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VERZAMELD IN
NEDERLANDSCH OOST-INDIË 1899— 1900
AAN BOORD H. M. S I B O G A ONDER COMMANDO VAN
Luitenant ter zee I kl. ü. F. TYDKMAN
*
: I |i. I i.l \ I \ DOOR
Dr. MAX WEBER
Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie
(met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig
Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Koloniën)
B< IEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ
E. J . BRILL
LEID! \
Siboga- Expeditie
XIII b3
THE
GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION
VIII. THE SCLERAXONIA
BY
C. C. NUTTING
Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa
With 12 plates
(Aided by a grant frora the ELIZABETH THOMPSON SCIENCE FUND)
^!>&©$-s&=-
late E. J. BRILL
PUBLISHERS AND PRINTERS
LEYDEN — I91I
THE GORGONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION
VIII. THE SCLERAXONIA
BY
C. C. NUTTING,
Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa.
With 12 plates.
(Aided by a grant from the elizabeth thompson science fund.)
Section SCLERAXONIA Studer.
(= PSEUDAXONIA von Koch.)
Scleraxonia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1888, p. 24.
The definition of this section of the Gorgonacea, as given by Studer, is indicated in
the followino- translation :
o
"Fixed, upright branched colonies in which the short polyp cavities are immersed in a
canal-bearing coenenchyma which contains numerous embedded spicules. The branches consist
of a cortical substance containing the polyps and a medullary substance which contains spicules
of different forms from those of the coenenchyma, densely aggregated and either connected by
a horny substance or bound together by a limestone substance into a stony axis in which the
individual spicules are plainly evident".
This definition, although correct, may be considerably shortened without losing its
effectiveness. Leaving out unessentials, the following will serve our purpose :
Gorgonacea with an axis in. which the individual spicules can be recognized and in
which they are connected into a more or less compact mass either by a horny substance or
calcareous matter.
SIBOGA-EXI'EDITIE XIII b 5. I
JiH^-
Although there is some intergradation between the Briareidae on the one hand and the
conian Family, on the other; and although there is evident relationship
the Isidae, another holaxonian family, and the Melitodidae, iliis Section is of practical
:i a treatment of the G a and serves t" segregate that great order into two groups
which are fairly natural.
Famil) Bw uu \da * rray.
a pari Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des l oralliaires, 1857, p.
Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. IV, 1859, 11.443.
Verrill. Memoirs Boston Society of Natural History, I. 1863, p. 10.
Pat Kölliker. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der PolyrJen, 1870, p. 1 1.
Bria 5tuder. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 26.
Briareida Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria. [889, p. XXXI.
Briareida Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, part II, Chapter VI, 1900, p. 25.
Briareida Nutting. Alcyonaria of the Hawaiian Islands, iyoS, p. 51
Mn Ni Edwards and Haime (1857) delined the "Briaracées" as follows:
* Polypieroide dont 1'axe est occupé par un tissu subéreux 011 spiculifère, ou par une
. ité vide".
In accordance with this definition these writers included in the family the genera Briareum,
Sol ander ia, Paragorgia and Caelogorgia, the last of which, Ccelogorgia is not now regarded as
nginü in th« ■ Scleraxonia.
G 1859) defines the family Briareida as follows:
"Coral arborescent, fleshy, supported by a central axis formeel of numerous intertwined
form spicules". This writer includes but one genus, Briareum, in the family.
\'i RKiii [867 71) includes the oenera Briareum, Paragorgia, Titanidium and, tenta-
tively, his genus Callipodium which is not now regarded as belonging to the Gorgonacea at all.
K (Lliker (1870) practical!)- adopts the definition of Milne Edwards and Haime, but
es off the last part "ou par une cavité vide", thus excluding Ciclogorgia. I Ie divides the
family into two sections, "Sympodidae" with an encrusting ccenenchyme and " Paragorgiaceae"
in which the branched colony exhibits a differentiated cortical and nuclear portion or axis. This
tion is practically identical with the Briaracea as ai present accepted.
offers a definition which has stond without essential modification until the
■ ut time, and a translation of which appeared in the Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria,
illows :
"S nia in which the ccenenchyma consists of a polyp-bearing cortex and a medullary
ince of closely packed spicules; these are either developed on the surfaces of an upright
shrubby colony, or the latter is relegated to the interior of a cylindrical stem over which is
id the former. In the lalt a more or less well-defined axis is formed which may be
by nutritive canals, or may be <i n i t< • without them".
thus fall into two sub-divisions Briareinse and Spongioderminse.
