Cicero gives us of
tiiose ancient Pk,omans, who lived in the days j
of liberty, and of the true glory of Rome, j
* They acquainted themselves,' says that ora- j
tor, ' with wliatcver might be useful to the
republic. They were seen walking backward, j
and forward, in the public places of the city, |
in order to afford a freedom of access to any
of the ciiizens who wanted their advice, not
only on matters of jurisprudence, but on any
other aftairs, as on the marrymg of a daugh-
ter, the purchasing, or improving of a farm,
or, in short, on any other article that might
concern thom.'*
3. A third sense may bo given to the pre-
* De Oratore. Lib. iii.
cepts of Solomon, and by selling, we may un-
derstand what, in modern style, we call be-
traying truth. To bitray truth is, through
any sordid motive, to suppress, or to disguise
things of consequence, to the glory of reli-
gion, the interest of a neighbour, or the good
of society.
It would be difficult to demonstrate which
of these three meanings is most conformable
to the design of Solomon. In detached sen-
tences, such as most of the writings of Solo-
mon are, an absolute sense cannot be precisely
determined ; but, if the interpreter ought to
suspend his judgment, the preacher may re-
gulate his choice by circumstances, and, of
several probable meanings, all agreeable to
the analogy of faith, and to the genius of
the sacred author, may take that sense which
best suits the state of his audience. If this
be a wise maxim, we are obliged, I think,
having indicated the three significations, to
confine ourselves to the third.
In this sense we observe six orders of per-
sons who maj' ' sell truth.'
I. The courtier.
II. The indiscreet zealot.
III. The Apostate, and the Nicodemite.
IV. The judge.
V. The politician.
VI. Tiie pastor.
1 A courtier may ' sell truth' by a mean
adulation. An indiscreet zealot by pious
frauds, instead of defending truth with the
arms of truth alone. An apostate, and a Ni-
codemite, by ' loving this present world,' 2
Tim. iv. 10, or by fearing persecution when
they are called • to give a reason of the hope
that is in them,' 1 Pet. iii. 15, and to follow
the example of that Jesus who, according to
the apostle, ' before Pontius Pilate witness-
ed a good confession,' 1 Tim. vi. 13. A
judge may ' sell truth' by a spirit of partiali-
ty, when he ought to be blind to the appear-
ance of persons. A politician, by a criminal
caution, when he ought to probe the wounds
of the state, and to examine in public assem-
blies what are the real causes of its decay,
and who are the true authors of its miseries.
In fine, a pastor may ' sell truth' through a
cowardice that prevents his ' declaring all
the counsel of (Jod ;' his ' declaring unto
Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his
sin,' Micah iii. 8. Thus the flattery of the
courtier ; the pious frauds of the indiscreet
zealot ; the worldly mindedness and timidity
of the apostate, and of the Nicodemite ;
the partiality of the judge ; the criminal cir-
cumspection of the members of legislative
bodies ; and the cowardice of the pastor ; are
six defects which we mean to expose, six
sources of reflections that will supply the
remainder of this discourse.
I. Mean adulation is the first vice we at-
tack ; the first way of selling truth. We in-
tend here that fraudulent traffic which aims,
at the expense of a few unmeaning applauses,
to procure solid advantages ; and, by erect-
ing an altar to the person addressed, and by
offering a little of the smoke of the incense
of flattery, to conciliate a profitable esteem.
This unworthy commerce is not only carried
on in the palaces of kings, it is almost every
v.-here seen, where suneriors and inferiors
.ser. xxvn.]
THE SALE OF TRUTH.
25i
meet; because, generally speaking, where-
pver there are superiors, there are people
%vho love to hear the language of adulation ;
and because, vviierever there are inferiors,
there are people uiean enough to let thein hear
it. What a k'lig is in his kiagdom, a governor
is in his province ; what a governor is in his
province, a nobleman is in his estate ; what
a nobleman is in his estate, a man of trade is
amon;'' his workmen and domestics Farther,
tlie incense nf flattery d los not always ascend
from an inferi >r only to a superior, people on
the same line in life mutually offer it to one
another, and sometimes the superior stoops to
offer it to the inferior. There are men who
expect that eacli member of society should
put his hand to fijrvvard the building of a for-
tune which entirely employs themselves, and
which is the spring of every iction of their
own lives ; people who aim to siielter them-
selves under the protection of the great, to
incorporate tiieir own reputation with that of
illustrious persons, to accumulate wealth,
and to lord it over the lower part of mankind.
These people apply one engine to all men,
which is flattery. They proportion it to the
various orders of persons whiin they address ;
they direct it according to their different
foibles; vary it according to various'c roura-
stances ; give it a different ply at different
times ; and artfully consecrate to it, not only
their voice, but whatever they are, and what-
ever they pisse^is. The/ practice an tbs.jlute
authority over their countenances, compose
them to an air of pleasure, distort them to
pain, gild the in with gladness, or becloud
them with grief They are indefatigable in
applauding ; they never present themselves
before a man without exciting agreeable ideas
in him, and these they never fail to excite
when, blind to his frailties, they affect an efc:
of ecstacy at his virtues, and hold tliemselves
ready to publ'sh his abilities, and his acquisi-
tions for prodigies. They acquire friends of
the most opposite characters, because they
praise alike the most opposite qualities. They
bestow as much praise on tiie violent as on
the moderate ; they praise pride as iniicii as
they praise humility ; and give equal enco-
miums to the lowest avarice and to the high-
est generosity.
Such is the character of the flatterer.
This is the first traffic which ihe Wise Man
forbids. ' Sell not the truth.' Sii uneful
traffic ! a traiHc unworthy not only of a Chris-
tian, and of a philosopher ; but of every man
who preserves the smallest degree of his
primitive liberty. Against this traffic the
church and the synagogue, Chrisiianity and
paganism, St. Paul and Seneca have alike re-
monstrated A traffic shamefiil not only to
him who offers this false incense, but to him
who loves and enjoys it. The language of a
courtier who elevates his prince above hu-
manity, is often a sure mark of his inward
contempt of him A man who exaggerates
and amplifies your virtues, takes it for granted
that you know not yourself He lays it
down for a principle, that you are vain, and
that you love to see yourself only on your
bright side. His adulation is grounded on
a belief of your injustice, he knows you arro-
gate a glory to vourself to which you have no
2 K
just pretension. He lays it down for a prin-
ciple, that you are destitute of all delicacy of
sentiment, and that you prefer empty ap-
plause before respectful silence. He lays it
down for a principle, that you have little or
no religion, as you violate its most sacred law,
huiiiility. A man must be very short-sighted,
he must be a mere novice in the world, and
a stranger to the human heart, if he be fond
of flattering eulogiums. There is no king so
cruel, no tyrant so barbarous, no monster so
odious, whom flattery does not elevate above
the greatest heroes. The traffic of the flat-
terer, then, is equally shameful to him who
sells truth, and to him who buys it.
H. Indiscreet zealots make the second
class of them who ' sell truth.' If the zealot
be guilty of the same crime, he is so from a
motive more proper, it should seem, to excul-
pate him He uses falsehood only to estab-
lish truth, and if he commit a fraud, it is a
fraud consecrated to religion. I am not sur-
prised, my brethren, that the partisans of er-
roneous communities have used this method ;
and that they have advanced, to establish it,
arguments, in tlieir own opinions, inconclu-
sive, and ficts of their own invention. A
certain cardinal who made himself famous in
the church by his theological attacks on the
protestants, and who became more so still
by the repulses which the latter gave him,
has been justl, reproached with using these
methods. Peo[ile have applied that com-
parison to him which he applied to a certain
African named Leo, whom he likens to that
amphibious bird in the fable, which was some-
times a bird, and sometimes a fish : a bird
when the king of the fish required tribute,
and a fish when the king of the birds demand-
ed it.*
To supply the want of truth with falsehood
is a kind of wisdom that better becomes ' the
children of this world,' Luke xvi. 8, than the
ministers of the living God. It would be
hardly credible, unless we saw it with our
own eyes, that tlie ministers of God should
use the same arms which the ministers of the
devil employ ; and endeavour to support a
religion founded on reason and argument, by
the very same artifices which are only need-
ful to uphold a relig-ion founded alone on the
fancies of men. We blush for religion when
we see the primitive fathers adopting this
method, not only in the heat of argument,
when disputants forget their own principles,
but coolly and deliberately. We are ashamed
of primitive times, when we hear a St.
Jerome commending those who said not what
lliey believed, but whatever they thought
proper to confound their pagan opponents ;
making a captious distinction between what
was written in dogmatizing, and what was
written in disputing ; and maintaining that,
in disputing, people were free to use what
arguments they would, to promise bread, and
to produce a stone. t We are confounded at
finding, among the archives of Christianity,
letters of Lentulus to the Roman senate in
favour of Jesus (Jhrist ; those of Pilate to
Tiberius ; of Paul to Seneca, and of Seneca
* See Baylc in the article Bellarmiue. Rem. D.
t Epist. ad. Pamiiiacli. Voycz DaiMe sur It! droit
usage des peres, cliap. v).
254
THE SALE OP TRUTH.
[Sf.b. XXVI.
to Paul ; yen., those of king Agbarus to Jesus
Christ, and of Jesus Christ to king Agbarus.
We are shocked at hearing the fatiiers com-
pare the pretented sybilhne oracles to the in-
spired prophecies ; attribute an equal autho-
rity to them ; cite them with the same con-
fidence ; and thus expose Christianity to the
objections of its enemies.* And would to
God we ourselves had never seen among us
celebrated divines derive, from the visions of
enthusiasts, arguments to uphold the truth !
Mere human prudence is sufficient to per-
ceive the injustice of this method. The
pious frauds of the primitive ages are now
the most powerful objections that the ene-
mies of religion can oppose against it. They
have excited suspicions about the real monu-
ments of the church, by producing the spu-
rious writings which an indiscreet zeal had
propagated for its glory; and those unworthy
artifices have much oftener shaken believers
than reclaimed infidels.
God anciently forbade the Jews to offer
him in sacrifice ' the hire of a whore, or the
j)rice of a dog,' Deut xxiii. 18. Will he suf-
fer Christianity to be established as the reli-
gion of Mohammed is propagated ? Will Jesus
Christ call Belial to his aid ? Shall light ap-
ply to the powers of darkness to spread the
glory of its rays .' And do we not always sin
against this precept of Solomon, ' Sell not
the truth,' when we part with truth even to
obtnin truth itself.-'
HI. We put apostates, and time-servers, or
Nicodemites, in the third class of those who
'sell the truth.'
1. Apostates, But we
need not halt to attack an order of men against
which every thing become:: a pursuing niin-
ister of the vengeance of Heaven. The idea
they leave in the community tLcy quit ; the
contempt of that which embraces them ; the
odious character they acquire ; the horrors of
their own consciences ; the thundering lan-
guage of our Scriptures ; the drendtul ex-
amples of Judas and Julian, of Hymeneus,
Philetus, and Spira; the fires and flames of
hell: these are arguments against apostacy ;
these are the gains of those who ' sell the
truth' in this manner.
2. But tliere is another order of men to
•whom we would show the justice of the
precept of Solomon ; they are persons who
' sell the truth,' through the fear of those pun-
ishments which persecutors inflict on them
who have courage to hang out the bloody
flag; I mean time-servers, Nicodemites.
You know them, my brethren : would to God
the misfortunes of the times had not given us
an opportunity of knowing them so well !
They are the imitators of that tnnid disciple
who admired Jesus Christ, who was fully
convinced of the truth of his doctrine, stricken
with the glory of his miracles, penetrated
with the divinity of his mission, and his pro-
selyte in his heart ; but who, ' for fear of the
Jews,' John vii. i:?, durst not venture to
make an open profession of the truth, and, as
the evangelist remarks, 'went to Jesus by
night,' chap. iii. 2. Thus our modern Nico-
demites. They are shocked at superstition.
* Vid. Blondcl des Sibilles. Liv. i. chap. v. x. sjv.
and xxiv.
thej' thoroughly know the truth, they form a
multitude of ardent wishes for the prosperity
of the church, and desire, they say, to see
the soldiers of Jesus Christ openly march
with their banners displayed, and to list
themselves under them the first : but they
only pretend, that in time of persecution,
when they cannot make an open profession
without ruining their families, sacrificing
their fortunes, and fleeing their country, it
is allowable to yield to the times, to disguise
their Christianity, and to be antichristian
without, provided they be Christians within.
1. But, if their pretences be well-grounded,
what mean these express decisions of our
Scriptures .' ' Whosoever shall confess me
before men, him will 1 confess also before my
Father which is in heaven ; but whosoever
shall deny me before men, him will I also
deny before my Father which is in heaven.
He that loveth father or mother more than me,
is not worthy of me. And he that taketh not
his cross, and followetli alter me, is not wor-
thy of me. He that lindeth his life, shall
lose it ; and he that loscth his life, for my
sake, shall find it. Whosoever, therefore,
shall be ashamed of me, and of my words, in
this adulterous and sinful generation, of him
also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when
he Cometh in the glory of his Father, with
the holy angels,' Matt. x. 32; Mark viii.
2. If there be any ground for the pleas of
temporizers, why do the scriptures set before
us the examples of those believers who walk-
ed in paths of tribulation, and followed
Jesus Christ with heroical firmness in steps
of crucifixion and maityrdom.' Why record
the example of the three children of Israel,
who chose rather to be cast into a fiery furnace,
than to fall down before a statue, set up by
an idolatrous king ? Uan. iii !!•. ^^ hy that
of the martyrs, who suilered under the bar-
barous Antiochus, and the courage of that
mother, who, after she had seven times suf-
fered death, so to apeak, by seeing each of
her seven sons put to death, suffered an
eighth, by imitating their example, and by
crowning their mart)'rdom with her own .'
Why that * cloud of witnesses, who through
faith were stoned, were sawn asunder, were
tempted, were slain with the sword, wander-
ed about in slieep skins and goat-skins;
being destitute, afflicted, tormented .-" Heb.
xi. o7.
3. If the pretences of time-servers be well-
grounded, what was the design of tho purest
actions of the primitive church ; of those
councils which were held on account of Buch
as had the weakness to cast a grain of incense
into the fire tiiat burned on the altar of au
idol ? Why those rigorous canons which were
made against them ; those severe penalties
that were inflicted on them ; those delays of
their absolution, whicii continued till near
the last moments of their lives.''
If these pretences bo allowable, what is
the use of all the promises which are made
to confessors and martyrs ; the white gar-
ments, that are reserved for them ; the palms
of victory which are to be put in their hands ;
the crowns of glory that are prepared for
them ; the reiterated declarations of the
Srh. XXVII.j
THE SALE OF TRUTH.
2o5
/
author and finisher of thoir faith, 'To him
that overcometh will I ^rant to sit with me
ij] my throne. Hold that fast whicli thou
hast, that no man take thy crown,' Rev iii.
11.31.
4. If these pretences bo reasonable, would
God have afforded such miraculous assistance
to his servants the martyrs, in the time of
their martyrdom .'' It was in the suffering' of
martyrdom that St. Peter saw an angel, who
opened the prison-doors to him, Acts xii. 7.
In suffering martyrdom, Paul and Silas felt
the prison, that confined them, shake, and
their chains loosen and fill off, ver. 14. In
suffering martyrdom, St. Stephen ' saw the
heavens opened, and Jesus standing on the
right hand of God,' chap. xvi. 2G ; and viii.
56. In the suffering of martyrdom Barlaam,
sang this song, ' Blessed be the Lord, who
teaclieth my hands to war, and my fingers to
fight,' Ps. cxliv. 1.** It was during tlieir
martyrdom, that Pcrpetvia and Felicitas saw
a ladder studded with swords, daggers, and
instruments of punishment that reached up
to heaven, at tha top of which stood Jesus
Christ encouraging them.t And you, my
brethren, in participating the sufferings of
primitive believers, have you not partaken of
their consolations ? Sometimes Providence
opened ways of escape in spite of the vigi-
lance of your enemies. Sometimes power-
ful protections, which literally fulfilled the pro-
mise of the gospel, that he who should quit
any teaiporal advantage for the sake of it,
should ' receive a himdredfold, even in this
Hfe.' Sometimes deliverances, which seem-
ed perfectly miraculous. Sometimes a firm-
ness equal to the most cruel tortures ; an
heroical courage, that astonished, yea, that
wearied out your executioners. Sometimes
transporting joys, which enabled you to say,
' When we are weak, then are we strong.
We are more than conquerors, through him
that loved us We glory in tribulations also.'
So many reflections, so many arguments,
which subvert the pretences of Nicodemites;
and which prove that with the greatest rea-
son, we place them among those who betray
the truth.
But, great God ! to what am I doomed
this day ? Who are these time-servers, who
are these Nicodemites, whose condemnation
wo are denouncing ? How many of my audi-
tors have near relations, enveloped in this
misery .' Where is there a family of our ex-
iles, to which the words of a prophet may
not be applied ; ' My flesh is in Babylon,
and my blood among the inhabitants of Chal-
dea,' Jer. li. 35. Ah I shame of the ref^irma-
tion ! Ah! fatal memoir! just cause of per-
petual grief! Thou Rome ! who iusultest
and gloriest over us, do not pretend to con-
found us with the sight of galleys filled by
thee with protestant slaves, whose miseries
thou dost aggrav.ite with reiterated blows,
with galling chains, with pouring vinegar
into their wounds ! Do not pretend to con-
found us by sh twin* us gloomy and filthy
dungeons, iniccessible to every ray of li^iht,
the horror of which thou dost augment by
leaving the bodies of the dead in those dens
* Basil. Tom. i. 440. Homil. 18. Edit, de Paris, 1638.
f Tertul. de anima. Cap. Iv.
of fhe living : these horrid holes have been
changed into delightful spots, by the influ-
ences of that grace which God has ' shed
abroad in the hearts' of the prisoners, Rom.
v. 5, and by the songs of triumph which they
have incessantly sung to his glory. Do not
pretend to confound us by showing us our
houses demolished, our families dispersed,
our fugitive flocks driven to wander over the
face of the whole world. These objects are
our glory, and thy insults are our praise.
Wouldest thou cover us with confusion .'
Show us, show us the souls which thou hast
taken from us Reproach us, not that thou
hast extirpated heresy ; but that thou hast
caused us to renounce religion : not that
thou hast made martyrs ; but that thou hast
made Protestants apostates from the truth.
This is our tender part. Here it is that
no sorrow' is like our sorrow. On this ac-
count ' tears run down the wall of the daugh-
ter of Zion like a river, day and nigVit,' I,ani.
ii. 18. What shall I say to you, my brethren,
to comfort you under your just complaints .'
Had you lost your fortunes, I would tell you,
' a Christian's treasure is in heaven. Had you
; been banished from your country only, I
: would tell you, a faithful soul finds its God in
desert wildernesses, in dreary solitudes, and
in the most distant climes. Had you lost
only your churches, I would tell you, the
favour of God is not confined to places and
to walls. But, you weeping consorts ; whe
' show me your husbands separated from Jesus
Christ, by an abjuration of thirty years;
what shall I say to you .' What shall I tell
you, yo tender mothers ! who show me your
children lying at the foot of the altar of an
idol .'
i O God ! are thy compassions exhausted ?
; Has religion, that source of endless joy, no
consolation to assuage our grief.' These de-
serters of the truth are our friends, our
brethren, other parts of ourselves. Moreover,
they are both apostates and martyrs : apos-
tates, by their fall ; martyrs, by their desire,
although feeble, of rising again : apostates,
by the fears that retain them ; martyrs, by
the emotions that urge them: apostates, by
the superstitious practices which they are
constrained to perform ; martyrs, by the
secret sighs and tears which they address
to heaven. O may the martyr obtain mercy
for the apostate ! May their frailty excuse
! their fall ! May their repentance expiate
i their idolatry ! or rather. May the blood of
Jesus Christ, covering apostacy, frailty, and
[ the imperfection of repentance itself, disarm
thy justice, and excite thy compassion !
I IV. We have put judges in the fourth
class of those to wiiom the text must be ad-
I dressed, ' Sell not the truth.'
I 1. A judge ' sells trutli,' if he be partial to
him whose cause is unjust, on account of
his connexions with him. When a judge
ascends the judgment-seat he ought entirely
toforiret all the connexions of friendship, and
of blood He ouaht to <ru.ird against himself,
lest the impressions tint connexions have
made on his heart, should alter the judgment
of his mind, and should make him turn the
sc le in favour of thoso with whom he is
united by tender ties. He ought to ' bear
25G
THE SALE OF TRUTH-
[JJEK. XX VII.
the Bword" indifferently, Rom. xiii. 4, like
another Levi, against his brother, and against
his friend, and to merit the praise that was
jjiven to that holy man. ' He said unto his
father, and to his mother, I have not seen him,
neither d d he acknowledge his brethren, nor
knew his own children,' Deut. xxiii. 11*. He
ouglit to involve his e3'es in a thick mist,
through which it would be impossible for him
to distinguish from tiie rest of the crowd, per-
sons for whoni nature so powerfully pleads.
2. A judge ' sells truth,' when he suffers
himself to be dazzled with the false glare of
the language of him who pleads against jus-
tice. Some counsellors have the Iront to af-
firm a maxim, and to reduce it to practice, in
direct opposition to the oaths they took when
they were invested with their character. The
maxim I mean is this ; as the business of a
judge is to distinguish truth from falsehood,
so the business ot a counsellor is, not only to
place the rectitude of a cause in a clear light,
but also to attribute to it all that can be in-
vented by a man expert in giving sophistry
the colours of demonstration and evidence.
To suffer himself to be misled by the ignes
fatui of eloquence, or to put on the air of be- I
ing convinced, either to spare himself the
trouble of discussing a truth, which the arti- !
fice of the pleader envelopes in obscurity ; or
to reward the orator in part for the pleasure
Jie has afforded him by the vivacity and po-
liteness of his harangue : each of these is a
sale of truth, a sacrificing of the rights of
widows and orphans, to a propriety of ges-
ture, a tour of expression, a figure of rhetoric.
3. A judge sells truth, when he yields to the
troublesome assiduity of an indefatigable soli-
citor. The practice of soliciting the judges
is not the less irregular for being authori-
zed by custom. When people avail them-
selves of that access to judges, which, in other
cases belongs to their reputation, their titles,
or their birth, they lay snares for their inno- ]
cence. A client ought not to address his
judg'es, except in the person of him, to whom
he has committed his cause, imparted his
grounds of action, and lefl the making of the
most of them. To regard solicitations instead
of reproving them ; to suffer himself to be
carried away with the talk of a man, whom
the avidity of gaining his cause inflames, in-
spires subtle inventions, and dictates emphati-
cal expressions, is, again, to ' sell truth.'
4. A judge sells truth, when he receives
presents. ' Thou shalt not take a gift ; for a
gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and per-
vert the words of the righteous,' Deut. xvi.
19. God gave this precept to the Jews.
5. A judge makes a sale of truth, when he
is terrified at tiie power of an oppressor. It
has been often seen in the most august bodies,
that suffrages have been constrained by the
tyranny of some, and sold by the timidity of
others. Tyrants have been known to attend,
either in their own persons, or in those of
their emissaries, in the very assemblies
which were convened on purpose to maintain
the rights of the peojde, and to check the
progress of tyranny. Tyrants have been seen
to endeavour to direct opinions by signs of
their hands, and by motions of their eyes ;
they huve been known to intimidate judges
by menaces, and to corrupt them by promises -,
and judges have been known to prostrate
their souls before these tyrants, and to pay
the same devoted deference to maxims of ty-
ranny, that is due to nothing but an authority
tempered witli ejuity. A judge on his tribu-
nal ought to fear none but him whose sword
is committe ! to him. He ought to be not
only a defender of truth, he ought also to
become a martyr for it, and confirm it with
his blood, were his blood necessary to confirm
it.
' He that hath ears to hear, let him hear,'
Matt. xi. 15. There is a primitive justice es-
sential to moral beings ; a justice indepen-
dent of the will of any Superior Being; be-
cause thei.p are certain [)rimitive and essential
relations between mora! beings, which belong
to their nature. As, when you suppose a.
square, you suppose a being that has four
sides ; as, when you suppose a body, you
suppose a being, from which extent is insepa-
rable, and independent of any positive will of
a Superior Being ; so when you suppose a
benefit, you suppose an equity, a justice, a
fitness, in gratitude, because there is an es-
sential relation between gratitude and benefit;
and the same may be said of every moral ob-
ligation.
The more perfect an intelligent being is,
the more intelligence is detached frsm pre-
judices ; the clearer the ideas of an intelligent
mind are, the more fully will it perceive the
opposition and the relation, the justice and
the injustice, that essentially belong to ;he
nature of moral beings. In like manni r, the
more perfection an intelligence has, the
morr- does it surmount irregular motions of
the passions ; and the mon^ it approves jus-
tice, the more will it disapprove injustice ;
the more it is inclined to favour what is
right, the more will it be induced to avoid
what is wrong.
j God is an intelligence, who possesses all
perfections ; his ideas are perfect image'' of
objects ; and on the model of his all objects
were formed. He sees, with perfect exactness,
the essential relations of justice and injustice.
He is necessarily inclined, though without
I constraint, and by the nature of liis perfec-
tions, to approve justice, and to disapprove
injustice ; to display his attributes in procu-
ring happiness to the good, and misery to the
i wicked.
In the present economy, a part of the rea-
; sons of which we discover, while some of the
reasons of it are hidden in darkness, God
does not immediately dilsinguish the cause
that is founded on equity, from that which is
grounded on iniquitous principles. This office
he has deposited in the hands of judges ; he
has intrusted them with his power ; he has
comniitted his sword to them ; he has placed
them on his tribunal ; and said to them, ' Ye
are gods,' Ps, Ixxxii. 6, But the more august
the tribunal, the more inviolable the power,
the more formidable the sword, the more sa-
cred the office, the more rigorous will their
pvmishments be, who, in any of tlie ways we
have mentioned, betray the interests of that
trtith and justice with which they are intrust-
ed. Some judges have defiled the tribunal of
' tlic Jud"e of all the earth.' Gen. xviii. $25.
ri£B. XXVIl.]
THE SALE OF TRUTH.
257
on which they were elevated. Into the bow-
els of the innocent they have tlirust that
sword which was jriven them to maintain
order, and to transfix those who subvert it.
That supreme power, which God gave them,
they have employed to war against that God
himself who vested them with it, and him they
have braved with insolence and pride. 'I saw
under the sun the place of judgment, that
wickedness was tliere ; and the place of ri-rht-
eousness, that iniquity was there ; and I said
in mine heart, Grd shall judge the righteous
and the wicked. If thou seest the oppression
of the poor, and the violent perverting of
judgment and justice in a province, marvel
uot at the matter; for He, that is higher
than the highest, regardeth it, and there be
higher than they. Be wise now therefore,
O ye kings : be instructed, ye judges of the
earth. ' Buy the truth, and sell it not,' Eccl.
iii. IG ; v. 3 ; Ps. ii. 10.
V. This precept of Solomon, ' Sell not the
truth,' regards the politician, who, by a timid
circumspection, uses an artful concealment,
when he ought to probe state wounds to the
bottom, and to discover the real authors of its
miseries, and the true causes of its decline.
lu these circumstances, it is not enough to
mourn over public calamities in secret ; they
must be spoken of with firmness and courage ;
the statesman must be the mouth and the
voice of all those oppressed people, whose
onlyreso'irces are prayers and tears ; he must
discover Uku fatal intrigues that are whispered
in corners against hi.s country ; unveil the
mysterious springs of the conduct of him,
who, under pretence of public benefit, seeks
only hi.v o..ii private emolument; he must
publish the shame of him, who is animated
with no other desire, than that of building his
own house on the ruins of church and state ;
he must arouse him from his indolence, who
deliberates by his own hre-side, when immi-
nent dangers require him to adopt bold, vigor-
ous, and effectual measures ; he must, without
scruple, sacrifice him, who himself sacrifices
to his own avarice or ambition, whole socie-
ties ; he must fully persuade other senators,
that, if the misfortunes of the times require the
death of any, it must be that of him who kin-
dled the fire, and uot of him who is ready to
shed the last drop of his blood to extinguish
it. To keep fair with all, on these occasions,
and by a timid silence, to avoid incurring the
displeasure of those who convulse the state,
and of those who cry for vengeance against
them, is a conduct not only unworthy of a
Christian, but unworthy of a good patriot.
Silence then is an atrocious crime, and to
suppress truth is to sett it, to betraij it.
How does an orator merit applause, my
brethren, when, being called to give his suf-
frage for the public good, he speaks witli that
lire, which the love of his country kindles,
and knows no law but equity, and the safety
of the people ! With this noble freedom the
heathens debated ; their intrepidity astonish-
es only those who are destitute of courage to
imitate them. Represent to yourselves De-
mosthenes speaking to his masters and
judges, and endeavouring to save them in
spite of themselves, and in spite of the punish-
ments which thev sometimes infliclcd ou
those who ofiered to draw them out of the
abysses into which they had piunged them-
selves. Represent to yourselves his orator ma-
king remonstrances, that wou I now-a-dayd
pass for firebrands of sedition, a id saying to
his country men, ' Will ye then et rnilly walk
backward and forward in your p ^'I'i^ n's'-ee,
asking one another, what news .' Is Philip
dead ? says one. No, replies another ; but hw
is extremely ill. Ah! what does tlie death ot'
Philip signify to you, gentlemen .■" No soon-
er would Hjaven have delivered you from.
irim, than ye yourselves would create another
Philip.'* Imagine you hear this orator blam-
ing the Athenians for tha greatness of their
enemy : ' For my part, gentlemen, I protest
I could not help venerating Philip, and trem-
bling at him, if his conquests proceeded from
his own valour, and from the justice of his
arms ; but whoever closely examines the true
cause of the fame of his exploits, will find it
in our faults ; his glory originates in cur
shame. 't Represent to yourselves this orator
plunging a dagger into the hearts of the per-
fidious Athenians, even of them, who indul-
ged hiin with their attention, and loaded him
with their applause. ' War, immortal war,
with every one who dares here to plead for
Philip. You must absolutely despair of con-
quering our enemies without, while you
suffer them to have such eager advocatei?
within. Yet you are arrived at this pitch of,
what shall I call it.' imprudence, or io-no-
rance. I am often ready to think, an evil
genius possesses you. You have brouurJit
yourselves to give these miserable, these per-
fidious wretches a hearing, some of whom
dare not disown the character I give them.
It is not enough to hear them, whether it bo
nvy, or malice, or an itch for satire, or what-
ever be the motive, you order them to mount
the rostrum, and taste .i kind of pleasure a.s
often as their outrageous railleries and cruel
calumnies rend in pieces reputations the best
established, and attack virtue the most re-
spectable.'}: Such an orator, my brethren,
merits the highest praise. With whatever
chastiseaienls God may correct a people, he
has not determined their destruction, while
he preserves men, who are able to show then^
in this m.^nner, the means of pre venting it.
VI. Finally, the last order of persons, in
terested in the words of my text, consists of
pastors of the church. And who can be
more strictly engaged not to sell truth than
the ministers of the God of truth ? A pastor
should have this precept in iiill view in our
public assemblies, in his private visits, and
particularly wlieii he attends dying people.
1. In our public assemblies all is consecrat-
ed to truth. Our churches are houses of the
living and true God. These pillars are 'pil-
lars of truth,' 1 Tim. iii. 15. The word, that
we are bound to announce to you, ' is truth,'
John xvii. 17. Wo be to us, if any human
consideration be capable of making us dis-
guise that truth, the heralds of which we ought
to be ; or if the fear of showing you a dis-
agreeable light, induces us ' to put it under a
bushel !' True, there are some mortifying
* Piem. Pliilipiii.
t Preni.OljTilh.
Tidis rijil.
2o8
THE SALE OF TRUTPI.
[atr.. XXVII.
trutlig : but public oflences merit public re-
proof's, whatever sliarne may cover the guilty,
or however eminent and elevated their post
may be. Wo know not a sacred head, when
we see ■ the name of blasphemy written on
it,' Rev. xiii. 1. But the ignominy of such
reproof, say ye, will debase a man in the sight
of the people, whom the people ought to re-
spect, and will disturb the peace of society.
But who is responsible for tliis disturbance, he
who reproves vice, or he who commits it ?
And ought not he, who abandons himself to
vice, rather to avoid the practice of it, than he
who censures such a conduct, to cease to cen-
sure it.'' If any claim the power of imposing
silence on us, on this article, let him pro-
duce his right, let him publish his preten-
sions ; let hun distribute among those, who
liave been chosen to ascend this pulpit, lists
of the vices which we are forbidden to cen-
sure ; let him signify the law, that commands
the reproving of the offences of the poor,
but forbids that of the crimes of the rich ; that
allows us to censure men without credit, but
prohibits us to reprove people of reputation.
3. A pastor ought to have this precept be-
fore his eyes in his pruatc visits. Let him
not publish before a whole congregation a
secret sin ; but let him paint it in all its hor-
rid colours with the same privacy with which
it was committed. To do this is the princi-
pal design of those pastoral visits, wliich are
made among this congreo-ation, to invite the
members of it to the Lord's Supper. There
a minister of truth ought to trouble that false
peace, which impunity nourishes in the souls
of the ffuilty. There he ought to convince
people, that tlie hiding of crimes from the
eyes of men, cannot conceal them from the
sio-ht of God. There he ought to make men
tremble at the idea of that eye, from the
penetration of which neitlier the darkness of
the nioht, nor the most impenetrable depths
of the heart can conceal any thing.
Our ideas of a minister of Jesus Christ,
are not fi)rmed on our fancies , but on the
descriptions which God h,is given us in hia
worH, and on the examples of the holy men
who went before us in the church, whose
glorious steps we wish (although, alas ! so
?ar inferior to these models.) whoso glorious
steps we wish to follow. See how these sacred
anen annmniccd the truth : Hear Sanmel to
Saul : ' Wherefore did.Ht thou not obey the
voice of the Lord, but didst fly upon the spoil,
and didst evil in the sight of the Lord. Hath
the Lord as great delight in burnt offerings and
sacrifices as in nbeyina: the voice of the Lord .'
Behold ! to obey is better than sacrifice; and to
hearken than the fat of rams. For rebellion
is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness
is as iniquity and idolatry,' 1 Sam. xv. 19. 22.
liehold Nathan before David. ' Thou art
the man. Wherefore hast thou despised the
commandment of the I^i rd. to do evil in his
sight ? Thou hast killed Uriah the Hittite
with the sword, and hast taken his wife to be
Ihy wife, and hast slain him with the sword
of the children of .^mmon. Now, therefore,
the sword shall never depart from thine
house. Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I will
raise up evil against thee out of thine own
Jiousc, and I will take thy v^ivcs before thine
eyes, and give them unto thy neighbour.
For thou didst it secretly : but I will do this
thing before all Israel, and before the sun,'
2 Sam. xii. 7—12. See Elijah before Ahab,
who said to him, ' Art thou ho that troubleth
Israel ? I have not troubled Israel ; but thou,
and thy father's house, in that ye have for-
saken the commandments of the Lord, and
thou hast followed Baalim,' 1 Kings xviii. 17,
18; and not to increase this list by quotino-
examples from the New Testament, see Jere-
miah Never was a minister more gentle. Ne-
ver was a heart more sensibly affected with
grief than his at the bare idea of the calamities
of Jerusalem. Yet were there ever more terri-
ble descriptionsof the judgments of God, than
those which this prophet gave .' When we
need any fierj' darts to wound certain sin-
ners, it is he who must furnish them. He
oflen speaks of nothing but sackcloth and
ashes, lamentation and wo. He announces
nothing but mortality, famine, and slavery.
He represents the ' earth without form, and
void,' returned, as it were, to its primitive
chaos ; ' the heavens destitute of light ; the
mountains trembling ; the hills moving light-
ly.' He cannot find a man ; ' Carmel is a
wilderness,' and the whole world a desolation.
All the inhabitants of Jerusalem seem to him
' climbing up upon the rocks,' or running into
thickets to hide themselves from the ' horse-
men and the bowmen. Wh.°n he strives to
hold his peace, his heart maketh a noise in
him,' Jer. vi. 22, 24. 2(3. 2'J. His whole ima-
gination is filled with bloody images. He is
distorted, if I may speak so, with the poison
of that cup of vengeance, which was about
to be presented to the whole earth. A minis-
ter announcing nothing but maledictions,
seems a conspirator against the peace of a
kingdom. Jeremiah was accused of holding
a correspondence with the king of Babylou.
It was pretended^ that either hatred to his
country, or a melancholy turn of mind, pro-
duced his sorrowful prophecies : nothino; but
punishment was talked of for him, and, at
length, ho was confined in a ' miry dungeon,'
chap, xxxviii. 6. In that filth}' dungeon the
love oi truth supported him.
3. But, when a pastor is called to attend a
dying fersun, he is more especially called
to remember this precept of Solomon, ' Sell
not the truth.' On this article, my brethren,
I wish to know the most accessible paths to
your hearts ; or rather, on this article, my
brethren, I wish to find the unknown art of
uniting all your hearts, so that every one of
our hearers might receive, at least, from the
last periods of this discourse, some abiding
impressions. In many dying people a begun
\>rork of conversion is to be finished. Others
are to be comforted under the last and mont
dangerous attacks of the enemy of their sal-
vation, who terrifies them with the fear of
death. In regard to others, we must endea-
vour to try whether nur last efforts to reclaim
them to God will be more successful than
all our former endeavours. Can any reason
be assigned to counterbalance the motives
wiiich urge us to speak plainly in these cir-
cumstances .•' A soul is ready lo perish ; the
sentence is preparing ; the irrevocable voice,
' Depart ye cursed into everlasting firc/wiii
Seb.XXVIII.] the sovereignty of JESUS CHRIST, &c.
259
presently sound ; the gnlfs of hell yawn ; the
devils attend to seize their prey. One single
method remains to be tried : the last exhor-
tations and efforts of a pastor. He cannot
entertain the least hope of success, unless he
unveil mysteries of iniquity, announce odi-
ous truths, attack prejudices, which the dy-
ing man continues to cherish, even though
eternal torments arc following close at their
heels. Wo be to us if any human considera-
tion stop us on these pressing occasions, and
jjrevent our making the most of this, the last
resource !
It belongs to you, my brethren, to render
this last act of our office to you practicable.
It belongs to you to concur with your pastors
in sending away company, that we may open
our hearts to you, and that you may open
yours to us. Those visiters, wiio, under
pretence of collecting' the last words of an
expiring man, cramp, and interrupt him,
who would prepare him to die, should repre-^s
their unseasonable zeal. If, when we require
you to speak to us alone, on your death-bed,
we are animated with any human motive ;
if we aim to penetrate into your family se-
crets ; if we wish to share j'our estate ; par-
don traitors, assassins, and the worst of mur-
derers ; but let national justice inflict all its
rigours on those, who abuse the weakness of
a dying man, and, in functions so holy, are
animated with motives so profane. In all
cases, except in this one, we are ready to
oblige you. A minister, on this occasion,
ought not only not to fall, he ought not to
stumble. But how can you expect that, in
the presence of a great number of witnesses,
we should fully expatiate on some truths to
a sinner .'' Would you advise us to tell an
immodest woman of the excesses to which
she had abandoned herself, m the oresence
of an easy, credulous husband ? Would you
have us, in the presence of a whole family,
discover the shame of its head .''
Here I fiuish this meditation. I love to
close all mv discourses witii ideas of "death.
Nothing is more proper to support those, who
experience the difficulties that attend the
path of virtue, than thinking that the period
is at hand, which will terminate the path,
and reward the pain. Nothing is more pro-
per to arouse others, than thinking that the
same period will quickly imbitter their wick-
ed pleasures.
Let every person, of each order to which
fhe text is addressed, take the pains of apply-
ing it to Jiimself May the meanness of flat-
terers ; may the pious frauds of indiscreet
zealots ; may the fear of persecution, and
the love of the present world, which makes
such deep impressions on the minds of apos-
tates and Nicodemites ; may the partiality of
judges ; may tlie sinful circumspection of
statesmen, may all the vices be banished froni
among us. Above all, we who are ministors
of truth ! let us never disguise truth ; let us
love truth ; let us preach truth ; let us preach
it in this pulpit ; let us preach it in our pri-
vate visits ; let us preach it by the bed-sides
of the dying. In such a course we may safe-
ly apply to ourselves, in our own dying-beds,
the words of those pr(>phets and apostles,
with whom we ought to concur in ' the work
of the ministry, in the perfecting of the saints.
I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or
apparel. I have kept back nothing, that was
profitable. I have taught publicly, and from
house to house. I am pure from the blood
of all men. I have not shunned to declare
the whole counsel of God. O my God ! I
have preached righteousness in the great con-
gregation : lo, 1 have not refrained my lips,
O Lord, tiiou knowest. I have not hid thy
rigiiteousnoss within my heart; I have de-
clared thy faithfulness and thy salvation ; I
have not concealed thy loving kindness, and
thy truth, from the great congregation.
Withhold not thou thy tender mercies from
me,0 Lord; let thy loving kindness and thy
truth c intinually preserve them,' Eph. iv. 12 •
Acts XX. 33. 30. 2(3, &e. Amen.
SERMON XXVIII.
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF JESUS CHRIST IN THE CHURCH.
Roj«.\ns xiv. 7, 8.
None of us Uveth to himself, and no man diefh to Jdmself. For, whether we
live, we live unto the Lord; or, whether we die, we die unto the Lord:
lohether we live therefore or die, we are the Lord's.
meditations to greater objects. We will at-
tend to the text in that point of view, in
whicii those Christians are most interested,
who have repeatedly engaged to devote them-
selves wholly to Jesus Christ ; to consecrate
to him through life, and to commit to him
at death, not only with submission, but also
with joy. those souls, over which he has ac-
THESE words are a general maxim, which
St. Paul lays down for the decision of a parti-
cular controversy. We cannot well enter
into the apostle's meaning, unless vire under-
stand the particular subject, which led him
to express himself in this manner. Our first
reflections, therefore, will tend to explain the
subject ; and afterward wc will extend our
2&0
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF
LSer. XXVIII.
quired the noblest riglit. Thus shall we ve-
rify, in the most pure and elevated of all
senses, this saying of the apostle ; ' n^ne ol
lis liveth to liiiiiselt, and no man dietli to
Iiimself. For, wheliier we live, we live unto
Ihe Lord ; or, vvhetlier we die, we die ujilo
the Lord : whetaer we live therefore or die,
we are liie Lord's.'
St Paul proposes in the text, and in some
of the prtceding and loUowing verses, to es-
tabiisii the doctrme of tolerauon. By tole-
ration, we mean, that disposition of a Chris-
tian, which on a principle oi benevolence,
inclines hun to hoid communion with a man,
who tiir. ugh weakness of mind, mi^es with
the truthsof religion some errors, tiiut are
not entirely incumpatible with it , and with
th. New Testament worship some ceremo-
ni'^ which are unsuitable to its elevation and
t^iniplicity, but which, however, do not de-
stroy its essence.
Retain every part of this definition, for
each is essential to the subject defined. I
say that he wno exercisys tuieration, acts on
a principle ol benevolence; lor were he to
cct on a principle of indolence, or, of con-
tempt for religion, his disposition of mind,
far trom being a virtue worthy of praise^
would be a vice fit only for execration. Tq-
leration, 1 say, is to be exercised towards him
onlv who errs through weakness uf muid ■
forhe, who persists in his error through ar-
rogance, and for the sake of rending the
church, deserves rigorous puiiishmenl. ]
say, farther, that he, whj exurcises tolera-
tion, does not confine himself to praying for
him who is the object of it, and to endeayour
to reclaim him, "ho proceeds farther, and
Jiolds cuminunion with him ; that is to say,
, lie assists at the same relig'ious exercises,
and partakes of the Lord's Supper at the
aaine table. 'Without this communion, can
we consider him whom we pretend to tole-
rate, as a brother in the sense of St. Paul .?
1 add finally, erroncuus setUimciUs^ which
lire tolerated, must be cumpatible i^iith the
^rcal truths of religion; and obscrranccs,
which are tolerated must not destroy the es-
sence of ecangeiicai worship, although they
are incongruous with its simplicity and glo-
ry, llovv' can 1 assist in a service, which,
in my opinion, is an insult on the God whom
1 adore ■: liow can 1 approach the table of
the Lord, with a man who rejects all the
niysteries which God exhibits there i and so
of the rest Retain, then, all the parts of
this definition, and j'ou will form a just no-
lion of toleration.
This moderation, always necessar}- among
Christians, was particularly so in the primi-
tive ages of Christianity. The first church-
es were composed of two sorts of proselytes ;
some of them were born of Jev»-ish parents,
and had been educated in Judaism, others
were converted from paganism ; and both,
generally speaking, after they had embraced
Christianity, preserved some traces of the
relifrions which they had renounced. Some
of them retained scruples, from which just
jiotions of Christian liberty, it should seem,
might have freed them. They durst not eat
some foods which God gave for the nourish-
ment of mankind, I mean, the flesh of ani-
mals, and they ate only herbs. They set
apart ceTirihi days for devotional exercises :
not from that wise motive, which ought to
engage every rational man to take a portion
of liis life from the tumult of the world, in
order to consecrate it to the service of his
Creator ; but from I know not what notion
of pre-eminence, which they attributed to
some days above others. Thus far all are
agreed in regard to the design of St. Paul in
the text.
Nor is thi re any difficulty in determining
which of the two orders of Christians of
whom we spoke, St. Paul considers as an
object ol toleration ; whether that class,
which came from the gentiles, or that, which
came from the Jews. It is plain, the last was
intended. Every body knows that the law of
Moses ordained a great number of feasts un-
der the penalty of the great anathema. It
was very natural for the converted Jews to
retain a fear of incurring that penalty, which
followed the infraction of those laws, and
to carry their veneration for those festivals
too far.
There was one whole sect among the
Jews, that abstained entirely from the flesh of
animals ; they were the Essenes. Josephus
expressly affirms this ; and Philo assures us,
that their tables were free from every thing
that had blood, and were served only with
bread, salt, and hyssop. As the Lssenes pro-
fessed a severity of manners, which had
some likeness to the morality of Jesus Christ,
it is probable, muiiy oi them embraced ^ hris-
tianity, and in it interwove a part of the pe-
culiarities of their own sect.
I do not think, however, that St. Paul
had any particular view to the Essenes, at
least, we are not obliged to suppose, that his
views were confined to them. All the world
know, that Jews have an aversion to blood.
A Jew, exact in his religion, does not eat
flesh, even to the present day, with Chris-
tians, lest the latter should not have taken
sulncieMt care to discharge the blood. When,
therefore, St. Paul describes converted Jews
by their scrupulosity in regard to the eating
of blood, he does not speak of what they did
in their own families, but of what they prac-
tised, when they were invited to a convivial
repast with people, who thought themselves
free from the prohibition of eating blood,
whether they were gentiles yet involved in
the darkness of paganism, or gentile converts
to Christianity. Thus far our subject is free
from difticulty.
The difiiculty lies in the connexion of the
maxim in the text with the end, which St.
Paul proposes in establishing it 'What rela-
tion is there between Chiistian toleration and
this maxim ? ' None of us liveth to himself,
and no man dieth to himself" How does it
follow from this principle, ' whether we live,
we live unto the Lord ; or, whether we die,
we die unto the Lord,' how does it follow
from this principle, that we ought to tolerate
those, who through the weakness of their
minds, mix some errors with the grand truths
of Christianity, and with the New Testament
worship some ceremonies, which obscure its
simplicity and debase its glory .''
The solution lies in the connexion of the
J5BB. xxvm.j
JESUS CHRIST IN THE CHURCH.
261
text with the foregoing verses, and particu-
larly with the fourth verse, ' Who art thou,
that judgest another man's servant ?' To
judge in this place does not signify to discern,
hut to condemn. The word has this meaning
in a hundred passages of the New Testa-
ment. I confine myself to one passage for
example. ' If we would judge ourselves, we
should not be judged,' 1 Cor. xi. 31 ; that is
to say, if we would condemn ourselves at the
tribunal of repentance, after we have parta-
ken unworthily of the Lord's Supper, we
should not be condemned at the tribunal of
divine justice. In like manner, ' Who art
thou, that judgest another man's servant.'"
is as much as to say, ' who art thou that con-
demnest.-" St. Paul meant to make the
Christians of Rome understand, that it be-
longed only to tlie sovereign of the church
to absolve or to condemn, as he saw fit.
But who is the Supreme head of the church ?
Jesus Christ ; Jesus Christ, who, with his
Father, is 'over all, God blessed for ever,'
Rom. ix. 5. Jesus Christ, by dying for the
church, acquired this supremacy, and in vir-
tue of it, all true Christians render him the
homage of adoration. All this is clearly ex-
pressed by our apostle, and gives us an occa-
sion to treat of one of the most abstruse
points of Christian theology.
That Jesus Christ is the supreme head of
the church, according to the doctrine of St.
Paul, is expressed by the apostle in the most
dear and explicit manner ; for after he has
said, in the words of the text, ' whether we
live or die, we are the Lord's,' he adds imme-
diately, ' for to this end Christ both died, and
rose, and revived, that he might be Lord
both of the dead and living.'
That this Jesus, ' whose,' the apostle says,
^ we are,' is God, the apostle does not per-
mit us to doubt ; for he confounds the expres-
sions ' to eat to the Lord,' and to ' give God
thanks ;' to ' stand before the judgment seat
of Christ,' and to ' give account of himself
to God ;' to be ' Lord both of the dead and
living,' ver. 6. 10. 12; and this majestic lan-
guage, which would be blasphemy in the
mouth of a simple creature, * As I live,
gaith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me,
and every tongue shall confess to God.' ver.
Finally, That Jesus Christ acquired that
supremacy by his sufferings and death, in
virtue of which all true Christians render him
the homage of adoration, the apostle estab-
lishes, if possible, still more clearly. Tliis
appears by the words just now cited, ' to tliis
end Christ both died, and rose, and revived,
that he might be Lord both of tiie dead and
living,' ver, 8. 11. To the same purpose the
apostle speaks in the epistle to the Philippi-
ans, ' He became obedient unto deatli, even
the death of the cross. Wherefore God also
hath highly exalted him, and given him a
name, which is above every name ; that at
the name of Jesus every knee should bow,
of things in heaven, and things in earth, and
tilings under the earth ; and tliat every
tongue should confess tliat Jesus Clirist is
Lord, to tlie glory of God the Father.' This
is the Bovereiffnty which Jesus Christ acquir-
ed bv dving for the church.
•T T.
But the most remarkable, and at the same
time the most difficult article on this subject,
is this. These texts, which seem to establisJi
the divinity of Christ in a manner so clear,
furnish the greatest objection that has ever
been proposed against it. True, say the ene-
mies of this doctrine, Jesus Christ is God,
since the Scripture commands us to worship
him. But his divinity is an acquired divini-
ty ; since that supremacy, which entitles him
to adoration as God, is not an essential, but
an acquired supremacy. Now, that this su-
premacy is acquired is indubitable, since the
texts that have been cited, expressly declare,
tliat it is a fruit of his sufferings and deatli.
We have two arguments to offer in reply.
1. If it were demonstrated, that the su-
premacy established in the forecited texts
was only acquired, and not essential, it would,
not therefore follow, that Jesus Christ had
no other supremacy belonging to him in
common with the Father and the Holy Spir-
it. We are commanded to worship Jesus
Christ, not only because he died for us, but
also because ho is eternal and alrnighty, the
author of all beings that exist : and because
he has all the perfections of Deity ; as wc
can prove by other passages, not necessary to
be repeated here.
2. Nothing hinders that the true God, who,
as the true God, merits our adoration, should
acquire every day new rights over us, in vir-
tue of which we have new motives of ren-
dering those homages to him, which we ac-
knowledge he always infinitely merited. Al-
ways when God bestows a new blessing, he
acquires a new right. What was Jicob'<!
opinion, when he made this vow .' ' If God
will be witli me, and will keep me in the way
that I go. and will give me bread to eaf,
and raiment to put on, so that I come again
to my father's house in peace ; then shall tlio
Lord be my God,' Gen. xxviii. 20, &c.
Did the patriarch mean, that he had no
other reason for regarding the Lord as his
God than this favour, which he asked of
liim ? No such thing. He meant, tliat to a
great many reasons, which bound him to de-
vote himself to God, the favour wliicli he
asked would add a new one. It would be ea-
sy to produce a long list of examples of this
kind. At present the application of this one
shall suffice. Jesus Christ whoassupremeGod
has natural rights over us, has also acquired
rights, because he has designed to clotho
himself with our flesh, in which he died to
redeem us. JVoue of us his own, wo are all
his, not only because he is our Creator, but,
because lie is also our Redeemer. He has
a supremacy over us peculiar to himself, and
distinct from that wliich he has in common
witlithe Father and the Holy Spirit.
To return then to our principal subject,
from which this long digression has diverted
us. This Jesus, who is the Supreme Head
of tlie church ; this Jesus, to whom all the
members of the church are subject ; willeth
that we should tolerate, and he himself has
tolerated, those, who, having in other cases
an upriglit conscience, and a sincere inten-
tion of submitting tlieir reason to all his de-
cisions, and tlieir hearts to all his commands,
cannot clearly .«ee, that (rhristian liberty in-
2G2
THE SOVEREIGNTY 01"
[Seh. XXVIII.
eludes a freedom fiom tlie observation of cer-
tain feasts, and from the distinction of cer-
tain foods. If the sovereign of tiie church
tolerate them, who err in this manner, by
what right do you, who are only simple sub-
jects, undertake to condemn them ? ' Who
art tiiou,that judgest another man's servant ?
to liis own master he standcth or falleth.
For none of us liveth to Jximself, and no man
dicth to himself For whether we live, we live
unto the Lord ; and, wliethcr wc die, we die
unto the Lord : whether we live therefore or
die, we are the Lord's. Let us not therefore
judge one another any more. Let us, who
are strong, bear tlie infirmities of the weak.'
This is the design of St. Paul in the words
of my text, in some of the preceding, and in
some of the following verses. Can we pro-
ceed without remarking, or without lament-
ing, tiie blindness of those Christians, who,
by their intolerance to their brethren, seem
to have chosen for their model those mem-
bers of the church of Rome, who violate the
rights of toleration in the most cruel man-
ner ' We are not speakhig of those san-
guinary men, who aim at illuminating peo-
j)lft's minds with the light of fires, and fag-
gots, which they kindle against all, who re-
ject their systems. Our tears, and our blood,
Lave assuaged their rage, how can we then
think to appease it by our exhortations .-' Let
us not solicit the wrath of Heaven against
tliesc persecutors of the church; let us leave
to the souls of them wlio were slain for the
word of God, to cry, ' How long, O Lord,
holy and true, dost thou notjudge and avenge
our blood on them that dwell on the earth .'"
Rev, vi. 10.
But, ye intestine divisions ! Thou spirit
of faction ! Ye theological wars ! how long
will ye be let loose among us.'' Is it possible
that Christians, who bear the name of re-
formed. Christians united by the bond of
their faith in the belief of the same doc-
trines, and, if I may be allowed to speak so,
Christians united by the very efforts of their
enemies to destroy them ; can they violate,
after all, those laws of toleration, which they
have so often prescribed to others, and
against the violation of which they have re-
monstrated with so much wisdom and suc-
cess.-' Can they convoke ecclesiastical as-
semblies .'' Can they draw up canons .'' Can
Ihej' denounce excommunications and ana-
themas against those, who retaining with
themselves the leading trutiis of Christianity
and of the reformation, think differently on
points of simple speculation, on questions
purely metaphysical, and, if I mny speak
the whole, on matters so abstruse, that tliey
are alike indeterminable by tjiem, who ex-
clude members from the communion of Je-
sus Christ, and by those who are excluded .'
O ye sons of the reformation ! how long will
3'ou counteract j'ourown principles ? how lonor
will you take pleasure in increasing the num-
ber of those, who breathe only your destruc-
tion, and move only to destroy you ? O ye
subjects of the Sovereign of the church !
how long will j'ou encroach on the rights of
your sovereign, dare to condemn tliose whom
lie absolves, and to reject those, whom his
generous benevolence tolerates ? ' Who art
thou that judgest another man's servant .'
for none of us livetii to himself, and no man
dieth to himself For, whether we live, wg
live unto the Lord ; and, whether we die,
we die unto the Lord : whether wc live
therefore or die, we are the Lord's.'
What we have said shall suffice for the
subject, which occasioned the maxim in the
text. The remaining time I devote to the
consideration of the general sense of this
maxim. It lays before us the condition, the
engagements, the inclination, and the felicity
of a Christian. What is the felicity of a
Christian, what is his inclination, what are
his engagements, what is' his condition .'
They are 7wt to be his own : but to say,
' whether I live, or die, I am the Lord's.'
The whole that we shall propose to you, in
contained in these four articles.
I. The text lays before us the primitive
condition of a Christian. It is a condition
of depevdiince. ' None of us liveth to him-
self, and no man dieth to himself.'
None of us ' liveth to himself, for whether
we live, we live unto the Lord.' What do
we possess, during our abode upon earth,
which does not absolutely depend on him who
placed us here ? Our existence is not ours ;
our fortune is not ours ; our reputation is not
ours ; our virtue is not ours ; our reason is
not ours ; our health is not ours ; our hfo is
not ours.
Our existence is not ours. A few years
ago wc found ourselves in this world, con-
stituting a very inconsiderable part of it.
A few years ago the world itself was no-
thing. The will of God alone has made a be-
ing of this nothing, as he can make this
bemg a nothing, whenever he pleases to
do so.
Our fortune is not ours. The most opu-
lent persons often see their riches make
themselves wings, and fly away. Houses,
the best established, disappear in an instant.
We liave seen a Job, who had possessed
seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels,
five hinidred yoke of oxen, and servants with-
out number ; we have seen the man who
had been the greatest of all the men of the
east, lyiiTg on on a dunghill, retaining nothing
of his prosperity but a sorrowful remem-
brance, which aggravated the adversities that
followed it.
Our reputation is not ours. One single
frailty sometimes tarnisjies a life of the most
unsullied beauty. One moment's absence
sometimes debases tlie glory of the most pro-
found politician, of the most expert general,
of a saint of the liighcst order. A very di-
minutive fault will serve to render contemp-
tible, yea, infamous, tlie man who committed
it ; and to make him tremble at the thought
of appearing before men, who have no other
advantage over him than that of having com-
mitted the same offence more fortunateh' ;
I mean, of having concealed the commis-
sion of it from the eyes of their fellow-crea-
tures.
Our mrtue is not ours. Want of opportu-
nity is often the cau.se why one, who open-
ly professes Christianity, is not an apos-
tate ; another an adulterer; another a mur-
derer.
Sbb. XXVIII.]
JESUS CHRIST IN THE CHURCH.
263
Our reason is not ours. While we possess
it, we are subject to distractions, to absence
of thought, to suspension of intelligence,
which render us entirely incapable of reflec-
tion ; and, what is still more mortifying to
human nature, they whose geniuses are the
most transcendent and sublime, sometimes
become either melancholy or mad ; like Ne-
buchadnezzar they sink into beasts and
browse like them on the herbage of the
field.
Our health is not ours. The catalogue of
those infirmities which destroy it (I speak of
those which we know, and which mankind
by a study of five or six thousand years have
discovered), makes whole volumes. A cata-
logue of those which are unknown, would
probably make yet larger volumes.
Our life is not ours. Winds, waves, heat,
cold, aliments, vegetables, animals, nature,
:ind each of its component parts, conspire to
deprive us of it. Not one of those who have
entered this church, can demonstrate that
lie shall go out of it alive. Not one of those
who compose this assembly, even of the
youngest and strongest, can assure himself of
one year, one day, one hour, one moment of
life. ' None of us liveth to himself ; for, if we
live we are the Lord's.,
Farther, ' No man dieth to himself. If we
die, we are the Lord's.' How absolute so-
ever the dominion of one man over another
may be, there is a moment in which both are
on a level ; that moment comes when we
die. Death delivers a slave from the power
of a tyrant, under whose rigour he has spent
his life in groans. Death terminates all the
relations that subsist between men in this
life. But the relation of dependance, which
subsists between the Creator and his crea-
tures, is an eternal relation. That world into
which we enter when wc die, is a part of
his empire, and is as subject to his laws as
that into which we entered when wo were
born. During this life, the Supreme Gover-
nor has riches and poverty, glory and igno- :
miny, cruel tyrants and clement princes,
rains and droughts, raging tempests and re- ^
freshing breezes, air wholesome and air in- ■
fected, famine and plenty, victories and de-
feats, to render us happy or miserable. After
death, he has absolution and condemnation,
a tribunal of justice and a tribunal of mercy, \
angels and devils, ' a river of pleasure and a
lake burning with fire and brimstone,' hell
with its horrors and heaven with its happi-
ness, to render us happy or miserable as ho
pleases.
These reflections are not quite sufficient
to make us feel all our dependance. Our
vanity is mortified, when wc remember, that
what we enjoy is not ours : but it is some-
times, as it were, indemnified by observing
the great means that God employs to deprive
us of our enjo3'ments. God has, in general,
excluded this extravagant motive to pride.
He has attached our felicity to one fibre, to
one caprice, to one grain of sand, to objects
the least likely, and seemingly the least capa-
ble, of influencing our destiny.
On v/hat is the high idea of yourself
founded f On your genius ? And what is
'leccgtary to reduce the finest genius to that
state of melancholy or madness, of which I
just now spoke ! Must the earth quake ."*
Must the sea overflow its banks ? Must the
heavens kindle into lightning and resound in
thunder .'' Must the elements clash, and the
powers of nature be shaken ? No ; there needs
nothing l)ut the displacing of one little fibre
in your brain !
On what is the high idea of yourself found-
ed.'' On that self-complacence which for-
tune, rank, and pleasing objects, that sur-
round you, seem to contribute to e.xcite ?
And what is necessary to dissipate your self-
complacence ? Must the earth tremble .'' Must
tiie sea overflow its banks.'' Must heaven
arm itself with thunder and lightning ? Must
all nature be shaken? No; one caprice is
sufiicient. An appearance, under which an
object presents itself to us, or rather, a colour,
that our imagination lends it, banishes self-
complacencg, and io ! the man just now elated
with so much joy is fi.'ied in a black, a deep
despair !
On what is the lofty idea of yourself found-
ed ? On your health ? But what is necessary
to deprive you of your health .-' Earthquakes .-
Armies ? Inundations ? Must nature return
to its chaotic state ? No ; one grain of sand
is sufiicient ! That grain of sand, which in
another position was next to nothing to you,
and was really nothing to your felicity, be-
comes in its present position, a punishment,
a martyrdom, a hell !
People sometimes speculate on the nature
of those torments, which divine justice re-
serves for the wicked. They are less con-
cerned to avoid the pains of hell, than to dis-
cover wherein they consist. They ask, what
fuel can supply a fire that will never be extin-
guished Vain researches ! The principle in
my text is sufficient to give me frightful
ideas of hell. We are in a state of entire
dependance on the Supreme Being ; and to
repeat ii again, one single grain of sand,
which is nothing in itself, may become in
the hands of the Supreme Being, a punish-
ment, a martyrdom, aiiell, in regard to us.
What dependance ! ' Whether we live, or
whether we die, we are the Lord's.' This is
the primitive condition of a Christian.
II. Our text points out the engagemevts
of a Christian. Let us abridge our reflec-
tions. Remark the state in which Jesus
Christ found us; what he performed to deli-
ver us from it ; and under what conditions
wo enter on and enjoy this deliverance.
1. In what state did Jesus Christ find us,
when he came into our world ? I am sorry to
saj' the afl'ected delicacy of the world, which
increases as its irregularities multiply, obliges
me to suppress part of a metaphorical de-
scription, that the Holy Spirit has given us
in the sixteenth chapter of Ezekiel. ' Tin'
father was an Amorite, and thy mother an
Hittite,' says he to the church. ' When thou
wast born no eye pitied thee, to do any thing
unto thee, but thou wast cast out in the open
air, to the loathing of tliy person, in the day
that thou wast born. I passed b}' thee, and
saw thee polluted in thine own blood, and 1
said unto thee, when thou wast in thy blood,
Live. 1 spread my skirt over thee, and cover-
ed thy nakedness ; yea, I sware unto thee.
264
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF
[Ser. xxviir.
and entered into a covenant with thoe, and
thou becainest mine,' ver. 3, &c.
Let us leave tlie metaphor, and let us con-
fine our attention to the ineaninfr. When
Jesus Christ came into the world, in what
state did he find us ? Descended from a long
train of ancestors in rebellion against the
laws of God, fluctuating in our ideas,
ignorant of our origin and end, blinded by
our prejudices, infatuated by our passions,
' having no hope, and being without God in
the world,' Epli. ii. 12, condemned to die, and
reserved for eternal flames. From this state
Jesus Christ delivered us and brought us
into * the glorious liberty of the sons of God,'
Rom. viii. 21, in order to enable us to par-
ticipate the felicity of the blessed God, by
jaaking us partakers of the divine nature,' 2
Pet. i. 4. By a deliverance so glorious, does
jiot the Deliverer obtain peculiar rights over
us .'
Remark, farther, on what conditions Jesus
Christ has freed you from your miseries,
and you will perceive, that ' ye are not your
own.' What means tlie morality that Jesus
Christ enjoined in his gospel .'' What vows
were made for each of you at your baptism .''
What hast thou promised at the Lords table.-'
In one word, to what authority didst thou
submit by embracing" the gospel .'' Didst thou
say to Jesus Christ, Lord ! 1 will be partly
thine, and partly mine own.' To thee 1 will
submit the opinions of my mind ; but the ir-
regular dispositions of my heart I will reserve
to myself. I will consent to renounce my
vengeance : but thou shalt allow me to retain
my Delilah, and my Drusilla. For thee I
will quit the world and dissipating pleasures :
Lut thou shalt indulge the visionary and
capricious flow of my humour. On a Chris-
tian festival I will rise into transports of
devotion ; my countenance shall emit rays of
a divine flame ; my eyes shall sparkle Vv'ith
seraphic fire; 'my heart and my flesh shall
try out for the living God,' Ps. Ixxxiv. 2;
Lut, when I return to the world, I will sink
into the spirit of the men of it ; I will adopt
their maxims, share their pleasures, immerse
myself in their conversation; and thus I will
he alternately ' cold and hot,' Rev. iii. 15, a
Christian and a heathen, an angel and a devil.
}s this your idea of Christianity .' Undoubt-
edly it is that, which many of our hearers
liave formed ; and which they take too much
pains to prove, by the whole course of their
conversation. But this is not the idea which
the inspired writers have given us of Chris-
tianity ; it is not that which, after their ex-
ample, we have given you. Him only I ac-
knowledge for a true Christian, who is ' not
his own,' at least, who continually endeavours
to eradicate the remains of sin, that resist
the empire of Jesus Christ. Him alone I
acknowledge for a true Christian, who can
say with St. Paul, althoug^h not in the same
degree, yet with equal sincerity, ' 1 am cruci-
fied with Christ ; nevertheless I live ; yet
not I, but Christ livcth in me : and the life,
which I now live in the flesh, 1 live by the
faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and
gave himself for me,' Gal. xi. 20.
Consider, thirdly, what it cost Jesus Christ
fo deliver rou from yotir wretched state.
Could our fieedoni have been procured by a
few emotions of benevolence, or by an act of
supreme power .•' In order to deliver us from
nur griefs, it was necessary for him to bear
them ; to terminate our sorrotcs he must car-
ry them (according to the language of a pro-
phet), to deliver us from the strokes of divine
justice he must be ' stricken and smitten of
God,' Isa. liii. 4. I am aware that one of
the most deplorable infirmities of the human
mind, is to become insensible to the most af-
fecting objects by becoming familiar with
them. The glorified saints, we know, by
contemplating the sufferings of the Saviour
of the world, behold objects that excite eter-
nal adorations of the mercy of him, ' who
loved them, and washed them from their
sins in his own blood, and made them kings
and priests unto God and his Father,' Rev. i.
5, 6, but in our present state the proposing of
these objects to us in a course of sermons is
sufficient to weary us. However, I affirm
that if we have not been affected with what
Jesus Christ has done for our salvation it
has not been owing to our thinking too much,
but to our not thinking enough, and perhaps
to our having never tliought of the subject
once, with such a profound attention as its
interesting nature demands.
Bow thyself towards the mystical ark,
Christian, and fix thine eyes on the mercy-
seat. Revolve in thy meditation the eisto-
nishing, I had almost said, the incredible
history of thy Saviour's love. Go to Beth-
lehem, and behold him ' who upholdeth all
things by the word of his power' (I use the
language of an apostle), him, who thought
it no usurpation of the rights of the Deity to
be ' equal with God ;' behold him ' humbling
himself,' (I use hero the words of St. Paul,
Heb. i. 3 ; Phil. ii. 6. His words are more
emphatical still.) Behold him annihilated ;^
for, although the child, who was born in a
stable, and laid in a manger, was a real being',
yet he may seem to be annihilated in regard
to the degrading- circumstances, which veiled
and concealed his natural dignity : behold
him annihilated by ' taking upon him the
form of a servant.' Follow him through the
whole course of his life ; ' he went about
doing good,' Acts x. 38, and expose himself
in every place to inconveniences and mise-
ries, through the abundance of his bene-
volence and love. Pass to Gethsemane ; be-
hold his ag'ony ; see him as the Redeemer of
mankind contending with the Judge of the
whole earth ; an agony in which Jesus resist-
ed with only ' prayers and supplications,
strong crying and tears,' Heb. v. 7 ; au
agony, preparatory to an event still more ter-
rible, the bare idea of which terrified and
troubled him, made ' his sweat as it were
great drops of blood falling to the ground,'
Luke xxii. 44, and produced this prayer, so
fruitful in controversies in the schools, and
so penetrating and affecting, so fruitful in
motives to obedience, devotion, and gratitude,
in truly Christian hearts ; ' O my Father, if
it be possible, let this cup pass from me ;
uevertlieless. not as I will, but as thou wilt.'
♦ Videtiir hie alludere ad Dan. i.^ 2C. Ubi dlcilur
Mcssias exinanieiidus, ut ei nihil supersit. i. e. quiisi
fn iiihiluin sit rcdiceiidus; I'cli Siinovs. ir. Iff--
y^jit. XXVIII.]
JESUS CHRIST IN THE CHURCH
265
Matt. xxvi. 44. Go yet farther, Christian !
and, after thou hast seen all the suffer-
ings, which Jesus Christ endured in going
from the garden to the cross ; ascend Calvary
with him ; stop on the summit of the hill,
and on that theatre behold the most astonish-
/ ing of all the works of Almighty God. See
/ this Jesus, ' the brightness of the Father's
/ glory, and the express image of his person,'
f Heb. i. 3, see him stripped, fastened to an
accursed tree, confounded with two thieves,
nailed to the wood, surrounded with execu-
tioners and tormentors, having lost, during
this dreadful period, that sight of the com-
Ibrtable presence of his Father, which con-
stituted all his joy, and being driven to ex-
claim, ' My God ! My God ! why hast thou
forsaken me .'" Matt, xxvii. 40. But behold
him, amidst all these painful sufferings, firm-
ly supporting his patience by his love, reso-
ilutely endurnag all these punishments from
those motives of benevolence, which first en-
gaged him to submit to them, ever occupied
with the prospect of saving those poor mortals,
for whose sake he descended into this world,
lixing his eyes on that world of believers,
which his cross would subdue to his govern-
ment, according to his own saying, ' I, if I
be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men
unto me,' John xii. 32. Can we help leeling
the force of that motive, which the Scripture
proposes in so many places, and so very em-
phatically in these words, ' The love of Christ
constraineth us,' 2 Cor. v. 14, that is to say, en-
gages and attaches us closely to him .' The
love of Christ constraineth us because we
fehus judge, that if one died for all, then
were all dead, and that he died for all, that
they which live should not henceforth live unto
themselves, but unto him which died for them,
and rose again.' Yea ' the love of Ciirist for-
ceth us,' when we thinkwhat he has done for us.
III. My third article, which should treat of
tho inclination of a Christian, is naturally
contained in the second, that is, in that which
treats of his engagements. To devote our-
selves to a master, who has carried his love
to us so far ; to devote ourselves to him by
fear and force ; to submit to his laws, because
he has the power of precipitating those into
hell, who have the audacity to break them ;
to obey him on this principle only, this is a
disposition of mind as detestable as disobedi-
ence itself, as hateful as open rebellion. The
samo arguments which prove that a Christian
is not his own by enjragement, prove that he
is 7iot his own by inclination. When, there-
fore, we shall have proved that this state is
liis felicity also, we shall have finished the
plan of this discourse.
IV. Can it be diflicult to persuade you on
tliis article .'' Stretch your imaginations. Find,
if you can, any circumstance in life, in which
it would be happier to reject Christianity
tlian to submit to it.
Amidst all the disorders and confusions,
and (so to speak) amidst the universal chaos
of the present world, it is delightful to belong
10 the Governor, who first formed the world,
and who has assured us, that he will display
the same power in renewing it, which he dis-
played in creating it.
. in tire calaniitms of life, it i.-3 delightful to
belong to the master, who distributes them;
who distributes them only for our good ; who
knows afllictions by experience ; whose love
inclines him to terminate our sufferings j
and who continues them from the same prin-
ciple of love, that inclines him to terminate
them, when we shall have derived those ad-
vantages from them, for which they were sent.
During the persecutions of the church, it is
delightful to belong to a guardian, who can
curb our persecutors, and control ever ty-
rant; who uses them for the execution of his
own counsels ; and who will break them in
pieces with the rod of iron, when they can no
longer contribute to tho sanctifying of his
servants.
Under a sense of our infirmities, when we
are terrified with the purity of that morality,
the equity of which we are obliged to own,
even while we tremble at its severity, it is
delightful to belong to a Judge, who does not
exact his rights with the utmost rigour ; who
' knoweth our frame,' Psa. ciii. 14, who pities
our infirmities ; and who assureth us, that
' he will not break a bruised reed, nor quench
the smokinjr flax,' Matt. xii. 20.
When our passions are intoxicated in those
fatal moments, in which the desire of pos-
sessing the objects of our passions wholly oc-
cupies our hearts, and we consider them as
our paradise, our gods, it is delightful, how-
ever incapable we may be of attending to it,
to belong to a Lord who restrains and controls
us, because he loves us ; and who refuses to
grant us what we so eagerly desire, because
we would either preclude those terrible re-
grets, which penitents feel after the commis-
sion of great sins, or those more terrible
torments, that are inseparable from final im-
penitence.
Under a recollection of our rebellions, it is
delightful to belong to a parent, who ^ill re-
ceive us favourably when we implore his
clemency ; who sweetens the bitterjiess of
our remorse ; who is touched with our regrets;
who wipes away the tears, that the remem-
brance of our backslidings makes us shed ;
who ' spareth us, as a man spareth his own
son that serveth him,' Mai. lii. 17.
In that empty void, into which we are of-
ten conducted, while we seem to enjoy the
most solid establishments, the most exquisite
pleasures, and the most brilliant honours, it is
delightful to belong to a patron, who reserves
for us objects far better suited to our original
excellence, and to the immensity of our de-
sires. To live to Jesus Christ then, is tho
felicity of a Christian.
But, if it be a felicity to belong to Jesus
Christ while we live, it is a felicity incompa-
rably greater to belong to him when we die.
We will conclude this meditation with this
article, and it is an article, that I would en-
deavour above all others to impress on your
hearts, and to engage you to take home to your
houses. But, unhappily, the subject of this
article is one of those, which generally make*
the least impression on the minds of Chris-
tians. I know a great many Christians, who
* ' Tlie subject makea ; of ' tUose subjects makf. '
The refiiiiieii of the verb must be determined here by
logic reathr than synla.x. See Sutcliffe's Grammar,
Baldwin's edition, page 110.
aoij
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF
[Seb. XXVIII.
place their happinoss in living to Jesus Christ:
but how few have love enough for him to es-
teem it a felicity to die to him! Not only is
the number of those small, who experience
such a degree of love to Christ ; there are
very few, who even compreliend what we
mean on this subject. Some efforts of divine
love resemble very accurate and refined rea-
sonings. They ought naturally to be the most
intelligible to intelligent creatures, and they
are generally the least understood. Few
people are capable of that attention, which
takes the mind from every thing foreign from
the object in contemplation, and fixes it not
only on the subject, but also on that part, on
that point of it, if I may be allowed to speak so,
which is to be investigated and explained ; so
that, by a frailty which mankind cannot suffi-
ciently deplore, precision confuses our ideas,
and light itself makes a subject dark. In like
manner, there are some efforts of divine love,
so detached from sense, so free from all sensible
objects, so superior to even all the means that
religion uses to attract us to God, so eagerly as-
piring afler a union more close, more noble, and
more tender, that the greatest part of Chris-
tians, as I said before, are not only incapable
of experiencing them, but they are also hard
to be persuaded, that there is any reality in
what they have been told about them.
To be Jesus Christ's in the hour of death,
hy condition, by engagement, and above all
by inclination, are the only means of dying
with delight. Without these, whatever makes
our felicity while we live will become our
punishment when we die ; whether it be a
criminal object, or an innocent object, or
even an object which God himself commands
us to love.
Criminal objects will punish you. They
will represent death as the messenger of an
avenging God, who comes to drag you before
a tribunal, where the judge will examine and
punish all your crimes. Lawful objects will
distress you. Pleasant fields ! convenient
houses ! we must forsake you. Natural rela-
tions ! agreeable companions ! faithful friends !
we must give you up. From you our dear
cliildren ! who kindle in our hearts a kind of
love, that agitates and inflames beings, when
nature seems to render them incapable of
heat and motion, we must be torn away.
Religious 6b\ec\,s, which we are commanded
above all others to love, will contribute to
our anguish on a dying bed, if they have con-
fined our love, and rendered us too sensible
to that kind of happiness, which piety pro-
cures in this world ; and if tTiey have prevent-
ed our souls from rising into a contemplation
of that blessed state, in which there will be
no more temple, no more sacraments, no
more gross and sensible worship. The man
who is too much attached to these things, is
(lonfoundcd at the hour of death. The laud of
love to whicli he goes, is an unknown coun-
try to him ; and as the borders of it, on which
he stands, and on which alone his eyes are
fi.xed, present only precipices to his view, fear
and trembling surround his every step.
Cut a believer, who loves Jesus Christ with
that kind of love, which made St. Paul ex-
claim, ' The love of Christ constraineth us,'
•> Cor. v. 14, finds himself on the summit of
his wishes at the approach of death. This
believer, living in this world, resembles the
son of a great king, whom some sad event
tore from his royal parent in his cradle ; who
knows his parent, only by the fame of his
virtues ; who has always a difficult and oflen
an intercepted correspondence with his pa-
rent ; whose remittances and favours from
his parent are always diminished by the hands
through which they come to him. With
what transport would such a son meet the mo-
ment appointed bj' his father for his return to
his natural state !
I belong to God (these are the sentiments
of the believer, of whom lam speaking), I
belong to God, not only by his sovereign do-
minion over me as a creature ; not only
by that right, which, as a master, who
has redeemed his slave, he has acquired over
me : but I belong to God, because I love him,
and because, I know, God alone deserves
my highest esteem. The deep impressions
that his adorable perfections have made on
my mind, make me impatient with every ob-
ject which intercepts my sight of him. I could
not be content to abide any longer in this
world, were he not to ordain my stay ; and
were I not to consider his will as the only
law of my conduct. But the law, that com-
mands me to live, does not forbid me to de-
sire to die. I consider deatli as the period
fixed for the gratifying of my most ardent
wishes, the consummation of my highest joy.
' Whilst I am at home in the body, I am ab-
sent from the Lord,' 2 Cor. v. 6. But it
would be incomparably more delightfbl ' to be
absent from the body, and to be present with
the Lord,' ver. 8. And what can detain me
on earth, when God shall condescend to call
me to himself?
Not ye criminal objects ! you I never loved;
and although I have sometimes suffered mj'-
selftobe seduced by your deceitful appearan-
ces of pleasure, yet I have been so severely
punished by the tears that you have caused
me to shed, and by the remorse, wnich you
have occasioned my conscience to feel, that
tliere is no reason to fear my putting you into
the plan of my felicity.
Nor shall ye detain me, lawful objects ! how
strong soever the attachments that unite me
to you may be, you are only streams of hap-
piness, and I am going to the fountain of fe-
licity. You are only emanations of happi-
ness, and I am going to the happy God.
Neither shall ye, religious objects! detain
me. You are only means, and death is going
to conduct me to the end, you are only the
road ; to die is to arrive at home. True, I
shall no more read those excellent works, in
which authors of the brightest genius have
raised the truth from depths of darkness and
prejudice in which it had been buried, and
placed it in the most lively point of view. I
shall hear no more of those sermons in which
the preacher, animated by the holy Spirit of
God, attempts to elevate me above the pre-
sent world : but I shall hear and contemplate
eternal wisdom, and I shall discover in my
commerce with it, the views, the designs,
tlio plans of my Creator ; and I shall acquire
more wisdom in one moment by tliis mean
than I f<hou!d cvei obtain b^'^hcaring the best
Ser. XXIX j
THE EQUALITY OP MANKIND.
267
composed sermons, and by reading the best
written books. True, I shall no more devote
jnyself to you, closet exercises ! holy medita-
tions ! aspirings of a soul in search of its God !
crying, ' Lord I beseech thee show me thy
glory !' Exod. xxxiii. 18. ' Lord dissipate the
dark thick cloud that conceals thee from my
sight ! suffer me to approach that light, which
has hitherto been inaccessible to me ! But
death is the dissipation of clouds and dark-
ness ; it is an approach to perfect light ; it
takes me from my closet, and presents me
like a seraph at the foot of the throne of God
and the Lamb.
True, I shall no more partake of you, ye
holy ordinances of religion! ye sacred cere-
monies ! that have conveyed so many conso-
lations into my soul ; that have so amply af-
forded solidity and solace to the ties, which
united my heart to my God; that have so
often procured me a heaven on earth; but I
quit you because I am going to receive im-
mediate effusions of divine love, pleasures at
God's right hand for evermore, 'fulness of joy
in his presence,' Ps. xvi. 11. I quit you
because
Alas ! your hearts perhaps have escaped
me, my brethren ! perhaps these emotions,
superior to your piety, are no longer the sub-
ject of your attention. I have, however, no
other direction to give you, than that which
may stand for an abridgment of this dis-
course, of all my other preaching, and of my
whole ministry ; love God ; be the Lord's by
inclination, as you are his by condition, and
by engagement. Then the miseries of this
life will be tolerable, and the approach of
death delightful. God grant his blessing on
the word ! to him be honotu' and glory for
ever. Amen.
SERMON XXIX.
THE EQUALITY OF MANKIND.
Pkoverbs xxii. 2.
The rich and the poor meet together ; the Lord is the Maker of them all.
A.MONG the various dispensations of Pro-
vidence which regard mankind, one of the
most advantageous in the original design of
the Creator, and at the same time one of the
most fatal through our abuse of it, is the
diversity of our conditions. How could men
have formed one social body, if all condi-
tions had been equal .' Had all possessed the
same rank, the same opulence, the same pow-
er, how could they have relieved one ano-
ther from the inconveniences, which would
have continually attended eacli of them ; va-
riety of conditions renders men necessary to
each other. The governor is necessary to
the people, the people are necessary to the go-
vernor ; wise statesmen are necessary to a
powerful soldiery, a powerful soldiery is ne-
cessary to a wise statesman. A sense of this
necessity is the strongest bond of union, and
this it is, which inclines one to assist ano-
ther in hopes of receiving assistance in his
turn.
But if this diversity be connected with the
higest utility to mankind in the original de-
sign of the Creator, it is become, we must
allow, productive of fatal evils, through our
abuse of it. On the one hand, they, whose
condition is the most brilliant, are dazzled
with their own brightness ; they study the
articles, whicli elevate them above their fel-
low-creatures, and they choose to be igno-
rant of every thing that puts themselves on
a level with tliem ; they persuade them-
selves, that they are beings incomparable,
far more noble and excellent than those vile
mortals, on whom they proudly tread, and on
whom they scarcely deign to cast a haughty
eye. Hence provoking arrogance, cruel re-
serve, and hence tyranny and despotism. On.
the other hand, they, who are placed in infe-
rior stations, prostrate their imaginations be-
fore these beings, whom they treat rather as
gods than men ; them they constitute arbi-
ters of right and wrong, true and false ; they
forget, while they respect the rank which
the Supreme Governor of the world has given
to their superiors, to maintain a sense of
their own dignity. Hence come soft com-
pliances, base submissions of reason and con-
science, slavery the most willing and abject
to the high demands of these phantoms of
grandeur, these imaginary gods.
To rectify these different ideas, to humble
the one class, and to exalt the other, it is ne-
cessary to show men in their true point of
view ; to convince them that diversity of
condition, which God has been pleased to es-
tablish among them, is perfectly consistent
with equality ; that the splendid condition of
the first includes nothing that favours their
ideas of self-preference ; and that there is
nothing in the low condition of the last,,
which deprives them of their real dignity, or
debases their intelligences formed in the im-
age of God. I design to discuss this sub-
ject to-day. The men, who compose this
audience, and among whom Providence has
very unequally divided the blessings of this
life ; princes, who command, and to whom
God himself has given authority to com-
mand subjects ; subjects, who obey, and on
whom God has imposed obedience as a duty;
the rich, who give alms, and the poor, who
receive them ; all, all my hearers, I am go-
Q68
THE EQUALITY OF MANKLXD.
[Seb. XXIX.
ing to reduce to their natural equality, and
to consider this equality as a source of piety.
This is the meaning' of the Wise JVTan in
the words of tlie text, ' The rich and the
poor meet together : the Lord is the Maker of
them all.'
Let us enter into the matter. We suppose
two truths, and do not attempt to prove
Ihem. First, that although the Wise Man
mentions here only two different states, yet
he includes all. Under the general notion of
yi.ch and poor, we think he comprehends eve-
ry tiling, that makes any sensible difference
in the conditions of mankind Accordingly,
it is an incontestable truth, that what he
says of the rick and poor, may be said of the
nobleman and the plebeian,of the master and
the servant. It may be said, the master and
the servant, the nobleman and the plebeian
' meet together ; the Lord is the maker of
them all;' and so of the rest.
It is not unlikely, however, that Solomon,
\yhen he spoke of ' the rich and the poor,'
had a particular design in choosing tliis kind
of diversity of condition to illustrate his
meaning in preference to every other. Al-
though I can hardly conceive, that there
ever was a period of time, in which the love
of riches did fascinate the eyes of mankind,
as it does in this age, yet it is very credible,
that in Solomon's time, as in ours, riches
made the grand difference among men.
Strictly speaking, there are now only two
conditions of mankind, that of the rich, and
that of the poor. Riches decide all, yea
those qualities, which seem to have no con-
cern with them, I mean, mental qualifica-
tions. Find but the art of amassing mcmey,
and you will thereby find that of uniting in
your own person all the advantages, of which
mankind have entertained the highest ideas.
How mean soever your birth may have been,
you will possess the art of concealing it, and
Jrou may form an alliance with the most il-
ustrious families; how small soever your
knowledge may be, you may pass for a supe-
rior genius, capable of deciding questions the
most intricate, points the most abstruse ; and,
what is still more deplorable, you may pur-
chase with silver and gold a kind of honour
and virtue, while you remain the most aban-
doned of mankind, at least, your money will
attract that respect, which is due to nothing
but honour and virtue.
The second truth, which we suppose, is,
that this proposition, ' the Lord is the maker
of them all,' is one of those concise, I had
almost said, one of those defective proposi-
tions, which a judicious auditor ought to fill
up in order to give it a proper meaning.
This style is very common in our Scriptures;
it is peculiarly proper in sententious works,
such as this out of which we have taken the
text. The design of Solomon is to teach us,
that whatever diversities of conditions there
may be in society, the men who compose it
are essentially equal. The reason that he as-
signs, is, ' the Lord is the maker of them all.'
If this idea be not added, the proposition
proves nothing at all. It does not follow,
because the same God is the creator of two
beings, that there is any resemblance be-
tween them, much less that thev are equal.
Is not God the creator of pure unembodied
intelligences, who have faculties superior to
those of mankind .'' Is not God the author of
their existence as well as of ours .'' Because
' God is the creator of both,' does it follow
that both are equal .' God is no less the cre-
ator of the organs of an ant, than he is the
creator of the sublime geniuses of a part of
mankind. Because God has created an ant
and a sublime genius, does it follow, that
these two beings are equal .'' The meaning
of the words of Solomon depends then on
what a prudent reader supplies. We may
judge what ought to be supplied by the na-
ture of the subject, and by a parallel passage
in tlie Book of Job. ' Did not he that made
me in the womb, make my servant .' and did
he not fashion us alike -"^ chap, xx.xi. 15. To
the words of our text, therefore, ' The Lord
is the maker of them all,' we must add, the
Lord has fashioned them all alike. Nothing
but gross ignorance, or wilful treachery, can
incline an expositor to abuse this liberty of
making up the sense of a passage, and induce
him to conclude, that he may add to a text
whatever may seem to him the most proper
to support a favourite opinion, or to cover aia
unworthy passion. When we are inquisitive
for truth, it is easy to discover the passages
of holy Scripture, in which the authors have
made use of these concise imperfect sen-
tences.
Of this kind are all passages, which excite
no distinct ideas, or which excite ideas for-
eign from the scope of the writer, imless the
meaning be supplied. For example, we read
these words in the eleventh chapter of St.
Paul's Second Epistle to the Corinthians,
ver. 4 : ' If he that cometh preacheth ano-
ther Jesus, whom we have not preached, or
if ye receive another spirit, which ye have
not received, or another gospel, which ye
have not accepted, ye might well bear witli
him.' If we attach sucli ideas to these words,
as they seem at first to excite, we shall take
them in a sense quite opposite to the mean-
ing of St. Paul. 'The apostle aimed to make
the Corintliians respect his ministry, and to
consider his apostleship as confirmed of God
in a manner as clear and decisive as that of
any minister, who had preached to them.
Is the proposition, that we have read, any
thing to this purpose, imless we supply what
is not expressed .'' But if we supply what is
understood, and add these words, but this is
incredible, or any others equivalent, we shall
perceive the force of his reasoning, which is
this : If there has been among you any one,
whose preaching has revealed a redeemer,
better adapted to your wants than he, whom
we have preached to you ; or if you had
received more excellent gifts than those,
which the Holy Spirit so abundantly diffused
among you by our ministry, you might in-
deed have preferred him before us; but it is
not credible, that y ou have had such teachers :
you ought then to respect our ministry.
* This reading of the French bible differs q little
from our translation : but a comparison uf the two
translations with the original, and with the scope
of the place, will give the pteference to the French
reading.' Nonne disposuit iios in utcro umis atquc
idem." Vide I'oli f^ynons. in Inc.
Seb. XXIX.j
THE EQUALITY OF MANKIND.
2C-9
I
We need not make any more remarks of
this kind : our text, it is easy to see, ought
to be classed with them, that are imperfect,
and must be supplied with words to make up
the sense. ' The rich and the poor meet
together' in four articles of equality ; because
' the Lord hath made them all' equ aj. in
nature, or in essence; equal in privileges ;
equal in appointment ; equal in their last end.
The Lord has made them equal in nature ;
they have the same faculties, and the same
infirmities : equal in privileges, for both are
capable by the excellence of their nature,
and more still by that of their relij^'ion, to
form the noblest designs: equal in designa-
tion ; for although the rich differ from the
poor in their condition, yet both are intended
to answer the great purposes of God with
regard to human nature : finally, they are
equal in their last end ; the same sentence
of death is passed on both, and both alike
must submit to it. ' The rich and the poor
meet together ; the Lord is the maker of
them all.' Thus the text affords us four
truths worthy of our most serious attention.
The first article of equality, in which men
' meet together,' is an equality o? essence, or
of nature ; the Lord has made them all with
the same faculties, and with the same infir-
mities.
1. With the same faculties. What is man ?
He consists of a body, and a soul united to a
body. This definition, or rather, if you will,
this description, agrees to all mankind, to tiie
great as well as to the small, to the rich as
well as to the poor. The soul of the poor
lias the same power as that of tJie rich, to
lay down principles, to infer consequences,
to distinguish truth from falseliood, to choose
good or evil, to examine Vi'hat is most advan-
tageous, and most glorious to it. The body
of the poor, as well as that of the rich, dis-
plays the wisdom of him, who formed it ; it
has a symmetry in its parts, an exactness in
its motions, and a proportion to its secret
springs. The laws, that unite the body of
the poor to his soul are the same as tiiose,
rvhich unite these two beings in the rich;
there is the same connexion between the two
parts, that constitute the essence of the man ;
a similar motion of the body produces a simi-
lar thought in the mind, a similar idea of the
mind, or a similar emotion of the heart, pro-
duces a similar motion of the body. This is
jnan. These are the faculties of men. Di-
versity of condition makes no alteration in
tliese faculties
9. ' The Lord hath made them all' with the
same infirmities. Thoy have the same infir-
mities of body. The body of the rich, as well
as that of the poor, is a common receptacle,
where a thousand impurities meet ; it is a
general rendezvous of pains and sicknesses ;
it is a house of clay, ' whose foundation is in
the dust, and is crushed before the moth,'
Job iv. 10.
They have the same mental infirmities.
The mind of tlie rich, like that of the poor,
is incapable of satisfying itself on a thousand
desirable questions. The mind of the rich,
as well as that of the poor, is prevented by
its natural ignorance, when it would expand
itself in contemplation, and explain a num-
2 M
ber of obvious phenomena. The soul of the
rich, like tliat of the poor, is subject to doubt,
uncertainty, and ignorance, and, what is
more mortifying still, the heart of the rich,
like the poor man's heart, is subject to the
same passions, to envy, and to anger, and to
all the disorder of sin.
They have the same frailties in the laws
that unite the soul to the body. The soul
of the rich, like the soul of the poor, is united
to a body, or rather enslaved by it. The
soul of the rich, like that of the poor, is in-
terrupted in its most profound meditations
by a single ray of light, by the buzzing of a
fly, or by the touch of an atom of dust. The
ricli man's faculties of reasoning and of self-
determining are suspended, and in some sort
vanished and absorbed, like those of the poor,
on the slightest alteration of the senses, and
this alteration of the senses happens to him,
as well as to the poor, at the approach of cer-
tain objects. David's reason is suspended
at the sight of Bathsheba ; David no longer
distinguishes good from evil ; David forgets
the purity of the laws, which he himself had
so highly celebrated ; and, at the sight of
this object, his whole system of piety is refut-
ed, his whole edifice of religion sinks and dis-
appears.
The second point of equality, in which the
' rich and the poor meet together,' is in equali-
ty of privileges. To aspire at certain emi-
nences, when Providence has pl.iced us in
inferior stations in society, is egregious folly.
If a man, wlio has only ordinary talents, only
a common genius, pretends to acquire an im-
mortal reputation among heroes, and to fill
the world with his name and exploits, he acts
fancifully and wildly. If he, who was born a
subject, rashly and ambitiously attempts to
ascend the tribunal of a magistrate, or the
throne of a king, and to aim at governing,
when he is called to obey, he is guilty of re-
bellion. But this law, which forbids infe-
riors to arrogate to themselves some privi-
leges, does not prohibit them from aspirinu"
at others, incomparably more great and glo-
rious
Let us discover, if it be pos.sible, the most
miserable man in this assembly ; let us dissi-
pate the darkness tiiat covers him ; let us
raise him from that kind of grave, in whicii
his indigence and meanness conceal him.
This man, unknown to the rest of mankind ;
this man, who seems hardly formed by the
Creator into an intelligent existence ; this
man has, however, the greatest and most
glorious privileges. This man, being recon-
oilcid to God by religion, has a right to aspire
to the most noble and sublime objects of it.
He has a right to elevate his soul to God in
ardent prayer, and, without the hazard of
being taxed with vanity, he may assure him-
self, "that God, the Great God", encircled in
glory, and surrounded with the praises of the
blessed: will behold him, hear his prayer,
and grant his request. This man has a right
to say to himself, the attention, that the
Lord of nature gives to the government of
the universe, to the wants of mankind, to the
innumerable company of angels, and to his
own felicity, does not prevent this adorable
being from attending to me ; from occupying
S?70
*rHE EQUALITY OF MANKIND.
[Akr. xxrx.
himself about my person, my children, my
family, my house, my health, my substance,
m}' salvation, my most minute concern, even
a single ' hair of my head,' Luke xxi. 18.
This man has a rig^ht of addressing God oy
names the most lender iind mild, yea, if I
may venture to speak so, by tliose most fami-
liar names, which equals give each other;
he may call him his God, his master, his fa-
ther, his friend. Believers liave addressed
God by each of these names, and God has
not only permitted them to do so, he has
even expressed his approbation of their tak- ]
ing these names in their mouths. Tliis man
has a right of coming to eat with God at the
Lord's table, and to live, if I may be allowed
to speak so, to live with God, as a man lives
with his friend. This man has a right to
apply to himself whatever is most great, most
comfortable, most ecstatic in the mysteries
of redemption, and to say to himself; for me
the divine intelligence revolved the plan of
redemption ; for me the Son of God was ap-
pointed before the foundation of the world to
be a propitiatory sacrifice ; for me in the ful-
ness of time he took mortal flesh ; for me he
lived several years among men in this world ;
for me he pledged himsolf to the justice of
liis Father, and suffered sucli unparalleled
punishment, as conlounds reason and sur-
passes imagination ; for nie the Holy Spirit
• shook the heavens and the earth, and the
sea, and the dry laud,' Hag. ii (i, and esta-
blished a ministry, which he confirmed by
healing the sick, bv raising the dead, by cast-
ing out devils, and by subverting the whole
order of nature. This man has a right to
aspire to the felicity of the inunortal (i-od,
to the glory of the immortal God, to the
throne of the immortal God. Arrived attlie
fatal hour, lying on his drying bed, reduced
to the sight of useless friends, ineffectual
lemedies, unavailing tears, he has a right to
triumph over death, and to defy his disturb-
ing in the smallest degree tiie tranquil calm,
that his soul enjoys ; he has a right to sum-
mon the gates of heaven to admit his soul,
and to say to them, ' Lift up your heads, O ye
gates! even lift them up,ye everlastingdoors !'
These are the incontestable privileges of
the man, who appears to us so contemptible.
I ask, my brethren, have the nobles of tJie
earth any privileges more glorious than these.''
Do the train of attendants, which follows
them, the horses that draw them, the gran-
dees, wlio surround them, the superb titles,
which command exterior homage, give them
any real snperiority over the man, who en-
joys those priviieaes, which we have briefly
enumerated.' Ah! my brethren, nothing
proves the littleness of great men more than
the impression, which the exterior advaii-
fages, that distinguish them from tlie rest of
mankind, make on their minds. Are you
aware of what you are doing, when you de-
spise them whom Providen(^e places for a few
years in a station inferior to your own .' You
are despising and degrading yourselves, you
are renouncing your real greatness, and, liy
valuing yourselves for a kind of foreign glory,
j-ou discover a conteiiipt for that, which con-
stitutes the real dignity of your nature. The
glory of man does not consist in his beino- a
master, or a rich man, a nobleman, or a king ;
it consists in his being a man, in his being
formed in the image of his Creator, and capa-
ble of all the elevation, that we have been
describing. If you contemn your inferiors
in society, you plainly declare, that you are
insensible to your real dignity ; for, had you
derived your ideas of real greatness from
their true source, you would have respected
it in persons, who appear the most mean and
despicable. ' The ricli and the poor meet
together ;' the Lord has endowed them all
with the same privileges. They all meet
toffithcr nn the same line of eqnality in re-
irard to their claims of privileges. This was
the point to be proved.
We add, in the third place, ' The rich and
the poor meet together' in an equality of rfc.«-
linati.mi. Rich and poor are placed by Pro-
vidence in different ranks, I grant : but their
difierent stntions are fixed with the same
design, I mean to accomplish the purposes of
God in regard to men.
What are the designs of God in regard to
men .■' What end does he propose to effect by
placing us on this planet thirty, forty, or six-
ty years, before he rleclnrcs our eternal state ?
W'e jiave frequently answered this impor-
tant question. God has placed us hero in a
state of probation : he has set before our
eyes supreme felicityand intolerable misery;
he has pointed out the vices, that conduct to
the last, and the virtues necessary to arrive
at the first, and he has declared, that our
conduct shall determine our future state.
This, I think, is the design of God in regard
to men. This is the notion that we ought to
form, of the end which God proposes in fix-
ing us a few years upon earth, and in placing
us among our fellow creatures in society.
On this principle, which is the most glo-
rious condition ^ It is neither that which
elevates us higliest in society, nor that which
procures us the greatest conveniences of life.
If it be not absolutely indifferent to men, to
whom it is uncertain whether they shall quit
the present world the next moment, or con-
tinue almost a century in it ; I say, if it be
not absolutely indifferent to them, whether
they be high or low, rich or poor, it would be
contrary to all tiie laws of prudence, were
they to determine their choice of a condition
by considerations of this kind alone. A crea-
ture capalile of eternal felicity ought to con-
sider that the most glorious condition, which
is tlie most likely to procure him the eternal
felicity, of which he is capable. Were a
wise man to choose a condition, he would
certainly prefer that, in which he could do
most <Tood ; ho would alwa3's consider that as
tlie most glorious st.ation for himself, in
which he could best answer the great end
for wiiich his Creator placed him in this
world. It is glorious to be at the head of a
nation ; but if I could do more good in a
mean station thnn I could do in an eminent
post, the meanest station would be far more
glorious to me than the most eminent post.
Why.' because that is most glorious to me,
which best answers the end that my Creator
proposed in placing me in this world. God
placed me in this world to enable me to do
good, and prepare myself by a holy life for a
Ser. XXIX.J
THE EQUALITY OF MANKIND
271
happy eternity. To do good at the head of a
nation, certain talents are necessary. If I
liave not these talents, not only I should not
do good in this post, but I should certainly
do evil. I should expose my country to dan-
ger, I should sink its credit, obscure its glo-
ry, and debase its dignity. It is, therefore,
hicomparably less glorious for me to be at
the head of a state than to occupy a post less
eminent. It is glorious to fill the highest
office in the church, to announce the oracles
of God, to develope the mysteries of the king-
dom of heaven, and to direct wandering soiiis
to the road, that leads to the sovereign good ;
but if I be destitute of gifts essential to the
filling of this office, it is incomparably more
g'lorious to mo to remain a pupil than to com-
mence a tutor. Why ^ Because that station
is the most eligible to me, which best em-
powers mo to answer the end for which my
Creator placed me in this world. My Creator
placed me in this world, that I might do good,
and that by a holy life I might prepare for a
happy eternity. In or.ier to do good in the
highest offices in the church great talents
are necessary ; if God has not bestowed
great talents on me, I should not only not do
good : but I should do harm. Instead of an-
nouncing the oracles of God I should preach
the traditions of men; I should involve the
mysteries of religion m darkness instead of
developing them ; I should plunge poor mor-
tals into an abyss of misery, instead of point-
ing out the road, which would conduct them
to a blessed immortality. But by remaining
in the state of a disciple I may obtain atten-
tion, docility, and love to truth, which are
the virtues of my condition. It is more glo-
rious to bo a good subject than a bad king ;
it is more glorious to be a good disciple than
a bad teacher.
But most men have false ideas of glory,
and we form our notions of it from the opi-
nions of these unjust appraisers of men and
things. That wliich elevates us in their
eyes, seems glorious to us ; and we esteem
that contemptible, which abases us before
them. We discover, I know not what, mean-
ness in mechanical employments, and the
contempt that we have for the employ, ex-
tends itself to him, who follows it, und thus
we habituate ourselves to despise them, whom
God honours. Let us undeceive ourselves,
iny brethren ; there is no condition shame-
ful, except it necessarily leads us to some in-
fraction of the laws of our Supreme Law-
giver, ' who is able to save and to destroy,'
James iv. 12. Strictly speaking, one condi-
tion of life is no more honourable than ano-
ther. There are, I grant, some stations, in
which the objects that employ those who fill
them, are naturally more noble than those of
other stations. The condition of a magistrate,
wliose employment is to improve and to enforce
maxims of government, has a nobler object
than that of a mechanic, whose business it is
to improve the least necessary art. There
is a nobler object in the station of a pastor
called to publish the laws of religion, than in
tiiat of a schoolmaster confined to teach the
letters of the alphabet. But God will re
gnlate our eternal state not according to the
object of our pursuit, but according to the
manner in which we should iiave pursued
it.
In this point of light, all ranks are equal,
every condition is the same. Mankind have
then an equality of destiiiation. The rich
and the poor are placed in different ranks
with the same view, both are to answer the
great end, that God haS' proposed to answer
by creating and arranging mankind.
Hitherto we have had occasion for some
little labour to prove our thesis, that all men
are equal, notwithstanding the various con-
ditions in which God has placed them. And
you, my brethren, have had occasion for some
docility to feel the force of our arguments.
But in our fourth article the truth will es-
tablish itself, and its force will be felt by a
recital, vea, bv a hint of our arguments.
We said, fourthly, that men are equal m
their last end, that the same sentence of
death is denounced on all, and that they must
all alike submit to their fate. On which
side can we view death, and not receive abun-
dant evidence of this truth ? Consider the
certainty of death ; the nearness of death ;
the harbingers of death; the ravages of
death ; so many sides by which death may be
considered, so many proofs, so many demon-
strations, so many sources of demonstrations
of the truth of "this sense of my text, ' the
rich and poor meet together ; the Lord is the
maker of them all.'
1. Remark the certainty of death: ' Dusi
thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return,
Gen. iii. 19. 'It is appointed unto men
once to die,' Heb. ix. 27. The sentence is
universal, its universality involves all the
posterity of Adam ; it includes all conditions,
all professions, all stations, and every step ot
life ensures the execution of it.
Whither art thou going, rich man ! thou,
who congra'tulatest thyself because thy ' fields
bring forth plentifully,' and who says to thy
soul, ' Soul ! thou hast much goods laid up
for many years ; take thine ease, eat, drink,
and be merry .'' To death. Whither art thou
going, poor man ! thou, who art toiling
through a languishing hfe, who beggest thy
bread'Trom door to door, who art continually
j)erplexed in finding out means of procuring
bread to eat, and raiment to put on, always an
object of the charity of some, and of t''.®
hard -heartedness of others.? To death. Whi-
ther goest thou, nobleman ! thou, who deck-
est thyself with borrowed plumes, who put-
test the renown of thine ancestors into the
list of thy virtues, and who thinkest thyself^
formed of an earth more refined than that ot
the rest of mankind ? To death. Whither
goest thou, peasant! thou wlio deridest the
folly of a peer, and at the same time valucst
thyself on something equally absurd.' lo
death. Whither, soldier ! art thou marching,
thou, who talkest of nothing but glory and
heroism, and who ainid many voices sound-
ing in thine ears, and incessantly crying,
' Remember, thou art mortal,' art dreammg
of, I know not what, immortality .' To death.
Whither art thou going, merchant! thou,
who brcathest nothing but the increase of
thy fortune, and who judgost of the hap-
piness or misery of thy days, not by thino
acquisition of knowledge, and thy practice of
272
THE EQUALIIT OF MANKIND.
[tiER. XXIX.
virtue : tut Ly tbe gain or tlie loss of thy
wealth ? To death. Whither tire we all
gtiing', my dear hearers .'' To death. Do 1
c-xceed the truth, my brethren .-' Does death
l-ogard titles, dignities, and riches ? Where is
Alexander ? Where is Cesar ? Where are all
they, whose names struck terror through the
whole world .'' They were : but they are no
more. They fell before the voice that cried,
' Return, ye children of men,' Ps. xc. 3. ' I
said, ye are gods : but j-e shall die like men,'
Pe. Ixxxii. C. ' I said, ye are gods ;' this ye
great men of the earth ! this i? your title ;
this is the patent that creates your dignity,
that subjects us to your commands, and
Ceaches us to revere your characters : ' but
ye shall die like men ;' tliis is the decree,
that def;;Tades you, and puts you on a level
with us. ' Ye are gods ;' I will tlien respect
your authority, and consider you as images
of him, ' by whom kings reign: but ye shall
die ;' I will not then suffer myself to be im-
posed on by your grandeur, and whatever
homage I may yield to my king, I will always
remember, that he is a man. The certainty
of death is the first side, on which we may
consider this murderer of mankind, and it is
the first proof of our fourtii proposition : man-
kind are equal in their last end.
2. The proxiviity of death is a second de
jnonstration, a second source of demonstra-
tions. The limits of our lives are equal.
The life of the rich as well as that of the
jjoor is ' reduced to a handbreadth,' Ps. xxxix.
5. Sixty, eighty, or a hundred years, is usual-
ly the date of a long life. The sceptre has
no more privilege in this respect than the
oj-ook • nor is the palace at any greater
distance from the tomb than the cottage from
the grave. Heaps of silver and gold may in-
tercept the rich man's sight of death : but
they can neither intercept death's sight of
the rich man, nor prevent his forcing the fee-
ble intrenchments, in which he may attempt
to hide himself
3. The harbingers of death are a third de-
monstration, a third source of demonstrations.
The rich have the same forerunners as the
poor ; both have similar dying agonies, vio-
lent sicknesses, disgustful medicines, intole-
rable pains, and cruel misgivings. Pass
through those superb apartments in which
the rich man seems to del'y the enemy, who
lurks and threatens to seize him ; go through
the crowd of domestics who surround him;
cast your eyes on the bed where nature and
art have contributed to his ease. In this
g-rand edifice, amidst this assembly ol cour-
tiers, or, shall 1 rather say, amidst this troop
«f vile slaves, you will find a most mortifying
and miserable object. You will see a visage
all pale, livid, distorted ; you will hear the
shrieks of a wretch tormented with the gra-
vel, or the gout ; you will see a soul terrified
with the fear of those eternal bo< ks, which
are about to be opened, of that iormidable
tribunal, which is already erected, of the
awful sentence, that is about to be denoun-
ced.
4. The ravages of death make a fourth de-
inoustration ; they are the same with the
rich as with the poor. Deatli alike condemns
their eyes to impenetrable night, their tongue
to eternal silence, their wliole system to total
destruction. I see u, superb monument. I
approach this striking object. I see magni-
cent inscriptions. I read the pompous titles
of the viosl noble, the most puissant, general,
prince, monarch, arbiter of peace, arbiter of
war. I long to see the inside of this elegant
piece of workmanship, and I peep under the
stone, that covers him to whom all this pomp
is consecrated ; there I find, w'hat .' . . . a
putrefied carcass devouring by worms. O
vanity of human grandeur I ' Vanity of vani-
ties, all is vanity ! Put not your trust in prin-
ces, nor in the son of man, in whom is no
help,' Eccl. i. 2. ' His breath goeth forth, he
returneth to his earth, in that very day his
thoughts perish.' Ps. cxlvi. 3, 4. ' As for man,
his days are as grass; as a flower of the
field so he flourisheth ; for the wind passeth
over it, and it is gone ; and the place thereof
shall know it no more,' Ps. ciii. 15. 16.
5. Finally, the judgment, that follows
death, carries our proposition to the highest
degree of evidence. ' It is appointed unto
men once to die : but after this the judgment,'
Heb. ix. 27. The rich and the poor must
alike appear before that throne, which St.
John describes in the Revelation, and be-
fore that venerable personage, ' from whose
face the heaven and the earth flee away,'
chap. XX. 11. If there be any difference be-
tween the rich and the poor, it is all, I think,
in favour of the latter. The summons, that
must be one day addressed to each of us,
' give an account of thy stewardship,' Luke
xvi. 2, this sununons is always terrible. You
indigent people ! whom God (to use the lan-
guage of Scripture) has ' set over a few
things,' an account of these ' few things' will
be required of you, and you will be as surely
punished for hiding ' one talent,' as if you had
hidden more. Matt. xxv. 17.
But how terrible to me seems the account
that must be given of a great number of ta-
lents ! If the rich man have some advantages
over the poor, (and who can doubt that he
has many ?) how are his advantages counter-
poised by the thought of the consequences of
death! What a summons, my brethren! is
this for a great man, ' Give an account of thy
stewardship!' give an account of thy rj'fAe.^.
Didst thou acquire them lawfully } or worn
they the produce of unjust dealings, of cruel
extortions, of repeated frauds, of violated pro-
mises, of perjuries and oaths.' Didst thou dis-
tribute them charitably, compassionately, lib-
erally .' or didst thou reserve tliem avari-
ciously, meanly, barbarously ? Didst thou
employ them to found hospitals, to procuvd
instruction for the ignorant, relief for the
sick, consolations for the afilicted ? or didst
thou employ them to cherish thy pride, to dis-
play thy vanity, to immortalize thine ambi-
tion and arrogance .'' Give an account of thy
reputation. Didst thou employ it to relievo
the oppressed, to protect the widow and or-
phan, to maintain justice, to diffuse truth, to
propagate religion .■' or, on the contrary, didst
thou use it to degrade others, to deify thy pas-
sions, to render thyself a scourge to society,
a plague to mankind.' Give an account of
thine honours. Didst thou direct them to
tlicir true end, bv contributing all in thr
b'KK. XXIX.]
THE EQUALITY OF MANKIJS1>
27i
power to the good of society, to the defence
of thy country, to the prosperity of trade, to
the advantage of the public ? or, didst thou
direct them only to thine own private inter-
est, to the establishment of tliy fortune, to
the elevation of thy family, to tliat insatiable
avidity of glory, which gnawed and devoured
thee .•' Ah ! my brethren ! if we enter very
seriously into these reflections, we shall not
he 60 much struck, as we usually are, with
the diversity of men's conditions in this life ;
we shall not aspire very eagerly after the
highest ranks in this world- ' The rich and
poor meet together, the Lord is the maker of
them all ; that is to say, he has made them
equal in their nature, in their privileges,
equal in their destination, and equal, as we
have proved, in ther last end.
The inferences that we intend to draw
from what we have said, are not inferences of
sedition an anarchy. We do not mean to dis-
turb the order of society ; nor, by affirming
that all men have an essential equality, to
reprobate that subordination, without which
society would be nothing but confusion, and
the men, who compose it, a lawless banditti.
We affirm, that the subject and the prince,
the master and the servant, are truly and pro-
perly equal : but far be it from us to infer,
that therefore the subject should withdraw his
submission from his prince, or the servant di-
minish his obedience to his master. On the
contrary, subjects and servants would re-
nounce all that is glorious in their conditions,
if they entertained such wild ideas in their
minds. That, which equals them to the su-
periors, whom Providence has set over them,
is the belief of their being capable, as well as
tiieir superiors, of an.swering the end that
God proposed in creating mankind. They
■would counteract this end, were they to re-
fuse to discharge those duties of their condi-
tion to which Providence calls them.
Nor would we derive from the truths which
we have affirmed, fanatical inferences. We
endeavoured before to preclude all occasion
for reproach on this article, yet perhaps we
may not escape it ; for how often does an un-
friendly auditor, in order to enjoy the plea-
sure of decrying a disgustful truth, aifect to
forget the corrective, with which the preach-
er sweetens it .' we repeat it, therefore, once
more ; we do not pretend to affirm, that the
conditions of all men are absolutely equal, by
affirming" that in some senses all mankind are
on a level. We do not say, that the man,
whom society agrees to contemn, is as happy
as the man, whom society unites to revere.
We do not say, that the man, who has no
■where to hide bis head, is as happy as he
who is comniodiously accommodated. We
do not say, that a man who is destitute of all
the necessaries of life, is as happy as the man,
whose fortune is sufficient to procure him all
the conveniences of it. No, my brethren ! we
have no more design to deduce inferences of
fanaticism from the doctrine of the text, than
we have to infer ma.xims of anarchy and rebel-
lion. But we infer just conclusions conformable
to the precious gift of reason, that the Creator
has bestowed on us, and to the incomparably
more precious gift of religion with which he
has enriched us. Derive then, my brethren,
conclusions of these kinds, uijd let them be
the application of this discourse.
Derive from our subject conclusions of
moderation. Labour, for it is allowable, and
the morality of the gospel does not condemn
it, labour to render your name illustrious, to
augment your fortune, to establish your repu-
tation, to contribute to the pleasure of your
life ; but labour no more than becomes you.
Let effijrts of this kind never make you lose
sight of the great end of life. Remember, as
riches, grandeur and reputation, are not the
supreme good, so obscurity, meanness, and in-
digence, are not the supreme evil. Let the
care of avoidmg the supreme evil, and the
desire of obtaining the supreme good, be al-
ways the most ardent of our wishes, and let
others yield to that of arriving at the chief good.
Derive from our doctrine conclusions of
acquiescence in the laws of Providence. If it
please Providence to put an essential diffei-
ence between you and the great men of the
earth, let it be your holy ambition to excel in it.
You cannot murmur without being guilty of
reproaching God, because he has made you
what you are ; because he formed you men
and not angels, archangels or seraphim. .
Had he annexed essential privileges to the
highest ranks, submis.sion would always be
your lot, end you ought always to adore, and
to submit to that intelligence, which governs
the world : but this is not your case. God
gives to the great men of the earth an exte-
rior, transient, superficial glory ; but he has
made you share with them a glory real, solid,
and permanent. What difficulty can a wise jnau
find by acquiescing in this law of Providence .•*
Derive from the truths you have heard
conclusions of »/!o-j/rt7ice. Instead of ingeni-
ously flattering yourself with the vain glory
of being elevated above your neighbour ; or
of suffering your mind 'to sink under the pue-
rile mortification of being inferior to him ;
incessantly inquire what is the virtue of your
station, the duty of your rank, and use your
utmost industry to fill it worthily. You are
a magistrate, the virtue of your station, the
duty of your rank, is to employ yourself
wholly to serve your fellow-subjects in inferior
stations, to prefer the public good before your
own private interest, to sacrifice yourself for
the advantage of that state, the reins of
which you hold. Practise this virtue, fulfil
these engagements, put off self-interest, and
devote yourself wholly to a people, who in-
trust you with their properties, their liberties,
and their lives. You are a subject, the duty
of your rank, the virtue of your station, la
submission, and you should obey not only
through fear of punishment, but through a
wise regard for order. Practise this virtue,
fulfil this engagement, make it your glory to
submit, and in the authority of princes respect
the power of God, whose ministers and re-
presentatives they are. You are a rich man,
the virtue of your station, the duty of your
condition, is beneficence, generosity, magna-
nimity. Practise these virtues, discharge
these duties. Let your heart be always moved
with the necessities of the wretched, and
your ears open to their complaints. Never
omit an opportunity of domg good, and be in
society a general resource, a universal refuge.
^7-i
THE WORTH OF THE SOUL.
ttfEB. XXX.
From the irutlis which you have heard, de-
)-ive motives of zeal and fervour. It is mor-
tifying, I own, in some respects, when one
feels certain emotions of dignity and eleva-
tion, to sink in society. It is mortifying to beg
bread of one who is a man like ourselves. It
is mortifying to be trodden under foot by our
equals, and to say all in a word, to be in
stations very unequal among our equals. But
this economy will quickly vanish. The
fashion of this world will presently pass
away, and we shall soon enter that blessed
state, in which all distinctions will be abolish-
ed, and in which all that is noble in immor-
tal souls, will shine in all its splendour. Let
us, my brethren, sigh after this period, let
us make it the object of our most constant
and ardent prayers. God grant we may all
have a right to pray for it ! God grant our
text may be one day verified in a new sense.
May all who compose this assembly, masters
and servants, rich and poor, may we all, my
dear hearers having acknowledged ourselves
equal in essence, m privileges, in destina-
tion, in last end, may we all alike participate
the same glory. God grant it for his mer-
cy sake. Amen.
SERMON XXX.
THE WORTH OF THE SOUL
Matthew xvi. 26.
J'Ffiat shall a man give in exchange for Ids soul ?
M^Y brethren, before we enforce the truths
which Jesus Christ included in the words of
the text, we will endeavour to fix the mean-
ing of it. This depends on the term soul,
which is used in this passage, and which is
one of the most equivocal words in Scrip-
ture ; for it is taken in different, and even in
contrary senses, so that sometimes it signi- I
fies a ' dead body,' Lev. xxi. 1. We will not |
divert your attention now by reciting the \
long list of explications that may be given to j
the term: but we will content ourselves with
remarking, that it can be taken only in two
senses in the text.
Soul may be taken for life ; and in this
sense the term is used by St. Matthew, who
says, ' They are dead who sought the young
child's soul,' chap. ii. 20. Sovl, may be
taken for that spiritual part of us, which we
call the soul by excellence ; and in this sense
it is used by our Lord, who says, ' fear not
them which kill the body, but arc not able to
kill the soul : but rather fear Him, which is
able to destroy both soul and body in hell,'
chap. X. 28.
If we take the word in the first sense, for
life, we put into the mouth of Jesus Christ
a proposition verified by experience ; that
is, that men consider life as the greatest of
all temporal blessings, and that they part
with every thing to preserve it. This rule
lias its exceptions: but the exceptions con-
firm the rule. Sometimes, indeed, a disgust
with the world, a principle of religion, a
point of honour, will incline men to sacrifice
their lives: but these particular cases can-
not prevent our saying in the general, ' What
shall a man give in exchange for his life .■"
If wo take the word for that part of man,
which we call the soul by excellence, Jesus
Christ intended to point out to us, not what
men iisnially do (for alas ! it happens too of-
ten, that men sacrifice their souls to ilie
meanest and most sordid interest), but what
they always ought to do. He meant to teach
us, that the soul is the noblest part of us,,
and that nothing is too great to be given for
its ransom.
Both these Interpretations are probable,
and each has its partisans, and its proofs.
But although we would not condemn the
first, we prefer tlic last, not only because it is
the most noble meaning, and opens the
most extensive field of meditation : but be-
cause it seems to us the most coufoinia-
ble to our Saviour's design in speaking the
words.
Judge by what precedes our text, 'What
is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole
world, and lose his own soul .' Jesus Christ
spoke thus to fortify his disciples against the
temptations, to which their profession of tho
i gospel was about to expose them If by the
word soul we understand the life, we sliall be
obliged to go a great way about to give any
reasonable sense to the words. On the con-
trary, if we take the word for the spirit, the
meaning of the whole is clear and easy.
Now it seems to me beyond a doubt, that Je-
sus Christ, by the manner in which he has
connected the text with the preceding verse,
used the term soul in the latter sense.
Judge of our comment also by what fol-
lows. ' What shall a man give in exchange
for his soul .' For,' adds, our Lord immedi-
ately after, ' the Son of man shall come in
the glory of his Father, with his angels; and
then he shall reward every man according to
his works.' What connexion have these
words with our text, if we take the word
soul for life I' What connexion, is there be-
tween this proposition, Man has nothing
more valuable than life, and this, ' I^or the
Son of man shall come in tlie glory of his
Ser. KXX.}
THE WORTH OP THE SOUL.
^T I ft,
Father, with his angels ?' Whereas if we
adopt our sense of the term, the connexion in-
stantly appears.
We will then retain this explication. By
the soul we understand here the spirit of
man; and, this word bein^ thus explained,
the meaning of Je3us Ciirist in the whole
passage is understood in part, and one re-
mark will be sufficient to explain it wholly.
We must attend to the true meanmg of the
phrase, 'lose his soul,' which im.nediately
precedes the text, and which we shall often
Use to explain the text itself To ' lose the
soul' does not signify to be deprived of this
part of one's self; for, however great this
punishment might be, it is the chief object
of a wicked man's wishes ; but to ■ lose the
soul' is to lose those real blessings, and to
sustain those real evils, which a soul is capa-
ple of enjoying and of sufFering. When,
therefore, Jesus Christ says in the wards that
precede the text, ' Wiiat is a man profited, if
he shall gain the whole world, and lose his
own soul .-" and in the text, ' VVhat shall a
man give in exchange for his soul .'' ho ex-
hibits one truth under different faces, so that
our reflections will naturally be turned some-
times to the one, and sometimes to the other
of these propositions. He points out, I say,
two truths, which being united, signify, that
as the conquest of the universe would not be
an object of value sufficient to engage us to ,
sacrifice our souls, so if we had lost them, no
price could be too great to bo paid fi)r the re-
covery of them. Let u:^ here fix our atten-
tion ; and let us examine what constitutes the
dignity of the soul. L^t us inquire,
L The excellence of its nature ;
n. The infinity of its duration ;
HL The price of its redemption ; three
articles which will divide this discourse.
1. Nothing can be given in exchange for
our souls. We prove this proposition by the
excellence of its nature. VVhat is the soul .•'
There have been great absurdities, in the
answers given to this question. In former
ages of darkness, when most of tlie studies
that were pursued for the cultivation of the
mind served to render it unfruitful ; when
people thought they had arrived at the high-
est degree of knowledge, if tliey had filled
their memories with pompous terms and su-
perb nonsense ; in those times, I say it was
thought, the question might be fully and sa-
tisfactorily answered, and clear and complete
ideas given of the nature of the soul. But in
latter times, when philosophy being cleansed
from the impurities that infected the schools,
equivocal terms were rejected, and only clear
and distinct ideas admitted, and thus litera-
ry investigations reduced to real and solid
use ; in these days, I say, philosophers, and
philosophers of great name, have been afraid
to answer this question, and we liave affirm-
ed that the narrow limits which confine our
researclios, disable us from acquiring any
other than obscure notions of the human
soul, and that all which wo can propose to
elucidate the nature of it, serves rather to
discover what it is not, than what it is. But
if the decisions of the former savour, of
presumption, does not the timid reserved ness
of the latter seem a blamcablc modostv ? If I
we be incapable of giving sucii sufficient an-
swers to the question as would fully satisfy
a genius earnest in inquiring, and eager for
demonstration, may we not be able to give
clear and high ideas of our souls, and so to
verify these sententious words of the Sa-
viour of the world, ' Whit shall a man give
in exchange for his soul .'"
Indeed we do clearly and distinctly know
three properties of the soul ; and every one of
us knows by his own experience, that it is
capable of knowing, willing, and feeling.
The first of these properties is intelligence,
the second volition, the third sensation, or,
more properly, the acutest sensibility. I am
coming now to the design of my text, and
here I hope to prove, at least to the intelli-
gent part of my hearers, by the nature of
the soul, that the loss of it is the greatest of
all losses, and that nothing is too valuable to
be given for its recovery.
Intelligence is the first property of the
soul, and the first idea that we ought to form
of it, to know its nature. The perfection of
this property consists in having clear and
distinct ideas, extensive and certain know-
ledge. ' To lose the soul,' in this respect, is
to sink into total ignorance. This loss is ir-
reparable, and he who should have lost his,
soul in this sense, could give nothing too
great for its recovery. Knowledge and hap-
piness are inseparable in intelligent beings,
and, it is clear, a soul deprived of intelli-
gence cannot enjoy perfect felicity. Few
men, I know, can be persuaded to admit this
truth, and there are, I must allow, great
restrictions to be made on this article, while
we are in the present state.
1. In our present state, 'every degree of
knowledge, that the mind acquires, costs the
body much.' A man. who would make a
progress in science, must retire, meditate,
and in some sense, involve himself in him-
self. Now, meditation exhausts the animal
spirits ; close attention tires the brain ; the
collecting of the soul into itself often injures
the health, and sometimes puts a period to life.
In our present state, 'our knowledge is
confined within narrow bounds.' Questions
the most wortiiy of our curiosity, and the
most proper to animate and inflame us, are
unanswerable ; for the objects lie beyond our
reach. From all our efforts to eclaircisc
such questions we sometimes derive only
mortifying reflections on the weakness ot'
our capacities, and the narrow limits of onr
knowledge.
o. In this present state, sciences are inra-
pnh'e of demonMration. and consist, in re-
gard to us, of little more than probabilities
and appearances. A man, whose genius is a
liitlo exact, is obliged in multitudes of cases
to doubt, and to suspend his judgment ; and
his pleasure of investigating a point is al-
most always interrupted by the too well-
grounded fear of taking a shadow for a sub-
stance, a phantom for a reality.
4. In this world, viost of those sciences,
in the study of which we spend the best
part of life, arc improperly called sciences ;
they have indeed some distant relation to
our wants in this present state : but they
have no reference at all to onr real dignitv.
70
THE WORTH Or* THE SOUL.
[Sek. XXIX.
What relation to the real dignity of man has
the kno\rledge of languages, the arranging
of varioii.s arbitrary and barbarous terms in
the mind to enable one to express one thing
in a hundred different words.' What rela-
tion to the real dignity of man has the study
of antiquity .' Is it worth while to hold a
thousand conferences, and to toil through a
thousand volumes for the sake of discovering
the reveries of our ancestors .''
5. In this world we often see real and use-
ful knowledge deprived of its lustre through
the supercilious neglect of mankind, and
science, falsely so called, crowned with their
applause. One man, whose mind is a kind
of scientific chaos, full of vain speculations
and confused ideas, shall be preferred before
another, whose speculations have always j
been directed to form his judgment, to purify I
his ideas, and to bow his heart to truth and '
virtue. This partiality is often seen. Now, j
although it argues a narrowness of soul to
make happiness depend on the opinions of
others, yet it is natural for intelligent be-
ings, placed among other intelligent beings,
to wish for that approbation which is due to
real merit. Were the present life of any long
duration, were not the proximity of all pursu-
inor death a powerful consolation against all
our inconveniences, these unjust estimations
Vi'ould be very mortifying.
Such being the imperfections, the defects,
and the obstacles of our knowledge, we ought
not to be surprised, if in general we do not com-
prehend the great influence that tlie perfec-
tion of our faculty of thinking and knowing
has over our happiness. And yet even in this
life, and with all these disadvantages, our
knowledge, however ditficult to acquire, how-
ever confined, uncertain, and partial, how lit-
tle soever it may be applauded, contributes to
our felicity. Even in this life there is an ex-
treme difference between a learned and illi-
terate man : between him, whose knowledge
of languages enables him (so to speak) to
converse with people of all nations, and
of all ages ; and him who can only con-
verse with his own contemporary country-
men : between him, whose knowledge of his-
tory enables him to distinguish the success-
ful from tlie hazardous, and to profit by the
vices and tlie virtues of his predecessors ;
and him. who falls every day into mistakes
inseparable from the want of experience : be-
tween him, whose knowledge of history ena-
bles him to distinguish the successful from
the hazardous, and to profit bj- the vices and
the virtues of his predecessors ; and him,
who falls every day into mistakes insepara-
ble from the want of experience : between
him whose own understanding weighs all in
the balance of truth ; and him, who every
moment needs a guide to conduct him. Even
iu this life, a man collected w-ithin hiiuself,
sequestered from the rest of mankind, sepa-
rated from an intercourse with all the living,
deprived of all that constitutes the bliss of
society, entombed, if the expression may be
allowed, in a solitary closet, or in a dusty U-
brary , such a man enjoys an innocent pleasure,
rtiore satisfactory and refined than that,
which places of diversion the most frequent-
ed, and sights the most superb, can afford.
But if, even in this life, learning and know-
ledge have so much influence over our hap-
piness, what shall we enjoy, when our souls
shall be freed from their slavery to the senses ?
What, then we are permitted to indulge to
the utmost the pleasing desire of knowing r
What felicity, when God shall unfold to our
contemplation that boundless extent of truth
and knowledge which his intelligence re-
volves ! What happiness will accompaivy our
certain knowledge of the nature, the perfec-
tions, and the purposes of God ! What plea-
sure will attend our discovery of the profound
wisdom, the perfect equity, and the exact fit-
ness of those events, which often surprised
and offended us ! Above all, what sublime de-
light must we enjoy, when we find our own
interest connected with every truth, and all
serve to demonstrate the reality, the dura-
tion, the inadmissibility, of our happiness!
How think you, my brethren, is not such a
property beyond all valuation .' Can the world
indemnify us for the final loss of it ? If we have
had the unhappiness to lose it, ought any thing
to be accounted too great to be given for its
recovery .' And is not this expression of .lesus
Christ, in this view of it, full of meaning and
truth, ' What shall a man give in exchange
for his soul !'
What we have affirmed of the first property
of our souls, that it is infinitely capable of con-
tributing to our happiness, although we can
never fully comprehend it on earth, we affirm
of the other two properties, volition, and
sensibility.
The perfection of the will consists in a per-
fect harmony between the holiness and the
plenitude of our desires. Now, to what degree
soever we carry our holiness on earth, it is al-
ways mixed with imperfection. And, as our
holiness is imperfect, our enjoyments must
be so too. Moreover, as Providence itself
seems often to gratify an irregular will, we
cannot well comprehend the misery of losing
the soul in this respect. But judge of this
loss (and let one reflection suffice on this ar-
ticle), judge of this loss by this consideration.
In that economy, into which our souls must
enter, the Being, the most essentially holy, I
mean God, is the most perfectly happy ; and
the most obstinately wicked being is the most
completely miserable.
In like manner, we cannot well compre-
hend to what degree the property of our
Fouls, that renders us susceptible of sensa-
tions, can be carried. How miserable soever
the state of a man exposed to heavy afflictions
on earth may be, a thousand causes lesson the
weight of them. Sometimes reason assists
the sufferer, and sometimes religion, some-
times a friend condoles, and sometimes a
remedy relieves ; and this thought at all
times remains, death will shortly terminate all
my ills. The same reflections may be made
on sensations of pleasure, which are always
I mixed, suspended, and interrupted.
I Nevertheless, the experience we have of
: our sensibility on earth is sufficient to give
us some just notions of the greatness of that
: loss, which a soul may sustain in this respect ;
■ nor is there any need to arouse our imagina-
tions by images of an economy of which we
have no idea.
Seb. XXX.]
THE WORTH OF THE SOUL.
277
The most depraved of mankind, thoy who
are slaves to their senses, may comprehend
the great misery of a state, in which the sen-
ses will be tormented, even better than a be-
liever can, who usually studies to diminish
the authority of sense, and to free his soul
from its lawless sway.
Judge ye then of the loss of the soul, ye
Bensual minds, by this single consideration,
if you have been insensible to all the rest.
When we endeavour to convince you of the
greatness of this loss by urging the privation of
that knowledge, which the elect enjoy now,
and which they hope to enjoy hereafter, you
were not affected with this misery, because
you considered the pleasure of knowing as a
»;himera. When we attempted to convince
you of the misery of losing the soul by urging
the privation of virtue,and the stinging remorse
that follows sin, you were not touched with
this misery, because virtue you consider as a
restraint, and remorse as a folly. But as you
know no other felicity, nor any other misery,
than what your senses transmit to your souls,
judge of the loss of the soul by conceiving a
state, in which all the senses shall be punish-
ed. The loss of the soul is the loss of those
harmonious sounds, which have so oflen
charmed your ears ; it is the loss of those ex-
quisite flavours, that your palate has so often
relished ; it is the loss of all those objects of
desire which have so often excited your pas-
sions. The loss of the soul is an ocean of
pain, tiie bare idea of which has so often
jnade you tremble, when religion called you
to sail on it. The loss of tlie soul will be in
regard to you the imprisonment of yon con- |
fessor, inclosed in a dark and filthy dungeon,
a prey to infection and putrefaction, deprived
of the air and the light. The loss of the
soul will reduce you to the condition of that
galley-slave groaning under the lashes of a
barbarous officer, who is loaded with a gall-
ing chain, who sinks under the labour of that
oar which he works, or rather, with which he
himself is trailing along. The loss of the
soul will place you in the condition of yon
martyr on the wheel, whose living limbs arc
disjointed and racked, whose lingering life is
loath to cease, who lives to glut the rage of
his tormentors, and who expires only through
an overflowing access of pain, his execution-
ers with barbarous industry, being frugal
of his blood and his strength, in order to make
Jiim suffer as much as he can possibly suffer
before he dies.