All of the material of this family collected by the Siboga Expedition belongs to the
subfamily Briareinae. Icilogorgia, which has been placed by Studer in the Spongioderminse, has
well-marked water-vascular canals in the axis and must therefore be included in the Briareinae.
A definition which will sharply differentiate the family Briareidse from Sclerogorgidse,
and at the same time give the necessary diagnostic features, is offered as follows:
Scleraxonia in which the spicules of the axis cylinder are either beset with distinct thorny
points or wart-like verrucse and are not possessed of horny sheaths by which they are agglutinated
together either directly or by cross connections. Branches consisting of a cortex containing the
calyces and an axis consisting of spicules closely packed in a matrix of connective tissue.
The amount of material collected by the Siboga Expedition and belonging to this family
is hardly sufficiënt to justify a general discussion of the generic groups. The writer will therefore
confine himself to a discussion of the genera represented.
Sy nop tic view of the genera and species of Briareid.e
collected by the Siboga Expedition.
New species are indicated by an asterisk (*).
Solenocaulon.
Solenocaulon sterroklonium, S. grayi,
S. *qiierciformis, S. '"'jcdaneusis.
Titanidium.
Titanidium *friaöilis.
Semperina.
Sempcrina ruóra, S. *èruiiuca.
Suberia.
Stiöeria köllikeri, S. *excavata,
S. '''macrocalyx.
Paragorgia.
Pai'agorgia splcndcns.
Iciligorgia.
Icili$;orvia oricntalis.
Systematic description of genera and species.
Genus Solenocaulon Gray.
Solenocaulon Gray. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, Vol. X, 1S62, p. 147.
Solenocaulon Genth. Zeitschrift f. wissenschaft. Zoölogie, Bd. 17, 1867, p. 42S.
Solenocaulon Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1S78,
p. 668.
Solenocaulon Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1SS9, p. XXXI.
Solenocaulon Brundin. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Zool. Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 12.
Solenocaulon Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, 1897, p. 145.
Solenocaulon Delage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 412.
Solenocaulon Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, part I, 1903, p. 493.
Solenocaulon Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 153.
sdinrwh.it lengthy generic description accompanied by a good figure
. 1 lis description is .is follows
- rhe coral coriaceous, tubular, circular, and simple below, compressed, subquadrangular,
tortuous, and more or less branched above, the branches being similar in size and form to the
main stem. The main stem and branches furnished with more or less elon ubsolid, slender
branches, which are placed on the edge of the large holes in the main stem and branches
which communicate with the main tube. These branchlets, (and sometimes the branches at the
of them are furnished with large cells for the polyps, which are placed in one (more
frequently in two) series on each side of the branchlets. The polyp cells are rather la
circular. nearly superficial, and furnished with a cup divided into eight conical connivent lobes,
lobe being formed of some transverse spicules at the base and some obliquely-pla
cules diverging from each lateral edge toward the top above".
378) simply quotes the definition given above and, in 1887, gives a lengthj
ription which is translated in the Challenger Report (1889). This may be condensed
as follows:
I olony with a flattened stem bearing polyps <>n its margins and one face. Coenenchyma
of two layers, cortical and medullary. Cortex with spicules varying from spindles v> club-shaped;
thick and polypiferous on «me side of the axis, thin and barren on the other. The medullary
|p<irtion has a very thin cortical layer and bears no polyps. .Medullary mass consisting of closely
approximated rod-like spicules united by horny material. Stem and branches inrolled on the
which does not bear polyps. It thus happens that in the stem and larger branches the
margins wil! often touch so as to form a hollow tube, while the smaller twigs only exhibit a
channeled stem.
rmanos (1897) discusses this genus at considerable length and divides it. very strangely,
into two sub-genera on the basis of the presence or absence of a stem. The present writer
with Hickson, and Thomson and Simpson in regarding this division as unwarrented,
ially as he (Germanos) includes Solenocaulon tortuosum in his subgenus Malacosolenocaulon,
which is characterized as without a stem, when the figure given by Gray in connection
with his original description of that species shows an undoubted stem. Germanos added three
new species to the genus, i. e. Solenocaulon sterroklonium, S. diplocalyx and .V. akalyx.
II made a somewhat extended study of numerous specimens of this genus
and concluded that Solenocaulon tortuosum Gray, S. grayt r Studer, S. tubulosa Genth, and
coella Gra) all belong to the same species, S. tortuosum, and supports his thesis
by what seems a somewhat labored argument regarding the action of parasitic or symbiotic
crustaceans on the growth of thesi forms. He then adds a new species, .V. ramosa, which seems
1 stablished on much the same sort of characters as are the species which he discards.