But, as I said before, all these images con-
vey but very imperfect ideas of the loss of
our souls. Were we to extend our specula-
tions as far as the subject would allow, it would
be easy to prove that the soul is capable of
enjoying sensible pleasures infinitely more
rehnedjand of suffering pains infinitely more
excruciating, than all ^hose which are felt in
this world. In this world, sensations of pleasure
and pain arc proportioned to the end, that the
Creator proposed in rendering us capable of
them. This end is almost alwa3's the preser
vation and well-being of the body during the
short period of mortal life. To answer this
end, it is not necessary, that pleasure and pain
should be as exquisite as our senses may be
•■apable of enduring. If our senses give us
notice of the approach of things hurtful and
beneficial to us, it is sufficient
But in heaven sensible pleasures will be
infinitely more exquisite. Tlicre the love of
God will have its free course. There tlio
promisesof religion will all be fulfilled. There
the labours of the righteous will be rewarded.
There we shall discover how far the power of
God will be displayed in favour of an elect
soul. In like manner, the extent of divine
power in punishing the wicked will appear m
their future state of misery. That justice
must be glorified, which nothirrg but the blood
of Jesus Christ could appease in favour of the
elect. There the sinner must fall a victim to
the wrath of God. There" he must experi-
ence how ' fearful a thing it is to fall into the
hands of the living God,' Heb. x 31. Has a
man who is threatened with these miseries,
any thing too valuable to give for this re-
demption from them .'' Is not the nature of
our souls, which is known by tliese three pro-
perties, understanding, volition, and sensi-
bility, expressive of its dignity ? Does not
this demonstrate this proposition of our Sa-
viour, ' What shall a man give in exchange
for his soul ?'
II. The immortality of a soul constitutes
its dignitj^and its endless durationisa source
of demonstrations in favour of the proposition
in tlie text. This dignity is incontestable.
The principle of the immortality of the soul,
from which we reason, is undeniable. Two
suppositions may seem, at first sigb.t, to weak-
en the evidence of the immortality of the
soul. First, The close union of the soul to the
body seems unfavourable to the doctrine of
its immortality, and to predict its dissolution
with the body. But this supposition,! think,
vanishes, when we consider what a dispro-
portion there is between the properties of
the soul, and those of the body. This dis-
proportion proves, that they are two distinct
substances. The separation of two distinct
substances makes indeed some change in the
manner of their existing: but it can make
none really in their existence.
But whatever advantages we may derive
from this reasoning, I freely acknowledge,
that this, of all philosophical arguments for
the immortality of the soul, the least of any
affects me. The great question, on tlii.s
article, is not what we think of our souls,
when we consider them in themselves, inde-
pendently of God, whose omnipotence sur-
rounds and governs them. Could an infidel
demonstrate against us, that tlie human soul
is material, and that therefore it must perish
with the body : could we, on the contrary,
demonstrate against him, that the soul is
immaterial, and that therefore it is not sub-
ject to laws of matter, and must survive
the destruction of the body ; neither side
in my opinion, would gain any thing consi-
derable. The principal question which alone
ought to determine our notions on tliis article,
would remain unexamined : that is, whether
God will employ his power over our souls to
perpetuate, or to destroy them. For could
an infidel prove, that God would employ his
power to annihilate our souls, in vain should
we have demoirstrated, that they were natu-
rally immortal ; for v/c should be obliged
278
THE WORTH OF THE SOUL.
[riEE. XXX.
to own, lluit the}' arc mortal in respect of
the will of that God, whose omnipotence
rules tiicm. In like manner, if we could
prove to an unbeliever, that God would em-
ploy his power to preserve them in eternal
c-xistence, in vain would he hav<! demonstrat-
ed, that considered in themselves they are
mortal ; and he would be obliged in his turn
to allow Innnai^ souls are inmiortal in virtue
of the suijreine jjower of God. Now, my
brethren, the supposition, tliat God will em-
ploy his power to annihilate our souls, will
entirely disappear, if you attend to the well-
known and iiuiiiliar arginncnt of tlie connex-
ion between the immortality of that soul, and
that desire of inmiortalily which the Creator
has imparted to it. What can we reply to a
man who reasons in this manner .-'
I find myself in a world, where all things
declare the perfections of the Creator, 'i'he
more 1 consider all the parts, the more I
admire the fitness of each to answer the end
of him who created them all. Among num-
berless productions perfectly correspondent
to their destination 1 liiid only one being,
whose condition does not seem to agree with
that marvellous order, which I have observed
in all the rest. This being is my own soul.
And what is this soul of mine ? Is it fire ? Is
it air.'* Is it ethereal matter .'' Under what-
ever notions I consider it, I am at a loss to
define it. However, notwithstanding this
obscurity, 1 do perceive enough of its nature
to convince me of a great disproportion
between the present state of my soul, and
that end for which its Creator seems to have
formed it. This soul, 1 know, I feel (and, of
all arguments, there are none more convin-
cing than those, that are taken from senti-
ment,) this soul is a being eagerly bent on
the enjoyment of a happiness infuiite in its
duration. Should any one offer me a state
of perfect happiness that would continue ten
thousand years, an assemblage of reputation
and riches, grandeur and magnificence, per-
haps, dazzled with its glare, I might cede my
pretensions in consideration of this enjoy-
ment. But, after all, 1 fully perceive, that
this felicity, how long, and how perfect
soever it might be, would be inadeqiuite to
my wishes. Ten thousand years are too few
to gratify my desires ; my desires leap the
bounds of all fixed periods of duration, and
roll along a boundless eternity. What is not
eternal is unequal to my wishes, eternity only
can satisfy them.
Such is my soul. But where is it lodged ^
Its place is tlie ground of my astonishment.
This soul, this subject of so many desires,
inhabits a world of vanity and nothiiig-
iiess. Whether I climb the highest eminences,
or pry into the deejjest indigence, I can dis-
cover no object capable of filling my capacious
desires. 1 ascend tlie thrones of sovereigns,
1 descend into the beggar's dust ; I walk the
palaces of princes, 1 lodge in the peasant's
cabin ; I retire into the closet to be wise, I
avoid recollection, choose ignorance, and in-
erea.se tlie crowd of idiots ; I live in solitude,
I rush into the social nmltitude : but every
where I fuid a mortifying void. In all these
ijiaces there is nothing satisfactory. In each
. arn more nnhappy, through tlie desire of
seeing new objects, than satisfied with the
enjoyment of what I possess. At most, I ex-
perience nothing in all these pleasures, which
my concupiscence multiplies, but a mean of
rendering my condition tolerable, not a mean
of making it perfectly happy.
How can I reconcile these things ? How
can I make the Creator agree with himself'
There is one way of doing this, a singular
but a certain way ; a way that solves all dif-
ficulties, and covers infidehty with confusion ;
a way that teaches me what I am, whence I
came, and for what iny Creator has designed
me. Although God has placed me in this
world, yet he does not design to limit my
prospects to it ; though he has mixed me
with mere animals, yet he does not intend to
confound me with them ; though he has
lodged my soul in a frail perishable body, yet
he does not mean to involve it in the dissolu-
tion of this frame. Without supposing im-
j mortality, that which constitutes the dignity
I of man. makes his misery. These desires of
immortal duration, this faculty of thinking
i and reflecting,of expanding and perpetuating
i the mind ; this superiority of soul, that seems
to elevate mankind above beasts, actually
i places the beast above the man, and fills him
witli these bitter reflections full of mortifi-
cation and pain. Ye crawling reptiles! ye
j beasts of the field ! destitute of intelligence
and reason ! if my soul be not immortal, I
envy your condition. Content with your
: own organs, pleased with ranging the fields,
and browsing the herbage, your desires need
j no restraint ; for all your wishes are fully
satisfied. V/hile I, abounding on the one
I hand with insatiable desires, and on the other
' confined amidst vain and unsatisfactory ob-
j ject^i, I am on this account uniiappy !
j We repeat these philosophical reasoning.^.
[ my brethren, only for the sake of convincing
j you, that we are in possession of immense ad-
vantages over skeptics in this dispute. On
J the principles of an unbeliever, you see, were
his notion of revelation well-grounded ; were
1 the sacred book, in which so many charac-
ters of truth shine, a human production ;
i were a reasonable man obliged to admit no
I other propositions than those, which have
' been allowed at the tribunal of right reason:
I 3^ea, we say more, were our souls material,
we ought, on the suppositions before-men-
I tioned, to admit the immortality of the soul
as most conformable to our best notions of the
will of our Creator.
But, when we are thus convinced of our
immortality, need we an)' new arguments to
demonstrate the proposition included in the
text,' What shall a man give in exchange for
his soul .'" ftlost subjects may be made to
appear with greater or less dignity, according
to the greater or smaller dctfree of impor-
tance, in which the preacher places it. Pomp-
ous expressions, bold figures, lively images,
ornaments of eloquence, may often supply
either a want of dignity, in the subject dis-
cussed, of a want of proper disposition in
auditors, who attend the discussion of it.
But in my opinion, every attempt to give im-
portance to a motive taken from eternity, is
more likely to enfeeble the doctrine than to
invigorate it. JMotives of this kind are self-
Ser. XXX.]
THE WORTH OF THE SOUL.
279
sufficient. Descriptions the most simple, and
the most natural, that can be made, are al-
ways, I think, the most pathetic, and the
most terrifying- ; nor can I find an expression,
on this article, more eloquent and more em-
phatical than this of St. Paul, ' The things
which are seen, are temporal : but thethinirs
which are not seen, are eternal," 2 (-^or. iii.
18. Were the possession of the whole world
the price you ask in ' exchange for your souls:'
were the whole world free from those cliarac-
ters of vanity, which open such a boundless
field to our reflections ; would there not
always be this disproportion between a per-
ishing world, and a soul aspiring at felicity,
that the world would end, and the soul would
never die .''
Death puts an end to the most specious
titles, to the most dazzling grandeur, and to
the most delicious life ; and the thought of
this period of human glory reminds me of
the memorable action of a prince, who,
■ although he was a heathen, was wiser than
many Chri.?lians ; I mean the great Saladin.
After he had subdued Egypt, passed the Eu-
phrates, and conquered cities without num-
ber ; after he had retaken Jerusalem, and
performed exploits more than human, in
those wars which superstition had stirred up
for the recovery of the Holy Land ; he fin-
ished his life in the performance of an action,
that ought to be transmitted to the most dis-
tant posterity. A moment before he uttered
his last sigh, he called the herald, who had
carried his banner before him in all his bat-
tles, he commanded him to fasten to the top
of a lance, the shroud, in which tlie dying
prince was soon to be buried. Go, said he,
carry this lance, imfurl this banner, and,
while you lift up this standard, proclaim,
' This, this is all, that remains to Saladin the
Great, the conqueror and the king of the
empire, of all his glory.'* Christians! I
perform to-day the ofiice of this herald. I
fasten to the top of a spear sensual and intel-
lectual pleasures, worldly riches, and human
lionours. All these 1 reduce to the piece of
crape, in which you will sliurtly be buried.
This standard of death I lilt up in your sight,
and I cry, this, this is all that v/ill remai n to you
of the possessions, for whicii you exchanged
your souls. Are such po.ssessions too great to
be given in exchange for such a soul ? Can
the idea of their perishing nature prevail
over the idea of the immortality of the soul ?
And do you not feel the truth of the text,
' What shall a man,' a rational man, a man
who is capable of comparing eternity with
time, what shall suchanian • give in e.v.cliangc
lor his soul .•"
Finally, We make a reflection of another
kind to convince you of the dignity of your
souls, and to persuade you, tliat nothing can
be too valuable to be given in exchange for
them. This is taken from the astonishing
works that God has performed in their favour.
We will confine ourselves to one article, to the
inestimable price that God has given for the
redemption of them. Hear these words of
the holy Scriptures, ' Ye are bought with a
* Maimb. Hist, des CroLscdnSj lib. vi. p. 573. de
rEdit.in4
price. Ye were redeemed from your vain
conversation, not with corruptible things, as
silver and crold ; but with the precious blood
of Christ,' I Cor. vi. 20 ; 1 Pet. i. 18.
Some of you perhaps, may say, as the
limits of a sermon will not allow us to speak
of more than one of the wondrous works of
God in favour of immortal souls, we ought
at least, to choose that which is most likely
to aflTect an audience, and not to dwell on n
subject, which having been so often repeated,
will make only slight impressions on their
minds. Perhaps, were we to inform you, that
in order to save your souls, God had subvert
ed formerly all the laws of nature, or to use
the language of a prophet, that ho had
' shaken the heaven and the earth, the sea
and the dry land,' Hag. ii. 6. Perhaps, were
we to tell you, that in order to save your
souls, God deferred the end of the world,
and put off the last vicissitudes, that are to
put a period to the duration of this universe,
that according to St. Peter, ' the Lord is
long-suffering to us-ward,' 2 Pet. iii. 9. Per-
haps, were we to affirm, that in order to save
our souls, he will come one day on the cloMds
of heaven, sitting on a throne, surrounded
with glorious angels, accompanied with
myriads of shouting voices, to deliver them
with the greater pomp, and to save them
witii more splendour : perhaps, by relating
all these mighty works done for our souls,
wo might excite in you ideas of their dignity
more lively than that which we have choseUj
and to which we intend to confine our atteu'
(ion. But surmount if you can, your cus-
tomary indolence, and farni an adequate idea
of the dignity and of the sacrifice of Jesus
Christ, in order the bettor to judge of the
dignity of those souls, of which his blood was
the price.
Go, learn it in heaven. Behold the Deit}'.
approach his throne. Observe the ' thousand
thousands ministering unto him, ten thousand
times ten thousand standing before him,' Dan.
vii. 10. See his eyes sparkling with fire,
and his majesty and glory filling his sanctu-
ary, and by tlie dignity of the victim sacrificed,
judge of tlie value of the sacrifice.
Go, study it in all the economics, that pre-
ceded this sacrifice. Observe the types,
whicli prefigured it ; the shadows that traced
it out ; the ceremonies which depicted it ;
and by the pomp of the preparations, judge of
the dignity of the iubstance pre))ared.
Go, learn it on Moinit Calvary. Behold
the wrath that fell on the bead of Jesu.s
(jhrist. Behold his blood pouring out upon
the earth, and him, your Saviotir, drinking
the bitter cup of divine displeasure. See his
hands and his feet nailed to the cross, and
his whole body one great wound ; observe
the unbridled populace foaming with rage
around the cross, and glutting their savage
souls with his barbarous sufierings ; and by
the horror of the causes that contributed to
his death, judge of the death itself
Go to the infidel, and let him teach you the
dignity of the sacrifice of Christ. Remember
on^this account he attacks Christianity, and
he has some shov/ of reason for doing so ;
for if this religion maybe attacked on any
.lidc. with the least hope of .success, it is on
280
THE WORTH OF THE SOUL.
[Ser. XXX.
this. The truths of the Christian reUgion
arc incontostahle : but if there be any one
article of tlic gospel, which rcquire.<i an en-
tire docility of mind, an absolute submission
of heart, a perfect deference to God, who
speaks, it is tlie article of the sacrifice of the
cross. Weigh the objections, and, by the
greatnesp of the difficulties judge ot the dig-
nity of the mystery.
Recollect, Christian ! God thought fit to
require the blood of his Son for the redemp-
tion of our souls. These souls must have
been very precious in the sight of God, since
he redeemed them at a price so immense.
The misery into which they were liable to be
plunged, must have been extremely terrible,
since God thought proper to make such
great efforts to save them. The felicity of
v.'hich they are capable, and to which the
Lord intends to elevate them, must be infi-
nitely valuable, since it cost him so much to
bring them to it. For what in the universe
is of equal value with the blood of the Son of
God .' Disappear all 3'e other miracles,
wrought in favour of our souls! ye astonish-
ing prodigies, that confirmed the gospel !
tiiou delay of the consummation of all tilings !
ye great and terrible signs of the second
coming of the Son of God ! Vanish before
the miracle of the cross, for the cross shmes
you all into darkness and shade. This glo-
rious light makes your glimmering vanish,
and after my imagination is filled with the
tremendous dignity of this sacrifice, I can
see nothing great besides. But, if God, if
this just appraiser of things, has estimated
our souls at such a rate, shall we set a low
price on them .'' If he has given so much for
tK^m, do we imagine we can give too much
for them ? If, for their redemption, he has
sacrificed the most valuable person in heaven,
do we imagine there is any thing upon earth
too great to give uj) for them ?
No, uo, my bretljren ! after what wc have
heard, we ought to believe, that there is
110 shadow of exaggeration in this exclama-
tion of Jesus Christ, ' What is a man profited,
if he shall gain the whole world and lose his
own soul I' I do not certainly know what our
Saviour meant to say, whether he intended
to speak of a man, who should 'gain the
whole world,' and instantly ' lose his soul;'
or of one who should not ' lose his soul' till
long after he had obtained ' the whole world,'
and had reigned over it tiirough the course of
a long life. But I do know that the words
are true, even in the most extensive sense.
Suppose a man, who should not only enjoy
universal empire for one whole age, but for a
period equal lo the duration of the world
itself, the proposition that is implied in the
words of Jesus Christ is applicable to him.
•Such a soul as wc have described, a soul so
excellent in its nature, so extensive in its
duration, so precious through its redemption ;
a soul capable of acquiring so nnich know-
ledge, of conceiving so many desires, of ex-
periencing so much remorse, oi" Ibeling so
many pleasures and pains , a soul that must
subsist l)eyond all time, and perpetuate itself
to eternity ; a soul redeemed by the blood ol
liic Son of God ; a soul so valuable ought to
be ijrcfcncd bcR>rc all things, and nothing is
too precious to be given for its exchange.
' What is a man profited, if he shall gain the
whole world, and lose his own soul ? or, what
shall a man give in exchange for his soul .'
However, my brethren, we are willing to
acknowledge, were we in the case supposed
by Jesus Christ ; were it in our power to
gain the whole world by losing our own souls ;
or, being actually universal monarchs, were
we obliged to sacrifice this vast empire to re-
cover our souls already lost ; were we, being
smitten with the splendid offer, or being
alarmed at ttie immense price of our purchase,
to prefer the whole world before our souls,
we might then, if not exculpate our conduct,
yet at least give a little colour to it : if we
could not gain our cause, we might however,
plead it with some show ot reason. A reason
of state, a political motive, as that of govern-
ing a whole universe, would naturally have
some influence over us. The titles of sover-
reign, monarch, emperor, would naturally
charm little souls like ours Sumptuous pa-
laces, superb equipages, a crowd of devoted
courtiers, bowing and cringing before us, and
all that exterior grandeur which environs
the princes of the earth, would naturally fas-
cinate such feeble eyes, and infatuate such
puerile imaginations as ours. I repeat it
again, could we obtain the government of
the universe by the sale of our souls, if we
could not justify our conduct we might ex-
tenuate the guilt of it ; and although we could
not gain our cause, we might at least plead
it with some show ot reason.
But is this our case .'' Is it in our power to
•gain the whole world?' Is this the price at
which we sell our souls.'' O shame of human
nature ! O meanness of soul, more proper to
confound us than any thing else, with which
we can be reproached I This intelligent soul,
this immortal soul, this soul which has been
thought worthy of redemption by the blood
of the Saviour of the world, this soul we of-
ten part with for nothing, and for less than
nothing ! In our condition, placed as most of
us are, in a state of mediocrity ; when by
dissipation and indolence, by injustice and
iniquity, by malice and obstinacy, we shall
have procured from vice all the rewards that
we can expect, what shall wc have gained .-
cities.'' provinces.'' kingdoms^ a long and
prosperous reign ? God has not left these to
our choice. His love would not suffer him to
expose us to a temptation so violent. Ac-
cordingly we put up our souls at a lower
price. See this old man, rather dead than
alive, bowing under his age, stooping down,
and stepping into the grave, at what price
does he exchange his soul .' at the price of
a few days of a dying life ; a few pleasures
smothered under a pile of years, if I may
speak so, or buried under the ice of old age.
That oliicer in the army, who thinks he alone
understands real grandeur, at what rate does
he value his soul) He loses it for the sake
of the false glory of swearing expertly, and
of uniting blasphemy and politeness. What
docs yon mechanic get for his soul .' One
acre of land, a cottage bigger and less in-
convenient than that of his neighbour.
li nmanly wretches ! If we be bent on
renouncing our dignity, let us,, however,
Sek. XXXI.]
REAL LIJBERTi-.
281
keep up some appearance of greatness. Sor-
did souls ! if we will resign our noblest pre-
tensions, let us do it, in favour of some
other pretensions that are real. ' Bo aston-
ished, O 3-0 heavens at this! and be ye
horribly afraid ; for my people have commit-
ted two evils : they have forsaken nic the
fountain of living waters, and hewed them
out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold
no water,' Jer. ii. 12. Do you perceive,
my brethren, the force of tliis complaint,
which God anciently uttered over his peo-
ple the Jews, and which he now utters over
us .'' Neither genius nor erudition can ex-
plain it. Could they, you might perhaps un-
derstand it. A certain elevation, a certain
dignity of soul, singular sentiments of heart.
are the only expositors of tliese affecting ;
v/ords. Therefore, I fear, they are unintelligi- |
hie to most of you. 'Be astonished, O ye j
heavens, at this ! and be ye horribly afraid ; '
for my people have committed two evils : j
they have forsaken me the fountain of living
waters, and hewed them out cisterns, bro- 1
ken cisterns, that can hold no water.' God i
loves us, he desires we should love him. lie
has done every thing to conciliate our es- ;
teem. For us he sent his Son into the i
world. For us he disarmed death. For us '
]ie opened an easy path to a glorious eternity.
And all this to render himself master of our
hearts, and to engage us to return him love
for love, life for life. We resist all these at-
tractives, we prefer other objects before him.
No matter, he would pass this ingratitude,
if the objects, which we prefer before liini,
■were capable of making us happy ; if, at
least, they bore any apparent proportion to
those whicli he offers to our hopes. But what
arsuses his displeasure, what provokes his
just indignation, what excites reproaches
that would cleave our hearts asunder, were
they capable of feeling, is the vanity of the
objects, whicl) we prefer botore him. Tlie
Boul, in exchange for which tlie whole world
fl'ould not bo a sufhcient consideration, this
soul we often give for the most mean, the
most vile, the most contemptible part of the
world. ' O ye heavens ! be astonished at
this, at this be ye horribly afraid ; for my
people have committed two evils : they have
forsaken me the fountain of living waters,
and hewed them out cisterns, broken cis-
terns, that can hold no water.'
But do we know, ungrateful that we are,
do we know, that if.the hardness of our
hearts prevents our feeling in particular the
energy of this reproof, and in general the
evidence of the reflections, that make the
substance of this discourse ; do we know
that a day will come, when we shall feel
them in all their force .' Do we know, that
there is now a place, where the truth of our
text appears in a clear, but a terrible light ^
Yes, my brethren, this reflection is perhaps
essential to our discourse, this, perhaps, ap-
proaches nearest to the meaning of Jesus
Christ ; perhaps Jesus Christ, in these words,
' What shall a man give in exchange for his
soul .' meant to inform us of the disposition
of a man in despair, who, immersed in all
the miseries, that can excruciate a soul, sur-
prised at having parted with such a soul, at a
price so small, stricken with the enormous
crime of losing it, wishes, hut too late, to
give every thing to recover it.
Ideas like these we never propose to yoti
without reluctance. Motives of another
kind should suffice for Christians. Learn the
worth of your souls. Enter into the plan of
your Creator, who created them capable of
eternal felicity ; and into that of your Re-
deemer, who died to enable you to ai rive at it.
Against all the deceitful premises, which the
world, the flesh, and the devil, use to seduce
you, oppose these words of Jesus Christ,
' What is a man profited, if he gain the
whole world, and lose his own soul? Or
what shall a man give in exchange for his
soul .■" May God inspire you with these no-
ble sentiments I To hini be honour and srlory
for ever. Amen.
J^EMMON XXXI.
REAL LIBERTY
John viii. 2G.
If the Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed.
JtIY brethren there were many mysteries
in the Jewish feast of the Jubilee. It was a
joyful festival to the whole nation : but none
celebrated it with higher transport than
slaves. No condition could be more deplora-
ble than that of these unhapp}' people, and,
notwithstanding the lenities, that the Jew-
ish jurisprudence mixed with their suffer-
ings, their condition was always considered
a s the most miserable, to which men can be
reduced. Tlie jubilee day was a day of uni-
versal enfranchisement. All slaves, even
they, who had refused to embrace the pri-
vileges of the sabbatical year, their wives,
and their children, were set at liberty.
Should I affirm, my brethren, that no slave
among them had more interest in this festi-
val than you have, perhaps you would ex-
claim against my proposition. Probably, you
would say to me, as some of them said to
2S2
REAL LIBERTY.
[Sek. XXXL
Jesus Christ, ' We were never in bondarre
to any man.' But undeceive yourselves. The
jubilee was instituted, not only to moderate
the authority of masters, and to comfort
slaves, but God had greater designs in ap-
pointing it. Hear the mystical design of
it. ' The Spirit of the Lord God is upon
me, because the Lord hath anointed me to
preach good tidings unto tlie meek, to pro-
claim liberty to the captives, to proclaim the
acceptable year of the Lord,' Isa. l.xi. 1, 2.
Who speaks in this prophecy of Isaiah .'' Had
not Jesus Christ answered this question in
the synagogue at Nazareth, ye sheep of the
'chief shepherd and bishop of your souls!'
should ye not have known his voice ?
Come, ray brethren, come, behold to-day
with what precise accuracy, or rather, with
what pomp and majesty he has fulfilled this
prophecy, and broken your chains in pieces.
Do not disdain to follow the reflections we
are going to make on these words, which
proceeded from his sacred mouth, ' If the son
make you free, ye shall be free indeed.' O
may this language inspire us witii tlie noble
ambition of terminating our slavery ! Maj'
slaves of prejudice, of passion, and of death,
quit their shameful bonds, enjoy ' the accep-
table year of the Lord,' and partake of ' the
glorious liberty of the children of God!'
Amen. Rom. viii. 21.
'If the Son shall make you free, ye shall
he free indeed.' In order to explain these
words, it will be necessary to relate the oc-
casion of them, and to e.xplain, at least
in part, the discourse, from which they are
taken.
'Jesus Christ spoke these words in the
treasury,' ver. 20, that is to say, in a court
of the temple, whicii v.'as called the ' wo-
man's porch,' because women were allowed
to enter it. This court was also called ' the
treasury,' because it contained thirteen tubes
like trumpets for the reception of public
contributions. Jesus Christ is supposed to
allude to the form of these, when he says,
' When thou doest thine alms, do not sound a
trumpet before thee,' Matt. vi. 2. Each of
these tubes had a different inscri])tion on it,
.^ccording to t])e diil'orent contributions, for
the reception of which they were placed, ci-
ther charital)le contributions for the relief
of the poor, or votive for the discharge of a
vow, or such as were prescribed by some
particular law. In tliis court sat Jesus Christ
observing what each gave to the poor. In this
place he absolved a woman cauglit in adul-
tery and confounded her accuser, whoso great
zeal against her was excited more by the
barbarous desire of shedding the blood of
the criminal, than b}' the horror of the
crime. To punish those vices in others, of
wliich the punisher is guilty, is a disposition
equally opposite to benevolence and equity.
It was a received opinion among the Jews,
that the waters of jealousy had no effect on
an adulterous wife, whose husband h,T.d been
guilty of the same crime. Jesus < 'hrist per-
haps referred to this opinion, when he said
to the Pharisees, ' He that is witliout sin
among you, let him first cast a stone at her,'
ver. 7.
I suppose this woman not to have been
j one of those who live in open adultery,
who know not what it is to blush, who not
only commit this crime, but even glory in
it. I suppose her a penitent, and that senti-
inents of true repentance acquired her the
protection of him, who ' came not to call the
righteous, but sinners to repentance,' Matt.
ix. 13. Yet the indulgence of our Saviour
seemed to be a subversion of that law of
Moses, which condemned tliem to death who
were guilty of adultery. (Levit. xx. 10;
Dcut. xxii. 22.) Nothing could be less
likely to conciliate the minds of the Jews to
Jesus Christ, than the infraction of a reli-
gion, the origin of which was divine, and
which no person could alter without in-
curring the most rigorous penalties ; ' ye
shall not add unto the word .winch I command
you,' said the Supreme Legislator, ' neither
shall ye diminish aught from it,' Deut. iv. 2.
' To the law and to the testimony : if thej'
speak not according to this word, it is be-
cause there is no light in them,' Isa. viii. 20.
Accordingly we find, one of the most spe-
cious accusations, that was ever invented
against Jesus Christ, and one of the most
pardonable scruples, which some devout souls
! had about following him, arose from this con-
sideration, that on some occasions he had re-
, laxed those laws, which no mortal had a right
j to alter ; ' this man' is not of God, said some,
' because he keepeth not the sabbath-day,'
John ix. IG.
I TJiis conduct certainly required an apolo-
! gy. Jesus Christ must needs justify a right
: which he claimed, but which no man before
I him had attempted to claim. This is the
[ true clew of the discourse, from which our
\ text is taken. Jesus Christ tliere proves,
that he is tlie supreme lawgiver, that al-
though the eternal laws of right and wrong,
' which proceeded from him, are invariable,
yet the positive institutes that depended on
the will of the legislator, and derived all
their authority from his revealed command,
I might be continued or abrogated at his plcen-
sure. He tiiere demonstrates of the whole
! Levitical ritual, what he elsewhere said of
i one part of it, ' the Son oi man is Lord of
j the Sabbath,' Matt. xii. 8.
He begins his discourse in this manner, ' I
! am the lio-ht of the world.' In the style of
the Jews, and, to say more, in the style of
the inspired writers, liirht, by excellence.
' Son of God, Word of God, God's Sheki-
nah,' as the Jews speak, that is to say, ' the
habitation of God' among men, Deity itself',
are synonymous terms. Witness, among
many other proofs, the majestic frontis-
piece of the Gospel of St. John, the magni-
ficent titles whicli he gives the adorable jicr-
sonage of whom he writes. ' In the begin-
ning was tlie Word, and the Word was with
God, and the Word was God. All things
were made |)y him, and without him was not
any thing made, that was made. In him wss
life, and the life was the light of men. The
Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us,'
us,' John i. 1, &c. Remark these words,
' dwelt among us ;" the phrase alludes to
the Shechinah, which many Jewish Rabbins
say, was the Messiah.
What Jesu.'! Christ aflirms being granted,
Ser. XXXl.j
HEAL LlBEllTi'.
283
that is, that he was • the hght' by excellence,
no apology is needful ; for he had a right to
absolve a woman, wliom Moses, by the order
of God, had condenuied to die. The autho-
rity of inferior judges is limited to the execu-
tion of those laws, which tLe supreme legis-
lator appoints. Sovereign princes have re-
served the prerogative of showing mercy.
The Pharisees foresaw the consequences of
admitting the title that he claimed, and there-
lore they disputed his right to claim it; 'Thou
bearest record of thyself,' say they, ' thy re-
cord is not true,' chap. viii. 22.
This objection would naturally' arise in the
7iiind. It seems to be founded on this incon-
testable principle, no envoy from heaven, the
Messiah Jiimself not excepted, has a right to
require submission to his decisions, unless he
give proofs of his mission. All implicit faith
in men, who have not received divine cre-
dentials, or who refuse to produce them, is
not faith, but puerile credulity, gross super-
stition.
But the Pharisees, who made this objec-
tion, did not make it for the sake of obtain-
ing evidence, and Jesus Christ reproves them
tor this duplicity. If you continue in doubt
of my mission, said he to them, it is your
own fault, your infidelity can only proceed
from your criminal passions, ' Ye judge af-
ter the flesh,' ver. 15. If you would suspend
these passions, you would soon perceive,
that the holiness of my life gives me a
right to bear witness in ray own cause ; for
^ which of you convinceth me of sin.'" ver.
46. You would soon see, that my testimony
is confirmed by that of my Father, who,
when he sent me into the world, armed nie
with his omnipotence, which displays itself
in my miracles. 'He that sent me is with me,
the Father hath not left me alone,' ver. 2i:'.
But the hatred you bear to me prevents your
seeing the attributes of my Father in me,
' Ye neither know me nor my Father,' ver.
19. However, I will not yet justify my mis-
sion by inflicting those punishments on
you which your obstinacy deserves, ' 1 judge
no man;' nor will I perform the office of a
judge, till I have finished that of a Redeemer.
When you have filled up the measxire of
your sins, by obtaining a decree for mj' cru-
cifixion, 3'ou shall be forced to acknowledge,
under that iron rod, which the Father has
given to me to destroy my enemies, the divi-
nity of a mission, that your wilful obstinacy
now disputes, ' when ye have lilled up the
Son of man, then shall ye know that 1 am
he,' ver 28.
Arguments so powerful, threatenings so
terrible, made deep impressions on the minds
of some of our Lord's hearers, and to them,
who felt the force of what was said, Jesus
Christ added, ' If ye continue in my word,
then are ye my disciples indeed ; and ye shall
know the truth, and the truth shall make
you free,' ver. 31.
I suppose, among the people, to whom
these words were addressed, were some of
the disciples of Judas of Gaulon, a city of
Galilee, who for this reason was called Judas
the Gaulonite. These seditious people sup-
posed, that in order to be a good Jew, it was
necessary to be a bad subject of the empe-
ror. They were always ripe for rebellion
against the Romans, and they reproached
those of their countrymen, who quietly sub-
mitted to these tyrants of mankind, with
degeneration from the noble spirit of their
ancestors. This opinion, I think, places
their answer to Jesus Christ in the clearest
light. ' We are,' say they, ' Abraham's
seed, and were never in bondage to any
man : how sayest thou, Ye shall be made
free .'" ver. 33. Had they spoken of the
whole nation, how durst they have affiim-
ed, afi,er the well known subjection of their
country to so many different conquerors, 'We
were never in bondage to any man .'"'
Jesus turned their attention from tlie lite-
ral to the spiritual meaning of his promise.
He told them, there were bonds more shame-
ful than those which Pharaoh and Nebuchad-
nezzar had formerly put on their fathers,
more humiliating than those to which the
Romans obliged the nation at the time of his
speaking to submit ; bonds, with which sin
loaded its slaves, chains, which they them-
selves actually wore, while they imagined
they were free ; ' Verily, verily, I say unto
you, Whosoever committeth sin is the ser-
vant of sin,' ver. 34. Jesus Christ intended
to inform them, that although God had pa-
tiently treated them to that time as his
children in his church, he would shortly ex-
pel them as slaves, and deal with them not
as the legitimate children of Abraham, but
as the sons of Hagar, of whom it had been
said, as St. Paul remarks, ' Cast out the
bond-woman and her son ; for the son of the
bond-woman sliall not be heir with the son of
the free-woman,' Gal. iv. 30.
But while he undeceived them concerning
that imaginary liberty, which they flattered
themselves they enjoyed, he announced real
liberty to tjiem, and after he had given thorn
most mortifying ideas of tlieir condition, he
declared, that he alone could free them from
it; this is tlie sense of my text, 'If the
Son therefore shall make you free, ye shall
be free indeed.' Some interpreters think,
there is in these words an illusion to a cus-
tom among the Greeks with whom a pre-
sumptive heir had right of adopting breth»
ren, and of freeing slaves.
1 will neither undertake to prove tiie fact,
nor the consequence inferred from it: but it
is clear, that tlic title of So7i by excellence,
which Jesus Christ claims in this place, en-
tirely corresponds with the end that I have
assigned to this whole discourse, that is, to
justify that pre-eminence over Moses, which
he had assumed ; and to prove that he might
without usurpation, or, as St. Paul expresses
it, without ' thinking it robbery,' Phil. ii. 6,
act as supreme legislator, and pardon a wo-
man whom the law of Moses condemned to
die. A passage in the Epistle to the Hebrews
will confirm this sense of our text. Jesus
Christ, ' was counted worthy of more glory
than Moses, inasmuch as he who hath builded
the house, has more honour than the house.
He that built all things, is God. Moses was
faithful in all his house as a servant. But
<.^hrist as a son over his own house,' Heb. iii
4, 4, &c. This is the Son by excellence, the
.S'07«, of whom it was said, when he carae into
284
REAL LIBERTY.
[Ser. XXXL
the world, ' Let all the angels of God worship
him,' chap. i. C. This Son, this God, who
' built the house ; ' this Son, this God, who is
the maker and Lord of all things ; this is he
to whom alone it appertains to free us from
the dominion of sin, and to put us in posses-
sion of true and real liberty. ' If the Son
therefore shall make you free, ye shall be
liree indeed.'
Here let us finish this analysis, and let me
hope, that its utility will sufficiently apolo-
gize for its length, and let us employ our
remaining time m attending to reflections of
another kind, by which we shall more fally
enter into the views of our blessed Saviour.
I. I will endeavour to give you a distinct
idea of liberty.
II. I shall prove that liberty is incompati-
ble with sin, and that a sinner is a real slave.
III. I shall lead you to the great Redeemer
of sinners, and I shall prove the proposition;
which I have chosen for my text, ' If the Son
shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed.'
I. What is Liberty ? Liberty, I tJiink, may
lie considered in five difl:erenL points of view.
The first regards the understanding. The
second respects the will. The tJiird relates
to the conscience. The fourth belongs to
tiie conduct, and the fifth to the condition.
1. The liberty of man in regard to his un-
derstanding consists in a power of suspending
his judgment, till he has considered any ob-
ject in contemplation on every side, so that
he may yield only to evidence. A suspension
of judgment is a power adapted to the limited
sphere, in which finite creatures are confined.
God, who is an infinite Spirit, has not this
kind of liberty ; it is incompatible with the
eminence of his perfections ; the ideas which
he had of creatures before their existence,
Avere tlie models according to which they
were created. He perceives at once all ob-
jects in every point of view. He sees the
whole with evidence, and, as evidence carries
consent along with it, he is gloriously incapa-
ble of doubt, and of suspending his judgment.
It is not so with finite minds, particularly
with minds so limited as ours. We hardly
know any thing, we are hardly capable of
knowing any thing. Our very desire of in-
creasing knowledge, if we be not very cau-
tious, will lead us into frequent and fatal
mistakes, by hurr3'ing us to determine a point
before we have well examined it ; we shall
take probability for demonstration, a spark
lor a blaze, an appearance for a reality. A
liberty of suspending our judgment is the
only mean of preventing this misfortune ; it
does not secure us from ignorance : but it
keeps us from error. While I enjoy the liber-
ty of aftlrming only that, of which I have full
i'.vidence, I enjoy the liberty of not deceiving
myself.
Farther, the desire of knowing is one of the
most natural desires of man, and one of the
most essential to his happiness. By man I
mean him who remains human, for there are
some men who have renounced humanity.
There are men, who, like brutes, enclosed in
a narrow circle of sensations, never aspire to
improve their faculty of intelligence any far-
ther, than as its improvement is necessary to
the sensual enjoyment nf a few gross gratifica-
tions, in which all their felicity is contained.
But man has a natural avidity of extending
the sphere of his knowledge. I think God
commanded our first parents to restrain this
desire, because it was one of their most eager
wishes. Accordingly the most dangerous al-
lurement that Satan used to withdraw them
from their obedience to God, was this of sci-
ence ; ' Ye shall be as gods, knowing good
and evil,' Gen. iii. 5. The state of innocence
was a happy state, however it was a state of
trial, to the perfection of which something
was wanting. In every dispensation, God so
ordered it, that man sliould arrive at the chief
good by way of sacrifice of that which man-
kind holds most dear, and this was the reason
of the primitive prohibition. ' The Loid God
said. Of every tree of the garden thou mayest
freely eat : but of the tree of the knowledge of
good and evil thou shalt not eat ; for in the
day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely
die.' chap. ii. IG, 17. 1 presume, had man
proj)erly borne this trial, he would have been
rewarded with that privilege, the usurpation
of which was so fatal to him.
A mind, naturally eager to obtain know-
ledge, is not really free, if it have not the
liberty of touching the tree of knowledge,
and of deriving from the source of truth au
ability to judge clearly, particularly of those
objects, with the knowledge of which its hap-
piness is connected. Without this the gar-
den of Eden could not satisfy me ; without
this all the delicious pleasures of that blessed
abode would leave a void in the plan of mv
felicity, and I should always suspect, that
God entertained but a small decree of love
for me, because he reposed no confidence in
me. This idea deserves the greater regard, be-
cause it is an idea, that Jesus Christ taught
his apostles, ' Henceforth I call j-ou not ser-
vants ; for the servant knovi'eth not what his
Lord doeth : but I have called you friends ;
for all things that I have heard of my Father,
I have made known unto you,' John xv. 15.
2. I call that volition free, which is in per-
fect harmony loith an enlightened nnderstand-
ing, in opposition to that which is under the
influence of irregular passions condemned by
the understanding. The slavery of a will
that has not the liberty of following what the
understanding offers to it as advantageous,
is so incompatible with our notion of volition,
that some doubt, and others positively den}-,
the possibility of such a bondage. Not to de-
cide this question at present, it is certain one
of the most common artifices of a will under
the influence of inordinate affections is to se-
duce the understanding, and to engage it in
a kind of composition with it. Any truth
considered in a certain point of view may
seem a falsehood, as any lalsehood in a cer-
tain point of light may appear a truth. The
most advantageous condition, considered in
some relations, will appear disadvantageous,
•IS the most inconvenient will seem advanta-
geous. A will under the influence of disor-
derly desires solicits the judgment to pres-ent
the evil objects of its wishes in a light in
which it may appear good. That will then I
call fiee, which is in perfect harmony with
an enlightened understanding, following it
with docilitv. free from the irrf^gular desire
Ser. XXXI.]
REAL LIBERTY.
of blinding its guide, I mean of seducing the
judgment.
Perhaps I ought to have observed, before I
entered on a discussion of the judgment and
the will, that these are not two different sub-
jects ; but the same subject, considered under
two different faces. We are obliged, in order
to form complete ideas of the human soul, to
consider its divers operations. When it
r thinks, when it conceives, when it draws con-
clusions, we say it judges, it understands, it
is the understanding .- when it fears, when it
loves, when it desires, we call its volition,
will. We apply to this subject what St.
Paul says of another, ' there are diversities of
operations : but it is the same spirit,' 1 Cor.
xii. 6.
3. As we give different names to the same
spirit on account of its different operations, so
also we give it dil'i'erent names on account of
different objects of the same ooerations. And
as we call the soul by different names, when
it tliinks, and when it desires, so also we
give it different names, when it performs ope-
rations made up of judging and desiring.
What we call conscience verifies this remark.
Conscience is, if I may venture to speak so,
an operation of the soul consisting' of volition
and intelligence. Conscience is intelligence,
judgment, considering an object as just or
unjust ; and conscience is volition inclining
us to make the object in contemplation an ob-
ject of our love or hatred, of our desires or
fears.
If such be the nature of conscience, what
we have affirmed of the liberty of the will in
general, and of the liberty of the understand-
ing in general, ought to determine what we
are to understand by the freedom of the
conscience. Conscience is free in regard to the
understanding, when it has means of obtain-
ing clear ideas of the justice or injustice of a
case before it, and when it has the power of
suspending its decisions on a case until it has
well examined it. Conscience is free in re-
gard to the will, when it has the power of
following what appears just, and of avoiding
every thing that ap]>ears contrary to the
laws of equity. Tliis article, we hope, is suf-
ficiently explained.
4. But it sometimes happens, that our will
and our conscience incline us to objects,
which our understandin'g presents to them as
advantageous: but from the possession of
which some superior powor prevents us. A
man is not really free, unless he has power
over his senses sufficient to make them obey
the dictates of a cool volition directed by a
clear perception. This is liberty in regard
to our conduct.
There is something truly astonishing in
that composition, which we call man. In
him we see a union of two s>ibbtances, be-
tween which there is no natural relation, at
least we know none, I mean tiie union of a
spiritual soul with a material body. I per-
ceive, indeed, a natural connexion between
the divers faculties of the soul, between the
faculty of thinking, and that of loving. I per-
ceive indeed, a natural connexion between
the divers properties of nature, between ex-
tension and divisibility, and so of the rest. I
clearly perceive, that because an intelligence
3 O
thinks, it rnust love, and because matter is
extended, it must be divisible, and so on.
But what relation can there subsist between
a little particle of matter and an immaterial
spirit, to render it of necessity, that every
thought of this spirit nmst instantly excite
some emotion in this particle of matter.^
And how is it, that every motion of this
particle of matter must excite some idea,
or some sensation, in this spirit ^ yet this
strange union of body and spirit constitutes
man. God, say some, having brought into
existence a creature so excellent as an im-
mortal soul, lest it should be dazzled with
his own excellence, united it to dead matter
incapable of ideas and designs.
I dare not pretend to penetrate into the
designs of an infinite God. Much less would
I have the audacity to say to my Creator,
' Why hast thou made me thus .'' Rom. ix.
20. But I can never think myself free while
that which is least excellent in me, govern.s
that part of me which is most excellent. Ah !
what freedom do I enjoy, while the desires
of my will, guided by the light of my under-
standing, cannot give law to my body ; while
my senses become legislators to my under-
standing'knd my will .''
5. It only remains, in order to form a clear
notion of a man truly free, that we consider
him in regard to his condition, that is to say,
whether he be rich or poor, enveloped in ob-
scurity or exposed to the public eye, depress-
ed with sickness or regaled with health ; and
in like manner of the other conditions of
life.
I do not think that any man is really free
in regard to his condition, unless he have the
liberty of choosing that kind of life, which
seems the most advantageous to him. Solo-
mon was free in this respect, when he had
that pleasing dream, in wliich God presented
all the blessings of this world to his view,
and gave him his choice of all. A man, on
the contrary, is a slave, when circumstances
confine him in a condition contrary to his
felicity, when, while he wishes to hve, he is
forced to die, when, while he lingers to die,
death flees from him, and he is obliged to live.
My task now is almost finished, at least, as
well as I can finish a plan so extensive in
such narrow limits, as arc prescribed to mc.
My first point explains the two others that
follow. Having given clear ideas of liberty
it naturally follows, that liberty is incompati-
ble with sin, and that a sinner is a real slave.
A slave in regard to his understanding ; a
slave in regard to his will ; a slave in regard
to his conscience ; a slave in regard to his
conduct; a slave in regard to his condition.
A small knov;ledge of Christianity is sufiicient
now to prove, that Jesus Christ alone can
terminate these various slaveries, he only
can justify the proposition in the text, ' If
the Son shall make you free, ye shall be free
indeed.'
Is a sinner free in his understanding, has
he the liberty of suspending his judgment, he
whose senses alwaj's confine him to sensible
objects, and always divert him from the study
of truth? Is he free whose understanding is
continually solicited by an irregular will, and
by a depraved coascieiicc; to disguise the
^86
REAL LIBERTY.
[Ser. XXXL
truth from them, to give them false notions
of just and unjust, to present every object to
them in that point of view, which is most
proper to favour their irre;^ularity and cor-
ruption? Can he be called free, who ' receiv-
cth not the things of the Spirit of God, be-
cause they appear foolishness to him ?' 1 Cor.
ii. 14. "...
Is a sinner free in his will, and in his con-
science, he who, his understanding being
seduced by them, yields to whatever they re-
♦juire, judges in favour of tlie most frivolous
decisions, and approves tlie most extravagant
projects ; can such a man be called free .''
Is a sinner free in his conduct, he who
finds in an inflexibility of his organs, in an
impetuosity of his humours, in an irregular
flow of his spirits, obstacles sufficient to pre-
vent him from following the decisions of his
understanding, the resolutions of his will, the
dictates of his conscience .■' Is he free in his
conduct, who, like the fabulous or perhaps
the real Medea, groans under the arbitrary
dominion of his senses, sees and approves of
the best things, and follows the worst .'' Is the
original of this portrait, drawn by the hand
of an apostle, frf3e, ' I find then a law, that
when I would do good, evil is present with
me. For I delight in the law of God, after
the inward man : but I see another law in
my members warring against the law of my
mind, and bringing me into captivity to the
law of sin, which is in my members ?' Is he
free in his conduct, whose eyes sparkle,
wliosc face turns pale, whose mouth foams
at the sight of a man, who perhaps may have
ofl'endcd him : but for whose offence the God
of love demands a pardon .' Is he free in his
conduct, who, whenever he sees an object
fatal to his innocence, not only loses a power
of resistance, and a liberty of flying ; but
even ceases to tliink, has hardly courage to
call in the aid of his own feeble virtue, forgets
liis resolutions, his prayers, and his vows,
and plunges into disorders, at which his reason
blushes, even while he immerses himself in
them .''
O how necessary to us is the religion of
Jesus Christ ! how fit to rectify the irregular-
ities of nature I how needful the succours of
his Holy Spirit to lead us into the genius of
religion I ' If tlie Son make you free, ye shall
be free indeed.'
' If the Son make you free, you shall be
free indeed' in regard to your understanding,
because Jesus Christ being the Angel of the
divine presence, the wisdom tliat conceives
the counsels of God, and the word that
directs them, he perfectly knows them, and,
when he pleases, lie reveals thcin to others.
By that universal empire, which he has ac-
quired by his prolbuiid submission to the will
of his Father, ho will calm tliosc senses,
wiiich divert your understanding from the
study of truth, and precipitate your judgment
into error ; he will direct thy will not to
seduce it; and will forbid thine erroneous
conscience to impose its illusions upon it.
' If the Son make you free you will be free
indeed' in your will and conscience, because
your understanding directed by a light divine,
will regulate the maxims that guide them,
not by BuggeBlioiis of cojicupisccuce, but by
invariable laws of right and wrong : it will
present to them (to use the language of
Scripture,) not, ' bitter for sweet, and sweet
for bitter,' not ' good for evil, and evil for
good,' Isa. V. 20, but each object in its own
true point of light.
' If the Son make you free, you shall be
free indeed' in your conduct, because by the
irresistible aid of his Spirit he will give you
dominion over those senses to which you have
been a slave ; because his Almighty Spirit
will calm your humours, attemper your blood,
moderate the impetuosity of your spirits,
restore to your soul its primitive superiority,
subject your constitution entirely to your rea-
son, render reason by a supernatural power
lord of the whole man, make you love to live
by its dictates, and teach you to say, while
you yield to its force, ' O Lord, thou hast al-
lured me, and I was allured ; thou art stronger
than I. and hast prevailed,' Jer. xx. 7.
' If the Son make you free, you shall be
free indeed' in all your actions and in all
your faculties, because he will put on you
an easy yoke, that will terminate your sla-
very, constitute your real freedom, render
youacitizen of 'Jerusalem above,' which is a
free city, and mother of all the sons of free-
dom. Gal. iv. 20.
I said lastly, a sinner is a slave in regard
to his condition. We observed, that a man
was not free in regard to his condition, unless
he could choose that kind of life, which seem-
ed to him most suitable to his felicity. And
is not a sinner, think you, a real slave in this
sense ? Indeed, if there remain in him any
notion of true felicity, he ought to give him-
self very little concern, whether he spend hits
days in riches or poverty, in splendour or
obscurity ; for the duration of each is extreme-
ly short. These things, unless we be entire-
ly blind, are very diminutive objects, even in
a plan of sinful earthly pleasure. But to be
obliged to die, when there are numberless
reasons to fear death, and to be forced to hve,
when there are numberless reasons for loath-
ing life, this is a state of the most frightful
slavery, and this is absolutely the slavish state
of a sinner.
The sinner is forced to die, in spite of
numberless reasons to fear death ; he is in
this world as in a prison, the decorations of
wiiich may perhaps beguile him into an inat»
tention to his real condition : but it isa prison,
however, which he must quit, as soon as the
moment arrives, which the supreme legislator
has appointed for his execution. And how
can he free himself from this dreadful neces-
sity ? Fast bound by the gout, the gravel,
the benumbing aches, and the numerous in-
firmities, of old age, the bare names of which
compose immense volumes, and all which
drag him to death, how can he free himself
from that law, which binds him over to suf-
fer death .' One art only can be invented to
prevent his falling into despair in a state of
imprisonment, the issue of which is so formi-
dable, that is, to stun himself with noise,
business, and pleasure, like those madmen to
whom human justice allows a few hours to
prepare themselves to appear before divine
justice, and who employ those few hours iu
drowning their leasou in wine, lest they
Seb. XXXI.j
REAL LIBERTY
287
should tremble at the sight of the scaffold on
which their sentence is to be executed. This
is the state of a sinner : but as soon as the
noise that stuns his ears shall cease ; as
soon as business which fills the whole capaci-
ty of his soul shall be suspended ; as soon as
the charms of those pleasures that enchant
him, shall have spent their force ; as soon as
having recovered reason and reflection, this
tliought presents itself to his mind, . . . .
I must die . . • . I must instantly die . . .
he groans under the weight of his chains, his
countenance alters, his eyes are fixed with
pain, the shaking of a leaf makes him trem-
ble, he takes it for his executioner, thunder-
ing at the door of his cell, to call liira out to
appear before his judge. Is it freedom to
live under these cruel apprehensions .■' Is he
free, who ' through fear of death is all his
life-time subject to bondage .'*' Heb. ii. 15.
The condition of a sinner is still more de-
plorable, inasmuch as not being at liberty to
exist, as he chooses to exist, he has not the
liberty of being annihilated. For (and this
is the severest part of his slavery, and the
height of his misery,) as he is forced to die,
when he has so many reasons to fear death,
so he is obliged to live, when he has number-
less reasons to wish to die ; he is not master of
his own existence. The superior power that
constrains him to exist, excites in him sen-
timents, which in Scripture style are called,
' seeking death, and not finding it,' Rev. ix.
43, ' cursing the day of birth,' saying to the
' mountains, Cover us ; and to the hills, Fall
on us,' Jer.20. 14, expressing despair in these
miserable requests, ' Mountains! fill on us ;
rocks ! hide us from the face of him that sit-
teth on the throne, and from the wrath of
tlie Lamb, for the great day of his wrath
is come, and who shall be able to stand .'"
Rev. vi. 16, 17.
But what can rocks and mountains do
against the command of him of whom it is
said, ' the mountains shall be molten under
him, and the valleys shall be cleft as wax be-
fore the fire, and as the waters tliat are pour-
ed down a steep place, before the Lord of the
whole earth,' Micah i. 4. and iv. 13.
Time-server ! thou must live to expiate the
guilt of abjuring the truth, of denying the
name of the Lord, of bowing thy knee before
the altar of an idol, of neglecting tlie exte-
rior of religious wership, of despising the
sacraments, of sacrificing thy whole family
to superstition and error.
Thou grandee of this world ! whether tiiy
grandeur be real or imaginary, thou mu.st
live to expiate the guilt of that pride and
arrogance, which lias so often rendered thee
deaf or inaccessible to the solicitations of
tliose thine inferiors, for whose protection
Providence and society have elevated tliee to
a rank, wliicli thou art unworthy to hold.
Magistrate ! thou must live to expiate the
guilt of thine unrighteous decrees, of thy
perversion of justice for the sake of bribes,
of thy ruining widows and orphans to gratify
that sordid avarice, which animates all thine
actions.
Pastor ! thou must live to expiate the guilt
of accommodating thy ministry to the passions
of the great, of ' holding the truth in un-
righteousness,' Rom. i. 18; of ' shunning to
declare the whole counsel of God,' Acts xx,
27, of opening the kingdom of heaven to
those whom thou oughtest to have ' pulled
out of the fire, and to have saved with fear,'
Jude 23, in whose ears thou shouldst have
thundered these terrible words, ' Depart, de-
part, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepa-
red for the devil and his angels.'
And thou prostitute, the disgrace and dis-
tress of thy family ! thou must live to expi-
ate the guilt of defiling thy bed, the crimi-
nality of thine infidelity, and of thy baneful
example.
Barbarous parent ! thou must live. Thou,
who hast sacrificed those children to the
world, who were dedicated to God in bap-
tism, thou must live to expiate the guilt of
a cruel treachery, which the sharpest lan-
guage is too gentle to reprove, and the most
dismal colours too faint to describe.
Disobedient child ! thou must live. Wick-
ed heart ! in which a good education seem-
ed to have precluded the contagion of the
world, thou must live to expiate the guilt of
despising the example of thy pious father, and
of forgetting the tender persuasive instruc-
tions of thy holy mother.
Who will terminate this slavery ? ' O
wretched man, that I am ! who shall deliver
me from the body of this death ? Thanks
be to God, who giveth us the victory througJi
our Lord Jesus Christ,' Rom. vii. 24 ; 1
Cor. XV. 57. Jesus Christ re-establishes the
order that sin has subverted. Is death the
object of our fears ? Jesus Christ is the object
of our desires. Is annihilation after death
the object of our desires .'' Jesus Christ is
the object of our fears, or rather, he makes
that eternal existence, which we shall enjoy
after this life, a ground of the most trans-
porting pleasure.
We do' not exceed the truth in speaking
thus. How inconsiderable soever tiie num-
ber of true Christians may bo, the number
would be less considerable still, if an entire
freedom fiom the fear of death were essen-
tial to the Ciiristian character. Death is al-
ways an evil, an exceeding great evil, even
to saints of the first class. Let not this pro-
position offend you. Eaeli privilege of re-
demption is perfectly acquired for us ; how-
ever, ill tlie present economy we arc not put
into the full enjoyment of any one. One
privilege that redemption has procured for
us, is a knowledge of the mj'steries of God :
but who of us knows them thoroughly.^
Another privilege of redemption is holiness:
but \vho of us is perfectly holy ? One of the
privileges of redemption is a most close and
tender union to God : but where is the'
Christian, who does not find this commu-
nion interrupted .' All the other privileges
of redemption are like these. It is the same
with death. Death is vanquished, and we
are delivered from its dominion : but the
perfect enjoyment of this freedom will not
be in this present economy. Hence St.
Paul says, ' The last enemy that shall be
destroyed, is death,' I Cor. xv. 26. Death
will not be entirely destroyed till after the
resurrection, because although before this
great event of the souls of those who die in
J88
REAL LIBERTY.
Ser. XXXI.]
the Lord, enjoy an ineffable happiness, yet
they are in a state of separation from the bo-
dies to which the Creator at first united
them ; wliile this separation continues, death
is not entirely conquered, this separation is
one of the trophies of death. TJie time of
triumphing over the enemy is not yet come ;
but it will arrive in due time, and when
!~oul and body are aj^ain united, we shall
exclaim with joy, ' O death ! where is thy
sting .'' O grave I where is thy victory .'"
ver. 55.
Let not the infidel insult the believer here,
let him not treat us as visionaries, because
we pretend to vanquish death, while we are
vanquished by it. Our prcrocratives are i"eal,
they are infinitely substantial, and there is
an immense difference between those fears,
which an idea of death excites in a man,
whom sin lias enslaved, and those wliich it
rxcites in the soul of a Christian. The one,
the man, I mean, whom sin enslaves, fears
death, because lie considers it as the end of all
his felicity, and the beginning of those pun-
ishments to wliich the justice of God con-
demns him. The other, I mean the Chris-
tian, fears death, because it is an evil: but
lie desires it, because it is the last of those
evils, which he is under a necessity of suf-
fering before he arrives at his chief good.
3Ie fears death ; he fears the remedies, some-
times less supportable than the maladies to
which they are opposed ; he dreads the last
adieus ; the violent struggles , the dying
agonies ; and all the other forerunners of
death. Sometimes ho recoils at the first
approaches of an enemy so formidable, and
sometimes he is tempted to say, ' O my Fa-
ther ! if it be possible, let this cup pass from
3iie,' Matt. XX vi 39.
But presently, penetrating through all the
terrible circumstances of dying, and disco-
vering what follows, he remembers, that
death is the fixed point, where all the promi-
ses of the gospel meet, the centre of all the
hopes of the children of God. Filled with
faith in these promises, the soul desires what
it just now feared, and flies to meet the ene-
my that approaches it.
But Jesus Christ renders annihilation,
which was the object of our sinful desires,
the object of our fears, or rather, as I said
before, ho makes ihatet»rnalexistence,which
^ve must enjo}' after death, the ground of
our transport and triumph. The happier the
condition of the glorified saints should be,
the more miserable would it be to apprehend
an end of it. Shortness of duration is one
grand character of vanity inseparable from
the blessings of this life. They will make
thee happy, thou ! whose portion is in this
life, they will make thee happy, I grant : but
thy happiness will be only tor a short time,
and this is the character that imbitters them.
Forget thyself, idolatrous mother ! forget
tliyself with that infant in thine arms, who
is thine idol : but death will shortly tear thee
from the child, or tiie child from thee. Slave
to voluptuousness ! intoxicate thy soul with
pleasure : but presently death will destroy
the sen.ses that transmit it to thy heart.
But to feel ourselves supremely happy,
and to know that we shall be for ever so ; to
enjoy the company of angels, and to know
that we shall for ever enjoy it ; to see the
Redeemer of mankind, and to knov/ that
we shall behold him for ever : to enjoy the
presence of God, and to be sure that we
shall ever enjoy it ; to incorporate our ex-
istence with that of the Being, who neces-
sarily exists, and our life with that of the
immortal God; to anticipate thus, in every
indivisible moment of eternity, the felicity
that shall be enjoyed in every instant of an
eternal duration (if wo may consider eternal
duration as consisting of a succession of mo-
ments), this is supreme felicity, this is ono
of the greatest privileges of that liberty
which Jesus Christ bestows on us
The different ideas, that we have given,
are, I think, more than sufficient to induce
us to regard all those with execration, who
would tear us from communion with this
Jesus, who procures us advantages so inesti-
mable. I do not speak only of heretics, and
herosiarchs ; I do not speak of persecutors
and executioners ; I speak of the world, I
speak of the maxims of the world, I speak
of indolence, effeminacy, seducing pleasures,
tempters far more formidable than all execu-
tioners, persecutors, heretics, and heresi-
archs. ' Who' of them all, ' sliall separate
us from the love of God, which is in Christ
Jesus our Lord.' Lord! to whom shall we
go .'' thou hast the words of eternal life,' Rom.
viii. 35. 39 ; John vi. C8. To God, Father,
Son, and Holy Spirit, be honour and glory
for ever. Amen.
SERMON XXXII.
THE DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
i
I
Rev. v. 11—14.
M^ncl I beheld, and I heard the voice of many angels round about the throne,
and the living creatures,* and the elders: and the number of them urns
ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands ; saying,
with a loud voice. Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power,
and riches and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and bless-
ing. And every creature, which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under
the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I, say-
ing. Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto him that sitteth
upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever. And the four
living creatures said, .^men. And the four and twenty elders fell doivn,
and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever.
Although Atheism and Superstition 1 But there is another class of arguments
are weapons, which have been too successfully against our mysteries, which at first present
enrployed by the devil against the truth, yet ] themselves, to the mind under a very differ-
are they not his most formidable arms, nor I ent aspect-. There is a system of error, which,
the most difBcult to be resisted. It was an ! far from appearing to have ignorance for its
excess of stupidity which formed supersti- | principle like superstition, or corruption like
lion ; aiid it was an excess of corruption, that I atheism, seems to proceed from the bosom
forged atheism: but a very little knowledge, ' of truth and virtue, and if I may be allowed
and a very little integrity sufficiently pre- i to say so, to have been extracted from the
serve us from both. Superstition is so dia- i very substance of reason and religion. I
metrically opposite to reason, that one is | speak of that system, which tends to degrade
shocked at seeing earth, water, fire, air, mi- ■ the Saviour ot the world from his divinity,
nerals, passions, maladies, death, men, beasts, 1 and to rank him with simple creatures,
devils themselves placed by idolaters on the I There is in appearance a distance so immense,
throne of the sovereign, and elevated to su- ! between an infant born in a stable, and the
' Father of Eternity,' Isa. ix. 6, between
prenie honours. Far from feeling a propen-
sity to i.nitate a conduct so monstrous, we
should hardly believe it, were it not attested
by the unanimous testimonies of historians
and travellers : did '..'e not still see in the mo-
numents of antiquity, such altars, such dei-
ties, such worshippers : and did not the
Christian world, in an age of light and know
that JesLis, who conversed with men, and
that God, who ' upholds all things by the
word of his power,' Heb i. 3, belwe<jn him,
who being crucified, exjiired on a cross, and
him, who, sitting on the sovereign throne,
receives supreme honours ; that it is not at all
astonishing, if human reason judge these ob-
ledge, madly prove too faithful a guarantee ' jects in appearance contradictory. This
of what animated the heathen world, in ages i system seems also founded on virtue, even on
of darkness and ignorance. The system of i the most noble and transcendant virtue, on
atheism is so loose, and its cons-equences so j zeal and fervency. It aims in appearance at
dreadful and odious, that only such as are ' supporting those excellencies, of which God
determined to lose themselves can be lost in • is most jealous, his divinity, his unity his es-
this way. Vi'hether a Creator exist is a sence. It aims at preventing idolatry. Ac-
question decided, wherever there is a crea-
ture. Without us, within us, in our souls,
in our bodies, every where, we meet with
proofs of a first cause. An infinite being fol-
lows us, and surrounds us ; ' O Lord, thou
compassest my path, and my lying down,
thou hast beset me behind and before. Whi-
ther shall I go from thy Spirit? or whither
shall I flee from thy presence V Ps. cxxxix.
1. 3. 7.
* Beasts,m our translation. — 9n\mavx — animals —
limng crsat'ires, more agreeably to the apostle's
Zwa, as well ae to Bzek. i. 4, 5, &c. to which St.
John seems to allude. Km ai'cv, k*i tfou . . . w 'rem
(jL'.m re; <iy.oiuy.A tnj-cx^xy ZliflN
cordingly, they who defend this system, pro-
fess to follow the most illustrious Scripture
models. They are tlic Phineasses, and Ele-
azars, who draw their swords only to main-
tain the glory of Jehovah. They are the
Pauls, whose ' spirits are stirred by seeing
the idolatry of Athens,' Acts xvii. 10. They
are the Elijahs, who are ' moved with jea-
lousy for the Lord of hosts,' 1 Kings xix. 10.
But, if the partisans of error are so zealous
and fervent, should the ministers of truth
languish in lukewarinness and indolence ? If
the divinity of the Son of God be attacked
with weapons so formidable, should not we
oppose them with weapons more forcible, and
290
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
[Seb. XXXII,
more formidable still ? We also are stirred in
our turn, we also in our turn are ' moved with
jealousy' lor the Lord of hosts, and we con-
secrate our ministry to-day to the glory of
that God-man, whose ministers we are. In
order to prove the doctrine of his divinity we
will not refer you to the philosophers of the
age, their knowledge is incapable of attaining
the sublimity of this mystery; we will not
even ask you to hear your own teachers, the
truth passing through their lips loses some-
times its force ; they are the elders, they are
the angels, they are ' the thousands, the ten
thousand times ten thousands,' Dan. vii. 10,
before the throne of God, who render to Je
sus Christ supreme honours. We preach to
you no other divinity than their divinity.
We prescribe to you no other worship than
their worship. No ! no ! celestial intelligen-
ces ! ' Ye angels that excel in strength ;
ye, who do the commandments of God ; ye
ministers that do his pleasure," Psa. ciii. 20,
21, \JG do not come to-day to set up altar
against altar, earth against laeaven. The ex-
treme distance, which your perfections put
between you and us, and which renders the
purity of your worship so far superior to ours,
does not change the nature of our homage.
We come to mix our incense with that which
you incessantly burn before our Jesus, who is
the object of your adoration and praise. Be-
hold, Lord Jesus ! behold to-day creatures
prostrating themselves upon earth before thy
throne, like those who are in heaven. Hear
the harmonious concert, accept our united
voices, ' Worthy is the Lamb that was slain
to receive power and riches, wisdom and
strength, honour and glory and blessing.
Blessmg and honour, glory and power, be
unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and
«nto the Lamb for ever and ever. May every
one of us fall down, and worship him that
liveth for ever and ever. Amen.'
It is then in relation to the doctrine of our
Saviour's divinity, and in relation to this
doctrine only, that we are going to consider
the words of our text. They might indeed
occasion discussions of another kind. We
might inquire first, who are the ' twenty-four
elders V Perhaps the Old Testament minis-
ters are meant, in allusion to the twenty-four
classes of priests, into which David divided
them. We might farther ask who are the
four living creatures .' Perhaps they are em-
blems of the four evangelists. We might
propose questions on the occasion of this
song, on the number, ministry, and perfec-
tions of the intelligences mentioned in the
text : but all our reflections on these articles
•would be uncertain and uninteresting. As I
said before, we will confine ourselves to one
single subject, and on tiiree propositions we
will ground the doctrine of the divinity of our
Lord Jesus Christ.
I. Jesus Christ is supremely adorable, and
supremely adored by beings the most worthy
of our imitation.
II It implies a contradiction to suppose,
that God communicates the honours of su-
preme adoration to a simple creature.
III. Our ideas on this article are perfectly
conformable to the jdeae of those agesj the
orthodoxy of which is best established, and
least suspected.
I. Jesus Christ is supremely adorable, and
supremely adored by beings the most worthy
of our emulation ; this is our first proposition.
We join the term supreme to the term adora-
tion, in order to avoid an equivocation, of
which this proposition is susceptible. The
Scripture does not distinguish, as some di-
vines with so little reason do, many sorts of
religious adorations. We do not find there
the distinction of the worship oi Latria, from
the worship of Dulia : but religious adoration
is distinguished from civil adoration. Thus
we are told in the nineteenth chapter of Ge-
nesis, ver. 1, that Lot, seeing two angels,
rose up to meet them, and ' bowed himself
with his face toward the ground,' it is in the
Hebrew, he adored them. We have number-
less examples of the same kind. To remove
this equivocation, to show that we mean su-
preme adoration, we have affirmed, that Jesus
Christ is supremely adorable, and supremely
adored. But wherein does this supreme ado-
ration consist .' The understanding of this
article, and in general of this whole discourse,
depends on a clear notion of supreme worship.
We will make it as plain as we can. Su-
preme adoration supposes three dispositions
in him who renders it, and it supposes accord-
ingly three excellencies in him to whom it is
rendered.
1. Supreme adoration supposes an emi-
nence of perfections in him, to whom it is ren-
dered, it supposes also an homage of mind
relative to that eminence in him who renders
it. Adoration is a disposition of our minds,
by which we acknowledge, that God excels
all other beings, how great, how noble, how
sublime soever they may be. We acknow-
ledge, that he has no superior, no equal.
We acknowledge him to be supremely wise,
supremely powerful, supremely happy ; in
one word, we acknowledge, that .he pos-
sesses all conceivable perfections without
bounds, in the most elevated manner, and in
exclusion of every other being. In this senso
it is said, ' Our God is one Lord ; he only is
wise ; he only hath immortalit}',' Deut. vi. 4 ;
Jude 25, and 1 Tim. vi. 15.
2. Supreme adoration supposes, that he tn
whom it is rendered, is supremely amiable,
supremely communicative, supremely good.
Goodness is a perfection. It is comprised in
the idea which we have already given of the
adorable Being : but we consider it separate-
ly ; because in the foregoing article, we cor>
sidered the divinity without any relation > /
our happiness, whereas now we consider him
in his relation to our felicity; for it is thb
goodness of God, which relates God to us : it
is that, which in some sort reduces to our
size, and moves towards us all those other
attributes, the immensity of which absorbs
us, the glory of which confounds us. Ado-
ration supposes in him who renders it an ad-
herence of heart, by which he cleaves to
God as to his supreme good. It is an effusion
of soul, which makes tlxe worshipper consider
him as the source of all the advantages which
he now enjoys, and of all the advantages
which he can ever enjoy. It makes him per-
{
Ser. XXXII.]
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
291
ceive, tliat he derives from him ' life, motion,
and being,' Acts xvii. 28. It makes him say
with a prophet, ' Whom have I in heaven but
thee .'' and there is none upon earth that I
desire besides thee. It is good for me to
draw near to God. Blessed are all they that
put their trust in him,' Ps. Ixxiii. 25. 28, and
ii. 12.
3. In fine, adoration supposes in him, to
■\viiom it is rendered, an absolute empire over
all beings that exist. It supposes in him,
who renderb it, that perfect^devotedness, that
unlimited submission, by which he acknow-
ledges himself responsible to God for eveiy
instant of his duration ; that there is no ac-
tion so indifferent, no circumstance so incon-
siderable, no breath (so to speak) so subtile,
which ought not to be Consecrated to him.
It is that universal homage, by which a man
owns that God only has a right to prescribe
laws to him ; that he only can regulate his
course of life ; and that all the honours,
which are rendered to other beings, either to
tliose who gave us birth, or to those who
govern us in society, ought to be in subordi-
nation to the honour which is rendered to
himself.
Such is our idea of supreme adoration, an
idea not only proper to direct us in the doc-
trines of religion, as we shall see presentl}',
but singularly adapted to our instruction in
the practice of it ; an idea, which may serve
to convince us whether we have attained tiie
spirit of religion, or whether we arc floating
on the surface of it ; whether we be idolaters,
or true worshippers of the living God ; for
tliese three dispositions are so closely con-
nected together, that their separation is im-
possible. It is for this, that obedience to the
commands of God is so powerfiilly enforced
in religion as an essential part of the homage
which we owe him. It is for this, that the
Scriptures tell us, ' covetousness is idolatry ;
to obey is better than sacrifice, and to heark-
en than the fat of rams ; rebellion is as the
sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness is as ini-
quity and idolatry,' Col. iii. 5 ; 1 Sam. xv.
22, 23.
These truths being thus established, we
affirm, that Jesus Christ is supremely adora-
ble, and we affirm also, that he is supremely
adored by beings the most worthy of imita-
tion. He is supremely adorable is a question
of right. He is supremely adored is a ques-
tion of fact.
I. The question of right is decided by the
idea which the Scripture gives us of Jesus
Ciirist. The three excellences, which we
must suppose in him, to whom adoration is
paid, are attributed to him in Scripture : and
we are there required to render those three
homages to him, which suppose adoration in
him who renders them. The Scripture attri-
butes to him that eminence of perfections,
which must claim the homage of our minds.
What perfection can you conceive, which is
not ascribed to Jesus Christ by the sacred
writers .' Is it eternity ^ the Scripture tells
you he ' existed in the beginning,' John i. 1,
' he was before Abraham,' chap. viii. 58, ' he
is, he was, he is to come,' Rev, i.8. Is it om-
nipresence ^ the Scripture tells you, ' where
two or three are gathered together in his
name, there is he in the midst of them,' Matt,
xviii. 20, even when he ascended into heaven,
he promised to be with his Apostles on earth,
chap, xxviii. 20. Is it omnipotence f the
Scripture tells you, ho is ' the Almighty,'
Rev. i. 8. Is it omniscience ^ the Scripture
tells you, he ' knoweth all things,' John xxi.
17, he ' needed not that any should testify of
man, for he knew what was in man,' chap. ii.
25, he ' searcheth the hearts and the reins,'
Rev. ii. 23. Is it unchangeableness ? the
Scripture tells you, he is ^ the same yester-
day, and to-day, and for ever,' Heb. xiii. 8,
even when, ' the heavens perish, he shall en-
dure, when they shall ' wax old,' when they
shall 'be changed,' when they shall be
' changed like a vesture he shall be the same,
and his years shall have no end,' Ps. cii. 2G,
27. Hence it is that Scripture attributes to
him a perfect equality with his Father; for
' he counted it no robbery to be equal with
God ' Phil. ii. C. Hence it tells us, ' in him
dwelleth all the fulness of the G odhead bo-
dily,' Col. ii. 9. For this reason, it calls him
God by excellence : ' his name shall be call-
ed Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God,
The everlasting Fatner,' Isa. ix. 6 ' O God !
thy God hath anointed thee with the oil of
gladness above thy fellows,' Ps. xlv. 7. ' In
the beginning was the word, and the word
was with God, and the word was God,'
John i. 1. ' We are in him that is true,
even in Jesus Christ. 1 his is the true
God and eternal life,' 1 John v. 20. Hence
he is called ' the great God,' Titus ii 13.
' God over all, blessed for evermore,' Rom.
ix. 5.
2. The Scripture attributes to Jesus Christ
that Supreme communication, that supreme
goodness, that intimate relation to our happi-
ness, which is the second ground of adora-
tion, and the foundation of that second ho-
mage, which is required of a worshipper,
that is, the homage of the heart. Hence it
is, that the holy Scriptures direct us to con-
sider him, as the author of all the blessings,
which we possess. If the heavens rolling"
above our heads serve us for a pavillion, ii
the eartii be firm beneath our feet to serve
us for a support, it is he who is the author of
both ; for ' thou, Lord, thou hast laid the
foundation of the earth, and the heavens are
the work of thy hands," Ps. cii. 29. If num-
berless creatures near and remote contri-
bute to the happiness of man, it is he who
has formed them ; for ' without him nothing
was made that was made. By him were all
things created that are in lieaven and that
are in earth, visible and invisible, whether
they be thrones or dominions, principalities,
or powers, all things were created by him
and for him. And he is before all things,
and by him all things consist,' John i. 3;
Col. i. IG, 17. If the Jews received mi-
raculous deliverances in Egypt, if they gain-
ed immortal victories over the nations,
which they defeated, it was he who pro-
cured them, for ' the angel of his presence
he saved them, in his love and in his pity
he redeemed them, and he bare them and
carried them all the days of old,' Isa. Ixiii.
9. If darkness has been dissipated from the
face of the church, it was lie who made it
292
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
[See. XXXII.
vanish ; for ' he is the true light, who light- >
cth every man that cometh into the world,'
John i. 9. If we are reconciled to God, it
was he who made our peace ; for ' we have I
redemption through his blood,' Eph. i. '7, ' it |
pleased the Father by him to reconcile all I
things unto himself, and b; the blood of his |
cross to unite things in heaven, and things I
on earth,' Col. i. 1'J, '20. If we have receiv- |
ed the Comforter, it was he who sent him ; j
for, says he, ' I tell you the trutii, it is ex- ;
pedicnt for you that I go away, for if I go not i
away, the Comforter will not come unto ',
3'ou, but if I depart, I will send him unto |
you,' John xvi. 7. If, after this life, our i
souls be carried into the bosom of God, it !
will be by his adorable hands ; ' Lord Jesus,' i
said one of his exemplary servants, ' receive |
my spirit,' Acts vii. 59. If our bodies rise i
from their graves, if they be recalled to Hfe, ■
after they have been reduced to ashes, he j
alone will reanimate them ; for ' he is the ;
resurrection and the life, he that believeth
in him, though he were dead, }'et shall he
live, and whosoever liveth and believeth in !
him shall never die,' John xi. 25, 26. j
3. Finally, the Scripture attributes to Je- |
sus Christ the third ground of adoration, ;
that is, empire over all creatures. This lays i
a foundation for the third homage of the |
worshipper, I mean devotedness of life. ' I
saw in the night visions,' said the prophet '
Daniel, ' and behold ! one, like the Son of
man, came with the clouds of heaven, and '
came to the Ancient of Days, and they '
brought him near before him. And there '
was given him dominion, and glory, and a
kingdom, that all people, nations, and lan-
guages, should serve him : his dominion is ;
an everlasting dominion, which shall not j
pass away, and his kingdom that which shall
not be destroyed,' chap. vii. 13, &c. ' The ;
Lord hath said unto me, Thou art my Son, ;
this day have I begotten thee, ask of me j
and I shall give thee the heathen for thine ;
inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the j
earth for thy possession ; Thou shalt break i
them with a red of irom, thou shalt dash j
them in pieces like a potter's vessel,' Ps. ii. i
7 — 9. ' Gird thy sword upon thj^ thigh, O |
most Mighty ! with thy glory and with thy •
majesty. Thine arrows are sharp in the i
heart of the king's enemies, the people fall j
under thee. Thy throne, O God, is for j
ever and ever : and the sceptre of thy king- I
dom is a right sceptre,' Ps. xlv. 3. 5. 6. |
' The Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou at
my right hand until I make thine enemies |
thy footstool. The Lord shall send tlie rod I
of thy strength out of Zion, rule thou in
the midst of thine enemies,' Ps. ex. 1, 2.
The question of right then is sufficiently
proved.
The question of fact immediately follows.
As Jesus Christ is supremely adorable, so lie
is supremely adore'! by intelligences, whom
we ought to imitate. This adoration is re-
commended by Scripture ; the very Scrip-
ture that forbids us to adore any but God,
prescribes the adoration of Jesus Christ.
' Let all the angels of God worship Him,'
Heb. i. (3 'Tlie Father jiir'geth no man,
but hath committed all judgment to tlic Son,
that all men should honour the Son even as
they honour the Father, John v. 22, 23. ' He
hath received a name above every name, that
at the name of Jesus every knee should bow,'
Phil. ii. 9, 10. 'The four and twenty el-
ders fell down, and worshipped him who
liveth for ever and ever.' All the particular
acts of adoration, which are reputed acts of
idolatry when' rendered to any but God, are
rendered to Jesus Christ by the express di-
rection of the holy Scriptures. Prayer, that
prayer, of which it is said, ' how shall they
call on him in whom they have not believ-
ed?' Rom X. 14, prayer is addressed to Je-
sus Christ ; ' they stoned Stephen pra3'ing
and saying, Lord Jesus receive my spirit,'
Acts vii. 59.* Confidence, that confidence,
of which it is said, ' Cursed be the man that
trusteth in man, and maketh flesh his arm,'
Jer. xvii. 5, that confidence is an homage
rendered to Jesus Christ ; ' Whosoever be-
lieveth on him shall not be ashamed,' Rom.
X. 11. Baptism, that baptism, which is com-
manded to be administered in the name of the
Father, that baptism is an homage rendered
to Jesus Christ, it is administered in his
name , ' Go teach all nations, baptizing them
in the name of the Father, and of the Son,'
Matt, xxviii. 19. Swearing, that swearing,
of which it is said, ' Thou shalt fear the Lord
thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by
his name,' Deut. vi. 13, <that swearing is an
homage rendered to Jesus Christ ; ' I say
the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience
also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost,'
Rom. ix. i. Benediction, that blessing, of
which it is said, ' The Lord bless thee and
keep thee,' Num. vi. 24, that benediction is
an homage rendered to Jesus Christ. ' Grace
be to you, and peace from God our Father,
and the Lord Jesus Christ,' Rom. i. 7. In
fine, supreme praise, that praise of which it
is said, ' To the only wise God be honour
and glory,' 1 Tim. 17, is an homage paid to
Jesus Christ. ' And I beheld,' says our text,
' and I heard the voice of many angels round
about the throne, and the living creatures,
and the elders, saying with a loud voice,
Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to re-
ceive power, and riches, and wisdom, and
strength, to the Lamb be honour and glorj',
and blessing for ever." Weigh that expres-
sion which God uses to give the greater
weight to his command of worshipping him
only ; ' before my facc,i Thou shalt have no
other gods before my face,' E.\ad. xx. 3.
God would have this always inculcated
among the ancient people, that he was
among ttiem in a peculiar manner, that ha
was their head and general, that he march-
ed in the front of their camp, and conduct-
ed all their host: he meant by this declara-
tion, to retain them in his sfrvice, and to
make them comprehend how provoking it
would be to him, should they render divine
honours in his presence to any besides him-
self But hero the elders, the angels, the
* IIsIapidoicntEtienne, /^rinnt, el disant, tJeigneur
Jesus, &.C. perfectly agreeable to St. Luke's
EniKAAOTVtENON km Aryov^n- The word God
iu our te.\t is inserted properly.
t Mr. S. quotes according to the Hebrew te.\l
ol'Exod. x.\. 3.
Seb. XXXII.]
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
293
ten thousand, the ten thousand times ten
thousands in heaven, in the presence of God.
and before the throne of his glory, adore
Jesus Clirist, and pay no other honours to
him who 'sitteth on the tlirone' than they
pay to Jesus Christ himself.
Collect now, my brethren, all these reflec-
tions into one point of view, and see into
what contradictions people fall, who, adnut-
ting the divinity of our Scriptures, refuse to
consider Jesus Christ as the Supreme God.
No, Jesus Christ is not the Supreme God
(thus are our opponents obliged to speak),
Jesus Christ is not the Supreme God : but
he possesses that eminence of perfections
which constitutes the essence of the Supreme
God ; like him he is eternal, like him he is
omnipresent, like him he is almighty, he
iaiows all things like him, he searches the
heart and the reins like him, he possesses tlie
fulness of the Godhead hke him, and like him
merits the most profound homage of the mind.
No, Jesus Christ is not the Supreme God ■
but he possesses that goodness, that commu-
nication, which is the grand character of the j
Supreme God ; like God supreme, he made ,
heaven and earth, he formed all creatures ;
like him, he wrought miracles like a God, I
for the ancient church, he enlightens like i
him, he sanctifies like him, he saves us, he i
raises us from the dead, he glorifies us like :
liim, and like him merits the most profound
homage of the heart. No, Jesus Christ is i
not the Supreme God : but we are command- |
ed to worship him as if he were. St. Stephen
prays to Jesus Christ as if he were God, the
faithful confide in Jesus Christ as if he were |
God, they swear by JesUs Christ as if he were |
God, they bless in the name of Jesus Christ
as if he were God. Who docs not perceive
these contradiction ? Our first proposition is
therefore sufficiently established, Jesus Christ
is supremely adored by intelhgences the
most worthy of imitation. But it implies
a contradiction, to suppose that the ho-
nours of adoration should be communicated
to a simple creature. This is our second
proposition, and the second part of this dis-
course.
II. This supreme adoration, of which we
have given an idea, cannot be communicated
to any being, except an eminence of perfec-
tions, such as independence, eternity, omni-
presence, be communicated to that being
also. Supreme adoration cannot be commu-
nicated to any being, except supreme good-
ness be communicated, except a being become
premely adorable, we have thereby proved
tliat he is the supreme God.
Accordingly, however important our se-
cond proposition may be, we should sup-
pose it fully proved, if the Scripture did
not seem positively to affirm, that a right to
supreme adoration is a right acquired by Je-
sus Christ, and is ascribed to him, not on ac-
count of what he was from eternity, but of
what he has done in time. ' The Father
judgeth no man,' says Jesus Christ himself:
' but hath committed all judgment to the
Son, that all men should honour the Son,
even as they honour the Father,' John v.
22, 23. Here, it is plain, Jesus Christ does
not require men to honour him, as they ho-
I nour the Father, on account of his own ex-
cellent nature, : but on account of that pow-
er, to 'judge the world,' which was given
I him in time. 'He made himself of no repu-
! tation, and took upon him the form of a ser-
I vant, and became obedient unto death, even
the death of the cross. Wherefore God
j also hath highly exalted him,' Phil. ii. 7. 9,
Here again, Jesus Christ seems to have re-
i ceived this exaltation only in virtue of that
; profound humiliation, and of that profound
I obedience, which he rendered to his Father.
And in our text it seems as it those acclama-
tions, praises, and adorations, with which
the happy spirits in heaven honour the Sa-
viour of tlie world, are only offered to him on
account of that sacrifice which he offered in
time ; for after these celestial intelligences
have said in the following words, ' Thou art
worthy to take the book and open the seals
thereof, for thou wast slain and hast redeem-
ed us to God by thy blood : they repeat this
reason of adoration, and worship Jesus Christ
under the idea of a Lamb, saying, ' Worthy
is the Lamb that was slain, to receive power,
riches, wisdom,' and so on.
This difficulty comes from the equivocal
meaning of the term worship, which may be
understood to regard those infinite perfections,
which eternally renders him who possesses
them, worthy of supreme honours; or that
particular honour, which God merits by the
performance of some memorable work per-
formed in time. The first sort of adoration
cannot be acquired. It is essential to him to
i whom it is paid ; this we have proved. But
the second kind of adoration, that part of
supreme honour, which is rendered to God,
in virtue of some new achievement, that ho-
nour he acquires ; and far from proving, that
he who acquires this new honour, and the
an immediate essential source of felicity, homage and consequential of it, does not
Supreme adoration cannot be communicated
to any being, unless absolute, boundless, im-
mense empire be communicated to him also.
Now to communicate all these excellences to
a creature is to communicate the Godhead to
him. If then it be absurd to suppose that
deity can be communicated to a creature, so
that what had a beginning, becomes what
had no beginning ; it is also absurd to sup-
pose that a simple creature can posses these
excellences, and consequently it implies a
contradiction, to affirm that a created being
can become supremely adorable. If there-
fore we have proved, that Jeaus Christ is su-
2 P
possess essential deity, it is on the contrary
an invincible argument, that divinity is essen-
tial to him. God, for example, is essentially
adorable, yet every new favour that he grants,
is an acquisition of a new title of adoration.
Apply this remark to Jesus Christ. As
God, he is essentially adorable. But Jesus
Christ, who is supremely adorable as God,
may bestow some new favour on us. In this
sense, he may acquire a new title of adoration,
because he affords us a new motive to adore
him. And what more powerful motive can
be proposed, than that of his profound abase-
ment for our salvation ? now the inspired
294
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
[Ser. XXXII.
\vriters,in the passages \vliich we liave cited. |
'.'^pcak of this latter kind of adoration. They i
<lo not say, Jesus Christ lias acquired that
divine essence, which renders him who pos-
sesses it essentially adorable ; for that would
imply a contradiction : they only say, that by
the benefits which he has conununicatcd to
US in time, he has acquired over us in time a
jicw title of adoration. Tiiis is evident to a
demonstration in regard to the I'hilippian
text, which appears the most difficult. For St.
Paul, so far from affirmino- that Jesus Christ
had not those perfections which make any
being adorable, till after his humiliation,
establishes expressly the contrary. lie ex-
pressly says, that Jesus Christ, before he was
found ' in fashion as a man, thought it no
Tobbery to be equal with God ;' that, before
lie took upon him ' the form of a servant, he
was in the form of trod:' but when Jesus
<_^hrist was ' in the form of God' vrlicu ' lie
counted it no robbery to be equal with
God,' he was supremely adorable. By con-
sequence, Jesus Christ is not adorable only
liccausc he was ' found in fashion as a man,
and took upon him the form of a servant,'
Fhil. ii. 6, &c.
This shall suffice on the second proposition.
liCt us attend a few moments to the discus-
sion of the third. Let us attend to the cele-
brated question of the faith of the three first
ages on the divinity of the Saviour of the
world, and let us prove, that oar ideas of the
doctrine of Christ's divinity exactly answer
those of the ages, the orthodoxy of which is
least suspected. This is our third part.
III. One of the most celebrated members
of the Romish communion, a man* who
would have been one of the surest guides,
who could have been chosen to conduct us
through the labyrinths of the first ag'es, could
Ave have assured ourselves, that the integrity
of his heart had been equivocal to the clear-
ness of his understanding, and to the strength
of his memory ; this man, I say, has been the
astonishment of every scholar, for declaring,
that after he had made profound researches
into antiquity, it appeared to him, the doctrine
of Christ's divinity was not generally receiv-
ed in the church, till after the council of
Nice. It is yet a problem, what could induce
this able Jesuit to maintain a paradox ap-
parently so opposite to his own knowledge.
But, leaving this question to the decision of
the Searcher of hearts, let us only observe,
that this author has been a thousand times
answered, both by our own divines, and by
those of the church of Rome. A treatise on
this subject, by an illustrious prelate of the
<:hurch of England, is in the hands of all
learned men. The f author proves there with
tlie fiille.st evidence, that the fathers who
lived before the council of Nice, did main-
tain first, that Jesus Christ subsisted before
liis birth ; secondly, that lie was of the same
essence with his Father ; and thirdly, that
he subsisted with him from all eternity. To
repeat the passages extracted from the
fathers by this author is not the work of a
sermon. We arc going to take a way better
proportioned to the limits of these exercises
to arrive at the same end.
1 . Wc will briefly indicate the principal
precautions necessary to the understanding
of the sentiments of the fathers of the three
first centuries on this article.
2. We will then more particularly inform
you what their sentiments were. And as
these articles are a summary of many volumes,
and (if 1 may sa}' so), the essence of the
labours of the greatest men, they deserve
your serious attention.
1. In order to answer the objections, which
may be extracted from the writings of the
fathers against our thesis, the same general
solution must be admitted, which we oppose
to objections extracted from the Scriptures.
Passages of Scripture are opposed to us, in
which Jesus Christ speaks of himself as a
simple vian. To this objection we reply
these passages make nothing against us.
According to us, Jesus Christ is God and
man. We can no more conclude, that he is
not God, because the Holy Spirit sometimes
speaks of him as a simple man, than we can
conclude, that he is not man, because he
speaks of him sometimes as God.
2. It must be observed, that though the
fathers taught that Jesus Christ Avas of the
same essence with his Father, yet they be-
lieved, I know notwha.t, subordination amoncr
the three persons who are the object of our
worship. They considered the Father as the
source of deity, and pretended that the gene-
ration of the Son gave the Father a pre-
eminence above the Son, and that the proces-
sion of the Holy Ghost gave the Son a pre-
eminence over the Holy Ghost. ' We are not <.
Atheists,' says Justin Martyr, ' wc religiously
adore the Creator of this universe : we put
in the second place Jesus Christ, who is the
true Son of God, and we place in the third
degree the spirit of prophecy.'* As these
first teachers of the church have sometimes
been contradicted on this article, so they
have advanced in the heat of the dispute
some over-strained propositions, which we
cannot adopt ; as this of Origen, among
many others. ' There have been among the
multitude of the faithful, some who, depart-
ing from the sentiments received by others,
have rashly affirmed that Jesus Christ was
God over all creatures. In truth, we who
believe the word of the Son, who said, ' The
Father is greater than I,' John xiv. 28, do
not believe this proposition.'! The advan-
tages which tJie Arians gained by this, made
many of the fathers after the Nicence council
renounce the doctrine of the divinity of
Christ, and explain those passages in which
Christ acknowledged himself inferior to the
Father of his humanity. This is the method
ot St. Athanasiusjt of St. Cyril of Alexan-
dria,J and of many others. It was particu-
larly St. Augustine's way, who, to prove that
these expressions ought to be imderstood of
the humanity only of Jesus Christ, makes
this remark, ' that they arc never used of
the Holy Ghost, that it is no where said of the
Holy Ghost, that the Father is greater than
hc.W
rctavius.
t Bishop Bull.
* Apol. sec. ad Ant. Fium. p. 60. edit. Paris.
t Orisicn against Celsus, boolt 8th.
{ Ath.'in. Dialog, cont. Maced.
§ Cyril Alex, de vera fide. c. i26.
II August. Ep. (iO. et Jib. 2. de Trin. c. fi.
Sek. XXXII.j
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
'29a
/
3. The fathers who lived before the council
of Nice, admitted of ^generation of the Son
of God, before the foundation of the world,
and which is no other than that power wliich
proceeded from the Father, when he created
the universe. We must take care not to be
deceived by arguments taken from such pas-
sages. It cannot be concluded, that tliesc
fatliers denied the existence of Jesus Christ
before the foundation of the world, because
they said, he then came from the bosom of
the Father. Here is an example of their way
of expressing this generation. ' 1 am going,'
says Tatian, ' to state more clearly the mys-
teries of our religion. In the beginning was
God. Now we have learnt, that this begin-
ning is the power of the word ; for the Lord
of all things was then all tlic substance of
the universe, because, having then made no
creature, he existed alone. Ey his simple
will his word proceeded from him. Now the
word did not advance into the empty void :
but was the first work of the Spirit, and we
know this is the principle of the world.'*
This father calls this c/ear/?/ stating the mys-
teries of our religion. Perhaps he might find
.'^ome gainsayers. However, it appears by
tliis passage, and by a great number more,
that the ancient doctors of the church thought,
Jesus Christ was then produced after a cer-
tain manner, which they explained according
to their own ideas. We do not deny their
holding this opinion. We only say, that what
they advanced concerning this production in
time, does not prove that they did not admit
the eternal generation of Jesus Christ.
4. We do not pretend, that certain expres-
sions, v.-liich the orthodox have affected since
the council of Nice, were received in the
same sense before that council. We gene-
rally see, when two parties warmly contro-
vert a point, they affect certain expressions,
and use them as tlieir livery. As we can
never find terms proper to express this union,
or this ineffable distinction between the
Father, Son, and Holy Gliost, so we must
not be surprised, that the church has varied
on this article. ' Necessity,' says St. Austin,
speaking of the terms used in disj)uting witli
the Arians, ' necessity lias given birth to
tliese terms, in order to avoid the snares of
heretics in long discussions.'! We acknow-
ledge then, some of the fathers have advanced
that the Fatber and the Son liad two distinct
essences, or two different natures. Thus, ac-
cording to Photius, Pierius, priest and mar-
tyr,* and Dennis of Rome, in a letter against
the Sabellians,§ declaimed against those who
divided the divinity into three /lypustases ;
or three persons. And thus also tJie ortho-
dox, assembled in council at Sardis, complain-
ed, tiiat the heretical faction wanted to esta-
blish, that Father, Son, and Holy Ghost were
tliree distinct persotis : ' for' add these fatliers,
' our ancestors have taught us, and it is the
catholic and apostolic tradition, that there is
but one person in the Divinity. '|| The ques-
tion is not whether the fathers of the first
ages used the very terms, which suceedinq,"
ages have used. We do not say they did.
' We would not excite odious disputes about
words provided other syllables include tht>
same opinion ;'* but the question is, whether
they had the same ideas, whether, when they
said there were three essences in the Deity
and one person, they did not mean by essence
what we mean by person, and by person
what we mean by essence.
5. We must take care not to lay pown for
a principle, that the fathers expressed them-
selves justly, that their words were al-
ways the most proper to convey adequate
ideas of their sentiments, that they always
reasoned in a close imiform manner, that
their thesis in some pages of their writings
never contradict their thesis in other pages.
The sense of a passage in Origen, or Tertul-
lian, divides the learned. Some affirm these
fathers meant one thing, others say thej'
meant another thing. Each pretends to de-
fine precisely what they intended. Is there
not sometimes a third part to take ? May we
not believe that Origen and Tertullian, in
other respects great men, had not distinct
ideas of what they meant to express, and did
not always rightly understand themselves .'
G. In fine, the last precaution which we
must use to understand the sentiments of tiie
first ecclesiastical writers, and which demands
a very particular attention, is not to be de-
ceived by spurious writings. We linow_
what was the almost general weakness of'
Christians of those times. We know particu-
larly, what were the secret dealings of the-
Arians. We know they often substituted
power for reason, and craft for power, when
authority was wanting. Among spurious
writings, those which have the most certain
marks of reprobation, are frequently thoso
which have the most venerable titles. Sucli-
amonc others, is that which bears tb.e fine
name of apostolical constitutions. It is very
surprising, that a man who cannot be justly
taxed with ignorance of the writingsof the an-
cient fathers, should advance this unwarrant-
able proposition. This book is of apostolical au-
thority.! The doctor threatens the churcli
with a great volume to establish his opinion,
and to forward in the end the dreadful design
which he has formed and declared of reviving
Arianism. Time will convince the learned,
on what unheard of reasons this man grounds
his pretensions. Who can persuade himself,
that a book, the spuriousness of which has been
acknowledged, even by those who had the
greatest interest in defending its authenticity,
by Bcllarmine,}; Baronius,!) Petavius,|| Dii
PerronIT and many others; a book, which
none of the fatliers, none of the councils, even
those which have given us lists of the canon-
ical books, have ever comprised in the canon;^,
a book of which there is no trace in the three
first centuries, nor hardly any in those whicli
immediately follow; a book full of passages
* Tatian. oral. con. Gr;i;c. foe Theopli. Anti. lib.
2. ad Autol. Tertull. atlv. Prax. p. oOJ. edit. Kigali.
t August lib. 7. (le. trin. cap. 4.
i Phot. llil>. Cod. i. 9.
^ AUian. de?vii. Nic.decr.
11 Thcod. Hist. K-.-cl. lib. 3, chap. S.
* fJreg. Xa/ianz. f '^Ir-'W'liiston.
} liellarm. de script, prcl. sect. 1.
\ Baron, toin. 1. an. 'A-i.
II Du Per.de Encli. 1.'2. e. 1.
If Cone. Laud. Dd counc. of Carthage.
296
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
[Seh. XXXII.
of Scripture misquoted ;* a book whicli i
makes decisions contrary to the inspired wri-
tings ;l as one decision touching the obser-
vation of the Sabbath, another concerning |
women with child, a third, which allows a I
master a forbidden intercourse with his slave ;
a book that bestows pompous titles on a bisliop,
giving him a pre-eminence above magistr;des,
princes, and kings ; a book that prescribes
idle ceremonies in baptism, and enjoins the
observation of superstitious fasts and festivals ;
a book which gives an absurd idea of building
temples ; a book that establishes prayer for
the dead, and direct.-; us to offer the sacrament
of the Eucharist for them ; a book which
adopts notorious fables, as the pretended com-
bat between Simon the sorcerer, and Simon
Peter; a book where we meet with glaring
contradictions, as what it says of St. Stephen
in one place, compared with what it says of
him in another ; a book where we meet with
profane things, as the comparison of a bishop
with God the Father, of Jesus Christ with a
deacon, of the Holy Ghost with a deaconess ;
■who, I say, can persuade himself, that such a
book was compiled by apostles or apostolical
men.
Such are the precautions necessary for un-
derstanding the sentiments of the fathers of the
first ages on the doctrine in question. Let
us pass on to some proofs of our conformity
to their judgments on this article.
1. The fathers, who followed the doctrine
of the Nicence Council, never pretended to
teach new divinity. The Arians on the con-
trary, boasted of being the first inventors of
their own system. The following passage of
St. Athanasius proves the first member of
this proposition. ' We demonstrate, that our
doctrine descended from teacher to teacher
down to us. But what father can you cite to
prove your sentiments.' You find them all
opposite to your opinions, and the devil only,
who is the author of your system, can pretend
to authenticate it.'t The following passage
of Theodoret proves the second member of
the proposition. ' They boast of being the
first inventors of their doctrine, they glory in
affirming, that what never entered into the
mind of man before has been revealed to
them.'^
2. The Jews accused the primitive Chris-
tians of idolatry for worshipping Jesus
Christ as God, nor did the primitive Chris-
tians deny their worshipping Jesus as God ;
they only maintained, that to worship him as
such was not idolatry. Here is a passage
from Justin's Dialogue with Trypho. The
Jews say to him, ' Your affirmation, Christ is
God, appears to me not only an incredible
paradox, but downright foolishness.' Justin's
answer will prove the second member of the
proposition ; ' I know,' replies he, ' this dis-
course appears incredible, particularl3? ^^ Peo-
ple of your nation, who neither believe nor
understand the things of the Spirit of God.'
*Book 1. chap. 5. Ainst. edit. Frob. p.221 .214. 402-
293, &c.
t Rook 2. chap. 36.
References to allthc other articles arc in Mr. S. but
omitted for brevity sake here.
t Atiiaii. lib. 1. de Svn. Nic. dec.
^Theod. iHst. Kc.'lib. 1. cap. .\. Sec See. Hist.
Ecd. lib. 5. cap. 10.
3. The heathens also reproached the
Christians, with adoring Jesus Christ : nor
did the Christians tax them with calumny on
this account. Weigh these words of Arnobi-
us. A pagan makes this objection to him ;
* You adore a mere man.' ' If this were true,'
replies Arnobius, ' would not the benefits,
which he has so freely and bountifully diffu-
sed, acquire him the title of a God ? But as
he is really God without any ambiguity or
equivocation, do yon think we will deny our
paying him supreme honours ? What then, will
some furiously ask. Is Jesus Christ God .' Yes,
we answer, he is God, he is God over allhea-
venly powers.'* Origen answered the philoso-
pher Celsus, who reproached him with believ-
ing that a man clothed in mortal flesh was God,
in this manner. Let our accusers know, that
this Jesus, who, we believe, is God, and the
Son of God, is the Word of God, his mortal
body and his soul have received great advan-
tages from their union with the Word, and,
having partaken of the divinity, have been
admitted to the divine nature.!
4. When any teachers rose up in the
church to injure the doctrine of Christ's divi-
nity, they were reputed heretics, and as such
rejected. Witness Artemon, Theodosius,
Paul of Samoseta. The latter lifted up a
standard against the divinity of the Saviour
of the world, and six of the most celebrated
bishops were chosen by the synod of Antioch
to write him a letter, which we yet have,
and in which they profess to believe, that
Jesus Christ substituted from all eternity
with his Father.! To which we add this pas-
sage of Origen, ' Let us represent as fully
as we are able what constitutes heresy. He
is a heretic who has false notions about our
Lord Jesus '■ .Christ. Such as deny that he
was the first-born, the God of every creature,
the word, the wisdom, the beginning of the
ways of God, ' formed from the beginning,
or ever the world was, begotten before the
mountains and hills.' ^ Prov. viii.
5. The fathers of the three centuries made
an invariable profession of adoring but one
God. This was, as it were, the first distinct
character of their religion. Yet the primi-
tive Christians adored Jesus Christ ; witness
Pliny's letter, which says, ' they sang hymns
to Jesus Christ as to a God.'|| Witness Jus-
tin Martyr, who, in his Apology to Antonius,
expressly says, ' Christians religiously wor-
ship Father, Son, and Spirit ' And in the
same apology he assures us, that ' the con-
stant doctrine of Christians, which they re-
ceived from Jesus Christ himself, was the
adoration of one only God.' Witness that
famous letter of the faithful at Smyrna,
whom the heathens accused of paying divine
honours to Polycarp. ' It is impossible,' say
these believers, ' that wf should abandon Je-
sus Christ, or worship any olhcr but him. We
worship Jesus Christ, who is the S. i\ ■'"God :
but in regard to the martyrs, disciples of
Christ, and imitators of his virtues, we re-
spect them for their invincible love to their
* Araob. lib. 1. f Orig. contra Celsuni, lib. '.t.
i Euseb. Eccl. Hist. lib. 5 Athan. de Syn. Arini.
et. Seleuc. Bibliot. de.« pores, torn. 2.
^ Apol. Painpli. Mart, iu the 4th vol. of St. Jerome's
works. Edit. Froben. || Lib. lO.Epist. 97.
Ser. XXXII.]
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
297
Master and King.' Hence it was, that Paul
of Samoseta, who denied the divinity of
Christ, would not allow the custom of sing-
ing hymns to his honour : and Eusebius uses
this argument to prove the doctrine that we
are maintaining : ' The psalms and hymns,'
says he, ' composed a long time ago by the
faithful, do they not proclaim, that Jesus
Christ is the Word of God, that he is God ?'"
6. Finally, Among numberless passages in
the fathers, which attest the truth in ques-
tion, there are some so clear and so express,
that we ourselves, who would prove their
faith in our Saviour's divinity, cannot dictate
terms more emphatical than those which they
have used. Weigh these words of Tertullian.
' Jesus Christ had the substance of the hu-
man nature, and the substance of the divine
nature ; on which account we say, he had a
beginning, and he had no beginning ; he was
natural and spiritual ; weak and powerful ;
mortal and immortal; properties (adds this
father) which distinguish his human and di-
vine nature. 't Weigh these words of the
the same Tertullian. ' We have been taught
that God brought forth that Spirit, which
we call the Word, that God by bringing him
forth begat him, that for this reason he is
called the Son of God, because his sub- |
stance and the substance of God is one and ]
the same substance ; as a ray proceeding i
from the body of the sun, receives a part of !
its light without diminishing the light of the I
sun, so in the generation of the word, spirit i
is derived of spirit, and God of God. As the i
light of a flambeau derived from another j
does not at all diminish the light whence it ,
is taken, so it is with God. That which |
proceeds from him is God, both God and i
Son of God, one with the Father, and the j
Father with him. It follows, that this dis- j
tlnction of spirit from spirit, of God from .
God, is not in substance but in person. 't i
Weigh again these words of Hyppolitus the [
mart}'r. ' Thou art he, who existeth always. I
Thou art with the Father without beginning, i
and eternal as well as the Holy Spirit.' § ]
Again, weigh these words of Origen. In
examining what doctrines are necessary to
salvation, he puts this in the first class : ' Je-
sus Christ, who, ,being God, became incar-
nate, did not cease to be God.'|| Again,
weigh these of Justin Martyr. ' They call
us Atheists, because we do not adore their
demons. We grant we are such in regard
to their gods : but not in regard to the true
God, with whom we honour and worship the
Son. 'IT Finally, weigh these of Pope Felix.
' We believe, Jesus Christ the Word is the
eternal Son of God.'"*
No part of our discourse would bear a great-
enlargement than this. Literally speaking,
the subject exemplified from the fathers would
fill a large volume. We have abridged the
matter. Let us finish with a few reflections
of another kind in our text.
28.
Euseb. Hist. Eccl. book 7. chap. 30. book 5. chap.
t Tertul. de Carne Christi.
i Tertul. adv. Gen. Apol. cap. 21.
<) Bibl. Patr. torn. 12.
II Origen cent. Cels. lib. 5.
rr Just. Mart. Apol. 2.
^* Cone. Ephcs. act. I.
We have endeavoured to prove, that Jesus
Christ is supremely adorable, and supremely
adored. Christians, what idea do you form
of this doctrine .' Do we think, we have
done all that this doctrine engages us to do,
when we have signalized our zeal by affirm-
ing and defending it .'' Shall we be of that
number of extravagant people, who, having,
established the truth with warmth ; some-
times with wrath (placing their passions to
the account of religion) imagine, they have
thereby acquired a right of refusing to Jesus
Christ that unlimited obedience which bo di-
rectly follows the doctrine of his divinity ?
The sacred authors, whom we have followed
in proving this doctrine, draw very diflferent
consequences from it. They use it to inflame
our love for a God, who ' so loved the world
as to give his only begotten Son,' John iii. IG.
They use it to elevate us to the sublimest
hopes, declaring it impossible for him, ' who
gave his own Son not to give us all
things freely with him,' Rom. iii. 31. They
use it to enforce every virtue, particularly
humility, a virtue essential to a Christian ;
and wlien order requires it, to sacrifice the
titles of Noble Sovereign, Potentate, Mo-
narch, after the example of this God-man,
who ' being in the form of God, and counting
it no robbery to be equal with God, humbled
himself,' Phil. ii. 6. They use it to exalt the
evangelical dispensation above the Mosaical
economy, and the superiority of the former
to prove, that piety should be carried to a
more eminent degree now than formerly;
for God, ' who spake to the fathers by the
prophets, hath in these last days spoken to
us by his Son,' Heb. i. 1. They use it to
prove, that the condition of a wicked Chris-
tian would be infinitely worse after this life
than that of a wicked Jew ; for ' if the word
spoken by angels was steadfast, and every
transgression and disobedience received a
just recompense of reward, how shall we es-
cape if we neglect so great salvation, which
at the first began to be spoken by the Lord .''
ii. 2. ' He that despised Moses's law, died
without mercy, under two or three witness-
es ; of how much sorer punishment, suppose
ye, shall he be counted worthy, who hatli
trodden under foot the Son of God .'' x. 28,
29. They use it to describe the despair of
those, who shall see him come in divine pomp,
whom they once despised under the veil of
mortal flesh , for ' they that pierced him shall
see him, and the kings of the earth, and the
great men, and the rich men, and the chief
captains, and the mighty men, and every
bondman, and every freeman, shall hide
themselves in the dens, and in the rocks of
the mountams, and shall say to tlie moun-
tains and rocks, fall on us and hide us from
the face of him that sittethonthe throne, and
from the wrath of the Lamb. For the great
day of his wrath is come, and who shall be
able to stand .'' Rev. i. 7, and vi. 15, &c.
Our second reflection is on that multitude
of intelligences, which continually'wait around
the throne of God. Hear what Daniel says,
' Thousand thousands ministered unto him,
ten thousand times ten thousand stood before
him,' vii. 10. Hear what Micaiah says, ' I
saw the Lord sitting on his throne, and all
298
DIVINITY OF JESUS CHRIST.
[Slu. XXXII.
the host of heaven standing by him, on his
right hand and on his left,' 1 Kings xxii. 19.
Hear what the Psahnist says, ' The chariots
of God are twenty tliousand, even thousands
of angels,' Ps. Ixviii. 17. Hear what St.
Luke says, ' There was a multitude of the
heavenly host praising God and saying,
Glory to God in the highest,' ii. 13. Hear
what Jesus Christ says, ' Thinkest thou that
I cannot now pray to my Fatlier, and he shall
presently give me more tlian twelve legions
of angels.-" Matt. xxvi. 53. Hear what our
text says, ' The number of them was ten
thousand times ten thousand, and thousands
of thousands.' My brethren, one of the most
dangerous temptations, to which a believer is
exposed in this world, is that of seeing him-
self despised. He sometimes, like Elias,
thitiks himself alone on the Lord's side, 1
Kings xix. 10. Like Joshua, he is some-
times obliged to say of his duty, ' Choose you
whom you will serve : but as for me and my
liouse, we will serve the Lord,'xxiv. 15, The
church is yet a 'little flock,' Luke xii. 32,
and although we cannot say of the external
profession of religion as St. Paul says, ' Ye
see your calling brethren, that not many
mighty, not many wise, not many noble are
called,' 1 Cor. i. 26, yet it may be too truly
said of the reality and essence of Christiani-
ty. No, we have, ' not many noble.' They
are called noble in the world, who have, or
who pretend to have, some ancient titles,
and who are often ashamed of those whom
Jesus Christ has ennobled, associated into his
family, made ' partakers of the divine na-
ture, and changed from glory to glory by his
Spirit,' 2 Pet. i. 4. We have very few of
these nobles. No, we have not ' many migii-
ty,'2 Cor. iii. 18. They are called mighty in
the world, who have the art of surmounting
every obstacle in the path that leads to for-
tune, who, in spite of the world of opposers,
have tlie art of arriving at the pinnacle of
worldly grandeur, and making the difficul-
ties opposed to their designs the means of
-succeeding. These people generally enter-
tain a contemptible idea of such as are con-
centered in virtue, who use it both as buck-
ler and sword to conquer flesh and blood, ' the
prince of the power of the air,' and his formi-
dable legions, Eph. ii. 2. We have but few
such mighty ones as these. No, we have
^ not many wise.' They are called wise in this
world, who, by the impenetrable secrets of a
profound policy, find new ways of supporting
tiie state, and of deriving from public pros-
])erity a fund to maintain their own pomp.
Those are usually despised, Vi'ho possess that
fear of the Lord, which ' is the beginning of
wisdom,' of that ' wi.sdom among them that
^re perfect,' Prov. i. 7; 1 Cor. ii. G, which we
are taught in the gospel. We have very few
oi' these wise men. What then I have false-
hood and vice more partizafis than virtue and
truth f What then I shall we have less appro-
bation in submitting to God than in submit-
ting to the devil .'' Far from us be an idea so
puerile ! Let us cease to consider this little
handful of men who surround us, as if they
made up tlie universality of intelligences ;
and this earth, this point, this atom, as if it
v,-ere the immensity of space. Let us open
our eyes. Let our text produce the same
effect in us to-day as Elisha's voice once pro-
duced in his servant. All on a sudden they
were surrounded with soldiers, armies, and
chariots, sent by the Syrian king to carry off
Elisha. The servant is frighted ; ' Alas my
master !' says he, ' what shall we do.'' Fear
not,' answers Elisha, ' they that be with us
are more than tliey that be with them.' And
Elisha prayed, and said. Lord I pray thee,
open his eyes, that he may see. And what
does he see ? ' He sees the mountain full of
horses and chariots of fire round about Eli-
sha,' 1 Kings vi. 15, &c. Believers, ye, who
think yourselves alone on the Lord's side,
ye who tremble at the sight of the formida-
ble troops which the enemy of your salvation
has sent against you, ye, who cry, ' What
shall we do.'' ' Fear not, they that are with
us, are more than they that are with them.
. . . . O Lord, open their eyes that they
may see.' See Christians! see whether ye
be alone. See those ' ten thousand times
ten thousands, that stand before him.' Sec
these ' heavenly hosts,' which surround his
throne ' on the right hand and on the left.'
See the ' twenty thousand chariots.' See
legions of angels and elders, ' whose numbers
are twenty thousand times ten thousand,'*
Rev. ix. IG. These are your companions,
these your approvers, these your defend-
ers.
3. But what are the delights of these in-
telligences.-' You have heard, "my brethren,
(and this is our third reflection), their felicity,
their delights consists in rendering supreme
honours to God. ' And I beheld and heard
the voice of many angels, roimd about the
throne, saying with a loud voice, Worthy is
the Lamb that was slain, to receive power,
and riches, and wisdom, and strength.' A re-
flection very proper to humble and confound
us, whose taste is so vitiated and depraved.
I am aware, that nothing is less subject to
our decisions than taste. I am aware, that
what is delicious to one is disgustful to ano-
ther, and, as it would be stupid to e.\'pect a
sublime spirit should take pleasure in tlio
gross occupations of a meciianic, so it would
be unjust to expect that a mechanic should
be pleased with the noble speculations of a
sublime genius. I know, the difference be-
tween us and these intelligences is sucli as not
to allow our pleasures to be of the same
kind. But, after all, is this difference so
great as to make such a disproportion in our
delights .' Do we not aspire to divine happi-
ness as well as they .' And if the fle.sh,
which covers that spiritual substance, that
animates us, places us so far beneath them, is
not the honour, which this flesh has received
by the incarnatioii of the Word, who ' took
not on him the nature of angels but the seed
of Abraham,' Heb. ii. IG, is not this more
than enough to remove the prodigious dis-
tance, which the sublimity of their essence
puts between us and them .-' at least, should it
not make us lament the depravity of our
* Rev. ix. IG. Two hundred tliousand ttiousanil.
Viiigt niille Ibis di.x iiiille. Dua; inyriades myrindiim.
Indefinite intclligcndum, more llcbra-'o, pro ingonii
immcro.
Seb. XXXIII]
CHRIST THE SUBSTANCE, &c.
299
taste, if it be not sufficient perfectly to re-
store it ? Christians, the plan of our evange-
lical felicity is founded on that of celestial
felicity. Christians are called, even here be-
low, to taste those noble pleasures, which
are so delightful to the blessed above. Let
us feel these pleasures, my brethren. Let us
feel the pleasure of rendering to God the
liomage of the mind. Let us soar into a
sublime meditation of his essence. Of his
perfections let us form the most elevated
ideas, that our diminutive capacities can per-
mit. Let us conceive, as far as we possibly
can, a wise God, supremely powerful, su-
premely holy, supremely good. liCt us as-
sociate his glorious attribute, and, judging
by the splendour of these feeble rays, of some
of the beauties of the original, let us adore
this Great Supreme. Let us feel the plea-
sure of rendering to God the honiage of the
heart. Let us measure the dimensions of love
divine. Let us lose ourselves in the ' length,
in the breadth, in the height, in the depth of
that love, which passeth knowledge,' Eph.
iii. 18. Let us conceive the inexpressible
felicity of an intimate union with the happy
God, 1 Tim. vi. 15. Let us reflect on the
happiness of a creature, who has a relation
of love to a God, who knows how to love
with so much extent, with so much pit}', with
so much power. Let us feel the pleasure of
rendering to God the homage of an entire
devotedness, the submission of all our de-
sires. Slaves of the world, let us free our
selves from sensuality and cupidity, let us
shake off the yoke of these domineering pas-
sions, let us ' submit ourselves to God,' James
iv. 7. Thus let us taste the felicity of return-
ing to order, of obeying that God, all whose
commands enforce love to what is supremely
lovely.
True, decictful world! thou wilt yet oppose
our real pleasures. True,sensual flesh I thou
wilt yet solicit us to pleasures agreeable
to thy corruption. True, worldly pomp !
thou wilt again dazzle us with thy vain
glory. But thou worldly pomp shalt pre-
sently vanish ! thou sensual flesh shalt pre-
sently fall into tlie dust I thou also, deceit-
ful ' fashion of the world,'* thou shalt pre-
sently pass away ! 1 Cor. vii. 31 ; presently
these auditors, who have endeavoured to ap-
proach nearest to angelical pleasures, shall
approach them entirely. Shortly this flock
shall be numbered with the ' twenty thousand
times ten thousand.' Presently the voices,
which have made these walls resound the
Creator's praise, shall sing it in a nobler man-
ner, and shall make the heavenly arches echo
the hymn in my text, ' Worthy is the Lamb
to receive honour, power, riches, wisdom,
strength^ fflo'"}') ^^^ blessing.' To him, that
sitteth on the throne, and to the Lamb, bo
blessing, and honour, and glory, for ever and
ever. Amen.'
* 1 Cor. vii. 31. Fashion of tliis world, lo (r/jt/xa.
rev KOTfAcu Tomou Locutio atlieatro et scenis desunipta ,
quae subito cum perso'iis mutantiir. Figxirt ilu mowit
trompeur.
SERMON XXXIII.
CHRIST THE SUBSTANCE OF THE ANCIENT SACRIFICE OF THE LAW.
HEBREWS X. 5 7,
Sacrifice and offering thou wouldst not : but a body hast thou prepared me.
In burnt -offerings, and sacrifices for sin thou hast had no pleasure : then
said I, lo ! I come (in the volume of the book it is ivriitcn ofmc), to do thy
icill, O God.
To take Jesus Christ for our Redeemer
and for our example is an abridgment of re-
ligion, and the only way to heaven.
If Jesus Christ be not taken for our Re-
deemer, alas ! how can we bear the looks of
a God, ' who is of purer eyes than to behold
evil .'" Hab. i. 13. How can we hope to please
with prayers debased by numberless imperfec-
tions ; with a repentance, in which a regret
for not daring to repeat a crime too often
mi.xes with a sorrow for having committed
it ; with a love of which self-interest is always
the first spring ; how, I say, can we hope
with our sinful services to please a God, be-
fore whom seraphim veil their faces, and in
whose sight the heavens themselves are un-
clean .''
If we do not take Jesus Christ for our ex-
ample, with what face can we take him for
our Redeemer ? Should we make the mys-
teries of religion mysteries of iniquity .' Should
we wish, that he, who came into the world
on purpose to destroy the works of the devil,
would re-establish them, in order to fill up
the communion with this wicked spirit that
void, which communion with Christ leaves.'
But to take Jesus Christ for a Redeemer and
to take him for a model, is to unite all that
can procure our supreme felicity ; it is, as I
said before, an abridgment of religion, and
the only way to heaven.
In these two points of light St. Paul pre-
sents our divine Saviour to the view of the
Hebrews, in this chapter, from which we
have taken the text, and in some following
chapters. It was necessary to convince men,
educated in Judaism, new converts to Chris-
tianity, and greatly prejudiced in favour of
300
CHRIST THE SUBSTANCE OF THE
[Ser. xxxm.
the magnificence of the Levitical service,
that the most pompous parts of the Mosaic
ritual, the altars and tlie offerings, the priests
and the sacrifices, the temple and all its
ceremonies, were designed to prefigure the
sacrifice on the cross. It was necessary to
convince men, who were as little acquainted
with the morality of the gospel as with the
divinity of it, that, far from using this oblation
to diminish in the least degree the motives
which engage every intelligent creature to
devote himself to his Creator, it was employ-
ed to give them all new and additional in-
fluence. St. Paul intended to convince the
Jewish converts of these truths in this epistle
in general, and in my text in particular. But
is the doctrine of my text addressed to new
converts only .'' Suppose the doctrine address-
ed particularly to them, does it follow, that it
is needless to preach it in this pulpit.' We
will not examine these questions now. How-
ever averse we are to consume the precious
moments of these exercises in scholastic de-
bates, the words, that we have read, furnish
ns with a most specious pretext for a minute
discussion of them. Are the words of my
text to be considered as the language of
Jesus Christ, as the far greater number of
expositors, for very strong reasons, maintain ?
Are they the words of David, who, consider-
intr the many reasons, which persuade us to
believe, that the dedications of our persons to
the service of God are the most acceptable of
all sacrifices to him, vows to devote himself
to his service .' We answer they are the words
of Jesus Christ ; they are the words of David;
and they express the sentiments of all true
behevers after him. We are going to prove
these assertions.
First, we will consider the text, as proceed-
ing from the mouth of Jesus Christ. We will
show you Jesus substituting the sacrifice of his
body instead of those of the Jewish economy.
Secondly, W^e will put the words of the
text into your mouths, and endeavour to con-
vince you, that this second sense of the text
is clearly deducible from the first, and neces-
sarily connected with it. Having excited
your admiration in the first part of this dis-
course, at that inestimable gift of God, his
beloved Son, we will endeavour, in the
second, to excite suitable sentiments of gra-
titude in each of your hearts.
Great God ! What bounds can I henceforth
set to my gratitude .' Can I be so stupid as to
imagine, that I express a sufficient sense of
thy beneficence by singing a psalm, and by
performing a lifeless ceremony.'' I feel irregular
propensities. Great God ! to thee I sacri-
fice them all. My body rebels against thy
laws. To thee I offer it in sacrifice. My
heart is susceptible of fervour and flame.
For thee, my God! may it for ever burn !
' Sacrifice and offering thou wouldst not :
but a body hast thou prepared me. In burnt-
offerings, and sacrifices for sin thou hast had
no pleasure : then said I, lo ! I come (in the
volume of the book it is written of me), to do
thy will, O God!' Accept this dedication of
ourselves to thee, O God! Amen.
I. Let us consider our text in relation to
Jesus Christ, the Messiah. Three things
are necessary. 1. Our text is a quotation;
it nmst be verified. 2. It is a difficult pas-
sage ; it must be explained. 3. It is one of
the most essential truths of religion ; it must
be supported by solid proofs.
I. Our text is a quotation, and it must be
verified. It is taken from the fortieth psalm.
St. Paul makes a little alteration in it, for
which we will assign a reason in a following
article. In this, our business is to prove,
that the psalm is prophetical, and that the
prophet had the Messiah in view In confir-
mation of this notion we adduce the evidence
that arises from the object, and the evidence
that arises from testimony.
In regard to the object we reason thus. All
the fortieth psalm, except one word, exactly
applies to the Messiah. This inapplicable
word, as it seem at first, is in the twelfth
verse, ' mine iniquities have taken hold upon
me.' This expression does not seem proper
in the mouth of Jesus Christ, who, the pro-
phets foretold, should have ' no deceit in his
mouth,' Isa. liii. 9, and who, when he came,
defied his enemies to ' convince him of a sin-
gle sin,' John viii. 46. There is the same
difficulty in a parallel psalm, I mean the sixty-
ninth, ' O God ! thou knowest my foolishness
and my sins are not hid from thee,' ver. 50.
The same solution serves for both places.
Some have accounted for this difficulty by
the genius of the Hebrew language, and
have understood by the terms, sins and ini-
quities, not any crimes, which the speaker
means to attribute to himself: but those
which his persecutors committed against him.
In the style of the Jews, ' my rebellion' some-
times signifies ' the rebellion that is excited
against me.' In this manner we account for
an expression in Jeremiah, ' My people are
attached to my rebeUion,' that is to say, ' My
people persist in rebelling against me.' So
again, we account for an expression in the
third of Lamentations, ' O Lord, thou hast
seen my wrong.' That is, ' the wrong done
to me.' In like manner are those words to
be explained, ' my foohshness, my sins, my
iniquities,' ver. 59.
But, if the idiom of the Hebrew language
could not furnish us with this solution, we
should not think the difficulty sufficient to
engage us to erase the fortieth psalm from
the list of prophecies, if other solid reasons
induced us to insert it there. Jesus Christ on
the cross was the substitute of sinners, like
the scape-goat, that was accursed under the
old dispensation, and, as he stood charged
with the iniquities of his people, he was
considered as the perpetrator of all the crimes
of men. The Scripture says in so many
words, ' he bare our sins.' What a burden !
What an inconceivable burden ! Is the bearer
of such a burden chargeable with any exag-
geration, when he cries, * My iniquities have
taken hold upon me, so that I am not able to
look up ; they are more than the hairs of
mine head;' 1 Pet. ii. 25. This passage be-
ing thus explained, we affirm, there is no-
thing in this psalm, which does not exact-
ly agree to the Messiah ; and if we do not
attempt now to prove what we have affiirm-
ed on this article, it is partly because such
a discussion would divert us too far from our
subject, and partly because there seems to
Seb. xxxiii] ancient sacrifice of the law.
301
be very little difficulty in the application of
each part of the psalm of Jesus Christ.' i
Moreover, the fortieth psahir is parallel to j
other prophecies, whicli indisputably belong ^
to the Messiah. I mean particularly the i
sixty-ninth psalm, and the fifty-third chapter
of Isaiah. Were not the expositions of fal-
lible men grounded on the testimonies of in-
fallible writers, the nature of the thing would
oblige us to admit the application. In whose
mouth, except in that of the Messiah, could
David, with so much reason, have put these
\^'ords .'' ' For thy sake 1 have borne reproach ;
thame hath covered my face,' Ps. Ixix. 7. Of
whom could Isaiah so justly say as of the
]\Iessiah, ' He was wounded for our trans-
gressions ; he was bruised for our iniquities ;
the chastisement of our peace was tipon him :
and with his stripes we are healed. All we
like sheep have gone astray ; we have turned
every one to his own way, and the Lord hnth
laid on him the iniquity of us all,' chap. liii.
5, (J. Now, if you put the chapter and the
psalm, which we liave quoted, among pro-
phecies of the Messiah, you will find no dif-
ficulty in adding the psalm, from which our
text is taken, because they need only to be
compared to prove that they speak of the
same subject.
Over and above the evidence, that arises
from the object, we liave the evidence of
testimon}'. St. Paul declares, that the words
of the Psalmist are a prophecy, and that the
mystery of the incarnation was the aocom-
plishment of it. Aftur a decision so respect-
able, it ill becomes us to reply.
I very well know what the enemies of our
iiiystencs say against this reasoning, and
against all our arguments of this kind by
which we have usually derived the m3'steries
of the gospel from the writings of the pro-
phets. Jesus Christ, say they, and his apos-
tles reasoned from the prophecies only for the
sake of accommodating themselves to the
genius of the Jews, who were always fond
of finding mysteries in the writings of their
sacred authors, even in the most simple parts
of them. Wliat you take, continue they, for
explications of propbecies in the writers of
the New Testament, are only ingenious ap-
plications, or more properly, say they, accom-
modations. But what ! when Philip joined
himself to the Ethiopian treasurer, who was
reading the fifty-third of Isaiah, and who put
this question to him, ' I pray thee of whom
speaketh the proj)het this ? of himself, or of
some other man .'' When ' he began at the
yame Scripture, and preached unto him Jesus,'
Acts viii. 34, 35, did he mean only to accom-
modate himself to the genius of the Jewish
nation.' What! when St. Matthew, speaking
of John the Baptist, said, ' This is he that
Avas spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying,
The voice of one crying in the wilderness,'
chap. iii. 3, and when John the Baptist, in
answer to those questions, wliich the Jews,
whom the priests sent, put to him, ' Who art
thou.' Art thou Ehas.' Art thou that pro-
phet .'' When he replied, ' I am the voice of
one crying in the wilderness,' John i. 19. 21.
~3, did he mean only to accommodate him-
self to the prejudices of the Jews .' What !
when Jesus Christ after Iiis resurrecti(m taxed
ti Q
liis disciples with folly, because they had not
discovered liis resurrection in the ancient
prophecies -. and when, ' beginning at Moses,
and all the prophets,' he derived from thence
arguments to prove that Christ ' ought to
have sufiered, and to enter into his glory,'
Luke xxiv. 25 — 27, had he no other design
than that of making ingenious applications,
and of accommodating himself to the pre-
judices of Ihs Jewish nation .' And is this the
design of St. Paul in my text ? Hear how he
speaks, how he reasons, how he concludes.
' It is not possible, says he, that the blood of
Inills and goats should take away sins.
AVlicrefore, v. lien he comcth into the world,
he says. Sacrifice and offering thou wouldst
not, but a body hast thou prepared me. In
burnt-offerings, and sacrifices for sin thou
hast had no pleasure ; then said I, lo! I come
(in the volume of the book it is written of
me), to do thy will, O God !' Having said
before, ' Sacrifice and oft'ering thou wouldst
not,' which things are appointed by the law,
he adds, ' Lo ! I come to do thy will, O God !
He takelh away the first, that he may esta-
blish the second. By the which will we aic
sanctified, through the offering of tlie body of
Jesus Christ once for all.' Do j)eople speak
in this manner, when they make only in-
genious applications, and when reasoning"
is carried on b}^ dexterity and accommo-
dation .'
Audacious heresy, my brethren ! which
having first offered violence to the expres-
sions of the prophets, proceeds to offer vio-
lence again to the decisions of the evangelists,
and apostles, the interpreters of the projihets ;
and with equal presumption contradicts a pro-
phecy, and an interpretation as infallible as
prophecy itself I There is great simplicity, 1
allow, in a turn for the marvellous, and in
obligini"; one's self to find the Messiah in the
most unlikely passages in the prophecies :
but there is also a great deal of obstinacy
in denying demonstrations so palpable and
plain.
The M'ords of my text are then a quotation,
and, we think, we have justified it. We arc
now to consider it, secondly, as a difficult
passage, that needs elucidation.
The principal dilKculty in my present vieAV
is in these words, ' A body hast thou prepar-
ed me.' The Hebrew has it, thou has dug,
bored, or opened my ears. The expression
is figurative : but it is very intelligible even
to those who are but little acquainted with
sacred history. None of j'ou can be igno-
rant, that it is an allusion to a law recorded
in the twenty-first chapter of Exodus, where
they, who had Hebrew slaves, were ordered
to release them in the sabbatical year. A
provision is made for such slaves as refused
to accept of this privilege. Their masters
were to bring them to the doors of their
houses, to bore their ears through Avith an awl,
and they Avere to engage to continue slaA'es
for ever, that is to say, till the year of Jubilee,
or till their death, if they happened to die
before that festival. As this action was ex-
pressive of the most entire devotedness of a
slave to his master, it was very natural for
the prophet to make it an emblem of the per-
fect obedience of Jesus Christ to his Father's
30-2
CHRIST THE SUBSTANCE OF THE
[Ser. xxxni.
■Viill. A passage of our apostle exactly agrees :
with those words of the prophet. 'Jesus ]
Christ made himself of no reputation, took
upon him the form of a servant, and was I
made in the likeness of men. And, being
found in fashion as a man, he humbled him-
self, and became obedient unto death, even
the death of the cross,' Phil. ii. 7, 8. This is ;
the best comment on the words of the Psalm-
ist, ' Thou hast bored mine ears.' j
But why did not St. Paul quote the words j
a3 they are in the psalm ? Why, instead of i
rendering the words according to the Hebrew, I
•'Thou hast bored mine ears,' did he render |
them, ' Thou hast prepared me a body .=' It 1
is plain the apostle followed the varsion com- !
monly called that of the seventy. But this |
remark, far from removing the difficulty,
produces a new one. For it may be asked,
why did the seventy render the original words
in this manner .' As this is a famous question,
and as the discussion of it may serve to cast ,
liffht on many other passages of Scripture, it
will not be an unprofitable waste of time to
iuquire into the matter. Our people often
hear this version mentioned in our pulpits, ;
and they ought to have at least, a general j
hnowledge of it. !
By the Scptuagint, or the zersiun of the '.
seventy, we mean a Greek translation of the '■■
Old Testament, made about three hundred |
years before the birtli of Jesus Christ, and it
derived its name from a common report, that
seventy, or seventy-two interpreters were
the authors of it. One history, (or shall I
rather call it, one romance ?) attributed to an
officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of
Egypt, says that this prince, intending to
collect a library at Alexandria, employed a
learned Athenian, named Demetrius Phala-
reus, to execute his design — That he inform-
ed the king, that the Jews v.'ere in possession
of a book containing the law of their legisla-
tors— that Ptolemy deputed three officers of
his court to wait on the high priest at Jeru-
salem, to require of him a copy of the book,
and men capable of translating it into Greek
— that in order to conciliate the Jews, and to
obtain this favour, he released a hundred
thousand slaves, who had been held captives
in his kingdom, and amply furnished them with
all necessaries for their return to Judea —
that he loaded his deputies with rich presents
for the temple — that the high priest not only
gave them a copy of the law : but also sent
six men of each tribe to translate it — that
Ptolemy received them v/ith marks of great
distinction, and lodged them in the Isle of
Pharos, where they might pursue their work
without interruption — and that they finished
the work in as many days as there were
authors labouring at it, that is to say, in
tjeventy-two.