Th and Simpson (1909) recognized two valid species, S. sterrokloniunt and S.
m among the specimi ollected by the " Investigator" in the Indian Ocean. Tl
point out the inconsistency of Hickson in establishing his species S. ratnosa "when
the only di feature seems to be the tunnel-like expansions".
The present writer feels that there is little gained by substituting such terms as sub-
species, varieties or "facies" for specific names, and is further of the opinion that it is impracticable
to regard as "good species", in the Metazoa, those forms only which do not intergrade. The
ccelenterata especially seem to be in such a plastic condition that extreme variation is common,
and absolutely exclusive definition of species impracticable. In view of such conditions it seems
best to regard a genus as simply a group of species more closely allied to each other than
to other groups, and a species as a group of individuals more nearly allied to each other than
to other similar groups, even if some degree of intergradation is shown.
The type species of this genus is Solenocaulon tortuosum Gray. Other species that have
been described l are Soleiiocaulon cervicomis (Gray), 5". akalyx Germanos, 5". diplocalyx Germanos,
5. grayi Studer, S. sterroklonium Germanos, ? 5. simplex 3 Brundin, S. tubuloswn Genth and
the new species described in the following pages.
i . Solenocaulon sterroklonium Germanos.
Solenocaulcn sterroklonium Germanos. Gorgonaceen von Ternate, 1897, p. 151.
Solenocaulon tortuosum (in part) Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, 1903, p. 495.
Solenocaulon tortuosum Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 157.
Stat. 49a. 8°23'.5 S., ii9°4'.6E. 69 meters. Coral and shells.
Stat. 80. 2°25'S., H7°43'E. From 50 to 40 meters. Fine coral sand.
Stat. 154. 4°7'.2N., I30°25'.5E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells, Lithothamnion.
Stat. 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand, coral.
Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., i34°53'.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones.
Stat. 282. 8°25'.2S., 127° 18'. 4 E. 27 — 54 meters. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion.
Stat. 285. 8°39'.i S., I27°4'.4E. 34 meters. On the limit between mud and coral.
Stat. 318. 6°36'.5S., U4°55'.5E. 88 meters. Fine yellowish grey mud.
Stat. 319. 6° 16.5 S., 1140 37' E. 82 meters. Fine yellowish grey mud.
Stat. 320. 6°5'S., ii4°7'E. 82 meters. Fine grey mud.
Colony plumiform, 40.5 cm. in height and with a spread of 3.7 cm. The stem is about
14 cm. long, flattened proximally and distally and round on other portions, basal expansion
1.1 cm. X 3 mm. in cross section, distal expansion semicircular in section, the flat face being
anterior and about 7 mm. in diameter, and the round portion of stem 6 mm. in diameter. The
upper part of the stalk appears to have born leaves which have dropped off. The branched
part of the stem, corresponding to the rachis of pennatulids, bears a number of broad, usually
opposite, greatly expandecl leaves which bend around toward the front where they meet and
coalesce, forming about 8 bands or girdles enclosing a tunnel-like passage along the front of
the stem. These passages are inhabitecl by a macrouran crustacean, and vary from 9 to 1 7 mm.
in width, measurirrg at their narrowest part in front. The branches give forth from their edges
flattened branchlets which are narrow distally and become round in section, often measuring
about 1 mm. in diameter. The distal part of the rachis is much flattened and ends in a frilled
1 The present writer does not feel that he is in a position to decide on the validity of species of this genus which he has not
had an opportunity to study.
2 In the case of Solenocaulon simplex the writer has entertained a serious doubt as to the validity of the species because there
is nothing either in the description or figure to separate it from other yonng species of the genus. See Brundin, Alcyonarien aus der
Sammlung des zoologischen Museums in Upsala, 1896, p. 9.
insion. The calyces are pretty evenly and regularly distributed along the edg<
and their various expansions and pr . but there are also a t<-w scattered ones
surfaces of the girdles.
The individual calyces are in the form of shorl cylinders when the polyp is expanded
and, rounded domes when it is retracted. A typical one measures about t.6 mm. high and
mm. broad. The calyx walls are filled with smal! spindles which are horizontally disposed
ind vertically disposed distally. The margin is ornamented with 8 angular points formed
1>\ the converging ends of spindles. The polyps are many of them well expanded, white in
. tlu-ir walls with S series of horizontal spicules which are curved to fit th<- e,, muur <>!
walk. Below the tentacle bases these spindles are arranged en chevron and rise in s
points corresponding i" those <>t the calyx margin; each point being composed of the distal
ends of several spindles. The dorsal surface "I each tentacle bears a symmetrical closely set
Ie row "t" spindles arranged en chevron, luit with their points directed toward the bases
of the tentacles. There are 10 to \2 pairs of pinnules to each tentacle. A fully expanded
polyp (in alcohol) measures 5 mm. in spread, across tin- tentacles.