This narration being favourably received
among the Jews, it happened that the super-
stition of the populace, fomented by their
own ignorance, and by the rash decisions of
the Rabbins, which were put in the place of
solid proofs, added divers circumstances to
render the tale more marvellous. Of this
kind is the account given by Philo, who says
that each of the seventy translators pursued
his work separately from the rest, and that
when the translations of all came to be com-
pared, there was not the least difference, ei-
ther in the meaning, or in the expressions.
Of the same sort is another circumstance re-
lated by Justin Martyr. Each translator,
says ho, was confined in a little cell, in or-
der to prevent his holding any conversation
with the rest of the interpreters ; and this
good father pretends to have seen the ruins
of these cellw in the Isle of Pharos. We
will not increase the list of these fabulous
tales here, let it suffice to observe, that learn
ed men have long agreed to reject these fa-
bles ; and have fully shown the paradoxes,
the anachronisms, and the contradictions
with which they are replete. We proceed
now to relate what they have almost unani-
mously admitted.
That about three hundred years before the
advent of Jesus Christ, a Greek translation
of tlie old Testament was made at Alexan-
dria for the use of the descendants of that
multitude of Jews, which Alexander the
Groat had settled there, when he built that
famous city in Egypt, to which he gave his
own name — That a version was absolutely
necessary for those people, because the far
greater part of them had lost their native lan-
guage— that at first the five books of Moses
only were translated, because they were the
only books, which were then read in the sy-
nagogues— that after the tyrannies of Anti-
ochus Epiphanes, the reading of the prophe-
cies being then introduced, the prophecies
also, were translated — that this version was
spread through all those parts of the world,
where the Greek language was used, or
where Jews dwelt — and that the apostles,
preaching the gospel in the greatest part of
the known world, and the Greek tongue be-
ing then every where the favourite of all,
who valued themselves on learning and po-
liteness, made use of the version, commonly
called the version of the Seventy, to con-
vince the pagans, that the different parts of
the economy of the Messiah had been fore-
told by the prophets, and that this version
was one of tlie preparations, which Pro-
vidence had employed for the call of the Gen-
tiles.
i This digression thus going before us, I
i will relate the replies that are usually made
' to the question before us, namely, why the
I pretended Seventy rendered the prophecy,
j as in the text, ' A body hast thou prepared
me,' instead of translating it according to
I the literal Hebrew,' ' mine ears hast thou
bored.'
Some learned men have pretended, that
the translation of our prophecy was altered
in our copies of the Seventy, and that we
should read ears, instead of body. But the
! reasons on which this solution is grounded,
; appear to us so inconclusive, that far from
I establishing a fixed sentiment, they hardly
seem capable of supporting a momentary con-
jecture.
Besides, if this reading, ' a body hast thou
prepared me,' be faulty, hov/ carno St. Paul
to avail himself or the version of the Seventy
to give currency to a thought which was not
theirs, and to persuade the illiterate that
these interpreters had translated the words,
See. XXXIIL]
ANCIENT SACRIFICE OF THE LAW.
30'-
' a body hast thou prepared me,' when indeed |
they had rendered tlie words, ' Mine ears
hast thou bored ?' How could St. Paul em-
ploy a fraud so gross to establish one of the
most venerable mysteries of Christianity, I
mean the doctrine of the incarnation? Had ]
not his own conscience restrained him, a fore-
sight of the reproaches, to which he must
necessarily have exposed himself by such
conduct, must needs have prevented it.
This tirst solution not appearing defensible
to most learned men, they have had recourse
to the following. The seventy translators,
say they, or the authors of this version, tliat
bears their name, whoever they were, knew
the mystery of the incarnation : they were
convinced, that this mystery was foretold in
the fortieth psalm ; and as Jesus Christ could
not perform the functions of a servant,
without uniting himself to a mortal body,
they chose rather to give the meaning of
the prophecy than to render the bare terms
of it. Some have even gone so far as to af-
firm, that the Seventy did this by the inspi-
ration of the Holy Ghost. This solution
has one great advantage, it favours the the-
ological system of those who admit it, and
every solution of this kind, will always have,
independently on the accuracy and justness
of it, the suffrages of great numbers. This
opinion, however, is not free from difficulty.
Do not the mistakes of which this version is
full, and wliich the apostles have often cor-
rected in their quotations of it, form insupe-
rable objections against the imaginary doc-
trine of their inspiration ? But if the au-
thors of this version had not been inspired,
would it have been possible for them to have
spoken of the mystery of the incarnation in
a manner more clear tlian any of the pro-
phets.'' This difficulty appears to me the
greater, because I cannot find any Rabbi (I
except none) who ever understood the pro-
fhecy in the fortieth psalm of the Messiah,
t is St. Paul alone who gives us the true
sense of it.
The conjectures that I have mentioned, ap-
pear to me very uncertain; I therefore haz-
ard my own private opinion on the subject,
and that proof which I think is the most pro-
per to make it eligible, I mean the great sim-
plicity of it, will be perhaps (considering the
great love that almost all men have for the
marvellous), the chief reason for rejecting it.
However, I vv'ill propose it.
I remark first, that the word used by the
pretended Seventy, and by St. Paul, and ren-
dered in our language prr.p<ired, is ©ne of
the most vague terms in the Greek tongue,
and signifies indifferently, to dispose, to
mark, to note, to render capable, and so on.
This remark is so well grounded, that tho}',
•who think the Septuagint reading used tiio
word cars instead of body, retain, however,
the term in question, so that according to
them, it may signify bore, cut, &c.
I observe, secondly, tliat before the Septu-
agint version of the Mosaic rites were very
little known among the heathens, perhaps
also among the dispersed Jews ; it was a
very common thing with the Rabbins to en-
deavour to conceal them from all, except the
inhabitants of Jud(!a, for reasons which I
need not mention now. Hence I infer, that
in tho period of which I am speaking, few
people knew the custom of boring the cars
of those slaves, who refused to accept tho
privileges of the sabbatical year. I say in
this period, not after ; for we find in the wri^
tings of those pagans, who lived in after-
times, and particularly in the satires of
Petronius and Juvenal, allusions to this cus-
tom.
I observe, thirdly, that it wasa'general cus-
tom among the pagans to make marks on
the bodies of those persons, in whom they
claimed a property. They were made on
soldiers, and slaves, so that if they deserted,
they might be easily reclaimed. Sometimes
they imposed marks on them who served an
apprenticeship to a master, as well as on
them who put themselves under the protec-
tion of a god. These marks were called
stigmas ; the word has passed into other
languages, and St. Paul, probably, alludes tu
this custom in his Epistle to the Galatians,
where he says, •' from henceforth let no maji
trouble me. for I bear in my body the mark.?
of the Lord Jesus,' chap. vi. 17. You may
see several such allusions in the ninth of
Ezekiel, and in the seventh of Revelations,
where they, who had put themselves under
the protection of God, and had devoted them-
selves to his service, are represented as mark-
ed in the forehead with a certain mark re-
spected by the messengers of his avenging
justice.
On these different observations I ground
this opinion. The Seventy, or the authors
of the version that bears their name, who-
ever they were, thought, if they translated
the prophecy under consideration literally, it
would be intelligible to the pagans and to the
dispersed Jews, who, being ignorant of the
custom to which the text refers, would not
be able to comprehend the meaning of the
words, ' mine ears hast thou bored.' To
prevent this inconvenience, they translated
the passage in that way which was most
proper to convey its meaning to the readers.
It is well known that the pagans marked the
bodies of their soldiers, and slaves, and disci-
ples. Our authors alluded to this custom,
and translated the words in general, ' thou
hast marked my body,' or ' thou hast dispo-
sed my body,' that is to say, ' thou hast dis-
posed it in a way which is most agreeable to
the functions in which I am engaging.' Now
as this translation was well adapted to con-
vey tiie meaning of the prophet to the pa-
gans, St. Paul had a right to retain it.
Thus we have endeavoured to explain tho
greatest difficulty in the terms of the text.
The following word.?, ' In the volume of the
book it is written of me,' refer to the manner
in which the ancients disposed their boolvs.
They wrote on parchments, fastened one to
another, and made rolls of them. The He-
brew term which St. Paul, and the pretend-
ed Seventy, render hoofc, signifies a roll ;
and some think, the Greek term, which
we render beginning,* and which proper-
* II cat rrrit de moi an cominenccmevt du livrc. It
is written of me iii tlie beginning of tlie book. Fr.
It is wriltoii nf me in flie mlume of the book Ens.
3()i
CHRIST THE SUBSTANCE OF THE
[Ser. XXXIII.
ly signifies a hrail, nlliides to llic form of these
rolls: but tliosn remarks ought not to detain us.
Jesus Christ, we are very certain, is in-
troduced in this place ns accomplishing wliat
the prophets had foretold, tliat is, that tiie
sacrifice of the Messiah should he substituted
in the place of tlie Levitical victims. On
this account, as we said before, our text con-
t;iin.s one of the most essential doctrines of
the rcliifion of Jesus (Christ, and the esta-
blishment of tliis is our next article.
In order to comprehend the sense in which
t])c Messiah says to God, ' Sacriiico and of-
fering thou woiddst not,' we must distinguish
two sorts of volition in God, a, lollling of a
vican, and a willivg of an end. God may
be said to iriJl a mi'/in, when he appoints a
ceremony or establishes a rite, wliicli has no
intrinsic excellence in itself; but which pre-
pares them, on whom it is enjoined, for some
great events, on which their felicity depends.
By icilling an cud, I mean a production of
such events.
If the word trill, be tRken in the first
sense, it cannot bo truly said, that God did
not will or appoint ' sacrifices and burnt-of-
ferings.' Every one knows he instituted
them, and regulated the whole ceremonial of
them, even the most minute articles. On
this account, St. Paul observes, when God
liad given Moses directions concerning the
construction of the tabernacle, he said to
him, ' See that thou make all things accord-
ing to the pattern showed to thee in the
mount,' Heb. viii. 5.
But if we take the word will in the second
sense, and by the will of God, understand his
willing an end, it is strictly true, that God
did not V)ill or appoint ' sacrifices and burnt-
offerings ;' because they were only institu-
ted to prefigure the Messiah, and consequent-
ly as soon as the Messiah, the substance, ap-
peared, all the ceremonies of the law were
intended to vanish.
Now, as we said in the beginning of this
discourse, the Hebrews, wlio were contem-
porary with St. Paul, those, I mean, who
made a profession of Christianity, had great
occasion for this doctrine. If their attach-
ment to the Levitical ritual did not o]icrate
so far as to hhider tlieir embracing the j)ro-
fcssion of Christianity, it must be allowed, it
was one of the principal obstacles to their
entering into the true spirit of it The
apostles discovered, for a long time, a grent
deal of indulgence to those who were misled
by their i)rojudice. St. Paul, a perfect mo-
del of that Christian indulgence and tolera-
tion, which the consciences of erroneous
brethren require, ' became to the Jews a
Jew ;' and far from atVccting to degrade the
ceremonies of the law, observed them with
a scrupulous exactness himself.
But when it was perceived, as it soon was,
♦ hat the attachment of the Jf-ws to the ce-
remonies of the law, and particularly to sa-
crifices, was injurious to the sacriiice of the
cross, the apostles thought it their duty vi-
gorously to oppose such dangerous prejudi-
ces, iiiid this is the design of the iCpistle to
the Hebrews, in which St. Paul establishes
his tliesis, I mean the inutility of sacrifices,
on four decisive arguments. The first in ta-
ken from the nature of the sacrifices. The
second is derived from the declarations of the
prophets. The third is inferred from type^.
And the last arises from the excellence of
the gospel-victim.
' It is not possible,' says the apostle, imme-
diately before my text, ' that the blood of bulls
and of goats shoidd take away sin,' Heb. x.
4, this is as much as to say, the blood of irra-
tional victims is notof vnlue sufficient to sa-
tisfy the Justice of God, righteously expressing
his displeasure against the sins of intelligent
creatures. This is an argument, taken from
the nature of sucrijiccs
' Behold the days come, saith the Lord,
when I will make a new covenant with tho
house of Israel, and witli the house of Judah:
not according to the covenant that I made
with their fathers, in the day when I took them
by the hand to lead them out of the land of
Egypt,' cliap. viii. H, !.>. This is an argument,
taken from the dr.ciiions of the pro/fhets.
Jesus Christ is a '■ priest for ever afler the
order of Melchisedec' For this Melchisc-
dec, king of Salem, priest of the most high
God, who met Abraham returning from the
slaughter of the kings, and blessed him ; to
whom also Abraham gave a tenth part of all ;
first being by interpretation king of right-
eousness, and after that also, king of Salem,
which is king of peace ; without father, with
out mother, with descent, Jiaving neither be-
ginning of days nor end of lite ; but m<adc
like unto the Son of God, abideth a priest
continually. The law was a shadow of gooil
things to come, and not the very image of the
tilings, chap. vii. 17. 1, &c. and x. 1. This
is an argument taken from ti/pes.
The argument taken from the ercellence of
the victim runs through this wliole epistle,
and has as many parts as there are characters
of dignity in the person of Jesus Christ, and
in his priesthood.
The first character of dignity is this. Je-
sus Christ is neither a mere man, nor an an-
gel, he is ' the Son of God, the brightness of
his glory, and the express image of his person.
He upholds all things by the word of his
power,' chap. i. 3, and of liini when he came
into the world, it was said, ' Let all the an-
gels of God worship him,' ver. G. He. in a
word, has the pert'ections of a supreme God,
ami to him the Psalmist rendered the homage
of adoration, when he said, ' Thy throne, O
God ! is for ever and ever ; a sceptre of
righteousness is the sceptre of th}' kingdom.
Thou, Lord ! in the beginning hast laid the
foundation of the earth ; and the heavens arc
the works of thine hands. They shall perish :
but thou remainest ; and they all shall wax
old, as dotli a garment, and as a vesture shalt
thou fold them up, and they shall be ciianged :
but tliou art the same, and thy years shall
not fail,' ver. 8, iSrc.
The solemnity of the institutino- of Jesus
<"hrist is a second character of dignity.
' Christ glorified not himself to be made a
bight priest : but it was God, who said unto
him. Thou art my Son, to-day have I begot-
ten thee,' ehnp. v. 5.
The saercil oath that accompanies the pro-
mises, which Jesus Christ alone fulfils, is a
third character of dignity. ' When God made
Ser. XXXIII.]
ANCIENT SACRIFICE OF THE LAW.
30j
promise to Abraham, because lie could swear
l)y no greater, he sware by hiinnelf, saying.
Surely, blessing, I will bless thee, chap. vi.
14, ' The priests,' under the law, ' were
made without an oath : but this with an oath,
by him that said unto hiiii. The Lord sware,
and will not repent. Thou art a priest for ever
after the order of iVIelchisedec,' chap. vii. 2).
The unity of the priest and the sacrifice is
a fourth character of dignity. * They truly
were many priests, because they were not
suffered to continue by reason ot death : but
this man because he continueth ever, hath an
unchangeable priesthood,' ver. 2'3, 24.
The fifth cliaracter of dignity is the mag-
nificence of that tabernacle into which Jesns
Cl'.rist entered, and the merit of that blood,
which obtained his access into it. ' The first
covenant had a worldly sanctuary,' chap. i.\. 1,
into the first room of ' which the priests went
always, accomplishing the service of God ; and
'into the second, the high priest alone went once
every year, not without blood, which he offer-
ed for himself, and for the errors of the people.
But Christ, being como a high priest of good
things to come, by a greater and more perfect
tabernacle, neither by the blood of bulls and
calves, but by his own blood, entered not
into holy places made with hands, which
were figures of the true : but into heaven it-
self, now to appear in the presence of God
for us,' chap. x. 6, 7. IL l~- '-'4.
To what purpose are Levitical sacrifices, of
what use arc Jewish priests, what occasion
have we for hecatombs, and offerings, after
the sacrifice of a victim so excellent .'' My
text contains one of the most essential doc-
trines of Christianity, that Jesus Christ of-
fered himself for us to the justice of his Father.
This is a doctrine, the evidences of which we
all receive with joy ; a doctrine, the enemies of
which we consider with horror ; a doctrine of
which wo have the highest reason to be holi-
ly jealous, because it is the foundation of that
confidence, witli whicli we come boldly to the
throne of grace, throtighont life, and in the
article of death : but a doctrine, however, tiiat
will be entirely useless to us, unless, while we
lake Jesus Christ for our Redeemer, we take
liiin also for our e.vaniple. The text is not
only the language of Jesus Cliiist, who sub-
stitutes himself in the place of old testament
sacrifices: but it is the voice of David, and of
every believer, who, full of this just senti-
ment, that a personal dedication to the ser-
vice of God is the most acceptable sacrifice,
that men can offer to the Deity, devote them-
selves entirely to him. How foreign soever
this second sense may appear from tlie
first, there is nothing in it tliat ought to sur-
prise you. This is not the only passage of
holy Scripture, which contains a mystical as
well as a literal signification, nor is this the first
time in which the dispositions of inspired men
h.ave been emblems of those of ihc Messiah.
Let us justify this second sense of our text.
Come, my brethren, adopt the words, say
with the prophet, and thus prepare your-
- selves for the celebration of the festival of the
nativity, which is just at hand, ' Sacrifice
and oftering thou wouldst not ; but a body
hast thou prepared me. In burnt-ofierings
and sacrifices for sin thou Jiad no pleasure ;
then said I, Lo ! I come, as it is written in the
volume of the book, to do thy will, O God !'
This is the second part, or rather the appli-
cation of this discourse.
II ' God willeth not sacrifices.' Tho
meaning of these words is easily understood,
I presume. They signify', that the only of-
fering, which God requires of us, is that of
our persons. Recollect a distinction, which wo
made a little while ago, to justify the first
sense of the text, and which is equally pro-
per to explain the second. There is in God
a two-fold will, a willing of means, and a
wilihig of an end. If the word loill be taken
in the first sense, it cannot bo said, ' God
willeth,' or desires, ' not .sacrifices.' He ap-
pointed them as means to conduct us to that
end, which he intended, that is, to the offer-
ing of our persons.
1 have been delighted to find this idea de-
veloped in the writings of those very Jews,
who of all men have the strongest inclina-
tion to exceed in respect for the ceremonies
of religion. I have my eye on a work of o.
Rabbi, the most respectable, and the most
respected, of all, who are so called, I mean
Moses Rlaimonides. The book is entitled,
' A guide to doubting souls.'* Under how
many faces does he present this distinction.''
On what solid foundations does he take care
to establish it .■' I should weaken the argil
ments of this learned Jew, by abridging
them, and I refer all, who are capable of
reading it, to the book itself. You under-
stand then in what sense God demands only
the sacrifice of your persons. It is what he
wills as the end ; and he will accept neither
offerings, nor sacrifices, nor all the ceremo-
nies of religion, unless they contribute to the
holiness of the person who oft'ers them.
Let us not rest in these vague ideas : but
let us briefly close this discourse by observ-
ing, 1. The nature of this offering. 2. The ne-
cessity of it. 3. The difficulties. 4. The delights
that accompany it ; and lastly, its reward.
]. Observe the nature of this sacrifice.
This oftering includes our whole persons,
and every thing that Providence his put in
our power. Two sorts of things may be dis-
tinguished in the victim, 01 which God re-
quires the sacrifice ; the one bad, the other
good. We are engaged in vicious habits, wo
arc carried away with irregular propensities,
we are slaves to criminal passions ; all these
are our bad things. We are capable of
knowledge, meditation, and love ; we possess
riches, reputation, employments, and so on ;
these are our good things. God demands
the sacrifice of both tlicso. Say to God in
both senses, ' Lo ! I come to do thy will, O
God! Whatever you havo of the bad, sacri-
fice to God, and consume it in spiritual
burnt-ofi'oring. Sacrifice to him lire infernal
pleasure of slander. Sacrifice to him the bru-
tal passions tliat enslave your senses. Sacri-
fice to him that avarice which gnaws and de-
vours you. Sacrifice to him that pride, and
presumption, which swell a mortal into ima-
ginary consequence, disguise him from him-
self, make him forget his original dust, and
hide from iiis eyes his future putrefaction.
* .Jlorc Ncvochim.
306
CHRIST THE SUBSTANCE, &c.
[Ser. xxxm.
But also sacrifice j^ourgood things to God. ,
You have genius. Dedicate it to God. Em- I
ploy it in meditating on his oracles, in recti- |
fyingyour own ideas, and in diffusing through
the world by your conversation and writing
til knowledge of this adorable Being. You
h.ivc the art of insinuating your opinions
inlothe minds of men. Devote it to God,
uso it to undeceive your acquaintances, to
open their eyes, and to inspire them with in-
clinations more worthy of immortal souls,
than those which usually govern them. You
have credit. Dedicate it to God, strive
against your own indolence, surmount the ob-
stacles that surround you, open your doors to
widows and orphans, who wish for your pro-
tection. You have a fortune. Devote it to
God, use it for the succour of indigent fami-
lies, employ it tor the relief of the sick, who
Linguisii triendlossi n beds of infirmity, let it
help forward thelawlul desires of them, who,
hungering and thirsting for righteousness,
wander in the deserts of Hrrinim, and pour
out these complaints on the hill M/zar, ' As
the hart pantetli after the water-brooks, so
panteth my soul after Ihec. O God! My soul
thirsteth for God.' Ps. xliii. 1,2, &c. ' My flesh
crieth out for thme altars, O Lord of hosts,
my king, and my God,' Ps. Ixxxiv. 2, 3.
Having observed Iho nature of that offering
which God requires of you, consider next the
necessity of jt. 1 will not load this article
with a multitude ci proofs. J will not repeat
the numerous declarations that the inspired
writers have made on this subject. I will
3ieither insist on this of Samuel, ' To obe}' is
better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the
fat of rams,' 1 Sam. xy. 22. Nor on this of
the Psalmist. ' Unto the wicked, God saith,
What hast tho\i to do to declare my statutes,
or tliat thou shouldest take my covenant in
thy mculh, seeing thou hatcst instruction.-'
Ps. 1. 10, 17. 'The sacrifices of God area
broken spirit,' Ps. li. 17. Nor on this of Isaiah,
' To what purpose is the multitude of your
sacrifices unto me, saith the Lord .' I am full
of the burnt offering's of rams, and the fat of
fed beasts ; put away the evil of your doings
from before mine eyes," chap. i. 11.16. Nor j
on this of Jcremiali, * Put your burnt-offer- i
ings unto your sacrifices, and cat flesh. But '
I commanded not your falliors, in the day 1
that I brought them out of the land of Egypt, |
concerning burnt offerings, or sacrifices : but j
this thing commnnded I them saying. Obey i
my voice, and trust not in lying words, saying,
The temple of tlie Lord, tlic temple of the
Lord, t!)c temple of the Lord, are Ih.ese. Be-
hold ye trust in lying words. Do not steal,
Do no murder, Do not commit adultery,' chap .
vii. 21 — 23. 4. 9. Nor will I insist on many
other declarations of tins kind, with which
Scripture abounds: I have no need of any
other testimony than that of your own con-
sciences.
To what purpose do you attend public wor-
ship in a church consecrated to the service of
Almighty God, if you refuse to make your
bodies temples to the Holy Ghost, and persist
in devoting them to impurity .' To what pur-
pose do you hear sermons, if, as soon as the
preacher has finished, you forget all the
duties lie has recommended .' To what pur- i
pose do you spread your miseries in prayer
l)efore God, while you neglect all the means,
by which he has promised to relieve them .'
To what purpose do you approach the table
of the Lord, if, a few days after }'ou have
partaken of the sacred elements, you violate
all your vows, break all your promises, and
forget the solemn adjurations which you made
there ? To what purpose do you send for
ministers, when death seems to be approach-
ing, if as soon as you recover from sickness,
you return to the same kind of life, the re-
membrance of which caused 3'ou so much hor-
ror when you were sick, and afraid of death .'
The sacrifice required of us is difficult, do
you say i I grant it, my brethren, accordingly,
far from pretendino- to conceal it, I make one
article of the difficulties and pains that ac-
company it. How cxtremel}' difficult, when
our reputation and honour are attacked, when
our fidelity, our morals, our conversation, our
very intentions, are misinterpreted, and slan-
dered ; how extremely difficult, when we are
persecuted and oppressed by cruel and unjnst
enemies; how hard is it to practice the laws
of religion, wliich require us to pardon inju-
ries, and to exercise patience and mercy to
our enemies! How difficult is it to imitate
the example of Jesus Christ, who, when he
hung on the cross, praj'cd for them who nail-
ed him there; how hard is it thus to sacrifice
to God our resentment and vengeance '^ How
difficult is it to sacrifice unjust gains to God,
by restoring them to their owners ; how hard
to retrench expenses, which we cannot ho-
nestly support, to reform a table, that gratifies
the senses, to diminish the number of our at-
tendants, which does us honour, to lay aside
equipajj-es, that surround us with pomp, and
to reduce our expenses to our incomes! How
difficult is it, when all our wishes are united
in the gratification of a favourite passion, O i
how hard is it to free one's self from its domi-
nion ! How difficult is it to eradicate an old
criminal habit, to reform, and to renew one'.s
self, to form, as it were, a different constitu-
tion, to create other eyes, other ears, another
body .' How hard is it, when death approaches,
to bid the world farewell for ever, to part
from friends, parents and children ! In gene-
ral, how difficult is it to surmount that world
of obstacles, whicli oppose us in our path to
eternal happiness, to devote one's self entire-
ly to God in a world, where all the objects of
our senses seem to conspire to detacli us
from him !
But, is this sacrifice the less necessary,
because it is difficult .' Do the disagreeables
and difiiculties, which accompany it, invali-
date the necessity of it .'' Let us add some-
thing of the comforts that belong to it, they
will soften the yoke that religion puts upon
us, nnd encourage us in our arduous pursuit
of immortal joy. Look, reckon, multiply a.-^^
loner as you will, the hardships and pains of
this sacrifice, they can never equal its plea-
sures and rewards.
What delight, after we have laboured hard
at the reduction of our passions, and the re-
formation of our hearts : what delight, after
we have striven, or, to use the language of
Jesus Christ, after we have been in ' an
agoriv.' in endeavourins to resist the torrent.
Skr. XXXIV.] THE EFFICACY OF THE DEATH OF CHRIST.
307
and to survive, if possible, the dreadful storm,
that involves the Christian in his paosage ;
what delight to find, that Heaven crowns our
wishes with success !
What delight when on examining conscience
preparatory to the Lord's Supper, a man is
able to say to himself, ' Once I was a sordid,
selfish wretch ; now my happiness is to assist
my neighbour. Formerly, my thoughts were
tiissipated in prayer, my devotions were in-
terrupted by worldly objects, of which the
whole capacity of my soul was full ; now, I
am enabled to collect my thoughts in my
closet, and to fix them on that God, in com-
munion with whom I pass the happiest hours
of my life. Once, I relished nothing but the
world and its pleasures ; now, my soul
breathes only piety and religion.' What high
satisfaction, when old age arrives, when our
days are passing ' swifter than a weaver's
shuttle,' to be able to give a good account of
our conduct, and, while the last moments fly,
to fill them with the remembrance of a life
well spent ! When our sins present them-
selves before us in all their enormity ; when
we find ourselves in the situation mentioned'
by the Psalmist, ' My sin is ever before me,'
Ps. 11. 3, the image of bloody Uriah haunts
me every where, then how happy to be ena-
bled to say, ' I have wept for these sins, in
the bitterness of penitence I have lost the
remembrance of pleasure in sin ; and I trust,
by the grace of God, I am guarded against
future attacks from them.'
Such are the pleasures of this sacrifice :
but what are its rewards .' Let us only try
to form an idea of the manner in which God
gives himself to a soul, that devotes itself
wholly to him. Ah ! if ' we love him,' is it
not ' because he first loved us .''' Alas ! to
what degree soever we elevate our love to
liiiii, it is nothing in comparison of his love to
us ! What shall I say to you, ray brethren, on
the love of God to us ? What shall I say of
the blessings, which he pours on these states,
and on the individuals who compose them, of
the restoration of peace, tho confirmation of
your liberties, the preservation of your lives,
the long-suiFering that he exercises towards
your souls '' Above all, what shall I say con-
cerning that great mystery, the anniversary
of which the church invites you to celebrate
next Lord's day ? ' God so loved the world
that he gave his only begotten Son,' John
iii. IG.
A God who has loved us in this manner,
when we were enemies to him, how will he
not love us, now we are become his friends,
now we dedicate to him ourselves, and all
besides that we possess .'' What bounds can
be set to his love t' ' He that spared not his!
own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how-
shall he not with him also freely give us all
things .-" Rom. viii. '32. Here I sink under
the weight of my subject. ' O my God ! how-
great is thy goodness, which thou hast laid
up for tliem that fear thee !' Ps. xxxi. 19.
My God ! what will not the felicity of that
creature be, who gives himself wholly to thee,
as thou givest thyself to him !
Thus, my dear brethren, religion is nothing
but gratitude, sensibility and love. God grant
we may know it in this manner ! May the
knowledge of it fill the heart and mouth of
each of us during this festival, and from this
moment to the hour of death, with the lan-
guage of my text, ■ Sacrifice and offering
thou wouldest not, but a body hast thou pre-
pared me. In burnt-offerings for sin, thou
hadst no pleasure : Then said I, Lo! I come.
I come, as it is written in the volume of the
book, to do thy will, O God !' May God con-
descend to confirm our resolutions by his
grace. Amen.
SJERMON XXXIV.
THE EFFICACY OF THE DEATH OF CHillST,
2 CoKINTHIANS V. 14, \5,
The love of Chrht comiraineth us; because ive tlms judge, fhaf if one died
for all, then were all dead: £nd that he died for all, "that they which live,
should not hencefnik live unto themselves, but tinto him, iv'hich died for
them^ and rose again.
MY BRETIIEEN,
We have great designs to-day on you, and we
have great means of executing them. Some-
times we require the most difficult duties of
morality of you. At other times we ])reac.h
the mortification of the senses to you, and
with St. Paul, we tell you, ' they that are
Christ's, have crucified the flesh with the af-
fections and lusts,' Gal. v. 24. Sometimes
we attack your attchment to riches, and after
!he example of our groat Master, we exhort
you to ' lay up for yourselves treasures ia
heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth
corrupt, and where theives do not break
tlirough, nor steal,' Matt. vi. 20. At other
times we endeavour to prepare you for some
violent operation, some severe exercises,
with wJiich it may please God to try you,
and we repeat tho words of the apostle to
the Hebrews, ' Ye have not yet resisted unto
blood, striving against sin ; v/hereforc lift up
308
THE EFFICACY OF
[Ser XXXIV.
the hands whicli liaiig down, and tlie feeble
Isnees,' Heb. xii. 4. 12. At other limes we
summon you to sutfor a death more painful
than your own ; we require you to dissolve
the tender ties that unite your hearts to your
relatives and friends ; we adjure you to break
the bonds that constitute all the hap|)iness of
3'our lives, and we ntter this laniruajfe, or
shall I rather say, thunder this terrible orra-
dation in the name of the Almighty God,
' Take now thy son — tliine only son — Isaac —
whom thou lovest — and ofter him for a burnt-
offering upon one of the mountains, whicli I
will tell thee of,' Gen. xxii. 2. To-day we
demand all these. We require more than
the sacrifice of your senses, more than that
of your riches, more than that of your impa-
tience, more than that of an only son ; we
demand a universal devotedness of yourselves
to ' the author and finisher of your faith ;'
and to repeat tlie emphatical language of m}'
text, wliich in its extensive compass involves,
and includes all these duties, we require you
' henceforth not to live unto yourselves : but
unto him, who died and rose again for you.'
As we have great designs upon you, so we
have great means of executing them. They
are not only a few of the attractives of reli-
gion. They are not only such efforts as
3'our ministers sometimes make, when unit-
ing all their studies and all their abilities,
they approach you with the power of tiie
word. It is not only an august ceremony, or
a solemn festival. They are all these put
toaether. God has assembled them all in
the marvellous transactions of this one day.
Here are all the attractives of religion.
Here are all the united efforts of your minis-
ters, who unanimously employ on these occa-
sions all the penetration of their minds, all
tlie tenderness of their hearts, all the power
of language to awake your piety, and to in-
cline you to render Jesus Christ love for
love, and life for life. It is an august ceremo-
ny, in which, under the most simple symbols
that nature affords, God represents the most
t'ublime objects of religion to you. This is
ii solemn festival, the most solemn festival
that Christians observe, this occasions them
to express in songs of llie highest joy their
gratitude and praise to their deliverer, these
are their sentiments, and thus they exult,
' The right hand of tlie Lord doeth valiantly !'
Ps. cxviii. 15. ' Blessed be the God and Fa-
ther of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath
blessed us with all spiritual blessings in hea-
venly places in Christ,' Eph. i 3. ' Blessed be
God, who hath begotten us again unto a live-
ly hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ
from the dead,' 1 Pet. i, 3.
And on what days, is it natural to suppose,
should the preacliing of the gospel perform
those miracles wliich are promised to it, if
not on such days as these .'' When, if not on
such days as these, should, ' the sword of the
spirit, divide asunder soul and spirit, joints
and marrow,' Eph. vi 17; Heb. iv. li, and
cut in twain every bond of self-love and sin .-'
To all these means add the supernatural as-
sistance that God communicates in a double
portion in these circumstances to all those,
whom a desire of reconciliation with heaven
conducts to this assomb]\'. Wc have pra^-ed
for this assistance at the dawning of this
blessed day ; we prayed for it as we ascended
this pulpit, and again before we began this
exercise ; with prayer for divine assistance
we began this discourse, and now we are ro-
ing to pray for it again. My dear brethren,
unite your prayers with ours, and let us mu-
tually say to God ;
O tliou rock of ages ! Thou author of those
great mysteries, with which the whole Chris-
tian world resounds to day ! make thy ' work
perfect,' Deut. xxxii. 4. Let the end of all
these mysteries be the salvation of this
people. Yea, Lord! the incarnation of thy
Word ; the sufferings, to which thou didst
expose him ; the vilals of thy wrath, poured
on this victim, innocent indeed in himself,
but criminal as he was charged with all our
sins; the cross to which thou didst deliver
him ; the power that thou didst display iu
raising him from the tomb, conqueror over
death and hell ; all these mysteries were de-
signed for the salvation of those believers,
whom the devotion of this day has assem-
bled in this sacred place. Save them, O
Lord ! ' God of peace ! who didst bring
again from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great
shepherd of the sheep, through the blood of
the everlasting covenant, make them perfect
in every good word to do thy will ; work in
them that which is well-pleasing in tiiy
sight through Jesus Christ, to whom be glory
for ever and ever. Amen,' Heb. xiii. 2(), 21.
' The love of Christ constraineth us.' This
is our text. Almost every expression in it is
equivocal: but its ambiguity does not dimin-
ish its beauty. Every path of explication is
I strewed with flowers, and wc meet with only
j great and interesting objects even conforma-
ble to the mysteries of this day and the cere-
i mony that assembles us in this holy place. If
there be a passage in the explication of which
we have ever felt an inclination to adopt that
I maxim, which has been productive of so manj"-
bad comments, that is, tliat expositors ought
to give to every passage of Scripture all the
different senses which it will bear, it is thi>i
passage, which we have chosen for our text.
I Judge of it j-ourselves.
• There is an ambiguity in tlie principal sul-
' j"cc<, of which our apostle speaks, ' The love of
! Christ.' This phrase may signify either the
j love of f hrist to us, or our love to him.
' There is an ambiguity in the persons who
are animated with this love. ' The love of
CJirist constraineth us ; St. Paul means
cither the viivisters of the gospel, of whom
he speaks in the preceding and and following
verses ; or all believers, to the instruction of
whom he consecrated all his writings.
There is also an ambiguity in the effects.
which the apostle attributes to this love. Ho
says, • The love of Christ constraineth us,'
the love of Christ unitcth, or prcsseth us.
' The love of Christ constraineth us,' may
cither signify, our love to Jesus Christ unites
us to one another, because it collects and
unites all our desires in one point, that is, in
Jesus Christ tlie centre. In this sense St.
Paul says, ' Love is the bond of pcrfcctncsS,'
Col. hi. 14, that is to say, the most perfect
friendships, that can be formed, are thos^c
which have love for their principle. Thus if
Skr. XXXIV.]
THE DEATH OF CHRIST.
309
my text were rendered love uniteth us toge-
ther, it would express a sentiment very con-
formable to the scope of St. Paul in this
epistle. He proposes in this epistle in gene-
ral, and in this chapter in particular, to dis-
courage those scandalous divisions which
tore out the vitals of the church at Corinth,
where party was against party, one part of
the congregation against another part of the
congregation, and one pastor waa against
another pastor,
' The love of Christ constraineth us' may
also signify, the love of Christ transports us,
and carries us, as it were, out of ourselves. In
this case the apostle must be supposed to
allude to those inspirations, which the pagan
priests pretended to receive from their gods,
with which, they said, they were filled, and
to those, with which the prophets of the true
God were really animated. The original
word is used in this sense in Acts, where it
said, ' Paul was pressed in spirit, and testi-
fied to the Jews, that Jesus was Christ,' chap,
xviii. 5. This explication approaches still
nearer to the scope of St. Paul, and to the
circumstances of the apostles. They had ec-
stacies. St. Peter in the cityof Joppa was
' in an ecstacy.' St. Paul also was ' caught
up to the third heaven,' chap. x. 10, not
knowing ' whether he was in the body, or
out of the body,' " 2 Cor. xii. 2, 3. These
ecstacies, these transports, these close commu-
nions with God, with which the inspired men
were honoured, made them sometimes pass
for idiots. This is the sense which some
give to these words, * We are fools for
Christ's sake,' 1 Cor. iv. 10. This meaning
of our text well comports with the words
which immediately precede,* Whether we be
beside ourselves, it is to God ; or whether
we be sober, it is for your cause ;' that is to
say, if we be sometimes at such an immense
distance from all sensible objects, if our
minds be sometimes so absent from all the
things that occupy and agitate the minds of
other men, that we seem to be entirely
' beside ourselves,' it is because we are all
concentrated in God ; it is because our capa-
city, all absorbed in this great object, cannot
q,ttend to any thing that is not divine, or
which does not proceed immediately from
God.
' The love of Christ constraineth us.'
This expression may mean, .... (my bre-
thren, it is not my usual method to fill my
sermons with an enumeration of the different
senses that interpreters have given of passa-
ges of Scripture : but all these explications,
which I repeat, and with which perhaps I may
overcharge my discourse to-day, appear to
me so just and beautiful, that I cannot recon-
cile myself to the passing of them over in
silence. When I adopt one, I seem to my-
self to regret the loss of another.) This, I
say, may also signify, that tiie love of Jesus
Christ to us ' surrounds us on every side ;' or
that our love to him ptr cades, and possesses
all the powers of our souls.
The first sense of the original term is
found in this saying of Jesus Ciirist concern-
ing Jerusalem, ' Tlie days shall come upon
thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench
about thee and compass thee round, and keep
2 R
thee in on every side,' Luke xix. 43. The lat
ter is a still more beautiful sense of the term,
and perfectly agrees with the preceding
words, already quoted, ' If we be beside our-
selves, it is to God.' A prevalent passion
deprives us at times of the liberty of reason-
ing justly, and of conversing accurately.
Some take these famous words of St. Paul
in this sense, ' I could wish myself accursed
from Christ for my brethren,' Rom. ix. 3, and
these of Moses, 'Forgive their sin, and if not,
blot me, I pray thee, out of thy book," Exod.
xxxii. 32. Not that a believer in Christ
can ever coolly consent to be seperated from
Christ, or blotted out of the catalogue of
those blessed souls, for whom God reserves
eternal happiness : but these expressions flow
from ' transports of love' in holy men. They
were 'beside themselves,' transported beyond
their judgment. It is the state of a soul
occupied with one great interest, animated
with only one great passion.
Finally, these words also are equivocal,
'If one died for all,' that is to say, if Jesus
Christ has satisfied divine justice by his
death for all men, then, all they who have re-
course to it, are accounted to have satisfied
it in his person. Or rather, ' If one died for
all,' if no man can arrive at salvation but by
the grace which the death of Christ obtain-
ed for him,' then are all dead,' then all ought
to take his death for a model by dying them-
selves to sin. Agreeably to this idea, St.
Paul says, ' We are buried with him by bap-
tism into death,' Rom. vi. 4, that is, the cere-
mony of wholly immersing us in water, when
we were baptized, signified, that we died to
sin, and that of raising us again from our im-
mersion signified, that we would no more
return to those disorderly practices, in which
we lived before our conversion to Christianity.
'Knowing this,' adds our apostle, 'in tliat
Christ died, he died unto sin once ; but in
that he liveth, he liveth unto God,' ver. 10.
Thus in my text, ' If one died for all, then
were all dead,' that is, agreeable to the fol-
lowing words, ' He died for all, that thin-
which live, should not henceforth live unto
themselves: but unto him, which died for
them, and rose again.'
Such is the diversity of interpretations, of
which the words of my text are susceptible.
Nothing can be farther from my design, no-
thing would less comport with the holiness of
this day, than to put each of these in an even
balance, and to examine with scrupulositv
which merited the preference. I would wish
to unite them all, as far as it is practicable,
and as far as the time allotted for this exer-
cise will allow. They, who have written on
eloquence, should have remarked one fio-nre
of speech, which, I think, has not been ob-
served, I mean, a sublime ambiguity. I nu-
derstand by this, the artifice of a man, who,
not being able to express his rich ideas bv
simple terms, of deteiminate meaning, mako.<!
use of others, which excite a multitude nf
ideas ; like those war-machines that strike
several Wciys at once. I could show you
many examples of these traits of eloquence
both in sacred and profane writers : but such
discu.ssions would be impropei here.
In general, we are fully persuaded, that
310
THE EFFICACY OF
[Ser. XXXIV,
tho design of St. Paul in my text is to ex-
press the power of those impressions, which
the love of Jesus Christ to mankind makes
on the hearts of real Christians. This is an
idea that reigns in all the writings of this
apostle ; and it especially prevails in this
epistle, from wiiich our text is taken. ' We
all, with open face, beholding as in a glass
the glory of the Lord, are changed into the
same image from glory to glory ; even as by
the spirit of the Lord,' 2. Cor. iii. 18. 'Al-
ways bearing about in the body the dying of
the Lord Jesus, that the life also of Jesus
might be made manifest in our body,' chap,
iv. 10. ' Though our outward man perish,
yet the inward man is renewed day by day.
Our light affliction, which is but for a mo-
ment, worketh for us a far more exceeding
and eternal weight of glory : while wo look
not at the things which are seen, but at the
things which are not seen ; for the things
which are seen are temporal ; but the things
which are not seen are eternal,' ver 16. — 18.
* He that hatli wrought us for the self same
thing, is God, who also hath given unto us
the earnest of the Spirit,' chap. v. 5. ' We
are willing rather to be absent from the body,
and present with the Lord,' ver. 8. Again
in the text, ' The love of Christ constraineth
us, because we thus judge, that if one died
for all, then were all dead ; and tliat he died
for all, that tliey which live, should not
henceforth live unto themselves, but unto
hirn which died for them, and rose again.'
This is the language of a soul, on whicli the
love of Christ makes lively and deep impres-
sions.
Let us follow this idea, and, in order to
unite, as far as union is practicable, all the
different explications I have mentioned, let
us consider these impressions,
I. In regard to the vehement desires and
sentiments they excite in our hearts. ' This
love constraineth,' it possesses, it transports
us.
II. In regard to the several recipients of
it. ' The love of Christ constraineth us,' us
believers, and particularly us ministers of the
gospel, who are heralds of the love of God.
III. In regard to the consolations which
are experienced through the influence of
love in the miseries of life, and in the ago-
nies of death, of which the apostle speaks in
the preceding verses.
IV. In regard to tlie universality of that
devotedness, with which tliese sentiments
inspire us to this Jesus, who has loved us in
a manner so tender. ' He died for all, that
they which live should not henceforth live
unto themselves, but unto him which died
for them, and rose again '
After we have considered these ideas sepa-
rately, I will endeavour to unite them r-H to-
gether, and apply them to the mystery of
this day. God grant, when you come to the
table of Jesus Christ, when you receive from
our hands the bread and the wine, the sym-
bols of his love, when in his name we say to
you, ' This is my body, this is my blood ;' you
may answer, from the bottom of a soul pene-
trated with this love, ' The love of Christ
constraineth us, because we thus judge, that
if one died for all, then were all dead; and
that he died for all, that they which live
should not henceforth live unto themselves,
but unto him which died for them, and rose
again.'
I. Let us consider the impressions of the
love of Christ on us in regard to the vehe-
mence of those desires, and the vivacity of
those sentiments, which are exci/ed by it in
the soul of a real Christian. 1 am well aware
that lively sentiments, and vehement desires,
seem entirely chimerical to some people.
There are many persons, who imagine that
the degree, to which they have carried piety,
is the highest that can be attained ; that
there is no going be\'ond it ; and that all
higher pretensions are unsubstantial, and en-
thusiastical. Agreeably to this notion, they
think it right to strike out of the list of
real virtues as many as their preachers re-
commend of this kind, although they seem
celebrated in Scripture, and beautifully ex-
emplified in the lives of the holy men of
old. I am speaking now of zeal and fervour.
This pretence, all extravagant as it is,
seems to be founded on reason, and has I
know not what of the serious and grave in
its extravagance. It is impossible, say they,
that abstract truths should niake the same
impressions, on men composed of flesh and
blood, as sensible objects do. Now all is ab-
stract in religion. An invisible Redeemer,
invisible assistance, an invisible judge, invisi-
ble punishments, invisible rewards.
Were the people, whom I oppose, to attri-
bute their coldness and indifference to their
own frailty ; were they endeavouring to cor-
rect it ; were they succeeding in attempts
to free themselves from it ; we would not
reply to their pretence : but, when tliey are
systematically cold and indolent ; when, not
content with a passive obedience to these de-
plorable dispositions, they refuse to grant
the ministers of the gospel the liberty of at-
tacking them ; when they pretend that we
should meditate on the doctrines of redemp-
tion and on a geometrical calculation with
equal coolness ; that these words, ' God so
loved the world, that he gave his only begot-
ten Son to save it,' should be pronounced
with the same indifference as these, ' The
whole is greater than a part;' this is the
Iieight of injustice. We are not obliged, we
think, to reason with people of tliis kind, and
while they remain destitute of that faculty,
without which they cannot enter into those
demonstrations, which we could produce on
this article, it would be in vain to pretend
to convince them.
After all, we glory in being treated by per-
sons of this kind in the same manner, in
which they would have treated saints of the
highest order, those eminent pietists, who
felt the fine emotions, which they style en-
thusiasm and fanaticism. What impressions
01 r(!ligion, h-u Mosr^s, David, Elias, and
many other saints, a list of whom we have
not time to produce .-" Vvtre the ^.entinicnts
of those men old, who uttered their emo-
tions in such language as tins .' ' O Lord ! I
beseech thee, show me :)y glory,' Exod.
xxxiii. 18. ' 6 Lord ! for^^-v'; their sin, or
blot me, I pray thee, out of the bof'k, chap,
xxxii. 32. ' I have been very jealous for the
See. XXXIV]
THE DEATH OF CHRIST.
!11
Lord God of hosts,' 1 Kings xix. 10. ' The
zeal of thine house hath eaten me up,' Ps.
Ixix. 9. ' How amiable are these tabernacles,
O Lord of hosts I My heart and my flesh cry
out for the living God. When shall I come,
and appear before God .'' Before thine altars,
O Lord of hosts, my king, and my God !' Ps.
Ixxxiv. 1 — 3. ' As the hart panteth after
the water brooks, so panteth my soul afler
thee, O God ! My soul thirsteth for God, for
the living God !' chap. xlii. 1,2. ' Love is
strong as death. Jealousy is cruel as the
frave. The coals thereof are coals of fire,
lany waters cannot quench love, neither can
the floods drown it,' Cant. viii. 6, 7.
If religion has produced such lively sen-
timents, such vehement desires in the hearts
of those believers, who saw in a very imper-
fect manner the objects, that are most capa-
ble of producing them, I mean the cross, and
all its mysteries, what emotions ought not to
be excited in us, who behold them in a light
so clear ?
Ah, sinner ! thou miserable victim of death
and hell, recollect the means that grace has
employed to deliver thee ! raised from the
bottom of a black abyss, contemplate the love
that brought thee up, behold, stretch thy
soul, and measure the dimensions of it. Re-
present to thyself the Son of God enjoying in
the bosom of his Father ineffable delights,
himself the object of his adorable Father's
love. Behold the Son of God casting his
eyes on this earth, touched with a sight of
the miseries into which sin had plunged the
wretched posterity of Adam ; forming from
all eternity the generous design of suffering
in thy stead, and executing his purpose in
the fulness of time. See him, whom angels
adore, uniting himself to mortal flesh in the
virgin's womb, wrapped in swaddling clothes,
and lying in a manger at Bethlehem. Repre-
sent to thyself Jesus suffering the just dis-
pleasure of God in the garden of Gethsemane;
sinking under the weight of thy sins, with
which he was charged ; crying in the extre-
mity of his pain, ' O my Father ! if it be
possible, let this cup pass from me !' See
Jesus passing over the brook Cedron, carry-
ing to Calvary his cross, execrated by an un-
bridled populace, fastened to the infamous
instrument of his punishment, crowned with
thorns, and rent asunder with nails ; losing
sight for a while of the love of his Father,
■which constituted all his peace and joy ;
bowing under the last stroke, and uttering
these tragical words, which ought to make
all sinners shed tears ol b^^od, ' My God !
my God ! why hast thou for.sak«;i .•« .'" Ah !
philosophical gravity ! cool reasoning ! how
misemployed are ye in meditating these deep
mysteries ! ' How excellent is thy loving kind-
ness, O God!' Ps. xxxvi. 7. ' My soul shall
be satisfied as with marrow and fatness, when
I remember thee upon my bed, and meditate
on thee in the night-watches,' Ps. Ixiii. 5, 6.
* The love of God is shed abroad in our hearts
by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us,'
Rom. V. 5. ' I am crucified with Christ :
nevertheless I live ; yet not I, but Christ
liveth in me ; and the life which I now live j
in the flesh, I live by the faith of the Son of i
God, who loved me, and gave himself for |
me,' Gal. ii. 20. 'He that has wrought ug
for the self-same thing is God, who also has
given unto us the earnest of his Spirit. The
love of Christ constraineth us, because we
thus judge, that if one died for all, then
were all dead.' This is the language of a
heart inflamed with an idea of the love of
Christ.
II. Let us consider the impressions of the
love of Jesus Christ in regard to the dif-
ferent receivers of it. ' The love of Christ
constraineth us,' us, that is to say us be-
lievers, whatever rank we occupy in the
church: but in a particular manner us apos-
tles of the Lord. I have already intimated,
that my text may be considered as an ex-
plication of what related to the apostles
in the foregoing verse. What idea had St.
Paul given of apostleship in the preceding
verses .' He had represented these holy men
as all taken up with the duties of their of-
fice ; as surmounting the greatest obstacles ;
as triumphing over the most violent con-
flicts in the discharge of their function ; as
acquitting themselves with a rectitude of con-
science capable of sustaining the strictest
scrutiny of men, yea of God himself; as
deeply sensible of the honour that God had
put upon them, by calling them to such a
work ; as devoting all their labours, all their
diligence, and all their time, to the salvation
of the souls of men. We must repeat all the
foregoing chapters, were we to confirm these
observations by the apostle's own words. In
these chapters we meet with the following
expressions. * Our rejoicing is this, the tes-
timony of our conscience,' 2 Cor. i. 1.2. •
' Thanks be unto God, which always causeth
us to triumph in Christ, and maketh manifest
the savour of his knowledge by us in every
place,' chap. ii. 14. ' We are not as many,
which corrupt the word of God : but as of
sincerity, but as of God, in the sight of God
speak we in Christ,' ver. 17. ' If the minis-
tration of death, written and engraven in
stones, was glorious, so that the children of
Israel could not steadfastly behold the face of
Moses, for the glory of his countenance,
which glory was to be done away ; how shall
not the ministration of the Spirit be rather
glorious .''■ chap. iii. 7, 8. ' All things are for
your sakes, that abundant grace might re-
dound to the glory of God,' chap. iv. 15. To
the same purpose are the words immediately
preceding the text. ' Whether we be beside
ourselves, it is to God, or whether we be
sober, it is for your cause.' What cause pro-
duced all these noble effects .' What object
animated St. Paul, and the other apostles, to
fill up the noble character they bore in a man-
ner so glorious .' St. Paul tells you in the
text, ' The love of Christ constraineth us ;'
that is to say, the love of Jesus Christ to his
church makes such deep and lively impres-
sions on our hearts, that we can never lose
sight of it. We think we can never take too
much pains for the good of a society, which
Jesus Christ so tenderly loves. We are so
filled with gratitude for his condescension,
first for incorporating us into this august
body, and next for substituting us to act in
his place, that we rejoice in every opportuni-
ty of sacrificing all to express our sense of it.
112
THE EFFICACY OF
[Ser. XXXIV.
These are the true seutunents of a minis-
ter ofthc gospel. When I speak of a minis-
ter of the gospel, I do not mean a minister
l)y trade and profession only, I mean a min-
ister by inclination and affection. For, my
brethren, there are two sorts of ministers,
Ihe one I may justly denominate trading
ministers, the other affectionate ministers.
A trading minister, who considers the func-
tions of his ministry in temporal views only,
who studies the evidences and doctrines of
religion, not to confirm himself, but to con-
vince others, who puts on the exterior of
piety, but is destitute of the sentiments of it,
is a character sordid and base, I had almost
said odious, and execrable. What charac-
ter can be more odious and execrable, than
that of a man, who gives evidence of a truth,
which he himself does not believe .' Wlio
excites the most lively emotions in an audi-
tory, while he himself is less affected than
any of his hearers .'' But there is also a
minister by inclination and affection, who
studies the truths of religion, because they
present to him the most sublime objects,
that a reasonable creature can contemplate,
and who speaks with eagerness and vehe-
mence on these truths, because, he perceives,
they only aie worthy of governing intelli-
gent beings.
What effects does a meditation of the love
of God in Christ produce on the heart of
such a minister .' St. Paul mentions the ef-
fects in the text, ' The love of Christ con-
straineth, surroundeth, presseth, transport-
cth, him.' My brethren, pardon me if I say
the greatest part of you are not capable of
entering into these reflections ; for, as you
consider the greatest mysteries of the gospel
onlj' in a vague and superficial manner, you
neither know the solidity nor the beauty of
them, you neither perceive the foundation,
the connexion, nor the glory of them. Hence
it is, that your minds are unhappy when
they attend long to these subjects ; reading
tires you, meditation fatigues you, a discourse
of an hour wears out all your patience, the
languor of your desires answers to the na-
ture of your applications, and your sacrifi-
(;es to religion correspond to the faintness of
those desires, and to the dulness of those ap-
plications, which produced them. It was
not thus with St. Paul, nor is it thus with
such a minister of the gospel as I have de-
scribed. As he meditates, he learns; as he
learns, his desire of knowing increases. He
sees the whole chain of wonders, that God
has wrought for the salvation of men ; he
admires to see a promise made to Adam re-
newed to Abraham ; he rejoices to find a
promise renewed to Abraham confirmed to
Moses ; he is delighted to see a promise con-
firmed to Moses published by the prophets,
and long after that publication accomplished
by Jesus Christ. Charmed with all these
duties, he thinks it felicity to enter into the
views and the functions of Jesus Christ, and
to become ' a worker together with him,'
cliap. vi. 1 ; this work engrosses all his
thoughts ; he lives only to advance it ; he
sacrifices all to this great design ; he is 'be-
side liimself.' Why .-' ' The love of Christ
constraint-lh him.'
III. Let us add a few considerations on
the impressions of the love of Jesus Christ
in regard to ' the consolations which they
afford in the miseries of life, and in the ago-
nies of death.'
By what unheard of secret does the Cliris-
tian surmount pain ? By what unheard of
secret does he find pleasure in the idea of
death ? St. Paul informs us in the text.
' The love of Christ possesseth us, becauise
we thus judge, that if one died for all, then
were all dead. If one died for all, then were
all dead,' this is the source of the consola-
tions of a dying man, this is the only rational
system that men have opposed against the
fears of death. All besides are vain and
feeble, not to say stupid and absurd.
What can be more improper to support us
under the fear of death than the presump-
tions, the uncertainties, the tremulous hopes
of a Socrates, or a Seneca, or other pagan
philosophers ?
What can be less likely to arm us against
the fear of death than distant consequences
drawn from confused notions of the nature
of the soul, such as natural religion affords.'
What can be less substantial than vague spe-
culations on the benevolence of the Supreme
Being ?
Can any thing be more extravagant, can
any thing be less capable of supporting us un-
der the fear of death, than that art which
worldlings use, of avoiding the sight of it,
and of stupifying the soul in tumult and
noise ?
Let us not assume a brutal courage ; let
us not affect an intrepidity which we are in-
capable of maintaining, and which will de-
ceive us, when the enemy comes. Poor mor-
tal ! victim of death and hell ! do not
say,' I am increased in goods, and have need
of nothing,' Rev. iii. 17, while every voice
around thee cries, ' Thou art poor and mise-
rable, blind and naked.' Let us acknowledge
our miseries. Every thing in dying terrifies
me.
The pains that precede it, terrify me. I
shudder when I see a miserable creature
burning with a fever, suffocated, tormented,
enduring more on a death-bed than a crimi-
nal suffers on a scaffold or a wheel. When
I see this, I say to myself, this is the state
into which I must shortly come.
The sacrijices to which death calls us, ter-
rify me. I am not able, without rending
my soul with insufferable grief, I am not
able to look at the dismal veil that is about to
cover every object of my delight. Ah ! how
can I bear to contemplate myself dissolving
my strongest bonds, leaving my nearest re-
lations, quitting, for ever quitting, my most
tender friends, and tearing myself from my
own family ?
The state into which death brings my bo-
dy, terrifies me. I cannot without horror
figure to myself my funeral, my coffin, my
grave, my organs, to which my Creator has
so closely united my soul, cold and motion-
less, without feeling and life.
Above all, the idea of a just trihvnaJ, be-
fore which death will place me, terrifies me.
My hair starts and stiffens on my head, my
blood freezes in my veins, my thoughts trem-
Ser. XXXIV.]
THE DEATH OF CHRIST.
313
ble and clash, my knees smite together, when
I reflect on these words of St. Paul just be-
fore my text, ' We must all appear before
the judgment-seat of Christ, that every one
may receive the things done in his body, ac-
cording to that he hath done, whether it be
good or bad,' ver. 10. Miserable I ! I, who
have so often sinned against my own light ;
I, who have so often forgotten my Creator ;
I, who have so often been a scourge to my
neighbour ; so often a scandal to the church ;
wretcheS I ! 1 must ' appear before the
judgment-seat of Christ, to receive the things
done in my body, whether they be good or
bad !' What an idea ! What a terrible, what
a desperate idea !
The impressions which an idea of the
love of Christ makes upon my soul, efface
those gloomy impressions which an idea of
death had prodiited there. ' The love of
Christ' consoles my soul and dissipates all
my fears. ' If one died for all, then were all
dead,' is a short system against the fear of
death.
' Jesus Christ died for all.' The pains of
death terrify me no more. When I compare
what Jesus Christ appoints me to suffer with
what he suffered for me, my pains vanish,
and seem nothing to me. Besides, how can I
doubt, whether he, who had so much love as to
die for me, will support me under the pains of
death ? Having been ' tried in all points like
aa we are,' will he net be ' touched with a
feeling of my infirmities,' and deliver me
when I am tried as he was.
' Jesus Christ died for all.' The sacrifices
that death requires of me, terrify me no
more. I am fully persuaded, God will in-
demnify me for all that death takes from me,
and he who gave me his own Son, ' will
with him also freely give me all things,' Rom.
viii. 32.
'Jesus Christ died for all.' The state to
which death reduces my body, terrifies me
no more. Jesus Christ has sanctified my
grave, and his resurrection is a pledge of mine.
'Jesus Christ died for all.' The tribunal
before which death places me, has nothing
in it to terrify me. Jesus Christ has si-
lenced it. The blows of divine justice fell
on his head, and he is the guardian of mine.
Thus ' the love of Christ presseth, cover-
etb, and surroundeth us, because we thus
judge, that if one died for all, then were all
dead.'
IV. The impressions of the love of Christ
on us are considerable, in regard to that
universal obedience with which the tender
love of a Redeemer inspires us. This is the
meaning of these words, ' He died for all,
that they which live should not henceforth
live unto themselves, but unto him which
died for them, and rose again.' Of the cha-
racters, the motives, the pleasures, of this
universal obedience, you cannot be ignorant,
my brethren. They make a chief matter
of all the discourses that are addressed to
you ; and they have been particularly the
topics for some weeks past, while wo were
going over the history of the passion of
Christ, a history that may be truly called a
narration of Christ's love to you. I will
therefore confine myself to one reflection.
I make this reflection, in order to prevent
mistakes on this disposition of mind, of which
my text speaks. Let us not imagine, that
St. Paul, by exhorting us to live only to
Christ, intends to dissuade us from living for
the benefit of our fellow creatures. On the
contrary, I have already recommended that
sense of the words which some commenta-
tors give ; ' the love of Christ constraineth
us,' that is, say some, the love of Christ
unites us in bonds of love to one another ;
and I have already shown, that if this could
not be proved to be the precise meaning of
St. Paul in the text, it is, however, a very
just notion in itself, and a doctrine taught by
the apostle in express words in other places.
But what I have not yet remarked is this.
In the opinion of some interpreters there is
a close connection between the words of my
text, ' the love of Christ constraineth us,' and
the preceding words, ' whether we be beside
ourselves, it is to God; or whether we be sober,
it is for your cause.' According to this no-
tion, St. Paul having described the two parts of
devotion, or if you will, the two kinds of Chris-
tian devotion, unites both in this general ex-
pression, ' live unto Christ.' The one is the
devotion of the closet, the other that of soci-
ety. Closet devotion is expressed in the
words, ' whether we be beside ourselves, it is
to God.' This is expressive of the effusions of
a soul, who, having excluded the world, and
being alone with his God, unfolds a heart
penetrated with love to him. ' Wliether we
be sober, it is for your cause, for the love of
Christ uniteth us,' signifies the state of a
soul, who having quitted the closet, having
returned to his natural course of thought,
and having entered into the society in which
God has appointed him to live, makes the
happiness of his neighbour his principal occu-
pation.
I say of this interpretation, as I said of a
former, I am not sure that it contains pre-
cisely the meaning of St. Paul in the text ;
but it contains an idea very just in itself, and
which the apostle, as well as all other inspi-
red writers, has expressed elsewhere. Would
you then perform this necessary duty, agree-
ably to this sense of the text ? Would they
' who live, not live to themselves, but unto
him who died for them, and rose again .-" Let
your devotion have two parts. Let your
life be divided into two sorts of devotion, the
devotion of the closet, and the devotion of
society.
Practise private devotion, be beside your-
selves unto God. Believer ! Is it right for
thee to indemnify thyself by an immediate
communion with thy God for the violence
that is done to thine affection, when thou art
obliged, either wholly to lose sight of him, or
to see him only through mediums, which con-
ceal a part of his beauty .' Well then, enter
into thy closet,shufthy door against the world,
flee from society, and forget it, give thyself
up to the delights which holy souls feel when
they absorb themselves in God. Beseech
him, after the example of inspired men in
their private interviews with him, to manifest
himself to you in a more intimate manner.
Say to him as they said, ' O Lord, I bes.ech
theC; show me thy glory. It is good for me
314
THE EFFICACY OF THE DEATH OF CHRIST. [Ser. XXXIV.
to draw near to God. Whom have I in hea-
ven but thee ? there is none upon earth that
I desire besides thee,' Exod. xx.xiii. 18 ; Ps.
Ixxxiii. 28. 25.
But, after thou hast performed the devotion
of the closet, practise the devotion of society.
After thou hast been beside thyself to God,
be sober to thy neighbour. Let love unite
thee to the rest of mankind Visit the pri-
soner ; relieve the sick ; guide the doubtful ;
assist him who stands in need of your credit.
Distrust a piety that it is not ingenious at
rendering thee useful to society. St. Paul
fiomevvhere says, ' All the law is fulfilled in
one word, even in this, thou shalt love thy
neighbour as thyself This proposition seems
hyperbolical. Some expositors have thought
it justifiable, by supposing, that the apostle
speaks here only of the second table of the law.
Their supposition is unnecessary. Id some
respects all virtues are comprised in this
command, ' thou shalt love thy neighbour.'
To love our neighbour, we must be humble.
When we have lofty notions of ourselves, it
is impossible to pay that attention to a neigh-
bour which his merit demands. To love our
neighbour we must be patient. When the
first obstacle discourages us, or when the
least opposition inflames our tempers ; it is
impossible to enter into those details which
Jove for a neigiibour requires. In order to
discharge the duty of loving a neighbour, we
must be moderate in our pleasures. When
we are devoted to pleasure, it is impossible to
endure those disagreeables, whicii love to a
neighbour demands. Above all, to love a
neighbour, we must lore God. Remember
the saying of St. John, * If a man say, I
love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar,'
1 John iv. 20. For what is love ? Is it not that
sympathy which forms between two intelli-
gent beings a conformity of ideas and senti-
ment .' And how can we flatter ourselves,
that we have a conformity of ideas with a
God of love, who has communicated to his
creatures a conformity of sentiments and
ideas, if we withhold our affection from his
creatures, and live only to ourselves.' ' He
then, who saith, I love God, and hateth his
brother, is a liar.' If thou lost not love him, j
thou art (permit me to say it), thou art a j
visionary, d fanatic. !
Who is a visionary .'' who is a fanatic ' He '
is a man who creates fanciful ideas of God. |
He is a man who frames an arbitrary morali-
ty. He is a man, who, under pretence of
living to God, forgets what he owes to his
fellow creatures. And this is exactly the
character of the man, whose closet devotion
makes him neglect social religion. Ah !
liadst thou just notions of God, thou wouldst
know, that ' God is love ;' and hadst thou
just notions of morality, thou wouldst know,
that it is impossible for God, who is love, to
prescribe any other lov6 to us, than that
which is the essence of all moral duties
All these ideas, my brethren, would require
much enlargement : but time fails. I shall
not scruple so much the closing of this sub-
ject to-day, without considering it in every
point of view, as I should do in our ordinary
exercises. I descend from this pulpit to con-
duct you to the table of the Lord, on which
lie the symbols of that love of which we have
been speaking, and they will exhort you in
language more forcible than mine to reduce
all the doctrine of this day to practice.
We have been preaching to you fervour,
zeal, transports of divine love ; attend to those
symbols, they preach these virtues to you in
words more powerful than ours. Say to
yourselves, when you approach the holy table :
it was on the evening that preceded the ter-
rible day of my Redeemer's infinite suff'erings,
that he appointed this commemorative supper.
This bread is a memorial of his body, which
was bruised for my sins on the cross. The
wine is a memorial of that blood which so
plentifully flowed from his wounds to ransom
me from my sins. In remembering this love
is there any ice that will not thaw ? Is there
any marble that will not break ? will not love
the most vehement, animate and inflame
you?
We have been preaching that the love of
Jesus Christ ought to animate you. Hear the
j voice of these symbols, they preach this truth
I to you in language more powerful than ours.
j There is not to-day among you an old man
'< so infirm ; nor a poor man so mean ; nor a
1 citizen so unknown to his fellow-citizens,
that he may not approach the holy table, and
receive from sovereign wisdom the mysteri-
ous repast.
I But ministers of the gospel, we have been
saying, ought more than other men] to be ani-
mated with the love of Christ. My dear
colleagues in the work of the Lord, hear
these symbols ; they preach to you in lan-
guage more powerful than ours. What a
glory has God put upon us in choosing to
commit to us such a ministry of reconcilia-
tion ! What an honour to be called to preach
such a gospel ! What an honour to be ap-
pointed dispensers of these rich favours,
which God to-day bestows on this assembly !
But at the same time, what love ought the
love of God to us excite in our hearts ! The
heart of a minister of the gospel should be an
altar on which divine fire should bum with
unquenchable flame.
We have been preaching to you, that the
love of Christ will become to you an inex-
haustible source of consolation in the dis-
tresses of life, and in the agonies of death.
Hear these symbols ; they preach these truths
to you in language more forcible than ours.
Hear them ; they say to you in the name of
God, 'Fear not, thou worm Jacob! When
thou passest through the waters, I will be
with thee, and through the rivers, they shall
not overflow thee : when thou walkest
through the fire, thou shalt not be burnt,'
Isa. xli. 14.
We have been preaching to you a univer-
sal obedience to the will of God. Hear these
symbols ; they preach this truth to you in
language more forcible than ours. And what
exceptions would you make in your obedi-
ence to a Saviour, who does for you what '
you are going to see, to hear, and to experi-
ence ? What can you refuse to a Saviour,
who gave you his blood and his life ; to a Sa-
viour, who, on his throne, where he is receiv-
ing the adorations of angels and seraphim,
thinks of your bodies, your souls, your salva-
Seb. XXXV.]
THE LIFE OF FAITH.
315
tion ; and who still wishes to hold the most
tender and intimate communion with you ?
My dear brethren, I hope so many exhorta-
tions will not be addressed to you in vain. I hope
we shall not be ministers of vengeance among
you to-day. You are not going, I trust, by re-
cieving sacramental bread and wine at our
hands to-day, to eat and drink your own con-
demnation. I hope the windows ofheaven will
be opened to-day, and benedictions from
above poured out on this assembly. The an-
gels, I trust, are waiting to rejoice in your
conversion. May Jesus Christ testify his ap-
probation of your love to him by shedding
abroad rich effusions of his love among you !
May this communion be remembered with
pleasure when you come to die, and may the
pleasing recollection of it felicitate you
through all eternity ! O thou ' Miglity one of
Israel !' O Jesus, our hope and joy, hear and
ratify our prayers ! Ainen. To him, as to
the Father and the Holy Spirit, be honour
and glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XXXV.
THE LIFE OF FAITH.
HABAKKUK li. 4.
The just shall live by his Failh.
The words of our text, which open to us
a wide field of reflections, may be taken in
two senses. The first may be called a moral
sense, and the last a theological sense. The
first regards the circumstances of the Jews,
when the prophet Habakkuk delivered this
prophecy ; and the last respects that great
object, on which believers have fixed their
eyes in all ages of the church.
Habakkuk (for I enter into the matter im-
mediately, in order to have full time to dis-
cuss the subject,) began to prophecy before
the destruction of Jerusalem by the army of
Nebuchadnezzar, and he was raised up to
announce the progress of that scourge, or, as
another prophet calls him, that ' hammer of
the whole earth,' Jer. 1. 23. Habakkuk,
astonished, and, in a manner, offended at
his own predictions, derives strength from
the attributes of God to support himself
under this trial, and expresses himself in this
manner ; ' Art thou not from everlasting, O
Lord my God, mine holy one .' We shall not
die, O Lord ! thou hast ordained tlieni for
judgment, and, O niightv God! thou hast
established them for correction. Thou art of
purer eyes than to behold evil,' chap. i. 12, 13.
The prophet goes farther. Not content
with vague ideas on a subject so interest-
ing, he entreats God to give him some par-
ticular Knowledge by revelation of the des-
tiny of a tyrant, who boasted of insulting
God, pillaging his temple, and carrying his
people into captivity : ' I will stand upon
my watch, and set me upon the tower, and
will watch to see what he will say unto
me,' The Rabbles give a very singular
exposition of the words, ' I will stand upon
my watch,' and they translate them, * I will
confine myself in a circle ' The prophet, say
they, drew a circle, and made a solemn vow,
that he would not go out of it till God had
unfolded those dark dispensations to him,
which seemed so injurious to his perfections.
This was almost like the famous consul, who,
being sent by the Koman senate to Antiochus,
made a circle round that prince, and said to
him, ' either you shall accept the conditions
of peace which I offer you, before you go out
of this circle, or in the name of the senate I
will declaie war against you.'*
God yielded to the desire of his servant ;
he informed him of the dreadful vicissitudes
which Nebuchadnezzar should experience ;
and of the return of the Jews into their own
country : but at the same time he assured
him, that these events were at a considerable
distance, that no man could rejoice in them
except he looked forward into futurity, but
that faith in the accomplishment of these
promised blessings would support believers
under that deluge of calamities which was
coming on the church. ' The vision is yet
for an appointed time. At the end it shall
speak and shall not lie ' If the Lord seem to
you to defer the accomplishment of his pro-
mises too long, wait for it with all the defer-
ence, which finite creatures owe to the Su-
preme Intelligence that governs the world.
He, yuu will find, ' will not tarry' beyond his
appointed time. ' The soul, which is lifted
up,' that is to say, the man who would fix a
time for God to crush tyrants, ' is not upright,'
but wanders after his own speculations : but
the just shall live by his faith.'
This is what I call the moral sense of the
text, relative to the peculi-ir circumstances
of the Jews in the time of the prophet, and
in this sense St Paul applies my text to the
circumstances of the Hebrews, who were
called to endure many afflictions in this life,
and to defer the enjoyment of their reward
till the next. ' Ye have need of patience
(says the apostle,) that after ye have done
the will of God ye might receive the promise.
For yet a little while, and he that shall come
will come, and will not tarry. Now the just
shall live by faith,' Heb. x. 36 — 38.
But these words also have a theological
* M. Popilius Lxna a Antiocbus Epiphancs dans
Vellei I'acro. liisU Rom. 1. i.
316
THE LIFE OF FAITH.
[Ser. XXXV.
meaning, wliich regards those great objects
on which believers have fixed their eyes in
all ^ges of the ciiurch. This is the sense
which St. Paul gives the words in his Epistle
to the Romans. ' The righteousness of God
is revealed in the gospel from faith to fiiith :
as it is written, the just shall live by faith,'
chap. i. 17. In the same sense he uses the
passage in the Epistle to the Galatians,
' That no man is justified by the law in the
sight of God is evident; for the just shall
live by faith,' chap. iii. 11. In this sense I
intend to consider the text now, and to apply
all the time allotted for this discourse to this
view of it.
In order to develope the subject, I will do
three things.
I. I will explain the term.s of this propo-
sition, ' the just shall live by faith.'
II. Prove the truth of it.
III. Endeavour to remove the dilliculties,
which may attend the subject to some of you.
I. Let us explain the terms of this propo-
sition, ' the just shall live by his faith.' In
order to understand the subject we must in-
quire who is the just, what is the life, and
what the faith, of which the prophet, or
rather St. Paul after the prophet, speaks.
Who is this just, or righteous man ? To
form a clear notion of this, it is necessary
with St. Paul, to distinguish two sorts of
righteousness, a righteousness according to
the law, and a righteousness according to
faith.
By righteousness after the law, I under-
stand that which man wishes to derive from
his own personal abilit}'. By the righteous-
ness of faith, I understand that wliich man
derives from a principle foreign from him-
self. A man who is just, or to speak more
precisely, a man who j>retends to be just ac-
cording to this first righteousness, consents
to be examined and judged according to the
utmost rigour of the law. He desires the
justice of God to discover any thing in him
that deserves punishment ; and he has the
audacity to put himself on such a trial as
justice pronounces in these words of tlie law,
' If a man do these things, he shall live in
them,' Lev. xviii. 5. Ho, on the contrary,
who is just according to the righteousness of
faith, acknowledges himself guilty of many
and great sins, which deserve the most rigo-
rous punishment : but he does not give him-
self up to that despair, into which the idea
of liis criminality would naturally hurry him ;
he is not afraid of those punishments, which,
he owns, he deserves ; he hopes to live, be-
cause he expects God will deal with him,
not according to what he is in himself, but ac-
cording to his relation to Jesus Christ.
That these are the ideas which must be af-
fixed to the term, just, is evident from these
words of St. Paul ; ' I count all things but
loss, for the excellency of the knowledge of
Christ Jesus my Lord ; for whom I have suf-
fered the loss of all things, and do count
them but dung, that I may win Christ and
be found in him ;' remark these words,
' not having mine own righteousness, which
is of the law, but that which is through
the faith of Christ, the righteousness, which
IS of God by faithj' Phil. iii. 8, t*. This pas-
sage sufficiently shows the sense in which
the term just is to be taken, and this term
needs no farther elucidation.
The second also is easily explained. Tho
just shall lire, that is to say, although divine
justice had condemned him to eternal death,
yet he shall be freed from it ; and although
he had rendered himself unworthy of eter-
nal felicity, yet he shall enjoy it. This is so
plain, that it is needless to enlarge on this
term. We intend to insist most on that
term which is the most difficult, the third
term, faith, I mean, 'The just shall live by
his faitli,'
To have faith, or to believe, is an expres-
sion so vague in itself, and taken in so many
different senses in Scripture, that we cannot
take too much care in determining its precise
meaning. Faith is sometimes a disposition
common to the righteous and the wicked ;
sometimes it is the distinguished character of
a Christian, and of Christianity ; sometimes
it is put for the virtue of Abraham, who was
ciilled the ' father of the faithful,' Rom. iv.
11, by excellence ; and sometimes it stands
for the credence of devils, and the terrors
that agitate them in hell are ascribed to it.
The variety of this signification arises from
this consideration ; faith is a disposition of
mind, that changes its nature according to
the various objects which are proposed to it.
If the object presented to faith be a particular
object, faith is a particular disposition ; and
if the object be general, faith is a general
virtue. If we believe a past event, we are
said to have faith, for ' through faith we un-
derstand that the worlds were framed by the
word of God,' Heb. xi. 3. If we believe a
future event, we are said to have faith, for
' faith is tiie substance of things hoped for,
the evidence of things not seen,' ver. 1.
When the v/oman of Canaan believed that
Jesus Christ would grant her petition, she
was said to have faith, ' O woman, great is
thj' faith,' Watt. xv. 28. In a similar case,
our Lord says, ' I have not found so great
faith, no not in Israel,' chap. viii. 10. When
the disciples believed, that they should work
miracles in virtue of the name of Jesus Christ,
it was called a having of faith, ' If ye have
faith as a grain of mustard-seed, ye shall say
unto this mountain, remove hence to yonder
place, and it shall obey you,' chap. xvii. 20.
In a word, every act of the mind acquiescing
in a revealed truth is called faith in the style
of Scripture.
But, among these different notions, there
is one which is particular, there is a
faith to which Scripture ascribes extraor-
dinary praise. Sa\ing faith, the faith that
Jesus Christ requires of all Christians, and
of which it is said, ' through faith are ye
saved,' Eph. ii. 8 ; and elsewhere, ' whosoever
bclieveth shall have everlasting life,' John iii.
16, this is the faith of which the text speaks,
and of the nature of which we are now in-
quiring. To comprehend this, we must trace
the question to its principle, and examine
what is the object of this faith.
The Great and principal object, which is
presented to the faith that justifies, without
doubt is Jesus Christ as dying and offering
himself to the justice of his Father. On this
Ser. XXXV.]
THE LIFE OF FAITH.
317
account St. Paul says to the Corinthians, ' I
determined not to know any thing among
you, save Jesus Christ, and him crucified,' 1
Epist. ii. 2. Faith contemplates the objects
that are displayed in tlie cross of Jesus Christ,
and persuades the Christian, that there is no
other way of obtaining salvation, or, to use
the language of Scripture, that ' there is none
other name under heaven given among men
whereby we must be saved,' Acts iv. 12. It
inspires him with a sincere desire of lodging
under the sliadow of his cross, or, to speak in
plain Scripture language without a figure, of
being ' found in him, not having his own
righteousness, which is of the law : but that,
which is through the faith of Christ.' This
is a general vague account of the nature of
faith.
But as this notion of faith is vague, it
is subject to all the inconveniences of vague
ideas ; it is equivocal and open to illusion.
We are not saved by wishing to be saved ;
nor are we justified because we barely desire
to be justified.
We must, tlierefore, distinguish two sorts
of desires to share the benefits of the death of
Christ. There is a desire unconnected with
all the acts, which God has been pleased to
require of us, of this we are not speaking.
There is also another kind of desire to share
the benefits of the death of Christ, a desire
that animates us with a determination to
participate these benefits, whatever God inay
require, and whatever sacrifices we may be
obliged to make to possess them. This desire,
we think, constitutes the essence of faith.
The true believer inqjires with the strict-
est scrutiny what God requires of him, and
he finds three principal articles. Jesus Christ,
he perceives, is proposed (if you allow me to
speak thus) to his mind, to his heart, and to
his conduct. Faith receives Jesas Christ in
all these respects ; in regard to the mind, to
regulate its ideas by the decisions of Jesus
Christ alone ; in regard to tiie heart, to em-
brace that felicity only, which Jesus Christ
proposes to its hope ; in regard to the con-
duct, to make the laws of Jesus Christ the
only rules of action. Faith, then, is that dis-
position of soul, which receives Jesus Christ
wholly, as a teacher, a promihor, a legislator.
Faith will enable us to adniit the most in-
comprehensible truths, the mo^t abstruse doc-
trines, the most profound mysteries, if Jesus
Christ reveal them. Faith will engage us to
wish for tiiat kind of felicity which is the most
opposite to the desires of flesh and blood, if
Jesus Christ promise it. Faith will inspire
UB with resolution to break tlie strongest
ties, to mortify the most eager desires, if
Jesus Christ commanded us to do so. This, in
our opinion, is the only true notion of saving
faitii.
The terms of the proposition being thus
explained, we will go on to explain the whole
proposition, ' the just shall live by liis faith.'
All depends on one distinction, which we shall
do well to understand, and retain. There are
two kinds, or causes of justification. The
first is the fundament;)! or meritorious cause ;
the second is the instrumental cause. We
call that the fundamental cause of our justi-
fication, which requires, merits, and lays the
2 S
foundation of our justification and salvation.
By the instrumental cause, we mean those acts
which it has pleased God to prescribe to us,
in order to our participation of this acquired
salvation, and without which ' Christ becomes
of no effect to us,' accordin<r to the language
of Scripture, Gal. v. 4. The fundamental
cause of our justification is Jesus Christ, and
Jesus Clirist alone. It is Jesus Christ inde-
pendentl}' of our faith and love. If Jesus
Christ had not died, our faith, our repentance,
and all our efforts to be saved, would have
been in vain, ' for other foundation can no
man lay than that which is laid, which is
Jesus Christ,' 1 Cor. iii. 11. ' There is none
other name under heaven given among men,
whereby we must be saved,' Acts iv. 14.
Verily, if any thing could conciliate God to
men, ye excruciating agonies of my Saviour !
thou perfect satisfaction ! thou bloody death !
sacrifice proposed to man immediately after
his lall ! ye only, only ye, could produce this
great effect ! Accursed, accursed be he who
preaches another gospel ! ' God forbid that I
should glory save in the cross of our Lord
Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified
unto me, and I unto the world,' Gal. vi. 14.
But when we inquire how we are justified,
we do not inquire the meritorious cause of
salvation ; we suppose salvation already me-
rited ; but we ask, what is essential to our
participation of it ? To this we reply, faith,
faith alone, but such a faith however, as we
have described, a living faith, faith as a prin-
ciple of renovation ; faith, which receiver
the decisions of Jesus Christ, embraces his
promises, and enables us to devote ourselves
to his service. This is the sense in which
we understand the proposition in the text,
' the just shall live by his faith.' It is not suf-
ficient to explain the propositions, we must
prove, and establish it against erroneous di-
vines, and loose casuists. This is our second
article.
II. We oppose our system, first against that
of some erroneous divines. We have a con-
troversy on this subject, not only with those
enemies of our mysteries, who consider Jesus
Christ only as a legislator, distinguished
from other m.oralists only by the clearness of
his moral principles, and the power of his
motives : but we have also a famous dispute
with the divines of the church of Rome on
this head, and we attack that part of their
doctrine which we call the merit of good
works.
In order to understand this controversy
clearly, we must observe, that the members
of the church of Rome are divided into two
classes ,on this article. In the first class we
place those divines, who without any restric-
tions or qualifications, maintain this unwar-
rantable thesis, good works merit heaven, as
bad ones deserve hell. The second affirm,
that good works do, indeed merit heaven :
but in virtue of the mercy of God, and of
the new covenant, that he has made with
mankind. When we dispute against the
errors of the church of Rome "we should
carefully distinguish these opinions. It must
be granted, protestnnts have not always done
so. We speak as if the church of Rome as a
body held thie thesis, good works merit hea,--
318
THE LIFE OF FAITH.
[Ser. XXXV
ven, as bad ones deserve hell ; whereas this
is an opinion peculiar to only some of their
divines : it has been censured and condoin-
iied by a bull of Pius V. and Gret^ory XHI.
as one of our most celebrated divines has
proved, ■whom, although his pious design of
conciliating' our disputes ni ay have made him
rather exceed his evidence i.i t;ome of liis af-
firmations, we cannot contradii.t on this ai ti-
de, because he proves it by i^icontestablc
evidence.^ liut the second opinion is profess-
edly that of the whole cluircli of Rome.
This canon, which I am going tn rfpert to
you, is the decision of tb.o council of Trefi:
'Eternal life is to be proposot! :,o the children ol
God both as a gift mercifully offfired to them
through Jesus Christ, and as a promised re-
ward equitably rendered to thsir merits and
good works in virtue of this promise. M
We oppose our system against lioth these
opinions. To say, with the first f>f these di-
vines, that good works merit heaven, as bad
works deserve hell, is to affirm a proposition,
which Rome itself denies. What ! works
that bear no proportion to objects of our hope,
a few meditations, a few prayers, a few p.lms-
deeds ! What ! wnuld the sacrifice of our
whole selves merit that ' eternal weight of
glory,' which is to be revealed in us .' Wliat !
can works, that are not performed by our
power, works, that proceed froni grace,
works, which owe their design ^.nd execution
to God, who ' worketh to will, and to do,' as
St. Paul expresses it, Phil. ii. 13, can these
attain, do these deserve a ' weight of glory'
for us .' Does not the whole that we possess
come from God .•■ Il' we know the doctrines of
revelation, is it not because ' the Father of
glory hath enlightened the eyes of our under-
standing .'" Eph. i. 17,18. If we believe his
decisions, is it not because he gave u.s faith ?
If we suffer for his gospel, is it not because
he gives us strength to sufl'er ?' Phil. i. 29.
What ! works, that are of themselves insepa-
rably connected with our stations, and there-
fore duties, indispensable engagements, debts
and debts, alas ! which \vc discharge so
badly, can these merit a rev.'arri? God for-
bid we should entertain such an opinion '
Even Cardinal Bellarmine, after he had en-
deavoured more than any other writer to es-
tablish the merit of good works, with one
stroke of his pen effaced all his arguments,
for, said he, on account of the prccariousncss
of our own righteousness, and the danger of
vainglory, the safest jnethod is to have re-
course to the mercy of God, and to trust in
his mercy alone. t
But we oppose also the other opinion, that
we have mentioned. For. although it may
seem to be purified from that venom, which
wo have remarked in the first, yet it is attend-
ed with two inconveniences.
1 . It is contradictory in terms. A work,
that derives its value from the mercy of God
is called meritorious. What an association of
* See the Theses of M. Louig Le Bhiiic.
t Proponcnda est vita eterna, ct tanqiKiin O'latiip
fiUis dei per Cliri.stuin Jusum,ini3ericonliter piomi.ssa
«:t taiKjuam mercies c.v ipsiiis Dei i)romissione,
bonis ipsorum opmibus ct meritisfideliter reddendar.
Concil. Trid. .Scss. vi. c. 16.
} Card. Cell. Coiitiovei.-:. T. iv. Do Justificalione
Lib. 1.
ti?rins ! Merit, mercy. Ifitbe of mere}', how
is it meritorious ? If it be meritorious, how is
it of mercy r ' If by grace, then is it no more
of work.s : but if it. be of works then is it no
more gr^ce,' Rom. xi. C. You know the lan-
guage of St. Paul.
2. This opinion furnishes a pretext to hu-
man pride, and whether this be not suflicient-
ly evident, let experience judf.'-e. Do we
not often see people, who not being capable
of entering into these tlieological distinctions,
which ?re contained m the writings of their
teachers, think by their good works, and of
ten by their superstitions, so to merit eternal
felicity, that God cannot deprive them of it
wi''' 'tut subverting the laws of justice .' Has
not ;lie church of Rome other doctrine?^
which lead to this error .' Is not supereroga
tion of till-, kind.' According to tiiis a man
may not only fully perform all his engage-
ments, but he ".ii'iy even exceed them. Is
not the doctrine, that excludes merit, consi-
dered by many of the Roman community as a
mark of heresy.-' If we believe an anecdote
in the life of Charles V. it was principally
for having written on the walls of his room
several passages cf Scripture excluding the
merit of works, that he was suspected of ad-
hering to our doctrines, and that the inquisi-
tion deliberated on punishing hi.n after his
death as a heretic. The inquisitors would
certainly have proceeded against him, had
not Philip II. been given to understand that
the son of a heretic was incapable of succeed-
ing to the crown of Spain.*
Against this system we oppose that which
we have established. We consider Jesus
Christ, Jesus Christ alone, as the meritori-
ous cause of our justification. If lith justi-
fies us, it is as an instrument, that of itself
can merit nothing, and which contributes to
our justification oriy as it capacitates us for
participating the betiefits of the death of
Christ. Theso were the ideas of the ancient
church. The divines of primitive times
taught that men were righteous, Vvho ac-
knovledgcd their guilt, and that they had
rvjtiiing of thpir own but sin, and who, al-
though they were saints, yet attributed no-
thing to their own merit. On those prin-
ciples, we find, in an ancient work attribut-
e:l to Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury,
the sick were comforted in this manner.
' Dost thou trust in the merit of Jesus Christ
alone for salvation ?' The sick person repli-
ed, / (Jo. The assistant then added, ' Praise
God to the last moment of your life ; place
all your confidence in him ; and, when
the Supreme Judge of the world calls you
to his tribunal, say to him. Lord ! I inter-
pose between tljy righteous judgment and
myself the death of thy Son, and I ascribe no
merit to any good work of my own.'
Thus we oppose the merit of -.vorks. But
it is dangerous for those, who preach to peo-
ple prone to one extreme, to express tliem-
selves so as to seem to favour the opposite
extreme. Altliough all our divines unani-
mously connect faith and holiness together,
yet there is great reason to fear, our people
carry their aversion against the doctrine of
met it so far that they lose sight of thi.»!
L'Abbe do S. fJcal, Hir?toire de Don Carlos
Ser. XXXV.]
THE LIFE OF PAITII.
319
union of faith and obedience. A man, whose
great labours in tiie church prevent our men-
tioning his name, while we reprove his error,
has affirmed these prepositions — the gospel
consists of promises only — Jesus Christ gave
no precepts — we are under no other obliga-
tions than those of gratitude to obey the laws
of religion — om: souls are in no danger if we
neglect them.
Against these ideas we again oppose our
S3'stem of justification. We affirm, that jus-
tifying faith is a general principle of virtue
and holincFs ; and that such a recourse to
the mercy of God, as wicked Christians im-
agine, does not justify in any sense. It
does not justify as the meritorious cause of
our salvation ; for to affirm this is to
maintain a heiesy. We have said Jesus
Christ, Jesus Christ alone, is the foundation
of our sslvation, and our most ardent desire
to participate the benefits of it is incapable
of deserving them. It does not justify as a
condition. To aflirm, that to have recourse
to the grace of Jesus Christ is the only con-
dition that the gospel requires, is to muti-
late the gospel, apparently to widen beyond
all Scriptural bounds the way to heaven, and
really to open a large and spacious road to
eternal perdition.
If there be one in this assembly so unac-
quainted with Christianity as to suppose that
he may be justified before God by a fruitless
desire of being saved, and by a barren re-
course to the deatii of Christ, let him attend
to the follov/ing reflections.
1. Justifying faith is lively faith, a be-
liever cannot live by a dead faith : but
' faith without works is dead,' James ii. 20.
Consequently the faith that gives life is a
faith containing, at least in principle, all vir-
tues.
2. Justifying faith must assort with the
genius of the covenant to which it belongs.
Had the gospel no other design than that of
pardoning our sins, without subduing them,
faith might then consist in a bare act of the
mind accepting this part of the gospel : but
if the gospel proposes both to pardon sin,
and to enable us to renounce it, faith, which
has to do with this covenant of grace, must
needs involve both these articles. Now,
v.ho will pretend to say, the gospel has not
botii these blessings in view .'' And conse-
<iuent]y, who can deny, that faith consists
both in trusting the grace, and in obeying all
the laws of the gospel.''
3. Justifying faith must include all the
virtues, to wliicii the Scripture attributes jus-
tification and salvation. Now, if you con-
sult the oracles of God, you will perceive
Scripture speaks a language that will not
comport with the doctrine of fruitless faith.
Sometimes salvation is attributed to love,
' Come ye blessed of my Father, inherit the
kingdom, for I was an hungred, and ye gave
inc meat,' Matt. xxv. 34. Sometimes it is
attributed to hope, ' Hope maketh not asham-
ed,'Rom. v. 5. Sometimes to fait It, 'Whoso-
ever believeth in him shall iiave eternal life,'
John iii. 15. I ask now, to which virtue,
strictly speaking, does salvation belong .' to
love, to hope, or to faith.-' Or rather, is it
not clear, that, when Scripture attributes sal-
vation to one of these virtues, it does not
consider it separately, as subsisting in a dis-
tinct subject, but it considers it as flowing
from that general priiiciple, which acquiesces
in the whole gospel.
4. Justifying faith must merit all the
praises which are given to it in Scripture.
What encomiums are bestowed on faith ! It
unites us to Jesus Christ. It crucifies us as
it were, ' with him, it raiseth us up together,'
and makes us ' sit together with him in hea-
venly places,' in a word, it makes us ' one
with him as he is one with the Father,' Gal.
ii. 20 ; Eph. ii. G, and John xvii. 20. But
the bare desire of salvation by Jesus Christ
devoid of obedience to him, is this to be cru-
cified with Jesus Christ ? Is this to be risen
v/ith him .' Is this to sit in heavenly places
wiui him.'
,";. Justifying faith must enter into the
spirit of the mystery, that acquires justifica-
tion for us; I mean the mystery of the sa-
tisfaction of Jesus Christ. ■ What is the sys-
tem of our churches on the mystery of satis-
faction .'' Some divines among us have ven-
tured to affirm, that God v/as entirely free
either to exact the punishment due to sin,
or to release mankind from all obligation
to suffer it. He required a satisfaction, say
they, because of its greater fitness to ex-
press to the whole universe his just abhor-
rence of sin.
But the generally received doctrine among
us, is, that although God was entirely free
when he punished sin, yet he was necessari-
ly inclined to do it by the perfection of his
nature ; and that as, being a uniform Spirit,
it was ' impossible for liim to lie,' Heb. vi.
18, and contradict himself, so, being a just
and holy Spirit, it was impossible for him to
pardon sinners without punislung sin on some
victim substituted in their stead.
We will not now compare these systems,
nor allege the motives of our embracing one
in preference to the other ; but this we affirm,
choose which you will, eitiicr affords a de-
monstration in favour of our thesis.
In regard to the first, it may be justly snid,
What ! has God, think ye, so much love for
holiness, and so much hatred of sin, that al-
though he was not inclined to exact -a satis-
faction by necessity of nature, yet he chose
rather to do so than to let sin pass unpunish-
ed .'' Has God, think you, sacrificed his Son,
on account of the fitness of iiis sufferings, to
remove every shadow of tolerating sin ! Do
you believe this, and can you imagine, that
a God, to whom sin is so extremely odious,
can approve of a faith that is compatible with
sin, and which never gives vice its death-
wound.
The demonstration is equally clear in re-
gard to those who embrace the general sys-
tem of our churches. How can a man per
suade hin)self, that tlic love of order is so es-
sential to God, that he cannot without con-
tradicting himself pardon the sinner, and not
punish the sin ; how, I say, can such a man
persuade himself tiiat such a faith as we
have exploded can enable us to partici-
pate the pardoning benefits of the deatli of
Christ .'
Is it not evident, that these two supposi-
320
[THE LIFE OF FAITU.
[SF.n. XXXV.
tions make a God contradictory to himself,
and ropreeent his attributes as clashing with
each other? In the first bupposition, a God
is conceived, to whom sin is infinitely odi-
ous ; in the second a God is imagined, to
whom sin is perfectly tolerable. In the first
a God is conceived, who naturally and ne-
cessarily requires a satisfaction ; in the se-
cond a God is imagined, who by a pliable fa-
cility of nature esteems a sinner although he
derives from the satisfaction no motives to
renounce his sin. In the first, God is con-
ceived as placing the strongest barriers against
sin, and as sacrificing the noblest victim to
express his insuperable aversion to vice ; in
the second, God is imagined as removing all
obstacles to sin, and protecting men in the
practice of it, nothing contributing more to
confirm wicked men in sin than the vain
opinion, that, carry vice to what pitch they
will, they may be reconciled to God by the
mediation of Jesus Christ, whenever they
wish for the benefits of his sacrifice.
To all these considerations, add one more
on the unanimous opinion of all your minis-
ters. In vain do you attempt to seek pre-
texts for sin in those scholastic disputes, and
in those different methods which divines
have struck out in establishing the doctrines
of faith, and justification. Your divines, I
grant, have used expressions capable of very
different meanings, on these articles. They
are men, their geniuses, like those of the rest
of mankind are finite, and they have discover-
ed in the far greater part of all their systems
the narrow limits of their minds. Intelligences,
confined like ours, arc necessarily stricken
with a first truth more than with another
truth, no less important and clear than the
first. Every science, every course of study,
afford proofs of the truth of this remark ; but
the present subject of our inquiry abounds with
evidence of this sort. Some have been more
struck with the necessity of believing the
truths of speculation, than with that of pt r-
forming tlie duties whicii belong to these
truths. Others have been move affected with
the necessity of performing the duties of re-
ligion, than with that of adhering- to the spe-
culative truths of it. Some, having lived
among people believing the merit of works,
have turned all their attention against the
doctrine of merit, and have expressed them-
eolves perhaps without design, in a manner,
that seemed to enervate the necessity of good
works. Others on the contrary having lived
among libertines, who did not believe, or who
affected not to believe the necessity of good
works, have turned all the point of their ge-
nius against this pernicious doctrine, and in
their turn have expressed themselves, per-
haps without design, in a manner that seem-
ed to favour the notion of merit. Nothing
is so rare as a genius comprehending at
once the whole ot any subject. As nothing
in the military art is so rare as that self-pos-
session, which enables a general to pervade
a whole army, and to be present, so to speak,
in every part of the field of battle ; so in
the sciences, nothing is so uncommon as that
kind of comprehensive attention, which ena-
bles a man always to think and speak in per-
fect harmony with himself, and so to avoid de-
stroying one part of his thesis, while ho es-
tablishes another part of it. But, after all,
there is no real difference among your minis-
ters on this article. Whatever method they
take, they all agree, that no man can be a true
Christian, who does not receive Jesus Christ
as his prophet, priest, and king ; that as faith
unites us to Jesus Christ, it is impossiblo
for the members of a head so holy to conti-
nue in sin. Now does not all this amount to
a demonstration that saving faith transforms
the heart .''
Let us examine the objections which are
made against this doctrine.
Is it pretended, that the design of exclud-
ing holiness from the essence of faith is to
elevate the merit of the death of Christ ?
But, 0 rain man! Do not we enervate the
merit of the death of Christ, we, who place
it in our system as the only foundation ; tho
alone cause of the salvation of man, exclud-
ing works entirely, however holy they may
be .'
Dost thou say, thy design is to humble
man.' But, O rain wan.' What can be
more proper to humble man than our system,
which shows him that those works are no-
thing, which do not proceed from the assist-
ance of God ; and that if God condescends
to accept them, he does so through mere
mercy, and not on account of their merit ?
Dost thou add, that our system is contrary
to experience, and dost thou allege the ex-
amples of many, who have been justified with-
out performing one good work, and by the
bare desire of being saved by Jesus Christ, as
the converted thief, and many others, who
have turned to God on a death-bed.' But '; vain
man! What have we been estiblishing .'
Have we said, that a f>.;i;-., which had not
produced good Vwor'-. -: was not a true faith?
No, we hr/- 0 cm}- atlirmed, that a true faith
must, nccfi&arily be a principle of good works.
It may happen, th:;t a man may have this
principle and may not have any opportunity
of expressing it by practice, and of bringing
it intoaction ; he has it, however, in intention.
In this sense we admit the maxims of St.
I Augustine, and if he did not understand it in
I our sense, it ought to be understood so ;
' Good ■works,' says he, ' do not accompany
justification ; but they follow it.' The thief,
in one sense, strictly speaking, did no good
work : but in another sense, he did all good
works. We say ofhim, a^ we say of Abraham,
he did all in heart, in intention. Abraham,
from the first momentof his vocation, was ac-
counted to have abandoned his country, sa-
crificed his son Isaac, and wrought all those
heroical actions of CJiristian faith, which
ni'ide him a model for the whole church. In
like manner, the converted thief visited all
the sick, clothed all the naked, fed all tho
hungry, comforted all the afflicted, and was
accounted to have done all the pious actions,
of which faitli is the principle, because he
would infallibly have done thsm, had God af-
forded him opportunity.
Dost thou say, our justification and salva-
tion flow from a decree made before the
foundation of the world, and not from our
embracing the gospel in time? But, 0 vaiv
i mnn ! Do we deny the decree by showing the
Seb. XXXV.]
THE LIFE OP FAITH.
321
/
manner of the accomplishment of it .' Do we
destroy the end by establishing the means ?
If your side can prove, without injuring the
doctrine of decrees, that man is justified by a
bare desire of being justified, can we injure
the same doctrine by asserting, that this de-
sire must proceed from the heart, and must
needs aim to please God, as well as to be re-
conciled to him, and to share his love .'
Dost thou still object, that, although our
system is true in the main, yet it is always
dangerous to publish it ; because man has
always an inclination to ' sacrifice unto his
own net, and burn incense unto his own
drag,' Hab. i. 16, that by pressing the neces-
sity of works, occasion is insensibly given to
the doctrine of merit .' But, allow me to ask.
Is there no danger in the opposite system .'
If ours seem to favour one vice, does not the
opposite system favour all vices .' If outs
seem to favour pride, does not the opposite
system favour that, and with that all other
vices, revenge, calumny, adultery, and incest.''
And, after all, should the abuse of a holy
doctrine, prevent the use of it .'' Where, pray,
Ere the men among us, who think to merit
heaven by their good v»rorks .'' For our parts,
w'c protest, my brethren, that having ex-
amined a great number of consciences, we
find the general inclination the other way ;
people are in general more inclined to a care-
less reliance on a kind of general grace than
to an industrious purchase of happiness by
good works. What is it, after all, that de-
coys thousandf before our eyes into the broad
way of destruction ? Is it an opinion, after
tbey have been very charitable, that they
merit by charity ? Is it an opinion, after they
have been very humble, that they merit by
humility ? Ah ! my brethren ! the greatest
part of you have so fully proved by your in-
disposition to piety, that you have no idea of
the merit of good works, that there is no
fear of ever establishing this doctrine among
you. But, to form loose actions of obedience,
to mutilate the covenant of grace, to render
salvation the easiest thing in the world, to
abound in flattering ourselves with hopes of
salvation, although we live without love,
without humility, without labouring to be
saved ; these are the rocks against which
we split ; these are the dangers from which
we would free you ; this is the monster that
we would never cease to attack, till we have
given it its death- wound.
I would then abhor myself, deplore my
frailty, blush at the remembrance of my best
duties, cast myself into the arms of divine
mercy, and own all my felicity derivable
from grace. I would own, it is grace that
elects ; grace which calls ; grace that justi-
fies ; grace which sanctifies ; grace that ac-
cepts a sanctification always frail and imper-
fect : but at the same time, I would watch
over myself, I would arouse myself to duty,
I v/ould ' work out my salvation with fear
and trembling,' Phil. ii. 12, and, while I ac-
knowledge grace does all, and my works
merit nothing, I would act as if I might ex-
pect every thing from my own efibrts.
V^erlly, Christians ! these are the two dis-
positioiis, which, above all others, we wish
to excite in your minds and hearts. These
are the two conclusions that you ought to^
draw from this discourse ; a conclusion ot
humility and a conclusion of vigilance : a
conclusion of humility, for behold the abyss
into which sin had plunged you, and see
the expense at which you were recovered
from it. Man had originally a clear judg-
ment, he knew his Creator, and the obe-
dience that was due to him from his crea-
tures. The path of happiness was open to
him, and he was in full possession of power
to walk in it. All on a sudden he sins,
his privileges vanish, his knowledge is be-
clouded, and he is deprived of all his free-
dom. Man, man, who held the noblest do-
minion in nature, falls into the most abject
of all kinds of slavery. Instantly the hea-
vens ' reveal his iniquity, the earth rises up
against him,' Job xx. 27, lightnings flash in
his eyeSj thunders roll in his ears, and uni-
versal nature announces his final ruin. In
order to rescue him from it, it was neces-
sary for the mercy and justice of God to
' shake heaven and earth,' Heb. xii. 26.
God must ' take upon him the iorm of a
servant,' Phil. ii. 7, the most excellent of
all intelligent beings must die in order to
save him from eternal death.
This is not all. Even since Jesus Christ,
has said to us, this is the path to paradise ;
that is the broad way to destruction ; a
fatal charm still fascinates our eyes, a dread-
ful propensity to misery yet carries us
aw.iy. Here again the nature and fitness
ci' tilings require the assistance of Heaven.
Grace, that revealed salvation, must dis-
pose us to accept it, and must save us, if
I niay be allowed to speak so, in spite of
our own unhappy disposition to vice and
miserj'. After so many crimes, amidst so
many errors, in spite of so many frailties,
who, who dare lift up his head ? Who can
presume to trust himself? Who can ima-
gine himself the author of his own salva-
tion, and expect to derive it from his own
merit.'
I Hide, hide thyself in the dust, miserable
j man ! smite thy breast, fix thine eyes on
i the ashes, from which thou wast taken.
Lift up thy voice in these penitential cries,
' If thou. Lord ! shouldst mark iniquities :
O Lord ! who shall stand .'' Ps. cxxx. 3. ' O
Lord ! righteousness belongeth unto thee ;
but unto us confusion of face,' Dan. 9. 7.
' God forbid that I should glory save in
the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ,' Gal. vi.
14. Lay thy pretensions, thy virtues, thy
merits, at the foot of this cross. Divest thy-
self of thyself, and tear from thy heart, if
possible, the last fibre of that pride, which
would obstruct thy salvation, and ensure
thy destruction.
But, my brethren ! shall this be the whole
of your religion .■" will you acknowledge no
other engagement .'' Does this short system,
think you, include the whole of a Christian's
calling ? Let us add to this, brethren, watch-
fulness. As no vices are so dangerous as
those which present themselves to us under
the ideas of exalted virtues, such as hatred
under acolour of zeal, pride undej an appear-
ance of severity and fervour, so no errors
slide more easily into our minds than those
322
REPENTANCE.
LSer. XXXVI.
which conceal themselves under the names of
the great truths t " religion. To plead for
human innocence, to deny the satisfaction of
Christ, to pretend to elevate our good works
so high as to make them the price of eternal
felicity, are errors so gross, and so diametri-
cally opposite to many express declarations
of Scripture, that a little love for truth, and
a small study of religion, will be sufficient to
preserve us from them. But under pretence
of venerating the cross of Christ, and cf
holding fast the doctrine of human depravity,
with the pious design of humbling man, un
der, I know not what, veils of truth and
orthodoxy, to widen the way to heaven, and
to lull whole communities of Christians into
security ; these are the errors, that softly
and imperceptibly ghde into our souls, as, alas !
were not the nature of the subject sufficient
to persuade you, experience, the experience
of most of you would easily convince you.
But you have heard the maxim of St.
James, 'faith without works is dead,' chap,
ii. 21. This maxim is a touchstone by which
you ought to try yourselves.
One of you believes there is a God : ' faith
without works is dead.' Art thou penetrat-
ed with veneration for his perfections, admi-
ration of his works, deference to his laws,
fear of his judgments, gratitude for his boun-
ties, and zeal for his glory .'
Another believes, Christ died for his sins :
' faith without works is dead.' Dost thou
abhor thy sins for shedding his blood, for pre-
paring his cross, for wounding his person,
for piercing his side, for stirring up a war be-
tween him and divine justice, for makino-
him cry in the bitterness of his soul, ' Now
is my soul troubled,' John xii. 27. ' My soul
ia exceeding sorrowful, even unto death,'
Matt. xxvi. 38. ' My God ! my God ! why
hast thou forsaken me.^'
Thou believest there is a future state :
' faith without works is dead.' Dost thou
place thy heirt Vvfhere thy treasure is .' Dost
thou anticipate by faith and hope the blessed
period of thine admission to future felicity ?
Pc^t f hou 'desire to depart and to be with
Christ.'' Phil. i. 23. Is thy 'soul athirst
for God .'' Dost thou ' pant after him, as the
hart panteth after the water-brooks." Ps.
xlii. 1,2.
Ah formidable maxim ! Ah dreadful touch-
stone ! We wish God had not only fitted reli-
gion, so to speak, to our frailties and infir-
mities; we want him also to accommodate it
to our inveterate vices. We act as if we
desired, that the sacrifice, which was once
offered to free us from the punishment of sin,
and to merit the pardon of it, had been of-
fered again to free us from the necessity of
subduing it, and to merit a right for us to
commit it. What madness ! From the days
of Adam to this moment conscience has been
the terror of mankind ; and this terror, ex-
cited by an idea of a future state, and by the
approach of death, has inclined all men to
seek a remedy against this general and for-
midable evil. Philosophers, divines, liber-
tines, worldly heroes, all have failed in this
design. Jesus Christ alone has succeeded in
it. Only Jesus Christ presents to us this
true remedy so ardently desired, and so vain-
ly sought ; and we still refuse it, because
our vices, fatal as they have been to us,
are still the objects of our most eager de-
sires.
But do you know what all these objects ©f
our contemplation suppose .' Conscience, if wo
listen to its voice, death and futurity, if we
attend to them, the doctrine, the humbling
doctrine of justification, that we have been
preaching to you, all suppose that we are
criminals, that the v/rath of Heaven is kin-
dled against us, that the eternal books, in
which our actions are registered, are open-
ing, that our Judge is seated, our trial com-
ing on, our final doom preparing, and that
there remains no refuge from all these mise-
ries but Jesus Christ, whose name is an-
nounced, that we may escape the wrath to
come, and be saved. To him let us flee.
To him let us resign our minds, our hearts,
and our lives. God give us grace to do
so. To him be honour and glory for ever,
Amen.
SERMON XXXVI.
REPENTANCE.
2 Corinthians vii. 10.
Godly sorrow workcth repentance to salvation not to be repented of: but the
sorrow of the world worketh death.
M. HE words we have read, and witli which
we propose to cherish your devotion in this
exercise, are connected, not only with the
preceding verses, but also with a part of that
epistle which St. Paul had written to Co-
rinth bef(jre this. This connexion is the
properest comment on the sense of the test;
with thi.s therefore, we begin, and this part
of our discourse will require your particular
attention.
Our apostle had scarcely planted the gos-
pel at Corinth, and formed the professors of
it into a Christian church, before one of the
most atrocious crimes was committed in the
Seb. XXXVI.]
KEPENTASfC'E.
323
community. Ought we to bo surprised tliat
we, inferior discip'os of the apostles, fail in
attempting to prove or to correct some ex-
cesses ? Churches founded and edified by in-
spired men were'not exempt from them. In
tiie church of Corinth we see impure, and
even incestuous practices. How abominable
soever the crime was, ist. Paul was less cha-
grined at it than at tlie conduct of the Co-
rinthian church towards the perpetrators of
it. It is not astonishing to find some in large
congregations, who are the execration of na-
ture. Of the twelve disciples whom Jesus
Christ chose for apostles, one was a devil,
John vi. 70. But that a whole congregation,
a Christian congregation, should consider
such a monster with patience, and instead
of punisiiing his crime, sliould form pretexts
to palliate, veils to conceal it, is surely the
height of depravity. Such however, were
the Corinthians. Our apostle says, ' ye
are puffed up,' 1 Cor. v. 2. With what
pride does he reproach them .'' How could
any man possibly derive a glory from an
abomination which naturally inspires morti-
fication .ind shame.' The pride with which
he reproaches them, is a disposition too well
known among Christians. It is the disposition
of a man who pretends to free himself from
the ordinary laws of moral rectitude, and to
leave that path in which the gospel requires
all Christians to walk; to the vulgar, who
treats the Just fear of a well regulated con-
science, that trembles at the approach of sin,
as meanness of soul, and pusillanimity ; and
who accommodates the laws of religion to the
passions that govern him, and to the seasons
in which he has or has not an oppor canity of
being wicked. These were the dispositions
of the Corinthians in regard to the incestuous
per,son. Perhaps they derived some excul-
pating maxims from the Jews. The Jews
thought, that a man who became a proselyte
to their religion, was thereby freed from
those natural ties which before united him to
his relations, so that a man might innocently
espouse his sister, or his mother, and so on.
The pagans reproached the Jewish nation
with this; and this perhaps might furnish
Tacitus with a part of the character, that he
gave the Jews.* What is considered by us
as sacred, says this celebrated historian,
they treat as profane ; and incestuous mar-
riages, which shock us, they think lawful.
St. Paul rebukes the Corinthians for mark-
ing with a ciiaracter of infamy, not only
their own church, but in a manner the whole
Christian°world. Do you, as if he had said,
consider a crime with indifference, which is
unknown even among heathens ? ' It is re-
ported commonly that there is fornication
among you, and such fornication as is not so
much as named amongst the Gentiles, that
one should have his fathers wife,' 1 Cor. v.
1. Indeed there are in pagan writings most
severe laws against incest, and wliaL is very
remarkable, the apostle seems to allude in
the words just now cited, to a passage in
Cicero, who, speaking of incest, calls it sce-
lus inaudUum, an unheard of crime. Ac-
cordingly, we find in Tertullian, in Minutius
Hist. V. 4.
Felix, end in other famous apologists for
Christianity, tjiat incest was one of the dis-
orders with which the pagans reproached the
urimitive Christians ; the heathens either
did what has been too often done, charge a
whole family, sometimes a whole city, some-
times a whole nation, with the fault of one
member; or they thought nothing could
blacken Christians more than taxing them
with a vice, although falsely, which waa
held in the utmost detestation by all pro-
fessors of paganism.
The apostle tells the Corinthians, that in-
stead of having adopted, as they had, max-
ims v/hich seemed to palliate incest, they
should have imitated the conduct of the
Jews, when they were oWiged to excomma-
nicate any scandalous offenders from their
community. On these sad occasions, it was
customary with the Jews to fast, to weep, and
to put on inui; Tiling, as if the person were
dead. ' Ye are puffed up, and have not
mourned, as if he who had done this deed had
been taken from you,' ver. 2. This custom
was followed afterward by Christians, wit-
ness a famous passage in the book entitled
apostolical constitutions ;*^ witness also these
words of Origen, Christians mourn as over
the dead for those whom they arc obliged to
separate from them ; however odious and
infectious a member of our body may be, we
always do violence to ourselves, when we
are under the necessity of cutting it ofTi
This is not all. St. Paul, not content with
general censures and reproofs, thought this
one of the extreme cases, in which the ho-
nour of his apostleship would oblige him to
take his ecclesiastical rod, and to perform one
of those formidable miracles, which God
enabled the primitive Christians to work.
You cannot but know, that among other mi-
raculous gifts which God communicated for
the establishment of Christianity, that of in-
flicting remarkable punishments on some
offenders was one of the most considerable.
St. Peter employed this power against Ana-
nias, wliom he caused to fall dead at his feet,
and against the wife of this miserable pre-
varicator, to whom he said, ' Behold ! the
feet of tliem which have buried thy husband
are at the door, and shall carry tlieo out,'
Acts v. 9. St Paul speaks of this power in
this stj; ■, ' The weapons of our warfare are
miglity tlirough God, in readiness to revenge
all disobedience,' 2. Cor. x. 4G. Our apos-
tle used this power against Elymas the sor-
cerer, and against Hymeneus and Alexan-
der; he thougiit he ought also to use it
ag;i' jst the inctctuous Corinthian, and to
' d^iivf-r him to Satan,' 1 Cor. v. 5. thus was
this terrible dispensation described.
Such an exertion of apostolical power was
indispensably necjssary ; it reclaimed those
by fear whom mildness could not move ;
while an indulgence for such a crime as this
would have encouraged the commission of
many more. But the apostle, while he used
this power, was extremely uneasy on ac-
count of the necessity that forced him to ex-
ercise it. 'I wrote unto you, s.;ys he, out
* Constit. Apostol. lib. ii. cap. 4J,
t Orig. lib. ill. cotint. Celsnm.
324
RErENTANCE.
[Ser. XXXVI.
of much affliction and anguish of heart
with many tears,' 2 Cor. ii 4. He not only
declares, that he had no intention by punish-
ing the culprit to destroy his soul ; but that
he even feared those sharp censures which
his letter had engaged the Corinthian church
♦o inflict, would produce impressions too ter-
rific on the soul of the incestuous sinner, or,
as he expresses it, that he would be ' swal-
lowed up with overmuch sorrow,' ver 7.
He goes tarther in my text, and in the whole
chapter, from which I have taken it. He
wishes to indemnify himself for the violent
anguish that he had suffered, when he was
obfiged to treat his dear Corinthians with
extreme rigour. He comforts himself by
recollecting the salutary effects which liis
zeal had produced, ' Though I made you sor-
ry with a letter,' says he, in the words imme-
diately before the text, ' I do not repent ;
though I did repent ; because ye sorrow to
repentance, for ye were made sorry after a
godly manner.' In the text he establishes this
general ma\iin for all Christians, ' Godly
sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not
to be repented of: but the sorrow of the
world worketh death.'
The connexion of the text with the whole
subject, that we have been explaining, was,
Qs I said before, the best comment that we
could propose to explain the text itself. By
what we have heard, it is easy to understand
what godly sorrow is, and what the sorrow of
the world. Godly sorroio has for its object
sin committed against God, or rather, godly
sorroio is the grief of a man who repents of
his sins as God would have him repent; it is
the sorrow of a man who afflicts hiinself, not
only because he is miserable, but because he
deserves to be so ; and because he has viola-
ted those laws of righteousness and holiness
which his own conscience approves. The sor-
row of the world is that which has worldly
blessings for its object ; or it is the grief of a
man who repents of his sins as worldly men
repent ; it is the sorrow of one who is more
concerned for his misery than for sin, the
cause of it, and who would even increase his
Climes to get rid of his troubles. The ground
of St. Paul's reasoning is this : ' Godly sor-
row worketh repentance to salvation,' or, as
it may be rendered, • saving repentance not
to be repented of;* that is to eay, a man who
afflicts himself on the accounts which we
have mentioned, will be exercised at first,
indeed, witli violent anguish : but in a little
time he will derive from this very anguish
substantial comfort and joy, because his sor-
row for sin will induce him to subdue it, and
to pray for the paidon of it. On the other
hand, * the sorrow of the Vi^orld worketh
death,' that is to say, either the sorrow
which is occasioned by the loss of earthly en-
joyments is fatal to him who gives himself up
to it ; for, as the Wise Man says, ' a broken
spirit dricth the bones,' Prov. xvii. 22, or,
the sorrow of the world worketh death,' be-
cause such a repentance as that of worldlings
will never obtain the forgiveness that is pro-
mised to those who truly repent. In this lat-
ter sense I take the words here.
This is a general view of the scope of the
apostle, and of his ideas in the text; ideas
which we must develope in order to lead you
into the spirit of the holy supper of the Lord,
that so the sermon may contribute to the de-
votion of the day. I speak of those ideas which
St. Paul gives us of godly sorrow, savinor re-
pentance, not to be repented of;' for we can-
not enlarge on that which he calls ' sorrow
of the world,' without diverting your atten-
tion from the solemn service of this day. We
will, therefore, content ourselves with tracing
a few characters of it in the body of this dis-
course, that you may perceive how different
the virtue which the apostle recommends is,
from the vice which he intends to destroy.
Godly sorrow then, is the principal object
of our contemplation, and there are three
things that demand a particular attention.
The causes which produce it ; the effects ihaX
follow it ; and the blessings with which it is
accompanied. The first of these articles will
describe 3'our state a few days ago, when ex-
amining your consciences (if, indeed, you did
examine them), you were overwhelmed with
a remembrance of your sins. How could
you cast your eyes on these sad objects with-
out feeling that sorrow which a penitent ex-
firesses thus, ' O Lord ! righteousness be-
ongeth unto thee : but unto me confusion of
face,' Dan. ix. 7 ' Against thee, thee only, O
God ! have I sinned, and done this evil in thy
sight,' Ps. li. 4. The second article will de-
scribe your present condition. How can you
feel godly sorrow, without resolving by reit-
erated acts of love to God, to dissipate that
darkness which covered all the evidences of
your love to him, during the whole course
of your sins.' The third article will describe
your future condition through life, at death,
in the day of judgment, and throughout all
eternity. Happy periods ! joyful revolutions !
in which penitent souls, washed in the Re-
deemer's blood, may expect nothing but grace,
glory, and fulness of joy ! This is the whole
plan of this discourse. Blessed be God, who
calls us to day to exercise such an honourable
ministry ! What pleasure to preach such a
gospel to a people to whom we are united by
the tenderest love! 'O ye > orintliians ! O
ye our beloved brethren, our mouth is open
unto you, our heart is enlarged. Ye are not
straitened in ns: but ye are straitened in
your own bowels. Now for a recompense in
the same (I speak as unto my children), be
ye also enlarged,' 2 Cor. vi. 11 — 13.
I. The remembrance of sin is the cause of
godly sorrow in the heart of a true penitent.
The sinner of whom I am speaKing, is to be
considered in two different periods of time.
In the first he is under llie infatuation of sin;
in the hist, after reflections on his sinful
conduct fill his mind. While a sinner is com-
mitting sin, he resembles an enchanted man,
a fatal charm fascinates hie eyes and sears
his conscience, as St. Paul speaks, 1 Tim. iv.
2. He judges of truth and error, happiness
and misery, only according to the interest of
his reigning passion. Reason, persuade,
preach, censure, terrify, thunder, open the
treasures of heaven, md the abysses of hell,
the sinner remains insensible ; '.so foolish and
ignorant is he, he is like a beast before you,"
to use the language of Asaph, Ps. Ixxiii. 22.
But there is another period which I called
Skr. XXXVI.]
IIEFENTANCE.
32i
/
fi time of after reflection on his sinful conduct.
Then the remembrance of sin is cutting.
Then his soul is lull of fears, regrets, griefs,
remorse, rcproacli. Tlien that sin, like the
book tliat St. Jolin ate, which liad been
sweet as honey in liis mouth, becomes bitter
in his belly. Rev. x 10. Tlien the sinner be-
holding himself, and entering into liis heart,
finds iiinis^elf wounded with seven durts : —
with the number of his sins — with the enor-
mity of them — with the vanity of tiie motives,
which induced him to commit them — with
their fatal influences on the ujinds of his
neighbours — with that cruel uncertainty,
into which the_y have deluded liis own con-
science— with the horrors of hell, of whicli
they are the usual causes — and with those
.sad reflections with which they inspire an
ingenuous loving lieart.
1. The sinner is affected with the number
of his sins. Wlien we reflect on our past
lives, sins arise fc om all parts, and absorl) our
minds in their nmititude. We owe all our
existence to a Supreme Being, and we are
regpons'ble to him for every moment of our
duration. There arc duties of age, obligations
that belong to childhood, youth, manhood,
and old age. There are duties of fortune,
obligations that lie upon people, rich, poor,
or in the middle station of life. There are
civil obligations which belong to magistrates
and subjects. There are domestic duties,
which belong to ua as parents or children,
masters or servants. There are ecclesiastical
duties belonging to us as pastors or people,
preachers or hearers. There are duties of
circumstance, binding on us as sick or well,
in society or in solitude. Each of these is a
class of obligations, and almost each of them
is a' list of crimes. Most men deceive them-
selves on this subject ; they contract their
notion of morality, inaim the religion of .lesus
Christ, reduce their duties to a small number,
whrch they can easily perform, and at length
tbria their idea of repentance by that winch
ihey imagine of their obligations. Uut we
are to suppose that (,he penitent in question
free from these prejudices, and finding his
guilt every wiiere, pronouncing himself guilty
as a magistrate, and as a subject ; as a lather
and as a son ; as a servant and as a master ;
as a youth and as an old man ; as a rich and
as a poor man ; as enjoying his health, and
as oining in want of it ; as pastor, and as one
of the people, as preacher and as liearer.
J'cople sometimes affect to be astonished,
and to complain, because we say in our con-
fession of sin, that we have sinned from tiie
moment of our nativity, and that the number
of our sins is greater than that of the hairs on
our heads. However,theBe are not hyperbolical
expressions ; the greatest saints have used
them ; and a close examination of our lives
will convince us of their exact conformity to
truth. ' Every imagination of the thoughts
of the heart of man are only evil continually,'
Gen. vi.5, ' Our iniquities are increased over
our heads, and our trespass is grown up into
the heavens,' Ezra ix. 0. ' Who can under-
stand his errors i' Ps. xix. 12. ' O Lord let
thy loving kindness preserve me, for innumera-
ble evils have compassed me about, they are
more tlian the hairs of mine head,' Ps. xl. 11, 12.
2 T
2. The true penitent adds, to a jasl notion
of the number of his sins that of their enor-
mity. Here again, we must remove the pre-
judices that we have imbibed concerning the
morality of Jesus Christ ; for here also we
have altered his doctrine, and taken the
world for our casuist, the maxims of loose
worldlings for our supreme law. We have
reduced great crimes to a invf principal enor-
mous vices, which few people commit.
There are but few murderers, but few as^
sassins, but few highway robbers, strictly
speaking : other sins, accordi'ig to tis, are
frailties incidental to humanity, necessary
consequences of human infirmity, and not
evidences of a bad heart. But undeceive
yourselves, lay aside the morality of tho
world, take the law of Jesus Christ for your
judge, and consider the nature of things in
their true point of light. For example, what
can be more opposite to the genius of Chris-
tianity than that spirit of pride which reigns
over almost all of us, which disguises us
from ourselves, which clothes us with, I know
not what, phantom of grandeur, and self-im-
portance, and which persuades us, that a little
money, a distant relation to a noble family, a
little genius, a little countenance and ap»-
plause, entitle ujs to an elevation above the
rest of mankind, and to the fantastic privilege
of considering ourselves as men made of a
mould different from that of the rest of man-
kind .'' What can be more criminal than those
calumnies and slanderous falsehoods, which
infect the greatest part of our conversations ;
to maintain which, we pretend to penetrate
the most hidden recesses of a neighbour's
heart, we publish liis real faults, we impute
others to him, of which he is perfectly inno-
cent, we derive our happiness from his misery,
and build our glory on his shame.' What
more execrable than habitual swearing, and
profaning the name of Almighty God.'' Is it
not sliocking to hear some who profess
( liristianity, daily profane religion, revile its
institutions, blaspheme their Creator for an
unfavourable cast of a die, or turn of a card ?
In general, can any thing be more injurious
to Jesus Christ, than that attachment which
most of us have to the world, although in
different degrees .-' What more fully prove"s
our light estimation of his promises, our
little confidence in his faithfulness .'' My bre-
thren, we tremble when wo hear of a wretch,
whom hunger had driven to commit a robbery
on the liignway ; or of a man mad with pas-
sion, who, in a transport of wrath had killed
his brother ! But, would we enter into our
own hearts, would v;e take the pains to exa-
mine the nature of our sins, wc should find
ourselves so black and liideous, that the dis-
tance which partial self-love puts between us
and the men at whom we tremble, would di-
minish and disappear.
3. A third idea that afflicts a penitent, is
that of the fatal influence which his sins have
had on the soul of his neighbour. My breth-
ren, one sin strikes a thousand blows, while
it seems to aim at striking only one. It is a
contagious poison, which diffuses itself far
and wide, and infects not only liim who com-
mits it, but the greatest part of those wlio
see it committed. You are a father, you can-
226
REPENTANCE.
LriEK. XXXVI.
not sin witliout dragging your children down
the gulf into which you precipitate yourself.
Hence we generally see, if a father be ig-
norant of religion, his children are ignorant
of religion ; if a mother be a mere worldling,
her children are infatuated with love to the
world. You are a pastor, you cannot fall
into sin without inducing some of your flock
to sin too ; there are always some people so
weak or so wicked, as to think they cannot
do wrong, while they imitate you, while they
take those for their exajnplcs who profess to
regulate the conduct of others. St. Jerome
says, The house and the conduct of a bisliop
are considered as a mirror of public dis-
cipline, so that all think they do right when
they follow the example of their bishop.
You are a master, you cannot sin without
emboldening your apprentices and workmen
to sin, nor without making your families
schools of error, and your shops academies
of the devil. Dreadful thought ! too capable
ofproducing the most exquisite sorrow ! \N'liat
can a man think of himself, who, consider-
ing those unhappy creatures who arc already
victims to the just displeasure of God in hell,
or who are likely to become so, is obliged to
say to himself, agreeably to the divers cir-
cumstances in which Providence has placed
him, Perhaps tliis church, which has produc-
ed only apostates, might have produced only
martyrs, had I ' declared the whole counsel
of God' with plainness and courage .'' Acts xx.
27. Perhaps this family that is plunged into
ignorance, fallen from ignorance to vice, and
from vice into perdition, might iiave produced
an ' Onesimus, a partner of the saints.' Philem.
10. 17, had I caused the spirit of piety and
virtue to have animated the house ! I'erhaps
this child, given me to be made an oftering
to the Lord, and so to become ' my joy and
crown,' Phil. iv. 1. through all eternity may
execrate me as the author of his misery ; he
perhaps may justly reproach me, and say,
unworthy parent, it was by imitating thy f. >' si
example that I was brought into this intole-
rable condition . they were thine abominable
maxims, and thy pernicious actions, which
involved mo first in sin and then in puni'li-
ment in hell.
4. The weakness of motives to sin is the
fourth cause of the sorrow of a penitent.
When people find themsoli'fts deceived in the
choice of one out of man_y objects, they com-
fort themselves by reflecting, either that all
the objects had similar qualifications to re-
commend them, or that their dissimilarity
was diSicuIt ti^ be known. But what propor-
tion is there between motives to vice and
motives to virtue .' Attend a moment to
motives to sin. Sometimes a vapour in the
brain, a rapidity in the circulation of the
blood, a flow of spirits, a revolt of the senses,
are our motives to sin. But after this vapour
is dissipated, after this rapidity is abated,
after the spirits and senses are calmed, and
we reflect on what induced us to oft'end God,
how can we bear the sight of ourselves with-
out shame and confusion of fact .' Motives to
sin arc innumerable and very various : but
what are they all .'' Sometimes an imaginary
interest, an inch of ground, and sometimes
a sceptre, a crown, the conquest of tlie uni-
verse, ' the kingdoms of the world, and the
glory of them,' Matt iv. 10. There comes,
however, a moment, in which all these dif-
ferent motives are alike. When a man lies
on a death-bed, when all terrestial objects are
disappearing, when he begins to consider
them in their true point of light, and to com-
pare sceptres, conquests, croM'ns, and king-
doms, with the ideas of his own mind, tlie
immense desires of his heart, and the large
plans of felicity that religion traces, he finds
he has been dazzled and misled by false lights,
and how in such an hour can he bear to re-
flect on himself without shame and con-
fusion ■:
5. I make a fifth article of the penitent's
uncertainty of his state. For although the
mercy of God is infinite, and he never re-
jects those who sincerely repent, yet it is
certain, the sinner in the first moments of
his penitence has reason to doubt of his state,
and till the evidence of his conversion be-
comes clear, there is almost as much proba-
bility of his destruction as of his salvation.
Terrible uncertainty ! so terrible, that I am
not afraid of aflirming, except the torments
of hell, it is the most cruel condition into
which an intcUigent being can be brought.
Represent to yourselves, if it be possible,
the state of a man who reasons thus. When
I consider myself, I cannot doubt of my guilt,
I have added crime to crime, rebellion to re-
bellion. I have sinned not only through in-
firmity and weakness : but I have been go-
verned b}' principles horrible and detestable ;
incompatible with those of good men, and
with all hopes of paradise. I deserve liell, it
is certain, and there are in that miserable
place sinners less guilt;, than myself My
sentence, indeed, is not yet denounced : but
what proof have I, that I have not sinned be-
yond the reach of that mercy which is held
forth to sinners in the gospel.'' The gospel
says plainly enough, ' If any man sin, there
is an advocate v.ilh the Father, Jesus Christ
the righteous,"' 1 John ii. 1 ; but the same
gospel declares as plainly, that it is impos-
sible for those vho v/ere once enlightened,
if they fall away , to renew them again unto
repentance,' Heb. \\ 4 C. I see indeed in
the New Testament a Peter, who repented
and was pardoned, after he had denied his
Saviour : but the same l-.ook sliov.^sme also a
Judas, who died in despair. On tliis side of
a crucified Chi i\. I see a converted tnief : on
the other hangs one, who persisting m im-
penitence expires in guilt unpardoned ; and
the blood of the Saviour flowing all warm
and propitious from his veins, obtains in his
sight pardon for his partner, but none for
him. I see indeed in the gospel, that God
invites the sinner, and waits awhile for
liis return : but I see also, that this time is
limited ; that it is a fine day succeeded by a
terrible night ; that it is a measure which
the obstinacy of a sinner fills up. O happy
days ! in which I saw the face of my God, in
which I could assure m3'self of my salvation,
in which I cheerfully waited for death as my
passage to glory. Ah ! whither are you fled !
Now, what must I think of myself.' Have I
committed only pardonable offences, or have
1 been guilty of those crimes for which there
Seh. XXXVI.J
REPENTANCE.
327
is no forgiveness ? Shall 1 be forgiven as
Peter was, or shall I be abandoned to des-
peration like Judas ? Shall I ascend to pa-
radise with the converted thief, or must I
with his impenitent partner be cast into
the flames of hell? Will my Redeemer
deign to raise me by his life-giving voice
from my grave to the resurrection unto life,
or will he doom me to destruction ? ' Are the
riches of the goodness and forbearance of
God,' yet open to mc, or are they closed
against me ? Am I a real penitent, or am I
only an apparent one? Shall I be damned? —
Shall I be saved " — Perhaps the one. — Per-
liaps the other. — Perhaps heaven. — Perhaps
hell. — O flital uncertainty ! — Dreadful horror!
Cruel doubt! — This is the sixth arrow of the
Almighty, that wounds the heart of a repent-
ing sinner.
C. Perhaps hell. This is my si.vlh reflec-
tion. Hell is an idea, against which there is
no pliilosophy to eomlort, no profanencss to
protect, no brutality to harden ; for if we
every day sec men, who seem to bo got
above the fear of future punishment, it is be-
cause we see at the same time men, who
have found the art either of stupifying them-
selves by the tumultuous noise of their pas-
sions, or of blinding themselves by their
infidelity. The very skepticism of these men
marks tiieir timidity. The very attempts,
wliich they make to avoid thinking of hell,
are full of proofs that they cannot bear the
sight of it. Indeed, who can support the
idea of the torments of hell, especially when
their duration is added ? Yet this is the idea
that strikes a penitent, he condemns himself
to suffer this punishment, he places himself
on the edge of this gulf, and if 1 may be al-
lowed to speak so, draws in the pestilential
vapours, that arise from this bottoniless
abyss. Every moment of his lifii, before he
beholds God as his reconciled Father, is a
moment, in which probably ho may be cast
into liell, becn.use there is no period in the
life of such a man, in which it is not probable
that he may die, and there is no death for
one who dies in impenitence, which will not
be a deatii in a state of reprobation.
7. In fine, the last arrow that wounds the
heart of a penitent, is an arrow of divine
love. The more we love God, the more mi-
sery we endure when we have been so un-
happy as to offend him. Yes, this love,
which inflames seraphims, this love, which
makes the felicity of angels, this love, which
supports the believer under the most cruel
torments, this love is more terrible than
death, and becomes the greatest tormentor
of the penitent. To have oiFendod a God
whom ho loves, a God whom so many excel-
lences render lovely, a God whom he longs
again to love, notwitiistanriing those terrible
looks which !»c casts on the sins that the
penitent deplores ; these thoughts excite
such sorrows in the soul, as nothing but ex-
perience can give men to understimd.