There is a well-marked axis composed of a densely aggregated, felted mass of very
slender needle-like or rod-like spindles with their surfaces ornamented with scattered thorny
points. Mixed with these is a much less numerous form which is entirely different, being much
r, very stout, sometimes oval spindles with remarkably coarse and irregular verrucae.
Spicules. 'These have heen described. Those of the axis are remarkably slender, rod-
like, comparatively smooth, hut with scattered thorny points: and a few strikingly dissimilar
or irregular spindles with coarse verrucee. These two types are also iound in the cccnenchyma
of the branches; but here the larger spicules are slender, comparatively regular spindles with
ordinary verrucae. 'The ccenenchyma contains many of the irregular oval spindles found sparingly
in the axis. There are also slender spindles in the calyces.
Color. The leaves are bright scarlet, the polyps white, the stern and rachis rather
dull pink and the flattened basal part of stem very light pinkish or livid.
General distribution. Type locality. Ternate, also reported from the Maldives and
the Indian < leean.
This is quite variable in color. Some of the specimens are white with pink
and others are creamv white with brownish or salmon colored calyces. One young
imen from Station 319 is much like the colored ligure of the original described by GERMANOS.
2. Solenocaulon grayi Stüder.
Jtuder. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaft, zu Berlin,
ui/on thomsoni (in part) Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Maldives, part I. [903, p. .;
1 (on tortuosum (in part. Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, 11.
:>. 160.
iay of Bima, near South Fort. ;; meters. Mud with patches of line coral sand
Stat. 51. Madura Bay and other localities in the southern part of Molo Strait. 69^091 meters.
Fine grey sand, coarse sand with shells and stones.
Stat. 114. o°58'.5N., i22°55'E. 75 meters. Hard sand, very fine.
Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N., i22°56'E. 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Stat. 162. Betvveen Loslos and Broken Islands, West coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Coarse
and fine sand with clay and shells.
Colony complete with the exception of the basal end of the stem, 44.5 cm. high. The
stem is unbrached for 16 cm. of its length and its basal portion has been worn or cut away
on one side so as to give it an appearance of being flattened although it is otherwise nearly
round, 1 cm. in diameter, with a channel or groove on one side and a number or longitudinal
irregular corrugations on its surface. The stem forks 16 cm. from its base into two rather unequal
branches. One of these is gutter-shaped throughout, being convex on its dorsal and concave on
its ventral aspect, with the exception of one "girdle" 1.5 cm. broad. The other, and larger,
branch is solid and round in section for 6.5 cm. from the base, beyond which it is alternately
guttered and partly girdled, the girdles in places being so extensive as to form long tunnels
or arcades, in one case 4.1 cm. long. Both of the main branches give off numerous lateral
branchlets which are greatly expanded basally and curve forward and then inward to meet and
coalesce, thus forming the girdles or arcades. The branches bear many simple and a few
compound branchlets alternately disposed. All of the ultimate branchlets are much flattened
and more or less guttered, the guttering sometimes disappearing on the distal ends near which
the twigs have a cross section of about 3.5 mm. X i-7 mm.
The calyces are practically all lateral in position, being usually in fairly regular rows
along the edges of the branches and branchlets. There are also a few groups of scattered
calyces on the front surfaces of the girdles and arcades.
The individual calyces are very low conical verrucse, a typical one measuring 1.2 mm.
in height and 2 mm. in diameter at the base, and are from 2 to 3 mm. apart from centre
to centre. Their walls are filled with vertically disposed spindles which tend to form 8 low
marginal points which are much more evident than in Solenocaulon sterroklonium. The polyps
are retractile, but in the specimen described stand as much as 2 mm. above the calyx margin.
The basal part of the polyp body is armed with transverse spicules which higher up are en
chevron and still higher lie in vertical bands, 8 of which surround the margin and encroach
upon the tentacle bases. The distal parts of the tentacles are covered with a complete armature
consisting of two series of delicate spicules with serrated edges, the series meeting on the
mid-dorsal surfaces of the tentacles and extending obliquely forward, outward and downwarcl,
ending in a line with the bases of the pinnules. The polyp spicules are lighter and more jagged
than those of S. sterroklonium, and the polyp seems more slender and delicate.