The union of all these cau«fij>, which pro-
duce sorrow in a crue penitent, forms the
grand difference between iliat which St.
Paul calls gudlij sorrow, and that which he
calls th<' sorrovi of the icorld, that is to say,
between true repentance and tliat uneasiness.
which worldly systems sometimes give ano-
ther kind of penitents. The grief of the lat-
ter arises only from motives of self-interest,
from punishments they feel, or from conse-
quences they fear.
We have seen, tlicn, the true causes of
ffodly sorrow, and we are now to attend to
its effects ; they constitute a second remark-
able difference hetwoca godly sorrow and the
sorrow of the, world.
II, St. Paul speaks of the effects of godbj
sorrow only in general terms in our text, iie
says, it 'worketh repentance to salvation :'
but in the following verses he speaks more
particularly ; * Behold, this self-same thing,
that ye sorrowed after a godly sort, what
carefulness it wrought in you, yea, what
clearing of yourselves, yea, what indignation,
yea, what fear, yea, what vehement desire,
yea, what zeal, yea. what revenge !' Some of
these terms inay perhaps be equivocal, how-
ever, we do not intend at prr-sent to inquire
into the various senses of them : but will
take them in that sense which seems most
obvious, most agreeable to the style of St.
Paul, and to the subject of which he ia
speaking.
There is also in the language of the apos-
tle, in what he calls the 'working of godly
sorrow,' something relative to the state of
the Corinthian church in regard to the case
of the incestuous person ; and this seems par-
ticularly clear in the expression, ' yea, what
revenge!' St. Paul very likely referred to
the excommunication of this person by the
Corinthian church. He had directed them
in a former epistle, ' when ye are gathered
ton-ether, and my spirit, with the power of
our Lord Jesus Christ, deliver such a one
unto Satan,' 1 Cor. v. 4, 5. We have seen
that the puni.shments inflicted on such per-
sons are called vc7igcancc, and of this re-
venge, or vengeance, the apostle speaks.
I,et us omit every thing personal, aud let us
attend only to that part of the subject which
regards ourselves.
The first effect of godbj sorrow is what
our apostle calls carefulness, or, as I would
rather read it, vigilance, 'yea, what vigi-
lance I' I understand by this term the dis-
position of a man, who feeling a sincere sor-
row for his sins, and being actually under the
afflicting hand of God, is not content with a
few general notions, and a little vague
knowledge of his own irregularities]: but
uses all his efforts to examine every circum-
stance of his life, and to dive into the least
obvious parts of his own conscience, in order
to discover whatever is offensive to that God,
whose favour and clemency he most earnest-
ly implores. The penitence of worldlings,^
or as St. Paul expresses it, ' the sorrow of
the world;' may indeed produce such gene-
ral notions, and such a vague knowledge of
sin, us I just nowmejitionod. AtHicted peo-
ple very commonly say, We deserve these
punishments, we aro sinners, very great sin-
ners : but those penitents are rare, very rare
indeed, who possess what our apostle calls
carefulness, or vigilance. A Christian, who
is truly aflected with having offended God,
labours with the utmost earnesuiess to find
out all that can have contributed to excite
REPENTANX'E.
[Seb. XXXVI.
the anger of God against him, and to engage
him to redouble the strokes of a just dis])lea
Bure. Perhaps it may be some connexion
attended with dangerous influences, which
I had not perceived. Ferliaps it may be the
retention of some ill-acquired property, tl;e
injuBtice of tacquiring wliich 1 have refused
to acknowledge, lest my conscience should
drive me to make restitution. Perhaps I
iniiy have omitted some virtue essential to
Christianity. God has taken away my for-
tune ; but perhaps I abused it, perhaps it ex-
cited my pride, and made me forget my infir-
mities, my dust and aslies. God took away
my child, the whole comfort of my life ; but
probably lie sav.', I made an idol of it, and
siuffered it to till a place in my heart, which
rught to have been reserved for God alone.
God Bent a sickness, which I should not have
Aaturaliy expected ; but perhaps, health was
a snare to me, and held me from considering
iny last end. In view of such a person our
apostlo would exclaim, ' Behold, this self-
t^ame tiling, that ye sorrowed after a godly
gort, what carefulness it wrought in you !'
* What clearing of yourselves !' adds St.
Paul. The Greek word signifies apology,
nnd it will be best understood by joining the
following expression witli it, ycu^irliat indig-
7iation ! In the sorrov/ of the world apology
and indignation are usually companions ; in-
dignation against him who represents the
atrocity of a sin, and apology for him who
commits it. In what odious colours does this
artful indignation describe a man, who freely
preaches the whole counsel of God,' Acts xx.
ti7; representing to eyery sinner i'> its own
point of light the crime of wliich he is guilty I
Sometimes we accuse him of rashness, as if a
man ought never to reprove the vices of
others unless he believes his own conduct is
irreprehensible. Sometimes we reproach hirn
with the very sins which he censures in
others, as if a man ought to be perfect him-
Relf, before he pretends to reprove the im-
perfections of his brethren. Sometimes we
account him a maintainer of heresies, as if it
were impossible to press home the practice of
religion without abjuring the speculative doc-
trines that are revealed in the same gospel.
St. Paul experienced this indignation as
much as any minister of the gospel. In
deed it seems impossilile, that a ministry
so popular as his should not expose itself to
inlander from the abundant malignity of the
age in wijich it was exercised. And this will
always be tlie fate of all those who walk in
the stejis of this a[K)8lle, and take his resolu-
tion and eenrage for a model.
The same principle that produces indigna-
tion against tliose who reprove our disorders,
inspires us with npoJogics to excuse ourselves.
The reproved sinner is always fruitful in ex-
cuses, always ingenious in finding reasons to
exculpate himself, even while he gives him-
self up to those excesses which admit of the
least excuse ; one while, his time of life ne-
cessarily induces him to some sins ; another
time, human frailty Ik incompatible widi per-
fect piety ; now he pleads the vivacity of his
passions, which will suffer no control; and then
lie Says, he is irresistibly carried away with
tlie Ibrce of example in spite of all his efiorts.
Now, change the objects of indignalioT,
and apologij, and you will have a just notion
of the dispositions of the Corinthians, and of
the effects which godly sorroic produces in
the soul of a true penitent. Let yonr apology
have for its object that ministry which you
have treated so unworthily, let your indigna-
tion turn agiinst yourselves, and then you
will have a right to pretend to the preroga-
tives of true repentance. What sins liavo
you lamented last week ? Your exces-
sive love of the world .' Let this sorroio
produce an apology for the holy ministry ; let
it excite indignation against yourselves ; ac-
knowledge that we had reason to afhrm ' the
friendship of the worhl is enmity with God/
Jam. iv. 4 ; that ' no man can serve two mas-
ters,' Matt. vi. 24 ; that some amusements,
some ostentatious airs, some liveries of the
world, ill become a Christian: and blame
yourselves, if you be incapable of relishing
this doctrine. What sin Jiave you been la-
menting ? Avarice .-' Let this sorrow apolo-
gize for tin holy miniiitry, and let it excite
indignation against yourselves. Acknowledge,
we iiad reasons sufficient for sa} ing, that ' the
love of money is the root of all evil,' 1 Tim.
vi.lO; that ' covctousness is idolatry,' Col.
iii. 5 ; that ' the covetous shall not inherit the
kingdom of God,' 1 Cor. vi. 10; that such
mean, low, sordid sentiments are unworthy of
those, whom Jesus Christ has received into
communion with himself, whom he has
brouglit up in a school of generosity, disin-
terestedness, and magnanimity : who have
seen in his person examples ofall these noble
virtues ; and now find fault if you can, with
any besides yourselves, if you be incapable
of digesting this doctrine. ' Behold this seli"-
same thing, that ye sorrowed alter a godly
sort, what carefulness it wrought in you, yea,
what apoloo-y, j^ea, what indignation !'
The apostle adds,' yea, what fear.' By fear,
in this place, we understand that self-difli-
dence, v,'hich an idea of the sins we have
committed, ought naturally to inspire. Ill
this sense. St. Paul says to the Romans, ' be
not high-minded ; but fear,' chap. xi. 20. Fear,
that is to sa}', distrust iiiyself. I do not
mean a bare speculative Jifiidence, that per-
suades the mind : I understand a practical
fear, which penetrates the heart, inspires us
with salutary cautions against the repetition
of such sins as we arc nios^ inclined to com-
mit. This effect produced by godly sorrow,
is one of the principal characters that distin-
guishes it from the sorrow of tlie world, from
that repentance, which is ofit^n found in false
penitents. It is one of the surest ma^ks of
real repentance, and one of the best eviden-
ces, that it is not imaginarj-. Let the occa-
sion of your penitential sorrows in the past
week teach you to know yourself, and engage
you to guard those tempers of your hearts,
the folly of which your own experience has so
fully taught you. Here you sullered through
your inattention and dissipation ; fear lest
you should fall by the same means again ;
guard against this weakness, strengthen this
feeble part, accustom yourself to attention,
examine what relation every circumstance of
your life has to your duty. There you fell
through your vanity ; fear lest you should
J
Seb. XXXVI.]
HEPENTANCE.
329
fall again by the same mean ; guard against
this weakness, accustom yourself to meditate
on your original meanness, and on whatever
can inspire you with the grace of humility.
Another time you erred through excessive
complaisance ; fear lest you should err again
by the same mean ; guard against this weak-
ness, accustom yourself to resist opp'irtunity,
when resistance is necessary, and never blusli
to say, ' It is right in the siglit of God, to
hearken unto God, more than unto you,'
Acts iv. 19. In such a case, St. Paul would
exclaim, ' behold, this self-same thing, tiiat
ye sorrowed after a godly sort, what fear it
wrought in you !'
In the fifth place, ' What vehement desire .-"
This is another vague term. Godly sorrow
produces divers kinds of desire. Here I con-
fine it to one meaning ; it sionifies, I think, a
desire of participating the favour of God, of
becoming an object of the merciful promises,
vv'hich he has made to truly contrite souls,
and of resting under the siiade of that cross,
where an expiatory sacrifice was offered to
divine justice for the sins of mankind. A
penitent, who sees the favourable looks of a
compassionate God intercepted ; a penitent,
who cannot behold that adorable face, the
smiles of which constitute all his joy ; a peni-
tent, who apprehends his God justly flaming
with anger against him, desires only one
thing, that is, to recover a sense of the favour
of God. * If thy presence go not with me
carry us not up hence,' said Moses once,
Exod. xxxiii. 15 ; should we conquer all the
land of promise, and possess all its treasures,
and not enjoy thy love, we would rather spend
all our days here in the desert. ' I will arise,
and go to my Father, and will say unto him,
Father, I have sinned against heaven and be-
fore thee, make me as one of thy hired ser-
vants,' Luke XV. 18, 19 ; this was the lan-
guage of the prodigal son. And the prayer
of the psalmist is to the same purpose, ' Cast
me not away from thy presence, and take not
thy holy spirit from me, restore unto me the
ioy of thy salvation, uphold me with thy free
spirit,' Ps. li. 11, 12.
Finally, zeal is the sixth effect o( godly sor-
rmo, and it may have three sorts of objects,
God, our neighbours, and ourselves. But, as
the time is nearly elapsed, and as I have
nhown you in general what godly sorrow is,
and what eftects are wrought in a penitent
by it, I shall proceed to close this discourse by
describing the benefits that accompany it.
III. St. Paul expresses himself In a very
concise manner on this article : but his lan-
guage is full of meaning ; repentance produ-
ced by godly sorrow, says he, ' is not to be
xepented of This is one of those tours of
expression, by which, while a subject seems
to be diminished, the highest ideas are given
of it. ' Godly sorrow worketh repentance
not to be repented of,' that is to say, it is always
a full source of consolation and joy. Let us
adapt ourselves to the shortness of our time.
Godly sorrow reconciles us to three enemies,
which, while we live in sin, attack us with
implacable rage. The first is divine justice;
the second our own conscience ; the last death.
1. The first enemy who attacks us while
we live in sin, with implacable rage, is the
justice of God. There can be no other rela-
tion betv^een God and an obstinate sinner
than that which subsists between judge and
criminal ; ' God is of purer eyes than to be-
hold evil,' Hab. i. 13; and his justice point.'!
all his thunders against the devoted head of
him who gives himself up to the commission
of it. Godly sorrow reconciles us to divine
justice. This is perhaps of all proposition.'J
the least disputable, the most clear, and the
most demonstrable.
Consult your own reason, it will inform
you, God is good ; it will prove, by all the ob-
jects which surround 3'ou, that it is not pos-
sible for God to refuse mercy to a penitent,
who weeps, and mourns for sin, who prays
for mercy, who covers himself with sackcloth
and ashes, who dares not venture to lift up
his eyes to heaven, who would shod all his
blood to atone for the sins that he has com-
mitted, and who would not fbr the whole uni-
verse allow himself to commit them again.
To reason add authority, and it will appear,
that all mankind profess to be guilty of sin,
and to adore a God of pardoning mercy, and
although numbers remain ignorant of the na-
ture of true repentance, yet allow it is at-
tended with excellent prerogatives.
To reason and authority add revelation.
But how is it possible for me at present
even to hint all the comfortable testimonies
of revelation on this article '? Revelation
gives you ideas of the mercy of God the
most tender, the most affectinc, the most
sublime ; it speaks of ' bowels troubled,
repentings kindled together,' at the sound of
a penitent's plaintive voice, Jer. xxxi. 20;
Hos. xi. 8. Revelation speaks of oaths utter-
ed by God himself, whose bare word is evi-
dence enough, ' As I live, saith the Lord,'
Ez3k.xxxiii.il. (St. Paul tells us, 'because
God could swear by no greater, he sware by
himself,' Heb. vi. 13; and in the text now
quoted God employs this kind of speaking, an
appeal to the most excellent of all beings, in
order to satisfy the trembling conscience of a
penitent.) ' As I live, saith the Lord, I have
no pleasure in the death of the wicked : but
that the wicked turn from his way and live.'
Revelation opens to you those ' fountains of
life which were opened to the house of David
and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and leads
to the blood of the Saviour of the world,
which flows for penitent.sinners,' Zech. xiii. 1 .
Consult experience, and it will show you a
cloud of witnesses, whose repentance was
accepted. Witness many a time the whole
people of Israel, witness Moses, witness Da-
vid, v/itncss Hezekiah, witness Manasseh,
witness Nebuchadnezzar, witness Nineveh,
witness that prostitute who wept in Simon's
house, witness the poor publican, witness the
converted thief, witness every penitent in
this assembly, for what would become of you,
I speak of the holiest of you, what would
become of you, were rot God good, were he
not infinitely good, were he not merciful to
wait while we fall into sin until we rise
again by repentance ^
2. As godly sorroio reconciles us to divine
justice, so it reconciles us to our own con-
sciences. We sometimes lull conscience into
' a deep sleep ; but it is very difficult to keep it
J30
REPENTANCE.
[Ser. XXXVI.
from starting- and waking. Wo be to them
who throw it into a dead sleep to wake no
more ! But when it awakes, how dreadful
.loes it arise from its sleep .-' What blows does
it strike ! What wounds does it make ! What
pains and horrors does it excite, when it says
to aeinner, Miserable wretch ! what hast thou
done ? from what dignity art thou fallen !
into what deep disgrace and distress art thou
plunged ! ' My punishment is greater than I
can bear! Mountains ! cover me ! Hills! fall
upon me,' Gen. iv. V.i; Hos x. 8. Ah! ye
empty sounds of worldly pleasure ! ye tumul-
tuous assemblies ! ye festal and amusive
scenes ! how feeble are ye against an enemy
60 formidable ! It is repentance only, it is only
o-odly sorrow that can disarm conscience. A
soul reconciled to God, a soul made to hear
this comfortable language, ' thy sins be for-
given thee,' Matt, ix. 2, passes, so to speak,
all on a sudden from a kind of hell to a sort
of heaven ; it feels that ' peace of God which
passeth all understanding,' Phil. iv. 7 ; it enters
into that 'joy unspeakable and full of glory,'
1 Pet. i. 8, which has supported the greatest
saints under the most infamous calumnies
that ever were invented to blacken them, and
the sharpest punishments that ever were de-
vised to torment them.
3. In fine, godly sorroin reconciles us to
death. While we live without repentance,
vea, while there remains any doubt of the
sincerity or truth of our repentance, how can
we sustain the thoughts of a just tribunal, an
exact register, an impartial sentence, all
ready to unfold and decree our future fate ?
How can we hear this summons, ' Give an
account of thy stewardship ':' Luke xvi. 2.
Godly sorrow, reconciles us to this enemy,
' the sting of death is sin,' 1 Cor. xv. 55, and
sin has no sting for a penitent. Death appears
to tlie repenting sinner as a messenger of
.^racc,sent to conduct him to a merciful God,
and to open to iiim ineffable felicity flowing
from boundless mercy-
Ah! my brethren," would to God it were
as easy to prove that you bear the marks of
true repentance, as it is to display its prero-
gatives ! But alas ! — I dare not even move
this question — And yet what wait you around
the pulpit for.? ^Vlly came you to heir this
sermon .■' Woiild you have me to close the so-
lemnity as usual l)y sujiposing that you have
understood all, and referred all to the true
design; tliat last week you all very seriously
examined yo\w own hearts ; that you all pre-
pared for the table of the Lord hy adopting
such dispositions as this holy ceremony
requires of you ; that this morning you all
received the communion with such zeal, fer-
vour, and love, as characterize worthy com-
municants ; tliat in the preceding exercise
you all poured out your hearts before God in
irratitude and praise ; and tliat nothing re-
mains now but to congratulate you on the
holiness and happiness of your state."
But tell me, in what period of your lives (I
speak not of you all, for thanks be to God, I
see many true penitents in this assembly;
men, wlio ' shine as lights in the midst of a
crooked and perverse nation,' Phil. ii. 15, and
who may perhaps have obtained to-day by
the fervour of their zeal forbearance for all
the rest. But I speak of a great number,
and of them I askj, In what period of your
lives were "you in possession of all those cha-
racters of godly sorrow, of which we have
been speaking .''
Was it in your closet .'' What ! that trifling
examination, that rapid reading, those super-
ficial regrets, those hasty resolutions, was
this your course of repentance .'
Was it in company.' But what! that com-
merce with the world, in which you were
not distinguished from other worldlings, and
where after the example of your company you
put on their livery, and pursued their pleas-
ures, was this your course of repentance .-'
Was it at the table of Jesus Christ .'' But
what I those communions, to which you
came rather to acquire by some slight exer-
cises of devotion a right to commit more sin,
than to lament what you had committed ;
those communions, which you concluded as
indevoully as you began ; those communions,
that produced no reformation in you as men
of the world, members of the church, or of
private families ; those communions, after
which you were as proud, as implacable, as
sordid, as voluptuous, as envious, as before;
do these communions constitute the course
of your repentance ?
Perhaps, we may repent, when we are dy-
ing ! What ! a forced submission ; an atten-
tion extorted in spite of ourselves by the pray-
ers and exhortations of a zealous minister ;
resolutions inspired by fear ; can this be a
safe course of repentance .''
Ah ! my brethren, it would be better to
turn our hopes from the past ; for past times
otfer only melancholy objects to most of us,
and to confine our attention to future, or ra-
ther to the present moments, which afford us
more agreeable objects of contemplation. O
may the present proofs, the glorious proofs,
which God gives us to-day of his love, make
everlasting impressions upon our hearts and
minds! INIay the sacred table, of which we
have this morning participated, be for ever
before our eyes! May this object every
where follow us, and may it every where
protect us from all those temptations to
which a future conversation with the world
may expose us ! May our prayers, our reso-
lutions, our oaths, never be effaced from our
memories 1 jMay we renew our prayers, reso-
lutions, vows, and oaths, this moment with
all our'liearts ! Let each of us close this solem-
nity by saying, ' Thou art my portion, O
Lord! I have said, that I would keep thy
words ! I have sworn, and I will perform it,
that I will keep thy righteous judgments,' Ps.
xix. 57. WG. I have sworn to be more exact
in all thy service, more attentive to thy voice,
more sensible to thine exhortations. And to
unite all my wishes in one. may that sincerity,
and integrity, with which we take aiis
oath, be accompanied with all the divi le as-
sistance, which is necessary to enable us ne-
ver, never to violate it. Amen and Amen !
.SERMON XXXVII.
ASSURANCE.
ROMANS vii. 38, 39,
I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities,
nor powers, tior things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth,
nor any other, creature, shall be able to separate ns from the love of Godf
which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.
It is a circumstance of sacred liistory well
worthy of our reflections, my brethren, that
Moses and Joshua, being yet, the one beyond
Jordan, the other hardly on the frontiers of
Palestine, disposed of that country as if they
had already subdued it. They made laws
concerning kings, subjects, priests, and
Levites ; they distributed towns and pro-
vinces , and they described the boundaries of
every tribe. It should seem, their battles
had been all fought, and they had nothing
remaining now but the pleasure of enjoying
the fruit of their victories. Yet war is un-
certain, and the success of one day does not
always ensure the success of the next.
Hence the ancient proverb, ' Let not him
that girdetli on his harness, boast himself as
he thai putteth it off,' 1 Kings xx. 11.
Certainly, my brethren, these leaders of
the people of God would have been charge-
able with rashness, had they founded their
hopes only on their own resolution and cou-
rage, had they attacked their enemies only
' with a sword and with a spear ; but they
went in the name of the Lord of hosts, the
God of the armies of Israel,' 1 Sam. xvii. 45,
for he had said to them, ' Arise, and go, for
I do give this land to the children of Israel,'
Josh. i. 2. Resting- on these promises, and
possessing that 'faith, which is the substance
of things ho[)ed for, and the evidence of
things not seen,' Heb. xi. 1, they thought
themselves in the land of promise ; they
tasted the milk and honey, and enjoyed all
the privileges of it.
Christians, there is a greater distance be-
tween heaven and earth ; than there was be-
tween the wilderness and the land of promise.
There are more difficulties to surmount to ar-
rive at salvation, than there were formerly
to arrive at Canaan. Notwithstanding, my
text is the language of a Christian soldier,
yet in (urms, yet resisting flesh and blood,
yet surrounded by innumerable enemies con-
spiring against his soul ; behold him assured,
triumphing, defying all the creatures of the
universe to deprive him of salvation. But
be not surprised at his firmness ; the angel
of the Lord fights for him, and says to him,
' Arise, and go, for I do give the land to thee,'
Josh. i. 3 ; and his triumphant song is full of
wisdom, ' I am persuaded, that neither 'Li:th,
nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor
powers, nor things present, nor thing's to
come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other
creature, shall be able to separate us from the
love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.'
Let us examine the steadfastness of St.
Paul, and let the words of our text decide
two disputed points. Some divines pretend,
that believers ought always to remain in a
state of doubt and uncertainty concerninu*
their salvation. Oui first dispute is with
them Our second is with some false Chris-
tians, who, pretending that assurance of sal-
vation is taught in the holy Scriptures, arro-
gate to themselves the consolations afforded
by this doctrine, even while they live in prac-
tices, inconsistent with a state of regenera-
tion. With a view to both, we will divide
this discourse into two general parts. In
the first we will prove this proposition ; a be-
liever i;. ay arrive at such a degree of holiness
as to be assured of his salvation. ' I am per-
suaded,' says St. Paul ; he does not say, I
think, I presume, I conjecture : but ' I am
persuaded,' I am assured, ' that neither death
nor life shall be able to separate us from the
love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our
Lord.' In the second place, we will prove,
that no one has a right to assure himself of
his salvation, any farther than he has a right
to assure himself, that he sliall persevere in
faith and obedience. 1 am persuaded ; ol'
what? Is it that, live how I will, I shall be
saved .'' No. But I am persuaded, that neither
death nor life shall separate me from the love
of God ,; that is to say, I am persuaded, I
shall triumph over all temptations. The first
of these articles shall be directed to confirm
our consciences, and to explain our divinity.
The second to justify our morality, and to
destroy thftt false system of confidence which
carnal security aims to establish.
I. A believer may carry his faith and
holiness to a degree which Avill assure him of
his salvation. This is our first proposition,
and there is as much necessity of explaining
it clearly as of solidly proving' the truth of
it ; for if there bean article, diat is rendered
obscure by disputes about words, and by the
false consequences which different authors
impute to each other, it is certainly this. If
we clearly state the question, and omit what
is not essential to tho subject, although it
may have some distant relation to it, we shall
preclude a great many difficulties, and the
truth will establish itself
First, then, when we affirm, there is such a
blessing as assurance of salvation, we do
not mean that assurance is a duty imposed
on all mankind, so that every one, in what
state soever he may be, ought to be fully
persuaded of his salvation, and by this per-
332
ASSURANCE.
[Ser. XXXVII.
suasion to begin iiis Christianity. We are
well assured, that all those who are out of
the road of truth and virtue, can have no
other assurance than what is false, rash,
and injurious to religion. By this we get
rid of all those calumnies, by which some
attempt to blacken our doctrine. It has
been pretended, that we require false Chris-
tians, wicked and abandoned people, per-
:iiting in error tand vice to believe that they
are justified, and that they have nothnig
more to do, in order to arrive at salvation,
than to persuade themselves that they shall
be saved. Indeed we allow, obligations to
faith and holiness, by which we arrive at
assurance, lie upon all men, even the most
unbelieving and profane ; but while they per-
sist in unbelief and profaneness, we endea-
vour to destroy their pretences to assurance
and salvation
2. We do lot affirm, that all Christians,
even they who may be sincere Christians,
but of whose sincerity there may be some
doubt, have a right to assurance. Assurance
of our jus'-ficcion depends on assurance of
our bearing the characters of justified per-
sons. As a Christian ir his state of infancy
and -noviciate, can he ' only mixed and
doubtful evi<l:'nces of liis Christianity, so he
can have onl> mixed and doubtful evidences
of his certainty of salvation. In this manner
we rep]v t those who reproach us with
optriiUg a broad way to heaven not autho-
rized by the word of God.
3. Less still do v- : ^Hrm, that thej' wlio
tor a considerable tini- ueemed to give great
proof of '. eir faith sm' love, but who have
since f>i. u back into sin, and seem as if
they woulc continue in it for the remaining-
part of life, ought, in virtue of their former
apparent acts of piety, to persuade them-
selves that they shall be saved. Far from
pretending that these people ought to arro-
gate to themselves the prerogatives of truo
believers, we aflirm, tlicy were never partak-
ers of the first principles of true religion, ac-
cording to this saying of an apostle, ' If they
had been of us, they would no doubt have
continued with us,' 1 John ii. 19. In this
manner we reply to the difilculties, which
some passages of Scripture seem to raise
against our doctrine ; as this of St. Paul, ' It
is impossible for those who were once en-
lightened, and have tasted of the heavenly
gift, and i-ere partakers of the Holy Ghost,
if they shall fall away, to renew them aa;ain
to repentanc?,' Ileb. vi. 4. f>. And this oi the
prophet, ■ Whon the righteous turneth away
from his righteousness, and committeth ini-
quity, and doetl. according to all the abomi-
nations that the wicked man doeth, shall he
live .'' All his righteousness that he hath done,
shall not be mentioned, in his trespass shall
he die,' Ezek. xviii. 24.
4. We do not say that they who have ar-
rived at the highest degree of faith and
holiness, can be persuaded of the certainty of
their salvation in every period of their lives.
Piety, even the piety of the most eminent
saints, is sometimes under an eclipse. Con-
sequently, assurance, which piety alone can
produce, must be subject to eclipses too.
Thus we answer objections taken from such
cases as that of David. After he had killed
Uriah, he was given up to continual remorse ;
the shade of Uuriah, says Josephus, all cover-
ed with gore, for ever haunted him, broke his
bones, and made him cry most earnestly for
a restoration of the joy of Salvation, Ps.li. 8.
12. In some such circumstances the prophet
Asaph was, when he exclaimed, ' Will the
Lord cast off for ever .'' and will he be favour-
able no more ? Hath God forgotten to be
gracious ? Hath he in anger shut up his ten-
der mercies .'" Ps. Ixxvii. 7. 9. These were
moments of suspension of divine love ; these
were the sad remains of sin in these holy
men.
5. We do not say that the greatest saints
have any right to persuade tiiemselves of the
certainty of their salvation in case they were
to cease to love God. Certainty of salvation,
supposes perseverance in the way of salvation.
Thus we replv to objections taken from the
words of St. Paul, ' I keep under my bodj',
and bring it into subjection, lest that by any
means, when I have preached to others, I
myself should be a cast away,' 1 Cor. ix. 27.
We are persuaded St. Paul, all holy as he
was. had he ceased to have been holy, would
have been ob'iged to doubt of his salvation.
Thus also we account for the threatenings
which are denounced in Scripture, and for
this command of an apostle, ' Give diligence
to make your calling and election sure," 2
Pet. i. 10. And by this also we get rid of the
unjust leproaches which some cast on the
doctrine of assurance, as favouring indolence
and licentiousness.
G. We do not affirm, that any man, con-
sidered in himself, employing only his own
strength, and unassisted by grace, can hope
to persevere in holiness. We suppose the
Christian assisted by the power of God,
withoUb 'vhich no man can begin the work of
salvation, much less finish it Thus our doc-
trine frees itself from rashness and presump-
tion.
7. We do not pretend to a^r:.: that doubts
exclude men from salvati- - aith may be
f .:"ere, where it is not stror All the chil-
dren of Abraham are not like J '..raham ' fully
persuaded.'
Finally, While we maintain the doctrine of
assurance, we wish to have it distinguished
from the doctrine of perseverance. It is a
doctrine of our churches, once a child of God,
and always a child of God. But, although
these two doctrines seem to be closely con-
nected together : although the same argu-
ments which establish the one, may be of
use to prove the other : yet there is a con-
siderable difference between the t\\'b. We
are not considering to-day so much the con-
dition of a Christian, as the judgment which
he ought to make of it. Let it not surprise
you then, if, while wo press home the article
of assurance, we do not speak much on the
faithfulness of God in his promises, or the ir-
revocable nature of his eternal decrees ; for
we arc not inquiring in this discourse, whe-
ther the promises of God be faithful, or, whe-
ther his decrees be inviolable : but whether
we can arrive at a persuasion of our own in-
terest in these promises, and whether we be
included in the eternal decrees of his love.
Seb. XXXVII.]
ASSURANCE.
333
Our question is not, May true believers fall
away into endless perdition ? but, Have we
any evidence that we are among tlie number
of those saints who can never perish ?
These elucidations and distinctions are suf-
ficient at present. Were we to compose a
treatise on the subject, it would be necessary
to explain each article more fully : but in a
single sermon they can only be just mention-
ed. These hints, we hope, are sufficient to
give you a clear state of the question, and a
just notion of the doctrine of our churches.
We do not say every man, but a believer;
not every pretended believer, but a true be-
liever ; not a believer in a state of infancy
and noviciate, but a confirmed believer; not a
believer who backslides from his profession,
but one who perseveres ; not a believer du-
ring his falls into sin, but in the ordinary
course of his life; not a believer considered
in himself, and left to his own efforts, but a
believer supported by that divine aid Vv-hich
God never refuses to those who ask it ; such
a believer, we say, may pcrsvade himself, not
only that the promises of God are faithful,
and that his decrees are irrevocable, but that
he is of the number of those whom faithful
promises and immutable decrees secure. Not
that we pretend to e.vclude from salvation
those who have not obtained the highest de-
gree of assurance : but we consider it as a
state to which each Christian ought to aspire,
a privilege that every one should endeavour to
obtain. It is not enough to advance this pro-
position, we must endeavour to establish it on
solid proof.
We adduce in proof of this article, first, the
experience of holy men ; next, the nature of
regeneration ; then, the privileges of a Ciiris-
tian ; and lastly, the testimony of tlie Holy
Spirit ; each of which we will briefly ex-
plain.
1. We allege the crpcrirnce of holy men.
A long list of men persuaded of their salva-
tion might here be given. A few follow.
Job says, * I know that my Redeemer liveth,
and though after my skin, worms destroy tliis
body, yet in my flesh shall I see God, whom
I shall see for myself,' chap. xix. 2o — 27.
David says, ' O Lord, deliver my sonl from
men of the world, who have their portion in
this life. As forme, I will behold t!iy face in
righteousness, I shall be satisfied when I
awake witli thy likeness,' Ps. xvii. 11, ].'>. So
Asaph, ' It is my happiness to draw near to
God. I am continually with tliec, thou hast
liolden me by thj' right hand. Thou shall
guide me with thy counsel, and afterward
receive me to glory,' Ps. Ixxiii. 28, 2.i, 24.
But not to multiply examples, let us content
ourselves with the vi'ords of the text, and in
order to feel the force of them, Ictus explain
them.
'lam persuaded, that neither death, nor
life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers,
nor things present, nor things to come, nor
height nor depth, nor any other creature,
shall be able to separate us from the love of
God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.'
Wiiat is this love of God, of which our apos-
tle speaks f The expression is equivocal. It
either signifies the love of Jesus Christ to us,
or our love to him. ]5oth come to the same ;
2 U
for as St. Paul could not persuade himself
that God would always love him, without at
tlie same time assuring himself that he should
always love God ; nor that he should always
love God, without persuading himself that
God would always love him ; so that it is in-
different which sense we take, for in either
sense the apostle means by the love of God
in Christ Jesus, his communion with God in
Jesus Christ. What does ho say of this com-
munion ? He says, he is ' persuaded, that nei-
ther death, nor life, nor angels, nor principa-
lities, nor powers, nor things present, nor
things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any
other creature, shall be able to separate it.'
This enumeration includes all, and leaves no
room for addition. In effect, what are the
most formidable enemies that conspire against
our souls ?
Are they the sophisms with which Satan
gives a gloss to error.' There is an art of en-
veloping the truth ; there is a superficial
glare that may render false religions proba-
ble, and may dazzle the eyes of inquirers. St.
Paul defies not only the most accomplished
teachers, and the most refined sophists : but
the very devils also, neither angels, says he,
that is, fallen angels.
Are they the dissipations of life, which by
filling all the capacity of the soul, often de-
prive it of the liberty of working out his sal-
vation .■* or are they the approaches of death,
the gloom of which intercepts the light and
obscures the rays of the Sun of righteous-
ness ? St. Paul is superior to both, ' neither
death, nor life,' says he.
Are they worldly pomps and grandeurs .-*
A certain love of elevation, inseparable from
our minds, prejudices us in favour of what-
ever presents itself to us under the idea of
grandeur. St. Paul dares all the pomps, and
all the jjotentates in the world, ' neither prin-
cipalities, nor powers, nor height,' adds he.
Are the impressions that present objects
always make on us enemies to us.'' The idea
of a present benefit weighs much with us
The sacrifice of the present to the future is
the most difijcult of all the efforts of our
hearts. St. Paul knows the art of rendering
present objects future, and of annihilating
the present, if I may venture to say so, by
])laclug it in future j)ro.spect ; ' neither things
present, nor things to come.'
Are they the most cruel torments.' How
difficult is it to resist pain I In violent sensa-
tions of i)ain the soul itself retires into conceal-
ment, and surrounded with excruciating ma-
ladies can scarcely support itself by reflection.
St. Paul can resist all torment, ' distress and
l)ersecution, famine and nakedness, jicril and
sword.'
Is contempt an enemy .' Many who have
withstood all otiier trials, have sunk under
that unjust scandal which often covers the
ciiildren of God in this world. St. Paul en-
tertained rectified ideas of glory, and found
grnndeur in the deepest abasement, when re-
ligion reduced him to it. ' Neither,' says he,
' shall death be able to separate.' ' I am
persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor
angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor
things present, nor things to come, nor height,
nor depth ;" and lest the imperfection of his
a.34
ASSURA>X'E.
[Set?. XXXVIJ.
enumeration sliouTd orcite any suspicion
conccrninfr his persevernnf.e, lie adds, 'nor
an}' other creature, shall be able to poparate
IIS from the love of God which is in Clirist
■Tesus otir Lord.'
In vain it will be ohjented, t.lia* this assu-
rance was grounded on some extraordinary
fovelation, and on some privileges peculiar
to the apostles ; for it is clear by the prece-
ding verses, that the apostle f.;roun<ls his as-
Kurance of salvation on promises made to all
the church. On this account some duties
are enjoined on all Christians, which suppose
that all Christians may arrive at this assu-
rance ; these duties are thanksgivinnf, joy,
and hope. Nothing then, can invalidate our
arguments drawn from the examples of holy
men. Thus the question of assurance is not
a question of right, subject to objections and
difficulties : it is a question of fact, explain-
ed by an event, and decided by experience.
2. Let us attend to the nature of regenera-
tion. A regenerate man is not one who
lightly determines his choice of a religion;
he is not a child tossed to and fro, and carri-
ed about with every wind of doctrine, Eph. iv.
14 ; but he is a man who has studied Chris-
tianity, weighed its arguments, seen its evi-
dences, and felt all their force, so that he is
persuaded by demonstration, that there is a
God, a providence, another life, a judgment,
a heaven, a hell, and so on.
A regenerate man is one. Vv'ho, by continu-
al meditations and pious actions, has sur-
mounted his natural propensities to sin. He
is a man, whose constitution, so to speak, is
jipw cast and refined, so that instead of being
inwardly carried away to sin by his own vio-
lent passions, he is inwardly moved to the
practice of piety and virtue.
A regenerate man is one, who in pious ex-
ercises, has experienced that satisfaction
■which a rational mind tastes, when inward
t-onsciousnesg attests a harmony between
destiny and duty. He is a man, v,ho has
folt ' that peace which passeth ail understand-
ing ; that joy unspeakable, and full of glory,'
Phil. iv. 7 ; I Pet. i. 8, which the presence of
God produces in the soul. He is a man,
whose life has abounded with those happy
periods, in which the soul loses sijrht of the
World, holds communion with its God, fore-
T.-istos eternal felicity, finds itself, as St.
Paul expresses it, ' raised up from the dead,
and made to sit in heavenly places with
Christ Jesus,' Eph. ii. 6.
A regenerate man is one who has medita-
ted on the attributes of God, his wisdom, his
omnipresence, and his justice; and particu-
larly on those depths of mercy whicli incli-
ned hiin to redeem a fallen "world, and to
ransom it by a sacrifice, the bare idea of
which confounds imagination, and absorbs
all thought.
A reffOnorate man is one, whose own ideas
of God have produced love to him, a love the
more fervent becau.se it is founded on his
own perfections and excellencies, a ' love
strong as death, a love that many waters
cannot quench, neither can the floods drown,'
Cant. viii. G. 7.
^ This is a fair account of a regenerate man.
Now.it is certain, such a man has a right to
be persuaded that he shall triumph over all
liis temptations ; he may say, ' I am persuad-
ed that no creature shall separate me from
the love of God.'
Let us consider things at the worst with
this man. It may liappen to him, that a com-
plex sojihism, or an ingenious objection, may
for a moment becloud his faith, and excite
some doubt in his mind ; but as we suppose
him enlightened, guarded, and grounded in
the truth, it is impossible his persuasion of
these great truths, truths so well understood
and established, should ever be totally effaced
from his mind.
Indeed it may happen, that such a man
through a revolt of his senses, or a revolution
of his spirits, may fall into some excesses:
but as his constitutional turn is reformed, his
propensity to sin surmounted, and his habits
of piety establislied, it is impossible he should
not know that his senses and spirits will re-
turn to their usual calm.
It may happen, that such a man throngh
I the allurement of a present pleasure, through
the enticement of a temptation, through the
false attractives of the world, may for a few
moments be imposed on, and betrayed away:
but a remembrance of the pleasures of piety,
a contrast between them and the pleasures of
the world, will soon recover him to such re-
ligious exercises as before gave him real
pleasures and pure joy.
Remark here, that by proposing this reason-'
ing, we have granted our opponents all which
they can reasonably require ; we have placed
things at the worst. But, including all our
ideas, we alFirm, the principles of regeneration
are such, that he who possesses them, will
not only arise from his falls, should he some-
times tall into sin under violent temptations ;
but he will avail himself of these very temp-
tations to confirm his faith and obedience.
The same objects produce different effects,
according to the different dispositions of the
persons to whom they are oiiered. What
serves to confirm a wicked man in sin, serves
to confirm a good man in virtue, and, if he
has fallen, to reclaim him to God.
Propose to a regenerate man the most art-
ful sophism of error, he will take occasion
from it to attach himself more earnestly to
the study of truth ; he will increase his
knowledge, and he will never find a more
sincere attachment to religion than after dis-
covering the nullity of the objections that
are made against it. Surround him with
worldly pomp, it will elevate his mind to that
glory which God has reserved tor his children
in the other world. Put him in a state of
meanness and misery, it will detach him from
the world, and enliven him in searching feli-
city in another life. Lay iiim on a death-bed,
even there he will triumph over all. The
veils that concealed the supremo good from
him, will begin to fall in pieces, and he will
become inflamed with the desire of possessing
it. Suppose him even fallen into sin, an ex-
perience of his f ailty will animate him to
vigilance ; he will hereafter doubly guard
the weak passes of his soul; and thus he will
gain by his losses, and triumph in his very
defeats.
]t is too little to S3V, ' No creature shall
SxR. XXXVII. j
ASSURANCE.
separate him from the love of God ;' all crea-
tures shall serve to unite him more closely
to his Lord. Thus St. Paul says, ' All things
work together for good to them that love
God ; in all things we are more than con-
querors tiirough him that loved us,' Rom. viii.
28. 37. Observe these expressions, not only
nothing can hurt a true believer : but ' all
things work together for his good;' not only,
we ai e conquerors .- but we are ' more than
conquerors through him that loved us.' No-
thing is hyperbolical here. Every thing' ac-
tually contributes to the salvation of a be-
liever. In this sense ' all are his, Paul,
Cephas, and the world,' 1 Cor. iii. 22. In
this sense he ' spoileth principalities and
powers, and, like his Saviour, ' makes a show
of them openly,' Col. ii. 1.5. And this is a reason
for a believer's continual joy, because, in
whatever circumstances Providence may
place him, all conduct him to the one great
end. Were his chief aim health, sickness
would deprive him of it ; were it elevation,
meanness would tiiwart him; were it riches,
poverty would counteract his design : but as
his chief aim is salvation, all things, sickness
and health, majesty and meanness, poverty
and riches, all contribute to his salvation.
' I am persuaded, that neither death, nor
life, nor angels, nor principRlities, nor powers,
nor any other creature shall be able to separate
us from the love of God, which is in Christ
Jeaus our Lord. All things work together
lor good to them that love God. We are
more than conquerors through him that hath
loved us.'
The prerogatives of a Cliristian aft'ord a
third class of arguments for assurance of
Siilvation. This appears by two propositions.
A Christian may know, that he has a true
faith. When a person is persuaded, that he
lias a true faith, he may assure himself of ob-
taininjg assistance to persevere, and conse-
quently of arriving at salvatioji.
The first proposition is incontestable. True
faith has proper characters. It consists in
eomo ideas of the mind, in some dispositions
of heart, and in some action of life, each of
which may be described, if not with facility,
yet with certainty, when the laws of self-ex-
amination are obeyed. Tiie Scripture puts
these words into the mouths of true be-
lievers : We know ^hat we have passed from
death unto life ; we know that we are of the
truth, and shall assure our hearts before him,'
1 John iii. 14. 19. Agreeably to which St.
Paul says, ' Hold fast the conlidcnce, and
the rejoicing of the hope firm onto the end,'
Heb. iii. 6. ' Examine yoursclve.'?, whether
je be in the faith ; prove your own selves ;
know ye not your own selves, how tiiat Jesus
Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates.""
2 Cor. xiii. 5.
Here lies the difliculty : I have faitii to-day,
liow can I assure myself that 1 shall have it
to-morrow .' I am sure to-day I am in a state
of grace, how can I be sure I shall be so to-
jnorrow ? Our second proposition is intended
1o remove tliis difficulty. When we are sure
faith is true and genuine, we may be sure of
assistance to persevere. We ground this on
tlio privileges of true faith. One of these is
,tlie pardon of &I1 the eius that we have coui-
1 mittod in the whole course of our lives, pro-
vided we repent. ' If any man sin, we have
an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ
I the righteous, and he is the propitiation for
our sins,' 1 John ii. 1. A second privilege ia
the acceptance of sincerity instead of perfec-
tion, 'A bruised reed sliall he not break,
and smoking flax shall he not quench,' Matt,
xii. 20. Another privilege is supernatural
grace to support us under trials : ' If any of
you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that
giveth to all men liberallv,' James i. 5. One
privilege is the connexion of all benefits with
the one great gift, ' God who spared not hrs
own Son, but delivered him up for us all^
how shall he not with him also freely give us
all things.'" Rom. viii. 33. Another privilege
is the gift of perseverance, * I will put my
law in their inward parts, and write it m their
hearts, and will be their God, and they shall
be my people,' Jer. xxxi. 33, ' I will put my
spirit within you, and cause you to walk in
my statutes, and ye shall keep my judgments,
and do them,' Ezek. xxxvi. 27. Another
privilege is an interest in the intercession ot
Jesus Christ, which God never rejects. ' Si-
mon, Simon, behold, Satan hatli desired to
have you, that he may sift you as wheat :
but I have prayed for thee, that thy faith
fail not,' Luke xxii. 31, 32. ' Holy Father '.
keep through thine own name those whom
thou hast given me, that they may be one,
as we are. Neither pray I for these alone ;
but for them also, which shall believe on me
through their word,' John xvii. 11. 20. 'I
will pray the Father, and he shall give you
another comforter, that he may abide with
you for ever, chap. xiv. 16. These privileges,
in a word, consist in bcino- ' loved of Gotl
unto the end,' chap. xiii. 1 ; having been loved
from the bcgiiLnini^, and in receiving from
God ' gifts and calling without repentance,'
Rom. xi. 2;).
Do not attempt, then, to overwhelm me
with a sense of my own frailty and sin. Do
not allege my naturid levity and incon-
stancy. Do not oppose against me the rapid
moments, in which my passions sport with
my real happiness, and chanirc nie in an in-
stant from hatred to love, and from love to
hatred a^ain. Do not produce, in the sad
history ot my life, the mortitying list of so
nmny resolutions forgotten, so many unreal
plans, so many abortive designs. The edifice
of my salvation is proof against all vicissi-
tudes ; it is in the hand of him who changes
not, who is ' tiie same yesterday to-day and
for ever,' Heb. xiii. 8. To him I commit the
preservation of it; because I am a Christian,
and because it is t!ie privilege of a Cliristian
to say, according to the beautiful expression
of St. Paul, ' I know whom I have believed,
and I am persuaded, that h;; is able to keep
that which I have comtnitted unto him again'cjl
that day,' 2 Tim. i. 12.
Finally, the inward testijnony of the Sjnrlt
of God puts the doctrine of assurance out of
all doubt. ^Ve propose this ar;rument with
trembling, so excessively has human fancy
abused it ! Enthusiasm defiles the church of
God. The world, always fjjrtastic, and full
of visionary soliemes, seems- now-a-days to
be Buperannuated. We almost every where
336
ASSURANCE.
[Ser. XXXVII.
meet with, wliat shall 1 call them ? weak
heads, or wicked hearts, who, being des'itute
of solid reasons to establish their reveries,
impute them to the Spirit of God, and so
charge eternal truth with fabulous tales, that
make reason blush, and which are unworthy
of thcmeanest of mankind.
It is true, however, tliat the believer has
in his heart a testimony of the Spirit of God,
which assures him of his salvation ; and the
abuse of this doctrine ought not to prevent a
sober use of it. This testimony is a kind of
<iemonstration superior to all those of the
schools. It is an argument unknown to phi-
losophers, and Supreme Wisdom is the author
of it. It is a lively apprehension of our sal-
vation e.\cited in our hearts by God himself.
It is a powerful application of our mind to
every thing that can prove us in a state of
grace. It is an effect of tiiat supreme power,
which sound reason attributes to God over
the sensations of our souls, and according to
which he can e.xcite, as he pleases, joy or
sorrow. It is a Christian right founded on
Scripture promises. ' The love of God is
shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost,
which is given unto us,' Rom. v. 5. ' Ye
have not received the spirit of bondage again
to fear : but ye have received the spirit of
adoption whereby we cry, Abba, Father.
The Spirit itself beareth witness with our
spirit, that we are the children of God,
chap. viii. 15, IG. ' He which stablisheth us
with you in Christ, is God ; who hath also
sealed us, and given the earnest of the Spirit
in our hearts,' 2 Cor. i. 21,22. ' Hereby we
know that he abideth in us, by the spirit
■wliich he hath given us. 1 John iii. 24. ' To
liim that overcometh, will I give a white
stone, and in the stone a new name written,
which no man knoweth, saving he that re-
cciveth it,' Rev. ii. 7. We see the glorious
effects of these promises in some believers,
who, although they live in meanness and in-
digence, enjoy such pleasures as all the
riches and grandeur of the world cannot give.
AVe see the effects of them in some d}'ing
persons, who, at the sight of death, experience
consolations, which change their beds of
sickness into fields of victory and triumph.
We see them again in many martyrs, who
are happier on racks and burning piles than
tyrants on their tiirones, environed with all
the possible pomp of a court.
Such are the arguments which establish
the doctrine of assurance. But shall I tell
you, my brethren, a thought that has run in
my mind all tlie time of this exercise .-' In our
general preaching, we fear our arguments
may seem inconclusive, and may but half
convince our auditors. In this discourse we
have been afraid they would appear too con-
vincing, and carry the subject beyond our
intention. Each iiearer v/ill perhaps indis-
creetly arrogate to himself the particular
privileges of believers. Having, therefore,
preached the doctrine, it is necessary to
guard you against the abuse of it by a few
precautions. Having proved that there is u
well-grounded assurance, it is necessary to
attack security, and to show, that the conso-
lations which result from our doctrine, belong
to the real Christian only, and are privileges
to which unregenerate persons, yea, even
they whose regeneration is uncertain, ought
not to pretend. We will not produce new
objects, we will consider the articles that
have been already considered, in a new point
of light : for what serves to establish true
confidence serves at the same time to destroy
carnal security. We have been convinced,
that a believer may assure himself of his sal-
vation by four arguments, by the experiences
of holy men, b_v the nature of regeneiation,
by the prerogatives of a Christian, and by
the testimony of the holy Spirit. These four
arguments support what we just now affirm-
ed ; that assurance is a privilege, to which
unregenerate men, :'.-,•:'] suspected Christians,
have no right, and ..l;us the sophisms of sin
demonstrate the necessity of vigilance.
II. The first argument that establishes
the assurance of a believer, the first argu-
ment which we employ against the carnal se-
curity of a sinner, is the experience of the
saints. Of all sophistical ways of reasoning,
is there one that can compare with this .' Job,
a model of patience, who adored God under
all his afflictions, was persuaded of his salva-
tion ; therefore I, who rage under triaLs, who
would, if it were possible, deprive God of the
empire of the world, which he seems to mo
to govern partially and unjustly, I may per-
suade myself of my salvation. David, 'a
man after God's own heart,' 1 Sam. xiii. 14,
David, whose whole ' delight was in the law
of the Lord.' Ps. i. 2, was persuaded of his
salvation ; therefore I, whose every devotion
al e.xercise savours of nothing but languor
and lukewarmness, I, who can hardly drag
m3'self to hear the word of God, I may per-
suade myself of my salvation St. Paul, that
wise proselyte, that zealous minister, that
bleeding martyr, was persuaded of his salva-
tion ; tlierefore I, who profess the religion in
which I was educated, without knowing why
it is hardly worth while to refute
these unnatural and inconclusive consequen-
ces.
Farther, these eminent saints not only
avoided grounding their assurance of salva-
tion on your principles ; but they were per-
suaded, if they lived as you live, they should
be consigned to destruction. What said Job
on this article ':' ' Let me be weighed in an
even balance. If I despise the cause of my
man-servant or of my maid-servant, if I have
withheld the poor from their desire, or have
caused the eyes of the widow to fail ; If I
have made gold my hope, or have said to the
fine gold, thou art my confidence ; what
then shall I do when God riseth up .'' and when
he visiteth, what shall I answer him .'' chap,
xxxi. C. 13. IG. 24. 14. That is to say. If he
had practised any of the vices, or neglected
any of the virtues, which he enumerated, God
would have rejected him. This now is your
case ; you arc haughty towards your inferi-
ors ; if not cruel, yet strait-handed to the
poor ; gold is your god ; and. consequently, if
your ideas of assurance be regulated by those
of J>:b, you ought not to persuade yourself of
j^our salvation. What says St. Paul.' 'I
keep under my body, and bring it into sub-
jection, lest that by any means when I have
preached to others, I myself may be a cast
Seu. XXXVII.]
ASSURANCE.
337
away,' I Cor. ix. 27. That is to say, St.
Paul was persuaded, if he relaxed his piety,
if he were not to account all lie had done no-
thing, if he wore not to attend to what remain-
ed lo be done, God would reject him. This is
your case ; you live a hfe of security and in-
dolence, and making all your vocation consist
in barely avoiding notorious crimes, you do
not even see the necessity oi" making a pro-
gress in holiness; consequently, if you regu-
late your ideas of assurance of salvation on
' these of St. Paul, you ought not to pretend to
be sure of being saved.
Moreover, when these eminent saints fell
by sudden surprise into those sins in which
nominal Christians coolly and deliberately
persist, they did not imagine, that a recollec-
tion of forjner virtue, or even of that faith
and piety, the seeds of which none of their
falls eradicated, was a sufficient ground of
solid peace and joy They complained they
. had lost the 'joy of salvation,' Ps. li. 14 ; and
under such complaints they continued till
) they were restored to communion with God,
J and till, by reciprocal acts of love, they were
[ convinced that sin was pardoned. But if
these saints, in some single improper actions,
reasoned thus ; what ought to be the disposi-
tions of those who consume their whole lives
in vicious habits ?
Let ua add one word more. What mean
these words of my text, of which false Chris-
tians make such a criminal abuse .'' ' I am
persuaded, that neither death, nor life, shall
separate.' Does this text mean to affirm, if
a man begin to surmount temptation, he shall
be infallibly iiaved, although he cease to resist,
and temptations prevail over him in the end ?
The words mean the direct contrary. St.
Paul promises himself, that he shall always
believe, not that he shall be saved if he fall
into infidelity, but that he shall always resist
sin, as far as human frailty will allow ; not
that he shall be saved if sin triumph over
him. ' I am persuaded, death shall not sepa-
rate me from the love of God ;' that is to say,
the love of God has struck such deep root in
my soul, that death cannot eradicate my love
to him. ' I am persuaded, life shall not sepa-
rate me from the love of God;' that is, the
love of God has struck such deep root in my
soul, that all the charms of life can never
prevent my loving him. ' I am persuaded
angels shall not separate me from the love of
God ;' that is to say, the love of God has
struck such deep root in my soul, that I defy
all the power and policy of wicked angels to
prevent my loving him. ' Who shall separate
us from the love of Christ ? Shall tribulation,
or distress, or persecution, or famine, or na-
kedness, or peril, or sword .'" that is to say, the
love of God has made impressions on our
souls so deep, that should ho cause us to suffer
the most cruel persecutions, should he com-
mand us to die with hunger, should we be
slaughtered for his sake we would not cease
to love him. These are the sentiments of
St. Paul in the text, and in the preceding
verses. But you, whom death or life, angels,
prmcipalities, or powers, separate every day
from loving God, what right have you to say,
' We are persuaded, that neither death, nor
life, shall separate us from the love of God.-"
I freely own, ray brethren, I have not pa-
tience to hear nominal Christians, unregen-
erate persons, appropriate to themselves the
words and sentiments of eminent saints. If
this abuse be deplorable through life, is it not
most of all so at the hour of death .-' We often
hear people, whose whole lives had been spent
in sin,speak the very language of others, whose
whole days had been devoted to virtue. One
says with Si Paul, ' I have fought a good
fight, I have finished my course, I have kept
the faith ; henceforth there is laid up for me a
crown of righteousness,' 2 Tirn. iv. 7, 8. But
who are you talking thus ? Do you know who
uttered these words .'' Do you know who St.
Paul was ? He was a man filled with divine
love ; a man burning with love to the church ;
a man inviolably attached to all the rights of
God and men. But you who sell justice for
a bribe ; you who stain the character of every
neighbour ; you who exercise a faithless
ministry ; do you adopt the style of thi.s
apostle .'' Instead of saying, ' I have fought
the good fight ; you ought to say, I have fought
a bad fight ;' instead of saying, ' I have kept
thi. I'aith ; you ought to say, I have betrayed
the faith ; instead of saying, ' I have finished
my course,' ^ou ought to say, I have not yet
begun to set a step m it ; instead of saying,
' A crown of righteousness is laid up forme,'
you ought to say, There are laid up for me
chains of darkness, I am on the brink of hell,
and 1 am looking, my God, whether there
be any possible way of escaping it. But to
say, with St. Paul, ' I am persuaded,' a man
must be, if not in degree, at least in sincerity
and truth, a saint as St. Paul was.
A second argument which establishes the
doctrine of assurance, and destroys a s^'stem
of carnal security, is the nature of regenera-
tion. Recollect the reasons assigned before
to show, that a confirmed Christian micrfit
persuade himself he should triumph over all
his trials ; tliese reasons all prove, that unre-
generate men, and suspected Christians, have
just grounds of fear. An unrcgenerate man
has only a few transient acts of virtue, <ind he
has paid very little attention to the mortifi-
cation of his natural propensities to sin ;
consequently ho. ought to fear, tliat habits of
vice, and inward propensities to sin, will car-
ry his superficial virtue away. An unregene-
rato man has very little apprehension of the
joy of salvation ; consequently he ought to
dread the influence of sensual pleasures. Au
unregencrate man has but a few seeminn'
sparks of divine love, and if he thinks them real
he ought to fear the extinction of them. A
light so faint, a spark so small, are not likely
amidst so many obstacles to continue loncf.
This fear is the more reasonable, because
the church abounds with nominal Christians,
who, aftei a shining profession of piety and
sanctity, have forsaken truth and virtue. We
have seen righteous men turn away from
their righteousness, as the prophet Ezckiel
expresses it, chap, xviii. 24. We have seen
temporary professors, who, after they have
received the word with joy, have been of-
fended when persecution arose, as Jesus
Christ speaks. Matt. xii. 20,21. We have
seen such as Hymeneus and Philetus, who
have made ■ shipwreck of faith and a r^ood
338
ASSURANCE.
[Ser. XXXVII.
conscience/ as St. Paul words it, 2 Tim.
ii. 17. We have seen some like Demas,
after they had adhered awhile to the truth,
forsake it, having loved this present world,
as the same apostle speaks, chap. iv. 10. We
have seen people, after they have escaped
the pollutions of the world, through the know-
ledge of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ,
again entangled therein, and overcome, as
St. Peter says, 2 Epist. ii. 20. We have seen
Christians, in appearance of the highest order,
who, after they had been once enlightened,
and had tasted of the heavenly gift, and had
tasted the good word of God, and the powers
vf the world to come, fall away, Heb. vi. 4.
We have seen Judases, who after they had
been in the sacred college of Jesus Christ,
shamefully betray him. While our know-
ledge is so small, and our virtue so feeble, we
have great reason to apply these examples,
and to tremble for ourselves.
The third argument by which we establish
the doctrine of assurance, and which also
militates against carnal security, is Christian
prerogative. Two propositions are contained
m it. First, We may be persuaded that we
have true faith. Next, We may be sure true
faith will be assisted to persevere. These
propositions which assure the believer, ought
to alarm a nominal Christian.
Here let us develope an ambiguity too
common in our churches. For as we afErm, on
the one side, that a believer has characters
proper to himself; and by which he may de-
termine his state ; and as, on the other side,
we assert, that they who have these charac-
ters, can never cease to be true believers ; a
nominal Christian maj' imagine the following
Bophism : I fast, I pray, I give alms; these
are the virtues of a believer; I may then
persuade mj'self, that I am a believer. Now,
it seems he who once becomes a true be-
liever, can never cease to believe ; conse-
quently, I who have fasted, prayed, and
given alms, can never cease to be a believer.
What is still more astonishing, this ridicu-
lous reasoning is often applied to others as
well as to ourselves. A loose casuist asks
liis penitent. Do you repent of your sins ?
The penitent answers, I do repent. Have
you recourse to the divine clemency .' The
penitent replies, I have recourse to it. Do
you embrace the satisfaction of Christ.' The
penitent says, I do embrace it. On this
slight foundation our casuist builds his sys-
tem. Publications of grace are lavished,
sources of mercy pour forth in abundance,
and the penitent may, if he please, take his
seat in heaven. My God ! in what a man-
ner they enter into the spirit of thy gospel !
But first, when we affirm, that only the
true believer can perform acts of faith, and
that the least good work supposes regenera-
tion : we do not ailirni, that there are not
many actions common to botli real and no-
minal Christians. A nominal Christian
may pray, a nominal Christian may fast,
a nominal Christian may give alms. It
may even happen that men may embrace re-
ligion on base. principles. Ileligion commands
a subject to obey his king ; a king may em-
brace religion on tliis account, and he may
place his E'.iprcine happiness in the obedienco
of his subjects. Keligion discovers to us a
merciful God ; a wicked man may embrace
religion on this account, for the sake of calm-
ing those fears which his vicious practices ex-
cite, by ideas of divine mercy. The same
may be said of other men. A man cannot
conclude then, that he is a believer from his
performance of virtuous actions, common to
believers and unbelievers. He must have pe-
culiar light into the deep depravity of his
own heart ; he must be placed, at least in
design, in circumstances that distinguish a
good from a bad man.
Again when we say a believer can never
cease to believe, we do not mean to say, a
Christian attached to religion only by exter-
nal performances, and by appearances of pi-
ety, can never cast off his profession. The
finest appearances of piety, the greatest
knowledge , the most liberal alms-deeds, the
most profound humiliations, may be suc-
ceeded by foul and fatal practices.
Moreover, great knowledge, generous cha-
rity, profound humiliation, will aggravate the
condemnation of those who cease to proceed
in virtue, and to purity their motives of ac-
tion ; because the performance of these vir-
tues, and the acquisition of this great know-
ledge, suppose greater aid, and more resist-
ance. Hear St. Peter : ' It had been belter
for them not to have known the way of right-
eousness, than after they have known it to
turn from the holy commandment,' 2 Epist.
ii. 21. The case of those who commit the
unpardonable sin, attests tiie same. Hear
these thundering words : ' If we sin wilfully
after that we have received the knowledge
of the truth, there remaineth no more sacri-
fice for sins, but a certain fearful looking-
for of judgment and fiery indignation, which
shall devour the adversaries,' Heb. x. 26.
Finally ,The argument from the testimon}'
of the Spirit of God for the assurance of a'
true believer, ought to trouble the security
of a nominal Christian. In effect, how does
the Holy Spirit work in our hearts .' Does
he operate by magic ? Does he present phan-
toms to our view f Does he inculcate propo-
sitions contrary to truth .' This is all enthu-
siasm. The Holy Spirit bears witness in us
in a manner conformable to our state and to
the nature of things in general. If then th(5
Spirit of God testify in your hearts while
you are unregenerate, he will testify that
you are unregenerate. If he bear witnes.^
while you are nominal Christians, he will bear
witness that you are nominal Christians. If
he bear witness while }'our faith is doubtful,
he will bear witness to the doubtfulness of your
faith. Such a testimony may be ascribed to
the Spirit of God. But an assurance of salva-
tion, which exceeds your evidences of Chris-
tianity, must be a vision, a fancy, a dream ;
and to suppose the Holy Spirit the author ot
such an assurance, is to suppose in the same
Spirit testimony against testimony ; it is to
make the Spirit of God ' divided against him-
self,' Matt. xii. 26, and so a destroyer of his
own kingdom ; it is to make his testimony in
the heart contradict his testimonj' inScripture .
In Scripture Jie declares, ' No man can serve
two masters,' chap. vi. 24 ; in your hearts he
deolai'es, A mm iuay sorve two masters. In
b*EK. XXXVII.J
ASSURANCE
539
Scripture he attests, There ' is no concord
l»etween Christ and Belial,' 2 Cor. vi. 15;
in vour hearts he attests, There is concord
between Christ and Belial. In Scripture he
affirms, 'Neither fornicators, nor covetous, nor
revilers, shall inherit the kingdom of God,' I
Cor. vi. 9, 10 ; in your hearts he affirms.
Such shall inherit the kingdom of God. Thus
the four arguments, that prove the doctrine
of assurance in favour of true believers,
yiestroy the security of a mere nominal Ciiris-
ftian.
The consolations which arise from the doc-
trine of assurance, are not then for all Chris-
tians indifferently. They are only for those
■who continually study obedience ; they are
for those only who have seen into a ' heart
deceitful above aM things, and desperately
wicked,' Jer. xvii. 9, and have found even
there marks of regeneration ; they are for
those only, who, by a life entirely devoted
i to the service of God, have domonstrated
I that they bear the characters of his children.
' Is this your condition .' The sophisms of
I ^in that we have endeavoured to refute, those
j Jportraits of rash confidence, these false titles
i fof virtue and regeneration, these images
/that we have traced, whence have we taken
/ tliem ? Have we gathered them from books .''
j Inive we invented them in our closets ? have
/ we derived them from the study of theology.'
liave we drawn them from monuments of an-
cient history f No, no, we have learnt them
in the world, in the churcli, in your families,
in your sick beds, where nothing is so com-
mon as this false peace, nothing so rare as
the true.
Whence the evil comes, I know not : but
the fact is certain. Of all the churches in j
the world, there are none which abuse the
doctrine of Christian assurance, and which
draw consequences from it directly contra-
ry to those which ought to be drawn, like
some of ours. We lull ourselves into a fan-
ciful confidenco : we place on imaginary sys-
tems an assurance which ouglit to be found-
ed only on the rock of ages ; we scruple,
oven while we are engaged in the most cri-
minnl habits, to say, we doubt of our salva-
tion ; r.nd, as if a persuasion of being saved,
dispensed with the necessity of working out
our salvation, we consider an assurance of ar-
riving at heavenly felicity as a privilege, that
supplies the want of every virtue.
Certainly nothing is more great and happy
than the disposition of a man who courage-
ously expects to enjoy a glory to which he
has a just title. A man who knows the mi-
sery of sin ; a man who groans under the
weight of his own depravity, and enters into
the sentiment, while he utters the language,
of the apostle, ' O wretched man that I am !
who shall deliver me from the body of this
death ?' Rom. vii. 24 ; a man, who, afler he
Jiad experienced the terrible agitations of a
conscience distressed on account of sin, has
been freed from all his sins at the foot of the
cross, has put on the yoke of Christ his
Lord ; a man, who having seen in himself
the true characters of a Christian, and the
never failing graces annexed to evangelical
mercy, has learned at length to pierce
through all the clouds which Satan uses to
conceal heaven from the Christian eye, to
lay all the ghosts, that the enemy of souls
raises to haunt mankind into terror ; a man
who rests on that 'word of God, which stand-
eth for ever, even when heaven and earth
pass away,' may say with St. Paul, ' I am
persuaded ;' such a man may assure himself
that only glorified spirits enjoy a happiness
superior to his ; he is arrived at the highest
degree of felicity, to which in this valley of
tears men can come.
But to consider religion always on the com-
fortable side ; to congratulate one's self for
having obtained tlie end before we have
made use of the means ; to stretch the hands
to receive the crown of righteousness, before
they have been employed to fight the battle ;
to be content with a false peace, and to use
no efforts to obtain the graces, to which true
consolation is annexed ; this is a dreadful
calm, like that which some voyagers describe,
and which is a very singular forerunner of a
very terrible event. All on a sudden, in the
wide ocean, the sea becomes calm, the sur-
face of the water clear as crystal, smooth
as glass, the air serene ; the unskilled passen-
ger becomes tranquil and happy ; but the old
mariner trembles. In an instant the waves
froth, the winds murmur, the heavens kin-
dle, a tliousand gulfs open, a frightful light
inflames the air, and ever}^ wave threatens
sudden death. This is an image of most
men's assurance of salvation.
So then, instead of applying the words of
our text to a great number of you, we are
obliged to shed tears of compassion over
you. Yes, we must lament your misery.
You live under an economy in which tho
most transporting joys are set before you, and
you wilfully deprive yourselves of them.
Yes, vi'e.must adopt the language of a pro-
phet, ' O that my people had hearkened unto
me !' We must say with .Jesus Christ, ' If
thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this
thy day, the things which belong unto thy
peace !' Ps. Ixxx. 13 ; Luke xix. 42.
What can be happier, amidst the number-
less vanities and vexations which accompany
worldly pleasures, than to be able to derive
from an assurance of our salvation pleasures
suitable to intelligent creatures, immortal
souls.' What can be happier, amidst all the
pains, labours, and miseries, with which life
abounds, tlian to enjoy the plentiful consola-
tions, that issue from a well-grounded hope
of eternal felicity .' Above nil, what can be
more capable of supporting us against the
fear of death ,' Mortal and dying as we are,
in a state, where tlie smallest alteration in
the body reminds us of death, what can we
wish for more conformable to our wants than
to find, in a firm hope of eternal felicity, a
shield to secure us against the enemy, and
a sword to destroy him .' let us strive, let us
pray, let us venture all, my brethren, to ar-
rive at this happy state. And if, after we
have believingly and sincerely laboured in
this good work, there remain any doubt and
suspicion, let us assure ourselves, that even
our suspicions and fears shall contribute to
our confirmation. Thev will not be account-
540
JUDGMENT.
ed crimes, tliey will at most be only frailties ; | the conscience. So be it.
they will be infirmities productive of motives | our and glory. Amen.
,to go on in virtue, and to establish peace in 1
[Ser. XXXVIII.
To God be hon-
SERMON XXXVIII.
JUDGMENT.
HEBREWS ix. 27,
It is appointed unto men once to die : but after this the judgment.
The second proposition in my text conveys
terror into the first. Judgment to come
makes death terrible. I own, it is natural to
love life. The Creator, it should seem, has
supplied the want of satisfactory pleasures
in the world, by giving us, 1 know not what,
attachment to it. But when reason rises out
of nature, when the good and evil of life are
■weighed, evil seems to outweigh good, and
we can hardly help exclaiming with the wise
man, ' Tl)e daj' of death is better than the day
of one's birth ! I hate life because of the work
that is wrought under the sun !' Ecclcs. A-ii.
1, and ii. 17.
But to go from a bed of infirmity to a tri-
bunal of justice ; to look through the lan-
guors of a mortal malady to torments that
have no end ; and. after we have heard tliis
sentence, ' Return to destruction, ye children
of men,' Ps. xc. J?, to hear this other, ' Give
an account of thj' stewardship,' Luke xvi. 2,
these are just causes for intelligent being's to
fear death.
Let us, however, acknowledge, although
this fear is just, yet it may be excessive ; and,
though it be madness to resist the thougiit,
3'ct it would be weakness to be overwhelmed
■^vith it. I would prove this to-day, while in
this point of light I endeavour to exhibit to
your view the judgment that follows death.
We will not divert your attention from the
chief design. We will only hint, that
Ihe proposition in tiie text is incidental, and
not immediately connected with the prin-
cipal subject, which the apostle was discus-
sing. His design was to show the pre-emi-
nence of the sacrifice of the cross over all
those of the Levitical economy. One article,
■which argues tlie superiority of the first, is,
that it was olTered but once, whereas tiie
Jewish sacrifices were reiterated. Christ
<loes' not offer himselfoftcn,as the high-priest
cntereth into the holy place every year with
the blood of other sacrifices : but once in the
end of the world hath lie appeared to put
away sin by the sacrifice of himself.' For,
' as it is appointed unto men once to die, and
after tliis the judgment; so Ciirist was once
ottered to bear the sins of many.'
Nor will we detain you longer by inquiring
■whether St. Paul speaks here ol the particular
judgment that each man undergoes imnie-
diately after death, or of that general judg-
jncnt day. of whiclj Scripture says. ' God
hath appointed a day, in the which he will
judge the world in righteousness,' Acts. xvii.
31. Whatever difference there may seem to
be between these two hypotheses, it is easy to
harmonize them. The general judgment
will be a confirmation and a consummation of
each particular judgment, and we ought to
consider both as different parts of one whole.
Once more I repeat it, we will not divert
your attention from the principal design of
this discourse. I am going first, not to al-
lege arguments in proof of a judgment to
come,Isuppose them known to you, and that
I am not preaching to novices : but I am go-
ing to a.?sist you to carry them farther than
you usually do, and so to guard you against
skepticism and infidelity, tlie pestof our days,
and the infamy of our age. In a second arti-
cle, we will inquire, what will be the destiny
of this assembly in that great day, in whicli
God will declare the doom of all mankind.
We discuss this question, not to indulge a
vain curiosity : but to derive practical infer-
ences, and particularly to moderate the ex-
cessive fear, that an object so very terrible
produces in some minds, and at the same
time to trouble the extravagant security iu
wliich some sleep, in spite of sounds so proper
to awake them.
I. We have three directions to give 3"on.
Tlie first regards the arguments for judg-
ment taken from the disorders of society. The
second regards tliat which is taken from con-
science. The third, that which is taken from
revelation.
1. Our first direction regards the argu-
ment taken from the disorders of society. Do
not confine your attention to those disorders
v.'hich strike the senses, astonish reason, and
subvert faith itself. Reflect on other irre-
gularities, which, although they are less
shocking to sense, and seemingly of much
less consequence, are yet no less deserving
the attention of the Judge of the whole earth,
and require, no less than the first, a future
judgment.
I grant, those notorious disorders, which
human laws cannot repress, afford proof of a
future judgment. A tyrant executes on a
gibbet a poor unliappy man, wlioin the pain
f)f hunger, and the frightful apprehension of
sudden death, forced to break open a house.
Here, if you will, disorder is punished, and
societv is satisfied. But who shall satisfy
Seb. XXXVIII.]
JUDGMENT.
Hi
the just vengeance ofSociely on this mad t}'-
rant .' This very tyrant, at the head of a hun
tired tiiousand thieves, ravages the whole
world; he piilai^es on the right and on the left ;
he violates the most sacred rights, the most
solemn treaties ; he knows neither religion
nor good faith. Go, sec, follow his steps,
I'ountrie.s desolated, plains covered with the
bodies of the dead, palaces reduced to ashes,
and people rmi mad with despair. Inquire
for the author of all these miseries. Will you
find liim, tiiink you, confined in a dark dun-
jjeon, or expiring on a wheel ? Lo ! he sits
on a throne, in a superb royal palace ; nature
and art contribute to his pleasures ; a circle
of courtiers minister to his passions, and erect
altars to him, who.se equals in iniquity, yea,
if I maybe allowed to say so, whose inferiors
in vice, have justly suffered the most infa-
mous punishments. And where is divine jus-
lice all this time ? what is it doing .'' I answer
with my text, ' After death comes judgment.
So speak ye, and so do, as tijey that shall be
judged by the law of hbcrty,' James i. 1'2.
But, though the argument taken from the
disorders of society is full and clear, when it
is properly proposed, yet such examples as
v/c have just mentioned do not exhaust it.
It may be extended a great deal farther, and
wc may add thousands of disorders, which
every day are seen in society, against which
men can make no laws, and wliich cannot be
redressed until tlie great day of judgment,
when God will give clear evidence of all.
Have human laws ever been made against
hypocrites .'' see that man artfully covering
himself with the veil of religion, that hypo-
crite, wlio excels in his art ! behold liis eyes,
what seraphical looks they roll towards hea-
ven ! observe his features, made up, if I may
venture to say so, of those of Moses, Ezra,
Daniel, and Nehemiah ! see his vivacity, or
his flaming zeal siiall I call it.' to maintain
the doctrines of religion, to forge thunder-
bolts, and to pour out anathemas against he-
retics ! Not one grain of religion, not the
Jeast shadow of piety, in all his whole con-
versation. It is a party spirit, or a sordid in-
> crest, or a barbarous disposition to revenge,
which animates him, and produces all his
pretended piety. And yet I hear every bod}'-
exclaim, He is a miracle of religion I he is
a pillar of the church! I see altars avery
%vhere erecting to tliis man ; panegyrists, I
fsee, are composing his encomium ; flowers
are gathering to bo strev/ed over his tomb.
And the justice of God, what is it doing ? My
text tells you, ' After death comes judg-
ment.'
Have human laws ever been made against
l}»e ungrateful .'' While I was in prosperity, I
studied to procure happiness to a man, who
seemed entirely devoted to me ; I was hap-
pier in imparting my abundance to him than
in enjoying it myself; during tliat delightful
period of my life he was faithful to me : but
when fortune abandoned me, and adopted him,
he turned his back on me ; now he suffers mo
to languish in poverty ; and, far from reliev-
ing my wants, he docs not deign so much as
to examine them. And diving justict;, where
is it .'' who shall punish this black crime '^ 1
answeragain, ' y\l'ter death comes jud.o-ment.'
,'i X
Have men made laws agaiiiBt coward.*; .'' 1
do not mean cowardice in war ; the infamy
that follows this crime, is a just punishment
of it. I speiikof that mean cowardice of soul,
which makes a man forsake an oppressed in-
nocent sufferer, and keep a criminal silenco
in regard to the oppressor. Pursue this train
of thought, and you will every where find
arguments for a future judgment ; because
there will every where appear disorders, which
establish the necessity of it.
Our second direction regards the argu-
ment taken from conscience. Let not your
faitii be shaken by the examples of those
pretended superior geniuses, vv'ho boast of
having freed themselves from this restraint.
Tell them, if they have no conscience, the}'
ought to have ; and afhrm, the truer their
pretensions, the stronger your reason for tax-
ing them with rage and extravagance There
is no better mode of destroying an objection
than by proving, that he who proposes an^l
admits it is a fool for admitting and propois-
ing it. If, then, I prove that a man, who, to
demonstrate tlmt conscience is a fancy, de-
clares, he is entirely exempt from it ; if I
prove, that such a man is a fool for propo.iing
and admitting this proposition, shall I not
subvert his w'hole system P Now I think I am
able to prove such a man a fool, and you will
admit the truth of what I say, if you will give
a little attention to the nature of conscience,
a little closerattention, I mean, than is usual-
ly given to sermons.
What is conscience? It is difficult to in-
clude an adequate idea of it in a definition.
This appears to me at once the most general
and the most exact : Conscience is that fa-
culty of our minds, by which we are able to
distinguish right from wrong, and to know
whether we neglect our duties, or discliarge
them.
There are, I grant, some operations of con-
science, which seem to be rather instinct
and sentiment than cool judgment arising
from a train of reflections. Yet, wo believe,
all the operations of conscience proceed from
judgment and reflection. But it sometimes
hajjpens, that the judgment of the mind is so
ready, and its reflections so rapid, that it
hardly sees what it judges, and reflects on, so
tliat it seems to act by instinct and sentiment
only. Thus v.'hen the mind compare.^ two
simple numbers together, the compariison is
so easily made, that we think we know the.
difference by a kind of instinct belonging to
our nature ; whereas when we compare com-
plex numbers, wo feel, so to speak, that our
minds inquire, examine, and labour. In like
manner in morality. There are some duties,
the rifflit of whicli is so clear and palpable ;
and there are some conditions, 'in which we,
ourselves, are in regard to these duties whicJi
are so easy to be known, that the mind in-
stantly perceives them without examination
and discussion. But there are some dutiei:,
the right of which is so enveloped in obscu-
rity ; and there are some stations, which aro
so very doulitful, tliat the mind requires
great efforts of meditation before it can de-
termine itself. For example, Ouglit a sub-
ject to ohm his hnnfid sorcreiffn? On this
' question; the mind uistantly takes the aiTir-
543
JUDGMENT.
[SEii. XXXVIII,
mative sidp, oa account of tlio clearness of the
duty, and it sceins to act by instinct, and
without reflection. But hero is another
question, Is it lawful for subjects to dethrone
a tyrant f^ Here the mind pauses, and before
it determines enters into loni^ discussions,
and here we perceive, it acts by judgment
and reflection. In both cases reflection and
judgment are the ground of its operations.
In the first case judgment is more rapid, re-
flection less slow : but it is reflection how-
ever. We have, then, rightly defined con-
science, that fiiculty of our souls, by which
we are capable of distinguishing right Irom
WTong, and of knowing whctlier we neglect
our duties, or discharge them.
But this is too vague, wc must go farther.
We must examine the principles on which
wc ground our judgment of ourselves in re-
gard to right and wrong. We must prove,
by the nature of these principles, tlie truth of
what we have affirmed ; that i.s, that a man,
who calls conscience a fancy, and who boasts
of an entire freedom from it, is a fool for ad-
mitting and proposing this objection.
The judgment that constitutes the nature
ef conscience, is founded on three principles,
cither fully demonstrable or barely probable.
First, I am in a state of dependance.
Second, There is a supreme law ; or what
is the same thing, there is something right,
and something wrong.
Third, I anr either innocent or guilty.
On these three principles an intelligent
spirit grounds a judgment, whether it de-
serves to be happy or miserable ; it rejoices,
if it deserves to be happy ; it mourns, if it de-
serves to be miserable; and this judgment,
and this joy, or sorrow, wliicii results from it,
constitutes what we call conscience.
But that which deserves particular regard,
and in which partly consists the force of our
reasoning, is, that it is not necessary to be
able to demonstrate tiiese principles, in order
to prove, that conscience is not a fancy ; if
they be probable, it is sufficient. We cannot
reasonably free ourselves from conscience,
till wc have demonstrated the fiilsehood of
these principles, and proved that the conse-
quences drawn from them are chimerical.
For, if these principles be only probable ;
if it be probable I may be happy, I have some
reason to rejoice ; as 1 have some reason for
uneasiness if my misery be probable If the
enjoyment of a great benefit be probable, I
Jiave some reason for great pleasure ; and I
have some reason for extreme distress, if it be
probable, tliat I shall tall into extreme misery.
It is not necessary, therefore, in order to es-
tablish the empire of conscience, that the
principles on which it is founded should be
demonstrable ; it is sufficient tliat they are
probable. Now I affirm, that every man who
maintains tlie improbaliility of these ])rinci-
ples, and tiie vanity of the consequences that
are drawn from them, is a fool and a mad-
man, wliosc obstinate attachment to vice has
blinded liis eyes, and turned his brain. Cmi-
sequently I affirm, that every man who main-
tains that conscience is a fancy, and who
boasts of having shaken off the restraint of it,
is a fool and a madman.
Take the first principle. 7 am in a state
of dependance. 1 am subject to a Supreme
Being, to wliom I owe my existence, and
who holds my destiny in his mighty hands.
Do we exceed the truth when we say, a man
who ventures to affirm this principle is nei-
ther demonstrable nor probable, is a madman
and a fool ^ I told you at the beginning of
this discourse, that I intended to speak to
you, not as scholars and novices : but as well-
informed Christians, who have made some
considerable progress in the knowledge of
those trutlis which equally support natural and
revealed religion. But if you have any just
notion of these truths, how can you form any
other opinion of these men, of whom I am
speaking, than that which I have formed .' A
man wlio pretends that arguments drawn from
the order of seasons, from the arrangementtJ
of the various parts of the universe, ftom the
harmony of the members of our bodies, and
all the other works of nature, by whicli we
have so often established the doctrine of tlie
being and attributes of God ; a man who af-
firms, that all these demonstrate nothing ;
what am I saying .' a man who affirms that
all these prove nothing ; what am I saying'
again ? a man who affirms that all these do
not afford the least degree of probability in
favour of the existence and perfections of a
Supreme Being; who for his part is sure, for
he has evidence to a demonstration, that all
these originated in chance, and were not
formed by the intervention of any intelli-
gent cause ; such a man, what is he but a
madman and a fool .' and consequently, is it
not madness and folly to deny this first prin-
ciple, / am in a state of dcjjcndance ?
Try the second principle. There is a su-
preme laWjOT, what comes to the same, there is
something just, and something unjust. Wlieth-
er this just and right be founded in the nature
of things, or whether it proceeds from the will
of a superior Being, is notneedful to examine
now ; be it as it may, there is a supreme law,
there is something right and something"
wrong. A man who pretends that this pro-
position is evidently false ; a man who af-
f. ins, that all arguments brought in favour
of this proposition are evidently false ; a man
who forms such an idea of all arguments
drawn from the nature of intelhgenl beings,
from tlie perfections of a first cause, from the
lav.'s tliat he has given, and which constitute
the body of religion ; a man who pretends,
tliat all these argnments do not afford tho
least degree of probability, that a wise man
ought to infer nothing from them to direct
his life : and that for liis part, it is clear to a
demonstration to him, that what is called just
and unjust, right and wrong, is indifferent
in itself, and indifTcrent to the first cause :
that it is perfectly indifferent in itself whe-
ther we love a bcnefiictor, or betray him,
whether we be iiait!i(ul to a friend or perfidi-
ous, whether wo be tender parents or cruel,
whether we nourish our ciiildren or smother
'.hem in the cradle ; and that all these tilings
at the most, relate only to a present interest ;
a man wno advances such propositions, what
is he but a fool and a madman ? Is it ne-
cessary to reason to discover the extrava-
gance and madness of these positions. Is it
not sufficient to name them .'
' Take the third principle .... But, it isj
enough to have pointed out the mo.st proper
Seb. XXXVIII.]
JUDGMENT.
o4o
method of answering the objections of a man
who pretends conscience is a fancy, and who
boasts of liavin^ none.
Let us paas tlien to our third direction.
It concerns the proof taken from revelation.
Do not rest the arguments drawn from this
source on any particular passages, whicli, al-
though they may be very full and explicit,
may yet be subject to some sophistical ex-
ception : but rest them on the general design
and scope of religion ; this method is above
all objections, and free from every difficulty.
If this way be adopted, it will presently ap-
pear, that the doctrine of a future judgment
is contained in a manner clear and convincing,
not only in the writings of the apostles and
evangelists, but also in the revelations, with
which God honoured the patriarchs, many
ages before he gave a written law.
Yea, were we to allow that we have no
formal passage to produce, in which this truth
Avas taught the ancient servants of God
(which we are very far from allowing,) we
might still maintain, that it was included in
the genius of those revelations, which were
addressed to them. Jesus Christ taught us
to reason thus on the doctrine of future rc-
Avards, and we may fairly apply the same
method to the doctrine of future punish-
ments. The doctrine of future rewards is
not contained in the formal terms : but in the
general desiirn of this promise, ' I am the
God of Abraham,' Matt. xxii. 32. However
splendid the condition of Abraham might
have been, however abundant his riches,
however numerous his servants, this promise
proceeding from the mouth of God, ' lam the
God of Abraham,' could not have accom-
plished in the temporal prosperity of a man who
was dead, when the words were spoken, and
whom death should retain in durance. As God
declared himself the God of Abraham,' and
as Abraham was dead, when he declared it,
Abraham must necessarily rise again. And
this is our Saviour's reasoning. ' God is not
the God of the dead : but of the living.'
Let us say the same of those punishments,
which God has denounced against sin, in re-
ward to those ancient sinners, of whom God
declared himself the judge ; ' God is not the
jud^e of the dead ; but of the living.' The
wicked, during this life, are often free from
adversity : but were they even miserable all
the time of their abiding on earth, their
miseries would not sufficiently express God's
hatred of sin. Asaph renders to divine jus-
tice only one part of its deserved homage
when he says, in order to justify it for tolera-
ting some criminals, ' surel)' thou didst set
them in slippery places, thou cawtedst them
down into destruction. How arc they brought
into desolation as in a moment ! they arc ut-
terly consumed with terrors ! As a dream,
when one awakelh, so, O Lord, thou shaltdes-
pise their image,' Ps. Ixxiii. 18 — 20. No ! the
tmexpected vicissitudes that sometimes con-
found the devices of the wicked, the fatal ca-
tastrophes in which we sometimes see them
enveloped, the signal reverses of fortune, by
which they are often precipitated from the
liighest elevation to the deepest distress ; all
these are too imperfect to verify those reit-
f rated threatenings vrhicli the Judge of man-
kind denounced against primitive criminals,
to teach them that he was a just avenger of
sin. To display this fully there must be a
resurrection and a judgment. In this man-
ner, even supposing tliere were no formal
passages in proof of future judgment (which
we do not allow) : the genius, tlie drift and
scope of religion would be sufficient to con-
vince us of the truth of it.
11. What has been said shall suffice for
proof of this truth, after death comes judg-
ment. But what shall be the destiny of this
audience .'' What sentence will the judge ot'
the world pronounce on us in that formida-
ble day, when he shall judge the world in
righteousness ? Will it be a sentence of mer-
cy ? will he pronounce our absolution .'' wilt
he say to us, ' Depart ye cursed into ever-
lasting fire, prepared for the devil and his
angels ?' or willjie say to us, 'Come ye bless-
ed of my Father, inherit the kingdom ?' Matt.
XXV. 41. o4
This is a difficult question : however, it is
not so difficult as some of us may imagine.
St. Paul lays down a principle that casta
hght on the inquirj' ; that is, that men will
be judged according to the economies under
which they lived. ' As many as have sinned
without law, shall also perish without law ;
and as many as have sinned in the law, shall
be judged by the law,' Rom. ii. 12 ; that is
to say, as having lived under the Levitical
economy. ' They who have sinned in the
law siiail be judged by the law ;' to which
we may fairly add, they who have lived un-
der the gospel, shall be judged by the gospel.
Now the gospel is an economy of light, an
economy of proportion an economy of mercy.
These three rules, by which God will regulate
our eternal destiny, should quiet the excessive
fears, which an idea of future judgement ex-
cites in some pious, but timorous souls. And,
at the same time, they ought to disturb the
false peace of those who sleep in indolence
amidst objects so proper to awake them.
1. We shall be judged as having lived un-
der an economy of light. This proposition
has a comfortable aspect on a good man.
We shall be judged according to what is clour
in the gospel itself: and not according to
what is abstruse and impenetrable in the
systems of the schools. What inducement
could we possibly have to endeavour to inform
ourselves, v.'erc we prepossessed with a no-
tion, that our sentence would be regulated
by our ideas on a thousand questions which
some men have boldly stated, rashly decided,
and barbarously enforced on others .' ^\'ere
it necessary to have clear and complete ideas
of the arrangement of the first decrees of the
first cause, of the nature of the divine essence,
of the manner in which God foresees contin-
gent events, and of many other such ques-
tions as obscure as useless ; were it neces-
sary, in order to receive a favourable sen-
tence, to be able to decide some cases of
conscience, which have always been indeter-
minable by the ablest casuists ; were these
necessary, wlio dare e.\amine these ques-
tions .-■ But, Christian soul! banish thy
scruples. Thy God, thy Judge, is the sove-
reign of his creatures : but ho is not their
tvrant. Then ;irt free : not a slave. The
34.4
JUDGMENT.
[S£R. xxxvm.
coonem^ according to wliich Uiou shalt be
judged, is an economy of light ; and wliat-
ever is impenetrable and undecided in the
gDspel, has no relation to that trial which
thou wilt undergo.
But if this truth be .imiable and comforta-
ble to good people, it is also formidable, ter-
rifying, and desperate, to people of an oppo-
site character. You will be judg'ed as rea-
sonable beings, who had it in their power to
discover truth and virtue. In vain will you
pretend ignorance of some articles. Your
Judge v.all open this sacred book in my band,
in which the decision of tliese articles is con-
tained; the elucidation of all the truths, of
which j'ou are wilfully ignorant. Will not
your ignorance appear voluntary, when God
judges you with the light of this gospel in
hit; hand ?
Nothing is more common in the world,
than to hear men exculj)atc their errors by
])leading their sincerity. ' If I be deceived,'
says one, ' in taking the book which you call
Scripture by e.xcellence, for a mere human
i;ompi]ation, I am very sincere in my error,
and it does not depend on me to alter my
ideas.' And wli}' does it depend on you to
change your ideas ? Have you examined
those evidences of the divinity of the book,
v.'hicii shine in every part of it i Have you
KmcG in your life thoroughly examined the
sense of any prophecy, to find out whether
a spirit of prophecy inspired the sacred wri-
ters .'' Is it a sincere mistake to deceive
one's self, rather than ajjply to this impor-
tant question that study, tiiat time, and that
examination, which it demands ?
* If I be in an error,' says anotJier, ' in ad-
hering to a particular communion, I err very
sincerely, and I cannot change my ideas.'
And why cannot you change )'our ideas ?
Have you availed yourself of the light of the
times, in which you live .'' Have you con-
sulted those ministers, who can inform you ?
Have you risen from that state of indolence,
case, and prudence, which inclines people
rather to take it for granted, tliat they were
born in a true church, than to examine whe-
ther they were so ? Does it require more sa-
gacity, more genius, more labour to find out,
that in our Scriptures worshipping before
images of wood or stone is forbidden; that
purgatory is a mere human invention ; that
the traffic of indulgences is a mercenary
scheme ; that the authorit}' of the Roman pon-
tiff is founded only on worldly policy ? I ask,
is more penetration necessary to determine
these articles, than to command an army, to
pursue a state intrigue, to manage a trade,
or to cultivate an art or a science .■'
In like manner, we every day see people
in society, who while they boldly violate the
most plain and allowed precepts of the gospel,
pretend to exculpate themselves fully by say-
ing, ' We do not think such a conduct sinful ;
what crime can there be in such and such a
practice .""
An obstinate gamester says, ' I think, there
is no harm in gaming.' And why do you
think so ? Is not the gospel before your eyes ?
Docs not the gospel tell you, it is not allow-
able to deceive ? Does not the gospel clcar-
ly prohibit a wa.sto of time .- Dyes not the
gospel forbid you to ruin your neighbours .'
Does not the gospel plainly forbid you to
cheat .' And \'ou obstinate gamester ! do not
you deceive in gaming ? Do not you waste
your time ? Do not you do all in your power
towards the ruin of your neighbour .'' Do
not you cheat, while you play, and defraud
them who play with you, and practise a thou-
sand other artifices which it would be impro-
per to relate here : but which God will oner
day examine at his just tribunal .'
Thus a miser exclaims, ' O, there can be
no harm in loving the world as I love it.'
And what makes you think so ? Could you
not easily undeceive yourself by casting
your eyes on the goppel .'' Does not the
gospel clearly say, ' The covetous shall not
inherit tiie kingdom of God?' 1 Cor. vi. 10.
Is it not clearly revealed in the gospel, that
' Whoso hath this world's jjood, and seeth his
brother have need, and shutteth up his bow-
els of compassion from him, the love of God
doth not dwell in him ?' 1 John iii. 17. Does
not the gospel plainly tell you, that God will
one day say to those, who have been devoid
of charity, ' Depart ye cursed, into everlast-
ing fire ! for I was an hungred, and ye gave
me no meat .'" Matt. sxv. 41, 42,
Thus a time-server says to us, 'I think
there is no sin in living where liberty of
conscience is not allowed, provided I make
no profession of superstition and idolatry.'
And why do you think so .'' Does not the gos-
pel clearly require you ' not to forsake the
assembling of 3'ourselves together,' Heb. x.
25 ; and do not you forsake our public assem-
blies ^ Does not the gospel expressly require
you to ■ come out of Babylon,' Rev. xviii. 4;
and do you not abide there ? Are you not
informed in the gospel, that ' he who loveth
father, or mother, or son, or daughter more
than Jesus Christ, is not worthy of the name
of a Christian .'' Matt. x. 37. And pray,
do you prefer your relations before Jesus
Christ .'
' I do not think,' adds one, who maintains
an illicit commerce, ' there can be any harm
in indulging those passions which arise from
the fine feelings of our own hearts.' And
why do you not think bo ? Does God forbid
impuritj' only when it is unconstitutional ?
In the general rule, which excludes the un-
clean from the kingdom of heaven, has the
legislator made an exception in favour of
those who follow the emotions of an irregu-
lar heart .'
2. We shall be judged as having lived un-
der an economy of ]}roportion ; i mean to
sa}', the virtues v.'hich God requires of us
under the gof.;iel, are proportioned to the fa-
culties that he has given us to perform thorn.
Let us not enfeeble this maxim by theological
opinions, which do not belong to it. Let us
not allege, that all duty is out of our power,
that of ourselves we can do nothing. For
when we say, tlie laws of God are propor-
tioned to our w^eakness, we speaJi of persons
born in the church, instructed in the truths
of revelatioji, and who are either assisted
by spiritual succours, or maybe, if they seek
for tliese blessings as they ought to bo sought.
In regard to these persons, we atiirm, that
tlie gospel is an economy of proportion, and
Her. XXXIIl.J
JUDGMENT.
Ho
this is the great consolation of a good man.
I grant the perfection, to which God calls
us, is infinitely beyond our natural power, and
even beyond the supernatural assistance, that
he imparts to us. But we shall be judged by
the efforts we have made to arrive at this
end. Endeavours to be perfect will be ac-
counted perfection.
This very law of proportion, which will
regulate the judgment of us, will overwhelm
the wicked with misery. It is always an ag-
gravation of a misery to reflect, that we
might have avoided it, and that we brought
it upon ourselves. The least reproach of
this kind is a deadly poison, that envenoms
our sufferings ; and this will constitute one
of the most cruel torments of the damned.
Ye devouring fires, which tlie justice of God
has kindled in hell, I have no need of the
light of your flames to discover to me the
miseries of a reprobate soul i Ye chains of
darkness, which weigh him down, I have no
need to examine the weight of you 1 The
criminal's own reproaches of himself are suf-
ficient to give me an idea of his state He
will remember, when he finds himself irre-
trievably lost, he will renieaibejf the time,
when he might have prevented his loss. He
will recollect how practicable those laws
were, for violating which he suffers. He
will recollect the mighty assisting power
which he once despised Thou ! thou wilt
recollect the sage advice, that was given
thee. Thou! this sermon, v/hich I have
been addressing to thee. Thou ! thine edu-
cation. Thou ! the voice of the Holy Spirit,
that urged thee to change thy life. ' O Is-
rael! thou hast destroyed thyself.' Hos. xiii.
9. This,thisis the excruciatmg reflection of a
nominal Christian condemned by divine jus-
tice to everlasting flames. Such a Christian
suffering the vengeance of eternal fire will
incessantly be his own tormentor. He will
say to himself, I am the author of my own
destruction ! I might liave been saved ! I, I
alone condemned myself to everlasting con-
finement in these dungeons of horror to which
I am now consigned.
3. Finally, We shall be judged as having
lived under an economy of mercy. What
can be more capable at once, of comforting a
good man against an excessive fear of judg-
ment, and of arousing a bad man from his
fatal security .''
AH the sentiments of benevolence that you
(.'an expect in an equitable judge ; we say
more, all the sentiments of tenderness, which
you can expect in a sincere friend ; we say
more still, all the sentiments of pity, compas-
sion, and love, that can be expected in a ten-
der parent, you will find in the person of
the Judge, who will pronounce your eternal
doom.
Let us not elevate our passions into vir-
tues. Fear of the judgments of God, which,
carried to a certain degree is a virtue, bo-
comes a condemnable passion, at least a frail-
ty that ought to be opposed, when it exceeds
duo bounds. Do you render an acceptable
homage to Almighty God, think you, by dis-
trusting his mercy, the most lovely ray of
his glory .' Do you render a proper homage
to God, think you, by considering him as a
tyrant ? Do you, think you, render homage
to the Deity by doubting his most express
and sacred promises .' Do you believe you
pay an acceptable tribute to God by profess-
ing to think, that he will take pleasure iix
eternally tormenting the poor creature, who
used all his efforts to please him ; who mourn-
ed so often over his own defects ; who shed
the bitterest tears over the disorders of his
life ; and who, for the whole world (had the
whole world been at his disposal), would not
have again offended a God, whose laws he
always revered, even while lie was so weak
as to break them .''
But this thought that Christians shall be
judged by an economy of mercy ; this very
thought, so full of consolation to good men,
will drive the wicked to the deepest despair.
The mercy of God in the gospel has certain
bounds, and we ought to consider it, as it
really is, connected with the other perfections
of his nature. Whenever we place it in a
view incongruous with the other perfections
of the Supreme Being, we make it inconsist-
ent in itself. NoW this is done when it is
applied to one class of sinners. I repeat it
again, it is this that fills up the bad man's'
measure of despair.
Miserable wretch ! how canst thou be sav-
ed, if the ' fountain opened to the House of
David' be shut against thee if that love,
which created the world, if that love which
inclined the Son of God (' the brightness of
the Father's glory, and the express image of
his person'), to clothe himself with mortal
flesh, and to expire on a cross; if this love
be not sufficient to save thee, if this love be
slighted by thee, by what means must thou
be wrought on, or in what way must thou be
saved .' And if the Redeemer of the world
condenm thee, to what judge canst thou flee
for absolution P
Let us, my dear brethren, incessantly re-
volve in our minds these ideas of death and
judgment. Let us use them to calm those
excessive fears, which the necessity of dying,
and being judged, sometimes excite in our
souls.
But f xcessive fear is not the usual sin of this
congregation. Our usual sins are indolence,
carnal security, .-sleeping life away on the
brink of an abyss, flames above our heads,
and hell beneath our feet.
Let us quit this miserable station. ' Hap-
py is the man that feareth always !' Prov.
xxviii. 14. Happy t!ie man, who in every
temptation by which he is annoyed, in a
world where all things seem to conspire to
involve us in endless destruction : happy the
man, who in all his trials knows how to de-
rive consolation from this seemingly terrible
trutii, ' It is appointed unto men once to die :
but after this the judgment !' To God be
honour and glory for ever. Amen.
{!$ERMON XXXIX,
HEAVEN.
1 John iii. 3.
We ImoWj that when he shall appear, we shall be like him ; for we shall see
him as he is.
One of the most beautiful ideas that can
be formed of the gospel, is that which repre-
sents it as imparting to a Christian the attri-
butes of God. St. Peter and St. Paul both
express themselves in a manner truly sub-
lime and eniphatical on the subject. The
first of these holy men says, the end of the
promises of God is to make us ' partakers of
the divine nature,' 2 Pet. i. 4. The second
assures us, that all Christians ' beholding as
in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed
into the same image, from glory to glory,
even ae by the Spirit of the Lord,' 2 Cor.
iii. 18. If we believe some critics, the ori-
ginal terms may be rendered, ice all become
ns mirrors. A mirror, placed over against
a luminous object, reflects its rays, and re-
turns its image. Tliis is agreeable to
Christian experience under the gospel. Good
men, attentive to the divine attributes, bow-
ing like the seraphim, towards the mystical
urk, placed opposite to the Supreme Being,
meet with nothing to intercept his rays : and,
reflecting m their turn this light, by imitating
the moral attributes of God, they become as
KG many mirrors, exhibiting in themselves the
objects of their own contemplation. Thus
God, by an effect of his adorable condescen-
sion, after having clothed liimself with our
flesh and blood, after having been ' made in
the likeness of men," Phil. ii. 7, in the esta-
blishment of the gospel, transforms this flesh
and blood into a likeness of himself. Such is
the sublimity and glory of the hristian reli-
gion ! We are ' partakers of the divine na-
ture ; we are ' changed into the same image
from glory to glory, even as by the Spirit of
the Lord.' Rly brethren, we have often re-
peated a famous maxim of the schools, and
\ve adopt it now, grace is glory begun. One
of the most beautiful ideas that we can form
of that ineffable glory, v;hich God reserves
for us in heaven, is that which the sacred au-
thors give us of Christianity. Heaven and
the church, the Christian in a state of grace, j
and the Christian in a state of glory, differ |
only in degree. All the difference between i
the two changes is, that the first, I mean a
Christian in a state of grace, retains the ini- |
perfection, which is essential to this life,
whereas the other, I mean the Christian in a
state of glory, is perfect in his kind, so that
both are changed into the image of the Dei-
ty, as far as creatures in their conditions are
capable of being so.
This is the difficult, but interesting subject
Avhich wc are now going to discuss. We are ).
going to inquire into the question so famous
}' dare not t:iy so developed in the pchools
concerning the beatific vision of God. We
will endeavour to e.xplain how we see God in
heaven, and how this happy vision will ren-
der us like him, who will be the object of it.
St. John supplies us with these images. He
d'splays the happiness of Christians thus:
' Behold,' sa3's lie, ' what manner of love the
Father hath bestowed upon us, that we should
be called the sons of God.' But while he
passes encommms on the mere)' of God, he
observes, that we have only yet enjoyed fore-
tastes of it ; ' we know,' adds he, ' that when
he shall appear, we shall be like him ; for we
shall see him as he is.'
Our text has two senses ; the first regards
the human nature of Jesus Christ, and the
second the Deity. The first of these senses
is very easy and natural : ' when the Son of
God shall appear, we shall see him as he is;*
that is to say, when Jesus Christ shall come
to judge mankind, we shall see his glorified
body. ' We shall be like him, for we shall
see him as he is ; that is, our bodies, having'
acquired at the resurrection the properties
of glorified bodies, like that of Jesus Christ,
shall have the faculty of contemplating his
body. This sense deserves examination.
We have no distinct idea of what Scrip-
ture calls ' a glorious body,' Phil. iii. 21.
The most abstruse metaphysics, the most
profound erudition, and the most sublime
theology cannot enable us fully to explain
this remarkable passage of St. Paul ; ' There
are celestial bodies, and bodies terrestrial :
but the glory of the celestial is one, and the
glory of the terrestrial is another. There is
one glory of the sun, and another glory of the
moon, and another glory of the stars. So also
is the resurrection of the dead. The body is
sown in corruption, it is raised in incorrup-
tion. It is sown in dishonour, it is raised in
glor}'. It is sown in weakness, it is raised iji
power. It is sown a natural body, it is raised
a spiritual bod}'.' 1 Cor. xv. 40 — 44.
But how difficult soever this passage may
be, we know by experience there are bodies
to which our senses bear no proportion ; and,
if I may be allowed to speak in this manner,
there are bodies inapprehensible by our fa-
culty of seeing. There is no proportion be-
tween my eyes and bodies extremely small.
My faculty of seeing does not extend to a
mite ; a mite is a nonentity to my eye.
There is no proportion between my eyes, and
bodies which have not a certain degree of
consistence. i\Iy seeing faculty does not ex-
tend to an aerial body ; an aerial body is a
;nere nonentity in regard to my sight. There
is very little proportion between my eye?
tisn. XXXIXJ
HEAVEN.
347
and bodies extraordinarily rapid. My facul-
ty of seeing does not extend to objects mov-
ing at a cjertain rate ; a body must move so
plow as to make a kind of rest before my eye
in order to be perceived by it ; and, as soon
as a greater force communicates a quicker
motion to it, it recedes, diminishes, disap-
pears. But were the faculties of my body
proportioned to these objects ; had my body
qualities similar to theirs ; I should then be
able to see them ; ' I should see them as they
are, for I should be like them.'
Let us apply these general reflections to
our subject. There may be perhaps no pro-
portion between our bodies in their present
rarthly state and what the Scripture calls
' glorious bodies.' Our faculty of seeing per-
liaps may not extend to glorious bodies.
Were the gross terrestrial bodies to which
our souls arc united, all on a sudden transla-
ted to that mansion of glory, in whicli the
bodies of Enoch and Elias wait for the con-
summation of all things, probably we might
I not be able to see them clearly, and perhaps
\vc might be quite blinded with the glory of
them. The reasons just now mentioned may
account for what wc suppose ; as any who
have habituated themselves to reflection may
easily comprehend. But when our bodies
shall be 'changed, when this corruptible
shall have put on incorruption, and this mor-
tal shall have put on immortality,' 1 Cor. xv.
51. 54 ; in a word, when our bodies shall
Iiave the same faculties as the glorious body
o4' Jesus Christ, ' we shall see him as he is,
for wc shall be like him.' This is the first
Bense given to the words of the text, a sense
that may serve to preclude a part of the diffi-
rulties which may arise ; a sense entirely
conformable to the analogy of faith, and to a
great many other passages of holy Scripture,
such as these, 'Our conversation is in hi;avf'n,
from whence also we look for the Saviour,
tJie Lord Jesus Christ, who shall change our
vile body, that it may bo fashioned like unto
hie glorious body,' Phil. iii. 20, 2[. ' Yo are
dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God ;
•when Christ who is our life siiall appear, then
shall ye also appear witli him in glory,' Col.
iii. 3, 4. ' The first man is of the earth,
earthly ; the second man is the Lord from
heaven. As is tlie earthly, such are they al-
so that are earthly ; and as is the heavenly,
such are they also that are heavenly. And
as we have borne the image of the eartlily,
vro shall also bear tho image of the heaven-
l}-,' 1 Cor. XV. 47, &c.
Grand idea of heavenly felicity, my brethren !
Glorified believers shall see with their eyes
t.hegloriousbody of Jesus Christ. Yea, these
eyes, restored to sight, and endowed with
new powers, shall see the God-rnan ; they
shall see tliat body of tho Saviour of the
world, which once ' increased in favour' here
below, Luke ii.52; and which is now arrived
at the highest pitch of glory m heaven. They
shall see those ' lips into which grace is pour-
ed,' Ps. xlv. 2. They shall see that Son of
man, who is ' fairer than all the rest of the
children of men.' What joy to accomplish
this object ! What delight, if I may speak
so, when the rays of the Deity, always toi-
bright and confounding formortiil oves to be-
hold, shall be softened to our sight in the
person of Jesus Christ ! What transporting
joy to see the greatest miracle that was ever
included in the plans of the wisdom ot God !
What felicity to behold in the body of Jesus
Chiist a right of approaching with confidence
to a familiarity with God 1 • We know, that
when he shall appear, we shall be like him,
for -we shall see him as he is.'
But, although tliis may be one meaning of
our apostle, yet it is neither the only sense
of his words, nor does it seem to be the prin-
cipal one. Should any one doubt what I
now affirm ; should any affirm, that when tho
apostle says, ' we shall see him as he is,' ho
only means to speak of the body of Jesus
Christ ; I would beg leave to observe, that
St. John evidently intends by the vision of
which he speaks, that which consummates
our happiness. Now our happiness will not
be consummated by only seeing the body of
the Son of God, nor by the glorification of
our bodies only. Another idea, therefore,
must be included in the words of the text.
Besides, the original does not say, ' When
Jesus Christ shall appear, but when he shall
appear we shall see him as he is ;' which may
be referred to God, of whom the apostle had
been speaking in the preceding verses. We
shall ' see God,' and this sight will render ua
' like him.'
I even suppose the words of my text are a
kind of quotation of an opinion advanced by
some ancient Jewish Rabbles. We havo
found, as it were by chance, and when we
were not studying this text, an opinion taken
from the writiiigs of the Jews, which seems
either to allude to the words of the text, or,
being more ancient than the text, to be allud-
ed to by the apostle. A Consul of Rome re-
quired a Rabbi to explain the names of God
to hiui. This is the answer of the Rabbi :^
' You ask me the meaning of the name of
four letters, and the name of twelve letters,
and the name of forty letters. (In this man-
ner, my brethren, the Jews speak of tho
terms expressive of the attributes of God.)
But, I must inform you, these are mysteries
altogether divine, and which ought to be con-
cealed from the generality of mankind. How-
ever, as I have been credibly assured, that
you have rendered many good services to
learned men, and as nothing ought to be con-
cealed from such persons, it is requisite I
should endeavour to answer your question to
your satisfaction. I declare then, that, strict-
ly speaking, there is no name given to God,
by which we can be made fully to compre-
hend what he is. His name is his essence, of
wliich we can form no distinct idea ; for could
we fully comprehend the essence of God wo
should be like God.'" These words are full
of meaning, and, were it necessary to explain
them, they would open a wide field to our
meditation. They lay down a principle of
momentary use to us, that is, that we must be
infinite in order fully to comprehend an infi-
nite being. We will, however, take a slight
cursory view of the subject. Wo will exam-
I ine how we shall ' see God,' and at the same
I time, how we shall be rendered like him by
! Rabbi Neheuiias in I'pistola sanoior. ad filium smna
.'348
HEAVEN.
ISeb. XXXIX.
seeing him ; for in the sense now given, we
understand tiie text.
God is an immaterial being. This prin-
ciple is unanimously established both by the
light of nature, and by revealed religion. An
immaterial being cannot be seen by material
eyes. Tliis is another incontestable principle.
It must be, then, with the mind that • we shall
see God as he is,' that is to say, we shall
' know' him. It must be the mind, therefore,
that must be rendered ' like him.' This con-
sequence immediately follows from both our
principles ; and this consequence is one
ground of our reflections.
God is an infinite being. This also is a
principle established by both natural and re-
vealed religion. The soul of man is finite,
and, to whatever perfection it may be advan-
ced, it will always continue to be so. This is
another indisputable principle. It would im-
ply a contradiction to affirm that an infinite
Spirit can be seen, or fully known, in a strict
literal sense, ' as it is,' by a finite spirit. The
human soul therefore, being a finite spirit, can
never perfectly see, that is, fully comprehend,
• ' as he is,' God, who is an infinite spirit. The
proposition in our text then necessarilv re
quires some restriction. This inference arises
immediately from the two principles now laid
down, and this second consequence furnishes
another ground of our reflections.
But, although it would be absurd to suppose
that God, an infinite spirit, can be fully known
by a finite human spirit, yet there is no ab-
surdity in affirming, God can communicate
himself to man in a ver}^ close and intimate
manner, proper to transforiiihim. This may
bo done four ways. There are, we conceive,
four sorts of communications ; a comnmnica-
tion of ideas, a conmumication of love, a com-
munication of virtue, and n communication of
felicity. In these four waj's ' we shall see God,'
and by thus seeing him 'as he is. v.-e shall be like
liim' in these four respects. We will endea-
vour, by discussing each of these articles, to
explain them clearly ; and here all your at-
tention will be necessary, for without this
our whole discourse will be nothing to you
but a sound destitute of reason and sense.
The first communication will be a commu-
nication of ideas. Wc ' shall see God as he
is,' because we shall particij)ate o? his ideas ;
and by seeing God as he is, we shall become
'like him,' because the knowledge of his
ideas will rectify ours, and will render them
like his. To knnw the ideas of an iiiijierfect
being is not to participate his imperfections,
an accurate mind may know the ideas of aii
inaccurate mind without admitting them. But
to know the ideas of a perfect spirit is to par-
ticipate his perfections ; because to know his
ideas is to know them as they are, and to
know them as they are is to perceive the evi-
dence of them. VVhen, therefore, God shall
communicate his ideas to us, ' wo shall be
like him,' by the conformity ef our ideas to his.
What are the ideas of God .' They are clear
in their nature ; they are clear in their
images, they are perfect in their degree ;
they are coiiiple.K in their relations; and they
are complete in their number. In all these
lespects the ideas of God are infinitely supe-
rior to the ideas of men.
1. Men are full of false notions. Their
ideas are often the very reverse of the ob-
jects, of which they should be clear represen-
tations. We have false ideas in physics,
false ideas in polity, false ideas in religion.
We have false ideas of honour and of dis-
grace, of felicity and of misery. Hence wpi
often mistake fancy for reason, and shadow
for substance. But God has only true ideas.
His idea of order is an exact representation
of order. His idea of irregularity e.xactly
answers to irregularity ; and so of all otiier
objects. He will make us know his ideas, and
by making us know them he will rectify ours.
2. Men have often obscure ideas. They
see only glimmerings. They perceive ap-
pearances rather than demonstrations. They
are placed in a world of probabilities, and, in
consideration of this state, in which it has
pleased the Creator to place them, they havo
more need of a course of reasoning on a new
plan, to teach them how a rational creature
ought to conduct himself, when ho is sur-
rounded with probabilities, than of a courso
of reasoning and determining, which sup-
poses him surrounded with demonstration.
But God has on\y clear ideas. Novell covers
objects ; no darkness obscures his ideas of
them. When he siiall appear, he will com-
municate his ideas to us, and they will rectify
ours, he will cause the scales that hide ob-
jects from us, to fall from our eyes ; and he
will dissipate the clouds which prevent our
clear conception of them.
3. Men have very few ideas perfect in
(leo-rec. They see only the surface of objects.
Who, in all the world, has a perfect idea of
matter .' Who ever bad perfect ideas of spi-
rit.-' Who could ever e.xactly define eitlier.-*
Who was ever able to inform us how the
idea of motion results from that of body ; how
the idea of sensation results from that of
spirit .'' Who ever knew to which class space
belongs .' It would be very easy, my brethren,
to increafj this list, v.'ould time permit; and
were I not prevented by knowing, that they,
who are incapable of understanding these
articles, have already in their own minds
pronounced them destitute of all sense and
reason. But God has perfect ideas. His
ideas comprejicnd the whole of all objects.
He will communicate to us this disposition of
mind, and will give us such a penetration a.s
shall enable us to attain the knowledge of
the essence of beings, and to contemplate
them in their whole.
4. Men have very few ideas complex in
their relations. I mean, their minds are so
limited, that, although they may be capable-
of combining a certain number, of ideasj, yet
tiiey aie confounded by combining a greater
number. We have distinct ideas of units,
and we are capable of combining a few: but
as soon as we add hundred to hundred, mil-
lion to million, the little capacity of our
souls is overwhelmed with the multitude of
these objects, and our weakness obliges us to
sink under the weight. W^e have a few ideas
of moticm. We know what space a body, to
which a certain degree of velocity is com-
municated, must pass through in a given
time: but as soon as we suppose a greater
defrrec of motion, as soon as we imagine
Seh. XXXIX.j
JIEAVEN.
349
an augmentation of velocity to this greater
degree ; as soon as we try to apply our know-
ledge of moving powers to tiiosc enormous
■bodies, whicli the mighty hand of God guides
in the immensity of space, we are involved in
perplexity and confusion. But God con-
ceives iufinitc coinbination. He will make us
participate, as far as our minds can, his ideas ;
so that we shall be able to give a large ex-
M panse to our meditation without any i'ear of
" confusing ourselves.
5. In fine, the ideas of mankind are incom-
plete in their nujiibcr Most men think, there
are only two sorts of beings, body and spirit ;
and they Imve also determined, that there
can be only two. A rash decision in itself:
but more rash still in a creature so confined
in ^is geniusas man. But the ideas of God
are complete. H e knows all possible beings.
He will make us participate this disposition of
inind, and from it may arise ideas of myriads
of beings, on which now we cannot reason,
■ because now we have no ideas of them. A
communication of ideas is the first way in
which God will make himself known to us.
This will be the first trait of our resemblance
of him. ' We .shall be like him, for we shall
see him as he is.'
The second communication of God to a
beatified soul is a communication oflove. We
cannot possibly partake of the ideas of God
without participating his love. To partici-
pate the ideas of God is to possess just no-
tions. To possess just notions is to place
each object in the rank that is due to it ;
consequently, we shall regard the chief be-
ing as the only object of supreme love.
What is necessary to answer the idea, that
an upright soul forms of the lovely .'' The
lovely object must answer three ideas : the
idea of the great and marvellous; tlie idea of
the just ; and the idea of the good : and, if 1
may venture to speak so, of the beatifying.
Now, it is impossible to know God without en-
tertaining tiiese three ideas of him alone ; con-
sequently it is impossible to know God with-
, out loving him. And this is the reason of
1 our profound admiration of the morality of
the gospel. The morality of the gospel is
the very quintessence of order. It informs
us, no creature deserves supreme love. It
makes this principle the substance of its laws.
' Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all
thy heart and with all thy soul, and with all
thy mind,' Matt. xxi. 37.
How worthy of supreme love will this God
appear, how fully will he answer the idea of
the great and the marvullous, when ' \vc
shall see him as he isl' He will answer it by
his independence. Creatures exist : but
they have only a borrowed being. God de-
rives his existence from none. He is a self-
existent Being. He will answer our idea of
the magnificent by the immutability of liis
nature. Creatures exist : but they have no
fixed and permanent being. They arise from
nothing to existence. Their existence is ra
ther variation and inconstancy than real
being. But God, but ' I the Lord,' savs he
of himself, ' 1 change not,' Mai. iii. G. ' The
same yesterday, to-day, and for ever,' Heb.
xiii. 8. He is, as it were, the fixed point, on
which all creatures revolve, while he is nei- ■
2 Y
ther moved by their motion, shaken by their
action, nor in the least imaginable degree
altered by all their countless vicissitudes. Ho
will answer the idea of the great and mar-
vellous by the efficiency of his will. Crea-
tures have some efficient acts of volition :
but not of thciuselves. — But go back to that
period in which there was nothing. Figure
to yourselves those immense voids, which
preceded the formation of the universe, and
represent to yourselves God alone. He
forms tlic plan of the world. He regulates
tiie whole design. He assigns an epoch of
durntion to it in a pouit of eternity. This
act of his will produces this whole universe.
Hence a sun, a moon, and stars. Henco
earth and sea, rivers and fields. Hence kings,
princes, and philosophers. ' He spake, and it
was done ; he commanded, and it stood fast.
The heavens were made by the word of the
Lord, and all the host of them by the breath
of his moutii,' Ps. xxxiii. 9. God) then, per-
fectly answers our idea of the grand and the
marvellous. He answers also the idea of the
just. \-
It was he who gave us an idea o^ju^stice or
order. It was he who made the greatest
sacrifices to it. It was he who moved heaven
and earth to re-establish it, and who testified
how dear it was to him by sacrificing the
most worthy victim that could possibly suffer,
I mean his only Son.
Finally, God will perfectly answer our
idea of the good and the beatifying. Who
can come up to it except a God, who opens
to his creatures an access to his treasures.-*
A God, who reveals himself to them in order
to take tiiem away from their ' broken cis-
terns,' and to conduct them to the ' fountain
of living waters,' Jer. ii. 13. A God, whose
eternal wisdom cries to mankind, ' Ho, every
one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters,
and he that hath no money, come ye ; buy
and eat ; 3'ea come ; buy wine and milk with-
out money, and without price. Wherefore
do you spend money for that which is not
bread ? and your labour for tiiat which satis-
fietli not ? Hearken diligently unto me, and
eat ye that which is good, and let your soul
delight itself in fatness. Incline your ear,
and come unto me ; hear, and your soul shall
live,' Isa. Iv. 1 — 3.
We cannot, then, know God without lov-
ing him. And tlmsa communication of ideas
leads toacommunicationoflove. But this com-
munication of love will render us lifcc the God
whom we admire For the property of love
in a soul inflamed with it, is to transform it
in some sort into the object of its admiration.
This is particularly proper to divine love.
We love God, because we know his attributes;
when we know his attributes, we know we
can no better contribute to the perfection of
our being than by imitating them, and the
desire we have to perfect our being will ne-
cessitate us to apply wholly to imitate them,
and to become Zi/.c him.
Let us pass to our third consideration. The
third connnunication of God to a beatified
soul is a communication of his virtues. To love
and to obey, in Scripture-style, is the same
thinn-. 'Ifye love me,keep my commandments,'
is a well known expression of Jesus Christ,
3JU
JIEAVE.V,
[i^ER. XXXIX.
John xiv. 15. ']Jo who sailii I know him,
and keepeth not his coinmandnicnts, is a liar,
a-hd the truth is not in him,' is an expression
of our apostle, 1 John ii. 4. Tliis is not pe-
oulinr to the lovo of God. To love and to
obey, even in civil society, are usually two
things wiiich have a very close conne.xion
But, as no creature has ever excited all the
love, of which a soul is capable, so there is
no creature to whom we have rendered a per-
fect obedience. It is only in regard to God,
that there is an inseparable connexion be-
tween obedience and loye. For when we
love God, because we know him, we are
soon convinced, that he cannot ordain any
thing to his creature but wliat is useful to
him ; when we are convinced he can ordain
Jiothing to bo performed by his creature but
•what is useful to him, it becomes as impos-
sible not to obey him as it is not to love our-
selves. To lovo and obey is one thing, then,
when the object in question is a being su-
premely lovely These are demonstrations ;
but to obey God, and to keep his command-
ments, is to be like God.
The commandments of God are formed on
t^io idea of the divine perfections. God has an
idea of order ; he loves it; he follows it ; and
Ihisisall he ever has required, and all he ever
■will require, of his intelligent creatures. He
lequires us to know order, to love it, to follow
it. An intelligent creature, therefore, who
fjhall be brought to obey the commandments
i)f God will be like God. ' Be ye perfect, as
your Father, which is in heaven, is perfect,'
JMatt. v. 4c. ' Be ye holy, for I am holy,' 1
Pet i. IG. ' Every man, that hath this hope
jin him, purifieth himself, even as he is pure," 1
John iii. 3. These precepts are given us
here on earth, and we obey them imperfectly
now : but we shall yield a perfect obedience,
to them in heaven, when we shall 'see him
as he is.' Here our apostle afiirms, • Who-
soever sinneth, hath not seen him, neither
known him,' ver. 0 ; that is to say, he who
suffers sin to reign over him, does not know
God ; for, if he knew God, he would have
just ideas of God, he would love him ; and,
if he loved him, he would imitate him. But
in heaven we shall see, and know him, we
sihall not sin, we shall imitate him, ' we shall
be like hiin, for we shall see him as he is.'
Lastly, The fourth communication of the
Deity with beatified souls is a communication
f)f felicity. In an economy of order, to be
holy and tobe happy are two things very close-
ly connected. Now we are in an economy of
disorder. Accordingly, virtue and felicity do
not always keep company together, and it
fiometimes happens, that for ' having hope in
Christ we are,' for a while. ' of all men most
miserable,'! Cor. xv. 19. But this economy
of disorder must be abolished. Order must
be established. St. Peter, speaking of Jesus
Christ, says, ' The heavens must receive him
lintil the times of the restitution of all things,'
Acts iii. 21 . When all things shall be restor-
ed, virtue and happiness will be closely uni-
ted, and, consequently, by participating the
holiness of God, we shall participate his hap-
piness.
God is supremely good. He is naturally
inclined by his vsvn j)e.rfecti©n? t* do good.
Rather tlian include himself in liis own feli-
cit3\ he went out of himself in the works of
creation. He formed creatures capable of
his favours. But these very perfections,
which inclined him to do good, prevent his
rendering impure and criminal creatures hap-
py. -.He is of purer dyes than to behold
evil,' Hab. i. 13. This is the cause of the
innumerable penal evils, under which wo
groan. For this reason there are miserable
people. Remove this obstacle, and God will
follow his inclination to bounty. All crea-
tures capable of being happy would be ren-
dered perfectly happy. In heaven this ob-
stacle will be removed. •
Moreover, we may offer, if I may be allow-
ed to speak so, a more evangelical reason to
confirm this article. One part of the cove-
nant of grace between the eternal Father
and the Son, v.hen the Son became incarnate,
was, that the Father should restore them to
happiness, whom the Son should redeem.
Hence this adorable Son of God, in the sa-
cerdotal prayer, which he offered to the
Father the evening before he offered him-
self a sacrifice to death on the cross, repeats
this clause of the covenant ; ' I have mani-
fested thy name unto the -.men which thou
gavest me out of the world : thine they were,
and thou gavest them me ; and they have kept
thy word. Father, I will that they also,whom
thou hast given me, be with me where I
am, that they may behold my glory,' John
xviii G. 24.
God is, then, inclined by the nature of hi.^
perfections, and by the spirit of the covenant
made with Jesus Christ, to render like him-
self, in regard to his felicity those, who are al-
ready made like him in regard to his ideas, in
regard to his love.and in regard to his holiness ;
and this is the fourth sense of the proposition
in our text, • We shall be like liim, for we
shall see him as he is.' This is the fourth
communication of God to glorified souls. He
will communicate his felicity to them. What
constitutes the felicity of God will constitute
the felicity of glorified souls.
God is happy in contemplating his 7Corks.
He approves all the plans that his intelligence
has conceived, and which his wisdom and
power have so gloriously executed, • He seeth
every thing that he hath made, and approves
it as very good,' Gen. i. 31. God will dis-
cover these works to glorified souls. He will
displov before them all the pompous decora-
tions of nature. He will direct their atten-
tion to the symmetiy, the niagnihcence, the
number of those luminous bodies, those flam-
ing spheres, which appear to ovir weak eyes
at present as only so many sparks.
(jod is happy in contemplating his provi-
dence, and the nuirvcllous manner in which
he governs llie universe. God will discover
this perfect government to glorified souls.
Then will aj)pear the folly of the many objec-
tions, which at present perplex our minds on
the darkness of^ Providence ; then will the
many injurious suspicions vanish, which we
have entertained concerning the government
of the world ; then will all the sophisms bo
confounded, that rash human minds have
formed concerning the manner in which Gcxl,
has distributed goo'i aud evil.
Ukr. XXXlX.j
GjI
God is happy in the contemplation of his
designs. The active spirit of the first great
cause will diversify his works infinitely, and
for ever ; he judges of what may be as of wiiat
is, and determines of the possible world as of
% that which actually exists, that all is very
, ' good. He will communicate these designs to
fTlorified souls. ' Shall I liide from Abraham
the thing which I do?' said God once to that
) patriarch. Gen. xviii. 17. Agreeably to
which, Jesus Christ said to his apostles,
' Hencefortli I call you not servants : but I
have called you friends ; for the servant
knoweth not what his Lord doth : but all
things that I liave lieard of my Father, I have
made known unto you,' John xv. 15. God
will hide nothing from glorified souls. He
will open to them inexhaustible treasures of
wisdom and knowledge. Ho will display in
their sight all that would result from them. ]
Tie will anticipate the future periods of etor- |
nity (if we may speak of future periods when j
we speak of eternity), and he will show them j
every moment of this infinite duration signal-
ized by some emanation of his excellence.
God is happy in certain sentiments, which
may probably bear some analogy to what we
call in ourselves sensations. At least, we
may assure ourselves, to be rendered capable
of pure sensations would contribute very
much to the perfection and happiness of our
souls. Sensations lively, aftecting and deli-
cious, we know, contribute to our present fe-
licity. They who have aftectci to refine and
spiritualize our ideas of felicity, and to free
them from every thing sensitive, I think,
have mistaken the nature of spirit God will
impart to glorified souls all the scntiuients of
which they arc capable. He will make them
feel something more harmonious than the
best compositions of music ; something more
delicious than the most exquisite tastes: and
so of the rest. God is happy in the society
of the spirits which surround him. He is the
centre of all their felicity. He accepts their
adoration and homage. He reflects their
services to him on themselves. God will
receive glorified souls into this society. lie
will unite us to angels and seraphims, thrones,
dominions, and cherubims, and to all other
happy intelligent beings, which are without
number, and of infinite variety. Their feli-
city will make our felicity, as our happiness
will make tiieir happiness. ' There will be
joy in heaven over' many ' repenting sinners,'
Luke XV. 7.
But this subject carries mo beyond all due
l)ounds. The imagination of a hearer, less
warmed ti:an that ' of a preacher, cannot ex
tend itself so far as he would conduct it. Only
recollect, then, and unite the ideas, which
we have been mentioning. ' We know, when
lie shall appear, wo shall see Jiim as he is.'
This passage, we say, seems to offer two
sonses. The iirst regards the human nature
of Jesus Christ. ' VVe shall see' the glorious
body of Jesus Christ ' as it is ;' because our
bodies, being rendered glorious like his, will
have faculties relative to his, and proper to
enable us to perceive it.
The other sense regards the Deity. ' Wo
shall see' God, not with the eyes of our bodies,
but with the eyes of tlie mind, that is to say,
we shall know hiiu. ' We shall see liim as he
is,' not literally and fully, for God is an infi-
nite Spirit, who cannot be fully comprehend-
ed by infinite beings : but we shall kno\y
him, as much as it will be possible for us to
know him, and our resemblance to him will
bear a proportion to our knowledge of him He
will communicate himself to us. There will
be four communications between God and
glorified souls ; a communication of ideas, of
love, of holiness, and of happiness.
And, what deserves our particular regard,
because it is most admirable, is, these four
communications aro connected together, and
flow from one another. Because we shall
' see God as he is, we shall be like him.' Bo
cause we shall know his ideas, we shall be
possessed of a rectitude of thought like his.
Because we shall possess a rectitude of
thought like his, we shall know that he is
supremely lovely, and cannot but love him.
Because we cannot help loving him, we can-
not help imitating his holy conduct, as holi-
ness will appear the perfection of our nature.
Because wo shall imitate his holiness, we
shall participate his happiness ; for he is na-
turally inclined by his own perfections to
render those intelligent beings happy like
himself, who like him are in a state of order.
The three last communications are, then,
immediate consequences of the first, and the
first is the|ground of the rest ; ' we shall bo
like him, tor we shall see him as he is.' Then
will all the divine plan of human redemption
by Jesus Christ be fully executed. Then
all the privileges of our adoption, and of the
love that elevated us to a condition so noble,
and glorious, vv'ill clearly appear. ' Behold!
wiiat manner of lovo the Father hath be-
stowed upon us, that we should be called the
sons of God ! Beloved, now are we the sons
of God, and it doth not yet appear what we
shall be : but we know, that when he shall ap-
pear, we shall be like him ; for wo shall see
liim as he is.'
This is the plan of God in regard to man :
a plan diametrically opposite to that of Satan.
The olan of Satan is to render man unlike
to God. Satan has been too successful in
the execution of his design. ' A liar and u-
murderer from the beginning,' John viii. 44 ;
he seduced our first parents ; he made them
fall from truth to error, from error to vice :
nlready he has robbed us of tho glory of our
first innocence ; already he has darkened our
understandings : already succeeded in making
us find that pleasure in vice, which ought tf>
follow virtue only ; and, having communica-
ted his vice to us, he has made us partake of
his miseries ; hence the air becomes infected,
hence the ocean becomes a grave to mari-
ners, hence animals rebel against him whA
was originally appointed to be their lord and
king, hence passion, revenge and hatred,
which begin a hell upon earth, hence maladies
which consume our days in pain, and death,
that most formidable weapon of tlie devil, to
put a period to them, and hence ' the Idie
which burnetii with fire and brimstone,' Rev.
xxi. 8, in which this wicked spirit will strive
to alleviate tlie pain of his own punishment
by the infernal pleasure of having compan-
ions of his miscrv.
S52
HEAVEN.
[S'er. XXXIX.
*rhc plan of the Son of God is opposite to
that of Satan : ' for this purpose was the Son
of God manifested, that he might destroy the
works of the devil,' 1 John iii. 8. These
words almost immediately follow the text
Already this adorable Son has reconciled
mankind to God by rendering the deity ac-
cessible, by taking onhimtJie nature, and the
innocent infirmities of men ; already he has
appeased by his sacrifice tlie just wrath of a
God, who to punish men for imitating Satan
was about to deliver them up to him ; and al-
ready has he given the death-wound to the
empire of this usurper of tlie rights of God ;
' having spoiled principalities and powers, he
made a show of them openly, triumphing
over them in the cross,' Col. ii. 15. The
Son of God has already elevated the Chris-
tian above the vicissitudes of life, by detach-
ing him from life, and by teaching liim the
blessed art of deriving advantages from his
miseries ; already has he dissipated the dark-
ness of error, by causing the light of revela-
tion to rectify all the abuses that even the
greatest philosophers made of the light of
nature ; already has he attacked human de-
pravity at its centre, and separated the souls
of the elect from the seeds of sin, by causing
•his seed to remain ^n them, so that they
cannot sin, because they are born of God,'
as our apostle expresses it, 1 John iii. 9 ; al-
ready he has imparted to their consciences
that ' peace of God which passeth all under-
standing,' Phil. iv. 7, and by which they are
' raised up together, and made to sit together
in heavenly places in Christ Jesus,' Eph. iii.
6; already has he made them ' partakers of
the divine nature,' 2 Pet. i. 4, and he has alrea-
dy ' changed them into the same image from
glory to glory by his Spirit,' 2. Cor° iii. 18.
He is preparing to finish his work. Shortljr
he will make that second appearance, which
is the object of the hopes of his churches, and
for which his children cr}', ' Come Lord Je-
sus I come quickly !' Rev. xxii. 20. Shortly
he will reduce to dust these organs, this
' flesh and blood, which cannot inherit the
kingdom of God,' 1 Cor. xv. 50. Shortly he
will raise these bodies from the dust with
new faculties. Shortly he will remove the
veils that hide the essence of the Creator
from us, and will show it to us as it is, so
that we may be rendered like it. These are
two very different plans, my brethren ; the
one is the plan of God, and the other that of
the devil ; the one is the desicrn of the enemy
of mankind, the other that of their Redeemer.
Into which of these two plans do you pro-
pose to enter ? Into the plan of God, or into
that of the devil ? Which of these two beings
do you wish to resemble.' Would you be lite
God, or would you have the features of Sa-
tan ? This question may perhaps be already
answered by some of you. Great God ! to
what are we reduced, to be obliged to suppose,
at least to have great reason to fear, that in
this church, built for the assembly of saints,
and for the edifying of the body of Christ,'Eph.
iv. 21, there are any imitators of the devil!
To what are wo reduced to be obliged to
suppose, at least to have just grounds of
fear, that in this assembly, composed of
children of God, who coiue to appear in his
presence, there arc any children of the devil !
But the frightful in a supposition does not
tal^e away the possibility of it.
Perhaps the question may have been fully
answered already by some of our hearers.
What idea must we form of a man, who em-
'doys all his talents to enervate truth, to at-
tack religion, to render doubtful the being of
a God ; who attributes the creation of the
world to blind chance ; and brings into ques-
tion the reality of a state of future rewards
and punishments ? What idea must be form-
ed of a man. who employs himself wholly in
increasing his fortune and establishing his
family, how iniquitous soever the means may
be which contribute to his end ; who robs the
widow and the orphan, embroils the state,
elevates to the most eminent posts in society
men who hardly deserve to live ; who would
subvert this whole republic, and erect a
i throne for himself and his family on its ruins?
I What must we think of a man who daily
I blasphemes the God of heaven, and inccs-
I santly pours out murmurs and charges against
the Governor of the universe ? What can we
I think of a man, who wallows in debauchery,
! who, in spite of those penalties of sin, which
he bears about in his bod)^, in spite of the in-
fection and putrefaction that his infamous
lasciviousness has caused in his body, indem-
nifies himself for his present pains by repeat-
ing his former pleasures, and yet searches
among the ruins of his mortal body some por-
tion, that, having escaped the punishment of
his crimes, may yet serve his unbridled con-
cupiscence .' Were such men descended from
the most illustrious ancestors ; had they, like
Lucifer himself, a heavenly origin ; did their
power equal that of the prince of the air ;
were their attendants as numerous as tho
legions of that miserable spirit ; could their
riches and affluence raise winds and storms,
that would shake the whole world ; had they
in their hands the sword of justice, and were
they considered as gods upon earth, and
' cliildren of the Most High,' Ps, Ixxxii. 7.
I should not be afraid to say, while they aban-
don themselves to these excesses, I detest
and abhor them as devils.
But you, my brethren, you, who ought to
be the most holy part of the church ; you,
who pretend to glory in bearing the name of
Christian, and who aspire after all the privi-
leges and recompenses of Christianity ; into
which of the two plans do you propose to
enter .' Into the plan of Satan, or into that
of God .' Which of the two beings do you wish
to resemble ? Would you resemble God, or
would you bear the features of the devil?
Let not the mortifying in this question pre-
vent your examination of it. It is far better
to acknowledge a mortifying truth, than to
persist in a flattering falsehood.
The purpose of God, as we just now said,
is to render us like himself, by communicat-
ing his knowledge, by imparting sound ideas
to us. Do you enter into this design? Are
you labouring to form this feature ; you, who
neglect the cultivation of your minds; you,
who suffer yourselves to be enslaved by pre-
judice ; you, who, so far from being teachable,
are angry when we attempt to remove your
errors, and, consider those as your enemies
Skr. XXXIX.]
HEAVEN,
653
who tell you the truth P The design of God,
we just now told you, is to render us lilic him-
sclj by communicating his love to us. Do
j'ou enter into this plan ? Are you endeavour-
ing to form this feature, you who feel no
other flame than that, which worldly objects
Idndle, and which the Scripture calls * enmity
with God,' James iv. 4 ; you who, .at the
most, perform only some exterior duties and
ceremonies of religi&n, and dedicate to these
only a few hours on a Lord's day ; and who
lay out all your vigour and zeal, perform-
ances, emotions and passions, on the world .•"
The design of God, we said, is to render
us like himself hy enabling us to imitate his
holiness. Do you enter into this part of his
design.' Do you desire to resemble God, you,
who conform to this present world ; you, who
'run with them to the same e.'tcess of riot,'
1 Pet. iv. 4 ; you, who sacrifice your souls to
fashion and custom .'' The design of God, we
told you, is to render us like fumself by com-
municating his felicity to us. Do yon enter
into this part of his plan .' Are you labouring
to attain this resemblance of the Deity .' Are
you seeking a divine felicity ? Do you place
' your hearts where your treasure is ?' Matt.
vi. 21. Do you ' seek those things which are
above .-" Col. iii. 11. You, who are all taken
up with worldly attachments ; 3-ou, who are
endeavouring by reputation, and riches, and
worldly grandeurs, to fasten yourselves for
ever to the world as to the centre of human
felicity ; you, whose little souls are all confin-
ed to the narrow circle of the present life ;
you, who turn pale, when we speak of dying ;
you, who shudder, when we treat of that eter-
nal gulf, on the brink of which you stand,
and which is just ready to swallow you up
in everlasting wo ; do you enter into the
design of participating the felicity of God .''
Let us not deceive ourselves, my brethren !
We cannot siiare the second transformation
unless we partake of the first ; if v.'e would
be like God in heaven, we must resemble him
Jiere in his church below. A soul, having
these first features, experiencing this first
transformation, is prepared for eternity ;
when it enters heaven, it will not alter its
condition, it will only perfect it. The most
beautiful object, that can present itself to the
eyes of such a soul, is the divine Redeemer,
the model of its virtues, the original cf its
ideas. Hast thou experienced the first trans-
formation ? Hast thou already these features .-'
Dost thou ardently desire the appearance of
the SoH of God ; and, should God present
himself to thee as he is, couldst thou bear
the sight without trembling and horror ? Ah,
my brethren ! how miserable is a mind, when
it considers Him as an object of horror, whom
it ought to consider as an object of its desiro
and love ! How miserable is a soul, which,
instead of' loving the appearing of the Lord,.
the righteous judge,' as St. Paul expresses
it, 2 Tim. iv. 8, has just reason to dread it!
How wretched is the case of the man, who,
instead of crying, ' Come Lord Jesus ! come
quickly !' Rev xxii. 20, cries. Put off thy
coming; defer a period, the approach of
which I cannot bear; thy coming will be the
time of my destruction ; thine appearing will
discover my shame ; thy glory will be my
despair ; thy voice will be the sentence of my
eternal misery ; instead of hastening to meet
thee, I will avoid thy presence ; I will strive
to ' flee from thy Spirit,' Ps. cxxxix. 7 ; I will
call to my relief the ' mountains' and tho
' rocks,' Rev. vi. 16. and, provided they can
conceal me from thy terrible presence, it will
signify nothing, should they crush me by
their fall, and bury me for ever in their
ruins.
Let not such frightful sentiments ever re-
volve in our minds, Christians. Let us now
begin the great work of our transformation.
Let us commune with God. Let us apply
all our efforts to obtain the knowledge of
him. Let us kindle in our souls the fire of
his love. Let us propose his holiness for our
example. Let us anticipate the felicity of
heaven. Indeed, we shall often be interrup-
ted in this great work. We shall oflen find
reason to deplore the darkness that obscures
our ideas, the chilling damps which cool our
love, and the vices that mix with our virtues ;
for the grief which these imperfections will
csuse will frequently lower our felicity. But
hope will supply the place of fruition. Our
souls will be all involved in evangelical con-
solations, and all our bitterness will be sweet-
ened with these thoughts of our apostle, ' Be-
hold ! what manner of love the Father hath
bestowed upon us, that we should be called
the sons of God : therefore the world know-
eth us not, because it knew him not. Beloved,
now are we the sons of God, and it doth not
yet appear what we shall be ; but we know,
that when he shall appear, we shall be like
him : for we shall see him as he is.' To him
be honour and glory for ever. Amen.
f^^EKMON XL.
HELL.
Kevelation xiv 11.
ilnd the smoJce of their torment ascendcth up for ever and ever.
"Violent diseases require violent re-
medies. This is an incontestable maxim in
the science of the human body, and it is
equally true in religion, the science that re-
gards the soul. If a wound be deep, it is in
vain to heal the surface, the malady would
become the more dangerous, because it would
spread inwardly, gain the nobler parts, con-
sume the vitals, and so become incurable.
Such a wound must be cleansed, probed, cut,
and cauterized : and softening the most ter-
rible pains by exciting in the patient a hope
of being healed, he must be persuaded to en-
dure a momentary pain in order to obtain a
future firm established health. Thus in
religion ; when vice has gained the heart,
and subdued all the faculties of the soul, in
vain do we place before the sinner a few ideas
of equity ; in vain do we display the magni-
ficence of the heavens, the beauties of the
church, and the charms of virtue ; ' the arrows
of the Almighty' must be fastened in him.
Job vi. 4, ' terrors, as in a solemn day, must
be called round about' him, Lam. ii. 22, and
'knowing the terrors of the Lord,' wc must
■persuade the man, as the holy Scriptures ex-
press it.
My brethren, let us not waste our time in
declaiming against the manners of the times.
Let us not exaggerate the depravity of Chris-
tian societies, and pass encomiums on former
ages by too censoriously condenming our
own. Mankind have always been bad enough,
and (rood people have always been too scarce.
There are, however, we must allow, some
times, and some places, in which Satan has
employed moio means, and has striven with
more success to execute his fatal design of
destroying mankind than in others. Observe
this reflection. A violent malady must have
a violent remedy ; and this, which we bring
you to-day, certainly excels in its kind. The
lloly Spirit conducts us to-day in a road dif-
ferent from that in which he formerly led the
Hebrews ; and, to address you properly, we
must change the order of St. Paul's words,
and say, ' Vc are not come unto mount Zion,
and unto the city of the living God, the hea-
venly Jerusalem : but ye are come unto a
burninor fire, unto blackness, and darkness,
and tempests, chap. xii. 23. We are going
to place before your eyes eternity with its
abysses, the fiery lake with its flames, devils
with their rage, and hell with its horrors.
Great God! suspend for a Cew moments
the ' small still voice of thy gospel I' 1 Kings
xix. 12. For a few moments let not this
auditory hear the church • shouting, Grace,
srace unto it !' Zcch. iv. 7. Let the blessed
anj^cls, that assist in our assemblies, for
awhile leave us to attend to the miseries of
the damned ! I speak literalh' ; I wish these
miserable beings could show you for a mo-
ment the weight of their chains, the voracity
of their flames, the stench of their smoke.
Happy I if struck with these frightful objects,
we imbibe a holy horror, and henceforth op-
pose against all our temptations the words of
our text, ' the smoke of their torment, ascend-
eth up for ever and ever !'
I have borrowed these words of St. John.
In the preceding verses he had been speaking
of apostates and idolaters, and them he had
particularly in view in this ; ' If any man
worship the beast, and his image, and receive
his mark in his forehead, or in his hand, the
same sliall drink of the wine of the wrath of
God, which is poured out without mixturo
into the cup of his indignation, and he shall
be tormented with fire and brimstone, in the
presence of the holy angels, and in the pre-
sence of the Lamb ; and the smoke of their
torment,' adds the apostle, in the text, ' as-
cendcth up for ever and ever.'
But do not think this sentence must be re-
strained to these sort of sinners. It is denoun-
ced against other kinds of sinners in other pas-
sages of Scripture. ' His fan is in his hand,'
said the forerunner of Jesus i.hrist, ' and he
will thoroughly purge his floor, and gather
his wheat into the garner : but he will burn
up the chaft' with unquenchable fire.' Matt,
iii. 12.
It shall not be, then, to apostates and idol-
aters only that we will preach to-day ; al-
though, alas ! was it ever more necessary
to speak to them than now.' Did any age of
Christianity ever see so many apostates as
this, for which providence has reserved us ?
O! could I transport myself to the ruins of our
churches ! I would thunder in the ears of our
brethren, who have denied their faith and
religion, the words of our apostle ; ' If any
man worship the beast, and his imago, he
aliall be tormented with fire and brinuitonc,
and the smoke of his torment shall ascend up
for ever and ever !'
We will consider our text in a more gene-
ral view, and wc divide our discourse into
three parts.
I. We will prove that the doctrine of eter-
nal puniahment is clearly revealed.
II. We will examine the objections, which
I reason opposes against it ; an J we will show,
I that there is nothing in it incompatible with
' the perfections of God, or the nature of man.
' III. We will address tho subject to such as
admit the truth of the doctrine of eternal
tdER. XL.]
HELL.
355
punishments: but live in indolence, and un-
affected with it This is the whole plan of
this discour.se.
I. We affirm, there is a hell, punishments
finite in degree : but infinite in duration. We
do not intend to estabhsh here in a vague
manner, that there is a state of future re-
wards and punishments, by laying before you
the many weighty arguments taken from the j
, sentiments of conscience, the declarations of
Scripture, the confusions of society, the
unanimous consent of mankind, and the attri-
butes of God himself; arguments which pla-
cing in the clearest light the truth of a judg-
ment to come, and a future state, ought for
ever to confound those unbelievers and liber-
tines, who glory in doubting both. We are
going to address ourselves more in\mediately
to another sort of people, who do not deny the
truth of future punishments : but who dimi-
nish the duration of them ; who either in re-
gard to the attributes of God, or in favour of
1 their own indolence, endeavour to persuade
I themselves, that if there be any punishments
' after death, they will neither be so general,
nor so long, nor so terrible, as people imagine.
Of this sort was that father in the primi
tive church, who was so famous for the ex-
tent of his genius, and at the same time for
the extravagance of it ; admired on the one
hand for attackinif and refuting the errors of
the enemies of religion, and blamed on the
other for injuring the very religion that he
defended, by mixing with it errors mon-
strous in their kind, and almost infinite in
their number.* He affirmed, that eternal
punishments were incompatible both with the
perfections of God, and that instability, which
is the essential character of creatures ; and
mixing some chimeras with his errors, he ad-
ded, that spirits, afler they had been purified
by the fire of hell, would return to the bosom
of God ; that at length they would detach
themselves from him, and that God to pun-
ish their inconstancy would lodge them ao-ain
in new bodies, and that thus eternity would
be nothing but periodical revolutions of time.
Such also were some Jewish Rabbles, who
acknowledge, in general, that there is a hell:
but add, there is no place in it for Israelites,
not even for the most criminal of them, ex-
cepting only those who abjure Judaism ; and
feven these, they think, after they have suf-
fered for one year, will be absolutely annihi-
lated.
Such was, almost in our own days, the
iiead of a famous sect, and such were many
of his disciples. They thought, that the
souls of all men, good and bad, passed into a
state of insensibility at death, with this dif-
ference only, that the wicked cease to be,
and are absolutely annihilated, whereas the
righteous will rise again into a sensibility in
a future period, and will be united to a glo-
rious body ; that those wicked persons, who
shall be alive, when Jesus Christ shall come
to judge tl.-'o world, will be the only persons,
•who will a]>pear in judgment to receive their
condemnation there ; and that these, after
they shall have been absorbed in the general
* Ongen, wlio was misguided by the J'ythagorcan
imilosopliy,or the doctrine of Metempsyoliosis.whicfl
<i:ir Saviour has condemncil, John 3.3. J. S.
conflagration, which they say, is the gchenna,
or ItcU-fire, of which Scripture speaks. Matt.
V. 22, will be annihilated with the devils and
the fires of hell; so, that, according to them,
nothing will remain in nature but the abode
of happy spirits.
Such are the suppositions of those, who op-
pose the doctrine we are going to establish.
Let us endeavour to refute them.
1. Scripture gives no countenance to this
absurd opinion, that the wicked shall have
no part in the resurrection and judgment.
What could St Paul mean by these words,
' Despisest thou the riches of the goodness
of God .'' after thy hardness, and impenitent
heart, dost thou treasure up unto thyself
wrath against the day of wrath, and revela-
lation of the righteous judgment of God .''
Rom. ii. 4, 5. What does he mean by these
words, ' We must all appear before the judtr-
ment-seat of Christ, that every one may re-
ceive the things done in his body, accordinf
to that he hath done, whether it be good or
bad.'' 2 Cor. V. 10. What does St. John in-
tend by these words, ' I saw the dead small
and great, stand before God, the sea gave up
the dead which were in it, and they wore
judged (every man) according to their works ;
and whosoever was not found written in the
book of life, was cast mto the lake of fire !'
Rev. XX. 12, 13. 15. What meant Jesus
Christ, when he said, ' The hour is cominc,
in the which all that are in the graves shall
hear the voice of the Son of God, and shall
come forth ; they that have done good unto
the resurrection of life ; and they that
have done evil unto the resurrection
of damnation .'" John v. 28, 29. Any thintr
may be glossed over, and varnished : biit
was ever gloss more absurd than that of
some, who pretend, that the resurrection
spoken of in the last quoted words is not to
be understood of a literal proper resurrection s
but of sanctification, which is often called a
resurrection in Scripture ? Does sanctifica-
tion then raise some unto a resurrection of
Life, and others unto a resurrection of dam'
nation ?
2. Scripture clearly affirms, that the pun-
ishment of the damned shall not consist of an-
nihilation, but of real and sensible pain. This
appears by divers passages. Our Saviour
speaking of Judas, said, ' It would have been
good for that man, if he had not been born,'
Matt. xxvi. 24. Hence we infer, a state
worse than annihilation was reserved for this
miserable traitor ; for had the punishment of
his crime consisted in annihilation only, Judas,
having already enjoyed many pleasures in this
life, would have been happier to have been
than not to have been. Again, Jesus Christ
says, ' It shall be more tolerable for the land
of Sodom in the day of Judgment than for
thee,' Matt. xi. 24. Hence we infer again,
there are some punishments worse than an-
nihilation ; forif^Sodomand Capernaum wore
both annihilated, it would not bo true, that
the one would be in a ' more tolerable' state
than the other.
Scripture images of hell, which are many,
will not allow us to confine future punishment
to annihilation. It is a worm, a. fire, a dark-
ness ; they are chains, weeping, xcailing, and
6oG
HELL.
Sek. XL.
gnashing of teeth ; expressions which we
will explain by and by. Accordingly, the dis-
ciples of tlie liead of the sect just now men-
tioned, and whose S3^stem we oppose, have re-
nounced these two parts of tlieir Master's
doctrine, and, neither denying the jrenerality
of these punishments, northe reality of them,
are content to oppo.sc their eternity.
3. But, it appears by Scripture, that future
punishment will be eternal The holy Scrip-
ture represents another life as a state, in
which there will be no room for repentance
and mercy, and where the wicked shall know
nothing but torment and despair. It com-
pares the duration of the misery of the damn-
ed with the duration of the felicity of the
blessed. Future punishment is always said
to be eternal, and there is not the least hint
given of its coming to an end. ' Depart, ye
cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
devil and his angels,' Matt. xxv. 41. ' Their
■worm diethnot. and the fire is not quenched,"
Mark ix. 44. ' If thy hand oftend thee, cut it
off; it is better for thee to enter into life
maimed, rather than, having two hands, to
be cast into everlasting fire,' Matt, xviii. 8.
* The devil, that deceived them, v\-as cast into
the lake of fire and brimstone, where the
beast, and the false prophet are, and shall be
tormented day and night for ever,' Rev. xx.
10. Again in our text, ' the smoke of their
torment ascendeth up for ever and ever.'
1 hese declarations are formal and express.
i^utj as the word eternal does not always
signify proper and literal eternity, it is pre-
sumed, the Spirit of God did not intend, by
attributing eternitv to future punishment,
strictly and literally to aflirm, that fiiture
punishment should never end : but only that
it should endure many ages.
We grant, my brethren the word eternal
docs not always signify properly and literal)}'
eternity. It has several meanings ; but there
are three principal. Sometimes eternity is
attributed to those beings which are as old as
the world. Thus we read of ' everlasting
hills,' or ' mountains of eternity,' Gen. xlix.
Sometimes it is put for a duration as long as
the nature of the thing in question can permit.
Thus it is said, a servant, who would not
accept his liberty in the seventh year of his
servitude, should serve hi^ Master/or ever,
Exod. xxi. fi, that is, until the time of the
Jubilee, for then the Jewish republic was
new modelled, and all slaves were set free.
Sometimes it expresses any thing perfect in
its kind and which has no succession. Tlius
the sacrifice of Melchisedec. and that of Jesus
Chri.^t, of wiiich the first was a shadow,
iibide confimiaUy, or for ever. Heb. vii 3.
Thi3 term then, must be taken in a metapho-
rical sense in the three following cases.
1. jyiicn that, which is called etcrnalin one
jtlac.e, is said m another to come to an end.
Thus, it was said, the ceremonial law was to
endure /or ever. This expression must not
bo taken literally ; for all the prophets in-
formed their countrymen, that tlie ceremonial
economy was to end, and to give up to a bet-
ter. Now the holy Scriptures do not restrain
in any one passage what it establishes in
others concerning the eternity of future pun-
ishments,
2. A metaphorical sense must be given to
the term, 7vhen the sacred history assures us,
that what it calls eternal has actually come
to an end. Thus, it is plain, the fire of
Sodom was not eternal ; for sacred history in-
forms us, it was extinguished after it had
consumed that wicked city, and it is called
eternal, only because it burned till Sodom
v/as all reduced to ashes, Jude. 7. But what
history can engage us to understand in this
sense the eternity attributed to the torments
of tlie wicked .''
3. The term must be taken metaphorical-
ly when the subject spoken of is not capable
of a proper eternal duratioii, as in the case
just now mentioned, that a mortal servant
sliould eternaUy serve a mortal master. But, ||i
we presume, the eternity of future punish- f
ment in a strict literal sense implies no con-
tradiction, and perfectly agrees with the ob-
jects of our contemplation. This leads us to
our second part, in which we are to examine '
those objections, which reason opposes i
against the doctrine of eternal punishment. 1
II. If the doctrine of eternal punishment '
imply a contradiction, it must either regard
man. the sufferer of the pain, or God, who
threatens to inflict it.
1 . The nature of man has nothing incon-
gruous with that degree and duration of pun-
ishment, of which we speak. Turn your at-
tention to the following reflections.
Nothing but an express act of the will of
God can annihilate a soul. No person in the
world can assure himself, without a divine
revelation, that God will do this act. What-
ever we see. and know of our soul, its hopes
and fears, its hatred and love, all afford a pre-
sumption, that it is made for an eternity of.
happiness or misery.
The will of God is the only cause of the
sensations of our souls that alone establishes
a commerce between motion and sensation,
sensation and motion. His will alone is the
cause, that from a separation of the com-
ponent parts of the hand by the action of fire
there results a sensation of pain in the soul;
so that, should it please him to unite a con-
demned soul to particles of inextinguishable
fire, and should tliere result from the activity
of this fire violent anguish in the soul, there
would be nothing in all this contrary to daily
natural experiment.
Farther, Weigh particularly the following
reflection. Choose, of all the systems of
philosophers, that wiiich appears most rea-
sonable ; believe the soul is spiritual, believe
it is matter ; think, it must naturally dissolve
with the body, believe it must subsist afler
tlie ruin of the body ; take which side you
will, you can never deny tliis principle, nor
do I know, that any philosopher has ever de-
nied it : that is, that God is able to preserve
soul and body for ever, were they perishable
by nature ; and this act of his will would be
equal to a continual creation. Now, this prin-
ciplQ being granted, all arguments drawn
from the nature of man to prove its incon-
gruity witli the Scripture idea of eternal
punishment vanish of themselves.
But Origen did not enter into these reflec-
tions. With all that fertility of genius, which
enabled him to compose (if we believe St
fcsER. XL.J
HELL.
357
Epiphanius,- ), six thousand books, and in
spite of all his Greek and Hebrew, he was a
sorry philosopher, and a very bad divine.
The church has condemned his doctrine in
the gross. All his philosophy v/as taken IKini
the ideas of Plato : but thanks be to God !
my brethren, we live in ages n^ore enlighten-
ed, and were educated by masters wiser than
Aristotle and Plato. So much shall suifice
for objections taken from the nature of man.
2. Let ijs attend now to others taken from
the nature of God. A man who opposes our
doctrine, reasons in tliis manner- Which
way soever I consider a being supremely per-
fect, I cannot persuade myself, that he will
expose his creatures to eternal torments. All
his perfections secure me from such terrors
as this doctrine seems to inspire If I consi-
der the Deity as a being perfectly free, it
should seem, although he has denounced sen-
tences of condemnation, yet he retains a right
of revoking, or of executing them to the ut-
most rigour ; whence I infer, that no man can
determine what use he will make of his liber-
ty. When I consider God as a good being,
1 cannot make eternal punishment agree with
terrors of death but this opinion. Perhaps
hell may be less in degree, and shorter in
duration than the scriptures represent I
Some Christian divines, in zeal for the
glory of God, have yielded to these objections ;
and under pretence of having met with tim-
orous people, whom the doctrine of eternal
punishment liad terrified into doubts concern-
ing the divine perfections, they thought it
their duty to remove this stumbling-block.
They have ventured to presume, that tlie idea
which God has given of eternal punishment,
was only intended to alarm the impenitent,
and that it was very probable God would at
last relax the rigorous sentence. But if it
were allowed that God had no other design
in denouncing eternal punishments than tiiat
of alarming sinners, would it become us to op-
pose ins wise purpo3e,and with our unhallowed
hands to throw down the batteries, which he
had erected against sin .'' Shall we pretend to
dive into his mysterious views .'' or, having,
as it were, extorted his confidence, should we
be so indiscreet as to publish it, like the bold
adventurer in the fable, who, not content with
having stolen fire from heaven for himself,
infinite mercy; 'bowels of compassion' seem endeavoured to encourage other men to do
incongruous with ' devouring flames ;' the so .'' Let us ' think soberly,' and ' not more
titles' merciful and gracious' seem incompati- highly then we ought to think; Ictus not
ble with the execution of this sentence,' depart think above that which is written,' Rom. xii.
ye cursed into everlasting fire,' Matt. xxv. 41
In short, when I consider God under the idea
of an equitable legislator, I cannot compre-
iiend how sins committed in a finite period
3 ; 1 or. iv. (i. Let us preach the gospel as
God has revealed it. (iod did npt think the
doctrine of everlastinaf punishment injurious
to the holiness of his attributes. Let us not
can deserve an infinite punishment Let us i pretend to think it will injure them,
suppose a life the most long and criminal j None of these reflections remove tlie difti-
Ihat ever was ; let the vices of all mankind be 1 culty. We proceed then to open four sources
assembled, if possible, in one man ; let the j of solutions.
duration of his depravity be extended from \ L Observe this general truth. It is not
the beginning oi the world to the dissolution probable, God would threaten mankind with
of it : even in this case sin would be finite, ! a punishment, the infliction of which would
and infinite, everlasting punishment would be incompatible with his perfections. If the
far exceed the demerit of finite transgression, reality of such a hell as the Scriptures de-
and consequently, the doctrine of everlastino- scribe be inconsistent with the perfections of
punishment is inconsistent with divine jus- , the Creator, such a hell ought not to have
lice. j been atfirmed, 3'ea, it could not have been re-
There are libertines, who invent these dif- vealed. The eminence of the holiness of God
ficulties, and take pains to confirm themselves I w 11 not allow him to terrify his creatures
in the belief of them, in order to diminish with the idea of a punishment, which he can-
those just fears, which an idea of hell would not inflict without injustice ; and considering
excite in their souls, and to enable them to the weakness of our reason, and the narrow
sin boldly. Let us not enter into a detail of limits of our knowledge, we ought not tosaj',
answers and replies with people of this kind
Were we to grant afl they seem to require, it
would be easy to prove, to a demonstration,
that there is a world of extravagance in de-
riving the least liberty to sin from these ob-
jections. If, instead of a punishment endur-
ing for ever, hell were only the sufl'erings of
a thousand years' torments, were the sufferer
during these thousand years only placed in
the condition of a man excruciated with the
gout or the stone ; must not a man give up nil
claim to common sense, before he could, even
on these suppositions, abandon himself to sin.'
Are not all the charms employed by the devil
to allure us to sin absorbed in the idea of a
thousand years" pain, to which, for argument's
sake, we have supposed eternal punishiuent
reduced .' How pitiable is a man in dying ag-
onies, who has nothing to oppose against the
Advers. Ha:ies. lib. 2,
2 Z
such a thing is unjust, therefore it is not re
vealed : but, on the contrary, we should ra
ther say, such a thing is revealed, therefore
it is just.
2. Take each part of the objection drawn
from the attributes of God, and said to
destroy our doctrine, and consider it sepa-
rately. The argument taken from the liberty
of God would carry us from error to error,
and from one absurdity to another. For, if
God be free to relax any part of the punish-
ment denounced, he is equally free to relax
the whole. If we may infer, that he will cer-
tainly release the sufferer from apart, because
he IS at liberty to do so, we have an e(iaal right
to presume he will release froin the v/hole,
an '■ there would be no absurdity in aiTirming
the one. after we had allowed the other. It'
there be no absurdity in presuming that God
will rele ise the whole punishment denounced
against the impenitent, behold I 11 systems of
S5S
HELL.
[Seh. XL
conscience, providence, and leligion, fall of
themselves, and, if these systems fall, what
pray, bcionio of all these perfections of God,
which you pretend to defend ?
The objection taken from the liberty of
God might seem to have some colour, were
liell spoken of only in passa<>'es wijere pre-
cepts were enforced by threatenings ■ but at-
tend to the places, in which Jesus Christ
speaks of it. Read, for example, the twenty-
fifth of Matthew, and there you will perceive
are facts, prophecies, and exact and circum-
stantial narrations. There it is said: the world
shall end, Jesus Christ shall descend trom
heaven, tliere shall be a judgment of mankind,
the righteous shall be rewarded, the wicked
shall be punished, ' shall go away into ever-
lasting punishment.' How can these things
be reconciled to the truth of God, if he fail
to execute any one of these articles .'
The difficulty taken from the goodness of
<iod vanishes, when we rectify popular no-
tions of this excellence of the divine nature.
Goodness in men is a virtue of constitution,
which makes them suffer, when they see
their fellow-creatures in misery, and which
excites them to relieve them. In God it is
a perfection independent in its origin, free in
its execution, and always restrained by laws
of inviolable equity, and exact severity.
Justice is not incompatible with eternal
punishment. It is not to be granted, that a
sin committed in a limited time ought not to
be punished through an infinite duration. It
is not the length of time employed in com-
mitting a crime, that determines the degree
and the duration of its punishment, it is the
turpitude and atrociousness of it. The justice
of God, far from opposing the punishment of
the impenitent, requires it. Consider this
earth, which supports us, that sun, which
illuminates us, the elements, that nourish us,
all the creatures which serve us ; are they not j
so many motives to men to devote their ser-
vice to God .' Consider the patience of God,
what opportunities of repentance he gives sin-
ners, what motives and means he affords them.
Above all, enter into the sanctuary ; meditate
on the incarnate woid, comprehend, if you
can, what it is for a God to 'make himself of
no reputation,' and to ' take upon him the
form of a servant,' Phil. ii. 7. Consider the
infinite excellence of God, approach his
throne, behold his eyes sparkling with fire,
the power and majesty that fill his sanctuary,
the heavenly hosts which around his throne
fulfil his will ; form, if it be possible, some idea
of the Supreme Being. Then think, this God
united himself to mortal flesh, and suffered for
mankind all the rigours, that the madness of
men, and the rage of devils could invent. I
cannot tell, my brethren, what impressions
these objects make on you. For my part, I
ingenuously own, that, could any thing ren-
der Christianity doubtful to me, what it af-
firms of this mystery would do so. I have
need, I declare, of all my faith, and of all the
authority of liim, who speaks in Scripture, to
persuade me, that God would condescend to
such a humiliation as this. If, amidst the
darkness which conceals this mystery, I dis-
cover any glimmering that reduces it in a sort
to my capacity, it arises fiom the sentence of
eternal punishment, which God has threaten-
ed to inflict on all, who finally reject this
great sacrifice. Having allowed the obliga-
tions under which the incarnation lays man-
kind, everlasting punishment seems to me
to have nothing in it contrary to divine jus-
tice. No, the burning lake with its smoke,
eternity with its abysses, devils with theiv
rage, and all hell with all its horrors, seem to
me not at all too rigorous for the punishment
of men, who have ' trodden under foot the Son
of God, counted the blof)d of the covenant an
unholy thing, crucified the Son of God afresh,
and done despite unto the Spirit of grace,'
Heb. X. 2!) ; and vi. 6. Were we to examine 1
in this manner each part of the objection
opposed against our doctrine, we should
open a second source of solutions to an-
swer it.
3. The doctrine of degrees of punishment
affords us a third. I have oflen oiiserved with
astonishment the little use, that Christians in
general make of this article, since the doctrine
itself is taught in Scripture in the clearest
manner. When we speak of future punish-
ment, we call it all hell indifferently, and
without distinction. We conceive of all the
wicked as precipitated into the same gulf,
loaded with tiie same clains, devoured by the
same worm. We do not seem to think, there
will be as much difference in their state as
there had been in their natural capacities,
their exterior means of obtaining knowledge,
and their Vtirious aids to assist them in their
pursuit of it. We do not recollect, that, as
perhaps there may not be two men in the
world, who have alike partaken the gifts of
Heaven, so probably there will not be two
wicked spirits m hell enduring an equal de-
gree of punishment. There is an extreme
difference between a heathen and a Jew ; there
is an extreme distance between a Jew and a
Christian ; and a greater still between a Chris-
tian and a heathen. The gospel rule is, ' Unto
whomsoever much is given, of him shall be
mucii required,' Luke xii. 48. There must,
therefore, be as great a difference in the other
life between the punishment of a Jew and that
of a pagan, between that of a pagan and that
of a Jew, between that of a pagan and that of
a Christian, as there is between the states in
which God has placed them on earth. More-
over, there is a very (•reat difference between
one Jew and another, between pagan and pa-
gan, ( hristian and • hristian. Each has in his
own economy more or less of talents. There
must therefore be a like difference between
the punishment of one Ciiristian and that of
anotlier, the punishment of one Jew and that
ofano'her Jew, the suffering of one pagan and
that of another: and consequently, when we
say, a pagan wise according to his own econo-
my, and a Christian foolish according to his,
are both in hell, we speak in a very vague and
equivocal manner.
To how many difficulties have men submit-
ted by not attending to this doctrine of de-
grees of punishment ! Of what use, for exam-
ple, might it have been to answer objections
concerning the destiny of pagans ! As eternal
punishment hat, been considered under ima-
ges, that excite all the most excruciating
pains, it could not be imagined how God should
Ser, XL.]
HELL.
.jl59
condemn the wise heathens to a state that
seemed suited only to monsters, who disfigure
nature and subvert .society Some, therefore,
to get rid of this difficulty, have widened the
gate of lieaven, and allowed other ways of ar-
riving there, besides that 'whereby we must
be saved,' Acts iv. 12. Cato, Socrates, and
Arisfides, liave been mixed with the ' multi-
tudtr redeemed to Gud out of every people
and nation,' Rev. v. H. Had the doctrine of
diversity of punishments been properly at-
tended to, the condemnation of the heathens
would not have appeared inconsistent with
the perfections of God, provided it had been
considered only as a punishment proportional
to what was defective in their state, and
criminal in their life. For no one has a right
to tax God with injustice for punishing pa-
gans, unless he could prove tiiat the degree
of their pain exceeded that of their sin ; and
as no one is able to make this combination,
because Scripture positively assures us, God
will observe this proportion, so none can mur-
mur against his conduct without being guilty
of blasphemy.
But, above all, the doctrine of degrees of
punishment elucidates that of the eternity of
them. Take this principle, which Scripture
establishes in the clearest manner ; press home
all its consequences ; evtend it as far as it can
be carried ; give scope even to your irnagina
Moreover, God is going to create a world, in
which virtue will be alrnost always in irons,
and vice on a throne — tyrants will be crov/ned,
and pious people confounded. Suppose the
first of our philosopiiers to maintain tiiese the-
ses, how think you ? Would not the second
have reasoned against this plan .' Would he
not, in all appearance, have had a riglit to af-
firm— It is impossible that God, being full of
goodness, should create men, whose existence
would be fatal to their happiness — It is im-
possible a Being, supremely holy, should suf-
fer sin to enter the world .'' Yet, how plausi-
ble soever, the reasons of this philosopher
might then have appeared, the event has
since justified the truth of the first plan. It
is certain God has created the world on the
plan of the first ; and it is also as certain,
that this world has nothing incompatible witii
the perfections of God, how difficult soever
we may find it to ansvv'er objections. It is
our dirainutivcness, the narrowness of our
minds, and the innuensity of the Deity, whicli
prevent our knowing how far his attributes
can go.
Apply this to our subject. The idea of
hell seems to you repugnant to the attributes
of God, you cannot comprehend how a just
God can punish finite sins with infinite pain;
how a merciful God can abandon his creature
to eternal miseries. Your difficulties have
tion, till the punishments which such and such j some probability, I grant. Your reasons, I
persons suffer in hell are reduced to a degree, | allow, seem well-grounded. But dost thou
that may serve to solve the difficulty of the i remember, the attributes of God are infinite ,'
doctrine of their eternity ; whatever system I Remember, thy knowledge is finite. Pvemem-
you adopt on this article, I will even venture | ber the two philosophers disputing on the
to say, whatever difficulty you may meet with [ plan of the world. Remember the event hns
in following it, it will always be more reason- i discarded the difficulties of the last, and jus-
able, I think, to make of one doctrine clearly I tified the plan of the first. Now, the revela-
revealed, a clew to guide through the difficul- j tion of future punishments in our system, is
ties of another doctrine clearly revealed too, equal to event in that of tiie first philosopher,
than rashly to deny the former decisions of j They are revealed. You think future pun-
Scripture. I mean to say, it would be more
rational to stretcli the doctrine of degrees too
far, if I may venture to speak so, than to deny
that of their eternity.
4. The fourth source of solutions is a maxim
from which a divine ought never to depart
ishment inconsistent with the attributes of
God : but your notion of inconsistence ought
to vanish at the appearance of Scripture-
light.
Thus we have indicated a few proofs of the
doctrine of eternal punishments. We have
and whicii we wish particularly to inculcate ' endeavoured to convince you, that what the
among tiiose who extend the operations of Scriptuies teach us on the duration of tlie
reason too fiir in matters of religion. Our punishments of the wicked is neither repug-
maxiin is this. We know indeed in treneral, i nant to t!ie nature of God, nor to the nature
what are the attributes of God; but we , are of man. We will now lay aside these idea.s,-
extremely ignorant of their sphere, we can- and endeavour to improve the few moments
not determine how far they extend. We that remain, by addressing )'our consciences.
know in general, God is free, he is just, he is j Having shown you the doctrine of eternal
merciful : but we are too ignorant to deter- i punishments as taught in Scripture, and ap-
mine how far these perfections must go ; be-
cause the infinity of them absorbs the capaci-
ty of our minds. An example may render
our meaning plain. Suppose two philosophers
subsisting betbre the creation of this world,
and conversing together on the plan of the
world, which God was about to create. Sup-
pose tlie first of these philosophers affirming
— God is goinir to create intelligent creatures
— he could communicate such a degree of
knowledge to them as would necessarily con-
duct them to supreme happiness — but he in-
tends to give them a reason, which may be
abused, and may conduct them from igno-
rance to vice, and from vice to misery. —
proved by reason, we will try to shov/ it you
as an otiject terrible and affecting. But,
while we are endeavouring as much as pos-
sible, to accommodate ourselves to your
impatience, use some efforts with your-
selves ; and if ever,through indulgence for our
person, or through respect to our doctrine,
you have opened access to your hearts, grant
it, I entreat you, to what I am going to pro-
pose.
III. Observe the quality, and the duration
of the punishments of hell. The quality is
expressed in these words, smoke, torment.
The duration in these, ' ascend up for ever
and ever.'
360
HELL.
[Ser. XL.
[L] The (jimlitij of the punisliment of hell i The very name given in Scripture to the fire
is expressed in these terms, smoke, torment ' of hell has something very significant in it.
The metaphorical terms include five ideas I It is called ' the fire of Gehenna,' Matt. v.
Privation of heavenlv happiness — Sensation 3"2. This word is compounded of words,
of pain — remorse of conscience — horror of which signify ' the valley of Hinnon.' This
societ}' — increase of crime. i valley was rendered famous by the abomina-
L .-i prirati.on of celestial hnppiness is the ble sacrifices which the idolatrous Jews offer-
first idea of hell, an idea which we are in-
capable of forming fully in this life. We
have ej'es of flesh and blood. We judge of
happiness and misery according to this flesh
and blood, and as things relate to our families,
our fortunes, our professions, and we seld hi
think we have immortal souls In the great
day of retribution all these veils will be taken
away. Darkness will be dissipated, scales
will fall from our eyes, tlie chief good will be
known: but what will be the condition of him,
who no sooner discovers the chief g-ood than
he discovers also, that he shall be for ever
deprived of it I Represent to yourselves a
man constrained to see, and made by his own
experience to know, that the pleasures, the
ed to Moloch. Tliey set up a hollow brazen
figure, -enclosed their children in it, kindled
fires underneath, and in this horrible manner
consumed the miserable infant victims of
tlieir cruel superstition. This is an image of
hell. Terrible image! We have no need of
abstract and metaphysical ideas. Who among
us could patiently bear his hand one hour in
fire.' Who would not tremble to be condemn-
ed to pass one day in this monstrous machine.'
And who, who could bear to be eternally con-
fined in it .' When we see a criminal in chains,
given up to an executioner of human justice,
and just going to be burned to death, nature
shudders at the sight, the flesh of spectators
shivers, and the cries of the sufferer rend
grandeurs, and all the riches of this world, their heart, and excite painful compassion in
are nothing but wind andsm.>ke; and that all the emotions of the soul. What must it
true felicity consists in communion with God, be to be delivered up to an executioner o{
in beholding his perfections, and participat- divine justice ? What to be cast into the fire
ing his glory : or, to use emblems taken from of hell ? Delicate flesh ! feeble organs of a
Scripture, represent to yourselves a man, human body! What v/ill you do when you
who shall see the nuptial chamber of the are cast into the quick and devouring flames
bridegroom, his triumphant pomp, and his of hell!
magnificent palace ; and who shall see all 3. The third idea of future punishment is
these glorious objects as felicities, which his that of the remorse of conscience. The
crimes forbid him to enjo}'. What regrets ! pains of the mind are as lively and sensible
What despair ! Lord of nature ! Being of be- as those of the body. The grief of one man,
ings ! Adorable assemblage of all perfections !
Eternal Father! Well-beloved Son ! H.ly
Spirit ! glorious body of my divine Redeem-
archangels ! cherubim ! seraphim ! pow-
who loses a person dear to him, the inquie-
tude of another afraid of apparitions and
spectres, the gloomy terrors of a third in
solitude, the emotions of a criminal receivino-
ers ! dominions! general assembly of the his sentence of death, and, above all, the agi-
tirst-born! myriads of angels! apostles! mar- tation of a conscience filled with a sense of
tyrs ! saints of all ages, and of all nations ! guilt, are pains as lively and sensible as those
unfading crown ! perfect knov/ledge I com- which are excited by the most cruel tor-
munion of a soul with its God ! throne of ments. What great effects has remorse pro-
glory ! fulness of joy ! rivers of pleasure ! all duced ! It has made tyrants tremble. It has
v,'hich I see, all which I know, and wish to smitten the knees of a Belshazzar together
enjoy, even while avenging justice separates in the midst of his courtiers. It has render-
me from you ; am I then for ever excluded ed the voluptuous insensible to pleasure, and
from all your inefiable delights ? Arc you all it has put many hardened wretches upon the
shown to me to make me more sensible of my rack. It has done more. It has forced some,
misery .' And do you display so much felicity who upon scaffolds and wheels have denied
only to render my pain more acute, and my their crimes, after a release, to confess them,
destruction more terrible.' j to find out a judge, to give evidence against
2. Consider painful se7is(Uio7is. To these themselves, and to implore the mercy of a
belong all the expressions of Scripture just ' violent death, more tolerable tli.in the agonies
now meiitioned, ' darkness, blackness of dark- ; of their guilty souls. 'I'his will be the state
ncss, thirst, fire, lake burning with fire and
brimstone,' and all these to such a degree,
that the damned would esteem as an invalua-
ble benefit one drop of water ' to cool their
tongues,' Lidce xvi 24. We dare not pre-
tend to determine, that hell consists of
material fire. But if you recollect that we
just now observed the power of God to excite
in our souls such sensations as he pleases, if
to this reflection you add this remark, that
Scripture almost always employs the idea of
fire to express the pains of hell, you will be
inclined to believe, that most of these uniiap
py suftbrers literally en lure torments like
those, which men burning in flames feel ;
whether God act immediately on their souls,
or unite them to particles of material fire.
of the damned. This will be * the worm
tliat never dies,' and which will consume
their souls. This will be the cruel vulture,
that will devour their vitals. Conscience
will be obliged to do homage to an avenging
God. It will be forced to acknowledge, that
the motivi's of the gospel were highly proper
to affect every man. wiio had not made his
' face as an adamant, his forehead harder than
a flmt." It will be forced to acknowledo-e,
that the goodness of G"d had benn enouarh
tf) penetrate everv heart, even those wliich
were least capable <>f gratitude It w:ll be
constrained to own, that the succours of the
Spirit of God had been more than sufhcicnt
of^ themselves. It will be driven to own, that
the destruction of man came of himself, and
J
Ser. XL.]
HELL.
861
lliat he sacrificed his salvation to vain imagi-
nations, more delusive tiiaii vanity itself.
The testimony of a good conscience has sup-
ported martyrs in fire and tortures. When a
martyr said to himself, I suffer for truth, I
flead a good cause, 1 bear my Saviour's cross,
am a martyr for God himself; he was hap-
py in spite of seeming horrors. But waen
the reproaches of conscience ire added to
terrible torments, when the sufferer is obliged
to say to himself, I am the author of my own
punishment, I suffer for my own sins. I am
a victim of vice, a victim for the devil ; no-
thing can equal his horror and despair.
4. A fourth idea is taken from the horror
of the society in hell. How great soever the
misery of a man on earth may be, he bears it
with patience, when wise discourse is ad-
dressed to him for his consolation, when a
friend opens his bosom to iiiui, when a father
shares his sufferings, and a charitable hand
endeavours to wipe away his tears. The
conversation of a grave and sympathizing
friend diminishes his troubles, s Aens his
pains, and charms him under his afflictions,
till he bee nnes easy and happy in them.
But, good Gid ! what society is th it in hell !
Imagine yourselves condemned to pass all
your days with those odious men, who seem
formed only to trou'ile the world. Liiagine
yourselves shut up in a close prison with a
band of reprobates. Imagine yourselves ly-
ing on a death-bed, and having no other com-
forters than traitors and assassins. Thi.s is
an image of hell! Good God ! wliat :) socie-
ty I tyrants, assassins, blasphemers, Satan
with his angels, the prince of the air with all
his infamous legions !
From all these ideas results a fifth, an 171-
creasf, of sin. Self-love is the governing pas-
sion of mankind. It is that which puts all
the rest in motion, and all tlie rest either
spring from it, or are supported by it It is
not in the power of man to love a being, who
has no relation to his happiness ; and it is not
possible for him to avoid h itiiig one, who
employs his power to make liiin miserable.
As God will af.rgravate the sufferings of the
damned, by displaying his attributes, their
hatred of him will be unbounded, their tor-
ment will excite their hatred, their hatred
■will aggravate their torment Is not this the
heiglit of mi.^ery.' To liate by necessity of
nature the Perfect Being, the Supreme Be-
ing, the Sovereign Beauty, in a word, to hate
God ; does not this idea present to your
minds a state the most melancholy, the most
miserable.'' One chief excellence of the glory
of happy spirits, is a consummate luve to
their Creator. One of the most horrible
punishments of hell, is the -exclusion of di
vine love. O miserable state of the damned!
In it they utter as many blasphemies against
God as the happy souls in heaven shout hal-
lelujahs to his praise.
These are the punishnents of condemned
souls. It remains only that we consider the
length and duration of them But by what
means, my brethren, shall we describe these
profound articles if contemplation.'' Can we
number the innumerable, -ind measure that
which is beyond all men.^uratioii .' Can we
make you comprehend the incomprehensible .'
And shall we amuse you, with our imagina-
tions .'
For my part, when I endeavour to repre-
sent eternity to myself, I avail myself of
whatever I can conceive most long and dura-
ble. I heap imagination on imagination, con-
jecture on conjecture. First, I consider
those long lives, which all men wish, and
soma attain ; I observe those old men, who
live four of five generations, and w lo alone
make the history of an age. I do more, I
turn to ancient chronicles. I go back to the
pitriarchal age. and consider a life extending
through a thousand years ; and I say to my-
self .4.11 this is not eternity ; all this is only
a point ill comparison of eternity.
H ivinvg represented to myself real objects,
I form ideas of imaginary qjies. I go from
our age to the time of publishing the gospel,
from thence to the publication of the law,
from the law to the flood, from the flood to
the creation. I join this epoch to the pre-
sent tine, and I imagine Adam yet living.
Hid adam lived till now, and had he lived in
misery, had he oassed all his time m a fire, or
on a rack, what idea .nust we form of his con-
dition • At what price would we agree to ex-
pose ourselves to iiiisery so great ■" What
imperial glory would appear glorious, were it
followed by so much wo.' Yet this is not
eternity ; all this is nothing in comparison of
eternity.
I go farther still. I proceed from imagina-
tion to imagination, from one supposition to
another 1 take the greatest number of
years that can be imagined. I add ages to
ages, millions of ages to millions of ages. I
form of all these one fixed number, and I
stay my imagination. After this, I suppose
God to create a world like this, which we in-
habit. I suppose him creating it by forming
one atom after another, and employing in the
production of each atom the time fixed in
my calculation just now mentioned. What
numberless ages would the creation of such
a world in such a manner require ! Then I
suppose the iJreator to arrange these atoms,
and to pursue the same plan of arranging
them as of creating them. What number-
less ages would such an arrangement require!
Finally, I suppose him to dissolve and annihi-
late the whole ; and observing the same
method in this dissolution as he observed iu
the creation and iisposition of the whole.
What an immense duration would be con-
sumed I Yet this is not eternity ; all this is
only a point in comparison of eternity.
Associate now all these suppositions, my
brethren, and of all these periods make one
fixed period ; multiply it again, and suppose
yourselves to pass in multiplying it a time
equal to that, which the period contains ; it
is literally and strictly true, all this is not
eternity ; all this is only a point in compa-
rison of eternity.
IMy God ! one night passed in a burning^
fever, or in struggling in the waves oi' tlie
sea between life and death, appears of an im-
mense length ' It seems to the sufferer as if
the sun had forgot its course, and as if all
the laws of niture itself were subverted.
What, then, will be the state of those mise-
rable victims to divine displeasure, who, after
363
UELL.
£Ser. XL.
they shall have passed through the ages,
which we have been descrilVmg. will be ob-
liged to make this o- erwlielinmg r^'fleclion,
All this is only an atom of our misery ! VVh.it
will I heir despair be, when they shall be
forced to say to themselves, again we must
revolve through these enormous periods ;
again we must suffer i privaiion nf celestial
happiness ; devouring flames again ; cruel
remorse again ; crimes and blaspheinies over
and over again ! For ever ! for ever .' Ah inv
brethren ! my brethren ! how severe is this
%vord even in this life ! How great is a mis-
fortune, when it is incapable of relief! How
insupportable, when we are obliged to add f^r
ever to it I These irons for ever 1 tliese chains
for ever ! this prison for ever '. this universal
contempt for evfir ! this domestic trouble for
ever ! Poor mortals ! how short-sighted are
you to call sorrows eternal, which end with
your lives ! What ' tliis life ! this life, that
passes vvith the rapidity of a ' weaver's shut-
tle !' Job vii. 6, this life, which vanishes ' like
a sleep!' Ps. xc. 5, is this what you call for
ever I Ah! absorbing periods of eternity, ac-
cumulated myriads of ages ; these, if I may
be allowed to speak so, these will be the for
EVER of the damned !
I sink under the weight of this subject ;
and I declare, when I see my friends, my re-
lations, the people of my charge, this v^hole
con regation ; when I think, that I, that you,
that we are all tlireatened with these tor-
ments ; when I see in the lukewarmness of
my devotions, in the languor of my love, in
the levity of my resolutions anl designs, the
least evidence, though it be only probable, or
presumptive, of my future misery, yet I find
in the thought a mortal poison, which dif
fuses itself into every period of my life, ren-
dering society tiresome, nourishment insipid,
pleasure disgustful, and life itself n cruel bit-
ter. I cease to wonder, that a fear of hell
has made some melancholy, and others mad ;
that it has inclined some to expose them-
selves to a living martyrdom by fleeing from
all commerce with the rest of mankind, and
others to suffer the most violent and terrible
torments. But the more terror this idea in-
spires, the more inexcusable are we, if it
produce no good fruits in us. The idea of
eternity ought to subvert all our sinful
projects. In order to avoid eternal misery,
all should be suffered, all surmounted, all un-
dertaken, sinful self should be crucified, and
the whole man devoted in holy sacrifice to
God. Let each particle of our bodies, become
a victim to penitence, let each moment of
life expose us to a new martyrdom; still we
should be happy, could we avoid the flaming
sword, that hangs over our heads, and escape
the gulfs of misery, vv'hicii yawn beneath our
feet.
My brethren, have you heard what I have
been speaking .' have you well reflected on
what I said .' Perhaps I may have weakened
these great truths. Perhaps I ma}' have left
many proper things unsaid. Yet, methinks,
if you have thoroughly comprehended what
little I have said, you will become new men.
iiemember, we have not exceeded the
truth; all we have said is taken from Scrip-
ture, from those Scriptures which you pro-
fess to believe, so, that if you deny these
truths, you must deny your own faith, Chris-
tianity, religion.
Remember, we have taken our evidences
from that part of Scripture, which you con-
sider .IS the most kind and comfortable, I
mean the gospel Renounce, I beseech you,
at once, this miserable prejudice, that under
the gospel we ought not to speak of hell. On
the contrary, it is the gospel that reveals it
in its clearest light ; it is the gospel which
()roves it ; it is tlie Gospel that describes it;
the gospel says, ' Depart, ye cursed, into
everlasting fire.' Malt xxv. 41 It is the gos-
pel that s:i vs, ' The servant which knew 'lis
lord's will, and did it not, shall be beaten
with many stripes,' Luke xii. 47. It is the
gospel that says, ' If we sin wilfully, afler
that we have received the knowledge of the
truth, there reinaineth no more sacrifice for
sins ; but a certain fearful looking-for of judg-
ment, and fiery indignation, which shall de-
vour the adversaries,' Heb. x. 26, 27.
Remember the doctrine of degrees of pun-
ishment, which seems to diminish the horrors
of hell in regard to pagans, and i 'hristians
educated in superstition and ignorance, has
every thing in it to augment the horror of
futuie pain in regard to such v- hristians as
most of us are.
Recollect what sort of persons God re-
serves for this state. Not only assassins, mur-
derers, highway robbers ; but also apostates,
who know the truth, but who sacrifice
through worldly interests the profession of
truth to idolatry ; misers, usurers, unjust
persons, gluttons ; unclean, implacable, life-
less lukewarm professors of Christianity ; all
these are included in the guilt and punish-
ment of sin.
Remember, we must be wilfully blind, if
we deny, that in this town, in this ciiurch,
in this flock, in this assembly, among you, my
hearers, who listen to me, and look at me,
there are such persons as I just now mention-
ed, each of whom must come to this reflec-
tion ; I myself, I perhaps, am in a state of
damnation, perhaps my name is one in the
fatal list of those at whom these threatenings
point.
Go farther yet. Remember, this life is the
only time given you to prevent these terrible
punishments. After this life, no more e.\-
hortations, no more sermons, no more admis-
sion of sighs and tears, no more place for re-
pentance.
After this, think on the brevity of life. Think,
there may be perhaps only one year granted,
perhaps only one month, perhaps only one day,
perhaps only one hour, perhaps only one mo-
ment, to avoid this misery ; so that perhaps,
OLord avert the dreadful supposition !) per-
haps some one of us may this very day expe-
rience all these torments and pains.
Finally, consider the spirit, that this mo-
ment animates us, the drift of this discourse,
and, to say more, consider what God is now
doing in your favour. In a plenitude of com-
passion, and with bowel-i of the tenderest
ove. he entreats and exhorts you to escape
these terrible miseries ; he conjures you not
to destroy yourselves ; he says to you, '- O
that my people would hearken unto me. Be
Seb. XLL]
THE UNIFORMITY OF GOD, &c.
363
instructed, O Jerusalem, lest my soul depart
from thee ! Why, why will ye die ' O house
of Israel !' Ps. Ixxxi. S ; Jer. vi. 8. O ! were
we wise, these expostulations would reijin over
our hearts I O ! if there reiiiained the least
spark of reason in us, t'le frightful image of
hell would hencefi.rth make the deepest im-
pressions on our souls !
Frightful ideas of judgment and hell '. may
yon be always in my mind, when the world
would decoy nie to stain my ministry by its
vain and glaring snarrs! Frightfiil ideas of
judgment and hell ! may you strike all these
hearers so as to give success to this sermon,
and weight to our ministry I Frightful ideas
of judgment and hell ! may you ever follow
us, so that by knowing the terror of avenging
justice, and the unspeakable value of grace
set before us, we may be rendered capable of
partic pating eternal glory ; which I wish
you. my brethren, in the name of tlie Father,
and of the Son, and of the Holy (.ihost. Amen.
SERxlfON XLI.
THE UNIFORMITY OF GOD IN HIS GOVERNMENT
HEBREWS xiii. 8.
Jesus Christ, the same yesterday^ and to-day ^ and for ever.
^T. Paul gives us a very beautiful idea of
God, when he says, ' The wisdom of God is
manifold,' Eph. iii. 10. The first great c;iuse,
the Supreuie Being, has designs infinitely
diversified. This appears by the various be-
ings which he has created, and by the d flrar-
ent ways in which he governs them.
What a variety in created beings ! A ma-
terial world, and an intelligent world I Mat-
ter variously modified, or, as the apostle
speaks, ' One kind of flesh of men, another
flesh of beasts, another of fishes, another of
birds, celestial bodies, and bodies terrestial ;
one glory of the sun, another glory of the
moon," and so on to an infinite multitude.
There is a similar variety of spirits ; men,
angels, seraphim, cherubim, powers, domi-
nions, archangels, and thrones.
What a variety in the manner in which
God governs these beings.' To restrain our-
selves to men only, are not some loaded with
benefits, and others depressed with adver-
sities .' Does lie not enlighten some by nature,
others by the law, and others by the gospel i
Did he not allow the antediluvians one period
of life, the cities of the plain anotlier, and us
another ; the first he overwhelmed with
water, the next consumed by fire, and the
last by an endless variety of means.
But, although there be a diversity in the
conduct of God, it is always a diversity of
wisdom. Whether he creates a material or
an intelligent world ; whether he forms celes-
tial or terrestrial bodies, men,angels,seraphim,
or cherubim ; whether he governs the uni-
verse by the same, or by different laws ; in
all cases, and at all times, he acts like a God,
he has only one principle, and that is order.
There is a harmony in his perfections, which
he never disconcerts. There is in his con-
duct a uniformity, which is the great charac-
ter of his actions. His variety is always wise,
or, to repeat the words just now mentioned,
' the wisdom of God is of many kinds.'
These great truths we intend to set before
you to-day ; for on these the apostle intend- '
ed to treat in his epistle to the Hebrews.
Look, said he on the pres>'nt period, reflect
on past times, anticipate the future, run
through all dimensions of time, dive into the
abysses of eternity, you will always find the
perfections of God in exact harmony, you
will perceive an exact uniformity charac-
terize his actions, you will acknowledge, that
Jesus Christ is the ' true God and i.ternal life,
the same yesterday, and to-day, and forever,'
1 John v. 20.
Are you disposed, my brethren, to elevate
your minds a little while above sense and
matter .'' Can you sutficiently suspend the
impressions, which sensible objects made ou
your minds last week, to give such an atten-
tion to this subject as its nature and impor-
tance demand .' Let us then enter into the
matter, and God grant while we are con-
templating to-day the harmony of his per-
fections, and the uniformity of his govern-
ment, we maybe 'changed into his image
from glory to glory, even as by his Spirit.'
God grant, as far as it is compatible with the
inconstancy essential to human nature, we
may be always the same, and amidst the per-
petual vicissitudes of life may have only one
principle, that is to obey and please him!
Amen
I shall connect, as well as I can, the differ-
ent explications of my text ; I would rather
conciliate them in this manner, than consume
my hour in relating, and comparing them,
and in selecting the most probable from
them.
These expositions may be reduced to three
classes. Some say, the apostle speaks of the
person of Jesus Christ ; others of his doc-
trine ; and a third class apply the passage to
the protection that he affords his church.
The first class of expositors, who apply the
text to the person of ,)esus Christ, are not
unanimous to the strict sense of the work ;
.?ome think, ttie apostle speaks of the human
nature of Jesus Clirist, and others say, he
speaks of his divine nature. The latter take the
3G4
THE UNIFORMITY OF
[S£R. XLI.
text for a proof of his eternity ; and accord-
ing to tliem the words are synonymous to
these, ' I am Alpha and Omega, tJie Lord,
which is, and which was, and which is to
come, the Ahniirlitv,' Rev. i. 8
The former consider the apostle as speaking
of Ciirist either as man, or as mediator; and
according to them St. Paul means to say,
The Saviour, vi'hom I propose to you. was the
Saviour of Adam, of Ahrnham, and of the
whole church, agreeably to what I have else-
where aflRrmed. ' Him hath God set forth a
propitiation through faith, for the remission
of sins that are past,' Rom. iii. 25; that is,
his sacrifice always was the relief of sin-
ners.
The second clnss of interpreters afSrm. that
St. Paul does not speak of the person of
Jesus rhrist: but of his doctrine. In this
view the text must be connected with the
words which immediately follow, be not car-
ried about with divers and strange doctrines.'
Why would not the apostle have Christians
carried about with divers doctrines ? Because
Jesus Christ, that is Christianity, the religion
tauoht by Jesus Christ, is always the same,
and is not subject to the uncertainty of any
liuman science.
But other expositors ascribe a quite differ-
ent sense to the words, and .say, the apostle
speaks neither of the person of Christ, nor of
his doctrine, but of that protection which he
affords believers Accordino- to this, the
text has no connexion with the following
verse, but v.-ith that which goes before. St.
Pnul had been proposing to the believing
Hebrews the examples of their ancestors and
predecessors, some of whom had sealed the
doctrine of the gospel with their blood. ' Re-
member' your guides. ' who have spoken unto
you the word of God ; whose faith follow,
considering the end of their conversation.'
In order to induce them to imitate these
bright examples, he adds, ' Jesus Christ is
the same yesterday, and to-dav and for ever ;'
that is to say, he supported, and rewarded his
primitive martyrs, and he will confirm and
crown all who shall have courage to follow
their example.
It would be easy to multiply this list of
various opinions : but, as I said, I will con-
nect the three different expositions which
have been >> entioned. and endeavour to show
vou the admirable harmony of the perfections
of God, and the uniformity of his actions in
regard to mankind, first as they appear in the
economy of time, and secondly in that of
eternity ; and we will attempt to prove that
God is the same in both.
I. We see in the economy of time four re-
markable varieties. I. A varipty in the de-
grees of knowledge given to the church
2. A variety in the worship required of it.
3. A variety in the nature of the evidences,
on wh'ch it his pleased God to found th»
fa i Hi of the church. 4. A variety in the laws,
that he has thoug-ht proper to prescribe. At
oup time he trave only a small dejrree of
knowledare ; at anoth'-r he drew aside the
veil, and exnosed to public view the whole
body of ♦rutb and knowledrre. At one time
he orescribcd the observation r<fn o-rpat many
gross ceremonies along vvitji that spiritual
worship, which he required of men ; at ano-
ther time he required a worship altogether
spiritual and free from ceremonial usages.
At one time his laws tolerated some remains
of concujjiscence ; at another time he com-
manded the eradication of every fibre of sin.
At one time the church saw sensible miracles,
and grounded faith on them ; at another time
faith followed a train of reasoning, made up
of principle and consequences. Atone time
the church participated worldly pomps and
grandeurs ; at another it experienced all the
misery and ignominy of the world.
A work so different, and, in some sort, so
opposite in its parts, is, however, the work of
one and the same God. And what is more
remarkable, a work, the parts of which are so
different and so opposite, arises from one
principle, that is, from the union and har-
mony of the divine perfections. The same
principle, that inclined God to grant the
church a small degree of light at one time,
engaged him to grant a greater degree at
another time. Tlie same principle which in-
duced him to require a gross worship under
the economy of the law, inclined him to ex-
act a worship wholly spiritual under the gos-
pel ; and so of the rest.
1. We see in God's governrnent of hi.?
church, various degrees of light communica-
ted. Compare the time of JVIoses with that
of the prophets, and that of the prophets with
that of the evangelists and apostles, and the
d'fi'erpnce will be evident. Moses did not en-
ter into a particular detail concerning God,
the world in generator man in particular. It
should seem, the principal view of this legis-
lator, in regard to God, was to establish the
doctrine of his unity ; at most to give a vague
idea of his perfections. It should seem, his
chief design in regard to the world in general
was to prove that it was the production of
that <iod, whose unity he established-
And, in regard toman in particular, it should
seem, his principal drift was to teach, that,
being a part of a world which had a begin-
ning, he himself had a beginning, that he de-
rived his existence from the same Creator,
and from him only could expect to enjoy a
happy existence.
Pass from the reading of the writings of
Moses to a survey of the prophecies, thence
proceed to the gospels and epistles, and you
will see truth unfold as the sacred roll opens.
You will be fully convinced, that as John the
Baptist had more knowledge than any of his
predecessors, so he himself had less than any
of his followers
In these various degrees of knowledge
communicated by God to men, I see that uni-
formity which is the distinguishing character
of his actions, and the inviolable rule of his
government The same principle that in-
clined him to grant a little light to the age^f
Moses, inclined him to afi'ord more to the
time of the prophets and the greatest of all
to the age in which the evangelists and apos-
tles lived. What is this principle ? It is a
principle of order, which requires that the
object proposed to a faculty be proportioned to
tins faculty ; that a truth proposed to ,in in-
tellicence be proportioned to this intelligence.
What proportion wculd there have been
Seb. XLl.]
GOD IN HIS GOVERNMENT.
365
between the truths proposed to the Israelites,
when they came out of Egypt, and the state
in which they then were, bad God revealed
all the doctrines to them which he lias since
revealed to us ? Could a people ham in sla-
very, employed in the meanest worHfc without
education, meditation, and reading, attain a
just notion of those sublime ideas, which the
prophets have given us of the Deity ? How
could God have enabled them to conceive
lightly of these truths unless he had uiore
than assisted them, unless he had new made
them? And how could he have recreated
them, if I may speak so, as far as was neces-
sary to fit them for understanding these
truths, without annihilating their faculties,
and without violating that law of order, which
requires every one to make use of his own
faculties ? What proportion would there have
been between the state of the Israelites and
their abilities, had God revealed to them
some doctrines taught us in the gospel?
These would have been, through the stupi-
dity of the people, useless, and even danger-
ous to them. Thus we may justly suppose
uf some prophecies concerning the Messiah ;
had they represented him in such a manner
as the event has shown him to us, the re-
presentation, far from attaching them to
the worship of God, would have tempted
them to conform to that of some other
nations, which was more agreeable to their
concupiscence. Particularly, of tlie doctrine
of the Trinity, which makes so considerable
a part of the Christian system, we may justly
suppose what I have said. A people who had
lived among idolaters, a people, who had been
accustomed not only to multiply gods, but
also to deify the meanest creatures, could
Buch a people have been told without danger,
that in the Divine essence there was a Father,
a Son, and a Holy Spirit ? Would not this
doctrine have been a snare too powerful for
their reason? If they so often fell into poly-
theism, that is, into the notion of a plurality
of Gods, in spite of all the precautions that
JMoses used to preserve them from it, what,
pray, would have been the case, had their re-
ligion itself seemed to favour it?
If wo follow this rea.soning, we shall see,
tthat when the church was in a state of infan-
cy, God proportioned his revelation to an in-
fant state, as he proportioned it to a mature
age, when the church had arrived at maturity.
This is an idea of St. Paul, ' When I was a
child, I thought as a child,' 1 Cor. xiii. 11.
I thought the perfections of the great God
had some likeness to the imperfections of
men, at least, I was not sufficiently struck
with the immense distance between human
imperfections and divine excellence ; I repre-
sented God to myself as a being agitated with
human passions, and capable of wrath, jea-
lousy, and repentance : ' But when I became
a man, I put away childish things ;' God
made me understand, what he described him-
self to be under these emblems, for the sake
of proportioning himself to my capacity, con-
descending, as it were, to lisp with mo, in
order to learn me to speak plainly. ' When I
\vas a child, I thought as a child ;' I thought
it was a matter of great consequence to man
fa have frnitful fields, hearv liarvests, and
;? A
victorious armies ; I thought a long life, pro-
tracted through several ages, the greatest fe-
licity that a mortal could enjoy : ' But when
I became a man, I put away childish things;'
God then revealed to me his design in pro-
posing motives to me adapted to my weak-
ness ; it was to attract me to himself by these
incitements ; then I understood, that tho
longest life, how happy and splendid soever
it might be, fell infinitely short of satisfying
the wants and desires of a soul, conscious of
its own dignity, and answering to the excel-
lence of its origin: I was convinced, that a
soul aspiring to eternal felicity, and fill-
ed v.'ith the noble ambition of participating
the happiness of the immortal God, considers
with equal indifference the highest and the-
meanest offices in society, riches andpoverty,
the sliort duration of twenty years, and the.
little longer of a hundred. ' When I was a
child, I thought as a child ;' 1 thought the
Messiah, so often promised in the prophecies,
so often represented in types, and expected
with so much ardour by the church, would
come to hold a superb court, to march at the
head of a numerous army, to erect a throne,
to seat himself there, and to make the Ro-
mans, the conquerors of the whole earth,
lick the dust : ' But when I became a man I
put away childish things ;' God informed mo.
that a Messiah, sent to make me happy, must
come, to restrain my avidity for the world,
and not to gratify it, to check my passions,
and not to irritate them; he instructed me,
that a Messiah, appointed to redeem mankind,
must be fastened to a cross, and not seated
on a throne, must subdue the devil, death, and
sin, and not the Romans ; must be despiseit
and rejected, and not encircled with a pom-
pous court.
2. What justifies the government of God
on one of these articles, on the various de-
grees of light bestowed on his church, will
fully justify him in regard to the worship re-
quired by him. Let Jesus Christ, as far as
the subject will allow, be opposed to Moses ;
contrast Moses giving a hundred ceremonial
precepts along with one precept of morality,
with Jesus Christ giving a hundred moral
precepts with one ceremony. Compare Mo-
ses, imposing on the Israelites ' heavy bur-
dens grievous to be borne,' Matt, xxiii. A.
with Jesus Christ, projjosing ' an easy yoke
and a light burden,' chap. xi. 30. Oppose
RIoses enjoining festivals, purifications, sacri-
fices, and observances without number, to
Jesus Christ reducing all the ritual of his re-
ligion to baptism and the Lord's Supper, to a
worship the least encumbered, and the most
artless and simple, that ever a religion pro-
posed declaring, ' Now is the hour, when the
true worshippers shall worship the Father in
spirit and in truth,' John iv. 23. Notwith-
standing this seeming difference, God acts on
the uniform principle of order. Uniformity,
if I may express myself so, is in him the
cause of variety, and the same principle,
that engaged him to prescribe a gross sensi-
ble worship to the Israelites, engages him to
prescribe a worship of another kind to Chris-
tians.
Conceive of the Jews, as we have just now
described them, enveloped in matter, loving
366
TPIE UNIFORMITY OF
[Ser. XLI.
to see the objects of their worship before
their eyes, and, as they themselves said, to
have ' gods ^oing before them,' Exod. xxxii.
1. Imagine these gross creatures coming
into our assembUes, how could they, being all
sense and imagination (so to speak), exercise
the better powers of their souls, vvithout ob-
■jects operating on fancy and sense ? How
could they have made reflection, meditation,
and thought, supply the place of hands and | church ; and this is our third article. What
eyes, they, who hardly knew what it v>"as to i a striking difference ! Formerly the church
ferior to ours? The same principle, then, that
inclined the Supreme Being to exact of his
church a gross ceremonial worship, under
ancient^ispensations, engages him to re-
quire a^orship altogether spiritual, and de-
tached warn sensible objects, under the dis-
pensation of tlic gospel.
3. The same may be said of the evidence.".
on whicji God has founded the faith of his
meditate? How could they, who had hardly
any idea of spirituality, have studied the na-
ture of God abstractly, which yet is the only
way of conducting us to a clear knowledge of
a spiritual Being?
If thereover was a religion proper to spirit-
ualize men ; if ever a religion was fitted to
produce attention and emulation, and to fix
our ideas on an invisible God, certainly it is
the Christian religion. And yet how few
Christians are capable of approaching God.
without the aid of sensible objects ! VVhence
come those rich altars, superb edifices, mag-
nificent decorations, statues of silver and gold
adorned with precious stones, pompous pro-
cessions, gaudy habits, and all that heap of
ceremonies, with which one whole communi-
ty employs the minds, or, shall 1 rather say,
amuses the senses of its disciples ? All these
argue a general disinclination to piety with
saw sensible m.iracles, level to the weakest
capacities ; at present our faith is founded on.
a chain of principles and consequences, which
find exercise for the most penetrating ge-
niuses. How many times have infidels re-
proached us on acco\mt of this difference !
How often have they inferred, that the church
never saw miracles, because there are none
wrought now ! How often have they pretend-
ed to prove, that, had miracles ever been
wrouglit, tliey ought to be performed still'.
But tjiis triumph is imaginary, and onlj'
serves to di.splay the absurdity of those who
make parade of it.
A wise being, who proposes a truth to an in-
telligent creature ought to proportion his proofs
not only to the importance of the truth pro-
posed, and to the capacity of him to whom evi-
dence is offered, but also to his own end in pro-
posing it. If he intend only, by proposing a
out ceremony. Whence comes another kind truth, to make it understood, he will give all
of superstition, which, though less gross in his arguments as much clearness and facility
appearance, is more so in effect ? How is it, i as they are capable of having : but if he de-
that some of you persuade yourselves, that | signs, by proposing a truth, to exercise the
God, though he docs not require any longer, i faculties of him to whom it was proposed; if
the pompous worship of the Jews, will yet be | he intends to put his obedience to the trial,
perfectly satisfied with the observation of the and to render him in some sort worthy of the
Christian ritual, although it be always unac- ! benefit which he means to bestow ; then it
companied with the exercise of the mind, and | will be necessary indeed to place the argu-
the emotions of the heart ? Whence comes
this kind of superstition ? It proceeds from
the same disposition, a disinclination and a
difticulty to approach God without the aid
of sensible things And yet, all things con-
sidered, a pompous worship is more worthy
of God than a plain worship. The Jew, who
offers hecatombs to God, honours the Deity
more than the Christian, who offers only
prayers to him. The Jew, who cleanses his
hands, feet, and habits, when he goes to pre-
sent himself before God, honours him much
more than the Christian, who observes none
of these ceremonies, when he approaches him.
The Jew, who comes from the farthest part
nients, on which the truth is founded, in a
strong and conclusive point of view ; but it
will not be necessary to give them all the
clearness and facility of which they are capa-
ble.
Wh)', then, you will say, did not God give
to the contemporaries of Jesus Christ, and
his apostles, such an exercise of capacity a?
he gives to Christians now^ ? Why should a
truth, made so very intelligible then by a
seal of miracles, be inaccessible to us, except
by the painful Vvay of reasoning and discus-
sion ? I deny the principle, on which this ob-
jection goes. I do not allow, that God ex-
ercised them, who lived in the time of Christ
of the world to adore the Deity in an elegant ^^d his apostles, less than he exercises us.
temple, honours God much more than the Weigh their circumstances against yours;
Christian, who worships him in any mean represent Christianity destitute of those ar-
cdifice. But God retrenclied pomp in the i guments, which arise in favour of it from
exterior of religion, lest the capacities of | the rejection of the Jews, and the conversion
men's minds, too much taken up with, pomp, j of the Gentiles; imagine men called to own
should not furnish those cool reflections of for their Cod and Redeemer a man, who had
mind, and those just sentiments of heart, of | « no form, nor comeliness,' Isa. liii. 2, a mau
which the Deity appears an object so proper | dragged from one tribunal to another, from
to all who know him, as he is revealed in the one^'province to another, and at last expiring
gospel. If Christians then, who, through the on a cross. How needful were miracles in
' nature of the revelation, with which God has
honoured them, know the Deity better than
the Jews knew him, if they find a difllculty
in rendering to God a worsliip of heart and
mind proportional to this knowlodtve, Vvhat
would have been the difliculties of the Jews,
whose degrees of knowledge were so far in-
these sad times, and, with all their aid, how-
hard was it to believe ! Represent to your-
selves the whole world let loose against
Christians; imagine the primitive disciples
required to believe the heavenly origin of a
religion, which called them first to be baptiz-
ed in water, then ii\ blood. How necessarv
Skr. XLX.j
GOD ixV His GOVERNMENT.
367
were miracles in tliese adverse times, and how
Iiard, with all the encouragement given by
them, must the practice of duty be then !
Weigh these circumstances against yours,
and the balance will appear more equal than
3'ou have imagined. There is, j'ou will per-
ceive, a uniibnnity in God's government of
both, even when hitj government seems so
very dissimilar.
4. In like manner, we observe, in the
fourth place, a similar uniformity in the vari-
r ous laws prescribed to the church. One of
the most famous questions, which the theo-
logical debates of the latter ages have pro-
duced, is that which regards the dift'ercnce
between the morality of tiic Old and New
Testament. Without pronouncing on the
<lifferent manners in which the question has
■been answered, I wil content myself with
proposing what, I think, ought to be answer-
ed. The morality of both dispensations, it
may truly be affirmed, in one sense is abso-
lutely the same : but in another sense it is
: lut so. The great principles of morality, both
jiiiong Jews and Christians, are absolutely
-he same. There not only is no difference:
f.)Lit there can be none. It would be incom-
]iatible with the perfections of the Creator,
to suppose, that, having formed an intelligent
creature, capable of knowing him, lie should
dispense with his obligation to this precept,
the ground and source of all others, ' Thou
shall love the Lord thy God with all thy
heart, and vi'ith all thy soul, and with all thy
mind," Matt. xxii. 37. This was the morality
of Adam and Abraham, Moses and the pro-
phets, Jesus Christ and his apostles.
But if we consider the consequences that
result from this principle, and the particular
precepts which proceed from it, in these re-
spects morality varies in different periods of
the church. At all times, and in all places,
God required his church to ' love him with
all the heart, and with all the soul, and with
all the mind :' but he did not inform his peo-
ple at all times and in all places the manner
in which he required love to express itself.
Expressions of love must be regulated by ideas
of Deit}'. Ideas of Diety are more or less
pure as God reveals himself moie or less
clearl3^ We have seen what a difference there
is between Christians and Jews in this re-
spect. We have even proved, that it was
founded on the perfections of God, on those
laws of proportion, which he inviolably pur-
sues. The laws of proportion, then, which
God inviolably follows, and the eminence of
liis perfections also require, that, as he has
made himself known to Ciiristians more fully
than he revealed himself to the Jews, so he
should require of the disciples of Christ a
morality more refined, and more enlarged.
Variety, therefore, in this branch of divine
government, comes from uniformity, which,
as I have often said, is the grand character of
]ii3 actions.
Let us not pass over tiiis article lightly, it
"will guard you against the attacks of some
corrupters of morahty. I speak of tiiose, who,
Avishing to recall such times of licence as God
permitted, or tolerated, before the gospel,
retrench the present morality, under pretence
that what was once allowable is always al-
lowable. These persons arc never weary of
repeating, that some favourites of Heaven
were not subject to certain laws ; that it does
not appear in any part of their history, either
that God censured their way of living, or that
they repented when they were dying. Hence
they infer, that some maxims, which are laid
do.vn in our usual sermons, and treatises of
morality, originate in the gloom of a casuist,
or the caprice of a preacher, and not in the
will of God. But remember this saying of
Jesus Christ, ' In the beginning it was not
so,' Matt. xix. 8. The end of religion is to
inform and refine man up to the state in
which he was at ' the beginning,' that is in a
state of innocence. This work is done by
degrees. It began in the first age of the
church, it will be finished in the last. As
God made himself known to believers before
the gospel only in part, he regulated the
requisite expressions of love to himself by
that degree of knowledge of his perfections,
which he had given them ; for his attributes
are the ground of this love. He has made
known these attributes more clearly under the
gospel, and he apportions the expressions of
love accordingly.
But if this article affords us armour against
some corrupters of morality, it affords us at
the same time, some against you, my dear
brethren. When we endeavour to animate
vou to pious actions by the examples of Moses,
t>avid, and many others, who lived under the
old dispensation, you allege, that they were
saints of the highest class, and that an attain-
ment of such piety as theirs is impossible to
you. But recollect our principle. The ex-
pressions of our love to God must be regula-
ted by our knowledge of his perfections. The
perfections of God are revealed more clearly
to Christians than they were to Jews.
' Among those, that were born of women,
there was not a greater prophet than John
the Baptist; but he, that is least in the king-
dom of heaven, is greater than he,' Luke vii.
28. The least in love, then (if I may venture
to speak so), the least in love in the kingdom
of heaven must bo greater than John the
Baptist, as John the Baptist was greater than
his predecessors. As John, therefore, had a
purer morality than the prophets and the
patriarchs, so I ought to have a morality
purer than that of the patriarchs and the
prophets, yea, than John the Baptist himself.
A degree of love to God, then, which would
have been accounted flame in them, is luke-
warmness and ice in me, to whom God has
revealed himself as a being so amiable, and
so proper to inflame his intelligent creatures
with love to him. A certain attachment to
life, and to sensible objects, then, which
would have been tolerable in them, would bo
intolerable in me, who, replete as 1 am with
just and high ideas of the Deity, ought only
to be aspiring after that state, in which 1
shall be united to God more closely, than in
this valley of imperfections and miseries I am.
allowed to be.
5. Our fifth article is intended to justify the
various conditions, in which it has pleased
God to place his church. At one time the
church enjoys temj)oral pomp and felicity, at
another it is exposed to whatever the world
oQH
THE UiN'IFOJlMlTY OF
[R5£U. XLI.
van inveiU oi' Diisery and ioaominy. Once i
the churcli filled the highest post iu Kgypt in I
Hio persons of Joseph and his family ; and i
fifterward it was loaded witli Eifyptian letters 1
in the persons of this patriarch's descendants : |
uno while leading a languishing life in a !
flescrt ; another time attaining the height of
its wishes by seeing the waters of Jordan :
xlividc to give a passage, by entering the land
iif promise, by beholding the walls of Jericho
fall atthesoundoftrinnj)cl;s,])y overshadowing i
v, ith an awful fear the minds of Hittites and ,
Perizzitcs, Jebusites and Amorites, Canaan- |
ifes and Amalekites: sometimes torn from
this very country, to which a train of miracles
liad opened an access, led into captivity by '
Sennacheribs and Ncbucliadnezzars, and \
leaving Jerusalem and its temple a heap of |
ruins ; at other times re-established by Cyrus, !
and other princes like him, reassembling i
fugitives who had been scattered over the :
face of the whole earth, rebuilding the walls ;
of Jerusalem, and readorning the temple : |
jiow exposed to the most cruel torments, that |
such as Nero and Domitian, Trajan, Diocle- \
iiian, and Decius could invent : tiien rising j
from ruin by the liberal aid of Constantine i
and Theodosius, and princes, who like them, ]
became patrons of the cause. Of this article,
as of the former, I affirm, uniformity pro-
duced variety ; the same principle that pro-
duced the happy days of the triumphs of the
church, gave birth also to the calamitous
times, which caused so many tears.
Let us reason in regard to the church in
general, as we reason in regard to each pri-
vate member of it. Do you think (1 speak
now to each individual), there is a dimgeon
so deep, a chain so heavy, a misery so great,
u malady so desperate, from which God can-
not deliver you, were your deliverance suit-
able to the eminence of his perfections .■" Is
there, think you, any condition so noble that
ho cannot elevate you to it, any title so de-
sirable that he cannot grace you with it, any
treasure too immense for him to bestow,
^vould the law of proportion, his invariable
Tule, permit him ? Or dost thou really think,
Ood takes pleasure in imbittering thy life,
in taking away thy children, in tarnishing
thy glory, in subverting thine establishments,
ill crushing thy house, and in precipitating
thee from the highest human grandeur to the
lowest and most mortifying station ? Do you
think God takes pleasure in seeing a poor
wretch stretched on a bed of infirmity, and
tormented with the gout or the stone ? Has
lie any delight in hearing an agonized mortal
exhale his life in sighs and groans ? Why
then does he at any time reduce us to these
dismal extremities ? Order requires God,
who intends to save you, to employ those
means, which are most likely to conduct you
to salvation, or, if you refuse to profit by them,
to harden you under them. He wills your sal-
vation, and therefore he removes all your ob-
stacles to salvation. He takes away a child, be-
cause it is become an idol; he tarnishes gran-
deur, because it dazzles and infatuates its pos-
sessors; he subvertspalaces, because they make
men forget graves, their last homes; he precipi-
tates men from pinnacles of earthly glory,
betiaiiso they make them reasons for vanity
and insolence ; he involves his creatures iu
pain and torture, because these alone make
men feel their diminutiveness, their depen-
dance, their nullity. As order requires God,
who wills your salvation, to employ the most
proper means to conduct you to it; so the
same order requires him to punish contempt
of it. It is right, that the blackest ingrati-
tude, and the most invincible obdurac}', should
be punished with extreme ills. It is just, if
God be not glorified in your conversion, he
should be in your destruction.
Let us reason in regard to the church in
general, as we do in regard to the individuals
who compose it. A change in the condition
of the church, does not argue any change in
the attributes of God. Is his arin shortened,
since he elevated to a throne those illustrious
potentates, who elevated truth and piety
along with tliemselves.'' Is his hand shortened
since he ingulfed Pharaoh in the waves ? since
he obliged Nebnchadnezzar to eat grass like
a beast .' Since he sent a destroying angel to
slay the army of Sennacherib .' Since he
struck the soul of Belshazzar with terror, by
writing with a miraculous hand on the very
walls of his profane festal room the sentence
of his condemnation? The same eminence ol*
perfections, which engages him sometimes to
make all concur to the prosperity of his
church, engages him at other times to unite
all adversities against it.
II. We have considered Jesus Christ in the
economy of time, now let us consider him in
the economy of eternity. We shall see in
this, as in the former, that harmony of perfec-
tions, that uniformity of government, which
made our ajiostle say, ' Jesus Christ is the
same yesterdav, and to-day, and for ever.'
The same principle, that formed his plan of
human government in the economy of time,
will form a plan altogether different in that
of eternity. The same principle of propor-
tion, which inclines him to confine our facul-
ties within a narrow circle during this life,
will incline him infinitely to extend the sphere
of them in a future state.
The same principle which induces him now
to communicate himself to us in a small de-
gree, will then induce him to communicate
himself to us in a far more eminent degree.
The same principle, that inchnes him now
to assemble us in material buildings, to cherish
our devotion by exercises savouring of the
frailty of our state, by the singing ot psalms,
and by the participation of sacraments, will
incline him hereafter to cherish it by means
more noble, more subhme, better suited to
the dignity of our origin, and to the price of
our redemption.
The same principle, which inclines him to
involve us now in indigence, misery, con-
tempt, sickness, and death, will then indnce
him to free us from all these ills, and to
introduce us into that happy state, where
there will ' be no more death, neither sorrow
nor crying,' and whore ' all tears shall he
wiped away from our eyes,' Rev. xxi. 4. Pro-
portion requires, that intelligent creatiires
should be some time in a state of probation,
and this is the nature of the present dispensa-
tion: but the same law of proportion requires
also, that after intelligent creatures havr;
iJEH. XLL]
GOD IN HIS GOVERNMENT.
369
been some time in a state of trial, and have
answered the end of their being placed in
such a state, there should be a state of retri-
bution in an eternal economy. The same
principle, then, that inclines Jesus Christ to
adopt the planof his present government, will
incline him to adopt a different plan in a i
future state. There is, therefore, a harmony '
of perfections, a uniformity of action in all j
the varieties of the two economies. In the I
economy of time, then, as well as in the \
economy of eternity, ' Jesus Christ is the |
same.' |
But who can exhaust this profound subject
in the time prescribed for a single sermon ?
Our time is nearly elapsed, and I must leave
you, my brethren, to enlarge on such conclu-
sions as I shall just mention. God is always
the same ; he pursues one plan of government,
arising from one invariable principle. By
this truth let us regulate our faith, our mo-
rality, and our ideas of our future destiny.
1. Oar faith. I will venture to affirm, that
one chief cause of the weakness of our faith
is our inattention to this harmony of perfec-
tions, this uniformity of government in God.
We generally consider the perfections of God
and his actions separately, and independent
of those infinite relations, which the last have
to the first. Hence, when God displays what
we call his justice, he seems to us to cease to
be kind, and when he displays what we call
goodness, he seems to suspend his rigid jus-
tice. Hence it seems to us, his attributes
perpetually clash, so that he cannot exercise
one without doing violence to another. Hence
we sometimes fear God without loving him,
and at other times love him without fearing
him. Hence we imagine, so to speak, many
difl:erent gods in one deity, and are ignorant
whether the good God will favour us with
his benefits, or the just God will punish us
with his avenging strokes.
False ideas ! more tolerable in people in-
voh'ed in pagan regions of darkness and slia-
dows of death than in such as live where the
light of the gospel shines with so much splen-
dour. Let us adore only one God, and let us
rvcknowledgo in him only one perfection, that
is to say, a harmony, which results from all
his perfections. When he displays what we
call his bounty, let us adore what we call his
justice ; and when he displays what we call
his justice, let us adore what we call his
goodness. Let us allow, that the exercise of
one attribute is no way injurious to another.
If this idea be impressed upon our minds, our
faith will never be shaken, at least it will
never be destroyed by the vicissitudes of tiie
world, or by those of the church. Why ? Be-
cause wo should be fully convinced, that the
vicissitudes of boih proceed from the same
cause, I mean the immutability of that God,
who says by the mouth of one of his prophets,
' I, the Lord, change not,' Mai. iii. C.
2. But, v/hen I began this discourse, I be-
sought God, that, by considerino- this subject,
we might be ' changed into the same image
by his Spirit,' and this petiti6n I address to
him again for you. God has only one princi-
ple of his actions, that is, proportion, order,
fitness of things. Let love of order be the
principle of all your actions, my dear brethren,
it is the character of a Christian, and would
to God it were the character of all my hear-
ers. A Christian has only one principle of
action. We oflen see him perform actions,
which seem to have no relation ; however,
they all proceed from the same principle.
The same motive, that carries him to cimrch,
engages him to go to court ; he goes into the
army on the same principle, that induces hira
to visit an hospital ; the motive, which enga-
ges him to perform acts of repentance and
mortification, inclines him to make one in a,
party of pleasure ; because if order, or fitness
of things, require him sometimes to perform
mortifying actions, it also requires him af;
other times to take some recreation : because
as order requires hira sometimes to visit the
sick, it requires him at other times to defend
his country by war ; because if order calls
him sometimes to church, it calls him at other
times to court ; and so of the rest. In Scrip-
ture-style this disposition of mind is called
' walking with God, setting the Lord always
before us,' Gen. V. 24; Ps. xvi. 8. Glorious
character of a Christian, always uniform, and
like himself ! He does nothing, if I may bo
allowed to speak so, but arrange his actions
differently, as his circumstances vary.
3. Finally, this idea of God is very proper to
regulate that of your future destiny. "There
is, as we have been proving in this discourse,
one principle of order, that governs both the
economies of time and eternity. But, we
have elsewhere observed, there are two sorts
of order ; there is an absolute and a relative
order. Relative order, or fitness, considered
in itself, and independently of its relation
to another economy, is a real disorder. In
virtue of this relative order, we may live
happily here awhile in the practice of sin :
but, as this kind of order is a violent state, it
cannot be of long duration. If therefore you
would judge of your eternal destiny, your
judgment must be regulated not by an idea
of relative order, which will soon end : bur,
by that of real, absolute order, which must
have an eternal duration ; and in virtue of
which vice must be punished with misery, ^i^.
and virtue must have a recompense of felicity.
Put these questions sometimes to your-
selves, and let each ask ; What will my con-
dition be in a state of absolute fitness ? I,
who have devoted my whole life to counter-
act the great design of religion, to misrepre-
sent its nature, to check its progress, to en-
ervate its arguments, to subvert its dominion,
shall I shine then as a star of the first mag-
nitude, along with them, who have turned
many to righteousness, or shall I partake of
the _ punishment of the tempter and his infa-
mous legions ? I, who tremble at the thought
of giving any thing away; I, who enrich my-
self at the private expense of individuals,
and at the public expense of my country, at
the expense of my friends, and even of my
children, shall I share in a future state the
felicity of that generous society, which
breathes benevolence only, and which consi-
ders the happiness of others as its own ; of
that society, which is happy in the persons
of all, who participate their felicity ; or shall
I share the misery of those infernal socie- \
* ties, which seek pleasure in tlie miserie.'?
370
THE NFCESSITY OF
[SjiR. XLU.
of others, and so become mutually self-tr-
mentors ?
Do we wish for a full assurance of a claim
to eternal happiness ? Let us then by our con-
duct form an inseparable relation between
our eternal felicity and the invariable perfec-
tions of that God who changes not ; let us
spare no pains to arrive at that happy state ;
Iv.\t us address to God our m:>st fervent
prayers to enaraffe him to bless the efforts
which we make to enjoy it ; and after we
have seriously engaged in tiiis great work,
let us fear nothing. The same principle,
which induced God to restore Isaac to Abra-
ham, to raise as it were, that dear child by a
kind of resurrection from his father's knife,
the same principle that engaged him to ele-
vate David from the condition of a simple
shepherd to the rank of a king ; let us say I
more, the same principle, which engaged him j
to open the gates of heaven to the ' author'
and finisher of our faith,' Heb. xii. 2, after
the consummation of the work, for which he
came ; the same principle will incline him to
unfold the gates of heaven to us, when we
shall have finished the work for which we
were born. Our felicity will be founded on
the Rock of ages ; it will be incorporated
with the essence of an unchangeable God ;
we shall stand fast in perilous times, and
when the world, the whole world tumbles into
ruins, we shall exclaim with the highest joy,
' My God ! thou didst lay the foundation of
the earth, and the heavens are the work of
thy hands. They perish : but thou shalt en-
dure. They all shall wax old like a garment:
but thiiu art the same, and thy years shall
have no end. The children of thy servants
shall continue, and their seed shall be esta-
blished before thee,' Ps. cii. 24, Nc. God
grant this may be our happy lot ! To him
be honour and glory for ever. Amen.
SERMON XL.II.
THE JNECESSITY OF UNIVERSAL OBEDIENCE.
James ii. 10.
Whosoever shall keep the whole Imv, and yet offend in one pointy is guilty
of cdl
My BRETHREy,
'''IV'ERE I obhged to give a title to the
epistle, from which I have taken my text,
to distinguish it from the other books of our
sacred calion, I v^ould call it the paradoxes
of St. James. It should seem, the apostle
had no other design in writing than that of
surprising his readers by unheard-of propo-
sitions. In the first chapter he subverts that
notion of religion, which is generally receiv-
ed both in the world and the church. To
adore the God of heaven and earth, to re-
ceive his revelation, to acknowledge his Mes-
siah, to partake of his sacraments, to burn
with zeal for his worship, this is usually call-
ed religion. No, says St. James, this is not
rehgion ; at most this is only a small part of
it : ' Rehgion consists in visiting the father-
less and widows in their affliction, and in
keeping himself unspotted fi-om the world,'
ver. 27. In the second chapter he seems to
take pains to efface the grand character of a
Christian, and of Christianity itself, and to
destroy this fundamental truth of the gospel,
' that man is justified by faith without the
deeds of tlie law,' Rom. iii. 28. ' No,' says
he, ' man is not justified by faith only ; Abra-
ham our father was justified by works,' chap,
ii. 24, 21, and all Christians are justified by
works. In another place, St. James sceins to
place all religion in some minute and compa-
ratively inconsiderable articles, or, what
comes to much the same, to teach, that the
omission of some comparatively small duty
renders the most pure and solid piety of no
account. Levity of conversation is one of
these articles. How different, my brethren !
is the morality of the Scriptures from the
morality of the world ! We often hear high
encomiums of some people in company. Ob-
serve that man, say they, what a pattern of
piety is he I The church doors are hardly
open before he rushes into liis seat with ea-
gerness and transport. In approaching tho
Lords table he discovers by every look and
gesture a heart all inflamed with divine love.
When his shepherds were smitten, and the
sheep scattered, the most difficult sacrifices
became eas\ to him. Country, family, titles,
riches, he left all with pleasure for the sake of
following the bloody steps of Jesus Clirist in
his sufferings. He can be reproved for no
more than one little inadvertence, that is, he
has a levity of conversation. But what says
St. James of this man, who seems to have a
right of precedence in a catalogue of saints ?
What does he say of this man, so diligent to
attend public worship, so fervent at the Lord's
supper, so zealous for religion .'' He says, this
man has no religion at all ; ' If any man
among you seem to be religious, and bridleth
not his tongue, this man's religion is vain/
chap. i. 20.
But without attending to all the paradoxes
of St. James, let us attend to this in our text.
Here is a principle that seems more likely to
produce despair in our hearts than to promote
virtue ; a principle which seems to aim at no
less than t!ie exclusion of the greatest saints
Skb, XLII.]
UNIVERSAL OBEDIENCE.
571
on earth from heaven, and to oblige Moses,
Elias, David, Paul, and other such eminent
men to exclaim, 'Who then can be saved!'
Matt. xix. 25. This principle is, that to sin
against one article of the divine laws is to
render one"s self guilty of a breach of them
all. * Whosoever shall keep the whole law,
and yet offend in one point, he is guiltyof all.'
That you may the better enter into the
spirit of our text, we have three sorts of re-
flections to propose to you. By the first we
intend to fix the meaning of our apostle's
proposition, and to clear it from all obscurity
Our second class of reflections will be appli-
ed to enforce the sense that we shall give the
text. The last will characterize those sin-
ners who live in this dreadful state, who, by
habitually oftending in one point, render
themselves guilty of an universal subversion
of the whole law of God ; and here we shall
direct you how to use the text as a touch-
stone to discover the truth or falsehood of
your faith, the sincerity or hypocrisy of your
obedience.
I. Let us fix the sense of our apostle's pro-
position, and for this purpose let us answer
two questions. 1. What kind of sin had St.
James in view when he said, ' Whosoever
shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in
one point .-" 2. How did he mean, that, by
'offending in one point,' the offender was
guilty of violating ' the whole law ?'
The meaning of the first depends partly on
what precedes the text. The apostle had
been endeavouring to inspire Christians with
charity ; not with that partial charity, which
inclines us to pity and relieve the miseries
of a few distressed neighbours, but with tiiat
universal love, which induces all the disci-
ples of Christ to consider one another as
brethren, and which, because all are united
to God, unites all to one another, and teach-
es each to consider all as one compact body,
of which love is the bond.
The apostle enters into this subject by this
exhortation, ' My brethren! have not the
faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of
glory, with respect to persons,' chap. ii. 1.
These words are rather difficult : but one of
the following senses, I think, must be given
to them. ]. Instead of translating, Aa»e not
the faith, we may Tea.d, judge not of faith bij
appearance of persons ; that is to say, Do
not judge what faith Christians have in Je-
sus Christ, whom God has elevated to the
highest glory, by the rank, which they occu-
py in civil society, by their attendants, and
equipage, and habits. A man who makes a
very mean and contemptible appearance, a
man all in rags, is often a better Christian
than he whose Christianity, so to speak, is
all set off with splendour, and grandeur, and
fortune.
Or rather, have not faith in the Lord of
Glory hij shoioing a partial regard for the
appearance of persons; that is to say, Do
not imagine yourselves believers, while you
regard the appearance of persons. Do not
imagine, that true faith is compatible with
that meanness of soul, which makes people
susceptible of very deep impressions of es-
teem at seeing a parade of human grandeur ;
do not suppose, that the soul of a good man
must necessarily prostrate itself before pomp,
and annihilate itself in the presence of great
men; while he turns with disdain from the poor
infinitely greater for their piety than others
for their pomp. A Christian believing in Je-
sus Christ glorified, a Christian persuaded
that Jesus, his head, is elevated to the high-
est degree of glory, and hoping that he shall
be shortly exalted to some degree with him ;
a Christian, in whose mind such ideas are
formed, ought not to entertain very high no-
tions of earthly things, he ought to esteem
that in man, which constitutes his real great-
ness, that immortality, which is a part of his
essence, those hopes of eternal glory, at
which he aspires, those efforts, which he is
making towards bearing the image of his
Creator : such qualities deserve esteem, and
not the empty advantages of fortune.
The apostle, having established this gene-
ral maxim, applies it to a particular case ;
but there are some difficulties in his manner
of stating the case, as well as in the maxim
to which he applies it. ' If there come unto
your assembly a man with a gold ring, in
goodly apparel, and there come in also a
poor man in vile raiment ; and ye have res-
pect to him that weareth the gay clothing,
and say unto him. Sit thou here in a good
place ; and say to the poor, Stand thou there,
or sit here under my footstool : Are ye not
then partial in yourselves, and are become
judges of evil thoughts ?' What assembly
had the apostle in view here ?
Some think, he spoke of an assembly of
Judges, and by respect, ov appearance of per-
sons, a spirit of partiality. They say, these
words of St. James are synonymous to those
of God to Jewish judges by Moses, ' Thou
shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor
honour the person of the mighty : but in
righteousness shalt thou judge thy neigh-
bour,' Lev. xix. 1.5. ' Ye shall not respect
persons in judgment : but ye shall hear the
small as well as the great,' Deut. i. 16, 17.
They confirm this opinion by quoting a canon
of the Jews, which enacts, that when two
persons of unequal rank appear together in
the Sanhedrim, one shall not be allowed to sit,
while the other stands ; but both shall either
sit together, or stand together, to avoid every
shadow of partiality.
But, perhaps, our apostle spoke also of re-
ligious assemblies, and intended to inform
primitive Christians, that where the distinc-
tions of princes and subjects, magistrates and
people, were not known, there the rich would
affect state, aspire to chief places, and gratify
their senseless vanity by placing the poor on
their footstools, in order to make them feel
their indigence and meanness. However the
apostle might mean, whether he spoke of ju-
ridical assemblies, or of religious conven-
tions ; of partial judgments, or of improper
distinctions in the church, it is plain, he in-
tended to preclude that veneration, which,
in little souls, riches obtain for their possess-
ors, and that disdain which poverty excites in.
such minds for those whom providence has
exposed to it.
Among many reasons, by which he enfor-
ces his exhortation, that, which immediatel}'
precedes the text is taken from chai-ity, or
S12
THE NECESSITY OF
tScR. XLIL
benevolence. ' If ye fulfil the royal law, ac-
cording to the Scripture, Thou shalt love thy
neighbour as thyself, ye do well. But if ye
have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and
are convinced of the law as transgressors.'
Then follow the words of the text, ' for who-
soever shall keep the whole law, and yet of-
fend in one point, he is guilty of all.'
It should seem at first, from the connexion
of the text with the preceding verses, that
when St. James says, ' Whosoever shall keep
the whole law, and yet offend in one point,
he is guilty of all,' he means, by this one
point, benevolence. However, I cannot think
the meaning of St. James ought to be thus
restricted, I rather suppose, that he took oc-
casion from a particular subject to establish a
general maxim, that includes all sins, which
come under the same description with that of
which he was speaking. On this account,
after he has said, ' Whosoever shall keep the
whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is
guilty of all,' he adds, ' for he that said. Do
not commit adultery, said also. Do not kill;
he adds another example beside that of whicli
he had been speaking. Consequently, he
intended not only to speak of violation of the
precepts of love ; but also of all others,
which had the same characters.
But in what light does he place this viola-
tion of the precept of love .' He considers it
as a sin committed with full consent, prece-
ded by a judgment of the mind, accompanied
with mature deliberation, and, to a certain
degree, approved by him who commits it.
All these ideas are contained in these words,
' Ye have respect to persons, ye are partial in
yourselves, ye are judges of evil thoughts,
ye have despised the poor.' What the apos-
tle affirms of love in particular, lie affirms of
all sins committed with the same dispositions.
Every sin committed with full consent, pre-
ceded by a judgment of the mind, accompa-
nied with mature deliberation ; every sin that
conscience is made to approve during the
commission of it ; every such sin is included
in this maxim of our apostle, 'whosoever
shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in
one point, he is guilty of all.'
In this manner divest the text of one vague
jiotion, to which it may seem to have given
occasion. We acquit the apostle of the
charge of preaching a melancholy, cruel mo-
rality, and we affirm, for the comfort of weak
and timorous minds, that we ought not to
place among the sins here intended, either
momentary faults, daily frailties, or involmi-
tary passions.
1 . By daily frailties I mean those imper-
fections of piety, which are inseparable from
the conditions of inhabitants of this world,
wJiich mix themselves with the virtues of the
most eminent saints, and which even in the
highest exercises of the most fervid piety,
make them feel that they are men, and that
they are sinful men. By daily frailties I
mean wanderings in prayer, troublesome in-
trusions of sensible objects, low exercises of
self-love, and many other infirmities, of which
you, my dear brethren, have had too many
examples in 3'our own lives in time past, and
yet have too much experience in the tempers
of vour hearts every dav. Infirmities of this
kind do not answer the black description
which St. James gives of the offence men-
tioned in the text. A good man, who is sub-
ject to these frailties, far from approving tho
sad necessity, that carries him off from his
duty, deplores it. In him they are not con-
clusions from principles, laid down with full
consent ; they are sad effects of that imper-
fection, which God had thought proper to
leave in our knowledge and holiness, and
which will remain as long as we continue to
languish life away in this valley of tears. To
say all in one word, they are rather an imper-
fection essential to nature, than a direct vio-
lation of the law.
2. We ought not to number momentanj
faults among the offences, of which it ia
said, Whosoever commits one is guilty of a vi-
olation of the whole law. Where is the re-
generate man, where is the saint, where is
the saint of the highest order, who can assure
himself, he shall never fall into some sins ?
Where is the faith so firm as to promise ne-
ver to tremble at the sight of racks, stakes,
and gibbets ? Where is that Christian hero-
ism, which can render a man invulnerable to
some fiery darts, with which the enemy of our
salvation sometimes assaults us ; and (what
is still more unattainable by human firm-
ness), where is that Christian heroism which
can render a man invulnerable to some darts
of voluptuousness, which strike the tenderest
parts of nature, and excite those passions
which are at the same time the most tur-
bulent and the most agreeable ? A believ-
er falls into such sins only in those sad
moments in which he is surprised unawares,
and in which he loses in a manner the pow-
er of reflecting and thinking. If there re-
main any liberty of judgment amidst the
frenzy, he employs it to recall his reason^
which is fleeing ; and to arouse his virtue,
that sleeps in spite of all his efforts. All
chained as he is by the enemy, he makes
eftbits, weak indeed, but yet earnest, to dis-
engage himself. The pleasures of sin, even
when he most enjoj's them, and while he sa-
crifices his piety and innocence to them, are
embittered by the inward remorse that rises
in his regenerate soul. While he delivers
himself up to the temptation and the tempter,
he complains, ' O wretched man that I am !
who shall deliver me from the body of this
death ?' Rom. vii. 24. When the charm has
spent its force, when his fascinated eyes re-
cover their sight, and he sees objects again
in their true point of light, then conscience
reclaims its rights ; then he detests what he
just before admired ; then the cause of his
joy becomes the cause of his sorrow and ter-
ror ; and he prefers the pain, anguish, and
torture of repentance, before the most allu-
ring attractives of sin.
3. We will venture one stop farther. We
affirm, that gusts of involuntarij passions
ought not to be included in the number of sins
of whicii St. James says, ' Whosoever offend-
eth in one point, he is guilty of all.' God
places us in this world as in a state of trial.
We are all born with some passions, which it
is our duty to attack, and mortify ; but from
which we shall never be able to free our-
selves entirelv. The soul of one is imited to
Sek. XLII.]
UNIVERSAL OBEDIENCE.
373
a body, naturally so modified as to incline
him to voluptuousness. Another soul has
dispositions naturally inclining it to avarice,
pride, envy, or jealousy. It is in our power
to resist these passions ; hut to have, or not
to have them when we come into the world,
does not depend on us. We nujiht not always
to ]ud.e of our state by the enemy, whom
we have to encounter : but by the vigilance
v.'ith wliich we resist him. In spite of some
remains of inclination to pride, we may be-
come liunjble, if we endeavour sincerely and
heartily to become so. In spite of natural
inclinations to avarice, we may become gene-
rous by endeavouriner to become so, and soot
the rest. Involuntary passions, when we
zealously endeavour to restrain them, ought
to be considered as exercises of our virtue
prescribed by our Creator; and not as crimi-
nal effects of the obstinacy of tlie creature.
The sins, into a commission of which they
beguile us, ou^ht always to humble us; in-
deed they would involve us in eternal misery,
were we not recovered by repentance after
having fallen into them : but neitlier they,
nor transient offences, nor daily frailties,
ougiit to be reckoned among those sins, of
which St. James says, ' he who offendeth in
one point, is guilty of all.' The sins of which
the apostle speaks, are preceded by the judg-
ment of the mind, accciupanied with mature
deliberation, and approved by conscience.
Tiuis we have divested the text of one vague
meaning to whicfh it may seem to have given
occtision.
But in what sense may it be affirmed of
any sin, that 'he who offuiidelh in one point,
is guilty of all ?' The nature of the subject
must answer this sec 'iid question, and enable
us to reject the false senses, that are given to
the projjosition of our apostle. It is plain, I
St. James neither meant to establish an '
equality of sins, nor an equality of punish- j
ments. It is evident, that as sins are une- '
qual among men, so justice requiies an ine- }
quality ol punishment. Tiie man who adds
murder to hatred, is certainly more guilty j
than he who restrains his hatred, and trem- j
bles at a thought of murder. He whose ha- :
tred knows no bounds, and who endeavours
to assuage it with nsurder, will certainly be |
punished more rigorously than the former. |
What, then, was tlie apostle's nieaning .''
He probably had two views, a particular and
a general view. The particular design
might regard tiie theological system of some
Jews, and the general design might regard
the moral system of too many Christians.
Some Jews, soon after the apostle's time,
and very likely in his days," aftirmed, that
God gave a great man}' precepts to men, not
that he intended to oblige them to the observ-
ance of all, but that they might have an op-
portunity of obtaining salvation, by observing
any one of them ; and it was one of their
maxims, that he who diligently kept one com-
mand, was therebv treed from tlie necessity
of observing the rest. Agreeable to this no
tion, a famous Kabbit exp >unds these word
in Hosea, ' Take away all iniquity, and give
good,' that is, according to the false notion o
*See \". hitby on James ii. 9.
t Kiinclu on Ilui. xiv. -2. Marg.
3 B
our expositor, pardon our sins, and accept our
zeal for one precept of thy law. What is
still more remarkable, when the Jews choose
a precept, they usually choose one that gives
the least check to their favourite passions,
and one the least essential to religion, aa
some ceremonial precept. This, perhaps, is
what Jesus Christ reproves in the Pharisees
and scribes of his time, ' Wo unto you,
scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites; for ye paj
tithe of mint, and anise, and cummin, and
have omitted the weightier matters of the
law. judgment, mercy, and faith; these ought
ye lo have done, and not to leave the otiier
undone.' Matt, xxiii. 2'.\. Perhaps these words
of our Saviour may be parallel to those of
St. James. The apostle had been recom-
mending luve, and at length ho tells the
Jews, who, in the style of Jesus Christ,
' omitted mercv,' that ' whosoever' should
' k«ep the whole law, and yet offend in this
one point, would be guilty of all.'
But, as we observed just now, St. James
did not intend to restrain what he said to
love. If lie had a particular view to the the-
ological system of soi7ie Jews, he had also a
general view to the morality of many Chris-
tians, whose ideas of devotion are too con-
tracted. He informs them, that a virtue, ia-
coinplete in its parts, cannot be a true virtue.
He affirms, that he who resolves, in his own
mind to sin, and who forces his conscience to
approve vice whih; he commits it, cannot in
this manner violate one single article of the
law without enervating the whole of it. A
man cannot be truly chaste without being
humble, nor can he be truly humble without
being chaste. For the same reason, no man
can deliberately violate the law that forbids
anger, without violating that which forbids
avarice ; nor can any man violate the law
which forbids extortion, without violating that
which forbids impurity. All virtues are natu-
rally united together, and mutually support
one another. The establishment of one un-
just maxim authorizes all unjust maxims,
Tliis is the meaning of the proposition in oar
text, 'Whosoever oiFendeth in one point is
guilty of all.'
Hitherto we have only explained the sense
of our text ; it remains now to be proved.
The proposition of our apostle is founded on
three principal reasons. Pie who sins in the
manner now described ; he whose mind re-
solves to sin, and who forces his conscience
to approve vice, while ho commits it, sins
against all the precepts of tlie law, while he
seems to sin against only one. 1. Because
he subverts, as far as he can, the foundation
of the law. 2. Because, although he may
not actually violate all the articles of the
law, yet heviolates them virtually; I mean
to say, his principles lead to an actual viola-
tion of all the precepts of the law. 3. Be-
cause we may presume, he who violates the
law virtually, will actually violate it when it
:uits him to do so. These three reasons esta-
■lish the truth of our apostle's proposition,
ind justify the sense that we have given it.
i'he discussion of these three reasons will be
A\c second part of our discourse.
II. He who violates one precept of the law,
in the manner just now described, violates
374
THE NECESSITY OF
[Ser. XLIl.
all ; because, first, iie subverts, as far as in i
him lies, the ver)' foundation of the law.
This will clearly appear by a comparison of
vice with error, heresy with disobedience.
There are two sorts of errors and heresies ;
there are some errors whicli do not subvert
the foundation of faith, and there are other
errors that do subvert it. If, after 1 have ho-
nestly and diligently endeavoured to under-
stand a passatre of Scripture proceedinsr from
the mouth of God, 1 give it a sense different
from that which is the true meaning of it ; if
I give it this sense, not because I dispute the
authority of an infallible God, but because I
cannot perceive that it ought to be taken in
any other sense than that in wliich I under-
stand it, I am indeed in an error, but by fall-
ing into this error I do not subvert the founda-
tion on which my faith is built. I always
suppose the authority and infallibility of God,
and I am ready to renounce my error as soon
as I am convinced that it is contrary to divine
revelation.
But if, after it has been made to appear
with irrefragatile evidence, that my error is
contrary to divine revelation, and if, moreo-
ver, after it has been made to appear thai re-
velation came from God. I persist in my
error, then, by sinning against ' one point,'
I become ' guilty of all," because, by denying
one single proposition of revelation, I deny
that foundation on which all other proposi-
tions of revelation are built, that is, the infal-
libility and veracitj' ol that G.-d who speaks
in our Scriptures. I put in the place of God
my reason, my wisdo?n, my tutor, my minis-
ter, whomever or whatever determines me to
prefer my error before that truth, which I am
convinced is clearly revealed in a book that
came from heaven.
In like manner, there are two sorts of vi-
ces, some which do not subvert the founda-
tion of our obedience to the laws f)f God, and
others that do. In the first class are those
sins which we have pnumerated, daily infir-
mities, transient faults, and involuntary pas-
sions. In the second class ought to be placed
those sins of deliberation and reflection, of
which we just now spoke, and wliich our
apostle had in view. Tiiese sins strike at the
foundation of obedience to the lav/s of God.
What is the ground of obedience to the
divine laws.' When God gives us laws, he
may be considered under either of three rela-
tions, or under all the three together ; as a
sovereign, as a legislator, as a father. Our
obedience to God, considered as a sovereign,
is founded on his infinite authority over us,
and in our obligation to an entire and un-
reserved submission to him. Our obedi
ence to God as a legislator is founded on his
perfect equity. Our obedience to God as a
father is founded on Ihe certain advanta-
ges which they who obey his lavi's derive
Jrom them, and on a clear evidence that be-
cause he ordains them, they must be essential
to our happiness. Now he who sins coolly
and deliberately against one single article.
saps these three foundations of the law. He
is, therefore, guilty of a violation of the whole
law.
He saps the foundation of that obedience
■\7hich is due to God, considered as a master,
if he imagine he may make any reserve in
his obedience ; if he says, I will submit to
God, if he command me to be humble, but
not if he command me to be chaste ; and so
on. He saps the foundation of that obedi-
ence which is due to God, considered as a
lawoiver, if he imagines God is just in giving
such and such a law, but not in prescribing
such and such other laws; if he supposes
God is just when he appoints him to educate
and provide for an only son, but that he ceas-
es to do riglit when he commands him to sa-
crifice him, addressing him in this terrifying
style, ' Take now thy son, and offer him for a
burnt-offering upon one of the mountains
whicli I will tell thee of,' Gen. xxii. 2. He
subverts the foundation of obedience to God
as a father, if he supposes that God has our
happiness in view in requiring us to renounce
some passions, but that he goes contrary to
our interests by requiring us to sacrifice some
other passions, V'hich we may suppose can
never be sacrificed without sacrificing at the
same time his pleasure and felicity.
He wlio sins in this manner, attributes to
the objects which induce him to sin, excel-
lencies that can be in none but the Creator.
He says, it is net God who is my master, ray
sovereign : it is the world, it is my company,
it is my custom. He says, it is not God who
is just: justice is the property of my pas-
sions, my anger, my vengeance. He says,
it is not God who is the source of my true
happiness: it is my gold, my silver, my pa-
lace, my equipage, my Delilah, my Dru-
silla. "To ' ofF.nd in one point,' in thie
senpe, is to be ' guilty of all ;' because it sub-
verts the foundation on u'hich our obedience
is built. -And this reason is emphatically as-
signed by St. James, in the verses that follow
the text, ' Whosoever shall keep the whole
law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty
of all ; for,' adds the apostle, ' he that said,
Do not commit adulter}', said also, Do not
kill. Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if
tiiou kill, thou art become a transgressor of
the law '
2. The man who offends in the manner we
have described, he who in his mind resolves
to sin, and endeavours to force his conscience
to approve of vice while he commits it, breaks
all the precepts of the law, because, whether
he do actually break them or not, he breaks
them virtually, and intentionally. He vio-
lates precepts of generosity, but he does not
I fall into debauchery. Why ? Is it because he
respects the divine laws which prohibit de-
! baucher}^ ? No, but because, not being alike
I inclined to both these vices, he enjoys less
! pleasure in excess than in avarice. Could he
find as much pleasure in violating the laws
that prohibit excesses, as he finds in violating
those which forbid avarice, then the same
principle that impels him now to an incessant,
immoderiite love of gain, would impel him to
drown his reason in wine, and to plunge
himself into all excesses. B}' violating, theri.
laws commanding- generosity, he violates, it
not actually, yet virtually, laws prohibiting
debauchery. What keeps him from violating
the laws that forbid clamour and dissipation,
is not respect for that God who commands
recollection, retreat, and silence : but he
Ser.XLII.]
UNIVERSAL OBEDIENCE.
375
affects these, because he has less aversion to
retirement and silence, than he has to noise,
clamour and dissipation. Had he as much
dislike of the first as he has of the last, then
the same principle that now induces him to
be always alone, always either inaccessible
or mortise, would induce him to be always
abroad, always avoiding a sight of himself, by
fleeing from company to company, from one
dissipation to another. As, therefore, he does
not obey the law that enjoins silence by his
perpetual solitude, so he virtually annihilates
the law that forbids dissipation ; and here
again to offend ' in one point' is to be ' guilty
of all.'
In fine, he who offends in the manner that we
liave explained, he whose mind determines to
sin, and who endeavors to force his conscience
to approve his practice, sins against all the
precepts of tlie law, while he seems to offend
only in one point, because there is sufficient
reason to believe he will some time or other
actually break those laws, which now he
breaks only intentionally Here, my brethren,
I wish each oi'you would recollect the morti-
fying history of his own life and reflect seri-
ously on those passions which successively
took place in you. and which by turns exer-
cise their terrible dominion over all them who
are not entirely devoted to universal obe-
dience. What proceeds only from a cliange
of circumstances, we readily take for a refor-
mation of manners ; and we often fancy we
have made a great progress in holiness, when
we have renounced one vice, although we
have only laid aside this one to make room
for another that seemed opposite to it, but
which was a natural consequence of the first.
What elevates you to-day into excesses of
ungoverned joy, is your excessive love of
pleasure. Now, it is natural to suppose this
excessive love of pleasure which elevates you
into immoderate joy, now that the objects of
your pleasure are within your reach, will
plunge you into depths of melancholy and
despair, when you are deprived of those ob-
jects. That which induces you to-day to
slumber in carnal security, is your inability
to resist the first impressions of certain ob-
jects ; but, if you know not how to resist to-
day the impressions of such objects as lull
you into security, you will not know how to
resist to-morrow the impressions of other ob-
jects which will drive you to despair ; and so
this very principle of non-resistance, if I may
so call it, which makes you quiet to-day, will
make you desperate to-morrow. There is no
greater security for our not falling into one
vice, than our actual abstinence from another
vice. There is no better evidence that we
shall not practice the sins of old men, than
our not committing the sins of youth. Pro-
digality is the vice of youth, and not to be
proluse in youtli is the best security tliat we
shall not in declining life fall into avarice, the
vice of old age. May one principle animate
all your actions, a principle of obedience to
the laws of God ! then what keeps you from
haughtiness, will _ preserve you from mean-
ness ; what saves you from the seduction of
pleasure, will preserve you from sinking un-
der pain ; what keeps you from inordinate
love to an only son, while it pleased God to
spare him, will keep you from immoderate
disquietude, when God thinks proper to take
him away. But a man, who deliberately
' offends in one point,' not only offends inten-
tionally against all the articles of the law :
but, it is highly probable, he will actually vi-
olate all articles one after another ; because,
when universal esteem tor all the laws of God
is not laid down as the grand principle of re-
ligious action, the passions are not corrected,
they are only deranged, one put in the place
of anotlier ; and nothing more is necessary
to complete actual, universal wickedness,
than a change of vices with a change of cir-
cumstances.
All this is yet too vague. We have, indeed,
endeavoured to explain, and to prove the pro-
position of our apostle ; but unless we enter
into a more minute detail, we «hall derive
very little advantage from this discourse.
Those of our auditors who have most reason
to number themselves with such as sin delib-
erately, will put themselves in the opposite
class. The most abandoned sinners will call
their own crimes either daily frailties, or
transient faults, or involuntary passions. We
must, if it be possible, take away this pretext
of depravity, and characterize those sins
which we have named sins of rffevtiun, de-
liberation, and approhaiion ; sins which place
hiin who commits them precisely in the state
intended by our apostle ; ' he offends in one
point,' and his disposition to do so renders
him guilty of total and universal disobedience.
This is our third part, and the conclusion of
this discourse.
HI St. James pronounces in our text a
sentence of condemnation against three sorts
of sinners. 1. Against sucJi as are engaged
in a way of life sinful of itself. 2. Against
such as cherish a favourite passion. 3. Against
persons of unteacliuble dispositions.
] . They who are engaged in a way of life
sinful of itself , are guilty of a violation of the
whole law, while they seem to offend only in,
one point.
We every day hear merchants and traders
ingenuously confess, that their business can-
not succeed unless they defraud the govern-
ment. We will not examine whether their
assertion be true ; we will suppose it to be as
they say ; and we athrm, that a trade which
necessaiily obliges a man to violate a law so
express as that of pa}ang tribute to govern-
ment, is bad of itself. That disposition of
mind which induces a man to follow it, ought
not to be ranked either with those human
frailties, transient faults, or involuntary pas-
sions, which we have enumerated, and for
which evangelical abatements are reserved.
This is a blow struck at legislative authority.
What, then, ought a merchant to do, who is
engaged in a commerce which necessarily
obliges him to violate a law of the state con-
cerning impost ? He ought to give up this
commerce, and to quit a way of hving which
he knows is iniquitous in itself If he cannot
prevail with liimsclf to make this sacrifice, all
his hopes of being saved are fallacious.
We eveiy day hear military men affirm,
that it is impossible to wear a sword with ho-
nour, without professing to be always dispos
ed to revenge, and to violate all laws human
J76
THE NECESSITY OF
[Ser. XLn.
and divine which forbid duelling. We do not
inquire the truth of the assertion, we suppose
it true. We do not examine, whether pru-
dence could not in all cases sujrirest proper
means to free men from a tyranni';al point of
honour ; or wliether there really be nny cases,
in which gentlemen are indispensably obli;red,
either to qtiit tlie army, or toviol.ite tiie pre-
cepts that command us to give up a sj)irit of
resentment. We only affirm, that a njililary
man, who constantly and deliber-itely har-
bours a design of always avenging hiiiiselt in
certain cases is in this miserable list of sin-
ners, who, by offending in ' one point," are
' guilty of all.' We do not affirm, that he
Would be in this guilty condition, if he could
not promise to resist a disposition to revenge
in eveiy future moment of his life ; we only
affirm that he is guilty of a violation of the
whole law, if he do not sincerely and upriirlit-
ly resolve to resist this inclination. You can-
not be a Christian without having a fixed
resolution to seal the truths of the gospel with
your blood, if it ple.ase Providence to call you
to martyrdom. You cannot, however, promise,
that the sight of racks and stakes shall never
shake your resolution, nerever induce you to
violate your sincere determination to die for
religion if it should please Providence to ex-
pose you to death on account of it. It is suf-
ficient for the tranquillity of your conscience,
that you have formed a resolution to sutf,;r
rather than deny the faith. In hke inanner,
we do not affirm, that a military man is guilty
of the offence with Mhich we have charged
liim, if he cannot engage never to be carried
away with an excess of passion inclining him
tt) revenge;, we only s.ay, if he cooly deter-
mine always to revenge himself in certain
cases, he directly attacks the authority of the
lawgiver. ' He offendeth in one point, and
he is guilty of all.' If a man cannot profess
to bear arms without harbouring a fixed in-
tention of violating all laws human and divine,
that prohibit duelling, even to those who re-
ceive the most cruel affronts, either the pro-
fe.ssion of arms or the hope of salvation must
be given up. No man in the army can assure
himself that he is in a state of grace, unless
hia conscience attests, that he will avoid,
■with all possible circumspection, every c ise
in which a tyrannical point of honour renders
revenge necessary ; and that, if ever he be, in
spite of all his precautions, in such a case,
when he must either resign his military em-
ployments, or violate tlie laws that forbid re-
venge, he will obey the law, and resign his
military honours.
It is too often seen, that our relation to
&ome offenders inspires us with induhrence
for their offences. This kind of temptation
is never more difficult to surmount than when
we are called to bear a faitliful testimony
concerning the state of our bretiirim, who re-
fuse to sacrifice their fortune and their coun-
try to religion and a good conscience. Bui
"what relation is so near as to preoccupy our
nhnds to such n degree as to prevent our con
Eidering the life of such a person, as it really
is, bad in itself; or vi hat pretext can be pliu
Bible enough to authorize it t We have
sounded in their ears a tliousand times these
thundering words of the ison of God, ' Who-
ever shall be ashamed of me and of my words,
of him shall the Son of man be ashamed,
whc;) he shall come in his own glory, and in
his Father's, and of the holy angels,' Luke ix.
v;6. ' He that loveth father or m'.lher. son or
daughter,' and, we may add. he that loves
houses or lands, ease, riclies, or honours,
' more than me, is not worthy of ine.' iiVlatt.
X. 37. We have su moned thein by the
sacr d promises and sole:iin en 'ageMiPnts,
I which some of i hem hiv entered into at the
i table of the Lord while they partook of the
j signifiennt symbols of the body and blo^d of
I the Saviour, to devote them>eivHS to the glory
of Gild, and the edification of his church. We
have unveiled their hearts, and shown them
how the artfulness of their injienious pas-
sions exculpated their conduct, by putting
specious pretexts in the place of solid rea-
sons We have reproved them for pretend-
ing, that they dare not face the danger of at-
tenjpting to flee, when the irovernment for-
bade their quitting the kingdom ; and now
1 berty is granted, f >r making that a reason
for staying. We have described the numer-
ous advantages of public worship ; we hive
proved, that the preaching of the gospel is,
it I may speak so, the f .od of Christian vir-
tues; and that, when people have accustom-
ed themselves to live v.'ithout the public ex-
ercises of relig on, they insensibly 1 se that
delicacy of consci;.>nce, without which they
cannot either be good hr^stians, or, wh.at
are called in the world, men of honour and
probity; we have demf)nstrated this assertion
by an unexceptionable aryuinent taken from
experience, we iiave said, Observe that man,
who was formerly so very scrupulous of re-
taining the property of his neighbour ; see,
he retains it now without any scruple : ob-
serve those parents, who were formerly so
tender of their children ; see now with vvhat
inhumanity they leave them to strugifle with
want We have represented to them, that
to reside where the spirit of persecution is
only smothered, not extinguished, is to betray
religion, by exposing the friends of it to tho
hazard of being martyied, without having
any assurance of being possessed with a spirit
of martyrdom ; and we have endeavoured to
convince them, that he who flatters himself
he shall be able to undergo martyrdom, and
lives where he is liable to it, while Provi-
dence opens a way of escape, is presumptu-
ous in the highest degree, and exposes him-
self to such misery as the son of Sirach
denounces, when he says, 'He that loveth
danger, s'lall perish therein,' Ecchis. iii. 26.
N it having been able to move them by mo-
tives taken from their own interest, we have
tried to affect them with the interest of their
children. We iiave told them, that their pos-
terity will live without an^ religion, that thej
will have too much knowledge to adhere to
supersiiticn, and t.)o httle to profess the true
religion ; ard this sad prophecy has been
already verified in their families. To all
the.se demonstrations they are insensi'de;
they wilful!y shut their eyes against the
light; they guard themselves again.-;t the
firce of tliese exhortations ; tiicv are forging
new fi'tters for themselves, which >\ ill con-
fine tiiem to a place, of which God has said,
Ser. XLII.]
UNIVERSAL OBEDIENCE.
377
• Come out of her. my people ! that ye be not
partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not
-.f her plagues,' Rev. xviii. 4 They build,
key plant, they marry, they give in mar-
riage, and thus they have abused the patience
of thirty -five years, in which they have been
invited to repent I ask again, what rehation
can be so near as to prevail with us to put
K. this kind of lite among the frailties, for
' which evangelical abatements are reserved.
Let us all, as far as providential circum-
stances will allow, follow a profession compa-
tible with OUT duty. Let us do more, let us
endeavour so to arrange nur aft'iirs tliat our
professions may stimuiate us to obedience,
and tliat evry thing around us may direct
our attention to God. Alas ! in spite of all
our precautions, sin will too often carry us
away ; we shall too often forget our Creator,
how loud soever every voice around us pro-
claims his beneficence to us, and his excel-
kncies in himself But how great will our
defection be, if our natural inclinations be
strengthened by the engagements of our
condition ! A kind of lite wicked of itself is
the first sort of sin of which my te.Kt says,
' Whosoever offendeth in one point is guilty
of all.'
2. In the same class we put sinners, who
cherish a darling passion. Few hearts are
so depraved as to be inclined to nil excesses.
Few souls are so insensible lo the grand in-
terest of theii salvation, as to be unwilling
to do an thing towards obtaining salvntion.
But, at the same time, where is the h<\art so
renewed as to have no evil disposition ? And
how few Christions are there, who love their
salv.iti'in so as to sacrifice all to tli« obtw ning
ot it .' The offender, of whom v.e speak,
pretends to compi und with his law giver Is
he inciined to avarice he will say,L.ird!
allow me to gratify my love of money, and I
am ready to give up my disposition to re-
venge. Is he inchncd to revenge ? Jjord !
allow me to be v ndictive, and I will sacrifice
my avarice. Is he dispo cd to voluptuous-
ness.'' Lord ! suffl-r me to retain my Diusilla,
and my Delilali, and my vi^ngrance, my am-
bition, m3' avarice, and everj' thmg else, I
will sacrifice to thee.
A favourite passion is inconsistent with tlie
chief virtue of Clirislianity, with that, which
is tlie life and soul of all others, I mean iJiat
love of God, which pl.ices God supreme in
the heart. A jealous God will accept of none
of our homage, while we refuse him that of
our chief lo e. All tlie sacrifices tliat we
can offer him to purchase a right to retain a
darling sin, are proofs of the empire which
that sin has over us, and of our fixed resolu-
tion to free ourselves from the law cf hun,
who would be, as he ought to be, the supreme
object of our lnve. Do not fancy, that what
we have sail conperniiig involuntary pas-
sions IS applicable to a darling sin, and excul-
pates a favourite passion. One man. wlmse
involuntary passions sometimes hurry him
away, detests iiis own disposition ; but the
other cherishes his. One makes many an ar-
duous attempt to correct his frror : the other
engages to do so ; but he makes promises
pass for performances, and means to get rid of
the last by professing the first. One consi-
ders the grace that tears the deplorable pas-
sion from his heart as a most desirable bene-
fit ; and, even while he falls into his sin, he
considers it as the greatest misfortune of his
life : the other regards him as a mortal enemy
v;ho endeavours to prevail with him to re-
nounce a passion, in tlie gratification of which
! all his happiness depends.
I Let us lay dov.'n the love of God as a
[ foundation of all virtue. Let us love him
I chiefly, who is supremely lovely. Let our
hearts adopt the language of the psalmist,
' Access to God is my supreme good. Whom
have I in heaven but thee, and there is none
upi.n the earth that I desire besides thee,'
Ps Ixxiii. '28. 25. Let us consider and avoid,
as acts of idolatry, all immoderately lively
and affectionate emotions of love to crea-
tures. Let us entertain only a small degree
of attachment to objects, which at most can
procure only a momentary felicity. A fa-
vourite passion is a second disposition of
mind, that renders us gui ty of a violation of
the while law. even while we seem to violate
it only in an inconsiderable part.
3. Finally, Intrutltib e viinds are condemn-
ed in our text. Docility is a touchstone, by
which a d<iubtful piety may be known to be
real or apparent. The royal prophet de-
scribes in the fiftieth psalm such a rigid ob-
servf>r lif the exterior of religion as we speak
of; a man who has the name of God always
in his mouth, and is ever talking of the holi-
ness of his laws ; a man always ready to offer
whole hecatombs in sacrifice ; but who has
not patience to hear a representation of his
duty, and an exhortation to perform it.
The psalmist declares, all this appearance of
devotion, if unaccompanied with docility, is
Useless; yea, more likely to arouse the anger
of God than to obtain his favour. ' Thou
wicked wretch!' says he, in tiie name of
God, to this phantom of piety, who imposes
on the church by his outward appearance,
and who, perhaps, imposes on himself ;
' Thou wicked man, what hast thou to do to
d dare my statutes, or that thou shouldest
take my covenant in thy mouth, see ng ihou
hatest instruct on r' ver. IG. He authorizes
us to use the siuiie language to some of you.