A cross section of a stem shows an outer layer of comparatively heavy and disk-like,
sometimes almost globular, spicules covered with coarse verrucae. The water-vascular canals are
around the periphery of the axis and appear in section as regular oval openings. The axis is
a felted mass of slender rod-like and needle-like spindles whose surfaces bear short thorny spines
which are more prominent and numerous than in S. sterroklonium. The ccenenchyma of the
branches is filled with rather slender spindles which intergrade on the one hand with rod-like
forms beset w iih thorny points, and c»n the other with typical spindles with ordinary verrucae
in regular whorls \ few true clubs are also seen, and an occasional branched spindle. Many
of i ider spindles are bent in an are, and some are doubly curved.
dor. rhe colony is a light tan brown, the polyp ring but little from the
lenchyma.
General distribution. type locality. Northwest Coasl of Australia, 50 fathoms.
This i is .iKo reported from the Indian Ocean.
The writer finds himself unable to agree with the opinion expressed by Hickson, and
Th and Simpson that this species is identical with Solenocaulon tortuosum. The absence
of the Y-shaped spicules regarded l>y Thomson as characteristic of S. tortuosum seems a good
specific character. The basal part of the stem in the type specimen was missing, hence the
oval spicules were not described by Gray.
Solenocaulon querciformis new species. (Plate 1, fig. 1, ia-. Plate XI, fig. ij.
St.it. 14J. Anchi ff Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Mud. (Young specimen).
Stat. 284. s 4 3 . 1 S.. 127 {<>.-]•'.. 828 meters. Grey mud. (Type specimi
I olony dendritic in form, but somewhat Babellate, 23.5 cm. in length. A stem 14 cm.
long, found in the same bottle, appears to belong to the same specimen. If so, the colony was
37.5 cm. in length. The stem and all branches except the ends of the twigs are strongly
flattened, the larger branches being coarsely and déeply furrowed lengthwise, but in a slightly
spiral manner, these furrows being numerous and conspicuous. The stem measures 9.5 mm.
X 7 mm. in section. The first branch is short and flat and soon coalesces with a larger one
above it. A large branch is given off a little above the first and on the opposite side. This
is much flattened, distorted and furrowed, and gives off numerous, usually lateral branchlets
which are laterally expanded at their origins and are turtuous, like the branches of an oak
tree, and sometimes give off branchings of the third order. The main stem gives off two
other large branches which are greatly expanded laterally and also at the bases of the
branchlets, and bear a series of unequal grooves and furrows at the front and back. The
largest of these main branches is 9 mm. X 6 mm. in section near its base. Alter giving off
these main branches the stem pursues an undulating course, giving off irregular lateral branches
and breaking up at its distal end into a tuft of branchlets which re-divide until branchings of
the 51 are attained, the whole forming a clump of aggregated branchlets. The ultimate
twij usually quite round in section, having a diameter of about 1.3 mm. The calyi
onfined mostly to the smaller branches and twigs where they are usually lateral in position
I rather distant, being about 3 mm. apart on the average.
The individual calyces are conical in form and vary greatly in size. A typical one
1.5 mm. in height and about the same in diameter. They are often slightly inclined
ard t: nds of the twigs. Their walls are filled with vertically disposed spindli
fhe poly] n to be but partially retractile and most ol them rest with their very heavy
collarets on the calyx margin. The collaret is composed of 8 to 10 rows of transverse spindles,
the upper two or three rows curved, so that they form an en chevron arrangement on the
tentacle bases. Still higher up on the basal part of the tentacles the spicules are arranged in
longitudinal groups, one to each tentacle, each group forming a jagged point. Above these
points the tentacles curve inward and their dorsal surfaces are armed with a doublé row of
slender spindles, each row extending from near the mid-dorsal surface of a tentacle to near
the pinnule bases.
A cross section of a stem shows a comparatively thin ccenenchyma with an ill-defined
circlet of water-vascular canals around the periphery of the axis. The axis is composed of very
slender rod-like or needle-like spindles with distant thorny points immersed in a horny matrix,
and is penetrated with conspicuous water-vascular canals of irregular size.
Spicules. Those of the ccenenchyma of the stem are small, rounded, disk-like, or
compact irregular forms with prominent and irregularly disposed verrucae. Those in the axis are
very slender rod-like forms which are smooth on the greater part of their surface, bearing
distant thorny points and longitudinally disposed, forming a felted mass immersed in a horny
matrix. The spicules of the ccenenchyma of the branches and of the calyx walls are mainly
spindles of various forms, usually with irregularly disposed verrucae. All intergradations betvveen
the forms described above are seen.
Color. The colony is light yellowish brown or tan color.
This species differs from all the others described in this genus in having all of the
branches solid and without tunnels or beits inhabited by symbiotic crustaceans.
A label in the jar in which this specimen was found bears the word u,Spongioderma''i
In all essential characters, however, it seems to be a Solcnocaulon. The axis is penetrated by
conspicuous water-vascular canals, and this character would prevent its being placed in the
" Spougiodermin<r" of Wright and Stlder.
Some fragments from station 142 are referred with doubt to this species. They are
evidently from a young specimen. The stem and basal parts of branches are grooved and show
a tendency to fiattening. The calyces are rather distant and prominent. The polyps agree with
the type in spiculation.
4. Solcnocaulon jedanensis new species. (Plate II, figs. 1, \a, Plate XI, flg. 2).
Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., I30°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells.
Stat. 273. Anchorage off Fulu Jedan, East Coast of Ara Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
(Type locality).
Colony (base lacking) pinnate in general form, 16.5 cm. in height and with a spread
of 4.8 cm. The main stem is oval in section, measuring 11X8 mm. 4.6 cm. above its proximal
end it becomes tubular and gives off short tubular branches ending in small flattened, some-
times round, twigs. The tubular part of the main stem is compressed; but 9.4 cm. from its
base it looses its tubular character and becomes alternately deeply channeled and belted,
there being three beits about 1 cm. broad and three deeply channeled portions. The branches
SIEOGA-EXPEDIT1E XIII /' 5. 2
[( I
al and alternate in position. Thej each have .1 short broad tubular basal part
and each of these tubular parts bears a long projection from its «listal end. These projections
lobular, sometimes narrow and flattened, and sometimes round in section. They
ngly irregular in disposition and are usually simple, but may bear short irregular
1 calyces are born almost exclusively on these pn and are always lateral
in position, where thej are in one hinken row, or two rows, on each side of twigs.
The individual calyces are almost entirelj included, appearing as very low swellings
with hardly appreciable height and a diameter ol about 2 mm. Their apertures are surrounded
ight not very pronounced lobes filled with longitudinally disposed tuberculate spindles. The
polyj entirely retractile and in this specimen are withdrawn wel! below the margins, which
over them. They have their walls armed with curved transvcrsc spindles below and spindles
arranged en chevron towards the upper part and on the tentacle bases. Above this the
tentacles are armed with longitudinal spindles, and their distal parts are bent abruptly inward
and bear two mus ol" small spindles arranged en chevron and reaching to the bases of
the pinnules.
A cross section of the stem shows the ccenenchyma filled with dist-s and roundcd, heavilv
tuberculate spindles. The uater-vascular canals are large and conspicuous, a number of them
traversing the axis. The latter consists of a felted mass of slender rods and necdles longitudinally
disposed and hearing thorny points.
Spicules. These have alreadly been partly described. Besides the slender forms in the
axis there are oval and round, heavily warted spicules in the general ccenenchyma and the
outer layer of calyx walls ; and heavy, coarse tuberculate clubs and spindles of the inner wal!
of the calyces. Curved, moderately heavy spindles are abundant in the polyps, and much more
.der and smaller ones in the tentacles. There are no Y-shaped forms.
Color. The colony is a rather light brown. ( Hher specimens are darker brown.
This species seems distinct from the others, particularly in the spiculation of the calyx
It hears considerable resemblance to Solenocaulon tortttosum, but lacks the peculiar
Y-shaped spicules which Thomson and Simpson regard as charactcristic of this species1. Some
of the specimens bear symbiotic brachyuran crabs, instead of the Macroura found in
other species.
Genus Semperina Kölliker.
Semperina Kölliker. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1S70, p. o.
Semperina Studer. Versuch eines Systemes '1' 1 Alcyonaria, [887, p. 28.
Semperina Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, [889, i>. XXXII.
In the original description of the genus Semperina Kölliker gives a detailed account ol
Semperina rubra in which specific and genene characters are in no wise differentiated.
A di can, however, be gathered from his analysis of the genera of bis "Paragonda
1 t and 1 follows :
. 11. 1909, e. 155.
1 1
Colony branched, the stem and branches having well differentiated cortical and nuclear
portions, the latter forming an axis which is penetrated by large water-vascular canals. Polyps
only partially retractile. Stem cylindrical.
Studer (1887) considers this genus to be closely related to Solenocaulon and defines it
as shown in the following translation :
"But here the stem has a more cylindrical form and the nuclear mass withdraws more
to the axis of the colony although it is always excentric and the polyps, as in the previous
genus, are situated mainly on one side of the stem and branches".