Why this assiduity at church, why this zeal
on Solemn festivals, why this ferv ur at the
Lord's table, seeing you are untcachable ;
seeing you love none but vague maxima of
vi tue and holiness ; seein;r you will not
allow your casuist to enter into some details;
seeing everj' man loses you favour, if he
only hint at your foibles ; seeing your f en-
derest and most faith ul friend would become
susp'-cted directly, yea, would seem n im-
pertinent Censor, the moment he should dis-
cover your faults, and e deavour to make
you acknowledge and reform tliem .'
My brettiren, it we love virtue, we love all
the means that lead to it, and with peculiar
pleasure behold tliem who recommend it.
Nothing is more opposite to that general de-
votedness to the laws of God which my text
prescribes, than a sjiirit inimical against them
who have the courage to control the passions.
' He that turneth away his ear from hearing'
the law, even his prayers shall be aboiiiina-
tion.' Prov. sxviii, 9. ' Whoso loveth instruc-
378
GREAT DUTIES OF RELIGION.
[Seb. XLill.
tion loveth knowledge,' chap. xii. 1. ' The i head,' Ps. cxli. 5. May God always continue
law of the wise is a fountain of life, to de- a succession of such righteous men, and may
part from the snares of death,' chap. xiii. 14. ! he incline our hearts to profit by their instruc-
* Let the righteous smite me, it shall be a I tions ! To him be honour and glory for ever,
kindness ; and let him reprove me, it sliall be Amen,
an excellent oil, which shall not break my I
SERMON XI^III.
THE GREAT DUTIES OF RELIGION.
Matthew xxiii. 23.
Wo unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites ! for ye pay tithe of mint, and
anise, and cummin, and have omitted the iveighfier matters of the law,
ju'lgmenf, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave
the other undone.
We frequently meet with a sort of people
in the world, many of whom neglect the
chief virtues of rehgion, and supply the wunt
of them by performing the least articles of
it ; and others, who perform the chief duties,
and neglect the least. Observe one man,
who cherishes a spirit of bitterness, and is
all swelled witii pride, envy, and revenge ;
by what art has he acquired a reputation of
eminent piety .' By grave looks, by an affect-
ed simplicity of dress, by an assiduity in the
exercises of public worship. See another,
who is all immersed in worldly affairs, whose
life is all consumed in pleasure, who neglects,
and who affects to neglect, both public wor-
ship and private devotion. Ask him how he
expects to escape in a well-regulated society
that just censure which irregular actions, and
a way of living inconsistent with Christian-
ity, deserve. He will tell you, I am a man
of honour, I pay my debts, I am faithful to
my engagemenrs, I never break my word.
"We are going to-day, my brethren, to at-
tack both classes of this inconsistent sort of
people ; and to prove that the practice of
small virtues cannot supply the want of the
chief; and that the performance of the chief
virtues cannot make up for the omission of
the least. These points are determined by
Jesus Clirist in the text. On the one hand,
he denounces a wo against the scribes and
Pharisees, who scrupulously extended their
obedience to the Mosaical law of titlics to
the utmost limits, wiule they violated tlie
more indispensable precepts ofuioraiity. On
the other hand, ho docs not intend to divert
the attention of liis disciples from the least I
duties by enforcing the greatest. ' These
ought ye to have done, and not to leave the
other undone.' As if he had said, your prin-
cipal attention, indeed, should be directed to
equity of judgment, to charitable distribu-
tion of property, and to sincerity of conver-
sation ; but, besides an attention to these, you
should diligently discharge the less consider-
able duty of tithing, and other such obliga-
tions. These are two propositions which I
will endeavour to explain and establish.
They will afford matter for two discourses ;
the first on the chief virtues, and the last on
the least, or, more strictly speaking, the less
considerable. Some preliminary remarks,
however, are absolutely necessary for our
understanding the text.
1. The word that should determine the
sense, is equivocal in the original, and signi-
fies sometimes to exact tithes, and at other
times to pay them. It is used in tlie first
sense in Hebrews, ' the sons of Levi have a
commandment to take tithes of the people ;'
and a little after, ' he whose descent is not
counted from them, received tithes of Abra-
ham,' chap. vii. 5, 6. But, in the gospel of
St. Luke, the word which we have elsewhere
rendered to receive tithes, signifies to pay
them, ' I give tithes,' says the Pharisee, 'of
all that I possess,' chap, xviii. 12.
The ambiguity of this term has produced
various opinions concerning the meaning of
our text. The most laborious and the most
learned of tlie ancient expositors, I mean St.
Jerome, is said to have taken the term in the
first sense. According to this hypothesis,
Jesus Clirist paints the Pharisees here in
colours, which have almost always too well
suited the persons to whom governments
have intrustod the business of taxgathering.
Inhumanity has almost always been their
cliaracter. ' Ye tithe mint, anise, and cum-
min,and j'e omitjudgment, mercy, and faith.'
As if he had said, you tithe inconsiderable
herbs, and you do not reflect, that it is incom-
patible with princii)les both of equity and
mercy to tithe inconsiderable articles, from
which the proprietors derive little or no ad-
vantage. It is not right, that these things
should be subject to such imposts as go-
vernments charge on articles of great conse-
quence.
We embrace the sense of our translators,
and take tlie word to signify here pay tithes.
This sense best agrees with the whole text.
' Ye pay tithes of mint, anise, and cummin,
and have omitted the weightier matters of
law. These ought 3'e to have done, and not
to leave the other undone.' It agrees better
Seb XLIII.]
GREAT DUTIES OF RELIGION.
379
also with the following words, ' Ye strain at
a gnat, and swallow a camel.' This is a pro-
verbial way of speaking, descriptive of that
disposition of mind, which inclines men to
perform inconsiderable duties with a most
scrupulous exactness, and to violate without
any scruple the most essential articles of re-
ligion. The hypocrisy of the Pharisees
would have been less remarkable in an inhu-
man exaction of tithes, than in a parade of
paying them with a rigid nicety. Accord-
ingly, it is a Pharisee who speaks the words
just no^v cited from St Luke, and who reck-
ons scrupulosity among his virtues. ' God, I
thank thoe, that I am not as other men are.
I fast twice in the week, I give tithes of all
that I possess,' that is to say, I pay tithes of
those things which seem to be too inconsi-
derable to be tithed.
2. Our second remark regards the law of
tithes. Tithes were dues payable to God,
and they consisted of the tenth of the pro-
duce of whatever was titlieable. Tiie Jews
pretended, that the example of Abraham,
who paid to God, in the person of Melchise-
dec, his minister, a tenth of the spoils which
he took from the confederate kings of the
plain, ouglit to have the force of a law with
all his descendants. To this mysterious cir-
cumstance they refer the origin of titlies.
Natural religion seems to have inculcated
among the pagans the necessity of paying
this kind of homage to God. We meet with
examples among the heathens from time im-
memorial. With them tithes were consider-
ed as a sacred tax. Hence Pisistratus, a ty-
rant of Alliens, said to the Athenians, in order
to obtain their consent to submit to his au-
thority. Inquire whetlier I appropriate tithes
to myself, and do not religiously carry them
to the temples of the gods. We will not mul-
tiply quotations It shall suffice to say, God
declared to the Israelites, that the land of
Canaan was his, as well as the rest of the
world ; that they should enjoy the produce
of the land, but should be as strangers and
pilgrims, and have no absolute disposal of the
lands themselves. In the quality of sole pro-
prietor he obliged them to pay him homage,
and this is the true origin of tithes. ' All the
tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the
land, or of the fruit of the tree, is the Lord's,'
Lev. xxvii. 30 ; that is, tithe ticlongs to God
of right, and cannot be withheld without
sacrilege.
There were three sorts of tithes, The first
kind was appointed for the support of the
Levites, and was wholly devoted to that pur-
pose, except a fifth, which was taken out for
the pricsis. This was called by the Jews
the first tithe, the provision for God, because
it was dedicated to the maintenance of the
ministers of the temple. ' Bring ye all the
tithes into the store-house, that there maybe
meat in mine house,' Mai. iii. 10. Hence
the Jews thought themselves free from this
kind of tithe, when they liad no temple.
There was a second sort of tithe. Every
head of a family was obliged to carry it hmi-
s«lf to the temple at Jerusalem, and to eat it
there. If he were prevented by distance of
habitation, he was allowed to redeem this tax,
that is to say, he was allowed to pay an
equivalent. A law to this purpose is in
Deuteronomy, ' Thou shalt eat before the
Lord thy God, in the place which he shall
choose to place his name there, the tithe of
thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and
the firstlings of thy herds, and of thy flocks,
that thou mayest learn to fear the Lord thy
God always. And if the way be too long
for thee,' that is to say, if the tithe would
take damage in carrying, ' then shalt thou
turn it into money, and shalt carry it into the
place which the Lord thy God shall choose,'
chap. xiv. ti3. 25.
The third sort of tithes were called the
tithes for the poor. These, it was supposed,
were paid to God, because his benevolence
had, if I may speak agreeably to an expres-
sion of Jesus Christ, incorporated them with
himself. ' Inasmuch as ye have done it unto
one of the least of these my bretbren,ye have
done it unto me,' Matt. xxv. 40. This tithe
was paid every three years. ' At the end of
three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe
of thine increase the same year, and shall lay
it up within the gates. And the Levite, be-
cause he haih no part nor inheritance with
thee, and the stranger, and the fatherlessp
and the widow, which are within thy gates,
shall come, and shall eat, and be satisfied ;
that the Lord thy God may bless thee in all
the work of thine hand, which thou doest/
Deut. xiv. 28, 29.
But what principally regards the sense of
our text is, that the law had not precisely de-
termined what things were titheable. It had
only expressed the matter in general terms.
This had given occasion to two opinions
among the Jews, that of the scrupulous, and
that of the remiss. The remiss affirmed,
that only things of value were titheable. The
scrupulous, among whom the Pharisees held
the first place, extended the law to articles of
the least importance Their rituals ordained,
that all eatables were titheable, and in this
class they put the inconsiderable herbs men-
tioned in the text. They are all specified in
the Talmud. Jesus Christ declares himself
here for the opinion of the Pharisees ; but
what he blamed, and what he detests was,
that they dispensed with the great duties of
religion, under pretence of performmg these,
the least ; and this is the subject we are go-
ing to examine.
I. We will define the great duties of reli-
gion.
II. We will unmask those hypocrites, who
by observing the small duties of religion,
pretend to purchase a right of violating the
chief articles of it. We will endeavour to
develo[)e this kind of devotion, and to show
you the inutility and extravagance of it.
I. What are tlie chief duties of religion i
or, to retain the language of my text, what
are tlie weightier matters of the law?
In some respects all virtues are equal, be-
cause the foundation of our obedience is the
same, that is, the majesty of the Supreme
Legislator, who prescribed all. A man who
should coolly and obstinately violate the
least important duties of religion, would be
no less guilty than he who should violate the
most essential articles of it. His violation of
the least ousrht to be accounted a violation of
sso
GREAT DUTIES OF RELIGfON
[Sek. XLIII.
the greatest, because by sinning in the man-
ner just now mentioned, he would subvert,
as far as he could, the ground of all virtues,
great and stnall. St. James says, ' whosoever
shall keep the whole law, and yet otFeiid in
one point, he is guilty of all," chap. ii. 10. and
the reas in he assigns is. the same G(>d lias
prescribed all, ' For he that said. Do not com-
mit adultery, said also, Do not kill.' Now,
udds the apostle, ' if thou coinni'tno adultery,
yet if thou kill, thou art become a transgres-
sor of the law,' ver. 11. that is to say, thou
subvertest the foundation of the law, that
forbids adultery which thou dost not commit,
as well as that which forbids inimJsr which
thou dost commit. In this respect, then, the
virtues and vices are equal. In this view,
there is no room for distinction between the
more and the less important duties of re-
ligion.
But this, which is incontestable in one
point of view, is not defensible in another.
There are some things in the law niore im-
portant than others ; because, though they
the means that lead to the end. We shall
briefly explain these five rules, and shall leave
them to your mature deliberation.
The first rule is taken from the origin of a
virtue. One virtue originating immediately
\n primitive lavi' is more important than an-
other, an obligation to perform which is
lounded only on some particular circum-
stances; and such viitues as are immediate
consequences of this law, are more iniporiant
than others that are only remotely conse-
quential
Primitive hw is that class of maxims
which derive their authority, not from reveal-
ed law only, but from the eternal truths on
which they are founded, and from the nature
of the intelligent beinos to whom they are
prescribed Such are these : a created intel-
ligence has no right to asume a freedom from
tbe laws of his ( reator : the Being who pos-
sesses supreme perfection, is alone worthy of
supreme adoration : 'Whatsoever ye would
that men should do to you do ye even so to
them,' Matt, vii 12: talents with which I
all proceed from the same tribunal, yet the ' am intrusted by another, ought not to be em-
majesty of God, the lawgiver, was displayed ployed to gratify my particular caprice ; but
in a more e.'^press and solemn manner, in or- they ought to be so used as to enable me to
daining some than others, so that he who vio- give a good account of tlieiii to him who in
lates the first kind of virtues, attacks this trusted me vvith them, and directed the uso
majesty in a more direct manner than he of them. Multiply and enlarge these max-
who is guilty of violatintr only the last. ims, brethren ; I only give you a clew. Vir-
The ditSculty lies in exactly determining tues of this kind are far more important than
the rulsri by which these two classes of vir- others, an obligation to which is founded only
tues hav^, been distinguished. Tiie time al- on particular circumstances. Virtues of this
lotted for a sermon rend'^rs such a discussion last kind oblige only as consequences of the
impracticable. It is, if I niay so speak, es- primitive law, of which I just now spoke ;
sential to all sernn ns preached in this pulpit, and they oblige nn re or les.s, as the conse-
that they be discussed superficially We . quences are more or less remote. To address
must accommodate ourselves to custom, and , consolatr>ry coiivers.ition to a sufferer obliges
briefl',- sketch out the present subject. ; only as a consequence of this primitive vir-
In order to ascertain what virtues ougrht to \ tue, ' Wliatsoever ye would that men should
be arranged among the most important, and do to you, do ye even so to them.' To
what among the leas':, five things must be j comfort an afflicted man by conversing with
distinguished. 1. The origin of a virtue. 1 him, is a consequence more remote from this
2. The duration of it. 3. Its object. 4. Its | primitive virtue than to remove his affliction
influtmce. 5. Its destination. From these by supplying his wants Accordingly, the
distinctions arise five rules.
The fiist rule regard.-- the ori<[ino?a. virtue.
A virtue arising immediately from primitive
law, is more important than others, an oijli-
gation to which arises from some particular
circumstances ; and those which are imme-
virtues of this consequential kind cease to
oblige, when the circumstances that foimd
the obligation cease. Hence it sometimes
happens, these duties annihilate one another.
We must often omit some to discharge
others. We must defer, or wholly omit con-
diate consequences of this law. are more ' solatory conversation, in order to procure and
important than others, which are remotely
consequential.
The second regards the duration of a vir-
tue. A virtue that runs on to eternity, is
more important than another, which belongs
only to the economy of time.
The third rule regard j the object of a virtue.
A virtue, that has a great object, is more im-
portant than another which has an inconsider-
able objei't.
The fourth rule is taken from the infuence
of a virtue. A virtue connected with other
virtues, and moving along Wvth itself very
many others, is more important tu m another
virtue which operates independently and
alone.
The fiflh rule regards the end of a virtue.
A virtue that constitutes the end to wiiich all
religion conducts us, is more important than
other virtues, which at most only promote
administer real supplies. We must omit re-.
lieving a stranger, in order to fly to relieve a
fcli'jvv-citizen. We must coase to relieve one
to whom we are related only as a fellow-citi-
zen, in order to attend to the relief of ano-
ther, who is a iii^mber with us of the house-
hold of faith,' Gal. vi. 10, and so on.
2. Virtues anterior to particular circum-
stances subsist after those circ mstances;
and my second maxim is onlj' the first in u,
different p;)int of view. A virtue perpi?tua-
ted to eternitij is more important than ano-
ther vvhicli is confined within the limits of
time. Now, the virtues that go on toVter-
nity, are the sime wnich oblige prior to all
the particular circumstances of time. The
two r'lles, thnrei'ore, unite; it is one propo-
sed in divers views.
{I(;ar how St. Paul reasons to prove that
charity is more excellent than all the miracu-
See. XLIII.]
GREAT DUTIES OF RELIGION.
381
lous gifts which God bestowed on the primi-
tive Christians. He enumerates these gifts ;
' God hath set in the church, first apostles,
secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after
that miracles, then gifts of healings, helps,
governments, iliversities of tongues,' 1 Cor.
xii. 28. ' But,' adds he, ' covet earnestly the
best gifts : and yet I show unto you a more
excellent way,' ver. 31. Then follows his
encomium upon charity. ' Charity,' or love,
' never faileth : but whether there be prophe-
cies, they shall fail ; whether there be
tongues, they shall cease ; whether there be
knowledge, it shall vanish away,' 1 Cor. xiii.
8. Moreover, he places charity not only
above all miraculous gifts : but he sets it
above all other virtues. ' And now abideth
faith, hope, charity, these three : but the
greatest of these is charity,' ver. 13.
My brethren, what St. Paul said of mira-
culous gifts, and of some virtues, that ' they
fair in comparison with charity, an obliga-
tion to which continues forever, we say of a
thousand particular practices, to which, in-
deed, you are obli-jed, but which are not to
be compared with other great virtues, of the
excellence of which we have been speaking,
and which are ' weightier matters of the
law.' All these particular circumstances
will cease in another life : but these great
virtues, to which we would persuade you to
give the preference, will never cease. In
heaven we can erect no hospitals, visit no
sick people, wipe off no slander : but we
shall be happily united by ties the most
agreeable, the most close, and the most in-
diosoluble. In heaven we shall love one ano
ther with sentiments the most sincere, the
most lively, the most tender ; because we
shall participate the same God, propose to
ourselves the same end, and be forever in the
highest bliss. In heaven we shall have no
temple : we shall eternally enjoy the pre-
sence of God. In heaven we shall not 'take
hold of each otlier's skirts,' Zech. viii. 23,
according to the expression of a prophet,
saying, ' Come, and let us go up to the
mountain of the Lord,' Isa. ii, 3 : but we shall
incessantly animate one another to celebrate
the praises of the Author of our existence
and happiness. In heaven we shall not ap-
proach a taMe t» commemorate, by receiving
a. little bread and wine, our divine Redeemer,
and to hold communion with God ; but we
shall be as closely connected with God as
creatures can be 1o the Creator Those vir-
tues which approach nearest to them that
are anterior to time, and to them that con-
tinue to eternity, are more important than
others, to which circumstances of time oblige
us.
3. Our third rule regards objects of virtue.
A virtue that has a great object, is more im-
portant than those which have small objects.
The answer of Jesus Christ to a I'amous
question in his time is well known. It was
then warmly disputed, ' Which is the great
commandment .'' Some rabbles said, it was
that which appointed phylucte.rics ; others
affirmed, it v\as ihe law of circumcision ;
others again contended for that which ap
pointed sacrifices. No, said Jesus Christ,
none of these commandments merit the high-
3C
est place ; ' the great commandment is, Thou
shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy
heart, with all thy sou;, with all thy strength.'
This law admits of no dispensation, no limi-
tation, no concurrence.
This law, I say, is indispensable : it binds
alike angels and men, and they are only de-
vils who, having precipitated themselves
by the greatest of all crimes into the greatest
of all miseries, are reduced to the dreadful
necessity of hating a God whose perfections
incline him to render them miserable.
This law is unlimited. Others are confined
to a certain sphere ; they cease to be virtues
when they are carried to excess, and what-
ever carries us too far in performing one obli-
■ gation, retrenches another. Excessive jus-
I tice runs into barbarity, and leaves no room
for the exercise of humanity. Excessive
penitence ceases to be repentance, degene-
rates into despair, and leaves no room for
I faith in the promises of mercy made to us in
the gospel. Excessive faith ceases to be
{ faith, degenerates into superstition and pue-
rile credulity, and leaves no room for the
exercise of reason. But who can love God
in an extreme .-" A passion so noble can never
be too vehement, nor can its flames ever burn
with too much ardour.
I This law is without concurrence. The
' great object of our love admits of no rival in
the heart. In m;my cases we ought to sacri-
fice one duty, which has God for its object, to
; another that has a neighbour for its object.
: It would be better to absent one's self from
the external duties of religion, than to ne-
' gleet a dying parent. Love to God, in this
case, is not in opposition to love for a fellow-
creature. God himself requires us in such a
j case to suspend a performance of ritual ser-
j vice, and to bend all our attention to relieve
' a dying parent. The love then shewn to a
I dying parent is a necessary consequence of
loving God, ofth^t primitive love from which
all other loves proceed. Whenever the love
of God and tJie love of our neighbour are in
opposition, so that we cannot perform the
last Vv'ithout neglecting the first, we need not
hesitate ; love to God must be preferred be-
fore love to creatures. The most lawful at-
tachments become criminal, when they dimi-
nish, yea when they divide, the regard that
we ought to have for God. ' No man can
serve two masters.' ' He that loveth father
or mother, or son or daughter, more than me,
is not worthy of mc.' ' Thou shalt love the
Loid thy God with all thy heart, and with all
t!iy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the
first and great commandment,' Matt. vi. 24 ;
X. 17 ; and xxii. 36, 37.
The objects of some virtues, which regard
our neighbour, are greater than others of the
same class. Charity which respects the life
of a neighbour, is greater than that which
regards his fortune. The charity which re-
gards his salvation, is greater than that
which regards his life ; the objects are
greater.
The same may be said of virtues which re-
gard ourselves. The rule is certain. A vir-
tue which has a great object is more impor-
tant than another which has a small object.
4. Our fourth rule regards the influence of
382
GREAT DUTIES OF RELIGION.
[Ser. XLIII.
virtues. Every virtue connected with other
virtues, and drawing after it many more, is
greater than any single and detached virtue.
The influence of virtues proceeds in some
cases from the relations of him who per-
forms them, and in others from the nature
of the virtues themselves.
The virtues of a minister of state, and
those of a minister of Christ, are of far
greater importance in the execution of tlieir
offices than the other virtues of the saine
men which they practice as private pers^ons
in the comparative obscurity of their families.
It is a very virtuous action in a statesman to
provide good tutors for his children; but it is
a far more virtuous action in him to prefer
able professors in a university. The first in-
fluence only his family, and last the whole
state. The same reasoning holds in the case
of a minister of Christ, and of every other
person, always proportioning, however, the
duty to the relation that eacii bears in the
world.
Sometimes the influence of a virtue is es-
sential to the nature of the virtue itself. It
is a virtue to bestow on a beggar a sum suffi-
cient to free him from the necessity of beg-
ging ; but it is a far more virtuous action to
put him in a capacity of supporting himself;
fur by this means he is not only freed from
the temptations of poverty, but fi'om those of
idleness, the parent of all vice and misery.
.By this means, you make a good member of
society, a good father of a family, a good
Christian in the Church, and so on.
What has been said on the difference of
virtues, both in this and in the former rules,
may be applied to the difference of vices.
Vicious actions of extensive influence ought
to be considered as more odious than otiiers
of confined eflTects. It is certainly a detesta-
ble action to utter, in excesses of debauchery,
any maxims injurious to religion and good
manners: but it is incomparably more de-
testable, coolly and deliberately to pen, print,
Publish, extend, and perpetuate these maxims,
'here is no pretext specious enough to pal-
liate the permission of such publications, as
there are no colours black enough to describe
the audacious authors of such books.
No, neither that spirit of toleration, which
produces such innumerable blessings where
it reigns, nor that freedom of commerce,
which, v/here it is allowed, enriches nations,
and renders them so flourishing and formida-
ble ; no, no pretext can palliate the liberty,
or rather the licentiousness ihat we deplore.
The law of God ordained that a blasphemer
should be stoned, and this law was executed
in all its rigour by the Jewish legislature.
Have Christians more right to blaspheme
God than Jews had .' H;is the Christian
magistrate a greater right to exercise indul-
gence towards blaspliemers than Jewish ma-
gistrates had .'
But if no pretext can be invented to pal-
liate a permission of such publications, who
can furnish colours black enough to describe
tlie publishers of them .'' Thou nuserable
wretch, who, in ord<ir to obtain the empty
reputation of an author, and to acquire the
false glory of writing with vivacity and
beauty, coverest th3self with real infamy,
what madness animates thee ! wretch ! who
spreadest the poison of thy corruption, not
only through thy own circle, but through all
the countries where thine infamous produc-
tions go ; infecting not only thy contempora-
ries, but all others who succeed thee ; what
punishment proportioned to thy malice can
be infl'cted on thee ! Miserable wretch !
methinks 1 distinguish thee hereafter in the
crowd of victims, which the vengeance of
God sacrifices in hell. Methinks I see thee
amidst the unworthy captives, whom thy
writings subdued to Satan, and I hear them
address this frightful language to thee : Thou
barbarian ! was it not enough for thee to de-
light thyself with error and vice, didst thou
aspire at the glory of giving a relish for it I
Was it not enough to exclude thyself from
eternal happiness, must heaven also be shut
against us, by thine abominable maxims as
well as thy pernicious example ! Was it not
enough to precipitate thyself into those
flames, must we be drawn after thee .' Thou
wast our betrayer in time, and we will be thy
tormentors through all eternity.
Finally, the last rule to distinguish virtues
the most important of others of inferior im-
portance, is taken from the end of each. A
virtue that constitutes the end to which all
religion conducts us, is more important than
other virtues which at most are only means to
lead to the end. What is the end and design
of all religion .' Can there be one among u.s
so great a novice in the school of Jesus
Christ as to want an answer to this question ?
Let us hear St. Paul, ' Christ loved the
church, and gave himself for it, that he might
sanctify it, and that he might present it to
himself a glorious church, not having spot or
wrinkle, or any such thing, but that it should
be holy and without blemish,' Eph. v. 2o — ^27.
This is the end of religion. In order to ob-
tain this end, we are dedicated to God in
baptism as soon as we are born. In our in-
fancy we are inspired with a piety of preju-
dice in hope that in time we may imbibe a
rational piety. As soon as our minds unfold
their powers we ate taught to know our Cre-
ator. As we ripen in years and knowledge,
tutors are provided for us, and we are con-
ducted to places of public worship erected to
the glory of our Creator ; there being assem-
bled we are invited to celebrate solemn festi-
vals ; there we are taught whence we came
and whither we go, what we are and what we
ought to be, what we should believe, and what
we ought to practice : we are led by the exer-
cise of prayer to the source of all that assist-
ance which is necessary to enable us to sur-
mount the obstacles which nature, example,
and habit, in spite of an education the most
rigid and holy, oppose to our sanctification ;
there we are made to ratify, by engagements
the most solemn and binding, at the table of
the Lord, all that had been promised for us at
our baptism. Now what are all these practi-
ces ? Are they not means to conduct us to
the end of religion ? Let us then put every
thing in it.s proper place ; let us value the
means only as they lead to the end ; and let
us not imagine, when we have lost sight of
the end, that we do any thing to purpose by
continuing to make use of the means.
I
Sek. XLIII.]
GREAT DUTIES, OF RELIGION.
383
Here, my brethren, I finish my essay ; for
the rules laid down are sufficient to enable us
to perceive the reasons which induced Josus
Christ t« rank the virtues enumerated, judg-
ment, faith, and mercy, among the weightier
matters of thf. hew. Can we refuse this ranis
to what Jesus Christ calls judgment ; tliat is,
attentive, impartial, incorruptible ju;-ticc ;
such equity as that which engages a judge to
go through the fatigue of a long and painful
discussion of an intricate subject, to disre-
gard the appearance of persons, never to
suffer himself to be blinded by gifts, to deter-
mine a point and decide a cause only by the
justice or injustice of it ? Can we refuse
this rank to mercy, that is, to that benevo-
lence which inclines us always to tolerate the
tolerable infirmities of our neighbours, to
excuse them when any excuse can be made
for them, to conceal and correct them, rather
than to envenom and publish them ; or, to
use the language of St. Paul, can we refuse
to place in the highest order of virtues that
charity ' which sufTereth long and is kind,
which vaunteth not itself, which is not puffed
up, which doth not behave itself unseemly,
seeketh not its own, is not easily provoked,
thinketh no evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity,
beareth, believeth, hopeth, cndureth all
things,' 1 Cor. xiii. 4. &c. My God, what a
description ! My God, how seldom is this
virtue practised, how little is it understood,
even among Christians ! Finally, can wo
refuse to place among the weightier matters
of the law, what Jesus Christ calls faith,
that is, such a rectitude and candour as all
the world praise, though few practise, the
virtue that makes a man sincere in his pro-
fessions, steady in his friendships, punctual in
his contracts, faithful in all his engagements ?
Our attempt, our rules may serve to convince
you, that these virtues ought to be placed in
the highest rank, and that their places cannot
be supplied by a punctual payment of tithes,
or by any other duties of the same class.
This is so clear that it is needless to add any
thing more on this article.
II. What Ave proposed to treat of in the
second place demands a greater attention.
We engaged to unmask such of our hearers
as endeavour to acquire by the performance
of less important duties, a right to neglect
other duties of the highest cla^s and of the
utmost importance. And yet I have neither
time nor courage to fulfil this engagement.
All that the few remaining moments, all that
the delicacy, or, if I may venture to use tiie
words of an apostle, all that the ' itching
ears' of our times will allow me to do, is to
set you a task. This is it. Recollect our
rules, avail yourselves of them to enable you
to form a just notion of your state ; and to
exemplify in a few articles what we cannot
fully investigate, let one avail himself of our
rules to enable him to make a just estimate
of the decency of his outward deportment ;
let another judge by these of the value of
those sacrifices which he has made for re-
ligion ; another of his assiduity in attending
public worship ; and another of the encomi-
imis which he makes on the dead, and which
he hopes his survivors will after his decease
make on him
You are a man of a grave deportment. All
the virtues seem painted in your countenance,
your eyes habitually roll towards heaven, the
smallest hiadvertence oll'ends and provokes
you, your mouth never opens but to utter
moral sentences ; and yet you are proud and
affronted at a .smile, a look, the least indica-
tion of incivility Every body knows you
are always full of your own importance, your
reputation, your rank, and what is still worse,
your virtue. It should seem you are afraid of
defiling yourself by touching other men, and
always exclaiming by your actions, if not in
so many words, ' Stand by thyself, com
not near me, for I am holier than thou,' Isa.
Ixv. 5. How little progress soever we have
made in the knowledge of the human heart,
and in the art of discerning the pretences,
under which the most haughty souls conceal
their pride, it is easy enough to see that what
you esteem above all other things is self Ah 1
' wo be to you !' you ' pay tithe of mint, anise,
and cummin ;' but ' omit the weightier mat-
ters of the huv.' Do 1 impose on you ? What
place then does humility occupy in your sys-
tem of morality .■" What value do you set up-
on humility, that virtue of which Jesus Christ
has given you so man}- excellent descriptions,
and so many amiable piodels ?
You have made grcnt sacrifices for religion.
You have left your coiu.iry and your fortune,
your honour and your family, yea, your all, to
follow Jesus Christ : y;;t, were we to judge of
your intention by your actions, we should af-
firm that you followed him only to have a
fairer opportunity to inwult and betray him.
It is notorious that you violate, without re-
morse, the most essential laws of that religion,
for the sake of which you made such noble
sacrifices. In this exile, to wliich you volun-
tarily condemned 3'ourself for the sake of re-
ligion, we see you covetous, envious, revenge-
ful, wearing, and glorying to wear, the livery
of the world. Ah ! ' wo be to you !' you pay
' tithe of mint, anise, and cummin :' but omit
' the v^'eightier matters of the law.' I ask
again, do I impose on you .'' What place, then,
does the practical part of religion occupy in
your system .'' Is Christianity less proposed
to your heart than to jour mind ? Is the per-
son from whom it proceeds, less jealous of
his precepts than of his doctrines ? Satisfied
that his disciples ' say Lord, Lord,' is he in-
different whether they perform or omit what
he commands ■'
You are assiduous in attending public wor-
ship. You are scrupulnusly exact in the per-
formance of every part. Our festivals are
delicious days to you ; but alas ! devotion
sours your temper, and you become insuffer-
able as you grow devout. You make your
friends martyrs ; you treat your children like
slaves, and your domestics like animals of a
species different from your own. You are
more like a fury than a man. Your house is
a hell, and it seems as if you came into a
Christian church only to learn of the God,
who is worshipped there, the art of becoming
a tormentor of mankind. Ah ! ' Wo be to
3'ou ! you pay tithe of mint, anise, and cum-
min ;' but 'you omit the weightier matters of
the law.' I ask again. Do I impose on you?
What rank, then, in your system does dis-
384
GREAT DUTIES OF RELIGION
[Ser. XLIII.
cretion occupy r Where is that spirit of pru-
dence, patience, gentleness, and goodness,
which the inspired writers so often repeat,
and so powerfully recommend in their writ-
ings ?
You celebrate the praises of your dying
friend, and incessantly exclaim, ' How com-
fortably he died !' If you do not go so far as
to place your departed friends, who in your
opinion died in such a Christian manner,
among the number of the gods, you do place
them without scruple in the number of the
saints. This sort of encomium is a model of
that at which you aspire ; hence you often
exclaim, speaking of your good departed
friend, ' Let me die his death, and let my last
end be like his!' Numb, xxiii. 10. When
you are seized v/ith any illness that threatens
your life, you put on all the exterior of reli-
gion. I see one minister after another sit-
ting at your bed-side. I hear your constant
sobs and groans. Here is nothing but weep-
ing, and sighing, and holy ejaculations; but
I stand listening to hear you utter one other
word, that is, restitution, and that I never
hear. I never hear you say, as Zaccheus
said, ' If I have taken any thing from any
man by false accusation, I restore him four-
fold,' Luke xix. 8. I never see your colFers
disgorge the riches you have obtained by
extortion ; you never hear, or never feel^ the
cries ' of the labourers, which have reaped
down your fields, whose hire is of you kept
back by fraud, the cries of whom are entered
into the ears of the Lord of Sabbaoth,' James
V. 4. You choose rather to set at defiance
all those terrible judgments which God has
denounced against extortioners than to part
with your idol, gain ; j^ou would rather trans-
mit your fortune under a curse to your pos-
terity than restore what you and your ances-
tors have extorted. Ah ! ' Wo be to you !
you pay tithe of mint, anise, and cummin ;
but you omit the weightier matters of the law,
judgment, faith, and mercy !'
My brethren, it is a deplorable thing, that
when we treat of such an important subject
as this, we are obliged to pay more attention
to the delicacy of our hearers than to the
weight of the subject. But in the name of
God, do you yourselves finish the list of those
articles which timidity, (or, shall I say, cau-
tion.'') forbids me to extend. Go up to the
origin of that disposition which I have been
opposing. It must proceed from one ni' three
principles ; it must come from either narrow-
ness of mind, or hypocris}', or a criminal
composition.
Perhaps it may proceed from littleness of
mind. We arc enslaved by external appear-
ance. We determhie ourselves by semblances
In the world more reputation is acquned by
the shadow than by the substance of virtue.
By habituating ourselves to this kind of impo-
sition, we bring ourselves to believe that God
will suffer himself to be imposed on in the
same manner. 'These things hast thou done,'
says he by the mouth of a prophet, ' and thou
thoughtest that I was altogether such a one
as thyself,' Ps. I. 21. VVe insensibly per-
suade ourselves, that, provided we hft our
eyes to heaven, God will think our hearts are
elevated thither ,; provided we kneel before
the throne of God, he will think our hearts
bow with our bodies; provided we mutter a
ikw prayers, God will accept us as if we form-
ed ideas and performed acts of love. This is
littleness of mind.
Sometimes it proceeds from hypocrisy.
Jesus Christ repioached the Pharisees with
this The Pharisees were attached to reli-
gion no farther than as it acquired them re-
putation in the world. But I will not insist
on this article. I freely acknowledge , I had
almost said I lament, that hypocrisy is 7iot the
vice of our age. Piety is now so little re-
spected, that we need not much suspect peo-
ple of aiming to acquire reputation by pro-
fessing it ; yea, perhaps, it may oftener hap-
pen that they who really have some degree of
it conceal it in order to escape contempt, than
that others who have none, affect to possess
it in order to acquire public esteem.
Sometimes also this disposition of mind
proceeds from a criminal composition. We
have the face to compound with God. We
are willing to perforin the external part of
religion, provided he will dispense with the
internal part : we are ready to offer sacrifices
provided he will dispense with obedience ; we
are willing to do what costs our depravity
nothing, or next to nothing, if he will dis-
pense with what would cost it much.
Let us finish. One maxim, which I en-
treat you to retain in memory, is the essence
of my subject, and the spring that gives force
to all the exhortations which I have address
ed to you in the latter periods of this dis
course. This maxim is, that a Christian is
obliged by his heavenly calling, not only to
practice all virtues, but to place each in its
proper rank; to give more application to such
as merit more application, and to give most
of all to such as require most of all.
On this principle, what an idea ought we
to form of that mercy or benevolence, which
my text places among the weightier matters
of the laic ? You have heard the value of this
in the body of this discourse. Such virtues
as have God for their object are more im-
portant than others, which have our neighbor
for their object. But God, in order to engage
us to benevolence, has taught us to consider
benevolence to our neighbours as one of the
surest evidences of our love to himself. He
unites himself with the pool ; he clothes him
self, as it were, with their miseiies ; and he
tells us, ' inasmuch as ye do good unto one of
the least of these, ye do it unto me,' Matt.
XXV. 40. What a sublime idea ! From what
a fund of love does such a benevolent decla-
ration proceed ! And, at the same tiinCj
what a motive to aninsate us to benevolence.
This virtue, to the practice of which we
perpetually exhort you, ought to be extra-
ordinarily exerted, my dear brethren, now
that God visits us with a sort of judgment, I
mean the excessive rigour of this winter. It
is not a judgment upon you, rich men, God
loads you with temporal blessings; but it
falls upon you, miserable lobourers, whose
hands, benumbed with cold, are rendered in-
capacle of working, the only way you have
of procuring a morsel of bread for yourselves
and your families : upon you, poor old people,
struggling at the same time against the in-
Skr. XLIV.]
SMALL DUTIES OF RELIGION.
385
firmities of old age and the rigours of the
season: upon you, innocent victims to hunger
and cold, who have no provision except cries
and tears, and whom I see more dead than
alive around a lire that emits less heat than
smoke: upon you, wretched sick people,
lodged in a hovel open on all sides to the
weather, and destitute of both nourishment
and clothing. Is it wrong to call a cause
producing such tragical effects a judgment ?
Must I justify the term by reasons more con-
vincing ; I am ashamed to allege them.
Without pretending to answer for the fact
(it is an affair too mortifying for some of us to
investigate,) we are assured, that some have
perished with cold. I do not know who is in
fault, but I recollect the complaint which St.
Paul addressed to the Corintihians, when in-
cest had been committed in their city.
' What I' said he, ' have ye heard of this deed,
and have ye not covered yourselves with
mourning ?' 1 Cor. v. 1, 2. What, my dear
brethren, in a Christian society, do we see
such events ; do we behold the poor dying
with cold, without being touched in our in-
most souls, without inquiring into the cause
of such a misfortune, without applying pro-
proper means to prevent such things in fu-
ture .'
With this pious design, the dispensers of
your bounty will again humbly wait at the
door of this church to receive your charitable
contributions, in order to enable them to-day
plentifully to supply the wants of such as
perhaps may die to-day, if they be not reliev- 1
ed. With the same pious views, they have
besought the magistrates to grant them an
extraordinary collection, and next Wednesday
they intend to conjure you by those shocking
objects, with which their own minds are af-
fected, and with which they have thought it
their duty to affect ours, to afford such relief
as may be necessary to prevent the many
evils, with which the remainder of the winter
yet threatens us.
It you accuse me of applying too often to
you on this subject, I answer, my importunity
is your glory. You have affectionately habi-
tuated me to see you accessible, and myself
successful, when I speak to you on subjects
of this kind. I hope I shall always find you
the same ; I hope you will not be ' weary in
well doing,' 2 Thess. ii. 13. I hope the voice
of so many wretched petitioners as beseech
you by my mouth, will not sound in vain in
this Christian assembly. Hear it, you happy
natives of these provinces, whom God dis-
tinguishes by so many favours. Hear it, my
dear countrymen, whom Heaven has enrich-
ed in your exile, and who, after having your-
selves been a long time in want of assistance
are now so able to assist others. Hear it,
generous strangers, who sometimes mi.\ your
devotions with those which we offer to God
in this house ; contribute to our charities,
and share with us the blessings which they
procure. God grant us all grace to do his
will. To the Father, to the Son, and to the
Holy Ghost, be honour and glory for ever.
Amen.
SERMON XLIV.
THE SMALL DUTIES OE RELIGION.
Matthew xxiii. 23.
JVo unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites I for ye pay tithe of mint,
anise, and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law,
judgment, mercy, and faith : these ought ye to have done, and not to leave
the other undone.
In Older to form a just notion of the little du-
ties of religion, of which we are about to'
treat, we must avoid a disposition to fastidi-
ous nicety, and an inclination to panics or
groundlea fears.
Nothing is more opposite to the genius O'
religion than whut I call a fastidious nicety,
a sort of trifling spirit. It is incompatible
with the greatness of God, whom we serve,
and the excellence of rational creatures, to
whom religion is proposed. It is inconsistent,
too, with the importance of those engagements
to which the gospel calls us, and with the
magnitude of those objects which it proposes
to our faith.
What condemns a trifling spirit censures also
an inclination to groundless fears. For exam-
ple, a Christian seriously prepares himself for
the Lord's supper ; when he partakes of it, a
wandering thought ahirms him, and he is filled
with terror, as if he had committed a high
crime against God. But can we imagine, that
God is setting snares lor us, while he is giving
us tokens of his love. ^ Who can presume to
approach the table of the Lord, I do not say
worthily, but possibly, if there were any
ground f9r such panics as these .'' Do you
think you do honour to God, by attributing
to him a turn for such comparatively insigni-
ficant niceties (forgive the expression, I can-
not convey my meaning without it), a dispo-
sition, I think, which you would hardly sup-
pose in a sensible man .' Can you suppose
that God loves you with less wisdom, and less
condescension, than you love your children ^
\ Far from us be such odious thoughts ! Re-
386
SMALL DUTIES OF RELIGION.
[Ser. XLIV.
member, ' the spirit which ye have received,
is not a spirit of bondage to fear ; but a spirit
of adoption,' Rom. viii. 15. Remember, ye
are ' not children of the bond woman ; but of
the free,' Gal. iv, 31. 'Stand fast then in
that inestimable liberty wherewithChrist hath
made you free,' chap. v. 1. 'Give of such
things as ye have, and behold all things are
clean unto you,' Luke xi. 41. Be fully per-
suaded that in a religion of love, love excuses
much infirmity, and sets a value on seemingly
inconsiderable actions, which appear to have
only a very remote connexion with the dispo-
sition whence they pi-oceed.
In what, then, you will ask, consist what
we call small or little duties ? What are the
* less weighty things of law,' which Jesus
Christ says we ' ought not to leave undone,'
after we 'have done the more weighty things?'
My brethren, the duties of which we speak
to-day, ought not to be accounted Utile, ex-
cept when they are compared with other du-
ties, which are of greater importance ; and,
as we said last Lord's day, because tliey are
consequences more remote from original pri-
mitive right. However, though little duties
do not proceed so directly and immediately as
great duties do, yet do they proceed from the
same origin ; and though they are not the first
links of the chain of Christian virtues yet
Ihey are as truly connected with the origin as
the first.
Choose of the list of moral virtues any one
that seems the least important and I will justi-
fy my idea of it. For instance, to be affable
and accessible, to give attention to the tiresome
tale of a tedious fellow-Christian in some
difiiculty, this is one of the very least duties
that we can enjoin you, this is one of the
'less weighty matters of the law.' Who
■will pretend to compare this with what you
ought to do for this man in other cases ? You
ought to supply his wants when he is on a sick
bed, to defiend his reputation when it is at-
tacked, to support and provide for his family
when it falls to decay. This first little duty,
however, small as it may appear, proceeds
from the same principle of primitive law as
the last great duties do. This law is express-
ed in these words, ' All things whatsoever ye
Would that men should do unto you, do ve
even so to them,' Matt. vii. 12. Would
any one of you be convinced of this .' Put
j'ourselves in the place of this man, Suppose
a person elevated as much above you as you
pretend to be above him, would it not mortify
you if he either refused to hear you at all,
or gave you only a careless negligent au-
dience i" Let each of you my brethren, en-
large this thought, and by applying it to him-
self let him juilge whether my proposition be
not sufficiently clear.
I carry my proposition farther still. I affirm,
not only that there is no duty so small in the
moral law as not to proceed from primitive
original right, but that God never prescribed
an observance so insignificant in the ceremonial
law as not to proceed from the same origin.
'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all
thy heart,' Deut. vi. 5, this is the first princi-
ple of primitive law. If we ought to love
God with all our hearts, we ought carefully
to observe all the means which he has ap-
pointed to cherish this love. Now, these
means vary according to the various circum-
stances in which they to whom the means
are prescribed may be. A worship charged
with ceremonies would serve only to extin-
guish emotions of love, if prescribed to people
in some conditions ; yet the same sort of wor-
ship would inflame the love of other people
in diflferent circumstances. The Jews were
in the last case. Born and brought up in sla-
very, employed, as they were, in manual oc-
cupations, they would have been destitute of
all ideas under an economy without ceremo-
nies. Surrounded with idolatrous nations, and
naturally inclined, as they were, to idolatry,
it was necessary, in order to prevent their co-
pying such wretched examples, to which they
had strong propensities and inducements, I
say, it was necessary, if I may venture to
speak so, not to give them opportunity to
breathe, to keep tliem constantly employed in
some external action, every moment of the
time devoted to religion.
Christians, I allow, are in circumstatces al-
together different. A mass of ceremonies
would serve only to veil the beauty of that
God, whom ' no man had seen at any time'
before the advent of Christ, and whom ' the
only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of
the Father, hath declared,' John i. 18. What-
ever contributes to the concealment of the
perfections of this God, damps that !ove which
a contemplation of them inspires. Yet, as we
are full of infirmities on this earth, we want
a few signs to produce and cherish in us the
love of God, Where is the man who is ca-
pable of a devotion all disengaged from sense ?
Who can fix his eyes immediately on • the
sun of righteousness ?' Mai, iv. 2. Where
is the man who is capable of such abstract
meditations and pure emotions as constitute the
worship of angels and seraphim .'' Alas ! my
soul, how difficult is recollection to thee, even
with all the assistance of a religious ceremo-
nial ! How hard dost thou find it to maintain
a spirit of devotion even in this place, in this
concourse of people, with all these voices, and
with those ordinances which are appointed
for the maintenance of it ! What wouldst
thou do, wert thou left to thine own medita-
tions only, to practise a piety altogether
spiritual, and free from external action ?
Let us finish this article. The least impor-
tant parts of ceremonial worship, as well as
the least virtues of morality, which we call
little duties, or the 'less weighty matters of
the law,' proceed from primitive law, by
consequences more remote, but as real as
those of the most important duties.
What we have been saying of the nature of
little duties, demonstrates the obligation of
them. They all proceed from primitive law.
You cannot, therefore, neglect the perform-
aiicp of them, without confining what ought
to be infinite.
But tnis is too vague. We will treat of the
subject more at large, and in order to enable
Ser. XLIV.]
SMALL DUTIES OF RELIGION.
387
you more fully to perceive your obligation to
Utile duties, I will speak of them in four dif-
ferent views, each of which will open a field
of reflections.
I. They contribute to maintain a tenderness
of conscience.
II. They are sources of re-conversion after
great falls.
III. They make up by their frequency
what is wantino; to their importance.
IV. They have sometimes characters as
certain of real love as the great duties
have.
Now, my brethren, whatever engages us
to the performance of little duties, must pre-
serve us from the commission of what the
world calls little sins. This is all I have to
propose to you at present.
I. ^n exact performance of little duties
maintains teyiderness of conscience. By con-
seience I mean that instant, and in some sort,
involuntary approbation of our own conduct,
when we discharge our obligations, and that
sentence of condemnation which we cannot
help denouncing against ourselves, whenever
We are so unhappy as to violate them. In
the language of St. Paul, it is ' the work of
the law written in our hearts, our thoughts
accusing or else excusing one another,' Rom.
ii. 13.
Conscience, considered in this point of light,
is the same in our souls in regard to salvation
as the senses are in our bodies in regard to
health and life. The ofiBce of our senses is
to inform us, by the short method of sensation,
of whatever may be hurtful or beneficial to
our bodies. If when any exterior body ap-
proached us, we were always obliged to mea-
sure its size, to examine its configuration, to
judge by the laws of motion, action, and re-
action, whether its approach would be hurtful
or beneficial to us, our frail machine would be
crushed to atoms before we could finish the
discussion. If it were necessary always be-
fore we took any nourishment, to examine
the nature of the aliments before us, to un-
derstand the properties and efiects of th?m,
we should die with hunger before we had fin-
ished our researches. God has enabled the
senses of our bodies to supply the place of te-
dious discussions. This beautiful economy is
never disconcerted except when our bodies arc
disordered.
It is exactly the same in regard to con-
science. If always when it was necessary to
determine the morality of an action, wp were
obliged to turn over a large class of books, to
consult our casuists, and to examine a whole
system of rectitude, what would become of
us .' The short way of sentiment supplies the
place of all this discussion. A sudden horror,
excited by the idea of a crime which we are
tempted to commit, a secret joy, excited by
the idea of a virtue, which we are going «o
practise, are, in urgent cases, systems, books,
and casuists to us. When we lose this moral
sense, we loose our best guide, and are then
exposed to an infallible misery of proceedini
from one error to another, from a first perni-
cious practice to a second, and so in the end to
a gulf of final wretchedness.
Such being the design of conscience, the end
for which God has appointed it, we can never
be too diligent to avoid those things which im-
pair it, as, on the other hand, we can never ap-
ply ourselves too eagerly to such practices as
contribute to improve and perfect it. Now, I
affirm, that the first of these effects is produced
by allowing ourselves to commit little sins, and
the second by an exact performance of little
duties.
The commission of little sins leads on to the
perpetration of great crimes ; and we cannot
assure ourselves that we should religiously
practise great virtues, unless we scrupulously
discbarge other obligations comparatively
small. Of the many examples which present
themselves to my mind, which shall I select to
elucidate this subject ? Where originate the
vexations caused by those publick robbers,
who are the scourge of many a country > In
a neglect of small virtues, in a practising of
what are called little sins. At first the man
transgressed in a small degree the laws of fru-
gality and modesty. Not content with a con-
venient situation, he aspired to make a figure.
His table became in his eyes too plain, he
wished it might be furnished, not as formerly
with plenty, but with taste and expensive de- /
licacy. To compass these designs, he was ob-
liged to exceed his income. His lawful in-
come not being sufficient, he supplied his pres-
sing necessities by means which at first sight
seemed not very blamable : he borrowed mo-
ney. After some time his creditor became
troublesome, at length formidable ; at first he
solicited, at last he threatened. The wretched
debtor a while thought he must deliver him-
self up to his creditor; at length he saw him-
self reduced to the necessity either of retrench-
ing his expenses, or of transgressing a little the
maxims of severe equity : he determined on
the last, and availed himself of the property
of others for whom he was in trust, intending,
however, to replace it the first opportunity.
Such an opportunity never happened ; and the
same motives that induced him to begin this
vicious course of action engages him to perse-
vere in it. Hence comes his venality, hence
his public frauds, hence his base inclination to
make sale of both church and state whenever
he can find purchasers to come up to his price.
There is a virtue which we cannot fully
treat of without danger. To enforce the prac-
tice of some virtue is sometimes to excite a dis-
position to violate it. To describe exactly the
dangers which must be avoided by those who
would practise the virtue of which I now
speak, would be to increase the number of de-
linquents. But whence, think ye, come the
utmost excesses of voluptuousness, and the
enorm lus crimes which its votaries have been
capable of perpetrating, in order to cover the
scandal of having yielded to it? Both proceed
from a neglect of little duties and a commis-
f ion of little sins. I will here borrow the lan-
guage of the most eloquent and polite writer
of his time. ' Voluptuousness at first is no-
tj88
SMALL DUTIES OF RELIGION.
[Ser. XLIV.
thing but an unintentional curiosity. It pro-
ceeds from an affection apparently lawful. A
little worldly complaisance mixes with it.
The mind by little and little turns to its ob-
ject; the heart softens and dissolves. Means
to please are sought. Inquietude follows and
presses. Sight kindles desire. Desire en-
gages to see. Certain vague wishes, at first
not perceived, form themselves in the soul.
Hence criminal familiarities, scandalous in-
trigues, continual agitations, and all the other
consequences of a passion, fatal, restless, and
unsatisfied, whether it be gratified or not.'*
So true is what we have affirmed, that, by
neglecting the least virtues, we acquire a ha-
bit of neglecting others of the greatest impor-
tance. So true is it, that we prepare our-
selves to practise the greatest crimes, by prac-
tising what are called little sins. We conclude,
then, that exactness in performing little duties
cherishes tenderness of conscience. This is
our first reflection.
II. We affirm, in the second place, that
small duties are sources of re-conversion after
great falls. Some passages of Scripture have
occasioned a difficult case of conscience, which
is this: Is the practise of little duties altogether
useless to those who neglect great ones ; and,
all things considered, would it not be better for
a man who neglects the important obligations,
to omit the performance of small duties, than
practice the last, while he neglects the first ?
This question rises out of these passages,
' To what purpose is the multitude of your
sacrifices to me ? sailh the Lord. I am full
of the burnt-offering of rams, and the fat of
fed beasts, and I delight not in the blood of
bullocks, or of lambs, or of he goats. When
ye come to appear before me, who hath re-
quired this at your hand to tread my courts ^
Bring no more vain oblations, incense is an
abomination unto me, the new moons and sab-
baths, the calling of assemblies, I cannot away
with,' Isa. i. 11 — 13, 'The sacrifice of the
wicked is an abomination to the Lord,' Prov.
XV. 8 ' 1 spake not unto your fathers in the day
that I brought them out of the land of Egypt
concerning burnt offerings and sacrifices ; but
this thing commanded I them, saying. Obey
my voice,' Jer. vii. 22, 23. 'He that killeth
an ox, is as if he slew a man ; he that sa-
crificeth a lamb, as if he had cut off a
dog's neck ; he that offereth an oblation, as if
he offered swine's blood ; he that luirncth in-
cense, as if he blessed an idol,' Isa. Ixvi. 3.
•Unto the wicked, saith God, What hast thou to
do to declare thy statutes, or that thou shouldest
take thy covenant in thy mouth? Ps. 1 16.
These passages, which might be easily mul-
tiplied, seem to determine the question that
was just now proposed, and to establish the
opinion of those who affirm, that men ought
either to leave off the practice of small du-
ties, if they determine to neglect great obliga-
tions, or to perform great obligations if they
continue to practise small duties. There are,
however, some celebrated casuists, whose mo-
•Flprhier. Panecvr. de St. Bernard.
rality in some cases may deserve censure, al-
though they are not censured at Rome, ex-
cept for what merits applause; these casuists,
I say, have decided the question differently,
and I cannot help submitting to their reasons.
I have more hope of a man who attends pub-
lic worship, though he derive no advantage
from it, than of him who has resolved for
ever to absent himself. I have more hope of
a man who performs only the most superficial
parts of the laws of benevolence, than of him
who resolves to violate those, and all the rest
too. I have more hope of him who suspends
the exercise of bis passions only the day be-
fore and the day after his participation of the
Lord's Supper, than of him who excommuni-
cates himself and his whole family for ever.
I have more reason to hope for him who, hav-
ing made great sacrifices for the doctrines of
religion, violates the precepts of it, than for
him who both violates the precepts and ab-
jures the doctrines. Not tliat I alnrm, either
that it is sufficient to perform small duties
while we persist in a neglect of great obliga-
tions, or that the performance of the former
is not detestable when we perform them care-
lessly and hypocritically. This I think is the
l^ey of the passages just now quoted. These
small duties are remains of spiritual life in
such as practise them ; dying remains, I al-
low, but precious remains, however ; and the
state of these people is preferable to the con-
dition of the other persons in question, whom
death has enveloped in its dismal shade. Pre-
serve, carefully, preserve these precious re-
mains, whatever just grounds of fear of your
salvation may accompany them. Do not ex-
tinguish this iv'iek, though it only smokes. Matt,
xii. 20. Perhaps an idea of the sacrifices
which you have made for the doctrines of re-
ligion, may incline you at last to submit to the
precepts of it. Perhaps self-examination, su-
perficial as it is, preparatory to the Lord's
Supper, may at some time or other lead you
into reflections more deep and serious. Pos-
sibly, the sermons which now you attend only
to satisfy some transient emotions of con-
science, may in the end arouse your consciences
effectually.
III. Small duties compensate by their repeti-
tion, for ivhal is wanting to their importance.
We are not called every day to make great
sacrifices to order ; we are seldom required to
set up the standard of the cross in barbarous
climes, to sound the gospel to the ends of the
world, and to accomplish the promises made to
Jesus Christ, that he should have the heathen
for !iis inheritance, and tlie uttermost parts of
the earth for his possession,' Ps. ii. 8. Seldom
are we called to dare executioners, to triumph
in cruel sufferings and di^alb, to confess Christ
amidst fires and llames. We are rarely called
to the great actions that make heroes ; to die
for our neighbours ; to sacrifice ourselves for
the public good ; and to devote ourselves for
our country.
If we are seldom required to perform great
duties, thanks be to God we ai"e seldom tempt-
ed to commit great crimes, to deceive a friend.
JKB. XLIV.J
SMALL DUTIES OF RELIGION.
389
to betray a trust, to reveal a state-secret,
to make a sale of justice, to perplex truth,
or to persecute innoconce. But in what
moment of each day do we not meet with
opportunities to commit little sins, and to per-
form duties of comparatively small impor-
tance ?
Are you confined at home ? You have lit-
tle inconveniencies to suffer, litle perverse hu-
mours to bear with, little provocations to
impatience to resist, little disgusts to en-
dure.
Are you in company? You have a few
captious tempers to manage, idle reports to
discountenance, a few pernicious maxims to
combat, profane actions to censure; some-
times you are obliged to resist iniquity bold-
ly, and at other times to affect to tolerate it,
in order to obtain an opportunity to oppose it
on a future opportunity with greater probabi-
lity of success.
Do you prosper ? What a source of little
duties is prosperity, if we sincerely love vir-
tue? And what a source of little sins, if we
are not always guarded against temptations to
vice? Now a little air of self-sufficiency in-
clines to solitude, then a little eagerness to
shine impels to society. Here a little necessa-
ry expense must be incurred, there another
expense must be avoided. Here something
is due to rank, and must be observed, there
rank would be disgraced, and something inust
be omitted.
Are you in adversity, under misfortunes, or
sickness? How many miserable comforters.'
How many disgustful remedies ! What in-
tolerable wearinesses! So many articles,'so
many oconsions to perform little duties, and to
commit little sins.
Opportunities to commit little sins return
every d^y, I may almost say, every moment
of every day. A little sin is a little poison,
slow indeed, but continually insinuating itt^elf
into the soul, till by degrees it issues in death.
A man who does not 'watcli against little sins,
is liable tc provoke God as often as an occa-
sion to commit them (.resents itself. On the
contrary, a man who makes conscience of
practising little duties as well as great ones,
finds every day, and every moment, oppor-
tunities of giving God proofs of his love. He
has only a religion of times and circumstances,
which is sometimes justly suspected, but a re-
ligion of influence that diffuses itself into eve-
ry part of his life. There is not a moment in
which he does not make some progress in his
heavenly course. By his attention to every
little duty, he discharges the greatest of all
duties, that which St. Paul prescribes to all
Christians. ' Whether ye eat or drink, or
whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God,'
1 Cor. X. 31. He is an exact imitator of Je-
sus Christ, ' the author and finisher of his
faith, who went about doing good, Ileb. xii.
2, like him he can say, ' I have set the Lord
always before me ; because he is at my right
hand I shall never be moved,' Ps. xvi. 8.
Had I not reason to affirm, that little duties
compensate, by the frequency of their re-
3 D
turn, for what is wantiug to constitute their
importance f
IV. Our third reflection leads us to a fourtli.
Little duties have sometimes characters more
evident of real lone to God, than the most im-
portant duties. If hypocrisy, if false ideas of
religion, sometimes produce little duties, it
must be allowed, that secular motives, interest,
and vain-glory, sometimes give birth to great
exploits. PriUe without any mixture of love
to order, is sometimes sufficient to engage us
to make those grent sacrifices of which we just
now spoke. Sometimes nothing but an ex-
treme and refined attachment to virtue can
animate us to perform little duties. There is
sometimes more genuine benevolence in ac-
cepting such tokens of gratitude as a poor man
gives for a favour conferred on him than in
conferring tlie favour itself. There is some-
times more humility in receiving the praise
from a man whose esteem flatters our vanity
a little, than in refusing; to hear it. After all,
though the love of God diflers in many respects
from mere worldly esteem, yet there are some
resemblances. We often think ourselves obli-
ged to render considerable services to people
for whom we have no great regard ; but it is
only for such as we hold in the highest vene-
ration that we feel certain little attachments,
certain little attentions, certain solicitudes,
which indeed are called little in the usual
phrase, but which are strong demonstrations
of the tender sentiments of the soul. It is
just the same with divine love. But this is
one of those truths of sentiment and experi-
ence, which each of you may understand bet-
ter by consulting the history of his own life,
and by watching the motions ot his own heart,
than by attending to our syllogisms and dis-
cussions.
Perhaps you may imagine God cannot, with-
out debasing his Majesty, cast his eyes on
those insignificant actions which we are recom-
mending to you. But undeceive yourselves.
What could be less considerable than those
two mites which the poor widow in the gospel
cast into the treasury? Mark xii. 42. Yet
we know what Jesus Christ thought of that
action. What service less considerable could
be rendered Jesus C'hrist just before his death,
than to pour ointment on his head? The
apostles had indignation within themselves at
this unseasonable ceremony, chap xiv. 13, &c.
They were angry with the woman for divert-
ing the attention of Jesus Christ from those
great objects with which his whole soul had
been filled. But he reproved them, 'Why
trouble ye the woman ?' said he ; she has per-
formed an action worthy of emulation. ' Ve-
rily I say unto you, wheresoever this gospel
shall be preached throughout the whole
world, this also that she hath done shall be
spoken of, for a memorial of her. What can
be less considerable in itself than « cup of
cold water ? Yet Jesus Christ promises to re-
ward even this with eternal life, when it is
given from a principle of real piety. We
said before, my brethren, and allow us to re-
peat it again, in a religion of love, whatever
390
SMALL DUTIES OF RELIGION.
[Ser. XLIV.
proceeds from a principle of love has an in-
trinsic value.
I unite now the subjects of both the dis-
courses, which I have addressed to you, on the
words of my text, and, by collecting both into
one point of view, I ask, What idea ought you
to form of a religion which exhibits a morality
so pure and complete? What idea of the
preacliin» of those ministers, who are called
to instruct you in it ? What idea of the ena;age-
ments of such disciples as profess to submit to
the discipline of it?
What idea ought you to form of a religion
that prescribes a morality so pure and com-
plete? The Christian religion requires each
of us to form, as well as he can, just notions of
primitive law : to observe all the consequences.
and to place each virtue that proceeds from
primitive right, in its just order; to give the
first rank to those virtues which immediately
proceed from it, and the second to ! hose wh ch
proceed from it mediately i»nd remotely.
Christianity requires us to regulate our appli-
cation to each virtue, by the place which each
occupies in this scale ; to set no bounds to the
loving of that God, whosK perfections are infi-
nite ; to entertain only a limited esteem for fi-
nite creatures ; to engage our senses in devout
exercises, but to take care that they are held
under government by our minds ; to sing the
praises of the Lord with our voices, but ani-
mated with our affections ; in short to look to-
wards heaven, but to let inward fervour
produce the emotion, determine the direction,
and fix the eye.
How amiable would society be, if they who
compose It were all followers of this religion !
How happy would it be to make treaties, to
form alliances, to unite ourselves, by the most
affectionate and indissoluble ties, to men in
'■ the things which belong unto your everlast-
ing peace,' Luke xlx. 42, and to give you
such directions as you may follow, as far as
can be in the tumult of the world, whither
either your inclinations or your necessities
call you ?
My brethren, while I was meditating on my
text two methods of discusshig it presented
themselves to my mind.
Following the first of these plans, I divided
my discourse into three parts, according to the
three parts, that is, the three different herbs
mentioned in the text. Each of these parts I
subdivided into three more. First, I examined
the force, the signification, the derivation of
the original term, and I inquired whether the
word were rightly ren<iered mint. I quoted
various opinions on this subject, for interpre-
ters are very much divided about it. Accord-
ing to the Ethiopie version. Jerus Christ spoke
i.i hyssop; and according to other versions,
some other plai.t. Secomlly, I examined the
nature, the uses, the properties of the herb, to
which 1 liad restored the true name, and here
I heaped up a great number of passages from
Ar.stotle, Pliny, Solmus, Salmasius, »ndmany
other authors, who have rendered themselves
famous by this kinil of erudition. Thirdly
having studied mini as a critic and as a natu-
ralist, I proceeded at length to examine it as a
divine 1 inquired why God demanded titiie
of this herb. Perhaps thought I, here may
be some mystery in this afl'air. I say perhaps,
for I acknowledge myself a mere novice in
this science, as in a great many others. How-
ever, there may be some mysteries in this of-
fering. I was certain, if imagination supplied
the place of reason, and flights of fancy were
put instead of facts, it would not be impossi-
ble to find mysteries here. If this herb be
violably attached to this religion ! Had not sweet, said I, it may represent the sweetness
God shaken nature, and subverted kingdoms, | of mercy; if it be bitter, it may signify the
or, in the language of a prophet, had he not ] bitterness of justice. If Jesus Clirist me:.nt
' shaken the heavens and the earth, and the i h),'ssnp as some think, it was that very herb of
sea and the dry land,' Hag. ii 6, to es- | which the famous bunch was made, that was
tablish this religion in the world, yet it ought
to be held in the highest estimation for its own
intrinsic worth. How can we help being fill-
ed with indignation at those abominable men.
who in spite of all the demonstrations of the
divine origin of this religion, place their glo-
ry in weakening its empire over the heart !
2. But if you form such noble ideas of a
religion, the morality of which is so exten-
sive and so pure, what ideas ought you to form
of the preaching of those who are appointed
to instruct you in it ? Which way, think you,
ought they to bend their force ? What kind
of questions ought they to propose in the
Christian pulpit? Under what point of view
ought they to consider the texts, which make
the matter of their discourses ? Are they re-
quired to excite your astonishment by flights
of imagination, or to gratify your curiosity by
a display of their profound erudition ? Does
not their office rather require them to employ
all the times you allow them to free you from
your prejudices, to take off those scales from
your eyes, which prevent your perceiving
dipped in the blood of sparrows at the purifi-
cation of lepers. What mysteries! W^hat I
had done with mini under the first head, I did
over again under the second article anise, and
the same over again under the th'rd head
cummin. This was my first plan of discussion.
The second method was that which I have
chosen. In the former discour-e on this text,
we endeavoured to convince you that you
were under an indispensable obligation to
perform the great duties of religion. In this
we have been endeavouring to obtain your
regard to the little duties of religion ; to en-
gage you to submit to the laws of God, even
in things of the least importance ; and thus,
to give you a complete chain of Cliristian vir-
tues.
My brethren, God forbid that our dis-
courses, which ought always to be animated
with a spirit of benevolence, should at any
time degenerate into a satire, and that we
should enjoy a malicious pleasure in exjiloding
the method of those who entertain ideas dif-
ferent from ours on the best method of preach-
Sen. XLV.] THE DOOM OF THE RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED. 39I
ing. I grant birth, education, and a course of
study, have a great deal of influence over us
in this respect. But, in the name of God, do
not condemn us for treating you like rational
creatures, for addressing to you, as to intelli-
gent beings, the words of an apostle, We
' speak as to wise men, judge ye what we say,'
1 Cor. X. 15. Judge what are the oblij^a-
tions of a minister of a religion, the morality
of which is so extensive and pure.
3. Finally, What idea ought you to form
of the engagements of such disciples as pro
fess to give themselves up to this religion, the
morality of which we have been describing .■'
Where are the Christians who have this com-
plete chain of the virtues of Christiimity ?
Where shall we find Christians, who, after
they have performed with all due attention,
the great duties, hold themselves bound by an
inviolable law not to neglect the least ? Alas !
we are always complaining of the weight of
the yoke of the Lord 1 We are perpetually
exclaiming, like the profane Jews mentioned
by Malachi, 'Behold what a weariness it is !'
chap. i. 13. We dispute the ground with
God ! It should seem he has set too high a
price on heaven. We are always ready to
curtail his requisitions. What ! say we, can-
not he be contented with this ^ will he not be
satisfied with that?
Ah ! my dear brethren, let us open our eyes
to our interest : let us obey the laws of God
without reserve : let us observe alike the most
important virtues which he has prescribed
to us, and those which are least important.
We ought to do so, not only because he is our
master, but because he is our father, because
he proposes no other end but that of render-
ing us happy : and because so much as we re-
trench our duties, so much we diminish our
happiness. To this God, whose love is always
in union with justice, be honour and glory,
dominion and majesty, both now and for ever.
Amen.
SERMON XL.V.
THF DOOM OF THE RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED,
Revelation xxi. 7, 8.
He that overcometh shall inherit all things, and I will he his God, and he sh(dl
be my son. But the fearfid, and the unbelieving, and the abominable^
and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all
liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneih with fire and brim-
stone, which is the second death.
M.T is a subject deserving the most profound
reflections, my brethren, that the most irregu-
lar being, I mean the devil, is at the same time
the most miserable, and that the most holy
Being, he who is holy by excellence, is at the
same time the most hapjiy, and thus unites in
his own essence supreme holiness with sove-
reign happiness. Satan, who began his auda-
cious projects in ficaveii the ' habitation of ho-
liness,' 2 Chron. xxx. 27; Satan, who rebel-
led against God amidst the most noble dis-
plays of his magnificence, and who is still
a ' murderer' and a 'liar,' John viii. 44; Sa-
tan is in the depth of misery. He was hurl-
ed down from a pinnacle of glory, expelled
for ever from the society of the blessed, and
there is a lake of fire ' prepared for him and
his angels, Matt. xxv. 41, God is the most
holy Being. Indeed, the terms virtue and Iio-
liness are very equivocal when applied to an
independent Being, whose authority is abso-
lute, who has no law but his own wisdom, no
rules of rectitude but his own volitions. Yet,
order, whatever is sublime in what we mortals
cM ftolinessyvirlue, justice, eminently dwells
in the Deity, and forms one grand and glorious
object of the admiration and praise of the
purest intelligences, who incessantly make it
the matter of the songs which they sing in his
honour, and who cry day and night one to an-
other, ' Great and marvellous are thy works,
Lord God Almi^'hty. O Lord, thou king of
saints, who shall not fear thee and glorify thy
name? For thou art holy; for all nations
shall come and worship before thee,' Rev. xv.
3, 4. This Being, so holy, so just; this Be-
ing who is the source of holiness, justice, and
virtue; this Being possesses at the same time
the highest possible happiness. He is, in tlie
language of Scripture, the ' happy God,'*
and as I said before, he unites in his own
esssence supreme holiness with supreme hap-
piness.
What boundless objecls of contemplation
would this reflection open to our view, my
brethren, were it necessary to pursue it ? Con-
sider it only in one point of light. The desti-
nation of these two beings so different, is, if I
maybe permitted to say so, the rule of the
destination of all intelligent beings. All things
* ] Tim. i. 11. Sep vol, i,. p. 30. note Sprm, 11
On the Eternitv of God
392
THE DOOM OF THE
[Ser. XLV.
considered, the more we partake of the impu-
rity of Satan, the more we partake of his mis-
ery. It would be absurd to suppose, that in
' the time oi the restitution of all things,' Acts
iii.21, which will soon arrive, and justify
Providence against the innumerable censures
passed upon it, it would be absurd lo suppose,
that if we have appropriated the irregularities
of the impure spirit we should not at that
time partake of his misery ; and it would be
absurd to suppose, that we can partake ol
the virtues ol the holy Being, without parti-
cipating his felicity and glory.
Each part of these propositions is contained
in the words of my text. ' He that overcom-
eth,' he who in tliis world of obstacles to vir-
tue shall take the holiness of God for his rule,
as far as it is allowable for frail creatures to
regulate themselves by an example so perfect
and sublime, ' he that overcometh' shall have
no bounds set to his happiness, fie 'shall in-
hnrit all things,' he shall enter into the family
of God himself. 'I will be his Gr^d, and h-;
shall be my son. But the fearful and unbe-
lieving, and the abominable, and murderers,
and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idola-
ters, and all liars,' of what order soever thfy
he, and all those who do ' the work? of the
devil,' fhidl be placed in a condition lii^e his,
' shad hai-e their part in the laice which
burnetii with fire and brimstone, which is the
second death.'
We invite you to day to meditate on these
truths, and in order to reduce the subject to
the size of a single sermon, we will only insist
on such articles of the morality of S?. John a^
are least known and most disputed. AVe will
distinguish in this system such virtues to be
practised, and such vices lo lie avoided, as are
most opposite to those prej unices which the
world usually forms concerning the final doom
of mankind.
I. The first prejudice which we intend to
attack is, that, ^ life spent in ease and idle-
ness is not incompatible with salvation^ if it
be free from great crimes. Against which, we
oppose this part of our text, ' He that over-
cometh shall inherit.' hi order to ' inherit,'
we must overcome. Here vigilance, action,
and motion, are supposed.
If. The second prejudice is, that, ./? just God
icill not impute to his creatures si7is of injirm-
■tlt/ and constitution, though his creatures
should be subject to them during the whole
course of their lives. Against which we op-
pose these words of the apostle, 'The tearful
and whoremongers shall have their part in
the lake which burneth with ifire and brim-
stone.'
ill. Tlie third prejudire is, that, Specula-
tive errors cannot l)e attended with any fatal
consequences., provided ivc lire uprightly., us it
is called, and discharge our social duties.
Against which we oppose this word, the • un-
believing.' The unbelieving are put into the
class of the miserable.
IV. The fourth prejudice is, that. Religions
are indifferent. The mercy of God extends to
those who live in the most erroneous commu-
nions. Against which we oppose the word
' idolaters.' Idolaters are considered among
the most criminal of mankind
V. The last prejudice is, that, T^one but the
vulgar ought to be afraid of committing certain
crimeft. Kings will be judged by a particular
law: the greatness of the motive that inclined
them to manage some affairs of state will plead
their excuse, and secure them from divine ven-
geance. Against this we oppose these words,
' abominable,' poisoners,* ' and all liars,' which
three words include almost all those al)omina-
tions which are called illustrious crimes.
However, the abominable, the poisoners, and
all the liars, shall have, as well as the fearful,
the unbelieving, the unclean, and the idola-
ters, ' their part in the lake which burneth
with (ire and brimstone.'
I. Let us begin with the first prejudice. A
lift .tpcnt in ease and idleness is not incompa-
tible with salvatio7i, if it he free from great
crimes. St. John takes away this unjust pre-
text, by considering salvation as a prize to bo
obtained by conquest. ' He who overcometh,'
implies vigilance, activity, and motion. Two
considerations will place the meaning of our
apostle in the clearest light. We take the
first from the nature of evangelical virtues,
ar(' the second from the nature of those vices
which are forbidden in the gospel.
1. The nature of evangelical virtues de-
mands vigilance, action, and motion. It is im-
possil)le, to exercise these virtues under the in-
fluence of effeminacy, idleness, and ease. Let
us examine a few of these virtues.
What is the love of God i" It is that disposi-
tion of the soul which inclines us to adore his
perfeciioiis, to admire with the highest joy his
glorious attributes, and to desire v;ith the ut-
most ardour to be closely united to him as to
our supreme good ; but this disposition cannot
be exercised, cannot be acquired, without vi-
gilance, action, and motion. We must medi-
tate on that sovereign povver which formed
this universe by a single volition, and by a
single volition determined its doom. We must
meditate on that supreme wisdom which re-
gulates all the works of supreme power, com-
bining causes with effects, and means with ends,
and which by this infinite coml>ination lias al-
ways adjusted, and continues to arrange and
direct all the works which we behold, and
others without number which lie beyond the
utmost slr^ch of our imagination. We must
meditate on that perfect justice which is en-
graven on all the productions of the Creator,
on all the coniluct of providence, and remark-
ably on the consciences of mankind, which
continually 'accuse or excuse' their actions,
Rom. ii. 15. Conscience is either tortured
with remorse or involved in delight, according
as we have been attached to virtue, or have
violated it. We must meditate on that mfi-
nite goodness which is ' over all his works,*
Ps. cxlv. 9. We must not only consider this
palace where God has lodged man, a palace of
delights before the entrance of sin, but which,
* PoisontTf. <I}n^/AHKSj<7i. Vencficis. Incantatori-
bus. Qui inalis inagia: artibiis utuntur. The French
bibles read empoisoiiHeurs, poisoners.
Ser. XLV.]
RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED.
393
since that fatal period, is, alas ! nothing but a
theatre and, if I may expr<>ss myself so, a uni-
versnl scaffold, on which he exercises the most
terrible vengeance, and exhibits his most
dreadful executions. We must enter, more
over, into the genius of religion ; know tlse
power of that arm which he exerts to deli-
ver us from bondaTfe ; the power of thos^
succours which he affords to enable us to
triumph over our depravity; the excel-
lence of revealed mysteries; the value of
the pardon set before us ; the pleasure and
peace poured into our souls; and the magni-
ficence of such objects as the gospel proposes
to our hopes. All this requires vigilance, ac-
tion, and motion. Nothing of this can be ac-
quired under the influence of effeminacy,
idleness, and ease. Nothing of this can be
done in the circles of pleasure, at gaming-
tables, or in places of public diversion.
What is faith ? It is that disposition of our
soxds which ' brings into captivity every
thought to the obedience of Christ,' 2 Cor. x.
.5, and subjects them all to his decisions. In
order to this, we must be convinced that God
has not left men to their natural darkness, but
bestowed on them the light of divine revela-
tion. We must examine this revelation, and
understand the proofs of its divinity. We
must collect into one body the fundamental
truths included in it. We must remove or
invalidate those glosses which false teachers
have applied to perplex the meaning of it.
We must understand how to be deaf to every
voice except that of eternal truth ; and to say
from the bottom of a soul filled with the love
of this truth, ' Speak, Lord, for thy servants
hear,' 1 Sam, iii. 9. All this requires vigilance,
action, and motion. Nothing of this can be
acquired under the influence of effeminacy,
idleness, and ease. Nothing of this can be
done in circles of pleasure, at gaming-tables,
or places of public diversion.
What is 6enei'o.'fnce.? It is that disposition
of soul which engages us to consider our neigh-
bour as ourselves, and to study his interest as
our own. In order to this, we must examine
both his temporal and spiritual wants. If he
be in a state of indigence, we must provide for
him, either at our expense, or by exciting in
his favour the compassion of others, W hen
he is ignorant we must inform him, when in
an error undeceive him, when he strays we
must recall him, when his spirits are over-
whelmed, comfort him; we must visit him
when he is confined, edify him by our conduct,
and encourage him by our examjile. All this
demands vigilance, action, and motion. No-
thing of this can be acquired under the influ-
ence o effeminacy, idleness, and ease. No-
thing of this can be done in circles of pleasure,
at gaming-tables, or at places of public diver-
sion.
What is repentnnve ?• It is that disposition
of our soul, which makes the remembrance of
our sins a source of the bitterest grief. This
sujjposes many self-examinations and self-con-
demnations, much remorse of conscience, ma-
ny tears shed into the bosom of God, many
methods tried to preclude falling fsgain into
sins, the remembrance of which is so grieyousr
to us. Above all, this virtue supposes recom-
penses in great number. If we have propaga-
ted any maxims injurious to religion, rejiara-
tion must be made ; for how car we be said
to repent of having advanced such maxims,
except we abjure them, and exert all our in-
flu rice to remove sucn fatal effects as they
have prodi'ced .'' If we have injured the repu-
tation of a neighbour, recompense must be
made ; for how can we repent of having injur-
ed the reputation of a neighbour, unless we
endeavour to establish it, and to restore as
much credit to him as we have taken away .''
Repentance also includes restitution of proper-
ty, 'if we have taken any thing from any
man,' Luke xix 8. All the exercises of this
virtue require vigilance, action, and motion.
None of these are acquired under thn mfluence
of indolence, idleness, and ease. None of these
are practised in circles of pleasure, at gaming-
tables, or at places c>f public diversion.
2. Kven the nature of those vices which the
gospel forbids, demonstrates that a life wasted
in idleness is incompatible with salvation.
He who has well studied the human heart,
and carefully examined the causes of so many
resolutions broken by the greatest saints, so
many promises forgotten, so many vows vi-
olated, so many solemn engagements falsi-
fied, will acknowledge, that these disorders
seldom proceed from malice, yea, seldom from
a want of sincerity and good faith. You often
fall into temptations which you mean to re-
sist. Your misfortune is, that you are not
sufficiently prepared for resistance. How, for
instance, can we resist temptations to pride,
unless we close every avenue by which it en-
ters into the heart ; unless we make serious
reflections on the meanness of our original, the
uncertainty of our knowledge, the imperfec-
tion of our virtue, the enormity of our crimes,
and the vanity of our riches, titles, dignity,
and life.'' Again, how can we resist the so-
phisms of error, if we have only a superficial
knowledge of religion, if we do not build our
faith on foundations immovable and firm.'' In
fine, how can we resist sensual temptations,
unless we endeavour to dethrone our passions,
unless we frequently and boldly attack and
subdue them, assuage their fury, and force
them, at it were, to bow to the dominion of
reason ?
This prejudice refutes itself. They who
adopt it furnish us with weapons against
themselves. An idle life is compatible with
salvation, say you, provided it be free from
great crimes. But I say, an idle life cannot
be free from great crimes. Indolence is a
source of great wickedness, aud vigilance and
activity are necessary to prevent the exercise
of it.
Let us not pass over these reflections light-
ly, my brethren. The prejudice which we
are attacking is very important in its conse-
quences; it is a fatal prejudice, sapping the
very foundations of Christian morality. It is
not a particular prejudice, confined within a
narrow circle ; it is general, even among
Christians, and spread far and wide. It is not
394
THE DOOM OF THE
[Ser. XLV.
a prejudice secretly r: volved in the mind, anl
covered with a blush .g veil ; but it is a ^' d
notorious prejudice, ai. i Christians exalt ' .ato
a maxim ot religion, and a first pri* jile of
morality. This is the i "-ejudice f i Uiat vain
loquacious woman, who, ln."''r.j^ rapidly read
a few devotional books, and hastily repeated
a few prayers, which proceeded less from her
heart than her lips, spends one part of her life
in places of puV>lic diversion, and the other in
making art supply the place of nature, in dis-
guising her personal defects, and in trying
whether by iiorrowed ornaments she can ob-
tain from the tolly of men such incense as she
offers to herself, such as she derives from her
own immoderate vanity and self-admiration.
This is the prejudice of that soldier, who, at
the end of a campaign, or at the conclusion of
a peace, thinks he may employ the rest of his
life in relating his adventures, and indemnify
himself for his former dangers and fatigues by
an idleness which is often a burden to those
■who are witnesses of it, and ottener still to
himself, who petrifies in his own tales. This
IS the prejudice ot a great many people, who
have nothing else to say to their preachers, to
all their casuists, and to all their religious in-
btructors, but, I wrong nobody, I do no harm.
Shall I venture to say, my brethren, why do
not you do a little harm ? I have, I declare,
more hope of a man, who, in a high lever, be-
comes so delirious, and apparently so mad,
that the strongest persons can hardly hold him,
than I have of a lethargic patient, all whose
senses are stupified, his spirits sunk, and his
natural warmth gone. I have more hope for
a sinner, who, in a violent passion breaks the
most sacred laws, and tran)ples on the most
solemn engagements, than I have for a man,
indolent, motionless, cold, insensible to all the
motives of religion, and to all the stings of con-
science.
My brethren, let us not deceive ourselves :
there is something of consequence to do in ev-
ery moment of a Christian life. There are
always in a Christian life temptations to be
resisted, and consequently in e\ ery moment of
a Christian life we must overcome these temp-
tations. All ages require action. In every
stage of life we have tempt itions^to surmount,
and in every stage of life we must overcome
them. We must overcome the temptations of
childhood, the temptations of youth, the temp-
tations of old age. All condiimis require ac-
tion. We must surmount some temptations
in all conditions, and in all conditions we must
overcome them. We must overcome the temp-
tations of poverty, those of prosperity, those of
elevated posts, and those which belong to a
state of obscurity, a sort of death, a kind of
grave. All /jrq/essions require action. There
are in all professions temptations to be sur-
mounted, and in all professions we must over-
come them. The statesman must subdue the
temptations of his profession, the soldier must
vanquish the temptation of his, the merchant
of his, and so of the rest. All situations re-
quire action. In all situations there are temp-
tations to be conquered, and in all situations
■we must overcome them. We mu=t get above
the temptations of health, those of sickness,
and those of death. ' He that overcometh
shall inherit all things.'
1 am well aware that to preach this gospel
is, in the ojiinion of some, to teach a severe
morality, to mark out a discouraging course,
to invite to unequal combats. This morality,
however, will seem severe only to lukewarm
Christians. This course will appear discour-
aging only to soft and indolent souls. These
combats will seem unequal only to such as
have no true courage, listless and dastardly
souls. A real Christian will be so inflamed
with the love of his God, he will be attracted
by so many powerful and comfortable motives,
above all, he will be animated with a desire
so strong to obtain a victory, which infallibly
follows the combat, that nothing will appear
severe, nothing discouraging, nothing unequal
in the course of obtaining it. What dominion
over his heart will not that voice obtain,
which, proceeding from the mouth of the' au-
thor and finisher of his faith,' addresses him,
and says, ' He that overcometh shall inherit
all things,' Heb. xii. "2.
Christian soul dost thou complain of the bat-
tle? But in order to conquer you must fight.
The glorified saints were once warriors, and
are now conquerors. Flesh and blood, earth
and hell, were their enemies. Faith and love,
and all othf-r Christian virtues, were their ar-
mour. The clouds were their triumphal cha-
riots. Angels, thousands of angels. Men thou-
sand timesten thousand, and thousands of thou-
sands,' Rev. V. 21, who wait continually be-
fore God, were their witne-ses. The appro-
bation of the Son of God, this rapturous decla-
ration, ' Well done, good and faithful servant,'
Matt XXV. 23, well done, faithful confessor,
thou hast nobly endured the cross ; well done,
martyr for morality, thou hast caused concu-
piscence to yield to the commandments of
God ; these ecstatical declarations were their
crown. Jesus Christ is their rewarder, and
joys unspeakable and full of glory, peace of
soul, tranquillity of conscience, rivers of plea-
sure,' fulness of joy at God's right hand for
evermore, the city that hath foundations, Je-
rusalem which is above, the hesi venly country,
new heavens and a new earth,' the society of
angels, perfect knowledge, refined virtues, in-
effable sensations, sacred flames, God himself;
Lo ! these are the recompense, these their
great reward. ' He that overcometh shall in-
herit all things ; I will be his God, and he
shall be my son.'
II. The second prejudice which we are en-
deavouring to remove is that, A just God can-
not impute to hiscreatvres sins of infirmity and
constitution, though, his creatures should be
subject to them duritig the whole course of their
lives. Against this we oppose these words of
the apostle, the fearful and the unclean* The
most frequent excuse for impurity is constitu-
tion. A certain constitutional turn is general-
ly considered as a ground of justification ; and
I • riogvo/f- Our translation renders it tchoremongers
—the old Frencli bibles paillards — Mr. gainin more
accurately impiirs — i. e. wtclean.
«KK. XL v.]
RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED.
395
it is eagerly maintained, le?t wc ahould be
obliged to be holy for want of excuses to sin,
and lest the deceitful pleasures of sin should be
imbitterred by remorse. Yel, * the unclean
shall have their part in the lake that burneth
with fire and brimstone.' As to the fearfal-
ness, or timidity, what is there in us, that can
be more properly called human frailty than
this? Let us hear St. John. Whom does lie
mean by the fearful ? 1 fear we shidl find
several classes of these in religion. There
are many sorts of the fenrful, who shall have
their part in the lake which burneth witii fire
and brimstone,'
For example, a man wlio hears the name of
God blasphemed, religion opposed, °^nod man-
ners attacked, but who has not the courag;o to
confess Jesus Christ, to say, I am a Christian,
and to manifest his indignation against such
odious di-courses, such a man iafeaifid, he
shall have no part in the inheritance of the
children of God, A man who sees his neigh-
bour wounded by cilumny and slander, but
who haL' not Courage to reprove the slanderer,
though in his soul he detests him, such a man
is one of the fearful, who shall have no part
in the inheritance of the children of God, A
magistrate who has received from God the
sword for the protection of oppressed widows
and orphans, but who, terrified with the rank
of the oppressor sacrifices to him the rights of
widows and orphans, such a man isfearfal^he
shall have no part in the inheritan^s of the
children of God
But, though these notions of fearfulness are
just, and tliough the proposition in the text is
true in all these senses, it is clear, I thitik, by
the circumstances in which St. John wrote the
revelation, by the persecutions he foretold, by
the exhortations he addressed to believers to
surmount ttiem, and by many other conside-
rations, that the holy man had particularly,
and perhaps only, that fearfulness in view,
which induces some to deny that truth for
fear of persecution, of which they were tho-
roughly persuaded. Of this sort oi fearful per-
sons he affirms, ' they shall have their part in
the lake which burneth with fire and brim-
stone.'
There is, I acknowledge, an ambiguity in
the terms, or rather in the proposition, which
may render this article obscure, and those
which follow more so. When it is said, that
' the fearful, the unbelieving, and the abomi-
nable, the murderers and poisoners, shall have
their part in the lake which burneth with fire
and brimstone,' we are not to understand either
such as have once committed any of these
crimes, or such as have lived some time in the
practice of any one of them, but have after-
ward repented. Were we to condemn to
eternal flames all such persons as these, alas !
who could escape ? Not Moses ; he was some-
times imhelie.ving. Not St, Peter ; he was
sometimes/ear/«/. Not David ; he commit-
ted murder, was guilty of lying, abomination
and impurity. Not any of you, my brethren ;
there is not one of you whose conscience does
not reproach him with having done some act
o(fearfulnesii, v]xhdief, and impurity. Hea-
ven forbid, we should have to reproach any of
you with forming the act into a habit !
St. John spraks then, in this place, of those
only who live in a Imbit of these vices. But,
I repeat it again, although this evil habit may
originate inhuman frailty, yet it is certainly
that sort of fearfulness which we have been
exphdning ; it is the fearfulness with which
tyrants inspire such as ought to confess the
truth. Ask those of onr brethren, for whom we
utter the deepe t sighs, and shed the bitterest
tears, what prevents their giving glory to God,
by yiekiing to the exhortations which we
have so long addressed to them, and which
wc continue to address to them, 1 hey tell
you it is liuman frailly. Ask that head of a
family why he does not flee to some place
where he might enjoy such a public worship
as he approves, and partake o( the sacraments
for which he pines. Human frailty makes
him fear he cannot live without his dear chil-
dren. Ask that lady, who is in some sort mis-
tress of her destiny, having neither family nor
connexion, and being loaded with silver and
gold ; ask her why she does not avail herself
of her independence to render homage to her
religion. Human frailty make< her fear she
cannot undei'go tlie fatigue of a journey, or
bear the air of a foreign climate, or share the
contempt generally cast on other refugees who
carry along with them reputation, riches, and
honours. Ask that apostate, what obliges
him to ' receive the mark of the image of the
beast on his forehead,' Rev.xiii. 16. Human
frailty makes him fear prisons, dungeons, and
galleys. Yet what says St. John of this/ear-
fulness inseparable from human frailty ? He
says, it excludes people from the inheritance
of the children of God. The life of a Chris-
t'an is a continual warfare. Fearfulness is
the most indefensible disposition in a soldier.
Fearfulness in war is one of the vices that
nobody dares to avow ; worldly honour either
entirely eradicates it, or animates soldiers to
subdue it. Want of courage is equally odious
in religion. A timid Christian is no more fit
to fight under the standard o the ' lion of the
tribe of Jidah,' Rev. v. 5, than a boaster un-
der that of an earthly hero. ' The fearful
shall have their part in the lake which burn-
etii with fire and brimstone.'
After this, my brethren, shall we plead om-
frailty.'' Shall we draw arguments for luke-
warmness from what ought to invigorate us ?
Shall we cherish our indifference by such pas-
sages as these .•' ' The spirit indeed is willing,
but the flesh is weak,' Matt, xxvi. 41. ' The
flesh lusteth against the spirit, and the spirit
against the flesh,' Gal. v. 17. 'The Lord
knoweth our frame, he remembereth that we
are but dust 1' Ps. ciii. 14. Shall we attempt
to frustrate all the kind intentions of the Holy
Spirit, who makes us feel our frailty oidy for
the sake of engaging us to watch and fortify
ourselves against it.' Believe me, the sentence
pronounced by St. John will never be revok-
ed by such frivolous excuses ; but it will be
always true that 'the fearful shall have their
part in the lake which burneth with tire and
brimstone.'
sm
THE DOOM OF THE
[Ser. XLV.
Til. Let us attend to the third prejudice.
Speculative errors cannot be attended with ani/
fatal consequences, provided we live uprightly,
as tt is called, and discharge our social duties.
Nothing can be more specious than this pre-
tence. Of all tyrannies, that wliich if excr-
<;ised over the mind is the most opposite to
natural right. Fires and gibbets, racks and
tortures, may indeed iorce a man to di^gui^e
his ideas, but they can never change them.
The violence of torments may indeed makn
hypocrites, but it never yet made good pro-
selytes.
We not only affirm, that no human power
can oblige us to consider a proposition as true
which wt know to be false, but we add, we
ourselves have no such power over our own
minds. It does not depend on us to see, or not
to see, a connexion between two ideas ; to as-
sent to a trutli, or not to assent to it. Evi-
dence forces., demonstration carries us away.
Moreover, although God justly requires us
to employ all the portion of genius which he
has given us, in searching alter truth, yet his
equity will not allow that we should ni.t re-
gard as evident what the genius which he ha.5
given us makes appear evident ; and that we
should not regard as false what the geniu.'*
which he has given us makes appear false. If
it should happen, then, that ri man, having ex-
ercised all the attention, and ail the rectitude
of which he is capable, in examining the most
important questions of religion, cannot obtain
evidence enough to determine hisjudgment ; if
what appears evident to others seem doubtful
to him; if what seems demonstrative to them
appears only probable to him, he cannot be
justly condemned for unbelief Consequently,
what we have called a prejudice looks like the
very essence of reason and truth ; and this
proposition, Speculative errors cannot he at-
tended with any fatal coniequences, ought to
be admitted as a first principle.
My brethren, were it necessary to give our
opinion of this article, we should boldly affirm,
that the case just now proposed is impossible.
"We are fully persuaded, that it is not possible
for a man who has a common share of sense,
and who employs it all in examining whether
there be a God in heaven, or whether the
Scripture be a divine revelation, to continue
in suspense on these important subjects. But
our conviction affords no proof to others.
There are some truths which cannot be de-
monstrated ; and equity requires us to allege
in a dispute only what is capable of demon-
stration. We confine ourselves to that chiss of
imbelievers whose infidelity of mind proceeds
from depravity of heart ; and affirm, that
belong to subjects the most interesting. To
examine them care'le?sly, to offer them only,
if I may venture to speak so, to the surface of
his mind, is a full proof of the depravity of
his heart.
2. We require an unbeliever to enter upon
the discuss-i<.n of these truths with a determi-
nation lo sacrifice to them not only his strong-
est [.rejudices, but also his most violent pas-
sions and hi> d;'arest interests. If there be a
God in heaven, if the Christian religion be
divine, all the plans of our love and hatred,
sorrow and joy, ought to be regulated by
these great trutlis. hivery man who is not
conscious of having examined them in such a
disposition, and who has obtained by his exa-
mination only doubts and uncertainties, has
reason to fear that the emotions of his senses,
and the suggestions of his passions, have shack-
led, yea, imprisoned, the faculties of his
mind.
3. We require an unbeliever, who, not-
withstanding all these conditions, pret^^nds to
be convinced that the ideas of believers are
imaginary, to show at least some mortifica-
tion on account of this afi'ccted discovery.
Mankind have the highest reason to wish
that the hopes excited by religion may be well-
grounded ; that we may be formed for eter-
nity ; that we may enjoy an endless felicity
after death. If these be chimeras, behold
man stripi>ed of his most glorious privileges I
A person educated with other Christians in
the noble hope of im.mortality, and obtaining
afterward proof that this hope is founded only
in the fancies of enthusiasts ; a man rejoicing
at this discovery ; a man congratulating him-
self on having lost a treasure so rich ; a per-
son unaffected with the vanishing of such ines-
timable advantages ; — such a man, I say, dis-
covers an enoimous depravity of heart.
4. We require an unbeliever to acknow-
ledge, that religion has at least some probabi-
lity. A man who can maintain that the sys-
tem of infidelity is demonstrative, that this
proposition. There is no God, i? evident ; that
this other is incontestable. Religion has not
one character of dirinity ; a man who can
maintain that a good philosopher ought not
to retain in his mind the least doubt or uncer-
tainty on these articles, that for his own part
he has arrived at mathematical dfmonstra-
tion ; — such a man, if he be not the most ex-
travagant of mankind, is, however, one of the
most corrupt.
5. In fine, we require an unbeliever, on
supposition that his system were probable,
that the plan of religion were only probable,
that had his a hundred degrees of probability.
they are included in the sentence denounced ; and ours only one degree, I say, we require
by our apostle, and deserve to sutler it in all i this unbeliever to act as if our system was
its rigour. Now we have reason to form tliis 1 'evidently true, and as if his was demonstra-
judgment of an unbeliever, unless he observes i tiveiy false. If our .ystem of faitli be true,
all the following conditions, which we have i_all is hazarded when the life is directed by a
seen associated in any one person of this char- , system of infidelity ; whereas nothing is ha-
acter. I zarded if the life be regulated by religion,
1. He ought to have studied the great even supposing the system of religion ground-
questions of religion with all the application less. An unbeliever who is not ready to sa-
that the capacity of his mind, and the number crifice his dearest passions even to a mere
of his talents, could aduiit. These questions ' probability of the truth of the doctrine of
Sbr. XLV.]
RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED.
897
a future life, gives full proof of the depravity
of his heart.
Whether there be any one in the worM,
who, in spite of these dispositions, can persuade
himself that religion has no character of truth,
we leave to the judgment of God: hut as for
those who sin against any of the rules just now
mentioned (and how many reasons have we to
conclude that there are numbers of this char-
acter!) they are included in the sentence of
our apostle, and they deserve to feel its ut-
most rigour. * The unbelieving s^hall have
their part in the lake which burnetii with fire
and brimstone.'
W. Let us advert to the fourth prejudice.
Religions are indifferent. We will not go
through the various sects of Christianity, and
decide these litigious questions. Which of
these religions are compatible with salvation ?
Which of these religions are destructive of it.''
We will affirm only with our apostle, that
' idolaters shall have their part in the lake
which hurneth with fire and brimstone.' We
intend particularly to wipe off that imputa-
tion which the church of Rome constantly
casts on our doctrine. Under pretence that
we have never been willing to denounce a
sentence of eternal damnation against mem-
bers of the most impure sects, they affirm,
that, in our opinion, people may be saved in
their community, and this, they say, is one of
the articles of our faith.
This is a sophism which you have often
heard attributed to a prince, who had united,
as far as two such different things could be
united, the qualities of a great king with those
of a bad Christian. Having a long time hesi-
tated between the peaceable possession of an
earthly crown, and the steadfast hope of a
heavenly crown, his historians tell us, he as-
sembled some doctors of the Roman commu-
nion, and some of ours. He asked the first,
Whether it were possible to be saved in the
Protestant communion ? They answered. No.
He then asked the second, Whether it were
possible to be saved in the Roman commu-
nion? They replied, They durst not decide
the question.* On ihis, the prince reasoned
in this manner. ' The Roman Catholic doc-
tors assure me there is no salvation in the
Protestant communion. The Protestants dare
not affirm that there is no salvation in the
communion of Rome. Prudence, therefore,
requires me to abandon the Protestant reli-
gion, and to embrace the Roman ; because in
the opinion of the Protestants, it is at most
only probable that I should perish in the
church of Rome, whereas, in the opinion of
the Roman Catholics, it is demonstrative that
1 should be damned in the Protestant commu-
nity.' We will not attempt to investigate
this point of history, by examining whether
these Protestant ministers betrayed our reli-
gion by advancing a proposition contrary to it,
or whether these historians betrayed the
truth by altering the answer attributed to our
* This artifice of Henry the Fourth is differently
told by the Catholics : they say that the Protestant
doctors answered,— A Catholic may be saved.
3 E
ministers. Wliatever we lliink of this histori-
cal fact, we affirm with St. John, that ' Idola-
ters shall have their part in the lake which
burneth with fire aiid brimstone.'
However, we ought to make a cautious dis-
tinction concerning doctrmca, as we do con-
cerning precepts, a distinction between ques-
tions oi fad and question- ol' right. There is
a question of right in regard lo precepts; as
for example — Is a course of life opposite to the
precej>tb oi the gos'.iel a damnable state.'' To
this we reply, Undoubtedly it is. There is
also a question of fact, as for exanple — Shall
all those who follow such a couis. of lifie suf-
fer all the rigour of damnation ? A wise man
ought to ;iause before he answers this ques-
tion ; because he does not know whether a
man who has spent one part of his life in a
course of vice, may not employ the remaining
part in repentance, and so pa?s into a state to
which the [)r'vileges of repentance are annex-
eel. In like manner, there are (piestions of
fact and questioiis of right in regard to doc-
trines. The question of right in regard to the
present doetruie is this : Can we be saved ia
an idolatrous community ? Certainly we can-
not. Tlie question of fact is this : Will every
member of an idulafrous community be
damned ? A wise man ought to suspend his
judgment on this question, because he who
had spent one part of liit life in an idolatrous
community, may employ the remaining part
in repenting, and consequently may share the
privileges of repentance. Except in this case,
according to our principles, ' Idolaters shall
have their part in the lake which burneth
with fire and brimstone.' But, according
to our principles, the Pionian Catholic
church is guilty of idolatry; consequently,
according to our principles, the members of
the church of Rome, if they do not forsake
that Community, are among such as ' shall have
tlieir part in the lake which burneth with fire
and brimstone.'
If it be necessary to prove, that, according
to our princiides, the church of Rome is guilty
of idolatry, the evideice is easily obtained.
Let us form a distinct i(.iea of what, agreeably
to Scripture, we call idolatry. To regard a
simple creature as God supreme ; to render to
a simple creature the worship that is due only
to the Supreme God, is what we call idolatry.
Now, according to our principles, the membei-g
of the church of Rom--' do render to a creature,
to a bit of bread, such worship as is due only
to the supreme God. By consequence, accord-
ing to our principles, the members of the
church of Rome are guilty of idolatry.
They defend themselves by a somewhat
specious but groundless argument. It was
employed by a man-' who disgraced his name
by abandoning the Protestant religion, though,
thanks be to God, I hope, I and my famdy
shall always be enabled to continue it in the
list of sincere Protestants. His words are these:
'Two or three arcicles,' says he, ' excited strong'
prejudices in my mind aiiainst the church of
Rome ; transubstantiatiori, the adoration of
* Mr. Saurin of Paris.
398
THE DOOM OF THE
[Skr. XLV.
the holy sacrament, and the infallibility of the
church. Of these three articles, that of the
adoration of the holy sacrament led me to con-
sider the church of Rome as idolatrous, and
separated me from its communion. A book
which 1 one day opened without design, in-
stantly removed this objection. There I found
a distinction betweon error of place in wor-
ship, and error of object. The Ciitholic wor-
ships Jr-sus Christ in the eucharist, an object
truly adorable. There is no error in this re-
spect, ll Jesus Christ be not really present in
the eucharist, the Catholic worships him where
he is not ; this is a mere error of place, and no
crime of idolatry.' A mere sophism ! B}' the
same arg;ument the Israelites may be excul-
pated for rendering; divine honours to the gold-
en calf. We must distinguish error of place
from error of object. The Israelite worships
in the golden calfthe true God, an object tru-
ly adorable. 'To-morrow is a feast to the
Lord, the God, O Israel, which brought thee
up out of the land of Egypt,' Exod. xxxii. 5.
There is no error in this respect; if God be
not really present in the golden calf the Is-
raelite worships him where he is not, a mere
error of place, and not the crime of idolatry.
But St. Stephen says expressly that this calf
was an idol. 'They made a calf, and offer'/d
sacrifice unto the idol,' Acts vii. 41. By con-
sequence, error of place in worship does not
exculpate men from idolatry. As, therefore,
according to our principles, there is an error
of place in the worship which Roman Catho-
lics render to their host, so also, according to
our principles, they are guilty of idolatry.
But are we speaking only according to our
own principles ? Have we seen any thing in the
wilderness of Sinai which we do not daily see
in the Roman communion ? Behold, as in the
desert of Sinai, an innumerable multitude,
tired of rendering spiritual worship to an in-
visible God, and demanding ' gods to be made,
which shall go before them 1' Behold, as in the
desert of Sinai, a priest forming, with his own
hands, a god to receive supreme adoration !
See, as in the desert, a little matter modified
by a mortal man, and placed upon the throne
of the God of heaven and earth ! Observe, as
in the desert, the Israelites liberally bestowing
their gold and their jewels, to deck and adorn,
if not to construct the idol ! Hark ! as in the
desert of Sinai, priests publish profane solem-
nities, and make proclamation, saying, ' To-
morrow is a feast to the Lord !' Behold, as in
the desert, the people rising early on festivals
to perform matins ! Hearken! crirninal voices
declare, as in Sinai, ' These are thy gods, or
this is thy god, O Israel, who brought thee up
out of the land of Egypt.' What am I saying ^
I hear expressions more shockin ; still. This
is, O shame to Christianity ! O scandal in the
eyes of all true Christians I This is, yea. this
bit of bread, on which a priest has wrdten,
Jesus Christ the saviour of mankind, this is
thy God. This is the God whom all the an-
gels in heaven adore. This is tlie God ' by
whom all things were created that are in liea-
"ven, and that are in earth, visible and invisi-
ble, whether they be thrones, or dominions,
principalities, or powers.' This is the God,
who upholds all things by the word of his
power. This is the God who, in the fulness
of time, took mortal flesh. This is the God
who, for thy salvation, O Israel, was stretched
on the cross. This is he, who in the garden
of Gethsemane said, ' O my father, if it be pos-
sible, let this cup pass froai me,' Matt. xxvi.
39, who rose conqueror over death and the
grave, who passed into the heavens, and at
whose ascension the heavenly intelligences
exclaimed, ' Lift up your heads, O ye gates,
even lift them up, ye everlasting doors, that
the Lord of hosts, the King of glory, may
come in,' P-. xxiv. 7, &c. ' O Judah, Judah,
thou hast justified thy sister Samaria. O ye
deserts of Sinai, never did ye see any thing
equal to what our weeping.eyes behold ! Who
is on the Lord's side i" Let him come hither.
Ye sons of Levi, separated to the service of the
Lord, consecrate j'ourselves to-day to Jeho-
vah.'— But what are we about? Are we in-
terrupting the soft still voice of the gospel, to
utter the thundering commands of mount
Sinai ? Shall we command you to-day, as Mo-
ses did formerly the Levites, ' put every man
his sword by his side, and go in and out, from
gate to gate, throughout the camp, and slay
every man his brother, and every man his
companion, and every man his neighbour.' —
Ah, Rome ! Were we to ado])t this method,
}'ou could not reproach us ; you could only
complain that 'vve were too ready to learn the
Issons you have taught us, and too eager to
imitate your bloody example I Even in such
a case we should have one great advantage
over you ; our hands would grasp the murder-
ing sword to destroy thee only tor the glory of
God, whereas thine has butchered us for the
honour of an idol ! We are not come with fire,
and blackness, and darkness, and tempest ;
but Zion, though all mangled by thy cruelty,
utters only cool exhortations, affectionate re-
monstrances, and tender entreaties ; she fights
only with the ' sword of the Spirit,' and the
' hammer of the word,' Eph. vi. 17 ; Jer. xxiii.
29. Ah poor people ! How long will you live
v/ithout perceiving the golden candlestick
which Jesus Christ has lighted up in his
church I May God take away that fatal ban-
dage, which hides the truth from thine eyes !
Or, if this favour be refused us, may God en-
able us to take away from thee such of our
children as thou hast barbarously torn from
the breasts of their mothers, in order to make
them, like thine own, the children of a harlot.
V'. To proceed to the last prejudice. J^Tojie
but the vulgar ought to be afraid of commit-
ttng certain crimes. Kings and statesmen
Will be judged by a particular law. Tliegreat-
ness of the motive that iyiclined them to man-
age some affairs of slate will pleid their ex-
cuse, and secure them from divine vengeance.
What reason would subjects have to complain,
and, I will venture to add, how inse<'Ure would
jirinces and magistrates be, my brethren, if
these pretences were well-grounded ; if they
wlio hold our lives and fortunes in their hands,
were under no restraint in the abuse of sove-
reign power ; and if, under our oppressions,
Ser. XLV.]
RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED.
399
we could not inwardly appeal to a Supreme
Governor, and say, at least to ourselve?, in
private, ' I saw under the sun the place of
judgment, that wickedness was there, and the
place of righteousness, that iniquity was there.
I said in mine heart, God shall judge the
righteous and the wicked ; for there is a time
there for every purpose and for every work,'
Eccles.iii. 16, 17.
But if this be a claim of tyranny, it is not,
however, a privilege derived from religion.
It is destroyed by St. John in the words of
our text, ' abominable, and murderers, and
poisoners, and all liars, shall have their part
in the lake which burneth with fire and brim-
stone.' We do not understand that the apos-
tle speaks here only of such eminent persons
as govern mankind. There are liars, murder-
ers, poisoners, and abominable of all ranks and
conditions : but it is only in the courts of
kings, it is on thrones, it is at the head of ar
mies, and in the persons ot such as are usually
called heroes in the world, that crimes of thi
sort are eimobled : here altars are erected, and
these detestable actions elevated into exploits
worthy of immortal glory ; they are inserted
in our histories, in order to be transmitted to
the latest posterity.
False protestations, by which a statesman,
if I may speak so, obtain- leave to lodge m
the bosom of an ally, that he may be the bet-
ter able to stab him to the heart ; indetermi-
nate treaties, and frivolous distmctions be-
tween the letter and the spirit nf a public in-
strument ; these, which we call illustrious lies,
these are exploits worthy of immortal glory I
Bloody wars, undertaken less for the good of
the slate than for the glory of the governors ;
cruel expeditions, tragical battles, sieges fool-
hardy and desperate in a theory of the milita-
ry art, but practicable in the eyes of ambition,
or rather raving madness ; rivers discoloured
with blood; heaps of human bodies loading
the earth ; these which we call illustrious
murders, these are exploits thought worthy of
immortal glory ! Dark machinations, in which
treason supplies the place of courage, assassi-
nation of the right of war, secret poison of
public battle : these are actions truly abomin-
able, yet these are thought worthy of immor-
tal glory, provided they be crowned with suc-
cess, and provided an historian can be found
to disguise and embellish them ! An hi-torian,
who can celebrate and adorn such he. nous
crimes, is, if possible, more aboiiunuble than
his hero who committed them.
Shall we go back to the periods of f ible .'
Shall we take example from th.)se nations
which lived vvihout hope, and without God
in the world.-' Shall we narrate ancient histo-
ry? Shnll we pulilish the turpituiie ot mod rn
times.' Ye homd crimis ! ye frigiitfu. ar-
tioiis I ye perfilious outrages ! morffitiorthe
hearts of infernal fur.es than ibr the bosoms of
mankind, depart into eternal silence, and
never show your ghastly features again I Ne-
ver were propositions more unwarrantable
than these : the vulgar oidy ought to be afraid
of certain crimes. Kings and statesmen will
be judged by a particular law. The greatness
of the motive that inclined them to manage
some affairs of state, will plead their excuse,
and secure them Irom divine vengeance.
Why were so many commands given to
princes concerning admmistration of justice,
breaches of peace, and declarations of war ?
To what purpose have so many Pharaohs
been drowned, Nebuchadnezzars reduced to
the condition of beasts, Hernds devoured by
worms, and strokes of divine vengeance fallen
upon the proudest heads, except to teach us
that no creature is so august, no throne so
magnificent, no dominion so invincible, as to
free a creature from the necessity of obeying
his Creator? What means that law which
God formerly gave by the mouth ol Moses ?
' When thou shalt set a king over tliee, he
shall not multiply wives to himself, that his
heart turn not away,' Deut. xvii. 14, &c.
He shall not amass lor himself silver and gold,
' And it shall be, when he sitleth upon the
throne of his kingdom, that he shall write
himself a copy of this law in a book, and it
shall be with him. and he shall read therein
all the days of his life, that he may learn to
fear the Lord his God, to keep all the words of
thi? law, and these statutes, to do them; that
his hfart be not lifted up above his brethren,
and that he turn not aside from the command-
ment to the right hand or to the left.' What
mean these thundering words ? 'Thou pro-
lane wicked prince of Israel ! thy day is come,
thine iniquity si, all have an end. Thus saith
the Lord God, Remove the diadem, and take
olFthe crown ; I will overturn it, and it shall
be no more,' F.zek. xxi. 25 — 27. In one word,
what does Pt. John mean by the words of my
t.-xt? ' All liars and poisoners, murderers and
abominable, shall have their part in the lake
which burneth with fire and brini.stone.'
It would be difficult, my brethren, for men
who never saw any tiling greater than the
courts of princes, a sort of earthly go Js, to ima-
gine a more pompous anil venerable image
than that which St. John exiiibits here to our
view. He brings forth the terrible day in
which the suj reme Lawgiver will bring
earthly judges to account for that power with
which he intrusted them, and of which most
of them have made a very criminal use.
There, all their flattering titles will be laid
aside, no more emperors, monarchs, arbiters
of peace or war ; or rather, there will these
titles be repeated to mortify the pride, and to
abate the insolence, of every one who abused
them. There, pale, trembling, and afraid
will apiiear those tyrants, those scourges of
Almighty Go i, those disturbers of mankind,
who once made the earth tremble with a
single ca-^t o* th-'ir eyes. Then will be pro-
.luced the vex'itions they have caused, the un-
just decrres ihsy have pronounced, the fami-
lies they have impoverished, the houses, the
cities, the kingdoms they have burnt to ashes.
Then will be judged the famous quarrels of
•\lexander and Darius, Cyrus and Croesus,
Pyrrhus and Fabricius, Hannibal and Scipio,
Caesar and Pompey, ill decided, in Cato's opi-
nion, by the gods themselves in the battle of
Pharsalia. And you, you who hold the reins
400
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
[Ser. XLV-
ofthis republic, 'you, ill resfarfl to whom Wf
o/ten say t<> this people, 'Let every soul be
subject to the h gher jiowers ; the powers that
be are onlained of Go'l ; whosoever resisteth
power, resisteth tlie ordinance of God, and
they that resist shall receive to themselves
damnation,' Rom. xiii 1,2; yon, our gover-
nors and lords, what appparaices will yon
make in that great day, and whut sentence
will you then receive? Ah! if it be possibl?
for you to be so intoxicated with your own
grandeur as to forget the iiiajesly of that God.
who placed you at the heal of this people, and
so neglect the duties of your station ; if it b
possible for the cries of the oppressed to sound
in vain in your ears, and bribes to blind youi
eyes; if it be possible lor you to bestow the
rewards due to fidelity and courage upon so-
licitation and .intrigue, to sacrifice the puhlic
interest to private views; if a personal pique
dissolve a union essential to the good of the
state; if love of pleasure consume time devo-
ted to the administration of j ustice ; if the tears
of Sion in distress be not tenderly wiped
away ; if religion and good manners be de-
cried, and trampled on with impunity; if
Lord's-days and public solemnities be openly
profaned ; if, in a word, Christianity be =acri-
fi.'.ed to worldly policy, what will your condi-
lion be I
God grant this people may always be as
'lappy in the character of their governors as in
the gentle constitution of their government!
day a visible and bountiful benediction rest
upon those, who, ' in the midst of a crooked
and perverse nation, shine as lights in the
world!' Phil ii. 15. Never, never may any
be at the head of the state who are unworthy
of being members of the church ! God grant
we may i ehold you who are intrusted with
the public welfare, models worthy of our im-
itation : and by imitating your conduct in this
life may we follow you into the world of glory!
Amen. To God be honour and glory for ever»
Amen.
SERMON XI^VI.^
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
MicAH vi. 1 — 3.
Hear ye now what the Lord saith. Arise, contend before the mountains, and
let the hills hear thy voice. Hear ye, O mountains, the Lord's controversy^
and ye strong foundations of the earth : for the Lord hath a controversy
tvith his people, and he will plead with Israel. O my people, what have I
done unto thee? and wherein have I wearied thee? testify against me.
The wickedness of Sodom was so abomina
ble, when God was about to consume it b)
fire, that we can never remark without aston-
ishment his condescension to Abraham, when
he gave him leave to plead for tliai doiestable
city. Abraham himseh was amazed at it.
He was afraid of intlammg that anger which
he endeavoured to abate. ' Oh !' said he, ' let
not the Lord be angry, an.i I will speak. Be-
hold now, 1, who am tut dust and ashes, have
taken upon me losjieali unto the Lord," Gen.
xviii. 30. 27. Yet God tieard him, and agreed
to spare 8odom, and to pardon an innumera-
ble multitude of guilty persons, on condition
that a small number ot righteous people could
be found among th.^m. Abraham asked,
' Peradvenlure there be fifty righteous within
the city, W'lt thou not spare the place, for the
fifty righteous tiial are therein .-" God replied,
* If 1 find in Sodom fifty righteous, 1 will spare
all the place for their sakes.' Aliraham con-
tinued : • Peradvenlure there shall lack five
of the fifty.' Peradvenlure there shall be for-
ty, peradvenlure thirty, peradvenlure twen-
♦ Tills Sermon wa.s preached on a fast-day, at the
opening of n campaign in the year 170(5.
ty, peradvenlure ten,' Gen. xviii. 24. 26. 28,
29, &c. God heanl Abraham, and suffered
hiin to proceed to the utmost of his compassion,
waiting,if I may speak so, till his servant gave
the signal for the destruction of Sodom. So
true is it, that his essence is love, and that
' mercy and grace' are the strongest emana-
tions of his glory ! Exod. xxxiv. 6.
But. my brethren, if we admire the good-
ness of God, when he suffers only one worm
of the earth to reason against his judgments,
aMdto plead ihe cause of those crim nals whose
ruin was determined, what emotions, pray,
ought the objects set before us in the text to
produce in our minds to-day.' Behold ! in the
words of my text, behold ! God not only per-
mitting the sinner to plead his cause before
him, and suspending his sovereign rights, but
behold him offering himself to plead before
the sinner, behold him descending from his
tribunal, accounting for his conduct, and sub-
mitting himself not only to the judgment of
one of his creatures, but proposing to do so to
us all. ' Hear ye what the Lord saith.
Arise, contend thou before the mountains, and
let the hills hear thy voice Hear ye, O moun-
tains, the Lord's controversy, and ye strong
Ser. XLVI.]
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
401
foundations of the earth ; for the Lord hath a
controversy with his people, and he will plead
with Israel. O my people, what have I done
unto thee ? and wherein have 1 wearied thee .'
testify agiiinst me.'
This IS the unheard of action which we are
goings to exhibit to you, in order to excite in
you such sentiments of contrition and repen
tance as the solemnity of the day requires of
you, especially now that l)ie ami of the Lord
is lifted up and stretcl.ed out ov er your heads,
shall I jiay to destroy or lo defend you .'
At such a time can it be necessary to prepare
your minds, and solicit your attention.'' If)
have yet any more wishes to form for your fe-
licity, I conjure you by the walls of this
church, now indeel standing, but dooined
to be razed by the enemy ; by the interests
of your wives ami children, whose death is
determined ; by your regard for your civil
and religious liberties ; in the name of your
magistrates, generals, ind soldiers, whose pru-
dence and courage cannot succeed without the
blessing of the .\lmighty ; I conjure you to
address yourselves to t'.iis exercise with atten-
tive minds and accessible hearts. May all
■worldly distractions, may a'l secular anxie-
ties, troublesome birds of prei/, always alight-
ing on our sacrifices, O may you all be driven I
away to-day ! God grant we may be left alone {
■with him ! O Lord, help us to repa.r the
breaches made in our Jerusalem, to prevent j
others yet threatened, to ongage thee the God
of armies, on our side, and to draw down by
our prayers and tears thy benedictions on the
state and the church ! Amen.
Before we enter into the spirit ot'our text, i
let us take a cursory view of the terms ; each '.
deserves our attention. Hear ye wnat the i
Lord saith. Hills, mountains, ye strong foun- !
dations of the earth, hear ye what the Lord
saith.' What loftiness in these terms ! This |
is to prepare the mind for great things. It is
a bad maxim of orators to promise much to
auditors. The imagnation of the hearer of-
ten outflies that of the speaker. Artlul rhe-
toricians choose to surprise a:id amaze their
hearers by ideas new and unexjjected, so that
the subjects of their orations may appear sub-
lime by being strange.
But has the Holy Spirit need of our rules
of rhetoric, and is the everlasting gospel sub-
ject to our oratorical laws ? There is no pro-
portion between the human soul, to which the
prophet addresses himseli, and the spirit of
that God who animates the prophet. How
great soever your expectation may be, your
expectation will be always exceeded. Great
objects will not be wanting to ex"rcise your
capacities, your cajjacities indeed may want
ability to nivestgate them. ' The thoughts
of God will always be hiijher than your
thoughts, as the heavens will always be higher
than the earth,' Isa. Iv. 8. A prophet tre-
quently seems at first to present only one ob-
ject to view ; but on a nearer examination
his one object includes many ; he seems at
first only to speak of a temporal deliverer,
but he speaks of the Messiah ; at first the
present life seems only intended, but at length
we find eternity is contained in his subject.
Our prophet had reason, therefore, to exclaim,
' Mountains, hills, ye strong foundations of the
earih, hear ye.'
' Hear ye what the Lord saith,' adds the
prophet. It is the Lord, who speaks 1 y the
mouths of hi-i servants ; to them he commits
his treasure, the ministry of reconciliation.
These treasures indeed, are in earthen ves-
sels ; but they are treasures of salvation, and
w!iatever regards salvation interests you.
Vlinistcrs are frail and feeble; but they are
ministers of the Lord, and whoever comes,
from him ought to be respected by you.
When we censure a sinner, when we make
our pliices of worship resound with Analhe-
mns, M iranatkas, instantly we excite mur-
muring and complaints. My brethren if at
any time we stretch these hands to seize the
h Im of the state, if we pretend to counteract
your sound civil polity, if under pretence of
pious purposes we endeavour officiously to
intermeddle With your domestic aifairs, mark
Its for suspicious and dangerous persons, and
drive us back to our school? and studies; but
when we are in this pulpit, when we preach
nothing to you but what proceeds from the
mouth of God liimself, and no other laws than
those which come from his throne, be not sur-
pnsedwhen we say to you, hear us with respect,
hear us with attention. ' W'^ are ambassa-
dors for Christ. The J.,ord hath spoken.'
This is our commission, these are our creden-
tials.
' Arise, contend thou before the mountains,
and let the hdls hear thy voice. Hear ye
hills, hear ye mountains, hear ye strong foun-
dations of the earth, hear ye what the Lord
saith. When Go I speaks, ail ought to attend
to what he says. lie causes the most insensi-
ble creatures to hear his voice. ' The voice
of the Lord is powerful, the voice of the Lord
is lull of majesty, the voice of the Lord
breaketh the cedars of liebanon. it m;iketh
Sirioti to skip like a young unicorn, it divideth
the Hames of fire, it shakelh (he wilderness, it
maketh the forest'^ bare,' Ps. xxix. 3, &c.
The wiiole universe knows this voice, the
whole universe submits to it. The voice of
God does more than I have mentioned. It
reigns in empty space ; • It caileth those
things which be not as though they were.
By It the heavens, and all their host, were
made. God sj.ake, and it was done ; he com-
manded, and it stood last.' Ilom. iv. 17.
There is but one being in nature deaf to the
voice of God; that being is the sinner. He,
more insensible than the earth and harder tliaa
the rocks, refuses to leiiii an ear. The pro-
phet is forced to address himself to inanimate
creatures, to hills and mountains, ai d strong
fbnniatioris of the earth. ' Hear ye hills,
hear ye mountains, ye stronir foundations of
tlie earth,' and put my people to the blush.
*The ox knows h(s owner, and the ass his
master's crib; but Irael doth not know, my
people do not consider,' Isa. i. 3. ' Israel
hath forgotten the God that formed him, and is
unmindful of the rock that begat him.' Deut.
xxxii. 10.
402
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
[Skr. XLVI.
Alas! how exactly does Israel now re-
semble Israel in the days of Micah ! When
we speak for God, we generally observe ab-
sent minds, wandering eyes, and insensible
hearts. In vain we say, ' The Lord hath
spoken, hear what the Lord saith.' It does
not signify, the answer given us is, ' Who is
the Lord, that I should obey his voice ?' Each
wants a gospel of his own. Each seizes the
sacerdotal censer. A rigid morality is not
suited to the taste of our auditors. Every
sinner says of the preacher of it, as an im-
pious king once said of Micaiah, ' I hate him,
for he doth not prophecy good concerning
me, but evil,' 1 Kings xxii. 8. Henceforth,
then, we must address ourselves to these arch-
es, and pillars, and walls, our auditory is in-
sensible.
* The Lord hath a controversy with his
people.' What a controversy, my brethren !
Never was such a cause heard before any
judges. Never was a court concerned in an
affair of such importance. The controvert-
ings parties, the manner of pleading, and
the matter in dispute, are all worthy of at-
tention.
The parties who are they? On the one
part the Lord of univ rsal nature, he ' before
whom all nations are as a drop of a bucket,
he that si'telh upon the circle of the earth,
and considereth the inhabitants thereof as
grasshoppers ; he that weighed the moun-
tains in scales, and the hills in a balance,' Isa.
xl. 15. 22. 12. On the other part, man, Is-
rael, the church. So that it is a husband
pleading against his wife, a parent against his
children, the Creator agaitist his creature.
Who ever heard of a controversy between
parties more worthy of consideration !
The manner of pleading this cause is yet
more remarkable, ' The Lord hath a contro-
versy with his people.' V\ ho can coolly hear
this language! .4t the sound of these words
conscience 'takes affright, the sitiner flees to
the clefts ol the rocks, and calls to the mou i-
tiiins to iall on him, and cover him (rom the
wrath of Jeho\ah. Each exclaims with a
prophet, ' Who among us can dwell with de-
vouring fire ? Who among us can dwell with
everlasting burnings?' Isa. xxxiii. 14. Each
cries with the ancient Isiaelites, ' Let not God
speak with us, lest we die," Exod. xx. 19, and
with Job, ' How should man be just with
God?' chap. xi. 2. But peace be to your con-
sciences ! God does not come to you to-day
with the dreadful ensigns ol his vengeance. If
he intends to cast the sinner, it is not by angry
reproaches, but by reproofs of his love. Hear
him. ' O my people, what have 1 done unto
thee? whereni have 1 wearied thee? testify
against me.' He knows you have nothing to
allege, but he means to affect you by gener-
ous motives ; he means to excite in you that
repentance which is not to be repented of, that
godly sorrow, that broken and contrite heart
which is of inestimable value in his sight.
As for you who have need of thunder and
lightning, all you who must have hell opened
under your feet, all you whose souls are insen-
sible to motives of justice and equity, depart
from this assembly. We are not preaching to
you to-day. We speak to the people of God.
' The Liifd hath a controversy with his people.
The Lord will plead with Israel.' We address
such of you as have hearts to feel these tender
expressions, expressions so tender that nothing
in uninspired poets and orators can equal them;
'O my people, what have I done unto thee?
and wherein have I wearied thee ? testify
against me.'
In fine, the matter of this controversy is re-
markable ; it is the whole conduct of man to
God, and the whole conduct of God to man.
God is willing to exercise his patience to hear
the complaints of his people, but he requires
in return, that his people should hear his
against themselves.
This is a general view of our text ; but are
general observations sufficient on a subject
that merits the most profound meditation ?
We must go into the matter ; we must go
even to the bottom of this controversy : we
must hear both parties, how disproportionate
soever they may be, and how improper soever
it may seem to confront them ; we must ex-
amine whether the fault lie in God or in man.
Forgive, 0 God ! if worms of the earth pre-
sume to agitate the rash question, and to plead
thus in thy presence ! Thy condescension will
only dispky thy glory. ' Thou wilt be justi-
fied when thou speakcst, and be clear when
thou judgest,' Ps. li. 4.
Let US first hear what complaints man has
to bring against God, and what God has to
answer. Then let us see what complaints
God has to bring against man, and what man
can allege in his own defence. But, as we
have already hinted, you will not be surpris-
ed, my brethren, if we sometimes forget the
prophet ;md the Jew-, to whom he spoke, and
consider the text as it regards Christians in
geneial, and this congregation in particular.
That a creature should complain ol his Cre-
ator sliould seem a paradox. Of him every
creature hclds his life, motion, and being.
The air he bre;ilhes, the animation of his
frame, the suu that gives him light, the earth
that bears him up, all are emanations of the
goodness of his Creator. Yet, stiange as it
may appear, it is certain, man complains of
God To «et the Deity at nought, to trample
his laws under foot, to blas|>heme his holy
name, to harden under the tenderest mai-ks of
his love, as we do every day, is not this to
murmur? Is not this to complain ?
Let us hear these complaints. You have
your wish, my brethren, and are all of you
to-day in the cond tion in which Job desired
to be, when, in excess of grief, he uttered
these emp'iatical words, ' O that I knew where
I might find Him ! I would go even to his
seat. I would order my cause before him, and
fill my mouth with arguments. I would know
the words which he would answer me, and
understand what he would say unto me,' chap,
xiii. 3, 5. Order this cause, mo als, prepare
these arguments, God is ready to hear you.
When we enter into our own hearts, we find
we are apt to complain of God on three ac-
counts : his law seems too severe ; his tempo-
Ser. XLVI.]
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
403
ral favours too small ; and his judgments too
rigorous. Let us follow man in these three
articles.
The laws of God seem too severe. ' My
people, what have I done unto Ihee ?' To this
concupiscence answers, I choose to domineer
in the world ; but God would have me be
humble, wash the feet of his disciples, ' esteem
others better than myself,' Phil. ii. 3, and
place myself, so to speak, in the meanest post
in the world. I like to amass riches ; but God
requires my ' conversation to be without cov-
etousness,' Hob. xiii. 5, and he would have
me learn of lilies and sparrows to confide in
his Providence. I love to live well, and to
fare sumptuously every day ; hut God requires
me to be sober, to ' keep under my boily, and
bring it into subjection,' 1 Cor. ix. 27, and in-
stead of living to myself, to take from volup-
tuousness, and expend what I save in charity
to others. I love to divulge the vices of a
neighbour, and to erect my reputation on the
ruin of his; but God threatens to exclude
slanderers from his kingdom. In a word, the
law of God controls every passion of my heart.
Ah I why did God give me laws so opposite
to my inclinations, or why did he give me in-
clinations so opposite to his laws ?
I understand you, sinners, you wish God
had formed religion, not only on the eternal
rules of ' righteousness and judgment, which
are the base of his throne,' Ps. xcvii. 2, but on
the suggestions of such passions as animate
you. Religion, intended by its wisdom to free
the world from the vices that disfigure it,
should have revealed, in your opinion, more
ample methods of committing these very vices,
and provide for the hardening of such con-
sciences as the justice of God means to terrify.
You wish that the sovereign God, by a con-
descension incompatible with the purity of his
perfections, had imbibed, as it were, the wick
ed views and inclinations of sinful aian, sinful
man being so base and so wicked as to refuse
to conform to the holiness of the supreme
God.
But hast thou, man, sufficiently reflected on
this article? Thou complainest of the laws of
God. Who art thou? Whence dost thou
come ? Who gave thee thy being? Is not God
thy governor .'' 7'his firmament before thine
eyes, that infinite space in which thine imagi-
nation is absorbed, those heavenly bodies re-
volving ovfr thy head, the earth beneath thy
feet, is not this the empire of God? And you,
Tiie treature, confined in a corner of the uni-
verse, you house of clay, you worm of the
earth, you nothing, lighter than vanity itself,
you, who are only a vain phantom, walking in
a vain show, do you murmur at the laws of
God? would you be Lord of religion? would
you either say to God, command this, forbid
that, or would you mount his throne, and give
the universe law ? What presumption !
You complain oi the laws of God Are not
these laws just in themselves? God requires
you to love hiin. Is it possible to refuse obe
dience to this just command, coiuideriiig the
eminent perftotion?, the majesty, ai>d benevo-
lence of him who requires your esteem? God
requires you to love your neighbour. And
would it be right that you, made of the same
dust as your neighbour, and doomed both to
return to dust again : would it be right for
you, under pretence of some exterior advan-
tages in your own condition, to cherish a self-
complacence that would debase the dignity of
human nature, and teach mankind to estimate
their worth by external appendages ? Would
it be fair in civil society that each should con-
tribute to your happiness, that the artist,
should assist you by his industry, the scholar
by his learning, the statesman by his wisdom,
the soldier by his courage, and that you, a
simple spectator of all these thin2;s, should
think of nothing but enjoying yourself at the
expense of all mankind? Would this be right?
Are your complaints well grounded ? ' My
people, what have I done unto thee? wherein
have I wearied thee? testify against me.'
You complain of the laws of God. But
what is the design of all these laws ! Is it not to
make you as happy as possible? Judge again
yourself. Imagine yourself violating all the
divine laws, having no veneration for God, no
love for your neighbours, being haughty, over-
bearing, a liar, and a slanderer. Lna^ine your-
self on the other hand, humble, pious, zealous,
patient, charitable. Is it not clear, that, in
spite of the violence of your passions, you
would like yourself best in the condition last
mentioned ? If your passions have so blinded
your mind as to incapacitate you for entering
into these reflections, imagine two men, the
one animated with the vices, and the other
with the virtues just spoken of, and if you
can prefer the vicious man before the virtuous,
I agree you shall complain of the laws of God.
You complain of the divine laws. But are
not these laws infinitely proper to make you
happy in this world ? In what state would the
human heart be, what bloody scenes would
it revolve, were God to give it up to thn in-
fernal passions of envy, to excessive sensuality,
to the miserable anxieties of avarice, or to the
tumultuous rage of ambition? Imagine a so-
ciety whf're robbery, assassination, and adul-
tery were allowed ; a society in which self-
interest was the only motive, pacsion the only
law and no boutids set to sir. ^ua such as am-
bition chose ; where the magisLi ai'p was op-
pressing the peopi ', the people revolting
against the ma^-i^'r^te; where frienJ was be-
traying friend. niA the receiver stabtjing his
benefactor; ,ild you consent lohve in such
a society? inagine an opposite plan, stretch
your fanr ,is far as possible, and the farther
you go t ,; more fully -svill vuu perceive, that
nothing (: ,,e so vvjIi contrived to produce
present human felicity as the divine law; and
that, e\-en supposing some particular cases, in
which obedience is attended with loss, aflSic-
tion, and pain, yet in all cases there is ample
indemnity both in a hope of future happiness,
and in an enjoyment of present pleasure, aris-
ing from a consciousness of real rectitude and
upright self-approbation.
You complain of the laws of God. But
does not God exemplify all these laws himself?