This definition is repeated by Wright and Studer in their Challenger Report (1888)
and is adopted for the present work.
The type and, up to the present time, the only known species of the genus is Semperina
rubra Kölliker. One new species is added in the present work.
1. Semperina rubra Kölliker.
Semperina rubra Kölliker. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1870, p. 9.
Stat. 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral.
Colony incomplete, straggling in habit, 13.5 cm. in height. The main stem is hollowed,
probably by some parasite or pathological condition, and probably fiattened naturally, 2.3 cm.
long to first forking and 1 cm. in greatest diameter. One of the main branches is simple,
irregularly fiattened, (a cross section near its base being 7 mm. X 4 mm.) and somewhat
spirally twisted. The other main branch bears a number of very irregular mostly lateral
branchlets projecting in an erratic manner from the main branch. One of the apparent branchlets
is really a branchlet from a missing . part of the colony which has anastomosed with the part
secured. All of the branchlets are simple, most of them round in section and clavate at the
ends. The calyces are distributed on three sides of the branches, with a marked tendency to
aggregate in groups or clumps on one face of the branch or on the ends of the branchlets.
The individual calyces are almost entirely included in the ccenenchyma and appear as
very low verrucs about 2 mm. in diameter and with scarcely appreciable height. The polyps
seem to be non-retractile, at least all are expanded in the specimen studied. They are very
heavily spiculated, there being an unusually broad and heavy collaret of encrusting spindles
which assume an en chevron arrangement just below the tentacle bases. The proximal part
of the tentacles are covered with longitudinal spindles in several rows, and the distal parts
are completely covered dorsally with spindles arranged in two series placed en chevron and
reaching to the bases of the pinnules.
A cross section of a branch shows a rather thin ccenenchyma in which is embedded a
regular circlet of water-vascular canals around the periphery of the axis. The axis is fiattened
and penetrated by a number of conspicuous water-vascular canals.
S pi cu les. These are exceedingly varied in form, but most of them are modifications
of the simple spindle. The spindle forms range from excessively slencler roos with smooth
I 2
surfa ■ distant thorn-like projections to proportionally very heavy and coarse spindles
with surfa ed with coarse, irregularly warty tubercles. There are also many oval spicules,
such as itnmon in this Family, truc clubs and a few irregularly branched forms.
Rarely, girdled spindles and irregular crosses are seen, such as are figured by Kollker,
the original describtr of tin- species.
• lor. The colony is a dark, rather deep red; the polyps yellowish and the spicules
red and white.
General distribution. Type locality, "Bohol", Köluker.
Another specimen from the same station is pale in color and some <>i the polyps are
completely retracted.
2. Setnperina brunnea new species. (Plate II, figs. 2, 2,1; Plate XI, fig. 3).
Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan. [3 meters. Sand and shells.
St.it. 104. 1 42.5 S., 130°47 .5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells.
The colony is branched, rndely flabellate in form, 20.5 cm. in height and with a
spread of about S cm. The base is lacking. The main stem is approximately round in section,
.in. long to first branch, and 8 mm. in diameter. Alter giving off three stubs of branches
it sends off a compound branch with four branchlets. 1.5 cm. above this it forks into two
approximately equal branches each of which again branches dichotomously, one quite regularly
so. until branchings of the 4th order are attained. All of the branches are round in section
and more or less clavate at the ends. The main branches are about 5 mm. in diameter, the
secondary branches about 4 mm., and the distal twigs 3 mm. At some of the furcations on
the distal parts of the colony there is a membranedike expansion or web of the ccenenchyma
which fills in the amde sometimes as much as S mm. above the actual angd.e of the fork. The
calyces are on three sides of the stem and branches, leaving the fourth side comparatively bare.
On the other three sides the calyces are thickly and regularly implanted about 1.3111111. apart.
The individual calyces are low dome-shaped verruca; which vary greatly in height with
the degree of expansion of the polyps. A typical one measures 2 mm. in diameter, and the
upper parts of the walls are strongly 8-lobed and covered with coarsely tuberculate spindles
and short oval forms. The polyps are completely retractile and very strongly spiculated. The
collaret is composed of about 6 rows of encircling spindles which assume an en chevron
arrangement on the tectacle bases. The distal part of each tentacle bears a strong bami of
longitudinal spindles which seem to encrust it to its tip.
Spicules. These are of the ustial type tor the genus. The axis bears relatively few
r rod-like forms with distant spiny points, and relatively numerous strongly tuber-
culate spindles in which the tubercles an- fairly distant on tin- slender forms and much crowded
and irregular on the stouter forms. These intergrade with stout oval spindles covered with a
compact mass of tubercles. The spicules of the ccenenchyma do not differ appreciably from
Reis.