He commands you to be just. Is not he himself
404
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
[Ser. XLVI.
just? Righieousiiess and judgment, jastice. and
equity, are the bases of his throne. He re-
quires you to be humble. But although this
virt'ie may seem repug'Tiant to the diviiip na-
ture, yei we have beheld the prodigy of God
humbling himself, of one, who ' thought it not
robbery to be equal with God, making himself
of no reputation, and taking upon himself th*:
form of a servant !' Plul. ii. 6, 7. God re-
quires us to be benevolent. Is ni t he ' love !*
.Are we not all overwhelmed with his favours?
Has he not given us his Son? O admirable
beauty of religion ! My brethren, it transforms
a creature into Ihe image of his Creator ! O
matchless condescension of tiie God we a lore ?
He unites true happiness to an imitation of his
attributes, and invites us to participate his
happiness by partaking of bis holiness.
You complain of the laws of" God. But
■what does God require of you but to endea-
vour to please him-" Does he not promise to
accept your sincere obedience, tliough it be
accompanied with many frailties and great
imperfections? Has he not engaged to assist
you by the essential aid of the iloly Spirit?
Brethren enter into your own hearts, listen to
the suggestions, the joys, the hopes excited in
your own consciences. This is the hand of the
Lord drawing you; this is the ligiit of heaven
* shining in your hearts;' this is (he Holy
Spirit ' converting the soul,' Ps. xix. 7. Should
God descend and stand among you, amidst
thunders and fires like those of Vjount Sinai ;
should he stand among you surrounded with
* blackness, and darkness, and tempest ;' should
he, from the centre of all these tbrmidable en-
signs of dreadful majesty, declare, ' Cursed is
every one that continueth not in all things writ-
ten in the book of the law to do them," Gal.
iii. 10, human frailty might serve for an ex-
cuse ; but he speaks, as we said before, to his
people, to them he presents himself with all
the attractives of grace. j
Ah J were you to deplore your depravity !
Were you to say in the bitterness of your soul,
* O wretched man that I am 1 who siiall deliver j
me from the body of this death !' Rom. vii.
24. God himself would comfort you, he
■would tell you, that 'he would not break a
bruised reed, nor quench the smoking flux,'
Matt. x'i. 20. If, sinking under a sense of sin.
you were to cast youisplf at his feet, and im-
plore his assistance, he would give j-ou his
Holy Spirit, who, couv«ying light and strength
through all your heart, would eradicate all
your sins. But you love sin, you thrust back
the mighty hand stretched out to help you,
you ' grieve the Holy Spirit of God, turn the
grace of God intolasciviousness,' Eph. iv. 30 ;
Jude 4, and then complain that the laws of
God are too severe. You consider God the
Lawgiver as a mortal enemy, who attacks all
your pleasures. Ah I how unjust are your
complaints ! ' O my people, what have I done
Unto thee ? Are my commandments grievous,
is not my yoke easy, my burden ligh« ? Am I
not mild and lowly in heart? O my people,
■what have I done unto thee ? and wherein
have I wearied thee ? testify against me.'
The second class of human complaints,
agahist God regard him as the governor of the
world. Man complains of Providence, the
economy of it is too narrow and confined, the
temuoral benefits bestowed are too few and
partial.
Let us do justice to human nature, my bre-
thren. If we cannot justify this complaint, let
us acknowledge there is an appearance of equi-
ty in it. This comLilaint we allow, has ^ome
colour. God presents mmself to us in religiwn
under the tenderesl relations, as a fr-end. a
brother, a parent, a husband ; ' the earth' be-
longs to this Friend, ' and the fulness thereof
IS at the disposal of this God, anit a single act
of his will wo dd instantly fill our liouses with
pleasures, riches, and honours : yet be leaves
us in misery and indigence, and it would be
in vain to search the New T'stament lor a
single passage to ground a hope that we should
become rich, reputable, and honourable in the
world by sincerely practising the precepts of
I Christianity.
I If this complaint at first sight seem unan-
swerable in the mouth of a Christian, it is
i precisely from the mouth of a Christian that
: it cannot come without extreme ignorance and
I ingratitude, if you be Christians you must be
i so affected with the numberless benefits be-
stow ed on you, that it is inconceivable how
an idea of such temporal blessings as you think
; necessarv to complete your happiness, can
make such an impression on your mind, or
find a place in your heart. Being Christians,
I you are persuailed that God has ' blessed you
with all spiritual blesyngs in heavenly places
in Christ. That he hath chosen you in him
before the foundation of the world, that he
predestinated you unto the adoption of chil-
dren by Jesus Christ himself, according to the
good pleasure of his will," Eph. i. 3, &c. Be-
ing Christians, you believe, that ' God so loved
you, that he gave his only begotten Son, that
you bi-lieving in him should not perish but
have everlasting lite,' John iii. 16 As you
are Christians, you are persuaded, that for
your sakes the Lord has 'shaken t'le heavens,
the earth, the sea, and the dry land,' and ' nath
sealed you and given you t!ie earnest of the
Spirit in your hearts,' Hag. ii. 6; 2 Cor. i.
22. Being Christians, you are convinced that
the I ublic ministration of the divine word,
the ordinances of religion so often administered
to you, are evidences of the watchful care of
that Providence over you. which gives 'some
aj.osiles, some pastors and teachers, for the
periecting of the saints, and for the work of
the ministry,' Eph. iv. II, 12. You believe,
for you are Christians, that, when you die,
heaven will be opened to you as it was for-
merly to Stephen; that angels will upliold
you in your agony, as they once comforted
your Redeemer ; and that, how ditficult so-
ever the race may be you shall surmount all,
and finish with a song of ecstatic triumph.
Being Christians, you believe there are 'in
vfiur father's house many mansions,' that Jesus
Ciirist is 'gone to prepare a place for you,'
and that, th'-oughout all eternity, your happi-
ness shall sufTer no diminution. Yea, being
Christians, you are already ' quickened with
Ser. XLVI.]
GOD'S CONTROVERrfY WITH loRAtlL.
405
Christ,' and even now ' sit with him in hea-
venly places,' Ephes. ii. 5, 6.
Is It imaginable, that people enjoying so many
advanti';re«, favoured wilh so many benefils,
and elevated with such 'glorious hopes, -hould
complain for want ol a few temjjora l^r.itifica-
tions, or spend a lhoii:;ht on «uch momentary
accommodations as fire the unruly passions ot
worldling's ?
This is not all. If the morality of Jesus
Christ be thoroughly examined, it will he
found almost incompatible with worldly pros
perity. Such is the state of the human heart,
that either J (!sus Christ must alter his reh
gious laws, in order to put us into the posses-
sion of temporal prosperity, or he must deprive
us of temporal prosperity in order to t'stahlish
his morality in our hearts. You wish, you
say, that he had promised pleasures to mode-
ration, riches to charity, an.J worldly grandeur
to humility. Instead of gratifying your wishes,
he sees it necessary *o the being of your mo-
deration to remove from you the dangerous
snares of pleasures ; he does not make tlie
charitable man rich, lest riches should excite
avarice ; and he iJoes not bestow worldly gran-
deur on the humble, lest it should diminish
his humility. This is a well known truth of
universal experience. It is generally seen,
that every temporal good conveys a morta!
poison into the heart of its possessor. 7'he
temptations attending prosperity are infinitely
more difficult to overcome than those which
belong to advrsity. He who has triumpiied
over persecutors, executioners, and tyrants.
has not unfrequently fallen a prey to (jride,
luxury, and intemperance, when objects pro-
per to kindle these passions have presei.ted
themselves to him.
Temporal prosperity is not only opposite to
our duty ; but it is for this very i eason hostile
to our happinpss. Had God given us a life
full of charms, we should have taken litile
thought about another. It is natural to be
delighted with an agreeable situation, and
whatever attaches us to the world, cools our
ardour for heaven ; the inward man is renew-
ed, as the outwar^d man perishes, and faith
commonly grows as fortune decays. When
the dove first flv?w out of the ark, finding no
thing but wind and rain, and rolling waves,
she returned to the ark for shelter and rest ;
but when, in her second flight, she saw pla.ns
and fields, there she alighted and staid. Be-
hold, my soul, thine own image. When the
world exhibits to thy view pros[)erity, riches,
and honours, thou art captivated with th<>
beauty of the enchantress, and faliest a prey
to her charms. But when the world puts on
the gloom of poverty, anxiety and misery,
thou turnest thine eyes towards heaven, and
seekest happiness in its natural source. Even
as things are now, in spite of all the distresses
that belong to life, we find it difiicult to detaci'
our affections from the vvorld ; but what would
be the case, if all prospered af'cording to oui
wishes.' Speak to a man who talks of dying,
exhaust philosophical and religious arguments
to determine him to die contentedly ; placi
him between two objects, heaven and earth,
3 F
the world he is leaving, and the eiernal state
to which he is gumg: describe to him on the
one hai d the vanity and uncertainty of world-
ly enjoyments, tell him o the anxieties, the
indigence, poverty, and nullity of every thing
here; then open heaven to him, show him
happy angels for his coiiipanions, ' the Lanil)
•n the midst of the throne to feed him, and
lead him unto living fountains of eternal joy,'
Ptcv. vii. 17. Amidst so many just reasons for
his detachment fro:u the world, this world is
yet dear to him ; this life, this short life, this
indigent life, this life which is nothing but
vanity and jdeception, this life appears more
desirable than heaven, and all its eternal glo-
ry. If, tlien, in spite of so many disagreeables
in this life, it be so hard to quit it with con-
tr-nt, what would be onr condition were God
to give u= a firmer health, a longer life, and a
more flviurishing state of affairs.'' What would
be our condition, were there no mortifications
in hgb rank, no uncertainty in friendships, no
vicissitudes in fortune?
Our third complaint against God regards
the rigour of his judgmeiits. The Jews of
Vlicah's time had r,xperienced this in many
cases, and the prophet threatened more. ' Be-
hold ! the Lord cometh out of his place, and will
tread upon the high places of the earth. The
mountains shall be molten under him, and the
valleys shall be cleft before him. Therefore
I will wail and howl, 1 wU go stript and na-
k'd, I will make a wail'iig like the dragons,
and make a mourning as the owls,foi her wound
is incurable. J.-^rusidem shall become heaps.
Z on shall be plowed as a field,' chap. i. 3, 4.
8, 9, andiii 12.
We have been treating of our text as it re-
gards you, my brethren, we will therefore
leave the j)rophet and his countrymen, in or-
der to give you full liberty to exhibit your
complaints, and to say now, in the pres«;nce of
heaven and earth, whwi ills God has inflicted
on you. ' O my peoplo, what have I done
unto thee ?' Ah, Lc-d ! how many things hast
tliou done unto us ! Draw near, ye mourning
ways of Z\on, y- d<'S(jlate gates of Jerusalem,
ye sighi::g jiriests, ye afflicted virgins, ye de-
sert:* peopled with captives, ye disciples of
Jesus Christ, wandering over the face of the
whole earth, children torn from your j)arents,
prisons filled with contiessors, galleys freighted
with martyrs, blood of our countrymen shed
like water, carcasses, once the venerable habi-
tation oi witnesses for religion, now thiown out
to savage beasts and birds of prey, ruins of our
churches, du^t, allies, and remains o: houses
dedicated to our God, fires, racks, gibbets,
punishmen's till now unknown, iiraw nigh
hither, and give evidence against the Loi'd.
My brethren, if we consider God as a judge,
what a number of reasons may be assigned to
prove the equity of all the evils that he has
brought npi>n us? The abuse of his favours,
the ciintempt of his word, the slighting of all
the warnings given us by his miiiisters, the
pride and worldly-ndndedness, the luke-
warmness and indifference, and many other
odious vices, which preceded our miseries, are
evidences too convincing that we deserved all ;
406
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
[Ser. XLV[
and thfiv ought to make our complaints give
place to tlie sorrowful, bui -incere confession,
which a propnet puts in the month ot the
chunh, '• Tlie Lord is riglneous, for 1 have re-
belle. 1 a.rain^t him,' Lam i. 18.
But as we saiil that in this t^xt God is to
be coiisidfTpJ as a father, we affir i all these
chastisements, even the most rigorous of Ihem.
are perfectly consistent with this charaoier.
It was his love that engaged him to em loy
such severe means for your benefit. Ywu
know, my brethren, and you i<now but too
well, that the easp with whicli the enjoyment
of the pr^^sencp of God is obtainetl, too olten
lessens the favour in our eyes. I appeal to
experience. Recollect the time so dear to
you, when the gospel was preach-d to you in
your own country, and when God, with a
bounty truly astonishing, granted you both
spiritual and temporal prosperity. Did you,
I appeal to your CdU^ciences. did you value
these blessings according to their real worth.'
Wf^re you never disgusted with the manna
that fell every morning around your habita-
tions.'' Did you never say with the Israelites,
• There is nothing ai all, besides this manna,
before our eyes .'' Num. xi. 6. It was neces-
sary, in order to reanimate your zea Inr God,
to take his candle-tick away ; it was necessary
for you to learn the importance ol salvation,
by the dilTiculiy of obtaining it ; and to kindle
your love to your spiritual husband by his
absence. These e-veiits exciteil abundance of
piety among you ; and, though the mistbi tunes
of the times have produced loo many exam-
ples of human frailty, yet to these unhappy
times we owe the brii;hl example? of many
eminent persons, whose names will go down
wiih honour to the latest posterity
Let u- then acknowk-dge, my brethren,
that, although we have insulted the rectitude
of God, we are willing now to do homage to
it; let us coiil'ess, God has given his people no
just ground of complaint ; in all ins conduct
he has displayed the power of a God, the fidel ■
ity of a husliand. the tenderness ol a parent ;
and we have nothing to reply to him, when he
a«ks, ' (J my people, what have I done unto
thee .' wherein have 1 wearied thee .'' testily
against me.'
As God has answered the complaints of his
people, let us proceed to inquire, how his peo-
ple will answer the coaipluints ol their God.
Let us see what we ourselves can reply. He
has heard us, can we refuse to hear him ?
Let us proceed m this astonishing cause be-
tween God and his church. ' The Lord hath
a controversy with his people, the Lord will
plead with Israel.'
The history of the Jews is so well known,
that every one ol us is acquainted with their
irregularities They corrupted both natural
and revealed religion. They had • as many
gols as cities,' Jer. ii. 28, They chose rather
to sacrifice their children to vloloch, than the.r
sheep and oxen to Jenok'nh. J'here was no
opinion so a'.-urd, no worship so fiuerile, no
idolatrv so gross, as not to he admitted among
them. Having shaken olf tii" ties oi rcligio i
the bridles of corrupt passions, they threw tlic
reins on the necks of the most ungovernable
dispositions, and rushed furiously into all the
worst vices of the nations anmnd them. With
this conduct the prophets were always re-
proachmj; them, and particularly Ezekiel in
these words, in which he describes this wretch-
ed p' ople under an image the most odious that
can be imagined. 'O how weak is thine heart,
saith the Lord God, seeing thou doest all these
things ! O wife committing adultery, taking
strangers instead of thy husband ! They give
gifts to all whores : but thou givest thy gifts
to all thy lover=, and hirest them that they
mav come unto thee on every side for thy I
whoredom. The contrary is in thee from
other women in thy whoredoms, whereas none
followeth thee to commit whoredoms, and in
that thou givest a reward, and no reward is
given unto thee,' Ezek. xvi. 30, Sec. These j
v/ords give us shocking ideas of this people : f
for if It was an abomination under the law to
' briiiiT the hire of a whoi e into the house of
the Lord,' Deut xxiii. 18, for an offering,
how much greater abomination must it be to
apply the offerings of the Lord to the support
of prosti'utes !
Their cnmes were aggravated, too, by the
innumerable blpss;ngs which God bestowed on
them The prop et reminds them ot these in
the words that iollow the tfxt. ' R.emember,
O my ; eo ile, I red-^emed thee out of the house
of servants, r^mfmber what Balak consulted,
and what Balaam an-wered.' V\'hat favour
did this people receive 1 What nuraberlfss en-
gagements to !■ ar God ! He made a covenant
with them, h'- divided the sea to let tliem pass
over, iie j,ave them bread from heaven to eat,
he cleft the rock to give them drink, he brought
them intotne country of which Moses had said,
' The land whitlier ye go is a land which the
Lord thy God careth for ; the eyes of the Lord
thy God are always upon it, from the begin-
ning ol the year, even unto the end of the
year," Deut. Xh. 12. Moreover, all their tem-
poral blessings were types and pledges of spi-
ritual benefits, either then bestowed, or pro-
mised in future. Aftf-r so many favours on God's
part, after so many crimes on the part of the
people, hail not the Lord rea-on to complain :
Was ever controversy more just than this.^
My breihren, you have certainly been often
shocked ai reading the history of this people;
you have blamed their idolatry; you have
detested their ingratitude; you have con-
demneil the carelessness of their pastors, and
all the vices of the people. But what would
you say if we could prove that the excesses of
priests and people are greater under the gospel
than under the law? Thi^ Lord's controversy
With you affirms this, and this we must new
examine.
But which of us ministers, which of us has
courage to enter into this detail .' And which
of you Christian peo; le wouid have humility
enough to hear us out without mnrmuriiig,
tr-'inl ling with indignation, and exclaiming
a^a'Ust your reprover. • Away with bim, away
vviilihimi" Surprising! When we now plead-
•d the unjust cause ol man agaiiK~t the Creator, >
the patient Creator satisfied every inquiry;
Ser. XLVI.]
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
407
the earth did not open under our feet to swal-
low us up ; no fire from heaven came down
to destroy us ; but every article of the contro-
versy received a full answer. iNow that Wf
ought to ( roceed to hear the complaints ol the
Creator against us, I alrea'ly hear every ont
murmurmg, and refusing to pay as muih re-
gard to the just complaints ot liiod, as God
condescended to pay to those which had no
foundation in reason and equity.
Well, we Will speak to you in your own
way; we will treat yon as sick people are
treated when their physicians are obliged to
disguise remedies, and conceal operations ne-
cessary to their recovery, we wdl decide no-
thing ; but we will leave each otyou to judge oi
his own conduct. We will only produce a few
of the articles of God's controversy with you,
and propose a few maxims lor you to examine ;
but if there remain the least decree of recti-
tude in you, we conjure you to apply these
maxims in earnest to yourselves.
First. JVkeii God distinguishes a people b_y
signal favours, the piople oasiht to distmg liJi
themselves by gratitude to hiin Tne equity
of this maxim is clear to evt-ry one of us, and
nobody will dispute it. I ask then were any
peoj^ile in the world ever favoured of heaven
as the people of these provinces have been .^
A people (permit me to go back to your ori-
gin), a people formed amidst grievous oppres-
sions and barbarous impositions; a people
subject to tyrants more cruel than the Piia-
raohs of Egypt ; a people not ashamed to call
themselves beggar-, and to exhibit poverty on
their standards ; a people who. in the Sj acf ol
six months, gave up six thousand ol them-
selves to racks and gibbets; a people risen
from this low condition into the present statr
of magnificence : a people who, placed in a
corner of the world, and occupying only a
few acres, extend their influence over thi
whole world; a people oppiisirig at the same
time two great kings ; a people in whose
favour the sea suspended its usual flux on the
day that was to decide the late of these pro-
vinces for ever ; a people whose forts were
all occupied by tiie enemy, and who, when
they had nothing to trust to but the unavail-
ing fidelity of a few citizens, saw the enemy
'that came out against them one wi.y, fli e
before them seven ways,' Deut. xxviii. 7- a
people inhabiting a country formed, (li I uiay
speak so) against the laws of nature, but
which the God of nature su port^ as it were
by miracle ; a people taxing, governing, ai.d
making laws for ihemsflv. s ; a people walk-
ing m the light of the gosp"! shining in ad iis
glory, and enjoying the reforuiation in its ut-
most purity This is only an imperfect
sketch of the blessings which God in distin
guishing mercy conters on you. Do you dis
tiiiguish yourselves by your gratitude.'' Is
there more piety among you than among
other nations.'' Is there a greater attention to
the word of God, and more deference to his
laws.' Are there more good examples in p-.-
rents, and are their children belter educated
than others."' Is there more zeal tor family
religion ; is the truth more highly esteemevl,
and is more done for the propagation of the
gospel .' Do the sufferings oi pious persons for
religion excite more compassion .' 1 pronounce
nothmg 1 decide nothing. 1 leave you to
judge of your own conduct.
PiThaps some of my hearers, whom the
correcting hand of God has long pursued, and
whom he seems to reserve as monuments of
his lasting displeasure, perhaps ttiey may tliink
I his maxim concerning the blessings ol Pro-
vidence does not r-^gard them. But shall we
be so ungr.deful as not to acknowledge the
lienefits bestowed on us.' And shall we be so
insen.^ilile as not to mourn over our own in-
gratitude.''
My brethren, let us look back a little. Let
us for a miinient turn our eyes to the land of
our niitivity, fro-n which we are banisiied ;
let us remember the time, when, to use the
language of the psalmi>t, we went in 'a mul-
titude to the house of God with the voice of
joy and praise,' Ps. xli. 4 ; nor let us torget
the many advantages, which we enjoyed till
till- day of ou'r exile. How happy a climate 1
What an agreeable society I VV hat opportu-
nities for comnifroe! What a rapid nrogress
m arts and .-ciences'' Was our gratitude pro-
^lortioned to the liberal gif s ol God.' Alas,
the exile we lam nt, the dispersion that sepa-
rates us from our nearest relations, the lassi-
lude we feel, the tears we shed, are not these
sad, but sufficient proofs of our insensibility
and ingratitude ? '1 his is the first ariicle of
God's coii'troversy arainst us. and this is the
first maxim ol seil-( xamniation.
The second regards the cliastisements of
God. When men are under the hand of an
angri/ God^ they are called to viourning and
c'inlrition. Ple.isures, iiinoccml in other cir-
cumslancts, are guilty in this case. You
perceive at o.ce the truth ol this maxim. God
iiy his prophet says to you, ' Hear ye the
rod. and who hath appointed it,' Micah vi. 0.
One o! his most cutting reproofs to his people
was this, ' In that day did the Lord God of
hosts call to wefping, and to mourning, and
to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth ;
and behold, joy ai d gladness, sh.ying oxen and
killing siieep, i-ating flesh and drinking wine;
let Us eat and drink, lor tn-morrovv we siuill
die. And it was revei-led in mine ears by the
Lord of hosts. Surely this iniquity shall not be
(■urged from you till ye die.' Isa. xxii. 12, <&;c.
i hus, in like manner, another jcophet com-
filamed to bis GoJ, ' O Lord, thou hast
s'rickfu them, but they iiave not grieved;
thou hast consumed them, but they have re-
;used U) receive instruction; they have made
ihtir faces harder than a rock, they have re-
fused to return,' Jer. v. 3.
Now, my brethren, though the blessings of
Providence surround us, yet it is plain we are
at present under the rod of correction. I lay
aside all the afflictions just now mentioned ; I
wdl not remind you of gilibets. and racks,
and tortur' s, subj>cts so proper to banish
Irom our minds the senseless joy that fills
them, were we ither • grieved lor the afHio-
lion ol Joseph, or pleased to remember he
dust of Zion.' 1 will speak only of the cause
408
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
[Ser. XLVI.
of our asaemblin* now, of this cruel and tra- j
gical war. Is not tho destroying angel gone!
jibroad? Docs not the 'sword of the Lord,j
drunk with blood,' turn the vholp universe i
into one vast grave? Are your fortunes, your|
liberties, or yonr religion safe ? Should your i
fleets and armies be always victorious in to- J
tui-e, would not yoin husbands, and relations ;
and friends be in imminent daii;;er ? Would!
our victories cost us I'o tear= ? Would not our
laurels be bloody ? Alas! the tears of some
mother having lost her son, the sia^hs of so'i.e j
wife having lost her husband, the coni;>laints !
of some friend who had lost a friend, would
not these interrupt our son^i of triumih.
and mix mournful sounds among our shouts ol
joy'
We are, then, luider the correctmg hand
of God. Yet what impressions do these
frightful objects make on us? What eflects
are produced in our souls by objects so proper
to fill them with fear and trembling? Have
we broke up any party of pleasure? Have we
kept away from any public amusement ? Have
we laid aside any festivals and public shows?
Is nothing to be seen among us but tasting and
weeping, sackcloth and ashes? Would not
any stranger who should see us, say every
thing succeeded according to our wishes ; that
there was no danger, no war, no blood-shed-
diiiJ-, no proVjability of another campaign, that
should cover the earth with the limbs of the
dead? This is the second article of God's con-
troversy with us. This is the second ground
of examination. 1 pronounce nothing. 1 de-
cide nothing. I leave you to judge of your
own conduct.
The thirl maxim regards the end of preach-
ing i-nd the ministiy. To allend public wor-
ship is not lo ohtam the end of tir ministrij
Kol to become wise by altcnding, is lo increase
onr miseries by agirraiativg our sins. Un
this principle we ntiirm, that every time our
places of worship arc opened, every t;me you
attend public service, every time ou hear a
sermon, you are required to derive some real
benefit, answerable to the end proposed, is
it so? Wiien we survey this asstmMy, and
look on it with the t-yps of flush, the sight
strikes every beholder wilh surprise and awe.
litre are princes, magistrates, generals, men
excelling in learning and science of every kind.
We can hardly find in all Europe so many
venerable personages assembled in so small
u place. J\loreo\er, heie is all the exterior
of piety, assiduity, attention, eagerness, a
great concourse of people, and every thing
that looks like zeal and fervour. Yet the
end, the great < nd of the ministration of the
divine word, is it even known among us?
When each of you come into this holy
place, do you think what you are going to do ?
When you enter the house of God, do you
/jcc/» )/07.<7-/ce/, according to the lanjruage ol
a prophet? When you approach this ilesk,
does your heart accompany him who prays?
Does your tiervoui rise up with his petitions,
and does your soul warmly unite itse'f with
hi? requests to supplicate the thr( ne of grace,
and to avert the anger of Almighty God?
When you hear a sermon, have you the doci-
lity requisite to such as receive instruction?
Does your memory retain the doctrines taught?
Does your heart apply to itself the searching
truths sometimes delivered? W^hen you return
home do you recollect what you have been
li-aring? Do you ever converse about it af-
terward? Do you require any account of
your chddren and servants of iheir profiting ?
tn a word, what good comes of all the exhor-
tritions, expiistulations, anii arguments used
among you ? I pronounce nothing. I decide
othing. I leave you once more to judge of
your own conduct.
Onr fourth maxim regards slander. Slander
is once impure tn its source, dangerous in its
ejftcts, general in ils influence ; irreparable in
lis conscejuences ; a rice that ■trikes at once
three mortal blows ; it wounds /tun u-lio com-
mits if, liim against whom it is committed, and
him who sees it committed. It is tolerated in
society, only because every one has an invinci-
ble inclmalion to commit it. Kxamiiie this
place on this article. Are not your slanders
famous even in distant climes ? Do not stran-
gers and travellers observe your propensity to
this vice? Are not many of you cruelly at-
tentive to the conduct of your neighbours, and
always asking. Where is he ? AVhence does he
come ? What is he about ? What are his opi-
nions ? Have you no pleasure in discovering
people's imperiections ? Dues not m.alice pub-
lish some vices, which charity ought to con-
ceal ? .A. re no tales invented ? none enlarged ?
no calumnies added ? Are not the characters
of the most respectable persons attacked, of
heads of families, magistrates, and ministers?
Is not one unrea-ionaMy taxed with heresy,
another with frau'!, arioiser with criniinul in-
trigues, and so on? This is the fourth article
of G(id"s controversy. I j'ronounce nothi'ig.
I l^<i^ie nothing. I leave you to judge of
your own actions.
Fifthly. If the dangers that thrv(ilc7i ?/?, and
iJie hloiis that Providence strikes, ought to af-
fect us all, they ought to affect those most of all
■alio arc most exposed to them. To explain
outselv'.'s. Tiiere is not one of us so secure,
thpre is no credit so firm, no Jiouse so estab-
lished, no lortui.c so safe, as not to be affect-
ed by this war. Cons'-qnenlly, there is not
any one purson who ought not, by fervent
prayer, and genuine piet' , to t iideavour to en-
i>age Heaven to prosper our armies.
It is, however clear beyond a <loubt, that
our generals, olhcers, and soldiers, have a par-
ticular and pcrsoi'al concern in the approach-
ing ramjiaign. Men who, besides all the in-
firmities and dangers to whicli human nature
is subject, and to which they are exposed in
common with all mankind, are goiiiii: to expose
themselves to the danL';er3 ot sieges and bat-
tles, and all other concomitants of war; they
who are always contending with death ; they
who march every day through fires and flames;
they who have aiways the sound of warlike
instruments in their ears, crying with a thun-
dering voice, 'Remember ye are mortal;'
;-eople of this profession, ought not they to be
I more affected with these objects than we who
Ser. XLVI.3
GOD'S CONTROVERSY WITH ISRAEL.
409
see them only at a distance? An'1, conse-
quently, ouglit not thpy to ""nter with greater
sincerity into (he religious dispositions which
such objects are apt to excite ? Thi- is the
maxim, the fiiih article ol God's controversy
with us.
See, exa^aine. Is piety respected F.mong
yourtrooi)S ? Dor-s the ark of the Lordalvays
go at the head of your array .'' Does the pdlar
of a cloud direct your step?? Ooes henevo
lence animate )ou towards one another, part-
tiers as you are in common daiiicer? Do tiie
mouths that arf ready to ut'.er the la:-f sisih,
open only to hlcss the Creator, aiul to commit
to hmi a soul lioverins; on the lips. a;d ready
to depart ? Arc- offences asjainst Je ns Ci.rist
punish^Hl assrverely as offonces against officers
in the army" ' Do ye nro\ oke the Lord to
jealousy? Are ye stron^,- r rhan he?' 1 C'ir.
X. 22. Would you fore a victory in spite of
himr Would you triumph wirho'ii God, or
would you have him su'-ciwhI your attempts,
w'-ien you carrj impiety on your foreheaiis,
irreli^ion in ynur h^a'-ts, and ' lasphemy in
your moiUhs? I prono;ince nothaiu;. 1 de
cide nothing. I leave each of you to draw
such inferences from this maxim as naturally
belong to it.
Our sixth maxim regards gaming. If gam-
ing be innocent n any circumstnncesUitei/ arc
uncommon and rare. It is easier to renounce
this pleasure than to enjoy it wit' tout excess.
Examine yourselves on this article Ar'' t! ore
none of us to whom gaming is become neces-
sary? N'>ne wi!o relish no other pleasure ?
Are there no father* and mothers who train
up their families i:i it. and emlmiden th'-m by
their examples ? I.-i there no opulpnt man who
imagines he has a rig' it to spend his fortune in
gaming? Is there no necessitous person who
hazariis the support, yea the daily bread of
his family in thi< practice? I determine no-
thing I pronounce nothing. 1 leave you to
judge of your own actions.
Bin. wliy not pronounce ? Why not decide ?
' "Whereliire respect lalse delicacy? 'Why not
dei lai f the whole couns(^l of God r' Acts xx.
37. ' Why strive to phase men?' Gal. i. 10.
Ah, my brethrpii ! were I to hold my peace,
the walls, ami the pillars, and the arches of
thi^ budding, the hills and the mountains,
would rise up in judgment against you. ' Haar,
ye mountains, hear ye hills, hear the Lord's
controversy. The Lord hath a contrpversy
with his people, and he will plead with Isvael.'
Yea, the Lord lias a controversy with you.
His reproofs would ckaveyonr ucarts asunder,
and dissolve you in floods of tears, were you
cauab e of reflections and emotions. He com-
plains of all tlie vices we have mentioned.
He complains that you are insensible to the
most terrible thrf^atenings of his mouth, and
the heaviest strokes of his hand. lie com-
plains that you bite and devour one another
like wild and savage beasts. He complains
that impiety, irreligion, and intemperance.
reign over those souls which are formed for
the honour of having fiod for their king. H'
complairis that you forget the excellence ot
your nature, and the dijnity of your origin.
and that you occupy your immortal souls with
amusements unworthy of the attention of
creatures having the least degree of intelli-
g'-nce. He complains that exhortations, ex-
postulations, and entreaties, the most forcible
and artVcting, are almost always without suc-
cess He com,ilains oi' some abominable
crimes which are committed in the face ol (he
sun, and of others that are concealed under
the 'larkness of the night, the horrors of
which I dare not even mention in this place
dedicated to tlie service of God. He com-
plains that you force him, as it were, to lay
aside his inclinntion to bless you, and oblige
him to chastise you with se\°rity. Behold!
ihe storm gaUiers, the thunder mutters and
approaches, the lightning is ready to flush in
oui faces, unless onr fasting, a, id sackcloth,
and ashes, avert these judgments which threat-
en us, or, shall I rather say, which are already
falling upon us?
Such is the controversy of God with you ;
these are his comjilamts. It is your part to
reply. J usi.'fy Yourselves, pUad, speak, an-
swer. 'O my people whiit have I ilone unto
thee?' What have you to say in jtur own
behalf? How can you justify your ingratitude,
your insensibdity, youi luxury, your calum-
nies, yuur di sipatioiis, your lukewarmiiess,
youi worUlly-mindedne.-s, \our pride, your
Uiiworihy communions, yotir forgotten fasts,
your false contracis, your broiien resolutions,
ihe hardening of your hearts against thrcat-
eniiigs, and promise?, and personal chastise-
ments, some public calarnities already inflict-
ed on the church, and others reudy to over-
whelm it r Havf} we any thing to reply?
A^ain I say, justify yourselves, plead, speak,
i answer.
Ah, my brethren, my brethren I am I de-
ceiving mysilf; I think I see your hearts in
j your countenances, and read in your faces the
reply you are going to make. .Vlethinks 1 see
your hearts penetrated with genuine ;,'rief,
your faces covered with holy confusion, and
your eyes (lowing with tears of godly sorrow.
I thiiik 1 h^ar the language of your con-
sciences, all ' broken and contrite, and trem-
bling at the woni of the Lord,' Ps. li. 19; I
tliink I hear each of you say, 'though 1 were
righleiius, yet would I not answer; but I
would make supplication to my Judge,' Isa.
Ixvi. 2 ; Job ix. 15. This was the disposition
of the people after they had heard Micah.
God said, ' O my people, what have I done
unto thee? wherein have I wearied thee?
testify against me.' And the people, afflicted
on account of tlieir sins, afraid of the judg-
ments of God, all wounded and weighed down
with a sense of guilt, confused and astonished
at their condition, replied, ' Wherewith shall
1 come before (he Lord, and bow myself belore
the high God.'
This was the answer of the Jews, and this
is the answer we expect of you. L<=t each of
yoi say, ' Wherewith shall I come before the
lord, and bow myself before the high God ?*
1 low shall I turn away those torrents of divine
fudgments which threaten to overwhelm tho
Chnstitiii world ? We, the ministers of Christ,
y
410
THE HARMONY OP
[Ser. XLVII.
we answer in the name of God, prevent them
by sighs and tears of genuine repentance, pre-
vent thpm by cool, constant, and efi'ectual
resolutions, by effusions of love, and by in-
creasing zeal for universal obedience.
This ought to be the work of this day ; it
is the dpsign of the fast, and the aim of this
sermon ; for it is not sufficient, my brethren, to
trace the controversy of God with you, it
must be finished, th parties must be recon-
ciled, and each of us must yield obedience to
the voice that says to every one of us, ' he
may make peace with me, he shall make
peace with me,' Isa. xxvii. 5
iVIagistrates, princes, noblemen, ministers,
people, parents, children, will you not all of
you embrace this invitation ? Do you not so-
lemnly protest, in the presence of heaven and
earth, and before the angels that wait in this
assembly, that you preier this peace before
nil the riches in the world ? Do you not all
resolve, with the utmost sincerity and good
fuith, never more wilfully to break the com-
jnaiidmeiits of God? O Lord thou knowest
all things, thou knowest the hearts ol all man-
kind, thy searching eyes survey the most
secret purposes of the souls of all this assem-
bly !
If each of us reply thus to God, let us cher-
ish the pleasure that is inspired by the returi.
of his favour. Christians what came you oui
to day to see? what came you out to hear :
God pleading before ynu, God ju.-tifying hui,-
Eelf, God convicting you : yet, alter all, Gou
pardonintf you. What may we not exp< it
from a God so j>atient and kind ?
Lo ! I see on a happy future day the teais-
of Zion wiped away, the mourning of Jeru-
salem ended, our cajitives freed from bon-
dage, our galley-slaves irom chains
I see on a happy luture day victory follow-
ing our march, our generals crowned with
laurels, and every campaign distinguishd by
some new triumph.
Meihinks I beh(jld, on some future day, our
prayers exchanged tor praise, our fast- for so-
lemn festivals, our mourning for joy and tri-
umph, and all the faithful, assembled to-day
to implore the aid of the God of armies, again
convoked to bless the God of victory, and
making this place echo with repeat' d shouts,
' The right hand of the Lord. is exalt<d. The
right hand oi the Lord hath done valiantly.
I he sword of the Lord and Gideon,' Ps. cxviii.
16; Judg vii. 20.
I see on some happy future day our ene-
mies confounded ; one post running to meet
another, one messenger to meet another, to
show the king of Babylon that his army is
routed I see commerce flourishing among
this people, and liberty for ever established
in these provinces.
Go then, generous warriors, go verify these
pleasing omens, go sacredly prodigal of spill-
ing your blood in defence of liberty, religion,
and your country. May the God of armies
return you victorious as rapidly as our wishes
rise I Vlay he reunite the many hearts, and
reassemble the many families which this cam-
(jaigii is going to separate ! May he prevent
the shedding of human blood ; and while
iie makes you conquerors, may he spare the
people suhdued t)y you ! May he return you
•o wear the crowns and laurels which our
lands will be eagerly preparing for you ! May
he, after he shall haie granted you all a long
uid happy life, useful and glorious to the
taie and to your families, open the gates of
eternal happiness to you, and fix you for ever
n tiie temple of peace 1 To him be honour
and glory henceforth and for ever. A men.
SEMMON XL.VII.
(
THE HARMONY OF RELIGION AND CIVIL POLITY.
Proverbs xiv. 34.
Eighteousness exalteth a 7iation.
To propose maxims of civil polity in a re-
ligious assembly, to propose maxims of reli-
gion in a political assembly, are two things,
which seem alike senseless and imprudent.
The Christian is so often distinguished from
the statesman, that it would seem, they were
opposite characters. We have been lately
taught to believe, that Jesus Christ, by givin„
us an idea of a society more noble than any
we can form upon earth, has forbidden us to
prevent the miseries of this state, and to en
deavour to procure the glory of it. It has
been said, that kingdoms and states cannot be
r elevated without violating the laws of equity,
and infringing the rights of the church.
How general soever this odious notion may
have been, hardly any one has appeared openly
to avow it till of late. The impudence of
pleading for it was reserved for our age, for
a Christian admitted into your provinces,
cherished in your bosom, and, O shame of
our churches I appearing among proteatant
refugees, as the devil formerly presented him-
self before the ,.ord, among the angels of God.*
* Voyez Baylc, Coiwiimat. des peasees divers.
tern, ii- p< ^^
Ser. XLVII.]
RELIGION AND CIVIL POLITY.
411
We propose to-Jay, my brethren, to endea-
vour to unrarel the sophisms of this author,
to show you the agreement of reli2;ion with
civil polity, and to establish this proposition,
that as there is nothing in religion to counter-
act the design of a wise system of civil polity,
so there is nothing in a wise sytem of civil
government to counteract the design of tlie
Christian religion. It was the wisest of all
kings whu taught us this lesson. He speaks
of the exaltation of a nation, and this is the
end of civil polity. He speaks of righteous-
ness, and this is the design of religion, or
rather this is religion itself. He affirms that
the latter is the foundation of the former, and
this is the agreement of religion with civil
government. It is 'righteousness,' says he. It
is ' righteousness' that ' exalteth a nation.'
This proposition of Solomon needs both ex
plication and proof; and this discourse is in-
tended to furnish both.
In our first part we will state the question,
fix the sense of these terms, righteousness, ex-
altation ; we will set aside the various false
senses which occasioned the opinion that we
intend to oppose ; and by these means we
ivill preclude such objections as may be made
against our doctrine.
In the second part we will allege some argu-
ments in favour of the proposition contained
in the text, when properly explained, and so
prove that * righteousness exalteth a nation '
This n-ition is exalted, my brethren ; but,
allow me to say, it is not by its ' righteous-
ness.' We have not therefore chosen this
text to create an opportunity of making en-
comiums on you ; but we treat of the sub-
ject in order to fix your attention on the pro-
per means of preserving and augmenting your
elevation. Happy if our design meet with
success ; happy if we contribute, though not
according to the extent of our wishes, yet,
according to the utmost of our ability, to the
glory of this state.
I. We just now insinuated, that the false
glosses put upon the maxim of the Wise Man,
were the principal causes of our backwardness
to admd the truth of it. it is therefore im-
portant to state the question clearly.
I. When we alfirm that righteousness and
religion in general (for it would be easy to
prove that the word 'righteousness' in the
text, is to be taken in this vague sense,) I say,
when we affirm that religion ' exalteth a na-
tion,' we do not mean such a religion as many
imagine. We ingenuously acknowledge, and
would lO God the whole world acknowledged,
that neither the religion of a cruel man, nor
the religion of a supeistitious person, nor
the religion of an enthusiast, can 'exalt a na-
tion.'
How can the religion of a cruel man ' exalt
a nation ? The religion of such men istoo well
known for the peace of Europe. Such as
these, under pretence of devotion, cut a free
course for their own black and inflexible pas-
sions. These arm themselves with the civil
sword, to destroy all who doubt the trutii of
tiieir systems ; they put violence in the place
of demonstration, and endeavour to establish
the gospel as if it were the Koran of Moham-
med, by force and constraint. These charac-
ters, as I just now said, art too well known
for the peace of Europe. Even now while 1
speak, I behold many who have suffered under
such cruelty, and have opposed the strongest
ar.'-uments against it. No, my brethren, this
is not the religion that • exalteth a nation.'
Such a religion depopulates states, ruins com-
merce, and is a never failing soure-^ of civil
wars and intestine commotions. The religion
of which we speak, is a kind, patient, gentle
religion ; a religion, the grand character of
which is forbearance, benevolence, and frater-
nal love ; a reli^jion, inimical to error and he-
resy ; but which, however, pities the erro-
neous and the heretic; a religion which ex-
erts itself to eradicate false doctrines; but
which leaves each at liberty to admit the
truth; a religion which hns no other sword
than the ' sword of the Spirit,' nor any other
weapon than that of the word.
How can the religion of a superstitious man
' exalt a nation ." It makes devotion degene-
rate into idleness, it increases the number of
ecclesiastics, and so renders many members
useless to society. It wastes in pretendedly
pious foundations immense sums, which might
have contributed to the advancement of arts
and sciences. It generates ^cruple^ in the
minds of statesmen, and so restrains the exer-
cise or those fine faculties which God created
for the good of the state. It puts the casuist
in the place of the prince, and the prince in
the place of the casuist ; the casuist on the
throne, and the prince in confession at his ieet.
No, my brethren, this is not the religion of
which we sjjeak. The religion of which we
speak, is opposite to superstition. It is just
and solid, requiring us to ' render unto Caesar
the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the
things that are God's,' Matt. xii. 17. It pre-
scribes bounds to sovereigns, but it requires
casuists also to know their place.
How can the religion of an enthusiast con-
tribute to the exaltation of a nation .'' The
soul of an enthusiast is always agitated with
visions and reveries. He incessantly thrusts
himsell into the company of the great, in or-
der so inspire them with his ov/n spirit, and to
breathe into them the soul of enthusiasm. He
endeavours to animate governors called to
watch over a state, and to conduct the people
to national happiness, with his wild schemes.
He is always talk'n;j of extirpating the re-
formation, an.! thunderiii,' excommunications
against tl'. .sc who do not enter into his extra-
vagant ;-ruj*^cts; his anathimas are as extra-
vag-d i! and wild as the pr^ jcts themselves.
Til!- is not the religion o: which v/e speak.
^l'!ie religion that ' exalte t u a nation' is derived
!rom the treasures (>f the Divine Intelligence ;
;f was formed in the mind of that sublime
S} rit from whom wisdom proceeds, as the
stream flows from the spring : and not in the
ideas of a disordered brain, nor in the dreams
of a visionary.
We \v ish you to take religion and righteous-
ness in the true sense of the terms. This is
our first elucidation. This is the first precau-
412
THE HARMONY OF
[Ser. XLVII.
tion that must be uscl to understand the state
of the question.
2. VVe do not mean to affirm that the true
religion is i«o nece-!*ary in al! iis doctrnies, am!
in all Ihn estent oi iu |>rece,.U3 ; Ihut tij'Te ar--
no mstances of ihe flourishing of societies,
which hav ii:>t been wholly rejfulate! by ii.
We ackuowleJge that some societies of ni-^ii,
-vrho have been only partially ^overiif J by lU
maxims, hdV? enjoyoJ lonjj and 2:iori()us ad-
vantages upon the theatre of the world; eithf-r
because their false reli^rions contained some
principles of rectitude in common with the
true reli^-ion ; or because God, in order to ani-
mate such people to [iractise some virtues, su-
perficial indeed, but, however, necessary to
the bein"- of society, annexed success to the
exercise of them ; or because he prospered
them to answer some secret desi2:ns ot his wis-
dom : or because, finally, rectitude was never
so fully established on earth as to preclude in-
justice from enjoyiii;^; the advantas^es of virtue,
or virtue from suffering: the penalties of vice.
However it were, we allow the fact, and we
only aiTirm that the mo-t sure mslho; th it a
nation can take to support and exalt itself, is
to follow the lawsof righteo^slle^s anJthesj.i-
rit of religion. This is a ^econd flucidation,
tending to state the question clearly.
3. We do not affirm, that in every particular
case religion is more s-uccessful in procuring;;
some temporal advaiita°;e than the violation
of it ; so that to consider society only in this
point of light, and to coiifine it to this particular
case, independently of all other circumstances,
religion yields tlie honour of prosperity to in-
iusttce. We allow some state crimes have
been successful, and have been the steps by
which ''ome people have acquired worldly
"■lory. We even allow, that virtue has some-
lim-T-s been an obstacle to grandeur. We only
affirm, that if a nation be considered in every
point of light, and in aU circumstances, if all
thino-s be weighed, it will be found that the
more a society practises virtue, the more pros
penty it will enjoy. We afiirm, that the
more it abandons itself to vice, the more misery
will it sooner or later suffer ; so that the very
vice which contributed to its exaltation, will
produce its destruction ; and the very virtue,
which seems at first to aba-e it, will in the end
exalt its glory. This is a third elucidation.
4. We do not mean by exaltation that sort
of elevation at which worldly heroes, or rather
tyrants, aspire. We acknowledge that, if by
'exalting a nation' be understood an elevation
extending itself beyond the limits of rectitude,
an elevation not directed by justice and good
faith, an elevation consi,~tins of the acqui«i
sitions of wanton and arbitrary power, an ele-
vation obliging the whole world to sui.'mit to
a yoke of slavery, and so becoming an execu
tioner of divine vengeance on all mankind ;
we allow that, in this sense, exaltation is not
an effect of righteousness. But, if we under-
stand by ' exalting a nation' whatever governs
with gentleness, negociatcs with success, at-
tacks with courage, defends with resolution,
and constitutes tlie happine s of a people,
whatever God always beholds with favour-
able eyes ; if this be wliat is meant by ' ex-
alting a nation,' we affirm a nation is exalted
only by righteousness.
5. In fine, we do not affirm that the pros-
perity of siich a nation would be so perfect as
to exclude all untoward circumstaiices. We
only say, that the highest glory and the most
prrfect happiness which can be enjoyed by a
nation in a worbl, where, after al, there is al-
ways a mixture of adversity with prosperity,
are the fruit? of righteousness. These eluci-
dations must be retained, not only because they
explain the thesis which we are supporting,
and because they are the ground of what we
shad hereafter say ; but also because they
serve to preclude such objections, to solve such
difficulties, and to unravel sucn sophisms, as
the author whom we oppose urges against
us.
One argument against us is taken from the
abuses which religion has caused in society;
but this objection is removed, by taking away
false ideas of religion. A second objection is
taken from the case of some luolatrou* nations,
who. though they were strangers to revealed
religion, have yet arrived at a great height of
wori'liy glory ; but this objection is removed
by our second elucidation. A third oijection
is taken from some particular case, in which
vice is of more advantage to a state than vir-
tue; but this objection falls before the man-
ner in which we have stated the question. A
fourth objection is taken from extravagant no-
tions of glory ; but this objeclion is removed
by distinguishing true exaltation from false.
Finally, an objection i.s taken fri^m the evils
which the most virtuous societies suffer; and
we have acknowledged, that this world will
alw.iys be to public bodies what it is to indi-
viduals, a place of misery ; and we have con-
tented ourselves wiih affirming, that the most
solid happiness which can be enjoyed h- re. has
righteousness fi.r its cause. The narrow lim-
its to which we are confined, will not allow us
to carry our reflections any farther. They,
however, who meditate proloundly on the
aiatter, will easily perceive thai all thefe ob-
jection.s are, if not abundantly refuted, at
least sufficiently precluded by our explica-
tions.
^ e will now proceed to show the grounds
of the maxim of he Wise .Man. We wdl open
six sources of reflections ; an idea of society in
general ; the constitution of each government
in particular ; the nature ot arts and sciences ;
the conduct of Providence ; the promises of
God himself; and the history of all ages.
These articles make up the remainder of this
discourse.
H. 1. Let us first form an idea of society in ge-
neral, and considerthe motives which induced
mankind to unite themselves in society, and to
fix themselves in one }<lace. Ry domg this we
shall perceive, that 'righteousness' is the only
thing that can r* n l^r nations happy. Every
individual ha« infinite wants; but only finite
faculties fo supply them. Each individual of
mankind has need of knowledge to inform him,
laws to direct him, property to support him,
medicines to relieve him, aliments to nourish
Ser. XL VII.]
RELIGION AND CIVIL POLITY.
413
him, clothing and lodging to defend himself
against the injuries of the seasons. How easy
would it be to enlarge this catalogue ! Simi-
lar interests form a similar design. Divers
men unite themselves together, in o'der that
the industry of all may supply the wants of
each. This is the origin of societies and pub-
lic bodies of men.
It is easy to comprehend that, in order to en-
joy the blessings proposed by this assemblage,
some fixed maxims must be laid down and in-
violably obeyed. It will be necessary lor all
the members of this body to consider them-
selves as naturally equal, that by this idea
they may be inclined to afford each other
mutual succonr. It will" be necessary that
they should be sincere to each other, lest de-
ceit should serve for a veil to conceal the fatal
designs of some from the eyes of the rest. It
will be necessary for all to observe the rules
of rigid equity, that so they muy fulfil the con-
tracts which they bound themselves to per-
form, jvhen they were admitted into this soci-
ety. It will be necessary that esteem and be-
nevolence should give life and action to right-
eousness. It will be necessary that the happi-
ness of all should be preferred before the inte-
rest of one ; and that in cases where public
and private interests cla«h, the public good
should always prevail. It will be necessary
that each should cultivate his own talents,
that he may contribute to the happiness of
that society to which he ought to devote him-
self with the utmost sincerity and zeal.
Now, my brjthreii, what can bo more pro-
per to make us observe these rules than reli-
gion, than righteousness ? Religion brings us
to feel our natural equality ; it teaches us that
we originate in the same dust, have the same
God for our Creator, are all descended from
the same first parents, <ill partake of the same
miseries, and are all doomed to the same last
end. Religion teaches us sincerity to each
other, that tiie tongue should be a faithfui in-
terpreter of the mind, that we should ' speak
every man truth with his neighbour,' Eph. iv.
25 ; and that, being always in the sight of the
God of truth, we should never depart from the
laws of truth. Religion teaches us to be just,
that we should ' render to all their dues ; tri-
bute to whom tribute is due, custom to whom
custom, fear to whom fear, honour to whom
honour ; that whatsoever we would men
should do unto us, we should do even so unto
them,' Rom. xiii. 7; Matt. vii. 12. Religion
requires us to be animated with charity, to
consider each other as creatures of one God,
subjects of the same king, members of one bo-
dy, and heirs of the same glory. Religion re-
quires us to give up private interest to public
good, not to seek our own, but every one ano-
ther's wealth; it even requires us to lay down
our lives for the brethren. Thus, by consider-
ing nations in these primitive views, it is
' righteousness' alone that ' exalts' them.
2. But all this is too vague. We proceed
nest to consider each form of government in
particular. It is impracticable for all the
members of societ)', on every pressing occa-
sion, to aasemblo together and give their suf-
:\ G
frages. Public bodies, therefore, agree to set
apart some ol their number who are account-
ed the soul, the will, the determination of the
whole. Some nations have committed the
supreme power to one, whom they call a mo-
narch ; this is a monarchical state. Others
have committed supreme power to a few of
their own body called magistrates, senators,
nobles, or some other honourable appellation ;
this is a republic, called in the schools an ari-
stocracy. Others have diffused supreme pow-
er more equally among all the membeis of
their society, and have placed it in all heads of
families ; this is a popular government, usual-
ly called a democracy. Society gives it autho-
rity and privileges into the hands of those per-
sons ; it intrusts and empowers them to make
laws, to impose taxes, to raise subsidies, to
make peace, or to declare war, to reward vir-
tue, to punish vice, in one word, to do what-
ever may be beneficial to the whole society,
with the felicity of which they are intrusted.
If we consider those various forms of go-
vernment, we shall find that each nation will
be more or less happy in its own mode of go-
verning, will more or less prevent the inconve-
niences to which it is subject, according as it
shall have more or less attachment to religion
or righteousness.
What are the particular inconveniences of a
monarchical governineiiti' In what cases is
monarchy fatal to the liberty, and so to the fe-
licity of the nation .'' When the monarch, in-
stead of making the good of the people his su-
preme law, follows nothing but his own ca-
price. VViien he thinks himself vested with
supreme power for his own glory, and not for
the glory of his kingdom. When, by stretch-
ing his auti'ority beyond its lawful bounds, he
endeavours arbitrarily to dispose of the lives
and fortunes of his subjects When, in order
to avenge a private quarrel, or to satiate his
thirst for glory, from which his people derive
no benefit, he engages them in bloody wars,
and sacrifices them to a vain and imaginary
grandeur. When he wastes the substance of
his people in superb buildings, in excessive
embellishments, and in sumptuous equipages.
When he imposes on them enormous tributes,
and exorbitant taxes. When he is inaccessi-
ble to the widow and the orphan. When he
gives himself up to indolence, and does not stu-
dy the wants of his subjects. When, though
he appropriates to himself the adva,ntages of
empire, yet, in order to free himself from the
fatigue of governing, he commits the reins to
a rash counsellor or to an insolent favourite.
When he entertains such an idea of royalty as
one anciently formed, who defined it a right
to do whatever we will with impunity ; such
an idea as that, which a mean flatterer gave of
it to Alexander the Great, do as many unjust
actions as you will, impoverish your subjects
by exactions, extortions, and rapines, to satisy
your luxury and ambition, it is all right, it i
all lovely, because you choose to have it so.*
When, instead of being the father of his peo-
le, he strives to be the executioner, like that
utarch ad princij>= indo(^-
414
THE HARMONY OF
[Ser. XL VII.
brutal emperor who wished the Roman em-
pire had but one head that he might strike it
off at a blow.* These are the inconveniences
of the first kind of government.
In what cases is the second kind of govern-
ment hurtful ? Is it not when any one of the
magistrates, instead of considering himself as a
single member of the assembly, aims to be the
head of it ? When he intrudes into office by
sinister means. When he uses his power not
for the public good, but for the advancement
and glory of his own family. When he is mean
enough to sell his vote. When he ingratiates
himself with a number of seditious people, in
order to form cabals, and to engross supreme
power. When he does not take pains to in-
form himself of the merits of a cause, before
he determine it. When he associates col-
leagufs with himself, whose incapacity is in-
tended to be made a foil to his own abilities,
instead of calling in men more able than him-
self to supply his own defects. In fine, when
he makes himself judge in his own cause.
Let us observe, lastly, when a popular go
vernment becomes hurtful. Is it not when,
by a mere principle of levity, laws are made
and unmade by caprice ? When under pre-
tence of equality, a proper deference to supe-
rior understandings is refused ? When intrigue
and cabal give effect to evil counsels? When
a powerful faction oppresses the virtuous few ?
When popular liberty degenerates into licen-
tiousness and anarchy, and when the ambition
of many becomes an evil as enormous and fa-
tal as the tyranny of one ? These, and many
more, are the imperff ctions of these three
sorts of government. Need we to take up
your time in proving, that all these ills are
most and best precluded by religion ? Do we
not all recollect some Scripture maxims which
would restram these excesses? I need not there-
fore multiply quotations to prove this point.
Is not each of us convinced that, if we thus
consider nations in regard to the forms of their
government, it is righteousness alone that ex-
alts them ?
3. Our doctrine will appear in clearer light
still, if we proceed to examine ths liberal arts
and sciences. The more a society lollows the
spirit of religion, the more will religion cher
ish them under its fostering wing. Jurispru-
dence will flourish, because law will be disen-
gaged from ambiguity, which perpetuates ani-
mosities ; because counsellors will plead none
but just causes; and becausejudges will never
suffer themselves to be corrupted by 'gifts,
which blind the eyes of the wise,' but will al-
ways decide according to the spirit of the law,
and the dictates of conscience.
The military art will flourish, becaixse the
soldier wdl not defraud the officer, the officer
will not defraud the soldier; because both
will go into the army not merely to obtain the
favour ot their governors, but to please God ;
because, being prep^ired to die by an anticipa-
ted repentance, their ardour will not be re-
strained by the fear of falling into the hands of
an angry God; because, should they have
.* Sueton. Calig. Cliap. stx.
neglected to conciliate the favour of God be-
fore a battle, they would be persuaded, even
in the heat of it, that the best way to please
him would be to discharge the duty of their
office ; whereas, when soldiers feel their con-
sciences agitated, when amidst the discharge of
the artillery of their enemies they discover
eternal flames, when they see hell opening un-
der their feet, and the horrors of eternal pun-
ishment succeeding those of the field of battle,
they always fight with reluctance, and endea-
vour to avoid future misery by running away
from present death. ^
In a virtuous state commerce will flourish,
because the merchant, always speaking the
truth, and dealing with good faith, will at-
tract general credit and confidence ; always
following the rules of wisdom and prudence,
he will never engage in rash undertakings,
which ruin families and subvert whole houses ;
not being animated with avarice or vainglo-
ry, he will not first acquire riches by injustice,
and next waste them with indiscretion ; de-
pending on the blessing of heaven, all his la-
bours will be enlivened with courage and
In such a state divinity will flourish, because
each, burning with zeal for the glory of God,
will carefully cultivate a science which has
God for it» object : because, being free from a
party-spirit, he will receive the truth, what-
ever hand may present it to him ; because, by
referring religion to its chief end, be will not
spend his life in the pursuit of trifles : because,
full of zeal for his salvation, he will be atten-
tive to every step towards it ; because, not be-
ing enslaved by his passions, he will not be
enveloped in the darkness produced by them,
or, to express myself in the language of Scrip-
ture, because by doing the will of God, he
will know whether such and such doctrines j
come from the Supreme Being, or from the I
preacher only, John vii. 17. 1
The mechanical arts will flourish in a vir-
tuous state, because they, on whom God has
not bestowed genius equal to the investigation
of abstract sciences, whom he has fitted for
less noble stations in society, wdl fill up those
stations with the utmost care, and will be
happy in deriving from them such advantages
as they produce. Thus a just notion of arts
and sciences «>pen3 to us a third source of argu-
ments to pro\ e the truth of our text.
4. Thedoctrine of Providenceo\)ens afourth,
as others have observed. The conduct of Pro-
vidence in regard to public bodies is very dif-
ferent from that which prevails m the case of ,
individuals. In regard to the latter, Provi-
dence is involved in darkness. Many times it
seems to condemn virtue and crown injustice,
to leave innocence to groan in silence, and to
empower guilt to riot and triumph in public.
The wicked rich man fared sumptuously every
day, Lazarus desired in vain, to be fed with
the crumbs that fell from his table,' Luke xvi.
19. 21. St. Paul was executed on a scaffold.
Nero reigned on Caesar's throne. And to say
all ill one word, Jesus Chrst was born in a
stable, and Herod lived and died in a palace.
But Providence is directed in a different
Ser. XLVIK]
RELIGION AND CIVIL POLITY.
415
method in regard lo public bodies. Prosperi-
ty in them is the effect of righteousness, public
happines? is the reward of public virtue, the
wisest nation is usually the most successful,
and virtue walks with glory by her side. God
sometimes indeed afflicts the most virtuous
nations ; but he does so with the design of
purifying them, and of opening new occasions
to bestow larger benefits on them. He some-
times indeed prospers wicked nations ; but
their prosperity is an effort of his patience
and long-suffering, it is to give them time to
prevent their destruction ; yet, after all, as I
said before, prosperity usually follows righte-
ousness in public bodies, public happiness is
the reward of public virtue, the wisest nation
is the most successful, and glory is generally
connected with virtue.
They to whom we are indebted for this re-
flection have grounded it on this reason — A
day will come when Lazarus will be indem-
nified, and the rich man punished ; St. Paul
will be rewarded, and N?ro will be confound-
ed ; Jesus Christ will fill a throne, and Herod
■will be covered with ignominy. Innocence
will be avenged, justice satisfied, the majesty
of the laws repaired, and the rights of God
maintained.
But such a retribution is impracticable in
regard to public bodies. A nation cannot be
punished then as a nation, a province as a pro-
vince, a kingdom as a kingdom. All different
sorts of government will be then abolished.
One individual of a people will be put in pos-
session of glory, while another will be cover-
ed with shame and confusion of face. It
should seem then, that Providence owes to its
own rectitude those times of vengeance in
which it pours all its wrath on wicked socie-
ties, sends them plagues, wars, famines, and
other catastrophes, of which history gives us
so many memorable examples. To place
hopes altogether on worldly policy, to pretend
to derive advantages from vice and so to found
the happiness of society on the ruins of reli-
gion and virtue, what is this but to insult
Providence ? This is to arouse that power
against us, which sooner or later overwhelms
and confounds vicious societies.
5. If the obscurity of the ways of Provi-
dence, which usually renders doubtful the
reasonings of men on its conduct, weaken the
last argument, let us proceed to consider in the
next place the declarations of God himself on
this article. The whole twenty-eighth chapter
of Deuteronomy, all the blessings and curses
pronounced there fully prove our doctrine.
Head this tender complaint which God for-
merly made concerning the irregularities of
his people. ' O that they were wise, that they
tmderstood this, that they would consider their
latter end ! How should one chase a thousand,
or two put ten thousand to flight.' chap xxxii.
29, 30. Read the affecting words which he
uttered by the mouth of his prophet, ' O that
my people had hearkened unto me, and Israel
had walked in my ways ! I should soon have
subdued their enemies, and turned my hand
against their adversaries. Their time should
have endured for ever. I should have fe^
them also with the finest of the wheat ; and
with honey out of the rock should I have sa-
tisfied them,' Ps. Ixxxi. 13, &c. Read the
noble jiromises made by the ministry of Isaiah,
' Thussaith the Lord thy Redeemer, the Holy
One of Israel, I am the Lord thy God which
teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by
the way thou shouldest go. O that thou
hadst hearkened to my commandments I then
had thy peace been as a river, and thy right-
eousness as tiie waves of the sea ; thy seed
also had been as the sand, and thy name should
not have been cut off", nor destroyed from
before me,' chap, xlviii. 17, &c. Read the
terrible threatenings denounced by the pro-
phet Jeremiah, ' Though Moses and Samuel
stood before me, yet my mind could not te
towards this people; cast them out of my
sight, and let them go forth. And it shall
come to pass, if they say unto thee, whither
shall we go forth ? then thou shalt tell them,
thus saith the Lord, such as are for death,
to death; and such as are for the sword, to
the sword ; and such as are for the famine
to the famine ; and such as are for the capti-
vity to the captivity. And I wdl appoint
over them four kinds, saith the Lord ; the
sword lo blay, and the dogs to tear, and the
fowls of the heaven, and the beasts of the
earth, to devour and destroy. For who shall
have pity upon thee, O Jerusalem ; or who
shall bemoan ihee ? or who shall go aside to
ask how thou doest.' Thou hast forsaken me,
saith the Lord, thou art gone backward ; there-
fore will I stretch out my hand against thee,
and destroy thee ; I am weary of repenting,'
chap. XV. 1, &c. The language of our text is
agreeable to all these passages ; it is ' right-
eousness,' says the text, it is righteousness
that ' exalteth a nation.' Thus God speaks^
moreover, thus he acts, as we shall show you;
in the next article.
6. The history of all ages aff"ords us another
class of arguments in defence of our doctrine,
and so proves the truth of it by experi-
ence.
Had ever preacher a wider or more fruitful
field than this which opens to our view in this
part of our discourse.' Shall we produce you
a list of Egyptians, Persians, Assyrians, and
Greeks, or Romans, who surpasses them all?
Shall we show you all these nations by turns
exalted as they respected righteousness, or
abased as they neglected it ?
By what mysterious art did ancient Egypt
subsist with so much glory during a period of
fifteen or sixteen ages .'* By a benevolence
so extensive, that he who refused to relieve
the wretched, when he had it in his power to
assist him, was himself pur.ished with death ;
by a justice so impartial, that their kings ob-
liged the judges to take an oath that they
would never do any thing against their own
consciences, though they the kings themselves,
should command them ; by an aversion to
bad princes so fixed as to deny them the hon-.
ours of a funeral ; by invariably rendering to
merit public praise, even beyond the grave ;
* Diodor. Sicil. lib. i. sect. 2. Herod, lib. ii.
416
THE HARMONY OF
[Skr. XL VII
for •when an Egyptian died, a sessions was held
for the direct purpose of inquiring how he
had spent his Hfe, so that all ihe respect due
to his memory might be paid ; by entertain-
ing such just ideas of the vanity of life, a* to
consider their houses as inns, m which Ihey
•were to lodge, as it were, only for a mght, and
their sepulchres as habitations, in which they
■were to abide many a^es, in which, therefore,
they united all the solidity and pomp of archi
tecture, witness their famous pyramids; by a
life so laborious, that even their amusements
•were adapted to strt'n2:tlieii the 1 ody and im-
prove the mind; by a readiness to discharge
their debts so remarkable, that Ihey had a law
which prohibited the borrowing of money
except on condition of pleds:ing the body of a
parent for payment, a deposit so venerable,
that a man who deferred the redemption of it
was looked upon with horror ; in one word,
bv a -wisdom so profound, that v'cses himselt
is renowned in Scripture for heins: learned in it.
By what marvellous method did the Per-
sians obtain such a distinguished place of hon
oiir in ancient history f* By considering
falsehood in the most horrid li^ht, as a vice
the meanest and most disgraceful ; by a noble
generosity, conferring favours on the notions
they conquered, and leaving them to enjoy all
the ensigns of their former grandeur ; by a
universal equity, obliging themselves to pub-
lish the virtues of their oreatest enfmies ; by
observing as an in\ iolable secret state affairs,
so that, to use the language of an ancient au-
thor neither promises nor threaienings could
extort it, for the ancient laws of the kingdom
obliged them to be silent under pain of death ;
by a decorum so regular, that queens and all
court ladies quitted the taMe as soon as ever
the company began to lay aside moderation
in drinking; by religiously recor ling noble
actions, and transmitting them to posterity in
public registers ; by educating their children
so wisely, that they were taught virtue as
other nations were taught letters ; by disco-
vering no grief for such youths as died une-
ducated. The children of the royal family
•were put at fourteen years of age into the
hands of four of tlie wisest and most virtuous
statesmen. The first taught them the wor-
ship of the gods ; tlie second trained them Up
to speak truth and practice equity; the third
habituated them to subdue voluptuousness,
to enjoy real liberty, to be-ilways priice'-, and
alwuys masters of themselves and thoir own
passions; the fourth inspired them •with cou-
rage, and by teaching them how to command
themselves, tautjht them how to maintain
dominion over others.
We purposely omit the noble and virtuous
actions of the Assyrians, the Medes, the
Greeks, and other nations, who were the glory
of the ages in which they lived. But let us
not pass by ancient Rome. \Va? ever nntion
more exalted 't One expression of Cesar
•will give us a just notion of their exc. Hence.
Cic^^ro recommended a friend to him. and
• Herod, lih. i. iii. Plat. Alcib. 1.
f Moutagne de la grandeur Komaine, liv.
chap. 34.
this was his answer ; ' In regard to Marcus
Furius, whom you have recommended to me,
I will make him king of Gaul. If you have
any other friends you wish to have promoted,
you m■^y command me.'* But by what un-
heard-of prodigy did old Rome, compo'^ed at
first of no more than three thousand inhabi-
tants, carry conquest in less than «ix hundred
years to the ends of the earth ? Thus speaks
the emperor Julian. By -what impenetrable
-ecret did this confused mixture of vag-abonda
and thieves become a seminary of heroism
and grundeur."' By a wise d'icility, so that
even kings sometimes submitted to the advice
of individuals ; witness Tullus Host lius, who
durst not decide the case of Horatius. but re-
ferred it to the people ;t by ai! observation of
the law so strict, that Brutus condem' ed his
two sons to die by the hand of the public ex-
ecutioner, for having listened to the ambitious
proposals of the Tarquins. who were conspir-
ing to enslave the citizens and remfiunt the
throne ; by a frugality so great, that such men
as Curius, Fabricius Regulus, ^milius Pau-
lus, and Mummius, these great deliverers of
the Roman people, were seen to teed their own
cattle, to cultivate their lards, and to live
without pomp and parai'e; by an excellent
economy, so that Atiliu- Re<3:nlus, who com-
manded a Roman army in Africa, demanded
leave of the senate to go home and provide
'or the wants of his family, from whom a day-
labourer had stolen the working-tools used in
cultivating his estate of seven acres ; a requi-
sition So just that the senate engaged to buy
tools to cultivate his land, and to support his
wife and children at the public charge ;;{: so
far did they carry this virtue, that the elder
C'ato, returning from Spain to Italy, sold his
horse to save the charge of freight ; and usu-
ally, when he traV' lied, carried his own
knapsack, which contained all his travelling
necessaries; by an ardent love for the i/enera!
STood, so that every thing was reserved for
the puMic; temples, baths, roads, aqueducts,
triumphal arches, all were supeib when the
national glory was in view, as all things for
the use of individuals were plain ; by an ut-
ter aversion to usoless bravery, so that they
considered in a ligh.t equally mean the genera!
who exposed his person needlessly, and him
who avoided danger when the public good
rendered it necessary for him to expose him-
selt ;§ by a scrupulous caution not to under-
take unjust wars; to guard against which
they had a college at Rome, where it was
coolly examined whether an intended war
were just or unjust, before it was proposed to
the senate and the people :|| by an insurmount-
able aversion to every species of military Iraud,
so th'rit Lucius Marcius, (my brethren, how
ought this idea of pagan heroes to cover some
* f'icer. Epist. ad. fainil. Ub. vii. 5. Some copies
read not Furius, but jM. Orjius. See Spaiiheim in the
fesars, p. Ii>i
t Liv. lib. i. 16.
\ I.iv. r^pitom liv. 18. Montagne de la parsimo-
nie des aiicien>-, liv. i. chap. 5i2.
$ i^allust df bell <'atH i'x.
II Coll. des. feciauK. Dion. Halir. lib. ii. Antiq.
Rom. liv. i. 33.
SK.n. XLVn.]
RELIGION AND CIVIL POLITY.
417
with confusion, who ostentatiously affect to
play the hero in the Christian world !) Lucius
Marcius, I say, having: deceived Perses, king
of Macedotiia, by giviiig; him false hopes of
peace, and having conquered him by this stra-
tagem, was adjudged by the senate to have
violated the Roman laws, and to have swerved
from the ancient customs, according: to which
it was a maxim to conquer by valour and not
by iraud.
I' Having shown the cause of the prosperity
of ancient nation-i, we were to inquire into
he reasons of their declme; were we to com-
pare the Egyptians under their wise kings
with the i-.gyptians in a time of anarchy, the
Persians viciorions under Cyrus wit^i the
Persians enervated by the luxuries of Asia;
the Romans at liberty under their consuls,
with the Homnns enslaved by their emperors,
we should find, hat the decline of each of
these nations was owing to the |)ractice of vices
opposite to ihR virtues which had caused its
elevation ; we should be obliged to acknow-
ledge, that vain-glory, luxury, voluptuousness,
d'sunion, envy, and boundless ambition, were
the hateful means of subverting states, which
in tlie height of their jirosperity expected, an \
in all appearance justly expected, to endure
to the end of time ; we stiould be obliged to
allow, tha. some excesses, which in certain
circumstances ha.l contributed to exalt these
nat'.o.is, were in other circumstances the means
of ruining them
True, am'iition impelled Cassar to elevate
the republic of Rome to a pitch as high as it
is possible for human grand-^ur to attain.
Armed for thf defence of the republic, he
fought for it, though less for it than for his own
glory, and displayed, we grant, the Roman
eagle in the farthest parts of Asia, ren iered
Gaul tributary, swelled the llhine with Ger-
man blood, subdued the Britons, and made all
the Adriatic coasis resound the fame of his
victories. But did not the same ambition im-
pel him to excite a civil war, to arm Rome
against Rome, to cover the Pharsalan field
with carnage, and soak the ground with Ro-
man blood, to pursue the shattered remains of
Pompey's army into the heart of Alrca, to
give a queen, or rather a prostitute, the kin_-
dom of Egypt, to reduce the first and most free
of all nations to a state of meanness and ser-
vility beneath the most abject of mankind ?
For, my brethren, what were these Romans
after they had lost their liberty, and given
themselves up to absolute masters? These Ro-
mans, who had given the universal law ; these
Roman citizens, even the meanest of them,
who would have thought themselves disgraced
had they mixed their blood with that of kings;
these Romans, once so jealous of their liberty,
have we not seen these very people, under
their emperors submit to vassalage so as to
become a scandal even to -slaves? Infamous
flatterers, did not t'ley erect altars to C'laudiu~,
Caligula, and Nero? Did not Rome hear one
of its citizens address this language to the la-t
of these monsters ? ' Choose, Csesar, what
place you will among the immortal gods.
Will you sway the sceptre of Jupiter, or
mount the chariot of Apollo ? There is not
a deity who will not yield his empire to you,
and count it an honour to resign in your fa-
vour.'*
But is it necessary to quote ancient history
in proof of what we have advanced, that is,
that the same vices which contribute at first
to exalt a nation, in the end cause its decline
and ruin? There is a nation,! in favour
of which all tilings seem to promise a general
and lasting ]irosperity. It has an advantage-
ous situation, a fruitful soil, a temperate cli-
mate, an agreeable society, an easy access, a
mutiial generosity, an inimitable industry,
quick penetration in council, heroical courage
in war, incredible success in trade, surprising
dexteriiy in arts, indisputable reputation in
sciences, an amiable toleration in religion, se-
severity blended with sweetness, sweetness
tempered with severity.
Does this nation pass the bounds ? At first
it acquires advantages more than nature and
art had given it. The boindless ambition of
the monarch inspires the subject with a noble
pride. Authority, established by despotical
power, enslaves the j udgments ot all to the
will of one. A trcucherous policy at first im-
poses on neighbouring states. Troops, impelled
by a rash valour, at first surmount all obsta-
cles. Toleration is banished, the prince takes
Lhe place of God himself, and exercises his
prerogative Violatmg the faith of edicts,
procures some present advantages. An insa-
tiable avidity adds fortress to for(ress, city to
city, province to province, kingdom to king-
dom. But where is divine Providence?
Where is the truth of our text, ' righteousness
exalteth a nation?' What pitch of grandeur
can religion obtain for a people, which cannot
be obtained by other means ?
Stop. The objection made to our doctrine
demonstrates the truth ol it. The ambition
of the monaich, communicated to his suljects,
will there produce all the fatal efl!tcts of am-
bition. Despotical power, which enslaved the
ju Igments of all to the absolute will of one,
will cause the judgments of all to resist the
will of one. That deceitful policy, which took
neighbo'ring states by surprise, will insnire
them with istrust and precaution, Troops
hurried on by rashness will find out that rashnes
is the highroad to defeat. Toleration dis;illow-
ed will affect the hearts of faithful subjects,
and industry will flee to foreign climes. The
violation of edicts will destroy confiilence in
all the public instruments of government. An
uisat able avidity of territorial acquisitions,
of possessing forts, cities, provinces, and king-
doms without number, will require more at-
tention, and greater expense than any nation
can furnish. A state in th s condition, will
sink under the weight of its own grandeur, it
will be attenuated by being expanded ; and,
:fl may use such an expression, impoverished
by its abundance. Each passion put in mo-
• on will give a shock peculiar to itself, and
all together will unite in one general blow.
* Luc an. Pharsal. lit. i.
t This eerraon was preached in 1706.
418
THE HARMONY OF
[Ser. XLVII.
fatal to the edifice which they had erected-
A prince by bfcotning an object of the admi-
ration of the world, becomes at the same time
an object of jealousy, suspicion and terror.
Hence some civil commotions and foreij^n wars.
Hence the forming of leag^ues and deep con-
certed plots. Hence mortality, aoarcity, and
famine. Hence heaven ai d earth in concert
against a state that seemed to defy both earth
and heaven, Hence an eternal exa^nple to
justify Providence in all future ages, and to
(temonstrat(> to the mo=t obstinate the doctrine
of the text, that only rectitude can procure
substantial glory.
Thus we think, we have sufficiently establish-
ed our prophet's proposition ; and we will fin-
ish the arguments by which we have sup)iorted
it, by giving you the character of that author
■who has taken the greatest pains to subvert it.*
He was one of those inconsistent men. whom
the finest genius cannot preserve from self-
contradiction,and whose oppo^^ite qualities will
always leave us in doubt whether to place
them in one extreme, or m another diametri-
cally opposite. On the one hand, he was a
great philosopher, and knew how to distinguish
truth from falsehood, for he could see at once
fi connexion of princM.les, and a train of con-
sequences: on the other hand, he was a grrat
Eophister, always endeavouring to confound
trutli with falsehood, to wrest principles, and
to force consequerics. In one vit w admira-
bly learned and of fine parts, having profited
much by the labours of others, and more by
the exercise of his own great sense : in another
view, ignorant, or aflfecting to be ignorant of
the most common things, advancing argu-
ments which had been a thousand tim^s refu-
ted, and starting objections which the greatest
novice in the schools durst not have mention-
ed without blushing. On the one hand, at
tacking the greatest men, opening a wide field
for them to labour in, leading them into devi-
ous and rugged paths, and, if not going beyond
them, giving them a world of rains to keep
pace with him : on the other hand, quoting
the meanest geniuses, ofTerini;- a profusion of
incense to them, blotting his writings with
names that had never been pronounced bv
learned lips. On the one hand, free, at least
in appearance, from every disposition contrary
to the spirit of the gospel, chaste in his man-
ners, grave in his cunversation, temperate in
his diet, and austere in his usual course of
life ; on the other, employing all the acuteness
of his genuis to oppose good morals, and to
attack chastity, modesty, and all other Chris-
tian virtues. Sometimes appealing to a tribu-
nal of the most rigid orthodoxy, deriving ar-
guments from the purest sources, and quoting
divines of the most unsuspected souni'ness in
the faith : at other times, travelling in the
high road of heretics, reviving the objections
of ancient heresiarchs, forging them new ar-
mour, and uniting in one body the em. is of
past ages with those of the present time. O th.t
this man, who was endowed with so many tal-
ent3,may have been forgiven by Cod for the bad
* Mr. Bayle.
use he made of them ! May that Jesus whom,
•le so often attacked, have expiated his crimes '.
But, though charity constrains us to hope and
wish for hi? salvation, the honour of our holy
religion obliges us publicly to declare that he
abused l;is own understanding ; to protest, be-
ibre heaven and earth, that we disown him as
a member of our reformed churches, and that
wr; shall always consider a part of his writings
A" a scandal to good men, and as a pest of
the church.
We return to our prophet. Let us employ
a few moments ni reflecting on the truths we
have heard. Thanks be to God, my brethren,
we have better means of knowing the ' righ-
teousness that exalts a nation, and more mo-
tives to practise it, than all the nations of
whose glory we have been hearing. They
had only a superficial, debased, confused know-
ledge of the virtues which constitute substan-
tial grandeur ; and, as they held errors in re-
ligion, they must necessarily have erred in ci-
vil polity. God, glory be to his name ! has
placed at the h' ad of our councils the mo^t
perfect legislator that ever held the reins of
i government in the world. This Legislator is
! Jesu Christ. His kingdom, indeed, is not of
this world ; but the rules he has given us to
! arrive at that, are proper to render us happy
in the present state. When he says, ' seek ye
first the kmgdom of God, and his righteous-
ness, and al] other things shall be added to you,'
Matt. vi. 33, he gives the command, and
makes the promise to whole nations, as well
as to individuals.
Who ever carried so far as this divine le-
gislator ideas of the virtues of which we have
been treating in several parts of this discourse,
and by practising which ' nations are exalted.'
Whoever formed such just notions of that be-
nevolence, that love of social good, that gene-
rosity to enemies, that contempt of life, that
wisd'im, that veneration for noble exploits,
that docdity and frugality, that devotedness to
public use, that distance from false >.;lory,that
magnanimity, and all the other virtues which
render antiquity venerable to us.' Who ever
gave such wise instruction to kings and sub-
jects, magistrates and people, lawyers and
merchants, soldiers and statesmen, the world
and the church.'' We know these virtues bet-
ter than any other people in the world. We
are able to carry our glory far beyond Egypt-
ians and Persians, Assyrians and Medes, Lace-
daemonians, Athenians, and Romans; it not
that sort of glory which glares and dazzles, at
least that which makes tranquil and happy,
and procures a felicity (ar more agreeable than
all the pageantry of heroism and worldly splen-
dour.
Christians, let not these be mere specula-
tions to us. Let us endeavour to reduce them
to practice. Never let us suffer our political
prin. pies to clash with the principles of our
religion. Far from us, and far from us for
ever be the at ominable maxims of that perni-
cious Florei'tine,* who gave statesmen such
fatal lessons as these I A prince who would
* Machiavel. Princp. xv. xvj, xvii.
Ser. XL VII.]
RELIGION AND CIVIL POLITY.
319
maintain his dignity, ought to learn not to be
virtuous, when affairs of stale require him to
practise vice : he ought to be frugal with his
own private fortune, and liberal with public
money; he ought never to keep his word to
his own disailvantaj;e ; he ought not so much
to aspire at virtue as at the semblance of it;
he ought to be apparently merciful, laithful,
sincere, and religious, but really the direct op-
posite ; that he cannot possibly practise what
are accounted virtues in other men, because
necessity of state will often oblige him to act
contrary to charity, humanity, and religion ;
he ought to yield to the v arious changes of Ibr-
tune, to do right as often as he can, but not to
scruple doing wrong when need requires. I
say again far from us be these abominable
maxims! Let us obey the precepts of Jesus
Christ, and by so doing let us draw down
blessings on this nation more pure and perfect
than those which we now enjoy.
The blessings we now enjoy, and which
Providence bestowed on us so abundantly a
few days ago,* should inspire us with lasting
gratitude ; however, my brethren, they are
not, they ought not, to be the full accomplish-
ment of our wishes. Such laurels as we as-
pire at are not gathered in fields of battle.
The path to that eminence to which we tra-
vel, is not covered with human gore. The ac-
clamations we love are not excited by wars
and rumours of wars, the clangour of arms,
and the shouting of armed men.
Were our pleasure, though not of the pur-
est sort, perfect in its own kind, we should ex-
perience a rise in happiness! But can we en-
joy our victories without mourning for the
miseries which procured them ! Our triumphs
indeed abase and confound our enemies, and
make them lick the dust; yet these very tri-
umphs present one dark side to us. Witness
the many wounds which I should make a point
of not opening, were it not a relief to mourners
to hear of their suffering?, were it not equita-
ble to declare to tliose whose sorrows have
procured our joy, that we remember them,
that we are concerned for them, that we sym-
pathize with them, tliat we are not so taken
up with public joy as to forget private wo.
VV^itness, I say, so many desolate houses among
us. Witness this mourning in which so many
of us appear to-day. Witness these affection
ate Jose /hs, who lament the death of their
parents. Witness these Marys and Matt'ias
weeping at the tomb of Lazarus. Witness
these distressed Davids, who weep as they go,
and exclaim, 'O Absalom my son! my son
Absalom ! would God I had died for thee ! O
Absalom my son, my son !' 2 Sam. xvui. 33.
Witness these Rachels, who make Rama echo
with their cries, ' resusing to e comforted,
because their children art not,' Jer Xixi. 15.
My dear brethren, on whom the hand of
God is heavy, ye sorrowful Naomis, ye me-
lancholy Maras, with whom the Almighty has
dealt very bitterly, Ruth i. 20, we share your
griefs, we mix our tears with yours, we feel
all the blows that strike you. O fatal victory !
At tlie battle of Ramilies, May 23, 170G
O bloody glory ! you are not fruits of right-
eousness.
Christians, if our joy be mixed, it is be-
cause our righteousness is mixed. Let us not
search for our misfortunes in any other cause.
Let us do, when any thing is wanting to com-
plete our joy, what the ancient people of God
did, whenever they were conquered. The
congregation was assembled, the ephod was
put on, the oracle was consulted, inquisition
was made from tribe to tribe, from family to
family, from house to house, from person to
person, who it was, whose sin had caused the
loss of the victory, or the loss of a regiment ;
and when he was discovered, he was put to
death. Joshua, after he nad met with a re-
pulse before Ai, and had lost thirty-six men,
rent his garments, and lay on his face upon
the ea th, before the ark of the Lord. In like
manner, let us, my brethren, at the remem-
brance of infected countries, fields of battle
covered with carcasses, rivers of blood dying
the soil, confused heaps of dead and dying fel-
low-creatures, new globes of fire flying in the
air, let us examine ourselves. Happy if, as in
the case jusl now mentioned, only one crimi-
nal could be found an ong many thousands of
innocent persons ! Alas ! we are obliged, on
the contrary, to lament, that there is hardly
one innocent among thousands of the guilty.
Where is the Achan who imbitters the glo-
rious and immortal victories which God grants
to Israel ? What tribe, what family, what
house shall be taken ? Is it the magistrate ?
Is it the people ? Is it the pastor .'' Is it the
flock .'' Is it the merchant ? Is it the soldier ?
Ah ! my brethren ! do you not hear the oracle
of the Lord answering from the terrible tribu-
nal erected in your own consciences .'' It is the
magistrate ; it is the people ; it is the pastor ;
it is the flock ; it is the merchant ; it is tlie
soldier.
It is that magistrate, who, being required
to have always before his eyes that God by
whom kings reign, and that throne before
which the greatest monarchs of the world must
be judged, is dazzled with his own grandeur,
governed by a worldly policy, and has more
at heart to enforce the observation of his own
capricious orders than those rules of eternal
rectitude which secure the safety and happi-
ness of a nation.
It is that people who, instead of considenn"^
the felicity of ' that nation whose God is the
Lord,' are attempting to be happy indepen-
dently of God ; choosing rather to sacrifice to
blind chance than to him, who is the happy
Gud, and who alone dispenses prosperous and
adverse circumstances.
It is that minister who, instead of confining
his attention to the discharge of all the duties
of his office, performs only such parts as ac-
quire him a popular reputation, negl^-cting
private duties, such as friendly and aflection-
ate remonstrances, paternal advice, private
charities, secret visits, which characterize the
true ministei? of the gospel.
It is that coi}gr(^ulion whicli. instead of re-
garding the word dispensed by us as the word
of God, licentiously turns all pullic mini«tra-
320
THE LIVES OF COURTIERS.
[Ser. XLVIII.
tions into ridicule, and under pretence of in-
genuity and freedom of thought, encourages
infidelity and irreligion ; or, at bet, imagines
that religion consists more in hearing and
knowing than in practice and obelience.
It is that soldier who, thou^'h he is always
at war with death, Jiiarcliingthrou. h fires and
flumes, hearing nothing but the sound of war-
like instruments crying to liim with a loud
voice. Remember you must die, ye\ frames a
morality of his own, and imagines that his
profession, so proper in itself to incline him to
obey the maxims of the gospel, serves to free
him from all obligation to obedience.
Ah ! this it is, which obscures our brightest
triumphs ; this stains our laurels with blood ;
this excites lamentations, and mixes them with
our songs of praise. Let us scatt< r these dark
clouds. Let us purify our righteousness in
order to purify our happiness. Let leligion
be the bndle, the r le, the soul of all our
i councils, and so may it procure us unalterable
peace, -ind unmixed j)! asure ! or rather, as
there is no such pleasure on earth, as imper-
fection IS a character essential to human af-
fairs, let us elevate our hearts and minds to
nobler oljects, let us sigh after happier pe-
riods, aiid let each of us seek true glory in the
enjoyment of God. God grant us this grace !
To him be honour and glory for ever, Ameno
SERMON XL.VIII.
THE LIVES OF COURTIERS.
2 Samuel xix. 32 — 39.
liarzdlai was a very aged man, even fourscore years old, and he had provided the king of
sustenance while he lay at Mahanaim ; for he teas a very great man. £nd the king said
^mto Barzillai, come thou over with me, and I will fed thee with me in Jerusalem. And
Barzillai said unto the king, hoic long have 1 to live, that I should go up with the kim
unto Jerusalem ? I am this day fourscore years old; and can I discern beticeen goo
■my father and of my mother ; but behold thy servant Chimham, let him go over with my
lord the king, and do to him what shall seem good unto thee. Jind the king answered,
Chimham shall go over with me, and I loill do to him that which shall seem good unto
thee ; and whatsoever thou shalt require of me that will J do for thee. And all the people
went over Jordan ; and when the king was come over, the king kissed Barzillai, and
blessed him; and he returned unto his own place.
^iiVE propose to examine to-dav, my breth-
ren, how far business, the worki, a court, are
tit for a young man, and how far they agree
with a man in the decline of life. It is a pre-
judice too common in the world, that there
are two ways to heaven, one way for young
men, and another way for men in years
Youth is considered as a sort of title to licen-
tiousness, and the most criminal pleasures.
Virtue is usually regarded as proper for those
who cannot practise vice with a xood grace.
God forbid such a peinicious maxim should be
countenanced in this pulpit ! Let us not de-
ceive ourselves, my brethren, the precepts of
the moral law are eternal, and fitted to all ages
of life. At fifteen, at twenty, at thirty, at
forty, at fourscore years of age, what the apos-
tle affirms is true, ' they that do such things
shall not inherit the langdom of God,' Gal.
V. 21. These things are ' adultery, fornica-
tion, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry,
witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations,
wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings,
murders, drunkenness,^ revelhngs, and such
like.' There is no dispensation in these cases
on account of ag - At any age 'they that do
such things, shall not inherit the kingdom of
God.'
It is however, clear, that circumstances
sometimes change the nature of moral actions ;
that an action is innocent, when done in some
circumstances, which ceases to be so when it
is done in different circumstances ; and, to
come to the design mentioned at the begin-
ning of this discourse, it is clear, that business,
the world, a court, to a certain dep^ree. suit a
young man, and thut they are unfit for a man
in the decline of life.
Each part of this proposition, my brethren, is
contained in the text, as we are going to show
3'ou. Barzillai, by committing his son to king
David, and by allowing Chimham to avail
him^^elf of the favour of his his prince, teaches
us how far business, the world, and a court,
become a young man. Barzillai, by wi-hing
only to retreat into retirement and silence
himself, teaches us how far a court, the world,
and business, become an old man ; or rather |
am. XLVm.J
THE LIVES OF COURTIERS.
421
he teaches us, that they do not become him
at all, arid that there is a certain time of Ufa
when the wise man takes leave of the world.
1. We suppose Barzillai was a good man,
and that his example sufficiently proves it.
Indeed this man is very little known. I re-
collect only three places in Scripture where-
he is spoken of. The first is in the seventeenth
chapter of the second book of Samuel. There
we are told, that Barzillai 'was of the tribe of
Gilead, of the city of Ro^elim,' ver. 27, and
that he whs one of those who brought refresh-
ment's to David and his court, when he fled
from his barbarous son. This passage telh us
how he became so dear to David. The se-
cond is our text. The third is in the first book
of Kings, where David gives this commission
to his son Solomon. ' Show kindness unto the
sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and let them
be of those that eat at thy table ; for so they
canie to me when I fled because of Absalom
thy brother,' chap. ii. 7. This passage gives
us reason to conjecture, or rather it proves,
that Chimham was the son of Barzillai ; for
the commission given by David, when he was
'iy'fi?! to Solomon, certainly refers to these
word* of our text, ' Behold thy servant Chim-
ham, let him go over with my lord the king,
and do to him what shall seem good unto thee.'
Thus, all we know of Barzillai contributes to
persuade us that he was a good man ; that
his example sufficiently proves it; that as he
consented that his son should go into the
world, and even into the most pom-
pous and dangerous part of it, he thought
it might be innocently done. A good father
would not have consented that his son should
enter on a course of life criminal in itself.
If we have deceived ourselves in our notion
of Barzillai, it will not affect the nature of
our reflections. Our question is tliis. How far
does the world, a court, or businpss, become a
young man .' We shall elucidate this quest on
by the following considerations: 1. A wise
man will never choose a court, or high offices,
as most and best fitted to procure true jietce.
He must be a novice in the world indeed who
does notjknow the solidity of this maxim. He
must have reflected very little on the turbu-
lent condition of courtiers, and of all such as
are elevated to any superior rank in the world.
He must have paid very little attention to the
snares which are every where set to disturb
their tranquillity ; to the envies and jealousies
which are excited against them ; to the plots
which are formed against their happiness ;
to the reverses of fortune to which they are
exposed ; to the treachery of such friends as
surround them, and to the endless vicissitudes
which they experience. In general, a man
must be indifferent to peace, at least he must
know but little in what it consists,'to seek it in
pomp and worldly grandeur. I forgive a
young man of fifteen or twenty for making
such a mistake. At that time of life, young
men deserve pity; their eyes are too childish
not to be dazzled by a faUe glare ; they have
not then learnt to know appe:i ranees from
realities by their own experience, or by the
experience of others. They do not know that
3 II
h;ippiness consists in a private condition, a mo-
derate revenue, a few tried, friends, a chosen
circle, a few relations, business enough to pre-
serve vigour of mind without fatiguing it, a
wisely diricted solitude, moderate studies, in a
word, in a happy mediocrity. IVly brethren,
independence is the blessing which deserves to
be first of all chosen by us, should God leave
to our choice the kind of life which we ought
to follow ; or if he did not frequently intend
by placing us on earth more to exercise our
patience than to consummate our felicity. O
delicious independence, O inestimable medi-
ocrity ! I prefer you before the most glorious
sceptre, the tifst established throne, the most
brilliant crown ! What are those eminent
posts of which the greatest part of mankind are
so fond.'' They are golden chains, splendid
punishments, brilliant prisons and dungeons.
Happy he, who, having received from Provi-
dence blessinjrs sufficient for his rank, easy
with his fortune, far from courts and gran-
deurs, waits with tranquillity for deatli ; and
while he enjoys the innocent pleasures of life,
knows how to make eternity his grand study,
and his principal occupation.
2. A wise man will always consider a court,
and eminent posts, as dangerous to his salva-
tion. It is in a court, it is in eminent posts,
that, generally speaking, the most dangerous
snares are set for coriscience. Here it is that
men usually abandon themselves to their pas-
sions, be(;ause here it is that they are gratified
with the utmost ease. Here it is that man is
tempted to consider himself as a being of a par-
ticular kind, and ir finit'^ly superior to those
who crawl among the vulgar. It is here
where each learns to play the tyrant in his
turn, and where the courtier indemnifies him-
self for the slavish mortification? to which his
prince retuces him, by enslaving all his depen-
dants. Here it is that secret intrigues, under-
hand practices, bloody designs, dark and cri-
minal plots are formed, of which innocence is
usually the victim. Here it is that the most
pernicious maxims are in the greatest credit,
and the most scandalous examples in the high-
est reputation. Were it is that every disposi-
tion of mind changes, if not its nature,at least its
appearance, by the false colouring with which
all are disguised. Here it is that every one
breathes the venom of flattery, and that every
one loves to receive it. Here imagination
prostrates itself before frivolous deities, and
unworthy idols receive such supreme homage
as is due to none but the sovereign God.
Here it is that the soul is affected with xa.my
a seducing image, the troublesome remem-
brance of wh.ch often wholly engrosses the
mind, especially when we wish to nourish it
with such meditation* as are suited to immor-
tal intelligences. Here a confused noise, an in-
fallible consequence of living in the tumult of
the world, gets possession of the mind, and
renders it extremely difficult to relish that si-
lent retirement, that abstraction of thought,
which are absolutely necessary to self-exami-
nation, and to the study of our own hearts.
Here it is that men are carried away in spite
of themselves by a torrent of vicious exam-
422
THE LIVES OP COURTIERS.
[Ser. XLVIII.
pie?, M'liich. being; thought, and called by ere-
vy body about them illustrious, aulliorize the
most criminal actions, and insensibly destroy
that tenderness of conscience and dread of sin
which are very powerful motives to keep us
in the practice of virtue. These g;eneral mix-
ims admit of some exception in rpg-ard to
Chimham. He saw, in the person of his king,
(he virtues of a pastor, and the excellence of
a prophet. David's court was an advantage-
ous scliool fur him on many accounts; but
yet was it altogether fxemjit from all the
dangers we have mentioned? O Chimham,
Chimliam,! will not detain thee in the port,
when Providence calls thee to set sail ! But
that sea with the dangers of whicli thou art
going lo engage, has many, many rocks, and
among them, alas ! there have been innumer-
able shipwrecks.
3. A wise man will never enter a court, or
accept of an eminent post, without fixed re-
solutions to surmount the temptations with
■which they are accompanied, and without
Using proper measures to succeed in his design.
Far from us for ever be. my brethren, that dis-
position of mind, which, by fixing the eye
upon the prince, makes us lose sight of him,
'by whom kings reign, and princes decree jus-
lice!' Prov. viii. 15. Far from us be such
an avidity to make our fortunes as to engage
us to forget that we have souls to save, and
an eternal interest to pursue! Far from us be
that desire of elevating ourselves in this
world, wliich debases the dignity of our na-
ture, and inclines us to practices unworthy of
men whom the God of heaven and earth has
called into his family .' Those holy men who
are proposed to us for examples, liave been
fometimc? at court; and they have sometimes
filled the highest offices of stale, Lut tlipy have
always made it an inviolable hiw to set before
their eyes that God, in the presence of whom
'all nations area drop of a bucket, and as
the small dust of the balance," Isa. xl. 15.
Moses wai at court ; but it was with that he-
voical firmness, with that noble pride, with
that magnanimity, which Vjeeame him whom
the Lord of hosts had chosen for his mesi^enger,
and placed at the head of his [leople, Moses
Was at court ; but it was to say to Pharaoh,
' Let my people gotl^at they may serve me.
Let my people go. And if thou refuse to
let them go, behold, I will miite all thy bor
ders with frogs. They shall come into thine
house, and into th> bed-chainber, and upon
thy bed, and into the house of thy s- rvants.
Let mv people go, or tlie hand ol the Lord
shall be upon thy cattle,^upon thy horses, upon
the asses, upon the camels, upon the nxen, and
upon the sheep, and thvre shall be a very
grievous murrain,' Exod. vii. 16 ; vin. 2 ; and ]
ix. 3. Nathan was at court ; I ut it was to J
say to David, ' 7'hou art the man ; wherefore
hast thou despised the commandment of the
Lord to do evil in his sight .'' 2 Sam xii. 7.
9. Elijah was at court ; but it was t(. resist
Ahab, who said lo him, 'Art thou he that
troubbtti Israel ." No, replied he, "I have
not troubled Israel, I ut thou and thy father's
house, in that ye have forsaken the command-
ments of the Lord, and thou hast followed
Baalim,' 1 Kings xviii. 17, 18. Micaiali
WHS at court ; but it was to resist the projects
of an ambitious prince, and to say to him, ' I
SHW all Israel scattered upon the hills, as sheep
that have not a shepherd, chap. xxii. 17. Je-
hu was at court ; but it was to mortify Joram,
who asked him, ' Is it peace ." ' What peace,'
replied he, • What peace, so long as the
whoredoms of thy mother Jezebel, and her
witchcrafts are so many .'* 2 Kings ix. 22.
John the Baptist was at court; but he went
thither to tell Herod, ' It is not lawful for
thee to have thy brother's wife,' Mark vi.
18.
Some of these holy men have filled the
highest posts, and discharged the most impor-
tant offices of state ; but they have done so
with that integrity of mind, and with that pi-
ety and fervour of heart, which would seem
incompatible with worldly grandeur, were we
not informed, that to the pure all things are
pure, and that God knows how to preserve
the piety of his elect amidst the greatest dan-
gers, when Zeal for liis glory eingages them to
expose themselves for iiis sake. Samuel dis-
charged important ofii<-es, he occupied an emi-
nent post ; but he could render a faithful ac-
count of his administration, and ventured to
face the people with this noble appeal, ' Be-
hold here I am, witness against me before the
Lord, and before his anointed ; whose ox
have I taken .'' or whose ass have I taken ?
or whom have 1 delrauded.'' whom have I op-
pressed.^' 1 Sam. xii. 3, 4 And what is more
than all this, and wh;it we wish to inculcate
more than all this, is what he subjoins, ' of
whose hand have I received any bribe to blind
mine eyes therewith .'' and I will restore it
you.' To which the people repliei.!, ■ Thou
hast not delrauded us, nor oppressed ns, nei-
ther hast thou taken ought of any man's hand.'
Neheniiah was elevated to high offices, he was
even a favourite of the king ; but he availed
himself ol his elevation to procure the re-
building of Jerusalem, and the restitution of
divine worship in the temple. When the ido-
latrous prince put this question to him, ' Why
is thy countenance sad? He replied, 'Why
should not my countenance be sad, when tfce
city, the place ot mv fathers' sepulchres, lieth
waste and the gates thereof are consumed with
fire?' Nehem. ii. 2, 3. Daniel filled a high of-
fice, even in an idolatrous court ; but there he
continued his humble ditt; he would not hold
his office at the expense of his conscience;
amidst the tumult of tlie world he knew how
to manage his afTairs so as to find time ' to un-
derstand by books the numb" r ol the years'
predicted by the prophets, to attend to the
condition of Jerusalem, "to make supplication
with iastiiifc, and sackcloth, and ashes.' Is
therf any one of you, my l^retliren, so much
master of himself ? Have you courage enough
til resist so many enemies? Are you able to
withstand so many temptations, and to escape
ad these dangers? Go then, not only to the
courts of Davids, but to those of the mo.=t pro-
fligate princes. ' Go shine as lights in the
midst of a crooked and perverse nation;' go.
Ser. XLVUl,
THE LIVES OP COURTIERS.
423
be the * salt of the earth ;' rise, not only to the
great offices of state, but ascend a throne, take
the government and reign.
4. The evils which imbitter the lives of
courtiers, and of all who are elevated to emi-
nent posts, and (what may seem a paradox)
(he hazard of being damned among human
grandeurs, ouglit not to discourage those from
occupying the higiiest olhces who are capa le
ol doniggreal good to society and the church.
Tiie first part of this proposition is indispu-
table. The difficulties wtiich belong to the
lives of courtiers, and of all persons elevated
to eminent posts, ought not to discourage those
who are able to benefit society and the church.
It is ciear, I think, to all who know the first
principles of Christianity, that the des gn of
Gou m placing us in the world, was not to en-
able us to follow that kind of life which is
the moit con ormable to our inclinations,
though such a kind of life should have no-
thing in It contrary to the laws of God. God
intended to exercise us in a painful state of
probation. I allow, virtue has charms of its
own, and often brings its reward along with
it in this world ; but also it often requires us
to mortify our dearest passion.*, and our strong-
est iMclinatioi s. How o ten, by the heavy
afiiictions in which piety involves us, is that
celebrated expression of an apostle verified,
' It in this lile only we have hope in Christ,
•we are of all men most miserable,' 1 Cor. xv
19. A good man wdl consult, when he is
choosing a course of life (and you will have
spent this hour well, my brethren, if you re-
tain only this maxim, a. id reduce it to prac-
tice,) a good man, when he is choosing a course
of life, will consult not what will render his
family most illustrious, not what will be most
likely to transmit his naiiie to posterity, not
what will most advance his fortune, and will
best gratify h;3 own inclinations, but what will
be most useful to society and religion. Do
not say ttie pleasures of a court are insipid,
the life of a courtier is intolerable, perpetual
consultations are burdensome, a multitude of
business is tiresome; ceremonies disj;ust me;
splendid titles give me pain ; i like a tranquil
life, 1 prefer obscur.ty and quiet, I love lo cul-
tivate my gardeii, and to spend much of my
time in reading ami retirement. Noble effort
of devotion, indeed 1 to choose temporal tran-
quillity as the chief end of your studies and
actionii ! And, pray, what benefit do religion
and the state derive from your reading your
books and cultivating your flowers.'' Wha* !
is it a question i/Ctween God and you, whether
the course of life that he prescribes to you be
disagreeable, whether perpetual consultations
be troublesome, whether much business (a
tigue, whether ceremonies disgust, and whe-
ther titles be unsatisfying? Is this the dispute
between God and you.'' Is the question what
kind of life you prefer.' Do you suppose, n
God had left to the martyrs the choice of what
course they would have taken through liie,
they would have chosen that to which Goi;
called them ? Would they have preferred, be-
fore every other patli, that in whicli ihey were
' stoned, sawn asunder, templed, slain with
the sword ;' would they have ' wandered
about in sheep-skins, and goat-skins, destitute,
afflicted, and tormented ?'' Heb. xi. 37. You
say, you shall become a martyr, if you exe-
cute the elevated office to which you are
called. Very well, God calls you to this
martyrdom. The first part of our propt.sitioii
IS indisputable. The disagreeables in the lives
of courtiers, and of all other persons elevnted
to eminent po?fs, ouiht not to deter any man
from accepting an office, when it is probable
he may, by discharging it well, do great good
to society in general, and to the church in par-
ticular.
I go farther, and I maintain the second part
of the proposition. The snares, which are
thick i^et ii. high life, and which endanger our
salvation, ought not to deter us from nccepling
high offices, when we can do good to society
and the churcli by executing them. There
is some difficulty m this subject, we will en-
deavour to explain it. Our principal coiicerii
IS to be saved. Our highest engagement is to
avoid every thing that would endanger our sal-
vation. Our first exercise should be diffi-
<leiice, distrust of ourselves. The son of Si-
rach has taught us, that he, ' who loveth dan-
ger ^hall perish therein,' Eccles. iii. 26 What
law, then, can oblige us to pursue a course of
life, which all assure us is almost imijas=ableto
m n who woalJ walk in the way of salvation ?
Is it not presumption, is it not tempting God to
expose one's self in this manner ?
1 reply, it is presumption, it is a tempting
of God, to expose one's self to danger, when
no good will come of it. For example, you
know by experience, tliat if gaming were in-
innocent in itself, it is, however, dangerous to
you ; that always, when you allow yourself
to game, you receive some injury, you either
play with an avidity of gain too great, or you
lose all patience with the loss of your money,
or, some way or other, your mind is always
disconcerted. Leave off gaming then. What
good do you do to society at large, or to the
church in particular, by gaming? Were it
probable, that in future you should always
escape unhurt, even a probability of suffering
is enough to deter you, and you cannot ex-
pose yourself without a presumptuous tempt-
ing of God. Again, you know, by sad expe-
rience, that the company you keep, is fatal to
you ; that always, when you are in it, you
violate thf laws of piety, charity, ami modesty.
Quit this company then. What good is done
to the state and the church by your frequent-
ing this company. Were it probable that in
future you should receive no damage, the bare
probability that you might, ought to induce
you to avoid it. In like manner, yon are
convinced, that your opponent, who is, as
well as yourself, a caiuJiiiate for a certain oflice,
•A. 11 execute it as well as you would. The
office is dangerous, and you fear you have not
virtue enough to execute it with safety to
your salvation. Ileimunce your pretensions
then. Choose a way of life less dangerous.
Let us go a step farther. It is rash, it is
tempting God to expose ourselves to difficul-
ties which cannot possibly be surmounted. A
424
THE LIVES OF COURTIERS.
[Ser,. XLVIII.
pretence of doing good to the state and the f
church will not alter the case. A court is j
pf^stiferous. A king, who ought to maintain {
or ler, lives only to subvert it ; he consults no i
law but his passion?, ami his will is his only
reason. You may, perhaps, moderate his pas-
sions, if not wholly regulate them ; you may, j
perhaps, if not wholly terminate the misfor-
tunes of his reign, yet diminish them. But
how must you procure this advantage? You
mu-t rise into an opportunity to do good, by
becoming jourself an iiijlrument of his extijr-
tioas, by passing encomiums on his guilty plea-
sures, by disgracing yourself to become the
panegyrist of his tyranny. In such a case, it
would be better to qdii the court, to give up
the favour of such a prince, to obey the divine
laws, and to leave the government of tiie world
to God. It must be granted that, when crimes
are necessary to public good, it is not you who
are appointed to commit them, this is not your
cilling. ' O my soul, come not thou into their
secret, unto their assembly mine honour be
not thou united,' Gen. xlix. 6.
But, when temptations are surmountable,
when God olF-ars to assist us to surmount them,
"when nothing but our own idleness can pre-
Tont our conquering, and when we are able,
by exposing ourselves to danger, to serve so-
ciety and the church ; I affu-m, that we are
then called to expose ourselves, and to meet,
resist, and surmount all difficuties. I affirm,
in such a case, it is our duty not to avoid, but
to approach difficulties, and to take pains to
surmount them. A minister of the gospel
has more difficulty in his way of salvalion
than a private person. A private Christian,
in general, is responsible only for his own soul ;
but a minister of the go-^pel is accountable for
the souls of all whom God has committed to
his care. Every part of his office is a source
of difficulties and trials. If he have great
abilities, I fear he will become vain; if he
have not, I fear he will envy his superiors. If
he be set in some conspicuous place, I fear his
feeble eyes will be dazzled with his situation ;
if he live in obscurity, I fear he will sink into
indifference. If he be appointed to speak to
the great, I fear he will become pliant and
mean ; if he be confined to people of ordniary
rank, I fear he will become indifferent to their
souls, ;uid not take sufficient pains to procure
the salvation of them. Snares and tempta-
tions every where ! fVho is sufficient for these
things/ But what! must a man then bury
his talents lest he should abuse them .•' No.
This is not to choose the way by which it is
the pleasure of God to save us. It does not
belong to us to choose what kind of virtue he
shall tliink fit to exercise. The duty of a
Christian is, not to o:nU the ncqui-ition of
knowledge, but to endeavour noi to be puffed
up with it. It is not to avoid conspicuous
places, but to guard agninsl being infatuated
with them. It is not to tlee from the notic ol
the great, but to watch against servility and
meanly cringing in their presence.
In like manner, you are sure you may be
very useful to religion and society by filling a
hi^b oifice. You are aware of the intrigues
of a court. You are certain that, if the small
number of virtuous men, who fill high offices,
were to retire from public business, the state
would be abandoned to injustice and oppres-
sion, and become the prey of tyrants. You
are one of these virtuous characters. You
ought then to fill this post, and the difficulties
you meet with cannot dispense with your ob-
ligation. I repeat it again, it does not belong
to us to choose the way in which it shall be
the pleasure of God to save us. It is not our
business to single out a particular virtu°, and
insist on such a course of life as shall exercise
it : whether it be a noisy or a silent path,
whether it be a frequented or a solitary way,
whether it be the practice of public or private
virtue. But, say you, I cannot help, while I
execute this office, my impatience ; I am ob-
liged to give audience to a man who torments
me with tedious and confused harangues in a
course of business ; I wish to eradicate this
evil, and to get rid of this trial of my pa'.ience,
by quitting my place. No, do not get rid of
this man ; do not quit your place : but take
pains with yourself to correct your impatience ;
try to cool your blood, and regulate your spi-
rits- It is by the way of patience that God
will save you. But I shall not have courage
to plead all alone for rectitude, I shall have
the weakness to sacrifice it, if it should hap-
pen at any time not to be supported by others,
I will eradicate this evil, and avoid the temp-
tation by quitting my employment. No. Do
not quit an employment in which your influ-
ence may be serviceable to the intere.'^.s of vir-
tue ; but take pains with your own heart, and
subdue it to the service of rectitude, that you
may be able to plemi lor virtue without a
second. But I shall certainly sink under temp-
tation, unless God aiford me extraordinary
supuort. Well, a.-k f(jr extraordinary support
then ; you have a right to expect it, because
the place you fill renders it necessary for the
glory of God, Let us finish this article, and
let us form a clear notion of what we mean
by a calling. That place, in which it is pro-
bable, all things considered, we can do most
good, is the place to which Providence calls
us. To fill that is our calling. This estab-
lishes our fourth maxim, that the evils which
imbitter the lives of courtiers, and of all who
are elevated to eminent posts, the danger of
perishing by the ills which accompany human
grandeurs, ought not to deter from occupying
them such persons as have it in their jjower
to render signal services to the state and the
church.
Thus we have made a few reflections serv-
ing to determine how far the honours and af-
fairs of a court suit a young man. Let us
proceed to show tliat they are improper for an
old man. This is the piincipal design of the
text. ' The king said unto Barzillai, come
thou over with me, --ind I will feed thee with
me in Jerusalem. And BarziUai said unto
the king, how long have 1 to live, that I should
go up with the king unto J'.'rusaiem .' lam
thi d?y fourscore years old ; andean I discern
between good and evil.' can thy servant taste
what 1 eat or what I drink ? can 1 hear any
Skr. XLVIII.]
THE LIVES OF COURTIERS.
425
more the voice of singing men and singing
women ? wherefore then should thy servant
be yet a burden unto my lord the king. Thy
servant will go a little way over Jordan with
the king ; and why should the king recom-
pense me with such a reward ? Let thy ser-
vant, I pray thee, turn back again, that 1 may
die in mine own city, and be buried by the
grave of my father and of my mother.' This
is the subject of oar second part.
Were it jiroper for me, my brethren, to
make a digression (rom the principal object ot
our present attention, i could not deny myself
the pleasure of making an observation of an-
other kind. Before I spoke of Barzillai, who
modestly refused human grandeur. I should
speak of the gratitude of David, who, to his
praise be it spoken, made him the offer. This
latter example deser/ee consideration, my
brethren, were it only for its singularity.
Gratitude is very rare among princs, it is not
a virtue at court. Devote yourselves, poor
courtiers ! 1 say, devote yourselves sincerely
and heartily to earthly princes, devote to them
your rest, your fortune, your lives; be lavish
of your blood in their service ; for their secu-
rity and glory exnose yourselves in the most
desperate undertakings, attempt the most
bloody sieges and battles ; what will you find
princes after all yoir services? Ingrates. Do
not expect to meet with a Ua^•id eager to give
you substantial proofs of his gratitude, to say
to you, • Come over with me, and I will feed
you with me in Jerusalem ;' to perpetuate
his goodness, to transmit it to your posterity
and to say to his successor, ' Show kinlness
unto the sons of Barzillai, and let them be of
those that eat at thy taMe.' How often do
partiality and intrigue prevail, in the distri-
bution of royal lavours, over reason and equi-
ty.' How often are the children of those,
who, with a generous courage sacrificed their
lives for the puiilic good, ooliged to beg their
bread. How often have they urged in vain
the merito:ious services of their parents ; how
often have they without success proiucod
blood yet warm ''bed for the public safety?
How often have they in vain demandi-d that
subsistence from charity, which they had a
right to expect from equity? David, distin-
guished among all believers, distinguishes
himself also among all kings. ' Come over
Jordan with me,' said he to Barzillai, 'and I
will feed you witli me in Jerusalem,'
A king thus offering grandeurs from a prin-
ciple of grat;tude is an uncommon si^ht. It
is, perhais, a sight more unusual than that
of a man refusing them from a principle of
wise moderation. ' How Ion:; have [ to live,'
replies good Barzillai, ' that I should go up
with the km-; unto Jerusalem ? I am tliis day
fourscore years old ; anlcanl disci-rii lietween
good and evil ? can thy servant taste wiiat I
eat or what 1 drink? can 1 hear any more the
voice of singing men and singing women?
wherefore then shi uld thy servant b- yet a
burden to my lord the king ? Let thy servant,
I pray thee, turn back again, that I may die
in minf? own c ty, and be buried bv the grave
of my father and oi my mother.' fLs refusal
proceeds from three causes; the insensibility
of old age, the misfortune of old age, and the
nearness ot old age to death. ' I am fourscore
years of age ; can I discern between good and
evil ? can thy servant taste what I eat or what
I drink ? can I hear any more the voice of
singing men and smging women ?' This is the
insensibility of old age, and the first cause of
his refusal.
Why, should thy servant be a burden to
my lord the king ?' This is the misfortune of
old age, and the second cause of his refusal.
' [low lon^ have I to live ? 1 pray thee let
thy servant return, and let me die in mine
own city, and be burie i by my father and my
mother.' This is the nearness of old age to
death, and this is the third cause of his refusal.
These are three sources of many reflections,
1. The insensibility of old age is the first
cause of the refusal of barzillai. ' I am this
day fourscore years of age ; can I discern be-
tween good and evil ? can I hear any more
the voice of singing men and singing women ?'
This insensibility may proceed either from
a principle of wisdom, or from constitution. It
may proceed, first, from wisdom. A man,
who has experienced the vanity of human
grandeur ; a man who has often asked himself,
of what use is this kind of life ? what good
comes of this pomp and pleasure? a man, who
by frequently reflecting on all he sees and hears,
has formed a just notion of man, and of his real
wants ; a man, whose reiterated meditations
ha\e purified his taste, and formed in him a
habit of employing himself about things of im-
i 'ortance ; such a man does not entertain a very
high idea of the privilege of living with the
great, of eating at their tables, and of partici-
pating their pUasures. Only such pleasures
as have God immediately for their object, and
eternity for their end, can always satisfy.
Such pleasures are approved by reason, ripen-
ed by age, and such pleasures are satisfactory
at all times, and in all stages of life. All
other pleasures are fatiguing, and in the end
extremely disgu?ttul. ' Can I hear any more
the voice of singing men and singing women ?
Why should the king recompense me with
such a reward ?'
But there is also a constitutional insensibil-
ity. The sen-es, which transmit pleasures to
us, become blunt, and pleasures are blunted
with them. Indeed, we sometimes see old
ppoile, to the ihame of human nature, pre-
tending to rise above the ruins of a decayin"
body, and trying to support the inconveniences
of old age by the pleasures of youth. We
sometimes see men, whose relaxed and trem-
bling hands are too feeble to hold a box of
dice or a hand of cards, supported by others,
and gaming with a part of themselves, as
they cannot do so with the whole. We have
seen some, who, not being abie to go them-
selves to a play, have caused themselves to be
carried thither, exposing their extravagance
on a theatre, intended for the exhibition of
other scenes, and so acting a real tragedy along
with a fictitious one. We have seen some,
who having bodies decaying with diseases
t-o ilracted by youthful passions, or. to use an
426
THE LIVES OF COURTIERS.
[Seb. XLVIII.
emphatical expression of an apostle, having
•received within themselves that recompense
of their error which was meet,' covered with
wounds brought upon tliemselves by their de
baucherics ; we have seon them trying to di-
vert the pain of reflecting oi; the cause of their
d'. oline by the absurd method of gazing still
on the very objects wluch wpre first faial to
their innocence, an J by glutting their imagi-
nations, now their senses can relish no more.
We have seen men dedicate the last moments
of lifie to the god oi (ileasure, just as they
sacrificed their youth and manhood to the
same deity. We have seen old men, who, too
dim-oighted themselves to see the glitter of
diamonds and jewels, have taken a pleasure in
exposing the brilliancy of them to the eyes
of others ; who, not having a body to adorn,
have ornamented a skeleton, and who, lest they
should be taken for dead corpses, have dncked
themselves with trinkets fit only for people in
the vigour of life. However, these shameful
phenomena do not destroy our reflection. It
is always true, that pleasure loses its point at
a certain age. If the old men, of whom we
have been speaking, yet love pleasure, it is
not taste that tempts them. Like the inha-
bitants of the mo^t ai-ominable city that ever
disgraced the world, they weary themselves,
though they were some time ago struck blind,
to find the door, the door of Lot, towards
which their brutal passions had given a di-
rection to their bodies, belore they lost their
sight. They act thus, because, though musi-
cal entertainments no more delight their ears,
yet they keep them from hearing the cries oi
conscience, which would rend them asunder.
They act thus, because, though they have only
a confused sight of the charms of worldly ob-
jects, yet these objects serve, like a wall, to
keep out of sight a future world, a glimmer
ing of which would conlound and distract
them. However, the irregularity of the
heart o- an old man does not altei the infirmi-
ties of his body It IS always true, thnt at a
certain time of life, we acquire a con-titulional,
orgaiiical insensibility Isaac, that good old
man, arrives at a very ad»anced age, but his
eyes are become dim, he cannot distinguish
one of his children from another, he mistakes
the hands of Jacob for those of Lsau, ' the voice
is the voice ol Jacol), but the hands are the
hands of Esau.' He cannot distinguish ven-
sion from goat's flesh. He conters that bene-
diction on the youngest wluch he intended tor
the elde>t. If nature grants to a few of man-
kind the privilege of a very long life, the pri
vilege IS sold, and a part of the pleasure of
living must be given for the purchase ; ob
jccts ol pleasure mu-t retire, and senses to be
phased with these objects not unfi-equenily
retire first. Before this earthly house falls
by its own frailty, to use an expression of the
Wise Alan, ' the years arrive in which we are
obliged to say, we have no pleasure.' Eccles,
XII. 1, &c. T lien, according to the descrip-
tion of ihe same author, ' tiie sun, the moon,
the stars, are darkened, and the clouds return
not after the rain. The keepers of hi- house,'
that IS, the hands, ' treuible ; his strong men,* (
that is, his legs and feet ' bow themselves ;
his grinders,' that is, his teeth, * cease to per-
form their functions, because they are few ;
those that look out of the windows,' that is,
the eyes, 'are darkened; the doors,' that is,
the ears, * shall be shut in the streets ; the
daughters of music,' that is, the organs of
speech, ' shall be brought low ; the almond
tree shall flourish,' that is, the head shall be-
come white With age ; ' the silver cord,' that
IS, the spinal marrow, 'shall be broken; the
grasshopper,' that is, the stomach, ' shall be a
burden ; the golden bowl,' the brain, » shall
be broken ; the pitcher,' that is, the lungs,
* broken at the fountain ; and the wheel,*
the heart. ' shall be broken a1 the cistern.' A
sad, but natural description, my lirethren, of
the infirmities of old age. A condition very
unfit for the world and pleasure, for business
and a court. ' How long have I to live, that
I should go up with the king unto Jerusalem ?
I am this day fourscore years old, and can I
discern between good and evil.'' can thy ser-
vant taste what I eat or what I drink.'' can I
hear any more the voice of singing men and
singins- women ?'
2. The infirmities of old age are a second
reason of the retusal of Barzillai. 'Why
should thy servant be a burden to my lord the
king?' Certainly an old man ought to be
treated with the greatest respect and venera-
tion. The Scripture gives us a precept, which
humanity, to say nothing of religion, should
induce us to obey : 'Th u shalt rise up before
the hoary head, and honour the tace of the old
man,' Lev. xix. 32. What can claim our
patient attention so much as a man stooping
under the weight of age and infirmities?
What duty; can be more indispensable than
that of rendering to the infirmities of old age
such assistance as these old people once ren-
dered to the helplessness of our iiilaticy? Par-
ticularly, what can be more venerable than
an old man, who has spent his youth in pro-
curing those benefits to society which his old
age now hardly suiiers him to enjoy? What
more just than to respect a soldier grown gray
in his arms, whose venerable silver head has
been preserved by miracle? Who more wor-
thy of esteem than an ancient magistrate,
whose life has been devoted to the felicity of
the state? What more respectable than an
old minister of the gospel, whose spirits have
been exhausted in studying and preaching the
truth ? To people of this character the words
of the Wise Man belong, ' the hoary head is a
crown 01 glory, being foinid in the way of
right ousness,' Prov. xv . :51.
Whatever idea Ba;z;llai formed of the equi-
ty and benevolence of D.ivid, he did justice
to himself. He well knew that a man of eigh-
ty would be a burden to this good king,
' Whv should thy servant be a burden to my
lord the king?' A man at this time of lile too
strikingly exhibits human infirmities to give
pleasure in circles of company, where such
m trtifying ideas are either quite forgotten, or
slightly remembered. The tokens of death,
which an old man carries^about with him, ex-
cite reflections too dismal to contril)ule to the
Ser. XL VIII.]
THE LIVE8 OF COURTIERS.
427
pleasure of a company, which endearour to
sweeten life by innocent recreations, or by
others which concupiscence adds to those of
religion. Involuntary complaints and sighs
but ill accord with musical instruments and
the vocal melody of gay aj^semblies. Pressing
infirmities, continual fears and cares, the auti-
cipated dying of a man of fourscore, ill assort
■with sumptuous tables. The last years of my
life, all heavy, dull, and frozen, disconcert a
festival celebrated by people full of fire, viva-
city, and vigour. Barzillai felt his Irailty,
and, though he was fully convinced that Da-
vid had a fund of goodness sufficient to bear
with him, yet he would not abuse his polite-
ness. ' How long have I to live, that I should
go up with the king to Jerusalem ? Why
should the king recompense me with such a
reward? Why should thy servant be yet a
burden to my lord the king ?
Wo be to him who iias rendered worldly plea-
sures necessary to hiniseU in old age. He will
not find a David every where to offer them
to him. Here, my brethren, I fear sinning
ag.iinst my own principles ; I fear being accu-
sed of wanting such veneration for the aged
as I just now said was their due; 1 fear I shall
be taxed with despising the ancients, so wor-
thy of our attention and regard. However, I
must mention a few reflections tending to jus-
tify the conduct of Barzdlai, and to unfold the
spirit and sense of the text. I must make
these reflections, too, for other reasons ; in ge-
neral for the benefit of this whole assembly ;
for your sakes, in particular, our aged hearers,
that you may be induced, by the idea of a
world that avoids you, to return to God, who
opens his arms to receive you ; for your sakes,
also, young people, that you may be prevail-
ed on to amass pleasures in your youth which
will remain with you in old age. Wo be to
him. I say, who renders worldly pleasures
necessary to his old age ! Hai^py, on the con-
trary, he who has laid up treasure for time to
come ! Happy the man who has prepare<J for
himsell pleasures for a time when the plea-
sures of the World are insipid, and when he
himself is intolerable to those who enjoy them !
Happy he who, insteiid of pining after the
circles of the giiy and the great, has no other
desire than that of making his court to the
King of kings ! Happy he who, instead of at-
tempting to please himself with 'the voices
of singing men and singing women,' delights
himself with pious books and holy medita-
tions ! Happy the maii who, when he becomes
a burden to society, knows, like Barzillai,
how to relish the pleasure of retirement and
solitude ! Happy he who, instead of pursuing
a fleeting phantom of felicity and glory,
knows how to direct his sighs to the bo-
som of that God in whom substantial glory
and true felicity dwell, objects which ne-
ver elude his search! Happy he whose
eyes, however weakened by age, are not be-
come too dim sighted to see the gate of hea-
ven ! ' appy the man whose faultering voice
and feeble hands can yet address this prayer
to God, and say with a prophet, ' Cast me not
ofi" in the time of old age, forsake me not
when my strength faileth,' Ps. Ixxix. 9.
3. In fine, my brethren, Barzillai revolved
in his mind the nearness of old age to death.
This was the principal cause of his refusal.
How long have I to live .' These words imply
a retrospect, how long have I lived .■■ aiid a
prospect, how long have I yet to live ? ' I
am this day fourscore years years old. Let
thy .servant. I pray thee, turn back again, that
I may die in mine own city, and be buried by
the grave of my father and my mother. ' This
was a very reasonable request, my brethren,
both in regard to the principle laid down, and
the consequence derived from it. The princi-
ple is, that there is very little distance between
old age and death. So little, that the good
old man thonglit that there was but just time
enough (or hira to pass over Jor Ian with the
ki ig, to return back, and to prepare for his
funeral. 'How long have 1 to live.'' I am
this day fourscore years old. Let thy servant
I pray thee, turn hack again, that I may die
in mine own city, and be buried by the grave
of my father and my mother. Was ever prin-
ciple better founded.'' How little is necessary
to overset and break the frame of a man of
this age .' What is f^-jc^^s-ary .' A vapour ! A
puff of wind !
Let us p"'J'-<- here a mom .t.'my brethren,
and let r 'lot behold this sipctacle without
reflec • i i^ on the vanity of thir life. A lite of
foi'vsiore years appfar': to lae a most abun-
d^. t source of reflect 'iir; on human frailty.
T ue it is, that dises es which consume us,
•: / ?den leat.'is, v.- i.ch cry to us, 'children of
:•<-;, reiuri), and which cut off numbers be-
fore they have lived halt their days, fires,
shipwrecks, assassinations, epidemical diseases,
ail these are very proper to teach us what a
little account we ought to make of the present
life. But, how frequently soever these sad
accidents happen, we generally lake care to
burden ourselves against any appreli- nsions of
danger from them, by considering them as ex-
traordinary events, by hoping we shall escape
them, and by flattering ourselves that we shall
arrive at a good old age.
Well 1 you are to arrive at this good old
age! But how many years will elapse be-
fore you do arrive at it f No, no, I r;;peat it
again, nothing is more proper to discover our
frailly. Should a thousand uncommon circuin-
stancos concur, should a vi^'orous constitution,
a wise and cautious course of action, and a
proper choice ol diet, unite to preserve you to
this agp ; should you escape water and fire,
and thieves, and earthquakes, the frailty nf in-
fancy, the 1 ipetuosity of youth, and the in-
firmities of advanced age ; should you by a
kind of miracle arrive at the utmost limits
prescribed to mankind, what then .'' Must
you not presently die ^ The longest life seldom
extends to a century. When a man has lived
a hundred years in the world, he is the won-
der of the universe^ and his age alone renders
him famous. The most obscure life becomes
con3j)!cuous, when it is drawn out to this
length. It is spoken of as a prodigy, it is
428
THE LIVES OF COURTIERS.
[3ku. XLVMI.
published in foreign countries ; history records
the man who had the exlraordinary happiness
to live to such an age, it wrkas his name with
precision, and transmits his memory to the
nio't distant posterity ; it says, at sucli a time,
in such a place, lived a man who .ittanied his
hundredth year. After this, he must die.
Old age is an incurable malady, and we are
old at foursf:ore. O ! shadow of lile, how
vain art thou ! O grass ! how little a time dost
thou flourish in our field 1 O wise and in-
structive principle of Barzillai, there is very
little distance between old age and death I
* How long have I to live, that I should ^-o up
with the king to Jerusalem ? 1 am this day
fourscore years old, I pray thee let me re-
turn, that I may die m mine own city, and
be buried by the grave oi my lather and my
mother.'
But if the principle of this good old man be
■well founded, Uie consequence derived from
it is better founded, that is, that worldly af-
fairs do not suit a man drawing near the end
his of life ; that when death is so near, a man
should be wholly employed in preparing lor
it If Barzillrti had been a wise man through
the whole course of his life, as we mj^y sup-
pose he had, he had not put off till now a
preparation for this event, wluch is certainly
the most serious and important of life. Even
they who have lived the most regularly, and
gone innocent through all tlie bu^y scenes of
life, have long accounts to settle, and questions
of the last importance to agitate, when they
come to die. Every thing engages Barzillai
to avoid disconcerting himself in his last mo-
ments, and to devote the few that remain to
seriousness. Yes, every thing engages him to
do so ; and to confine myself to some reflec-
tions, the length of time he had lived, the
cares ot his mind at present, and the consoia-
tion arising Irom a meditation of dLath, all
incline iiim to take leave of the kmg und the
court, the plnasures and business of the world,
tables richly served, and concerts well per-
formed ; all incline him to think of nothing
but death.
1. The long time he had lived. If the ac-
count which God requires every man to give
at death be terrible to all men, it should seem
particularly so to old men. An old man is
responsible for all the periods of his life, ail
the circumstances he has been in, and all the
connexions he has formed. Then before a
tribunal of impartial justice, will every instant
of that long life, which is now at an end, be
examined. Then will all the objects which
time seems to have buried in eternal silence
be recalled to view. Then sins of youth,
which have left no trace on the mind, because
the eagerness with which we proceed to the
commis^ion of new crimes, does not allow
time to examine what we have committed,
then will they all rise out of that sort of anni-
hilation in which they seemed to be lost.
Fourscore years spent in ojj'ending thee my
God!* said a dying man. Too true in the
* Mr. de Montausier. See the, close of his fune-
ral oration, by Flechior.
mouth of him who said so! Too true in the
moulhf ol most old men ! K motive power-
ful enough to -^nga^ie .an old man to employ iii
penctential exercises every moment which the
patience ol Go'l yet atfords. aud which, at his
age, cannot be mariy.
2. Th(-; ccjntiiiual carts which exercised the
mind of barzillai. were a second spring of
his action. We consider riches as protectors
from care; buf in geperal they are the direct
contrsry. A rich man is obliged, as it were,
to give himself wholly up to discover and
defeat a general i-lot laid to engross his for-
tune, t e must resist such as would violently
force it from him. He must unmask others,
who, under colour of justice, and supported
by law, involve him in lawsuits to establish
illegitimate claims. He must penetrate
through a thousand pretences of generosity,
disinterestedness, and friendship, into the soul
ol' a lalse friend who aims at nothing but gra-
tifying his own avarice or ambition. He must
watch night and day to fix his riches, which,
having wings, are always ready to fly away.
How difficult is it for a soul, distracted with
so many cares, to devote as much time to
work out salvation, as a labour so impor-
tant requires! How necessary is it to make
up, by retirement and recollection in the last
stages of life, what has been wanting in days
of formi-r hurry, and which are now no more !
I recollect, and I apply to Barzillai, a saying
of a captain, of whom historians have taken
more care to record the wisdom than the
name. It is said, that the saying struck the
emperor Charles V., and confirmed him in his
design of abdicating his crown, and retiring
to a convent. The captain required the em-
peror to discharge him from service. Charles
asked the reason. The prudent soldier repli-
ed. Because l/iere ought to be a pause between
the hurry of life and the day of death.
3. Ill fine, if Barzillai seemed to anticipate
the dying day, by continually meditating on
the subject, it was because the meditation, iaW
of horror to most men, was full of charms to
this good old man. When death is consider-
ed as accompanied with condemnatory senten-
ces, formidable irreversible decrees, chains of
darkness, insupportable tortures, smoke as-
cending up for ever and ever, blazing fires, re-
morse, di'S[)air, desperate exclamations,
' mountains and rocks, fall on us, and hide us
from the face of him that sitteth on the throne,
and from the wrath of the Lamb ; for the
great day of his v.-rath is come, and who
shall he able to stand .^' Rev. x. 11 ; and vi.
i t), 17. W hen we consider death, as so many
men, alas I ought to consider it, and as by
their continual irregularities they prepare it
for consideration, no wonder the thought is
tlisagreeable, and must be put far away. But
when death is considered, as some of you,
my brethren, ought to consider it, you, whose
faults have been washed with penitential tears,
and repaired by a real conversion, your view
of death is more deliifhtlul, and affords you
more pleasure than the tables of the great,
the amusements of a court, and the most me-
lodious concerts could procure. Then these
^Eii. XLLX.J
CHRISTIAN CONVERSATION.
439
expressions, in appearance so mortifying;, let me
return^ ht me die, are fraugcht with happiness.
Let me die, that I may be freed frt)m the
many infirmities, and diseases, and pains, to
which my frail body is exposed !
Let me die, that I may get rid of the mis-
fortunes, the treachery, the perfidy, the nu-
merous plots and plans which are always in
agitation against me, iii a society of man-
kiiid !
Let me die, and let me no more see truth
persecuted and innocence sacrificed to ini-
quity :
Let me die, let all my doubts and darkness
vanish, let me surmount all my difficulties,
and let all the clouds that hide interesting ob-
jects from me disappear ! Let me go to know
as I am known, and let me put ofl" this body
of sin ! Let me leave a world in which, I can-
not live without offending God ! Let me kin-
dle the fire of my love at the altar of the love
of God !
Let me die, and leave this untoward compa-
Jiy of men, who seem almost all to have ta-
ken counsel against the Lord, and against his
anointed, to subvert his throne, and were it
possible, to deprive him of the government of
the world !
Let me die, that I may form intimate con-
nexions with happy spirits, and that I may
o.njoy that close union with them, that com-
munion of ideas, that conformity of sentiments,
which render heaven so' delightful.
Lei me die, that I may behold the patri-
archs and the prophets who acquired in the
church an everlasting reputation, and on
whose heads God has already placed the
crowns which he promised to their faith and
obedience !
Lei me die, that I may hold communion
with the happy God ! I feel a void within
me, which none but he can fill ; I feel de-
sires elevating me to his throne ; 1 feel ' my
soul longing and fainting, my heart and my
flesh crying out,' when I think of presenting
myself before him, Ps. Ixxxiv. 2. Does my
heart say, ' Seek his face ? Thy face O Lord
will I seek,' Ps. xxvii. 8. And, as m this
vale of tears thou art always hidden, I will
seek thee in another economy !
A meditation on death, such as this, has
charms unknown to the world ; but to you,
my brethren, they are not unknown. The
prospect of dying is better to Barzillai than
all the pleasures of a court. A tomb appears
mtjre desiiable to him than a royal palace^
' Let me turn back, that I may die, and he
buried by the grave of my father and my mo-
ther !' May we all by a holy life prepare for
1 such a death ! God grant us grace to da
j so I To him be honour and glory for erer I
Amen.
SERMON XLIX*
C H R I riT I A N C O N \' E R S A T I O j>i.
CoLOssiANs iv. 6.
jLe^ your speech be alway ivith grace, seasuned with salt.
JT is a complaint, as old as the study of hu-
man nature, that ir.atikind are prone to excess,
iliat they never observe a just mean ; that in
practising one virtue, they neglect another ;
that in avoiding one vice, they run into an
opposite ; in a word, men usually go into ex-
tremes. This general maxim, which is ex-
emplified in almost all the actions of men, is
particularly remarkable in those familiar
conversations, which religion allows, which
society renders necessary, and for which God
seems to have purposely foniied us. Observe
•he conduct of men in this article, you ^vill
find everywhere excesses and extremes. On
the one hand, you will see rude and uncivil
people putting on in the most innocent compa-
nies austere looks, ever declaiming against
the manners of the world, exclaiming against
every body, atFecting to be olfended with eve-
ry thing, and converting every company into
a court of justice, resounding with sentences
against the guilty. On the other hand, you
will find people, under pretence of avoiding
[this extreme, exceeding the bounds of reir-
Igion, and imagining that, in order to please in
I conversation, Christianity must be laid aside,
j and each expression ra.ust have an air sordiJ
and vicious. Nothing is so rare as a wise
union of gravity and gentility, piety and
1 sweetness of manners ; a disposition that en-
gages us to preserve inviolable the laws of re-
I iigion without injuring the rights of society,
I and to do justice to society wil'aout violating
religion.
However, it is this just medium to which
wc are called, without which our conversa-
tion must be criminal, and which St. Paul
I teaches us in the text : ' Let your speech be
alway with grace seasoned with salt.' 'Let
your speech be seasoned with salt ;' here the
rights of religion are preserved, this is the
livery of the gospel, the character of Christi-
anity. ' Let your speech be alway with
grace ;' here the rights of society are asserted,
this is the nniocent pleasure which Jesus
Christ allows us ; this ia the sweetness of
4S0
CHRISTIAN CONVERSATION.
[Ser. XLIX.
manners, which, far from opposing, he express-
ly enjoins us to acquire and practise. Tiie
title of my discourse then, shall be, The art of
apeakmg; and on this subject we will treat:
— The art of speaking, not accordin_^ to the
rules of grammar, not in the sense used in po-
lite academies, according to rules of worldly
good breeding, an art too insignificant to be
taught in this pulpit; but the art of speaking
according to the laws of tlie gospel, according
to the precepts of Jesus Christ, the Chris-
tian art of speaking.
May God. who has called us to treat of this
important subject, enable us to treat of it
properly ! May he so direct us, that this dis-
fourse may serve us both for instruction and
example! May our language be 'seasoned
with salt and grace ;' with salt, that it may
be grave and agreeable to the majesty of this
place, and to the purity of our ministry ; and
with grace, that we may acquire your at-
tention, and insinuate into your hearts !
Amen !
Salt must be the first seasoning of our con
versation. It is hardly necessary to observe,
that this term is metaphorical, and put for pu-
rity, of which salt is a symbol. The reason
of this metaphor is clear ; it is taken from the
use of 'salt, which preserves the flesh of ani-
mals from putrefaction. For this purpose it
was used in sacrifices, according to the words
of Jesus Christ, ' Every sacrifice shall be salt-
ed with salt.' ' Let your speech be seasoned
with salt,' that is never let your lips utter any
discourse which does not savour of the respect
you have for the God you adore, the religion
you profess, and the Christian name which you
have the honour to bear. This is, in sub-
stance, the first law of conversation. Let us
be more particular.
The spirit of this maxim may be expressed
in five rules. The apostle recommends a sea-
soning of piety, a seasoning of chastity, a sea-
soning of charity, a seasoning of severity, and
a seasoning of solidity. Consequently he con-
demns five usual imperfections of conversation.
1. Oaths. 2. Obscene language. 3. Slander.
4. Extravagant complaisance. ,'3. Futility.
Either I am deceived, my brethren, or every
person in this auditory needs instruction in
some one of these articles.
I. The first vice of conversation, which
the apostle condemns, is swearing. The first
seasoning, which he recommends to us, is the
salt of piety. Sad necessity for a Christian
preacher, preaching to a Christian audience !
Sad necessity, indeed, obliged to prove that
blasphemy ought to be banished from conver-
sation ! however, it is indispensably necessary
to prove this, for nothing is so common among
some called Christians as this detestable vice.
It is the effect of two principles, the first is a
brutal madness, and the other is a most false
These (shall I call them men or brute beasts r)
cannot be agitated with the least passion,
without uttering the most execrable impreca-
tions. Froward souls, who cannot endure the
least control without attacking God himself,
taxing him with cruelty and injustice, disput-
ing with him tlie government of the world,
and, not being able to subvert his throne, as-
saulting him with murmurings and blasphe-
mies. Certainly nothing can be so opposite
to this salt of conversation as this abominable
excess. They who practise it ought to be
secluded from Christian societies, yea to be
banished even from worldly companies. Thus
the Supreme Lawgiver, able to save and to
destroy, has determined. Read the twenty-
fourth of Leviticus, 'T'he son of an Israelitish
woman blasphemed the name of the Lord,'
ver. 11, &c. At this news all Israel trembled
with horror. The prudent Moses paused, and
consulted God himself what to do in this new
and unheard-of case. The oracle informed
him in these words, ' bring forth him that hath
cursed without the camp, and let all that heard
him lay their hands upon his head, and let all
the congregation stone him. And thou, Moses,
shalt speak unto the children of Israel, say-
ing. Whosoever curseth his God shall bear his
sin, and he that blasphemeth the name of the
Lord shall surely be put to death, and all the
congregation shall certainly stone him.' Have
you attended to this sentence ? It not only re-
gards the bjasphemer, it regards all that hear
him. If you be sincere mem!>ers of the con-
gregation of Israel, you ought, though not to
stone the blasphemer, yet to declare your ab-
horrence of his conduct, and, if he remain in-
corrigible, to endeavour to rid society of such
a monster.
Human legislators have treated such peo-
ple with the utmost rigour. The emperor
Justinian condenmed blasphemers to death."^'
Some have bored their tongues. t Others
have drowned them, j: Others have branded
them with a red hot iron in the forehead,^
intending, by fixing this mark of infamy in a
part so visible, to guard people against keep-
ing company with a blasphemer. It was
Lewis tlie ninth, a king of France, who was
the author of ti.is law. 1 cannot help relat-
ing the words of liiis prince in justification of
the severitjr of the l;nv. A man of rank in
the kingdom having ntlercd blasphemy, great
intercession was made for his pardon ; but
the king's answer was this, ' I would submit,'
said he, ' to be burnt in the forehead myself,
if by enduring the pain I could purify my
kingdom fi'om blasphemy.'
We affirmed, farther, that some people ha-
bituated themselves to swearing from false
notions of glory and freedom of conversation.
A man sets up for a wit in conversation, he
pretends to conciliate the esteem of his com-
and fanciful idea ofsuperior understanding and pany, and affects to put on the air of a man of
free and easy behaviour.
It is brutal madness that puts some people
on swearing. Our language seems too poor
to express this disposition, and the words
brutality and madness are too vague to describe
tho «>->irit of such as are guilty of this crime.
the world, free from the stiffness of pedante.
(This is not an invention of mine, this is a
* Constitut. Ixxi. a Ixvi.
vit. Iiiuiiaii toni. iii. p. 1.39.
Emil. de gest. I'ranc. fol. 16}.
can 1576.
t Ueycrliiic. TJieatr .
} lliiit. ^ Paul,
'->. 2. edit, de Vascos-
SEii. XLIX.j
CHRISTIAN CONVERSATION.
46 i
natural portrait, my brethrsti, and some of
you jfave me the original.) This man, 1 say,
having taken into his head this design, and
not being able to derive means of succeeding
from his genius, or education, calls in the aid
of oaths ; of these he keeps various form?,
and applies them instead of reasons, having
the folly to imagine that an oath artfully
placed at the end of a period renders it more
expressive and polite ; and, judging of the
taste of his hearers by his own, inwardly ap-
plauds himself, and wonders what heart can
resist the power of his eloquence. .An elocu-
tion mean and contemptible, and fitter for an
unbridled soldiery than for those that com-
mand them. An elocution directly opposite
to the words of my text, ' Let your speech be
.seasoned with salt.' Never let the name of
God go out of your lips without exciting such
sentiments of veneration in your minds as are
due to that sacred name. Never speak of the
attributes of God in conversation without re-
collecting the Majesty of that Being to vvhom
they belong. ' Accustom not thy mouth to
swearing,' said the wise son of Sirach, ' neither
use thyself to the naming of the Holy One;
for he that nanreth God continually sliall not
be faultless,' Eccl. xxii. 9 10. The first vice
of conversation to be avoided is swearing and
blasphemy, the first seasoning of conversation
is piety.
2. The apostle prescribes us a seasoning of
chuslity. Against this duty there are some
direct and some oblique attacks. Direct vio-
lators of this law are those nauseous mouths,
which cannot open without putting modesty
to the blush, V)y uttering language too offen-
sive to be repeated in this sacred assembly,
yoa, too filtiiy to be mentioned any where
without breaking tlie laws of worldly decency.
We are not surprised that people without
taste, and without education, that a libertine
who makes a trade of debauchery, and who
usually haunts houses of infamy, should adopt
this style; but that Christian women, who
profess to respect virtue, that they should suf-
fer their ears to be defiled with such discourse,
that they should make parties at entertain-
ments and at cards with such people, and so
discover that they like to have their ears
tickled with such conversation, is really as-
tonishing. We repeat it again, decorum and
^vorldly decency are sulRcient to inspire us
■with horror for this practice. And shall the
maxims of religion affect us less than human
rules.' ' Fornication and all unclelinn ss,' said
St. Paul, ' let it not be once named among you,
as becometh saints,' Eph. v. 3.
Barefaced immodest discourne is not the
most dangerous, for it ought to be then least
tolerated, because it is then most execrable
■when it is uttered equivocally. There is an
art of disguising obscenity, and of conveying
poison the most fatally, by communicating it
in preparations the most subtle and refined
Men in general choose rather to appear vir-
tuous than to be so, and, to accommodate such
people, there is an art of introducing vice un-
der coverings so thick as to seem to respect
the modesty of the company, and yet so thin
as fully to expose it. A una and delicate
allusion, a lively and original tour of expres-
sion, an ingenious equivocation, a double mean-
ing, an arch look, an aflTected gravity, these
are the dangerous veils, these the instruments
that v/ound us when we are off our guard.
For what can you say to a man -who behaves
in this manner.' If you suffer his airs to pass
without censure, he will glory in your indul-
gence, and take your silence for approbation.
If, on the other hand, you remonstrate, he will
tax you only with his own crime ; he will tell
you tliat your ear is guilty, his language is in-
nocent ; that immodesty is in your heart, not
in his expressions ; and that of two senses to
which his language is applicable, you have
adopted the immodest, when you ought to
have taken the chaste meaning.
If to talk in this manner be to make an offer-
ing of the tongue to the enemy of our salva-
tion, certainly to lend an ear to such conver-
sation, and by certain expressive smiles to
promise a favourable attention to it, is to de-
dicate the ear to him. And do not deceive
yourselves, you will never be able to persuade
such as know the human heart, that you love
virtue, while you take pleasure in hearing
conversation injurious to virtue. You will be
told, and with great reason, that you are a
friend to nothing but the appearance of it.
Were virtue itself the object of your esteem,
you would not keep company with such as
wound it. But by your hidulgence of such
people, you give us great reason to presume,
that were not human laws and worldly de-
cency in your wav, you would give yourself
up to tile practice of vice ; for, in spite of
these, you take pleasure in beholding it when
appearances arc saved, and even disguise it
yourself under specious pretexts.
Farther, -we include in our notion of im-
modest conversation, licentious song5, whicli
lawless custom has rendered too familiar ;
songs which, under a pretence of gratifying a
passion for vocal and instrumental music, dis-
seminate a thousand loose, not to say lascivious
maxims, excite a thousand irregular emo-
tions, and cherish many criminal passions. At-
tend to this article of our discourse, ye parents,
who idolize your children, children -whom ye
ought to dedicate to Jesus Christ, but wliom
ye lead into a licentiousness that is a disgrace
to your families. Music is an art criminal or
innocent according to the use made of it.
Those pious men whom the holy Scriptures
propose to us for models, did not deny then>-
selves the enjoyment of it ; but they applied it
to proper subjects. St. Paul even recom-
mends it. '■ Let the word of Christ dwell in
you richly in all -wisdom, teaching and ad-
monishing one another in psalms, and hymns,
and spiritual song,-, singing -with gr.ace in your
hearts to the Lord,' Col. iii IG. Thus also a
prophet formerly applied both his voice and
his instrument to celebrate the praises of his
Creator. ' Awake up, my glory, awake psal-
tery and harp, I myself will awake early. I
11 praise tliee, O Lord, among the people;
I will sing unto thee among tlie nations. Sing
aloud unto God our strength ; make a jovful
■13-Z
CHRISTIAN CONVERSATION.
(Ser. XLIX
uoise unto {he Goil of Jacob. Take a psalm,
and bring hither the timbrel, the pleasant harp,
"svith the psaltery,' Ps, Ivii. 8, 9 ;. and Ixxxi.
1, 2, i-e. Thus a christian musician ouj^ht to
sing ; but never, never should his mouth utter
licentious verses. An unchaste tongue is a
sad sign of a depraved heart. A woman who
paints vice in colours so agreeable, proves,
that she considers it in a very amiable lisfht,
and has no objection to the practice of it. For
my pnrt, I shall never be able to persuade my-
self that any consecrate their bodies to the
temples of the Eioly Ghost, wlio, to use an ex-
pression of St. Paul, make their tongues' mem-
bers of an harlot,' 1 Cor. vi. 15.
Slander and calumny are a third defect of
conversation, and the third law which our
apostle imposes on us in a seasoning of charity.
I freely acknowledge, my brethren, that I can-
not enter on this article without losing that
moderation of temper, which is necessary to a
preacher who would treat of the subject pro-
pei-ly. Whether it be weakness of mind, or
self-interest, or whether it be the enormous
lengths to which you practise this vice in this
2>lace, too much practised, alas, every where !
or whatever be t!ie cause, I can scarcely retain
my temper ; for I feel myself at once ready to
t'janfound instruction with reproof. Is tiiere
any character among you so respectable, any
intention so innocent, any conduct so irre-
proachable, any piety so conspicuous, as to
escape the cruelty of your calumniating con-
versations ?
What shall I say to you my brethren ? I
wish I knew how to collect the substance of
many sermons into this one article : I would
endeavour to exhibit calumny in one small
portrait, at which yon might continually look,
and which might perpetually inspire youwitli
holy horror.
1. Consider this vice in its source. Some-
limes it proceeds from littleness of mind, for
there are people who cannot converse, they
neither understand religion nor government,
arts nor sciences, and their conversation would
languish and die away, were not the void filled
"p with a detail of the real imperfections of
their neighbours, or of others, which the most
<:ruel mali^'mty ascribes to them, and the num-
ber of these always far surpasses that of real
defects. Sometimes it comes from pride.
People wish to be superior to their neighbours,
and not having the noble courage to rise above
them by the practice of more virtue, they en-
deavour to sink them by slanderous conversa-
tion. Sometimes envy is the source. Tliey
are persons who place their happiness in the
misery of others. A neighbour's prosperity
shocks them, his reputation wounds them, and
his rest is their torment. Sometimes a g-uilty
conscience generates slander. Bad men fear
lest the public eye should discover and fix on
their own crimes, and they try to prevent this
misfortune by artfully turning the attention of
spectators from themselves to the vices of their
lellow-citizcns.
2. Consider the fatal consequences of slan-
der. Judge of the hearts of others by your
owo. Wiiat makes one man invent a calum-
ny, induces another to receive and publish it^.
As soon as ever the voice of slander is heard,
a thousand echoes repeat it, and publish vices
which your want of charity, or excess of in-
justice, attributed to your neighbour. What
renders this the moie deplorable is the usual
readiness of mankind to give credit to calum-
ny ; a readiness on the one part to utter ca-
lumny, and on the other to believe it, over-
whelm a neighbour with all the misery of de-
famation.
3. Consider the duties which they who com-
mit this crime bind themselves to perform ;
duties so hard, that some w^ould rather die
than perform them, and yet duties so indispen-
sable, that no man can expect either favour
or forgiveness who neglects the discharge of
them. The first law we impose on a man
who has unjustly acquired the property of a
neighbour, is to restore it. The first law we
impose on a man who has injured the reputa-
tion of another, is to repair it. There is a re-
stitution of honour as well us of fortune.
Which of you, now, who has dealt in slander,
dare form the just and generous resolution of
going from house to house to publish his re-
tracLions ? Who is there among you, that by
committing this sin doe? not hazard all his own
reputation ?
4. Consider how extremely opposite this
sin is to the law of charity. You know the
whole religion of Jesus Christ tends to love.
The precepts he gave, the doctrines he taught,
the worship he prescribed, the ordinances he
instituted, the whole gospel is the breath of
love. But what can be more incompatible
with love than slander! consequently who
deserves less the name of Christian than a
slanderer.''
5. Consider how many different ybrms ca-
lumny assumes. In general all the world
agree it is one of the most hateful vices : yet it
is curious to see how persons who declaim the
most loudly against this crime, practise it
themselves. All the world condemn it, and
all the world slide into the practice of it.
The reputation of our neighbour is not only
injured by talcs studied and set, but an air, a
smile, a look, an atlected abruptness, even si-
lence, are envenomed darts shot at the same
mark, and it will be impossible for us to avoid
falling into the temptation of committing this
crime, unless we keep a perpetual watch.
6 Consider the various illusions, and num-
berless pretexts, of which people avail them-
selves, in order to conceal from themselves the
turpitude of this crime. One pretends lie
said nothing but the truth ; as if charily did
not oblige us to conceal the real vices of a
neighbour, as well as not to attribute to him
fanciful ones. Another justifies his conduct
by pretending he is animated not by hatred,
but by eiiuity ; as if God had appointed every
individual to exercise vengeance, and to be
an executioner of hisjudgments; as if, suppos-
ing the allegation true, a man does not sia
against his jown principles (for lie pretends
equity) when he shows his neighbour in an
unfavourable point of view, by publishing his
imperfections and concealing his virtues.
Ser. XLIX.3
CHRISTIAN CONVERSATION.
433
Another excuses himse]f by saying, that a' '
the affair was public he might surely be per- ■
mitted to mention it; as if charity was never j
violated except by discovering unknown '
\'ices ; as if men were not forbidden to relish •
that malicious pleasure which arises from i
talkin over the known imperfections of their j
neighbours.
7. Consider, into what an unhappy situa-
tion calumny puis an innocent person, who
wishes to avoid if. What must a man do to
preclude or to put down a calumny? Che-
rish good humour, paint pleasure in your face,
endeavour by your pleasing deportment to
communicate happiness to all about you ; be,
if I may speak so, the life and soul of society,
and it will be said, you are not solid, you have
the unworthy ambition of becoming the
amusement of mankind Put on an austere
air, engrave on your countenance, if I may
speak thus, the great truths that fill your soul,
and you will be taxed with pharisaism and hy-
pocrisy ; it will be said, that you put on a fair
outside to render your' elf venerable, but that
under all this appearance very likely you con-
ceal an impious irreligious heart. Take a
middle way, regulate your conduct by limes
and places, ' weep with them that weep, and
rejoice with them that rejoice,' and you will
be accused of lu kewarmness Pick your com-
pany, confine yourself to a small circle, make
it a law to speak freely only to a few select
friends who will bear with your weaknesses,
and who know your good qualities, and you
will be accused of pride and arrogance ; it
will be said, that you think the rest of man-
lund unworthy of your company, and that
you pretend vi'isdom and taste are excluded
from all societies, except such as you deign to
frequent. Go every where, and in a spirit of
the utmost condescension converse with every
individual of mankind, and it will be said you
are unsteady, a city, a province cannot satisfy
you, you lay all the universe under contribu-
tion, and oblige the whole world to try to sa-
tiate your unbounded love of pleasure.
In fine, consider what punishment the Holy
Spirit has denounced against calumny, and in
what class of mankind he has placed slander-
ers. You, who by a prejudice, which is too
general a rule of judging, imagine 3/0M possess
nil virtues, because you are free from one vice,
to use the langua'jj-e of a modern author,* you,
who poison the re|)Utation of a neighbour in
company, and endeavour thus to avenge your-
self on him for the pain which his virtues give
you, in what list has St. Paul put you ? He
has classed you w;th misers, idolaters, de-
bauchees, and adulterers, 'If any man be a
fornicator, or covetous, or an id<. later, or a
railer, with such a one keep no company, no
not to eat,' ' Neither fornicators nor dolaters,
nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of
themselves with mankind, nor thieves, nor co-
vetous, nor drunkards, nnr revilers (this is
your place), nor extortioners, shall inherit t'le
kingdom of God,' 1 Cor v. 11, and vi. 9. But
* Flcchier.
we judge of vice and virtue, not according to
the rules laid down in the gospel, but accord-
ing to such as prevail in the world. It is not
Jesus Christ, it is the world, that is our sove-
reign. We blush at what thej' censure, and
we feel no remorse at committing what they
think fit to tolerate. Ah ! why are not legisla-
tors more indulgent when they condemn to
racks and gibbets a wretch whom excess of
hunger impelled to steal our property ; why
do they not inflict one part of their rigour on
him, who, in cold blood, and with infernal ma-
lice, robs us of our reputation and honour 1
Let your speech be seasoned with the salt of
charity.
Fourthly, The apostle intends to inspire us
with a seasoning ofsenen'/j/, and to banish from
our conversations a fourth vice, which we
have named extravagant complaisance. When
is complaisance extravagant.'' Are we going
to pass encomiums on such untoward spirits as
disturb all mankind : on such superstitious
niartyrs of truth and virtue as render them-
selves impertinent by affecting regularity, such
as represent piety under an appearance so
frightful that it cannot be taken for piety, and
give it an air so hideous that it is impossible to
love it .'' No, my brethren. In this article
we deplore a frailty too common among the
best Christians. We fall into a circle of bad
company, we hear them blaspheme the name
of God, attack religion, profane the most holy
mysteries, and calumniate innocence. We
tremble at this conversation, and fi-om the
bottom of our souls detest it ; our spirit is
stirred in us, we are like St. Paul, when he
saw the Athenian idolatry, but we conceal our
pious indignation, we dare not openly avow
it, we even embolden the criminal by infirmi-
ty, though not by inclination.
A Christian ought to know how to unfurl
the banner of Jesus Christ ; and as, in times of
persecution, a man was reputed ashamed of
his faith, and guilty of idolatry by silence and
neutrality; as the casting of a single grain of
incense on the altar of an idol was accounted
an act of apostacy, so when the emissaries of
vice attack religion on the practical side, a
man ought to say, { am a Christian ; he ought
not to be ashamed of the gospel of Christ; he
ought to restrain the infidel, repress the liber-
tine, resist the calumniator.
Finally, perpetual voids are a fifth defect of
conversation, and a fifth duty prescribed to us
IS a seasoning of solidity. It is Jesus Christ
himself who furnishes us with this reflection,
by informing us in the gospel, that we must
give an account lor ' every idle word. In or-
der to profit by this declaration we must un-
derstand it, and in order to understand it, we
must avoid two extremes equally opposite to
the design of the Saviour of the world, we
must neither give the passage a sense too rig-
orous nor too lax.
First, the words of Jesus Christ must not
be taken in a sense too rigorous. He does not
mean by ' idle words' those discourses, of
which we do not immediately per-ceive the
I utility, but which, however, are unavoiuat)le
»i34
CHRISTIAN CONVERSATION.
[Skr. XLIX.
in an intercourse with mankind. There are
two ways of proving that our Saviour had not
in view this sort of conversation.
1. It should seem, by examining the origin-
al, that the jiassage ought to be rendered not
idle words, 'but wicked words. Many exjiosi-
tors adopt this sense, a id affirm, that the
Greek word here used, answers to a Hebrew
•word, which signifies hoihuseltss and wicked.*
We are certain the writers of the New Tes-
tament frequently use Greek words in a He-
brew sense. As then the Hebrew word signi-
fies wicked and useless, these expositors thought
they had a right to translate the word wicked,
not idle. Moreover, they add, that the ori-
ginal Greek word has this meaning, and is fre-
quently taken in an active sense (forgive this
technical term), and not always in a passive,
in good authors ; that is, it does not mean
only that which is not directed to any good
end, but that which actually defeats a good
design Thus Cicero, speaking of the oppo-
nents of the Stoics, says, they accuse the doc-
trine of their philosophers concerning fate, of
being an idle doctrine ; he uses the same term
that is used in the passage we are considering,
and he means, by an idle doctrine, a doctrine
which encourages idleness. For, say the ene-
mies of the Stoics, if a blind fate produces
otir virtues and vices, all our efforts are use-
less, and we may waste our lives in idleness.
By ■ idle words,' then, Jesus Christ means to
forbid, not words merely useless, but words
which have a bad tendency, as those had
which attributed the miracles of Christ to ma-
There is a second way of restraining the
meaning of Jesus Christ. Let us retain the
term idle, used in our version, and let us ex-
plain this passage as we explain all other
passages in Scripture whic!i forbid idleness.
When the Scripture enjoins us to labour,
does it mean that we should be always at
work ! When it forbids us to be idle, does
it mean to disallow relaxation and rest I Does
it blame an honest recreation ! No. It con-
demns only such as consume all their life in
inaction. Thus here, Jesus Christ, by con-
demning idle words does not mean those in-
nocent conversations which we have observed
are necessary, but he means such as are made
up of nothing but vanity and unprofitableness.
Let us, however, carefully avoid giving a
loose sense to the words of Jesus Christ. He
allows vague and superficial conversation
only as he allows idleness. He means that, in
general, our conversation should turn on grave
and useful subjects.
We generally persuade ourselves that
churches and closets are the only places where
we ought to employ ourselves about solid
subjects. Let us undeceive ourselves. We
•ought to attend to sucli subjects even while
we are in pursuit of pleasure. For exam- |
])le, are we returning from a sermon 1 AVhy
not entertain one another with the subject-
we have been hearing ! Why not endeavou.
to imprint on one another's memories the
' r.e CIcrc In Hammond on MaU. xii. 26.
truths that have been proved, and to impress
on on^ another's hearts such precepts as have
been enforced ? Have we been visiting a dy-
ing person? Why not make such reflections
as naturally occur on such occasions the mat-
ter of our conversation .'' Why not embrace
such a fair opportunity of speaking on the
vanity of life, the uncertainly of wordly en-
joyments, and the happiness of a pious de-
parture to resti" Have we been reading a
good book .' Why not converse with our
companions on the formation we have derived
from it.'' Are we ministers of religion.'' Sure-
ly there is great propriety in entertaining our
friends with the subjects wkich we teach in
publick, and investigate in our studies. Why
should we not apply them to tlie benefit of
such as surround us f Why not endeavour to
subdue that resistance which the wretched
hearts of mankind make to the truths of re-
ligion ? Were these rules observed, each com-
pany would become a school of instruction,
the more useful because the more natural and
easv, and knowledge and virtue would be mu-
tually cherished.
What ! say some, would you prohibit all the
pleasure of life .'' Must we never open our
mouths but to utter sententious discourses?
Would you condemn us to eternal melancho-
ly ? Ah ! this is a gross error. Pleasure is in-
compatible with piety ; Is it .' What ! is piety
so offensive to you that it spoils all your plea-
sure if it only makes its appearance .■'
After all, what pleasure can those vain con-
versations afford, which consume the greatest
part of life .' Had we been always sequestered
from the rest of mankind, perhaps we might
imagine that the confused noise made by a
company of talkers about nothing might give
pleasure ; but who that has seen the world
can fall into this error ? What ! superficial chat
about ihe most common appearances of nature '.
'['iresome tittle tattle about the sun and the
rain I Ill-timed visits, perpetually returning,
always a burden to those who pay, and to
those who receive them ! Are these the plea-
sures which you prefer before a sensible use-
ful conversation ! Puerde mistake ! It is the
solid sense and utility of a conversation that
make the pleasure of it. ' Let your speech be
always seasoned with salt.'
Let us proceed to examine the other term,
grace. St. Paul says, ' Let your speech be
always with grace.' V/e have before intima-
ted, that the apostle means by the word grace,
agreeableness, gracefulness. The word grace,
we allow, must often be taken in Scripture in
a very different sense ; but two reasons deter-
mine us to take it here in this sense. 1. The
nature of the thing. It was natural for the
apostle, after he had spoken of what sanctifies
conversation, to speak of what renders it in-
iuiuating. 2. The word is often taken in this
sense in Scripture. Thus the Wise Man says,
• Grace is deceitlul, and beauty is vain,' Prov.
xxxi.30. And thus the psalmist, ' Grace is
Hiured into thy lips,"' Ps. xlv. 2.
* Our author follows the reading of his own French
version in Prov. xxxi. ."^0. ' La grare trompe, et la
S£R. XLIX.]
CHRISTIAN COx^VERSATION.
4iio
But what is ihis grace? I think we must
have observed, that the disagreeableness of
conversation generally proceeds from on,^ oi
these five causes ; either from extravagant
raillery, or from proud decisions, or from bit-
ter disputes, or from invincible obstinacy, or
from indiscreet questions. Against these five
vices we oppose five virtues, or to use the Ian
guage of the text, five sorts of graces, which
render conversation charmm^' : the grace of
complaisance, the grace oi humility, the grace
of moderation, the grace of docility, aiid the
grace of discretion. These we call the graces,
the embellishments of conversation.
1. Extravagant raillery generally jjoisons
conversation. Who can bear to be turned
into ridicule .'' Who likes to have his own
foibles exposed ? Who would choose to be
the subject of the wit of a company, especially
when, not l^eing able to return wit for wit, a
man is obliged tacitly to own himself a genius
inferior to those who attack him .■' Abstract
reasonings are not necessary to make this arti-
cle plain. We appeal only to the feelings of
such as make a tra<le of rallying others. How
is it, pray, that you cannot bear to be rallied
in your turn? Whence that gloomy silence ?
How is it, that your vivacity is extinct, and
your spirits damped, unless you, as well as the
rest of mankind, love to be respected?
We would substitute complaisance in tlie
place of extravagant raillery. Instead of
making a little genius feel his insignificance,
we should stoop to his size. Courtiers under-
stand this art well, and they know as well
when to make use of it, either to obtain the es-
teem of a superior, or to acquire the friend-
ship of an inferior, or an equal. See with
what address they show you to yourselves by
your bright sides. Observe with what dexte-
rity they entertain you with what you are
pleased and interested in. And shall Chris-
tian charity yield to worldly politeness?
2. A second vice that poisons conversation
ii proud decision. Whnt can be more inlolf^-
rable than a man who stalks into company as
a genius of the first order, v/ho lays down his
own infallibility as a first principle, who deli-
vers out his nostrums as infallible oracles, as
the decisions of a judicature so high that it
would be criminal to appeal from them?
What aggravates the injustice of this character
is, that these peremptory people are generally
the most ignorant ; and that their ignorance
is the cause of their positiveness. A little ig-
norant genius, who has never gone to the bot-
tom of any one article of science, who knows
neither the objections that lie against a sub-
ject, nor the arguments that support it, who
knows nothing but the surface of any thing,
beautfl s'cvanouit.' Our translation reads, ' Favour
is deceitful, and beauty is vain ;' but critics render
the original word, gratia, gratio.sitas, vetustas, mo-
rum, sernionum, actionum, gestuum So that Mr. S.
may be justified in giving this sense to the text. In
the same sense, it would seem, is that famous passage
in John i 17, ' grace and truth came by Jesus (Christ,'
to be taken. G?y«c signifies here atTability, sweet-
ness of deportment, propriety of behaviour, conform-
ity between the good news he brought, and the grace-
ful manner in which he delivered the message.
quickly fancies that lie perfectly comprehends,
and can fully ascertain, the subject of his at-
tention. He does not know what it is to
doubt, and he pities those who do. On the
contrary, a man of real knowledge knows so
well by his own exuerience the weakness of
the human mind, and so thoroughly under-
stands his own defects, that he keeps in him-
self a counterpoise for pride ; he proposes his
opinions only as problems to be examined, and
not as decisions to be obeyed. This is what
we call the grace of humility. A man ought
to submit hi? judgment to the discussion of
those to whom he proposes it ; 'le should allow
every one a liberty of thinking for himself,
and presuppo.*e, that if he has reason, so have
others ; that if he has learning others have it
too; that if he has meditated on a subject, so
have others. Even subjects, of the truth of
which we are most fully persuaded, ought to
be so proposed a? to convince people that it is
n love of truth, and not a high conceit of our-
selves, that makes us speak, and ttius wc
sh'>uld ex^mplifv the rule laid down by an
apostle, ' Let nothing be done through strife or
vain-glory; but in lowliness c" mind let each
esteem other better than themselves,'' Phil,
li. 3.
3. A bitter spirit of disputing is a third vice
of conversation. Yield instantly, yield even
when you have reason on your side, rest satis-
fied with knowing the truth yourself, when
they to whom you propose it wilfully shut
their eyes against it. The reason of this max-
im is this : When a man refuses to admit u
proposition sufficiently demonstrated, ' the
mm-e you press him, the farther he will recede
from you. The principle that induces him to
cavil is pride, and not weakness of capacity ;
if you persist in showing him the truth, you
will irritate his pride by confounding it ;
whereas, if you give his passion time to cool
and subside, pe haps he will return of himself
and renounce his error.
St Paul was an excellent model of this
grace of moderalion, ■ unto Jews he became as
a Jew. to them that were without law as with-
out law, all things to all men,' 1 Cor. ix. 20,
Why? was it idlenes? or cowardice ? Neither ;
for never was servant more zealous f.ir the in-
terest of his master, never did soldier figlit
with more courage for h;s prince. It was ow-
ing to his moderation and charity. Unto the
Jews I ' ecame as a Jew, ' that I might gain
the Jews ;' to them that are without law as
without law, ' that I might by all means save
some.'
4. Obstinacy is incompatible with the grace
of docility, a. necessary ingredient in agreeable
conversation. To persist in maintaining a pro-
position because we have advanced it, to
choose rather to heap up one absurdity upon
an-'thf;r than to give up the first, to be de-
ceived a thousand times rather than to say
once, I am mistaken ; what can be more con-
trary to good manners in conversation than
these dispositions? It is a high enjoyment to
open one's eyes to the light when it rises on
us, and to testify by a sincere recantation that
we proposed our opinions rather v.'ith a desire
43ti
CHRISTIAN C0NVER3ATI0N.
[Ser. LXIX.
to be instructed in what we did not know, than
to display our abilities in what we did under-
stand.
Finally, indiscreet questions are a fifth pest
of conversation ; questions which put a man's
mind upon the raclc, and reduce liim to the
painful dilemma either of not answering, or of
betraying his secrets. Too much ea;jerness to
pry into other men's concerns is frequently
more intolerable than indifference ; and to de-
termine, in spite of a njan, to be his confidant,
is to discover more indiscreet curiosity than
Christian charity. St. Paul reproved the wi-
dows of his time tor this vice, and in them all
succeeding Christians. * Younger widows
learn to be idle, and not only idle, but tattlers
also, and busy bodies, speaking things which
they ought not,' 1 Tim. v. 11. 13. The grace
opposite to this vice is disereiion.
My brethren, the truths you have been
hearing are of tlie number of those to which
in general the least attention is paid. Few
people have ideas of piety so refined as to in-
clude the duties which we have been inculca-
ting. Few people put into the list of their
sins to be repented of, the vices we have been
reproving, fev/ therefore are concerned about
them. Yet there are many motives to engage
lis to use extreme caution in our conversations.
I will just mention a few.
First, vices ol conversation are daily sins ;
they are repeated till they form a habit ; bj'
slow degrees they impair and destroy con-
science ; and in a manner the more dangerous,
because the process is imperceptible, and be-
cause little or no pains are taken to prevent it.
Great crimes have a character of horror,
which throws us off at a distance, li we hap-
pen to be surprised into a commission of them
through our own weakness, the soul is ter-
rified, repentance instantly follows, and repe-
tition is not very common : but in the case be-
fore us, sin makes some progress every day,
every day the enemy of our salvation obtains
some advantages over us, every day venders
wore difficur and impracticable the great
•work, for which we were created.
Secondly, by practising these vices of con-
versation we give great ground of suspicion
to others, and we ought to be pei-suaded our-
selves, that our hearts are extremely deprav-
ed. It is in vain to pretend to exculpate our-
selves by pretending that these are only
words, that words are but air, empty sounds
without effect. No, says Jesus Christ, ' out
of the abundance of the heart the mouth
speaketh,' Matt, xii, 34. Hence this saying
ol St. Chrysostom, The tongue often blushts to
xpeak what the heart dictates ; but the heart
having no witness, gives itself up to irregular
passion. It is onltf owing to a superfluity of
depravity within, that the tongue renders it
visible* If then our reputation be dear to
us, if we have at heart the edification of our
neighbours, if we wish to assure our hearts
that we are upright in the sight of God, who
continually sees and thoroughly knows us, let
our conversation be a constant and irreproach-
able witness.
* Chrysostom torn. i. Horn. 43. iu Matth.
Lastly, the judgment of God should be a
prevalent motive with us. You have heard
it from the mouth of J*^5us Christ. You will
be required to 'give an account in the day of
judgment for every idlf word. For by thy
words thou shalt bejustified, and by thy words
thou slialt be condemned,' >!att. xii. 36, 37.
VVe judge of our conversations only by the
impressions they make on our minds, and as
they seem to us only as sounds lost in the air,
we persuade ourselves they cannot materially
affect our eternal state. But let us beheve
eternal truth ; ' by thy words thou shalt be
justified, and by thy words thou shalt be con-
demned.' Dreadful thought ! For which of
us can recollect all the vain words he has ut-
tered the last ten years ^ They are gone along
with the revolutions of time, they expired
the moment they were born. Yet they are
all, all registered in a faithful memory, they
are all, all written in a book ; they will be all
one day brought to our remembrance, they
will be weig'ned in the balance of the sanctu-
ary, and will contribute in that day to fix our
eternal doom. ' O Lord ! enter not into judg-
ment with thy servant ! O God ! cleanse
thou me from secret faults;' Ps. cxliii. 2,
and xix. l\L These are three motives to an-
imate us to practise the duty under considera-
tion. We will add three rules, to help us tlie
more easily to discharge it.
1. If we would learn to season our conver-
sation, we must choose our company. This
is often disputed ; however, we atfirm, confor-
mity of manners is the bond of this commerce.
Seldom does a man pass his life with a slan-
derer without calumniating. Few people,
keep company with libertines unless they
be profligate themselves. Example carries us
away iu spite of ourselves. A pagan po-
et advanced this maxim, and St. Paul, by
quoting, has consecrated it. ' Evil communi-
cations corrupt good manners,' 1 Cor. xv.
33. Let us begin a reformation of our conver-
sation by selecting our companies. Let us
break with the enemies of God. Let us dread
the contagion of poison, and avoid the manu-
facturers of it. As th^re is no sinner so ob-
stinate as not to be moved by an intercourse
with good men, so there is no virtue so well
established as not to be endangered by an in-
timacy with the wicked.
2. A second great secret in conversation is
the art of silence. To talk a great deal, and
to reflect on all that is said, are two things in-
compatible, and certainly we cannot speak
wisely, if we speak without reflection. The
Book of Ecciesiasticus advises us to ' make a
door and a bar for the mouth,' chap, xxviii.
•25. • The Ibol,' said the Wise Man, ' is full
of words,' Eccles. x. 14. 'I will take heed
to my ways, that I sin not with my tongue.
I will keep my mouth with a bridle.' An an-
cient hermit abused this maxim ; for, after he
i had heard the first verse of the thirty-ninth
j ijsalm, he refused to hear the second, saying,
the first vi'as lesson sufficient for him. The
reader of this verse to him asked him many
I years after whether he had learnt to reduce
' this lesson in oraclif'c. ^'■•'inetetn years, repli-
rER. L.'j
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALMS'.
457
0(1 the hermit, have I benn trying;, and have
hardly attained the practice. But there was
some reason in the conduct of this hermit,
though he carried the matter to excess. In
order to speak well, we must speak but little,
remembering; always the maxim of St. .lames,
' If any man seem to be religious, and bridleth
not his tongue, this man's religion is vain,'
'■hap. i. 26.
In fine, the great rule to govern the tongue
is to govern the heart. ' Keep thy heart
with all diligence, for out of it are the issues
o{ life,' Prov. iv. 23- In vain do you strive
(o prevent effects, unless you remove the
cause. It is in vain to purify the streams,
while the spring continues polluted. It is in
vain to attempt a few forced actions, like those
mentioned by the psalmist, ' whose words were
softer than oil, when war was in their heart,'
Ps. Iv. 21. It is extremely difficult to act
long under constraint. The heart insensibly
guides the tongue. Would you avoid rash
judging, obscenity, calumny, faAvning, all the
vices of which we have shown the enormity,
begin with your own heart. There establish
the love of God. Love piety, respect virtue,
and talk as you will, you cannot but speak
well.
Let us feel these motives, my brethren.
Let us obey these rules. I^et us practise
tlicse duties. Let us blush for having so long
lived in the neglect of them. Henceforth let
us dedicate our voices to the praise of our Cre-
ator. Let us praise God. To praise God is
the noblest of all employments. To praise
God is the incessant employment of all the
angels in heaven. To praise God must be
our eternal exercise. Let us this instant, on
the spot, begin to reduce this new plan of
conversation to practice. Let us cry, with
blessed spirits. Holy, holy, holy is the Lorcl
God of hosts : and let these first fruits of holy
conversation consecrate all the remainder of
life. God grant us this grace. To Father,
Son, and Spirit, be honour and glory forever !
Amen.
SERMON li.
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALxMS.
Luke xi. 41,
Give alms of such things as you have.
Our churches are houses of God : places
where he bestows his favours in richest pro- ,
fusion. Indeed his omnipresence cannot be 1
confined ; heaven, and the heaven of heavens
cannot contain him, the whole universe is the
theatre of his liberality. It is, however, in
his churches' that he affords the most distin-
guishing proofs of his presence, and opens his
most magnificent treasures. Hence Solomon,
after he had erecte<3 that superb palace descri-
bed in the first book of Kings, addressed this
prayer to God, ' May thine eyes be open to-
ward this house night and day, even toward
the place of which thou hast said. My name
shall be there. When thy people Israel shall
pray toward this place, when they are smit-
ten down before the enemy ; when heaven is
shut, and there is no rain ; when there be in
the land famine, pestilence and blasting ; when
they pray toward this place, when they spread
forth their hands toward this house, then hear
thou in heaven, thy dwelling-place,' 1 Kings
viii. 27. 29, &c. Let us not imagine all these
prerogatives were confined to the temple of
Jerusalem. They are in our churches. Al-
ways when we assemble in this place we con-
duct you to the tribunal of God, and say to
you, in the language of eternal wisdom, ' IIo,
every one that thirstcth, come ye to the waters,
and he that bath no money, come ye, buy and
f? K
eat : buy wine and milk v.'ithout money and
without price,' Isa. Iv. 1.
To-day, Christians, this house changes its ap-
pearance. It is no more a superb palace, the
seat of riches and abundance. It is an alsKS"
house. It is, if I may be allowed to say so, a
general hospital, in which are assembled all
those poor, all those indigent widows and des-
titute orphans, all those famished old people,
who were born in your provinces, or who,
through the calamities of the times, have been
driven to your coasts, and permitted to reside
here. What a siglit ! To-day God takes the
place of mao, and man that of God. God
asks, and man answers. God begs, and man
bestows. God sets before us heaven, grace,
and glory ; and from his high abode, where
he dwells among the praises of the blessed,
he solicits your charity, and says to you, by
our mouth,' ' Give alms of such thing:s as
you have.'
What opportunity more proper can we have
to preach charity to you ? For several weeks
these arches have resounded with the greatest
benevolence that was ever heard of.'' Your
preachers have fixed your attention on that
great sacrifice by which men are reconciled to
God, so that if we be so happy to day as to
* The Weeks of Lent.
438
llIE DUTY OF GIVING ALM,^,
[Skr-. L.
touch your hearts, there will be a harmony i
between love and charity, between the Crea- j
tor and the creature. ' The heavens will iiear j
the earth, and the earth will hear the hea-
veils,' IIos. ii. 2-i. Heaven will say to the
fuithl'ul soul, 'Behold the Lamb of God,
which taketh away the sins of the world,'
John i. 29, and the faithful soul, properly
affected with gratitude, v.'ill reply, ' O God,
my g^oodiiess extendclh tiot to thee, but to the
saints that are in the earth,' Ps. xvi. 23, and
will pour upon the feet of Jesus Christ that
ointment which cannot be put upon the head
of Christ himself. My brethren assist our fee-
ble ertbrts. And thou, O God, who a.rt love
itself, animate every part, every period, eve-
ry expression of this discourse, so that all
our hearers may become disciples of love !
Amen.
' Give alms of such things as you have ;'
these are the words of our text, the gospel of
this day. We will not detain you in cojnpa-
ring the words of our translation with those
of the original, in order to justify our inter-
preters. Some expositors think the text is
not an exhortation to cliarity, but a censure
on the Pi;ari5ees for their notion of it. After
the Pliarisees had obtained great sums by ra-
pine and extortion, they endeavouied to con-
ceal, yea, to embellish their crimes by alms-
deeds. According to these interpreters, Je-
sus Christ only intended to condemn these in-
famous practices, so that instead of reading
the words, as we do, ' give alms of such
things as ye have,' we ought to read them,
Ye give alms of such things as ye have, and
ye suppose all things are clean to you.
But this interpretation, whiqh is in itself a
striking truth, ought, however, to be rejected,
as neither being agreeable to the scope of the
place, nor the literal sense of the words, which
are followed by a precept, nor to ancient ver-
s'ons, nor to the following words, ' all thnigs
shall be clean to you,' which carries in it the
nature of a promise, and which must there-
fore be naturally joined to a precept.
Let us then retain the sense of our version,
and let us take the words for an order of
our Master prescribing cliarity. fie address-
ed this order to the Pharisees, and in them
to all Christians. The Pharisees were a class
of men, who loved show)' virtues, and who
thought by discharging small duties to make
amends for the omission of great and impor-
tant ones. 'Jesus Christ reproves them in
this chapter ; ' Ye Pharisees make clean the
outside of the cup and the platter ; but your
inward part is full of ravening and wicked-
ness.' They tithed mint and rue, and all man-
ner of herbs, but they neglected charity. On
another occasion we have observed, that they
resembled some modern Christians, who put
on the air of piety, lift their eyes to heaven,
besprinkle our churches with tears/utter their
souls in perpetual sighs and complaints, and
incessantly cry religion I religion ! but who
know charity only by the pain they feel when
it is,mentioned to them. ' Ye Pharisees make
(•lean the outside of the cup and the platter ;
but your inward part is full of ravening and
wickedness. But rather,' rather than put on
all these airs of piety, rather than affect an
ignorant izeal, rather than practise exactness
in trifles, 'give alms of such things as you
have.' Charity is the centre where all vir-
tues meet. ' O man, what doth the Lord re-
quire of thee, but to do justly, to love mercy,
and to walk humbly with thy God ? ' Though
1 speak v.i!.h the tongue of men and angels,
though I give my body to be burned, though
I have all faith so that I could remove moun-
thins,' and, we may add, though I should re-
ceive the communion every day of my life,
though I fast every week, though I burn with
the zeal of a seraph, yet if 1 have not chari-
ty, I am become as soundmg brass, or a
tinkhng cymbal I' Micah vi. 8; 1 Cor. xiii.
1, &c.
But these reflections arc too vague, let us
be more particular. We will divide this dis-
course into two parts. In the first, we will
recommend alms-giving by making an eulo-
giura on benevolence, which ought to be the
principle of it. In the second part we will
make some particular observations on alms-
giving itself.
I. An eulogium on benevolence shall be our
first part. We consider this virtue in several
different views. 1. As it regards society. 2.
As it respects religion. 3. As it influences
death. 4. As it regards judgment. 5. As'it
respects heaven. And, lastly, as it regards
God himself. Benevolence is the happiness
of society, and the essence of religion. It
triumphsrover the horrors of death, and pleads
lor us belbre that terrible tribunal at which
we must be judged. Benevolence is the bond
of celestial intelligences, the brightest ray of
their glory, and the chief article of their feli-
city. Benevolence is the image of God him-
self, and the expression of his essence. So
that to practice the duly of charity, to give
alms from this principle, is to be a worthy citi-
zen, a good Christian, clicerlul in death, ab-
solved from guilt, and a member of the churcli
tiiumphant. To give alms is to return to our
centre, to resemble God, from whom our souls
derived their existence. Let us examine each
of these articles.
1. Benevolenoe constitutes the h-ippiness of
society ; to give alms is to perform the duty
of a good citizen. In order to comprehend
this, it will be only necessary to examine the
principle of action in him who refuses to as-
sist the poor according to his ability, and the
miseries to whic!i society would be reduced
were each member of it to act on the same
principle. 1 he principle of a man, who does
not contribute to assist tlie poor according to
his power, is, that he who possesses temporal
benefits, ought to hold then) only for himself,
and that he ought never to impart them to
others except when his own interest requires
him to do so ; and that when his own inte-
rest is unconnected with the condition of his
neighbour, he oughr not to be affected with
his misfortunes. Now it is certain no princi-
j)le can be more contrary to public good.
What would become of society were all the
members of it to reason in this manner .' Should
Seu. L.
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALMS
439
the statesman say, I will make use of my
knowledge and experience to arrive at the
pinnacle of honoixr, and to conduct my family
thither ; but, when the interest of my country
is unconnected with mine, I will abandon the
helm, and ^ive myself no concern to procure
advantages for other people ! What if a gene-
ral should say, I will employ all my courage
and strength, to surmount every obstacle in
the way of my fortune ; but should tlie enemy
offer me advantages greater than I can procure
of my country, 1 will turn my hand, and des-
troy the country which I now defend ! 'What
if the minister should say, I will endeavour
Only to save myself, or I will study only to
display my talents ; but when this end can-
not be obtained, I will harden my heart
against perplexed minds,distresseil consciences,
people dying in despair, and I will neglect
every duty, which has only God and a mise-
rable wretch for spectators I
Extend this principle of self-intorest. Ap-
pjy it to diiferent conditions of life, and you
will perceive it leads from absurdity to ab-
surdity, and from crime to crime. You will
sec, that he who makes it the rule of his ac-
tions, violates all the laws which mankind
made for one another, when they built cities
and formed states. In sucli establishments
men make tacit conditions, that they will suc-
cour one another, that they will reward some
services by other services, and that when any
are rendered incapable of serving others, or of
maintaining themselves, they should tiot be
left to perish, but that each should furnish
such relief as he himself would wish to re-
f:cive in the same case.
If a ric!» man, therefore, refuse to .assist the
poor, he violates this primitive law, and con-
sequently saps the foundation of society. As
good politicians, we ought to proceed rigo-
I'ously against a miser, he should be lodged
among animals of another species, and such
pleasures as arise from a society of men should
be refused to him, because he refuses to con-
tribute to them, and lives only for himself. For
tvant of human laws, there is I know not
what maledictions affixed to those who are
destitute of charity. They are considered
with horror. Their insensibility is a subject
of public conversation. People give one ano-
ther notice to be upon their guard with such
men, and to use caution in dealing with people
nt" principles so odious. For do not deceive
yourseh'cs ; do not think to impose long on
the public; do not imagine your turpitude
can be long hid, ' there is nothing covered
that tShall not be revealed,' Matt. x. 20. We
know well enough how to distinguish a chari-
table man from a miser. A note of infamy is
set upon the last, and people say to one ano-
ther. See, observe that old man, who alone
possesses a fortune sufhcient for ten families,
see how avariciously he accumulates money,
and how cruelly lie refuses to assist the poor ]
with the least particle of what death is just
going to taite from him ! See that proud am-
bitious woman, who displays her vanity with ;
so much parade in the sight of the whole i
world, see how she makes the poor expiate ;
the guilt of her pride, by feeding her vanity
with what ought to buy them bread. Thus
people talk. They do more, they reckon,
they calculate, they talk the matter over at
large in public company, one relates the his-
tory of the miser, and another makes quaint
remarks, and all together form an odious por-
trait, which every man abhors.
2. Consider benevolence in regard to reli'
S^ion, and particularly in regard to the Chris-
tian religion, of which we affirm it was the
essence. In what light soever you view Jesus
Christ, the teacher of the gospel, you will find
him displaying this virtue. Consider him as
appointed to save you, observe his birth, iii.';
preaching, his actions, his preparation for
death, his death itself; in all these different
viev/s he recommends charity to you.
Consider Jesus as appointed for salvation.
What inclined God to form the design of sav-
ing the world.' Was it any eminent quality in
man.'' Were v,'e not 'children of wrath,' exe-
crable objects in the eyes of the Lord.'' Was
it any service rendered to God ? Alas ! ' we
were enemies in our minds by wicked works.'
Col. 1. 21. Was it any prospect of retribution .-'
' But our goodness extendeth not unto him,'
Ps. xvi. 2. Is not all-sufficiency one of his at-
tributes? What then inclined God to form a
plan of redemption ? Ask Jesus Christ. He
will inform you, ' God so ioved the world that
he gave his Son,' John iii. 16. Ask the apos-
tle Paul. !;e will tell you, ' It was for his
great love wherewith he loved us,' Eph. ii. 4.
The birth of Jesus Christ preaches love to
us; for why this flesh.'' why this blood .' whv
this incarnation ? In general it was for our
salvation. My brethren, haye you ever weigh-
ed these v/ords of St. Paul ? ' As the chil-
dren are partakers of flesh and blood,' —
(the scripture contains elevated sentiments
which can never be studied enough. Divines
distinguish senses of Scripture into literal and
mystical ; we add a third, a sublime sense,
and this passage is an example), — 'As the
children are partakers of flesh and blood, he
also himself took part of tiie same, that he
might be a merciful and faithful high-priest.
For in that he himself hath suffered being
tempted, he is able to succour them that are
tempted,' Heb. ii. 14, &:c. Observe these
words, ' he took p.-irt of flesh and blood thiit
he m'ght be rnerciiul.' What I could he not
be merciful without flesh and blood.' * In
that he hath suffered being tempted, he is
able to succour them that are tempted.' How!
Is not Jesus Christ, as Lord of the universe,
able to deliver us from temptations .-' True,
he is almighty. His compassion inclines him
to succour us. Yet, it should seem, according
to St. Paul, that something was wanting to his
omnipotence. It seems as if universal know-
ledge Vv'as not suthcient to inform him fullv
of the excess of our miseries. What was
wanting was to know our ills by experimental
feeling. This knowledge is incompatible
witli deity, deity is impassible ; and it was to
supply this, and to acquire this knowledge,
that God made known to the world llio un-
heard-of mystery of'God manifest in the flesh,'
440
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALMS.
[_Seii. L.
so thttt tho Saviour might be inclined to re-
lieve miseries which he himself had felt.
' He also himself took part of flesh and blood,
that he might be merciful. For in that he
himself hath suffered being tempted, he is
able to succour them that are tempted.'
Jesus Christ in his doctrine has taught us
benevolence, for to what but love does all his
doctrine tend ? What is the new command-
ment he gave us ? ' That we should love
one another,' John xiii. 24. What is ' pure
and undefiled religion before God and the Fa-
ther ?' Is it not ' to visit the fatherless and
the widows." James i. 27. What one thing
•\vas lacking to the young man who had not
committed adultery, had not killed, had not
defrauded .'' Was it not ' to sell his goods,
and give to the poor .'" Matt. xix. 21. The
whole system of Christianity tends to charity;
the doctrines to charity; the duties to chari-
ty ; the promises to charity ; the ordinances
which assemble us in one house, as members
of one family, where we eat at one table, as
children of one father, all tend to establish
the dominion of charity.
The actions of Jesus Christ preach charity
to us, fbr all his life was employed in exer-
cises of benevolence. What zeal for the sal-
%'ation of his neighbours! Witness his pow-
erful exhortations, his tender prayers, his
earnest entreaties. What compassion for the
miseries of others ! Witness liis emotions,
when ' he saw the multitudes fainted, and
were scattered abroad, as sheep having no
shepherd,' Matt. ix. 36, witness the tears he
shed at the grave of Lazarus, and over un-
grateful Jerusalem. We have, in a few
words, an abridgment of the most amiable
life that ever was : ' He went about doing
good,' Acts X. 38.
Jesus preached charity in his preparation
for death. You know what troubles agita-
ted his mind at the approach of this terrible
period. You know what difference ihere is
between his death and our death. As v.'e
draw near to death we approach a throne of
grace; but Christ went to a tribunal of ven-
geance. We go to our father ; he went to
Lis judge. We are responsible for our own
bins ; but upon the head of this victim lay all
tiie crimes of the people of God. Amidst so
many formidable objects, what filled the mind
uf Jesus Clirist? Love. ' Now holy Father,
I am no more in the world,' said he, ' but
these are in the world, keep through thine own
name those whom thou hast given me, that
they may be one as we are,' John xvii. 11.
As if he had said. Father take me for the
victim of thy displeasure, let me feel all its
strokes, give me the dregs of the cup of
thine indignation to drink; provided my be-
loved disciples be saved, my joy will be
full.
In fine, Jesus Christ taught us benevolence
by his death ; for 'greater love than this hath
no man, that a man lay down his lite for his
friends,' John xv. 13. There was neither a
wound in his body, nor an incision in his
hands or liis feet, nor u drop of liis blood
that was shod, which did not publish benevo-
lence. His love supported him against the
fears of death, the terrors of divine justice,
and tlie rage of hell. His love extended
even to his executioners ; and, less affected
with his own pains than with the miseries to
which their crimes exposed them, he fetched
(it was one of his last sighs), a sigh of love,
and ready to expire, said, ' Father forgive
them, they know not what they do.' Luke
xxiii. 34.
Such is the gospel. Such is your religion.
Now I ask, My brethren, can a man imagine
himself a disciple of such a master, can he
aspire at such noble promises, can he admit
such truths, in one word, can he be a Chris-
tian and not be charitable.' Have we not
reason to affirm, that benevolence is the es-
sence of Christianity, the centre to which tlie
lines of all Christian virtues tend ?
3. A third retlection, that is, that benevo-
lence triumphs over the horrors of death,
ought to have great weight with us. A me-
ditation of death is one of the most powerful
of all motives to guard us against temptations,
agi eeably to a fnie saying of the son of Sirach,
' Whatsoever thou takest in hand, remember
the end, and thou shalt never do amiss,' Ecclus.
vii. 3G. This thought has a peculiar influ-
ence in regard to charity.
In effect, what is death ? I consider it prin-
cipally in two views, first as a general ship-
wreck, in which our fortunes, titles, and dig-
nities are lost. ' We brought nothing into
this world, and it is certain we can carry no-
thing out,' 1 Tim. vi. 7. Next, I consider it
as the time of examination and judgment, for
' it is appointed to all men once to die, and
after that the judgment,' Heb. ix. 27. The
moment of death is a fatal period, in which are
united the excesses of our youth, the distrac-
tions of our manhood, the avarice of our old
age, our pride, our ambition, our impurity,
our covetousness, our treacheries, our perju-
ries, our calumnies, our blasphemies, our luke-
warmness, our profanations; all these crimes
will form one black cloud, heavy, and hang-
ing ready to burst on our heads.
These are two just views of death, and ideas
of these make, if 1 may be allowed to say so,
the two most formidable weapons of' the king
of terrors,' the most terrible of all terrible
things. Hut the benevolent man is covered
from these attacks,
Tlie charitable man need not fear a depri-
vation of his fortune, for in this respect he does
not die. He has prevented the ravages of
death'by disburdening himself of his riches.
He has eradicated the love of the world. He
has given to the poor what would otherwise
have led avarice. Yet, let me recollect my-
seli', the charitable man does not impoverish
himself by his benevolence. He has sent his
fortune before him. These are Scriptural
ideas. ' He that hath pity upon the poor,
lendeth unto the Lord, and that which he
hath given, will he pay him again. Make to
yourselves friends of the mammon of unright-
eousness, that whei. ye fail, they may receive
you into everlasting habitations,' Prov. xix.
17; Luke xvi. 9. At death the Christian
riER. L.j
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALM=
441
beholds these friends opening their arms to re-
ceive iiim. I recollect here an epitaph said
to be engraven on the tomb of Atolus of
Rheims, He exported kis fortune before him
into heaven, he is gone thither to enjoy it.
What a fine epitaph, my brethren i Happy
he who, instead of such pompous titles as the
vanity of the living puts on the tombs of the
dead, under pretence of honouring the merit
of the deceased, instead of such nauseous in-
scriptions as feed pride among bones, worms,
and putrefactions, objects so proper to teach
us humility, happy he who has a right to such
an epitaph as that just now mentioned 1 He
exported his fortune before him into heaven by
his charities, he is gone thither to enjoy it.
Happy he who, mstead of splendid funeral
processions, and a long tram of hired attend-
ants, who seem less disposed to lament death
than to increase the numbers of the dead, hap-
py he whose funeral is attended and lament-
ed by the poor 1 Happy he whose funeral ora-
tion is spoken by the wretched in sobs and
sighs and expressions like these, I was naked,
and he clothed me, I was hungry, and he fed
me, I lived a dying life, and he was the hap-
py instrument ol Providence to support me 1
A charitable man need not fear death con-
sidered as a time of account. What says the
Scriptures concerning charity in regard to our
sins ? ' It covereth a multitude,' 1 Pet. iv. 8.
Daniel gives this counsel to a guilty king,
'Break off thine iniquities by showing mercy to
the poor,' chap. iv. 27. Not that our Scrip-
tures authorize a sacrilegious commentary,
such as some sinners make upon these passa-
ges. Under pretence that it is said, ' charity
covereth a multitude of sins,' or that it puts
away our sins (the sense of the first is dispu-
ted, and we will not now explain it), under
this pretence, I say, some Christians pretend
to make a tacit compact with God. The im-
port of this contract is, that the sinner should
be allowed by God, for the sake of his alms-
deeds, to persist in sin. An unjust man, who
retains the property of others, will give a trifle
to the poor, and, under pretence that 'charity
covereth a multitude of sins,' will hold him-
self free fi-om the law of restitution. A de-
bauchee will give alms, and, under pretence
that ' charity covereth a multitude of sins,'
will think himself authorized to lead an un-
clean life. Great God ! is this the idea v/e
form of thy majesty ? If these be the motives
of our virtues, whence do our vices spring?
Shall we pretend with presents to blind thine
eyes, eyes of purity itself.' Would we make
thee, O God I an accomplice in our crimes ?
and have we forgot that prohibition so remark-
able in thy law, • thou shalt not bring the hire
of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the
house of the Lord!' Deut. xxiii. 18. It is.
however, very certain that charity disarms
death, in regard to that account which we are
oibout to give of the manner in which we have
disposed our property, for charity is tlie least
equivocal mark of our Christianity, and the
least suspicious evidence of our faith.
I do not know whether in the perfect enjoy-
ment of health, and the pleasures of life, you
enter into these vellection.s ; but when you
think yourselves ready to expire, you implore
our assistance, and require us to comlbrt you.
We seldom succeed much on these occasions.
Miserable comforters are we all. Religion
with all its evidences, grace with all its
charms, the promises of the gospel with all
their magnificence, are generally insufficient
to administer consolation. Christians, you
must certainly die : arm us then to-day against
yourselves. Put into our hands to-day an ar-
gument against that fear of death which will
shortly seize you. Give weight to our minis-
try, and by disarming death by your charities,
put us into a condition to show you death dis-
armed at the end of your life.
4. Charity provides against the terrors with
which an apprehension of the last judgment
ought to inspire us. Jesus Christ has furnish-
ed us with this idea, for thus he speaks in
the twenty-fifth chapter of St. Matthew,
* When the Son of man shall come in his glo-
ry, and all the holy angels with him, he shall
say unto them on his right hand. Come ye
blessed of my father, inherit the kingdom pre~
pared ior you from the foundation of the world.
For I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat ;
I was thirsty and ye gave me drink. Inas-
much as ye have done it unto one of the least
of these my brethren, ye have done it unto
me,' ver. 32, <S:c.
There is another of the passages of which
we just now spoke, and which ought to be un-
derstood in a sense altogether sublime. Jesus
Christ personates the poor, and takes upon
himself, if I may speak so, all their obligations.
What is the reason of this conduct .'' If the
poor be so dear to him, why does he leave
them to suffer, |and if he leave them to suf-
fer, why does he say they are so dear
to him ? My brethren, this is intended to
exercise our faith, and to purify our love.
Should Christ come to us in pomp and glory,
surrounded with devouring fire, with all the
ensigns of his majesty, attended by seraphim,
and by thousand thousands ministering unto
him ; should he come in this manner to ask of
us a cup of water, a piece of bread, a little
money, which of us would refuse to grant his
request ? But this mark of our love would be
suspicious. It would proceed from emotions
excited by the splendour of his majesty, rather
than from genuine love. No wonder a king
is respected in his court, and upon his throne ;
majesty dazzles, and ensigns of supreme digni-
ty excite emotions in all the powers of our
souls. But should this king survive some dis-
grace, should he be banished from his king-
dom, and abandoned by his subjects, then his
real friends would be discovered, and he
would prepare them a thousand rewards. This
is an image of Jesus Christ. In vain pros-
trating ourselves at the foot of his throne, we
say to him a thousand times over, ' Lord, thou
knowest tliat we love thee.' Perhaps this
profession of esteem may proceed more from
a love of the benefits, than of the benefactor
who bestows them. Banished from his hea-
venly court in the persons of his members, for-
saken by his subjects, covered with rags, and
lodged in a hospital, he comes to try his real
friends, solicits their compassion, presents his
442
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALMS.
!;kk.. L.
miseries to Uieni, and tails thein at the same
time, that his condition will not be always thus
despicable, that he shall be soon re-establishefl
on his throne, and that he will then recom-
pense their care with eternal felicity ; tliis is
the msaning of the words just now reail, ' I
■was an hung^ered, and ye gave me meat, I was
thirsty, and ye gave me drink.' Grand mo-
tive to charity ! Immen.-e weight with a soul
the least animated with ingenuousness and
fervour ! I am not surprised, however, that
motives so strong in themselve? are frequently
ineffectual with us. Always confined in a
sphere of sensible objects, taken up with the
present moment, contracted within the limits
of our own small circle, we never look forward
to futurity, never think of that great day in
which God will judge the world in righteous
ness, and fix our eternal doom. But who is
there, who is there, that in the presence of all
mankmd, in the presence of all the angels of
heaven, in the presence of the whole universe,
iind in the presence of God himself, can bear
this reproof from the mouth of the Son of God,
* I was an hungered, and yc gave ms no meat,
I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink.'
5. Let us consider charity in regard to hea-
ven itself. We say benevolence is a celestial
virtue, and we propose this fifth reflection to
you, in order to enforce the necessity, and to
display the excellence of charity. Understand,
my brethren, all the other virtues which the
gospel prescribes to us are characterized by a
mortification, which obliges us to enter into
our nothingness, and reminds us of our turpi-
tude and misery. They are not absolute po-
sitive excellences, they are remedies for our
ills. For example, faith supposes our igno-
rance ; hope supposes our poverty ; patience
implies afflictions ; repentance supposes sin.
All public worship, prayer, humilation, fast-
ing, sacraments, all imply that we are gross
and carnal. All this will have no place in
heaven. In heaven there will be no faith, no
hope, no prayer, no patience. In heaven there
willjbe neither humiliation, nor fasting, nor sa-
craments. Charity, rising out of love, is superior
to all other exercises, it has an excellence pro-
per to itself: love will follow us to heaven,
and heaven is the abode of love. There God,
who is love, establishes his empire ; there per-
fect love reigns ; there is seen the ineffablelove
which (he Father has for his son; there is
found that incompr ehensible union which
unites the three Divine Persons v.'ho are the
object of our worship; there Jesus Christ,onr
mystical head, unites himself with his mem-
bers ; there is displayed the love of God to
glorified saints, Avith whom he shares his fe
licity and glorj' ; there the love oi glorified
saints to God is made manifest ; there are seen
those tender ties which unite the inhabitants
of heaven to each other, hearts aiming at the
same end, liurning with the same fire, enliven-
ed with the same zeal, and joining in one voice
to celebrate the author of their existence ;
there, then, benevolence is a heavenly virtue ;
it constitutes the felicity of the place. Love
is the most perfect of all pleasures. Tiie more
the Doity approaches his paints by an effusion
of this love, and the more he communicates
the delights of it to them, the more the saints
approach God by a return of love ; and the
nearer Ih-^y draw to the source of happines.-,
the happier they render themselves and one
another by such communications.
Let us not lightly pass over this reflection.
It is good to be here- • He that hath ears to
hear let him hear,' Matt. xi. 15. lie that has
the most refined sense, the quickest invention,
the most noble imagination, let him conceive a
society united by the purest principles, and
cemented by the firmest virtue. This is pa-
radise, this is love. This is charity ; charity
that gives no alms, because none in hea'/en
are indigent, but charity which goes so far as
to give all, to give up happiness, to give self,
to sacrifice self for other oljects of love ; wit-
ness the presents which came from heaven ;
witness the description of this holy place ; wit-
ness God, who gave us his Son, his only Son,
the tenderest olyect of his love ; witness the
Son, who gave himself; witness the blessed
angels, who encamp round about us to protect
and defend us ; witness the triumphs of glori-
fied saints, who rejoice over one sinnner that
repents, as if more interested in his liappiness
than in their own ; witness the crowns which
the saints cast before the throne of the Lamb,
resigning, as it were, in his favour their felici-
ty and glory ; witness these expressions of love,
which we shall one day understand by an ex-
perimental enjoyment of them, ' his banner
over me is love. Turn away thine eyes from
me, for they have overcome me. Set me as .i
seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine
arm ; for love is strong as death, jealousy is
cruel as the grave ; the coals thereof are coals
of fire, which have a most vehement flame.
Many waters cannot quench love, neither can
the floods drown it,' Cant. li. 4, and vi. 5.
After having elevated our meditation to
heaven, we return to you, my brethren. We
blush at what we are doing to-day. ^Ve are
ashamed to preach, complain, and exhort.
Why r arc we endeavouring to engage you to
sacrifice your fortunes, to renounce your lives,
to become accursed for your brethren ? Are
we trying to induce you to perform some he-
roical and uncommon act of love .■' No. Alas '.
Alas ! We are obliged to exhort, and com-
plain, and preach, to obtain of you a little bit
of bread, a lew tattered clothes, a little smsU
share of what you give with great profusion to
the world. Good God! What Christians arc
you ! Is this the church .'' Are you the house-
hold of faith ? Arc we preaching to citizens
of heaven ? Are we knocking at the doors of
hearts that believe a life eternal i* But how
I will you enter into that abode with such un-
j feeling souls ? Would you go to interrupt the
communion of saints .■' Would you go to dis-
I order heaven, and lo disconcert angels? And
I do you not perceive, that if you do not put on
bowels of mercies, you banish yourselves
from an abode in which all breathe charity and
I love?
In fine, wc consider charity in regard to
God himself. Love is the essence of Deity.
I God is love. So an apostle has defined it.
.Skb. L.'J
THE BVTY OF GIVING ALMS.
44i
Jlere reflections rise from every part to estab-
lish our priticiple. Nature, Providence, socie-
ty, the church, heaven, earth, elements, all
preach to us the love of God ; all preach to us
the excellence of charity, which makes us re-
semble God, in the most lovely of his attri-
butes. It would give us pleasure to enlargfe
on each of these articles, were it not necessary,
after having made some general reflections on
benevolence, which is the principle of alms-
giving, to make some particular reflections on
alms-deeds themselves.
II. My brethren, were it only necessary in
this discourse to give you high ideas of bene-
volence, and to convince you in general of the
necessity of giving alms, we would here put a
period to our sermon. But can we be ignorant
of what passes on these occasions ? Each sa-
tisfies himself with a vague approbation of
such truths. Each is convinced that we ought
to be charitable, and that the poor should be
relieved ; but each is content with himself,
and, examining less what he gives, than whe-
ther he gives, persuades himself that he does
enough, and that nobody ought to complain of
him. It is then necessary, before we finish
this discourse, to enter into some detail, and
to prescribe some rules, by which we may
pretty well know what each is obliged to give
ill alms. We will not determine with exact
precision on this article. We are fully con-
vinced, that, were we to conduct you from
principle to principle tc' an exact demonstra-
tion of what the gospel requires of you in this
case, we should speak of things which would
make you suspect that we took pains to ad-
vance unheard of maxims, and to preach para-
doxes.
We will then content ourselves with propo-
sing five considerations to you ; or, to speak
more plainly, v^e will produce five calcula-
tions, to which we beg your attention, and, af-
ter we have spoken of them, we will leave
every man's conscience at liberty to draw con-
sequence.';. The first calculation is that of the
charities which God prescribed to the Jews
luider the law. The second is that of the cha-
rities of the primitive Christian church. The
third is that of our superfluous expenses. The
fourth is that of the number of our poor. The
last is that of the funds appropriated to their
support.
1. The first calculation is that of the alias
which God prescribed to the Jews, and in this
we include all that they were indispensably
obliged to furnish for religion. This calcula-
tion may well make Christiana blush, as it
convinces us of this melancholy truth, that
though our religion excels all religions in
the world, yet its excellence lies in the gos-
pel, and not in the lives of those v/ho profess it.
1. The Jews were obliged to abstain from
all the fruits that grew on new planted trees
the first three years. These first-fruits were
accounted uncircumcision. It was a crime for
the planters to appropriate them. Lev. xix. 23.
2. The fruits of the fourth year were devo-
ted to the Lord. They were called ' holy, to
praise the Lord withal.' Juther they were
s?nt to Jerusalem, or being valued they were
redeemed by a sum equivalent paid to tlic
priest ; so that these people did not begin to
receive the profits of their fruit trees till the
fifth year.
3. The Jews were obliged every year to of-
fer to God the 'first of all the fruits of the
earth,' Deut xxvi. 2. When the head of a
family walked in his garden, and perceived
which tree first bore fruit, he distinguished it
by tying on a thread, that he might know it
when the fruits were ripe. .4t that time each
father of a family put that fruit into a basket.
At length all the heads of families, who had
gathered such fruit in one town, were assem-
bled, and deputies were chosen by them to
carry them to Jerusalem. These offerings
were put upon an ox crowned with flowers,
and the commissioners of the convoy went in
pomp to Jerusalem, singing these words of the
hundred and twenty-second psalm,' i was glad,
when they said unto me. Let us go into the
house of the Lord.' When they arrived at
the city, they sung these words, ' Our feet shall
stand within thy gates, O Jerusalem.' At
I length they went to the temple, each carrying
I his offering on his shoulders, the king himself
not excepted, again singing, ' Lift up your
heads, O ye gates, and be ye lifted up, ye ever-
lasting doors. Lift up your heads, O ye gates,
and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting doors,' Ps,
xxiv. 7.
4. The Jews were obliged to leave the corn
on their lands ends for the use of the poor ;
and, in order to avoid the frauds which might
be practised in this case, it was determined to
leave the sixtieth part of the land as a just pro-
portion for the poor, Lev. xix. 9.
5. The ears of corn, which fell from the
hand in harvest time, were devoted to the same
purpose ; and if you consult Josephus,* he will
tell you, that the Jews held themselves obliged
by this command of God, not only to leave the
poor such ears of corn as fell by chance, but to
let fall some freely, and on purpose for them to
glean.
6. The Jews were obliged to give the for-
tieth part of their produce to the priest, at
least it is thus the Sanhedrim explained tlic
law written in the eighteenth chapter of Deu-
teronomy.
7. They were obliged to pay a tenth to
maintain the Levites, Numb, xvii, 16.
8. The produce of the earth every seventh
year belonged to the poor, at least the owner
had no more right than people who had n^
property. Lev. xxv. 23. This command is*
express, and the Jews have such an idea of
this precept, that they pretend the captivity
in Babylon was a punishment for the violation
of it. To this belong these words, ' The land
shall enjoy her sabbaths as long as it lieth de-
solate, and ye be in your enemy's land ; even
then shall the land rest, and enjoy her sab-
baths,' chap, xxxvi. 34.
9. All debts contracted among this people
were released at the end of every seven years ;
so that a debtor, who could not discharge his
debt within seven years, was at the end of
<■ Antiq. Jud. cap. 8. Ub. iv.
444
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALMS'.
[Ser. L.
that time released from all obligation to di?-
charge it, 2 Chron xxxvi. 21 ; Dent. xv. 2.
To all these expenses add extraordiiiaries
for sacrifices, oblations, journies to Jerusalem,
half shekels to the sanctuary, and so on, and
3-ou will find, that God imposed upon his peo-
ple a tribute amounting to nearly half their in-
fome.* What is worthy of consideration is,
that the modern Jews, as you may convince
yourselves by conversing with them, not be-
ing able literally to discharge a great number
of precepts, which originally related to their
ancestors, are far from being lax in relieving
their poor ; so that if there are as many Jews
in a place as form what they call a congrega-
tion (and ten they say are sufHcient) they ap-
point treasurers to collect charities for the
poor. Lest avarice, prevailing over principle,
should prevent the discharge of this duty, thev
have judges who examine their ability, and
■who tax them at about a tenth of their income,
so that one of the greatest offences which we
e^Te them, and which prejudices them against
Christianity, is the little charity Christians
liave for the poor. A scandal, by the way, and
to your confusion let it be spoken, which would
undoubtedly increase, if they were belter ac-
quainted with you, and if they saw that affect-
ed dissipation, which prevents maay of you
from seeing the hands held out to receive alms
for the poor at the doors of our churches.
This is the first calculation we have to pro-
pose to you. Havmg proposed it to your ex-
amination we will determine nothing. One
reflection, however, must not be omitted, that
is, that the gospel is an economy infinitely
more noble, and more excellent than the law.
The gospel, by abolishing the Levitical cere-
monies, has enforced the morality of Judaism
much more effectually, and particularly what
regards charity. Jesus Christ has fixed no-
thing on this article. He has contented him-
self by enjoining us in general ' to love our
neighbour as ourselves,' not being willing to
set any other bounds to our love for him than
those which we set to our love for ourselves.
If then under an economy so gross, if under
an economy in which differences were made
between Jews and gentiles, nation and nation,
people and people (wiiich always restrains
charity,) God required his people to give, to
fay the least, a third part of their income,
what, what are the obligations of Christians !
I repeat it again, were I to pursue these re-
uections, I should certainly be taxed with ad-
vancing unheard-of maxims, and preaching
paradoxes.
II. The second calculation we have to pro-
pose to you is, that of the charities of the
Primitive Christians. The great master had
so fully imparted his own charitable disposi-
tion to his disciples, that, according to St.
liUke, ' all that beliei-ed had all things com-
mon ; and sold their possessions and goods, and
parted them to all men,as every man had need,'
chap. ii. 44, and Acts ii. 44,45. In the time (
of Tertullian Christian charity was proverbi- j
al, and it was said of them, ' See how they 1
* Episcopius Inst. TIicol. lib. iii. cap. 5. '
love one another ;'* insomuch that the hea-
thens, surprised to see a union so affectionate,
ascribed it to supernatural causes. They said;
Christians had some unknown characters im-
printed on their bodies, and these characters
\ had the virtues of inspiring them with love
for one another.t Lucian, that satirical wri-
' ter, who died in the reign of Marcus Aurelius,
in a discourse on the death of the philosopher
Percgrinus, who burnt himself at the Olym-
pic games, Lucian, I say, by attempting to
satirize Christians, passed a high encomium on
them. ' It is incredible,' says he, ' what pains
and diligence they use by all means lo suc-
cour one another. Their legislator made
them believe that they are all brethren, and
since they have renounced our religion, and
worshipped their crucified leader, they live
according to his laws, and all their riches
are common. '| We have also an undoubted
testimony of Julian the Apostate on this arti-
cle. He was one of the greatest persecutors
of the primitive Christians, and he was a bet-
ter politician in the art of persecution than
either his predecessors or successors. Julian
did not attack religion with open violence ;
he knew, what we have seen with our own
eyes, that is, that violence inflames zeal, and
that the blood of martyrs is the seed of the
church. He attacked religion in another man-
ner, and, as the charity of the primitive
Christians rendered Christianity venerable,
this tyrant attempted to clothe paganism with
Christian charity. Thus he wrote to a pagan
priest. ' Let us consider,' says he, ' that no-
thing has so much contributed to the progress
of the superstition of Christians as their char-
ity to strangers. I think we ought to discharge
this obligation ourselves. Establish hospitals
in every place ; for it would be a shame for
us to abandon our poor, while the Jews have
none, and while the impious Galileans (thus
he calls Chaistians) provide not only for their
own poor, but also for ours.'
If you wish for observations more particular
concerning primitive Christian charity, we an-
swer,
1 . The primitive Christians expended large
sums in propagating the faiths and in preach-
ing the gospel. They thought that the prin-
cipal care of a Christian, after ' bringing into
captivity his own thoughts to the obedience
of Christ,' was to convert others. Ecclesiasti-
cal history gives us many examples, and par-
ticularly that of St. Chrysostom, mentioned
by Theodoret. ' He assembled monks full of
zeal, and sent them to preach the gospel in
Phoenicia ; and, having understood that there
were people dispersed along the banks of the
Danube who thirsted for the waters of grace,hc
sought out men of ardent zeal, whom he sent
to labour like apostles in the propagation ol
the faith. '^ I blush to mention this example,
because it recalls that reproach which we just
now mentioned, that is, that we have no zeal
for the salvation of infidels, and that the fleets
* Tertu!. Apol. .x.x.xix.
f Minulius Felix.
\ Lucian, torn. '2. de la mort ilu fil. Peregrine
^rriieod. Hist. Krcles-. v. 2P, 3". &c.
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALi^lS,
Sre. L.]
■which we sen J to the new world, are much
more animated with a desire of accumulating
wealth, than of conveying the gospel to the
natives.
2. The primitive Christians paid a wonder-
ful attention to the sick. Tliey kept people
on purpose for this pious office. In the city of
Alexandria alone, the number was so great,
that Theodosius was obliged to diminish it,
and to fix it at five hundred ; and when it was
afterwards represented to him that the num-
ber was unequal to the task, he increased it
to six hundred, as a law in the Theodosian
code informs us.'* I cannot help repeating on
this occasion a beautiful passage of Eusebius.
Speaking of a plague which ravaged Egypt,
after he had described it, he adds,' Many of
our brethren, neglecting their own health,
through an excess of charity have brought
vipon themselves the misi'ortunes and mala-
dies of others. After they had held in their
arms the dying saints, after they had closed
their mouths, their eyes, after they had em-
braced, kissed, washed, and adorned them
with their best habits, and carried them on
their shoulders to the grave, they have been
glad themselves to receive the same kind of
office from others who have imitated their zeal
and charity. 't
3. The primitive Christians were very cha-
ritable in redeeming captives. Witness St.
Ambrose, who was inclined to sell the sacred
Utensils for that purpose. Witness S. Cypri-
an, who in a letter to the bishops of Numidia
concerning some Christians taken captive by
barbarians, implores their charity for the de-
liverance of these miserable people, and con-
tributed towards it more than a thousand
pounds. Witness a history related by Socra-
tes. The Romans had taken seven thousand
persons prisoners, many of Vv^hom perished with
hunger in their captivity. A Christian bish-
op named Acacius assembled his church, and
addressed them in this sensible and pious lan-
guage : ' God needeth not, said he, ' neither
ilishes nor cups, as he neither eats nor drinks ;
I think it right, therefore, to make a sale of a
great part of the church's plate, and to apply
the money to the support and redemption of
captives.' Socrates adds, that he caused the
holy utensils to be melted down, and paid tiie
soldiers for the ransom of the prisoners, main-
tained them all winter, and sent them home
in the spring with money to pay the expenses
of their journey."*
In fine, the charity of the primitive Chris-
tians appears, by the ytioiis foundations which
they made, by the innumerable hospitals
which they supported, and above all, by the
immense, and almost incredible, number of
poor which they maintained. Observe these
words of St. Chrysostom, 'Consider,' says he,
' among many poor, widows, and orphans, this
fihurch distributes the charity of one rich man ;
the number in the catalouge is three thousand,
not to mention extraordinary assistances giv-
445
* Code Theod. lib. xvi. 9.
t Euseb. Hist. Eccles. lib. vii. cup. 22.
{ Ambros. Offic. lib. ii. cap.ii8. S. Cyprian Let. Ix.
Edit. Osoii. C?. Socrat. Hist. £rcU's. lib. vii. cap. 21.
en to prisoners, people sick in hospitals, stran-
gers, leprous persons, servants of the church,
and many other persons, whose necessities
oblige them to apply every day, and who re-
ceive both food and clothing.'* What ren-
ders this the more remarkable is, that the
primitive Christians placed their glory in
their charities. We have a famous example
in the conduct of the church of Rome in re-
gard to the emperor Decius. This tyrant de-
manded their treasure; a deacon answered for
the whole church,and required one day to com-
ply with the order of the emperor. When the
term was expired, he assembled all the blind,
and the lame, and the sick, that were support-
ed by the church, and pointing to them, told
the tyrant, ' these are the riches of the church,
these its revenue and treasure. 't I have col-
lected these examples to convince you, my
brethren, that we have degenerated from the
virtue of our ancestors, and that the lives of
the primitive Christians, at least in this arti-
cle, were a lively comment on the dextrine of
their master.
III. A third calculation, which we conjure
you to examine as Christians ought, is that of
your superfluous expenses. We do not call
those expenses superfluous which are necessa-
ry to your maintenance, nor those which con-
tribute to the convenience and pleasure of life,
nor those which support your rank ; we do not
touch this part of your fortune ; we agree, that
before you think of your brethren, your coun-
trymen, the household offailh, you should set.
apart (sad necessity, my brethren, which en-
gages us to preach to j-ou a morality so lax>,
and to ask so little, lest we should obtain no-
thing) we agree, I say, that before you think of
the poor you should set apart as much as is ne-
cessary for your maintenanc to a certain de-
gree ; for your ornaments to a certain degree ;
for your amusement and appearances to a cer-
tain degree ; all this we give up, and agree,
that this part shall be sacred, and that it shall
be accounted a crime to touch the least parti-
cle of it. But reckon, I beseech you, what
sums are consumed beyond all this. Cast your
eyes about this church. Endeavour to calcu-
late the immense sums that have been spent in
luxury since you laid aside that wise simplici-
ty which your ancestors exemplified ; I say
since that time, for before, this article could
not have appeared in a Christian sermon. Let
us reckon what is now spent in extravagant en-
tertainments, excessive gaming immodest dress-
es, elegant furniture, and constant public
amusements, all become now necessary by ha-
bit. Such a calculation would convince us,
that what is given to the poor is nothing in
comparison with what is spent in luxury ; and
yet I will venture to affirm, that in times like
the present, we are bound to give a great
deal more than our superiluities in charity.
The poor we recommend to you are, for the
most part, so venerable ; they have impover-
ished themselves for such a noble cause, that
we ought to retrench even our necessary ex..
*Chrysost. Uomil. Ixvi. in St. Matt. Edit. Front
Due. Ixvii.
t Anilrus. Offic. lib. ii-cap. 2S.
44&-
THP: DUTV of GIVIIVG ALMt.
[StK.
penses to support Ihcm. At least this superflui-
ty, such a superfluity as we have described, a
superfluity given to vice, can we refuse to give
it to the Lord ? If we dedicate it to the poor,
we offer to God altogether our criminal plea-
sures and the money they cost, our passions,
and ou r charities ; and by so doing we dis-
charge two religious duties, and present a dou-
ble sacrifice.
IV. The last calculation we make (a sad
calculation indeed, but, however necessary) is
that of the number of our poor ; and to abridge
the matter, we join to this an account of the
funds which we have to support them. It is
necessary to enter into this detail, for some
■jieoplc pay no attention to these things ; in-
• Iced, the}' know in general that there arc poor,
but satisfied with their own abundance, they
j^ive themselves little concern to know how
many such persons there arc.
Turn your eyes a moment from yonr own
prosperity, and fix them on these objects. All
the world know that an infinite number of
poor people are supported in this country by
charity ; all the world know that the afflic-
tions with which it has pleased God to visit
our churches, have filled these provinces with
an innumerable multitude of distressed objects,
vho have no other resource than the charity
of our magistrates. This charity will always
be a reason for our gratitude. It enlivens not
only those who partake of it, but all the rest of
the exiles who behold with the tenderest sen-
siliility the benefits conferred on their breth-
ren. But wo be to you, if the charity of the
state be made a pretext for your hard-hearted-
ness, and if public beneficence be made an ob-
stacle to private alms-deeds ! Understand, then,
that beside the poor we have mentioned, there
is a great number who have no share in the
bounty of the states. Thiscliurch has several
members of this sort. Beside an infinity of oc •
casions which present themselves every day,
beside a thousand extraordinary cases unpro-
vided for, beside a number of indigent persons
occasionally relieved, the church suppports
many hundreds of families, in wliich are many
infants, many sick, many aged, and many dy-
ing ; they who have been supported througli
life, must be buried after their death at the
charge of the church. All these wants must be
rpgularly supplied every week, whether tliere
be money in hand or not. When your chari-
ties fail, our officers assist the poor with their
purse, as at all times they assist them with
their pains. Is the payment of the weekly
sums deferred? Alas ! If it be deferred one single
day, the poor have no bread that day : the dy-
ing expire without succour: the dead lie un-
buried, and putrefy, and infect those who as-
sisted them while alive.
Whatever pains are taken, whatever exact-
ness is observed, how gi-eat soever your char-
ities be, the poor's fund in this church cannot
supply all their wants. — What am I saying.
Iho funds of the church ? We have none. We
have no other supplies than what are derived
from our charity given at the door of the
church, from legacies left by a few pious per-
son?, and from ccllectioiis. All these are ex-
pended, and more than expended. Our of-
ficers are in arrears, and have no other hopes
than what are founded on your donations to-
day, or Wednesday next, to the collection, of
which I give you this public notice.
You will ask me, without doubt. How then
do all these poor subsist ? For it is very cer-
tain they do subsist, and nobody perishes witli
hunger. How do they subsist .'' Can you
want to be informed ? Why, they suffer — they
weep — they groan — from want of food tliev
fall sick — sickness increases their wants — ■
their wants increase their sickness — they fall
victims to death — a death so much the more
cruel by how much the more slow it is ;—
and this death — this death cries to heaven
for vengeance against you who shut up youi'
bowels of compassion from them.
My brethren with what eyes do you sec
these things ? What effects do tliese sad ob-
jects produce upon you.'' Can you beliold the
miseries of yotr brethren without compassion i'
Can you without any emotion of pity hear Je-
sus Christ begging his bread of you I And all
these blows that we have given at the door of
your hearts, shall they serve only to discover
the hardness of them, and to aggravate your
guilt?
W'e frequently complain, that our sermons
are useless ; that our exhortations are unpro-
fitable ; that our ministry produces neither
wisdom in your minds, nor virtue in your
hearts, nor any alteration in your lives.
You in your turn complain : you say we de-
claim ; you affirm we exaggerate ; and, as the
reasonableness or futility of our complaints de-
pends on a discussion into which it is impossi-
ble for us to enter, the question remains un-
determined.
My brethren, you have it in your power
to-day, and next Wednesday, to make your
apology. You may give a certain proof that
you are not insensible to the care which God
takes for your salvation. You may do us the
favour to confound our reproofs, and to si-
lence reproof for the future. Behold, our
wants are before you. Behold, our iiands are
held out to receive your chavity.
Do not lessen your gift on account of what
you have hitherto done : do not complain of
our importunity ; do not say the miseries of
the poor are perpetual, and their wants have
no end; but rather let your former charities
be considered as motives to future charities.
Become moilels to yourselves. Follow your
own example. Recollect, that what makes
the glory of this state and this church, what
Jesus M'ill commend at the last day, what
will comfort you on your death-bed, will not
be the richbeaufets that shine in your houses,
the superb equipages that attend you, the ex-
quisite dishes that nourish you, not even the
signal exploits and numberless victories which
astonish the universe, and fill the world with
your names, but the pious foundations you
have made, the families you have supported,
the exiles you have received — these, these
will be your felicity and glory.
You say the miseries of the poor are perpet-
\ ual, and their wants cndlc;: ; and this dis-
Sf.R. L.]
THE DUTY OF GIVING ALM,?,
447
heartens you. Alas ! Is not this, on the con-
trary, what ought to inflame your charity ?
What ! should your charity diminish as wants
increase ? What ! because your brethren are
not weary of carrying; the cross of Christ, are
you wearied of encouraging them to do so ?
You say the miseries of the poor are per-
petual, and their wants have no end. I un-
derstand you ; this reproach touches us in a
tender part. But have we less reason to com-
plain, because we are always miserable ? Yet,
perhaps^we may not always be in a condition
so melancholy. Perhaps God ' will have
mercy upon his afflicted.' Perhaps the flam-
ing sword, which has pursued us for more
than twenty years, will ' return into its scab-
bard, rest and be still.' Perhaps we may
some day cease to be a wretched people, wan-
dering about the world, exciting the displea-
sure of some, and tiring the charity of others.
Perhaps God, in order to recompense the
charity which you have testified by receiving
us, will grant you the glory of re-establish-
ing us ; and, as you have lodged the captive
ark, will empower you to conduct it back to
Shiloh with songs of victory and praise. Per-
haps, if we all concur to-day in the same de-
sign ; if we all unite in one bond of charity ;
if, animated with such a noble zeal, we ad-
dress our prayers to him, after we have offer-
ed to fiim our alms ; perhaps we may build
again the walls of our Jerusalem, and redeem
our captive brethren from prisons, and gal-
leys, and slavery. Perhaps, if God has deter-
mined that E.^ypt, which enslaves them, should
be £br ever the theatre of his vengeance and
curse, he may bring out the remainder pf his
Israel with a ' mighty hand and an outstretch-
ed arm, with jewels of silver and jewels of
gold, with flocks and herds, not a hoof being
left behind,' according to the expression of
Moses, Exod.x. 11
After all, let us remember what was said at
tlie beginning of this discourse, that if God
requires alms of you, it is owing to his good-
ness tovt^ards you. Yes, I would engrave this
truth upon your minds, and fix this sentiment
in your hearts. I would make you fully un-
derstand, that God has no need of you to sup-
port his poor, and that he has a thousand
ways at hand to support tliem without you.
I would fain convince yon, that if he leaves
poor people among you, it is for the reason
we have already mentioned ; it is from a sub-
lime principle, for which I have no name. In
dispensing his other favours, he makes you
sink with joy under the weight of his magni-
ficence and mercy ; to-day he offers to owe
you something. He would become your
debtor. He makes himself poor, that you
jnay be enriched by enriching him. He
would hava you address that prayer which a
prophet formerly addressed to liim, 'Thine,
O Lord, is the greatness, and the power, and
the glory, and the victory, and the majesty ;
for all that is in the heaven or the earth is
thine. Thine is the kingdom, O Lord, and
thou art exalted as head above all. Both
riches and honour come of thee, and thou
reignest over all, ami in thine hand is power
and might, and in thine hand it is to make
great, and to give strength unto all. Now
therefore, our God, we thank thee, and praise
thy glorious name. But who am I, ami
what is my people, that we should be able to
offer so willingly after this sort ? for all things
come of thee, and of thine own have we
given thee. For we are strangers before thee
and sojourners, as were all our fathers : our
days on the earth are as a shadow, and there
is none abiding,' 1 Chron. xxix. 11, Sic,
May these forcible reasons, and these noble
motives convey light into the darkest mind's,
and soften the most obdurate hearts ; and may
each apply them to himself in particular! It-
happens, not unfrequently, that on these oc-
casions each trusts to the public, and, imagin-
ing that the charity of an individual will be
nothing to the total sum, for this reason omits
to give. No, my brethren, there is no person
here who does not make one; there is no perscii,
here who ought not to consider himself the
public, and, if I may venture to say so, repre-
senting in some sort the whole congregation.
Every person here ought to consider his own
contribution as deciding the abundance or the
insignificance of our collection. Let eacfi
therefore tax himself. Let no one continue ir»
arrears. Let a noble emulation be seen
amongst us. Let the man in power give a
part of the salary of his office. Let military
men give a part of their pay Let the mer-
chant give a part of the profits of his trade.
Let the mechanic give a part of the labour
of his hands. Let the minister consecrate a
part of what his ministry produces. Let the
young man give a part of his pleasures. Let
the lady bestow a part of her ornaments. Let
the dissipated give the poor that ' box of
ointment,' which was intended, for profane
uses. Let the native of these provinces give
a part of his patrimony : and let the refugee
give a part of what he has saved from the
fury of the ocean when his vessel was dashed to
pieces ; and with a part of these remnants
let him kindle a fire to offer sacrifices to thafe
God who saved him from perishing by ship-
wreck.
My brethren, I know not what emotions of
joy penetrate and transport me. I know not
what emotions of my heart promise me, that
this discourse will be attended with more suc-
cess than all we have ever addressed to you.
Ye stewards of our charity, ask boldly. Come
into our houses 'ye blessed of the Lord,' and
receive alms of a people who will contribute
with joy, yea, even with gratitude and thanks.
But, my brethren, we are not yet content
with you. Should you exceed all our expec-
tations ; should you give all your fortune ;
should you leave no poor hereafter among
you ; all this would not satisfy me. I speak
not only for the interest of the poor, but for
your own interest ; we wish you to give yoHi-
charities with the same view. In giving your
alms, give your minds, give your hearts.
Commit to .lesus Christ not only a little por-
tion oi your property, but your bodies, your
souls, yonr salvation, that so you may be able
to sav in the agonies of death, ' I kiicnv whout
448
CHRISTIAN HEROISM.
I have trusted, and I am persuaded that he is i ;^rant us this grace,
able to keep that ■which I have committed unto glory for ever,
him against that day,' 2 Tim. i. 12. God j
[Ser. LI.
To him be honour and
SERMON L.1.
CHRISTIAN H E R O I S M.
Pr.ovERBs xiv. 32.
lie that rideih his spirit^ is better than he that taketh a city.
^^^^ERE we to judge of these words by the j and custom, eradicate prejudice, undertake
first impressions they make on the mind, we the conquest of yourself, carry fire and sword
should place them among such hyberbolical
propositions as the imagination forms to colour
und exceed truth. The mind on some occa-
sions is so struck as to magnify the object in
contemplation. The more susceptible people
are of lively impressions, the more subject
they are to declamation and hyperbole. We
tind these maxims sometimes necessary in ex-
plaining the sacred authors. Were we to ad-
here scrupulously to their words, we ghould
often mistake their meaning, and extend their
thoughts beyond due bounds. The people
«f the east seldom express themselves with
precision. A cloud intercepting a few rays
of light is the 'sun darkened.' A meteor in
the air, is, 'the powers of the heavens sha-
ken.' Jonah in the belly of the fish, is a man
'doivn at the bottom of the mountains.'
Thunder is the ' voice of Jehovah, powerful
and full of majesty, dividing flames of fire,
breaking cedars of Lebanon, making Siiion
skip, and stripping forests bare.' A jwarm of
insects is, ' a nation set in battle-array, march-
into the most sensible part of your soul, enter
the lists with your darling sin, ' mortify your
members -which are upon earth,' rise above
flesh and blood, nature and self-love, and, to
say all in one word, eivleavour to *■ rule your
spirit ;' and j'ou will find that Solomon has ri-
gorously observed the laws of precision, that
he has spoken the language of logic, and not
of oratory, and that there is not a shadow of
hyperbole or exaggeration in this proposition,
' He that ruleth his spirit, is better than he
that taketh a city.'
But to what period shall we refer the
explication of the text.^ We will make
meditation'^supply the place of experience, and
we will establish a truth which the greatest
part of you have not experienced, and which
perhaps you never will experience. This is
the design of this discourse. Our subject is
true heroism, the real hero.
I enter into the matter. The word heroism
is borrowed of the heathens. They called
those men heroes, Avhom a remainder of mo-
in<' everyone on his ways, not breaking their { desty and religion prevented their puttmg m-
ranks, besieging a city, having the teeth of a | to the number of their gods, but who, for
lion, and the cheek teeth of a great lion,' Joel the glory of their exploits, were too great to
i, 6 ; and ii. 7. 9
If we be ever authorized to solve a diffi-
cult text by examining the licence of hyper-
bolical style ; if ever it be necessary to reduce
hyperbole to precision, is it not so now in ex-
lilaining the text before us, ' lie that ruleth
Jiis spirit, is belter than he tliat taketh a
city ?' What justness can there be ni compa-
ring a man. who by reflection corrects his
passions, with a hero who, in virtue of con-
certed plans, great fatigues, spending days
and nights on horseback, surmounting diffi-
culties, enduring heat? and colds, braving a
variety of dangers, at last arrives, by march-
ing through a shower ol shot, darkening the
air, to cut through a squadron, to scale a wall,
iind to hoist his flag in a conquered city.
But however just this commentary may
appear, you will make no use of it here, un-
less you place Christianity in the exercise of
easy virtues, and after the example of most
men accommodate religion to your passions, in-
stead of reforming your passions by religion.
l?ndeavour to form principles, resist li\Shion
be enrolled ainong mere men. Let us puri-
fy this idea : the man oi whom Solomon
speaks, ' he who ruleth his spirit,' ought not
to be confounded with the rest of mankind ;
he is a man transformed by grace ; one who,
to use the language of Scripture, is a partaker
of the divine nature.' We are going to speak
of this man, and we will first describe him,
and next set forth his magnanimity, or, to keep
to the text, we will first explain what it is to
' rule the spirit,' and secondly, we will prove,
that ' he that ruleth his spirit is better than
he that taketh a city.' If we proceed farther,
it will only be to add a few reflections, tending
to convince you, that you are called to hero-
ism ; that there is no middle way in religion ;
that you must of necessity either bear tlie
shame and infamy of being mean and dastardly
souls, or be crowned with the glory of heroes.
I. Let us first explain the words of the text,
' to rule the spirit.' Few words are more
equivocal in the sacred language than this
which our interpreters have rendered spirit.
It is put in difierent places for the thoughts of
Ser. LI.]
CHRISTIAN HEROISM.
419
the mind, the passions of tiie heart, the emo- j
tions of sense, phantoms of imagination, and
illusions oi concupiscence. We will not trou-
ble you with grammatical dissertations. In
our idiom, * to rule the spirit' (and this is
precisely the idea of Solomon), ' to rule the
?pirit,' is never to suffer one's self to be pre-
judiced by false ideas always to see things in
their true point of view ; to regulate our ha-
tred and our love, our desires and our inac-
tivity, exactly according to the knowletige we
have obtained after mature deliberation, that
objects are worthy of our esteem, or deserve
our aversion, that they are worth obtaining,
or proper to be neglected.
But as this manner of speaking ' to rule
the spirit,' supposes exercise, pains, labours,
and resistance, we ought not to confine our-
selves to the general idea which we have
given. We consider man in three points of
light : in regard to his natural dispositions ; in
regard to the objects that surround him; and
in regard to the habits which he has con-
tracted.
1. Consider the natural dispositions of man :
Man, as soon as he is in the world, finds him-
self the slave of his heart, instead of being
master of it. I mean, that instead of a natural
facility to admit only what is true, and to love
only what is amiable, he feels I know not
wliat interior power, which indisposes him to
truth and virtue, and conciliates him to vice
and falsehood.
I am not going to agitate the famous ques-
tion of free-will, nor to enter the lists with
those, who are noted in the church for the he-
resy of denying the doctrine of human depra-
vity ; nor will I repeat all the arguments good
and bad, which are alleged against it. If
Hiere be a subject in which we ought to have
no implicit faith, either in those who deny or
in those who affirm ; if there be a subject, in
the discussion of which they wlio embrace
the side of eiTor advance truth, and they who
embrace the side of truth advance falsehoods,
this is certainly the subject. But we will not
litigate this doctrine. We will allege here
only one proof of our natural depravity, that
shall be taken from experience, and, for evi-
dence of this fatal truth, we refer each of you
to his own feelings.
Is virtue to be practised ? Who does not
feel, as soon as he is capable of observing, an
inward power of resistance ? By tiirtue here,
I understand a universal disposition of an in-
telligent soul to devote itself to order, and to
regulate its conduct as order requires. Order
demands, that when I suffer, I should submit
myself to the mighty hand of God, which af-
flicts me. When I am in prosperity, order re-
quires me to acknowledge the bounty of my
benefactor. If 1 pos-ess talents superior to
those of ray neigbor, order requires me to use
them for the glory of him, from whom 1 re-
ceived them. If I am obliged to acknowledge
that my neighbor has a richer endowment than
J, order requires me to acquiesce with submis-
sion, and to acknowledge with humility this
difference of endowment ; should 1 revolt
with insolence, or dispute through jealousy or
self-love, I should act disorderly.
What I affirm of virtue, that it is a general
disposition, that I aifirm also in regard to an
indisposition to sin. 'J'o avoid vice is to desist
alike Irom every thing contrary to order, from
slander and anger, from indolence and volup-
tuousness, and so on.
He who forms such ideas of the obligations
of men, will have too many reasons to ac-
knowledge, by his own inward feelings and
experience, that we bring into the world with
us propensities hostile and fatal to such obli-
gations. Some of these are in the body ;
others in the mind.
Some are in the bodjj. Who is there that
finds in his senses that suppleness and rea-
diness of compliance with a volition, which
is itself directed by lav.'s of order.'' Wh(\
does not feel his constitution rebel against vir-
tue ? 1 am not speaking now of such men aa
brutally give themselves up to their senses,
who consult no other laws than the revolu-
tions of their own minds, and who, having
abandoned for many years the government of
their souls to the humours of their bodies,
have lost all dominion over their senses. I
speak of such as have the most sincere desire
to hear and obey the laws of order. How of-
ten does a tender and charitable soul find in a
body subject to violence and anger obstacles
against the exercise of its charity and tender-
ness? How often does a soul, penetrated with
respect for the laws of purity, find in a body
rebellious against this virtue terrible obsta-
cles, to which it is in a manner constrained to
yield ?
Disorder is not only in the body ; the sotrL
is in the same condition. Consult yourselves
in regard to such virtues and vices as are, su
to speak, altogetlier spiritual, and have no re-
lation, or a very distant one, to matter, and
you will find you brought into the world an
indisposition to some ol these virtues, and an
inclination to tiie opposite vices. For exam-
ple, avarice is one of these spiritual vice?,
having only a very distant relation to matter.
I do not mean that avarice does not incline U:3
towards sensible objects, I only say, that it is a
passion less seated in the material than in the
spiritual part of man ; it rises rather out of
rellcctions oi" the mind, than out of motions of
the body. Yet how many people are bonv
sordid ; people always inclined to amass mo-
ney, and to whom the bare thought of giving,
or parting with any thing, gives pain ; people
who prove, by the very manner in which
they exercise the laws of generosity, that they
are naturally inclined to violate them ; peo-
ple who never give except by constraint, who
tear away, as it were, what they bestow on
the necessities of the poor ; and who never cut
off those dear parts of themselves, without
taking the most affsctionate leave of them i'
Envy and jealousy are dispositions of the kind
which we call spiritual. They have their
seat in the soul. There are many ])ersons
who acknowledge the injustice and baseness
of these vices, and who hate them, and who
450
CHRISTIAN IIEROrS^r.
[Seu. LI.
nevertheless are not sufiicient masters of them-
f^elves to prevent the dominion of them, at
least to prevent a repetition of them, and net
to find sometimes their own misery in the
jirosperity of other persons.
As we feel in our constitution obstacles to
virtue, and propensities to vice, so we perceive
also inclinations to error, and obstaclesto truth.
These things are closely connected ; for if we
fmd within us natural obstacles to virtue, we
find for that very reason natural obstacles to
truth ; and if we be born with propensities
to vice, we are born on that very account
prone to error. Strictly speaking, all ideas of
vice may be referred to one, that is to error.
Every vice, every irregular passion, openly
or tacitly implies a falsehood. Every vice,
every irregular passion includes this error,
that a man who gratifies his passion, is hap-
pier than he who restrains and moderates it.
Now every man judging in this manner, whe-
tlier he do so openly or covertly, takes the
side of error. If we be then naturally inclin-
ed to some vices we are naturally inclined to
some errors, I mean, to admit that false pria-
riple on which the irregular passion estab-
lishes the vice it would commit, the desire of
gratification. An impassionate man is not free
to discern truth from falsehood, at least, he
oannot without extreme constraint discern the
one from the other. He is inclined to fix his
mind on what favours his passion, changes its
nature, and disguises vice in the habit of vir-
tue ; and, to say all in one word, he is impelled
to fix his mind on wiiatever makes truth ap-
pear false, and falsehood true.
I conclude, the disposition of mind of which
Solomon speaks, and which he describes by
■ruling the spirit, supposes labour, constraint,
and exercise. A man who would acquire this
noble disposition of mind, a man who would
rule his spirit, must in some sort recreate him-
self; he finds himself at once, if 1 may be al-
lowed to say so, at war with nature ; his body
must be formeil anew ; his humours and his
spirits must be turned into another channel ;
violence must be done to all the powers of his
soul.
2. Having considered man in regard to his
natural dispositions, observe him secondly in
regard to surrounding objects. Here you
will obtain a second exposition of Solomon's
words, ' He that rulelh his spirit ;' you will
have a second class of evidences of that exer-
cise, labour, and constraint, which true hero-
ism supposes. Society is composed of many
f nemies, who socm to be taking pains to iii-
•jrease those diiliculties which our natural dis-
positions oppose against truth and virtue.
f^xamine the members of this society among
whom we are appointed to live, consult their
ideas, hear their conversation, weigh their
reasonings, and you will find almost every
where false judgments, errors, mistakes, and
prejudices; prejudices of birth, taken from
our parents, the nurses who suckled us, the
people who made the habits in which we
were wrapped in our cradles ; prejudices ol
education, taken from the masters to whom
the care of cur earlier daj-s was committed,
from some false ideas which they had imbibeti
in their youth, and from other illusions which
they had created themselves; prejudices of
country, taken from the genius of the people
among whom we have lived, and, so to speak,
from the very air we have breathed; preju-
dices of religum, taken from our calechists,
from the divines we have consulted, from the
pastors by whom we have been directed, from
the sect we have embraced; prejudices of
friendship, taken from the connexion we have
had, and the company we have kept ; preju-
dices of trade and profession, taken from the
mechanical arts we have followed, or the ab-
stract sciences we have studied ; prejudices of
fortune, taken from the condition of life in
which we have been, either among the noble
or the poor. This is only a small part of the
canals by which error is conveyed to us.
What efforts must a man make, what pains
must he take with himself to preserve him-
self from contagion, to hold his soul perpetual-
ly in equilibrium, to keep all the gates of er-
ror shut, and incessantly to maintain, amidst
so many prejudices, that freedom of judgment
which weighs argument against objection,
objection against argument, which deliberate-
ly examines all that can be advanced in fa-
vour of a proposition, and all that can be said
against it ; which considers an object in every
point of view, and which makes us deter-
mine only as we are constrained by the irre-
sistible authority, and by the soft violence cf
truth, demonstration, and evidence ?
As the men who surround us fascinate us by
their errors, so they decoy us into vice by their
example. In all places, and in all ages, virtue
had fewer partisans than vice ; in all ages and
in all places, the friends of virtue were so
few in comparison of the partisans of vice, that
the saints complain, that the earth was not in-
habited by men of the first kind, and that the
whole world was occupied by the latter, ' the
godly man ceaseth ; the faithful fail from
among the children of men, tlie Lord looked
down from heaven upon the children of men,
to see if there were any that did understand,
and seek God. They are all gone aside, they
are altogether become filthy ; there is none
that doeth good, no not one,' Ps. xii. 1, and
xiv. '2, 3. An exaggeration of the prophet, I
grant, but an exaggeration for which the uni-
versality of human depravity has given too
much occasion. Cast your eyes attentively
on society, you will be, as our prophet was,
1 astonished at the great number ol the parti-
sans of vice : you will be troubled, as he was,
to distinguish in the crowd any friends of vii-
tue ; and you will find yourself inclined to say,
as he said, ' there is none that doeth good, no
not one.'
But how difficult is it to resist example, and
to rule the spirit among such a number of ty-
rants, w!io aim only to enslave it ! In order to
resist example, we must incessantly oppose
those natural inclinations which ur^c us to im-
itation. To resist example, we must not suf-
fer ourselves to be dazzled either with the
[ number or the splendour of such as have
i placed vice on a throne. To resist example.
Seb. LI.]
CHRISTIAN HEROISM.
451
■we must brave pei'scculion, and all the incon- j
venience? to ■which worldly people never fail i
to expose them who refuse to follow them ,
down the precipice. To resist example, we ;
must love virtue for virtue's sake. To resist I
example, we must transport ourselves into |
another world, imagine ourselves among- those |
holy societies who surround the throne of a
holy God, who make his excellences the con-
tinual matter of their adoration and homage,
and who fly at the first signal of his hand, the
tirst breath of his mouth. What a work, what
a difficult work for you, poor mortal, whose
eyes are always turned towards the earth, and
whom your own involuntary and insurmount-
able weight incessantly carries downward !
3. Finally, We must acknowledge what
labour, pains, and resistance, the disposition
of which Solomon speaks requires, if we con-
sider man in regard to the habits which he
has contracted. As soon as we enter into the
■world, we find ourselves impelled by our natu-
ral propensities, stunned with the din of our
passions, and, as I just now said, seduced by
the errors, and carried away by the examples
of our companions. Seldom in the first years
of life, do we surmount that natural bias, and
that power of example, which impel us to
falsehood and sin. Most men have done more
acts of vice than of virtue ; consequently, in
the course of a certain number of years, we
contribute by our way of living to join to the
depravity of nature that which comes from ex-
ercise and habit. A man who would rule his
spiritfis then required to eradicate the habits
■^vhich have taken possession of him. What a
task!
What a task, when we endeavour to prevent
the return of ideas which, for many years, our
minds have revolved! What a task, to de-
fend one's self from a passion which knows all
the avenues of the mind, and how to facilitate
access by means of tlie body ! What a task,
to turn away from the flattering images, and
seducing solicitations of concupiscence long ac-
customed to gratification ! What a task, when
"we are obliged to make the greatest efforts in
the weakest part of life, and to subdue an ene-
iuy, whom we have been always used to con-
sider as unconquerable ; and whom we never
durst attack, when he had no other arms than
■what we chose to give him, and enjoyed no
other advantages than such as we thought
proper to allow! Such labour, such pains and
constraint must he experience who acquires
the art of riding his spirit ! Now then, as
we have explained this disposition of mind,
let us assign tlie place which is due to him
who has it. Having given an idea of real he-
roism, we must display the grandeur of it, and
prove the proposition in my text, ' he that ru-
Icth his spirit, is better than he that taketh a
city.'
11. For this purpose, it is not necessary to
observe, that, by ' him that taketh a city,' So-
lomon does not mean a man who, from princi-
ples of virtue, to defend his country and reli-
gion, hazards his life and liberty in a just war ;
in this view, he that taketh a city, and he that
nilcth his spirit, is one an'.l the same man.
Solomon intends conquerors, who'live, if I may
express myself so, upon victories and conquests ;
he intends heroes, such as the world considers
(hem.
Neither is it necessary precisely to fix the
bounds of this general expression, is better,
' He that ruleth his spirit, is better than he
that taketh a city.' The sense is easily un-
derstood ; in general, it signifies that ' he that
ruleth his spirit,' discovers more fortitude,
more magnanimity, and more courage; that
he has more just ideas of glory, and is more
worthy of esteem and praise, than they who
are called in the world conquerors and heroes.
We will prove this proposition, by compar-
ing the hero of the world with the Christian
hero : and we will confine the comparison to
four articles ; first, the motives which animate
them ; secondly, the exploits they perform ;
thirdly, the enemies they attack ; and lastly,
the rewards they obtain. 'He that taketh a
city,' is animated with motives mean and
worldly, which degrade an intelligent soul,
even while they seem to elevate it to a pinna-
cle of grandeur and glory ; but ' he that rulelh
his spirit,' is animated by motives grand, no-
ble, and sublime, every way suited to the ex-
cellence of our nature, 'fie that ruleth his
spirit,' is capable of all the exploits of him that
taketh a city ; but ' he that taketh a city,' is
not capable of the exploits of ' him that ruleth
his spirit.' ' He that taketh a city,' attacks
an exterior enemy, to whom he has no attach-
ment ; but ' he that ruleth his spirit,' attacks
an enemy who is dear to him, and has the
greatness of soul to turn his arms against him-
self. In fine, 'he that taketh a city,' is crown-
ed only by idiots, who have no just notions of
grandeur and heroism ; but ' he that ruletli
his spirit,' will be crowned with the hands of
the only just appraiser and dispenser of glory.
These are four titles of superiority which the
Christian hero has over the false hero, four
sources of proofs to establish the proposition
in our text, ' he that ruleth his spirit, is better
than he that taketh a city.'
1. Let us consider the motives which ani-
mate a conqueror' that taketh a city,' and the
motives which animate a man that obtains
' rule over his spirit ;' the motives of the true
hero, with themotives of the false hero. What
are the motives of a false hero? What spirit
animates him, when he undertakes to conquer
a city.' This is one of the questions which
sinful passions have most obscured. Truth is
disguised in epistles dedicatory, and in profane
eulogiums, yea, sometimes in religious dis--
courses. The majesty of a victorious general,
the glory of a conqueror, the pompous titles of
victor, arbiter of peace, arbiter of war, have
so dazzled us, and in some sort so perverted
the powers of our soul, that we cannot form
just notions of this suoject. Hear pure na-
ture, formerly speaking by the mouth of a
nation, who were the more wise for not being-
civilized by the injustice of our laws and cus-
toms. I speak of the ancient Scythians. The
most famous taker of cities came to their ca-
bins and caverns. He had already subdued
his fcllow-citlzeiis and neighbours. Alreadv
'15^2
CHRISTIAN HEROISM.
[ftER. LI.
Thebes atiQ Athens, Thrace and Thessaly,
had submitted to his arms. Already, Greece
being too small a sphere of action for him, he
}iad penetrated even into Pesia, passed the fa-
mous Phrygian river, where he slew six hun-
dred thousand men, reduced Caria and Judea,
made war with Darius, and conquered him,
performed exploits more than human, and, in
spite of nature, besieged and tooli Tyre, the
most famous siege recorded in ancient history,
subjugated the Mardi and Bactrians, attained
the mountains Caucasus and Oxus, and, in a
word, conquered more countries, and enslaved
more people, than we can descrii.e, or even
mention within the limits allotted to this ex-
ercise. This man arrives in Scythia. The
.Scythians sent deputies to him, who thus ad-
dressed him : ' Had the gods given you a bo-
dy proportioned to your ambition, the whole
universe would have been too little for you :
•with one hand you will liave touched the east,
and with the other the west, and, not content
with this, you would have followed the sun,
and have seen where he hides himself. What-
ever you arc, you are aspiring at what you
can never obtain. From Europe, you run
into Asia, and from Asia back j'ou run again
into Europe ; and, having enslaved all man-
kind, you attack rivers, and forests, and wild
beasts. What have you to do with us? We
have never set foot in your country. May not
a people living in a desert be allowed to be
ignorant of Vv'ho you are, and whence you
come.'' You boast of ha\ing exterminated
robbers, and you yourself are the greatest rob-
ber in the world. You have pillaged and
plundered all nations, and now you come to
rob us of our cattle. It is in vain to fill your
hands for yon are always in search of fresh
prey. Of what use are 3'our boundless riches,
except to irritate your eternal thirst .'' You
are the first man who ever experienced such
oxtreme want in the midst of such abundance.
All you have serves only to make you desire
with more fury what you have not. If you
be a god, do good to mankind ; but if you be
tinly an insignificant mortal, think of what you
are, and remember that it is a great folly to
occupy things which make us forget our-
selves.'*= These are the motives which ani-
)nate the heroes of the world ; these are the
sentiments which are disguised under the fine
names of glory, valour, greatness of soul, he-
roism. An insatiable avidity of riches, an in-
\'inciple pride, a boundless ambition, a total
forgetfulness of what is, what ought to be, and
what must be hereafter.
The motives of him who endeavours to ren-
der himself master of his own heart, are love
of order, desire of freedom from the slavery of
the passions, a noble firmness of soul, which
admits only what appears true, and loves only
what appears lovely, after sober and serious
discussion. In this first view, then, the advan
tage is wholly in favour of ' him that ruleth
his spirit. He that ruleth his spirit, is better
than he that taketh a city.'
2. Compare, ii> the second place, the ' ex-
■ Quintus CurtiuSj lib. vii. cap.S.
ploits of him that ruleth Iiis spirit, with the
exploits of ' him that taketh a city.' He who
IS capable of* ruling his spirit,' is capable of
all that is great and noble in ' him that taketh
a city ;' but *■ he that taketh a city,' is not capa-
ble of all that is great and magnanimous in
' him that ruleth his spirit.' I will explain
myself.
What is there great and magnanimous in a
hero that takes a city? Patience to endure
fatigue, to surmount difficulties, to sufler con-
tradiction ; intrepidity in the most frightful
dangers; presence of mind in the most violent
and painful exercises ; unshaken firmness in
sight of a near and terrible dissolution. These
are dispositions of mind, I grant, which seem
to elevate man above humanity ; but a Chris-
tian hero is capable of all this, I speak sin-
cerely, and without a figure. A man, who
has obtained a religious freedom of mind, who
always preserves this liberty, who always
weighs good and evil, who believes only what
is true, and does only what is right ; who has
always his eye upon his duty, or, as the psalm-
ist expresfcs it, who ' sets the Lord always be-
fore him, 'such a man is capable, literally ca-
pable, of all you admire in a worldly hero.
No difficulty discourages him, no contradiction
disconcerts him, no fatigue stops him, no dan-
gers affright him, no pain but he can bear, no
appearance of death shocks him into paleness,
and fear, and .light. Our women and child-^
ren, our confessors and martyrs, have literally
performed greater exploits of fortitude, pa-
tience, courage, and constancy, in convents,
prisons, and dungeons, at stakes and on scaf-
folds, than Alexanders and Cesars in all their
live.^. And where is the hero of this world,
who has performed so many actions of courage
and magnanimity in sieges and battles, as our
confessors have for thirty years on board thn
galley ? The former were supported by the
presence of thousands of witnesses ; the latter
had no spectators but God and their own con-
sciences. The Christian hero is capable then
of all that is great in the hero of the world.
But the worldly hero is incapable of perform-
ing such exploits as the Christian hero per-
forms ; and he knows perfectly that his hero-
ism does not conduct him so far in the path of
glory. Try the strength of a worldly hero.
Set him to contend with a passion. You will
soon find this man, invincible before, subdued
into slavery and shame. He who was firm
and fearless in sight of fire and flame, at the
sound of warlike instruments, becomes feeble,
mean, and enervated by a seducing and en-
chanting object. S.-imson defeats the Philis-
tines; but Delilah subdues Samson. Samson
carries away the gates of Gaza : but Samson
sinks under the weight of his own sensuality.
Hercules seeks highway robbers to combat,
and monsters to subdue ; but he cannot resist
impurity. We find hiai on monuments of an-
tiquity carrying an infant on his shoulders, an
emblem of voluptuousness, stooping under that
unworthy burden, and letting his club fall
from his liand. There is therefore no decla-
mation, no hyperbole in our proposition ; the
Christian hero is capable of performing all the
riEK. LI. J
CHRISTIAN Heroism.
451
great actions performed by the hero of the
world; but the hero of the world is incapable
of performing such noble actions as the Chris-
tian hero performs; and in this respect, ' he
that rulcth his spirit, is better than he that
tuketh a city.'
3. Compare 'him that taketh a city with
him that ruleth his spirit,' in regard to the
i.aemies whom they attack, and you will find
ill the latter a third title of superiority over
the former. ' He that taketh a city,' attacks
an exterior enemy, who is a stranger, and of-
ten odious to him. The ambition that fills
his soul leaves no room for c<»mpassion and
pity ; and, provided he can but obtain his
end, no matter to him though the way be
strewed with the dying and the dead ; to ob-
tain that, he travels over mountains of heads,
and arms, and carcasses. The tumultuous pas-
sions which tyrannize over him, stifle the voice
•■ of nature, and deafen him to the cries of
a thousand miserable wretches sacrificed to
his fame.
The enemy whom the Christian combats is
his own heart ; for he is required to turn his
arms against himself He must suspend all
sentiments of self-love ; he must become his
own executioner, and, to use the ideas and
expressions of Jesus Christ, he must actually
' deny himself.'
Jesus Christ well knew mankind. He did
not preach like some preaching novices, who,
in order to incline their hearers to subdue
their passions, propose the work to them as
free from difficulty. Jesus Christ did not dis-
guise the difficulties which the man must un-
dergo who puts on tlic spirit of Christianity ;
and I do not know whether we meet with any
expression in the writings of pagan poets or
jihilosophers more natural, and at the same
time more emphatical than this ; ' [f any man
will come after mc let him deny himself,'
Matt. XVI. 24.
Not that this is hterally practicable, not
that man can put off himself, not that religion
requires us to sacrifice to it what makes the
essence and happiness of our nature; on the
contrary, strictly speaking, il is sin which
makes us put off or deny wliat is great and
noble in our essence ;' it is sin which requires
(IS to sacrifice our true happiness to it. If
Jesus Christ expresses himself in Ihis manner,
it is because when man is possessed with a
])assion, it is incorporated, as it were, with
himself; it seems to liim essential to his felici-
ty ; every thing troubles and every thing
puts him on the rack when he cannot gratify
it; witiiout gratifying his passion, his food
has no taste, flowers no sm<?l!, ploasurps no
X'oint, the sun is dark, society disagreeable,
life itself has no charms. To attack a reign-
ing passion is 'to deny self;' and ' here is
the patience of the saints ;' this is the enemy
whom the Christian attacks ; this is the war
which he wages. How tremulous and weak
is the hand when it touches a sword to i
;)lunged into one's own bosom ! Love of or
der, truth and virtue, support a Christia
hero in this almost desperate undertaking.
■J. In fine, conmare hiui Hint rules his spi-
3 M
rit with him thai takes a cily, in regard to the
acdiunattons with which they are accompa-
nied, and the crowns prepared for them. Who
are the authors of those acclamations with
which the air resounds the praise of worldlv
heroes.'' They are courtiers, poets, panegy-
rists, Butv/hat! are people of this order the
only persons who entertain just notions ol glo-
ry? and if they be, are they generous enough
to speak out .'' How can a soul wholly devo-
ted to the will and caprice of a conqueror ;
how can a venal creature, who makes a mar-
ket of euingiums and praises, which he sells
to the Iiighest bidder ; how can a brutal sol-
diery determine what is worthy of praise or
blame.'' Is it for such people to distribute
prizes of glory, and to assign heroes their
rank.'' To be exalted by people of this sort
is a shame ; to be crowned by their hands an
infamy.
Elevate, elevate thy meditation. Christian
soul, rise into the majesty of the Great Su-
preme, Think of that sublime intelligence,
who unites in his essence every thing noble
and sublime. Contemplate God, surrounded
with angels and archangels, cherubim and
seraphim. Hear the concerts which happy
spirits perform to his glory. Hear them, pe-
netrated, ravished, charmed v/ith the divine
beauties, crying night and day, 'Holy, holy,
holy is the Lord of Hosts, the whole earth is
full of his glory. Blessing and glory, wisdoni
and thanksgiving, honour, and [)ower, and
might, be unto our God for ever and ever.
Great and marvellous are thy works. Lord
God Almighty; just and true are thy ways,
thou King of saints. Who shall not feur thee,
O Lord, and glorify thy name .'" This Being
so perfect, this Being so worthily praised, this
Being so v/orthy of everlasting praise, this is
he who will pronounce upon true glory ; this
is he who will compose the eulogium of all
who aspire at it ; this is he who will one da}"-
praise in the face of lieaven and earth all those
who shall have made the noble conquests
which we have been describing.
Imagination sinks under the weight of this
subject, and this object is too bright for eye.s
like ours ; but the nature of things does not
depend on our laculty of seeing them. As
God calls us to combats more than human, so
he sees fit to support us by a prospect of more
than human rev/ards. Yes. it is the Supreme
Being, it is he, who will one day distribute
the praises which are due to such as have
triumphed over themselves. What a specta-
cle ! v/hat a prospect ! Yes, Christian cham-
pion, after thou hast resisted flesh and blood,
after thou hast been treated as a fool by man-
kind, after thou hast run the race of triljuia-
tion, after thou hast made thy life one perpe-
tual martyrdom, thou shalt i)e called forth in
the presence of men and angels ; the Mastci-
of the world shall separate thee from the
crowd ; there he will address to thee this lan-
^■uage, 'Well done, good and faithful servant;'
'lere ho will accomplish the promise which
■ le tliis day makes to all who light under his
.standard, ' he that overcometh shall sit down
in mv throne.' Ah I glor-,' of worh'.lv heroc.?,
454
CHRISTIAN HEROISM.
[See. i.T.
profane encomiums, Aistidious inscriptions, i
proud trophies, brilliant, but corruptible dia-
dems! whnt are you in comparison with tlie
acclamations which await the Christian hero,
and the crowns which God the rewarder pre-
pares for him.''
And you, mean and timid souls, who per-
haps' admire these triumph*, but who have
not the ambition to strive to obtain them ; you
soft and indolent spirit?, who, without reluc-
tance, give up all ])retensions to the immortal
crowns which God prepares for heroism, pro-
vided he requires no account of your indo-
lence and effeminacy, and suffers you, like
brute beasts, to follow the first instincts of
yournatuic; undeceive yourselves. I said, at
the beginning', you are all called to heroism ;
there is no mid-way in religion ; you must
be covered with shame and infamy, along
with the base and timid, or crowned with
glory, in company witli heroes. The duty of
an intelligent soul is to adhere to truth, ami
to follow virtue ; we bring into the world
\vi(h us obstacles to both ; our duty is to sur-
mount them; without this we betray our trust ;
we do not answer the end of our creation ; we
are guilty, and we shall be punished for not
endeavouring to obtain the great end for which
we were createil.
Let this be the great principle of our divi-
nity and morality. Let us invariably retain
it. Let us not lose ourselves in discussions
and researches into the origin of evil, and
into the permission of the entrance of sin into
the world. Let us not bury ourselves alive
in speculations and labyrinths ; let us not
plunge into abysses, from which no pains can
disengage us. Let us fear an ocean full of
I'ocks, and let an idea of the shipwrecks,
which so many rash people have male, stop
VIS on the shore. Let us consider these ques-
tions, less with a view to discover the perfec-
tions of the Creator, in the tliick darkness un-
der which he has thou2;ht proper to conceal
them, than in that of learning the obligations
of a creature. I do not mean to decry those
great geniuses v>'ho have trr-ated of this pi-o-
found subject. Their works do honour to
the human mind. They are eternal mo-
numents to the glor)' of a reason, which
knows how to collect its force, and to fix
itself on a single object ; but it is always
certain, that we cannot arrive at clear truth
on tliis subject, except by means of thousands
of distinctions and abstractions, which most
<Tus cannot make. The subject is .»o delicate
and refined, that most eyes are incapable of
seeing it and it is placed on an eminence so
steep and inaccessible, that few geniuses can
attain it.
TiCt IIS religiously abide by our principle.
The duty of an intelligent soul is to adhere lo
truth, and to practise virtue. We are bora
witii a disinclination to both Our duty is to
get rid of this; and, without doing so, v.e
neglect the obligrticn of an intelligent soul ;
we do not answer the end for which we were
intended ; we are guilty, and we shall be pun-
ished for not having answered the end of our
creation.
Let us consider ourselves as soldiers placeil
round a besieged city, and having such or such
an enemy to fi^ht, such or such a post to force.
You, you arc naturally subject to violence
and anger. It is sad to find, in one's own con-
stitution, an opposition to virtues so lovely as
those of submission, charity, sweetness, and
patience. Groan under this evil ; but do not
despair; when you are judged, less attention
will be paid to your natural indisposition to
these virtues, than to the efforts which you
made to get rid of it. To this point direct all
jour attention, all your strength, and all your
cour.ige Say to yourself, this is the post
which my general intended I should force ;
this is the enemy I am to fight with. And
be you fully convinced, that one of the prin-
cipal views which God has in preserving your
life, is, that you should render yourself mas-
ter of this passion. You, you are naturally
disposed to be proud. The moment you
leave your mind to its natural bias, it turns to
such objects as seem the most fit to give you
high ideas of yourself, to your penetration,
your memory, your imagination, and even to
exterior advatitages, which vanity generally
incorporates with the person who enjovs them.
It is melancholy to find within yourself any
seeds of an inclination, Avhich so ill agree
with creatures vile and miserable as men.
Lament this misfortune, but dt) not despair ;
to this side turn all your attention and all your
courage and strength Say to yourself, this
is the po t which my i,'eneral would have me
force ; this is the enemy whom he has appoint-
j eJ me to oppose. And be fully convinced,
I that one of the principal views of God in con-
. tinning you in this world is, that you may
I resist this passion, and make yourself master
{of it.
Let us all together, my brethren, endeavour
to rule our own spirits Let us not be dis-
mayed at the greatness of the v/ork, because
" -reatcr is he that is in us than he that is in
the world.' Grace comes to tlie aid of na-
, ture. Prayer acquires strength by exercise.
Tlie passions, after having been tyrants, be-
come slaves in their turn. The danger and
pain of battle- vanish, when the eye gets sight
of conquest. How inconceivably beautiful is
victory then? God grant we may obtain it.
To him be honour and glory for ever. Amen.