13
A cross section of the stem shows a not very well defined axis, a relatively thin
ccenenchyma, a series of water-vascular canals around the axis, and few if any large canals
penetrating the axis itself ....
Color. The colony is a dark umber brown, lighter on the side devoid of polyps. A
much larger specimen than the one described, from Station 273, is yellowish in color from a
sponge which covers it, and the axis is penetrated by conspicuous water-vascular canals.
A number of large dried specimens were also secured from the same station.
Genus Suberia Studer.
Suberia Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, p. 666.
Suberia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 28.
Suberia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXII.
Suberia Delage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 413.
The original definition of this genus, as given by Studer, may be translated as follows :
"Stem simple or branched, upright. Axis formed of not coalesced rod-like spicules
immersed in a horny substance and without water-vascular canals. Ccenenchyma thick, containing
thorny spindle-shaped spicules, Calyces large, standing at right angles from the stem, with an
eight-rayed margin. Polyps with fine spindle-shaped spicules from the base to the tentacles.
A circlet of longitudinal canals around the axis".
The same writer (1887) modified somewhat this definition as follows:
"In Suberia the nuclear mass is well defined and constitutes the axis of the cylindrical
sterns, which are slightly branched and bear polyps on all sides. Calyces aggregated, particularly
on the club-shaped ends of the sterns. The upper part of the polyp is retractile within a distinct
calyx. A canal system of relatively large water-vascular canals penetrates the axis".
Wright and Studer (18S9) give a translation of the original definition of Studer ; but
Studer's later definition, just quoted, seems preferable.
Suberia köllikeri Studer is the type of this genus. Other known species are Suberia
clavata Studer, 5. genthi Wright and Studer and the new species in the Siboga collection.
1 . Suberia köllikeri Studer.
Suberia köllikeri Studer. Monatsbericht der Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878,
p. 667.
Stat. 297. io°39'S., I23°40'E. 520 meters. Soft grey mud with brown upper layer.
Colony incomplete, consisting of a central stem and five laterally disposed branches.
Length 20.3 cm. The main stem is round, varying from 6 mm. to 3.5 cm. in diameter, the
latter measurement being taken near the middle of the colony. There are several knob-like
swellings on the stem that may indicate new branch origins. There are three branches on one
side and two on the other, all being simple except one which is forked. They vary from 1.5 cm.
to 7.3 cm. in length and are about 3 mm. in diameter, except at the clavate ends which are
7.3 mm. across. These enlarged ends remind one of the genus Paragorgia. The calyces are
'I
[ularly distributed on all sides "t the colony, being somewhat more numeróus on the sides
i and branches and most closely aggregated on the club-like branch terminations.
\ var) from 3.3 mm. t < » 7 mm. trom summit to summit.
ndividual calyces are low but evident verrucae varying greatly in si/e. ,\ typical
one measures 1 .; mm. in height and 3.5 mm. in diameter. There are eight sharply defined
rinal lobes which c-losc over the retracted polyps, the slit like spaces between the lobes
forming an eight-rayed star. The walls of the calyces, like the general coenenchyma, are filled
with oval, densely tuberculate spicules. The polyps are completely retractile and the dorsal
surfaces of the tentacles are completely encrusted with oval, very tuberculate spicules.
\ transverse section of a branch shows a comparativel) thin coenenchyma in which is
a very regular series of many water-vascular canals. The axis is spongy in texture and filled
with a felted mass of rather long, slender, rod-like or needle-like spindles with their surfaces
ornamented with rather distant thorny points. The axis is penetrated with numeróus canals
of various sizes.
Spicules. The spicules are of two main types. 1 the rod-like thorny spindles of the
axis. These are not so delicate as in Solenocaulon, and the thorns are comparatively larger.
Many are spindle-shaped rather than rod-like. The second type is a minute, oval. sometimes
round s] dciile with very prominent vVrruca- which are usnally arranged in symmetrical whorls
and aKo cap the ends. Commonly there are two such whorls and two caps. Nearly all of the
spicules are one or the other of these two types, or easily recognizable modifications of them.
Color. The specimen is creamy white throughout.
General distribution. Type locality. North of Three Kings Islands, Xorth of New
Zealand ahorns.
2. ? Suberia excavata new species. (Plate III, figs. 2, 2a ; Plate XI, fig. 4).
Stat. 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 nieters. Mud.
Specimens in a very fragmentary condition. The one described is a part of a branch
m. Ion- and with a diameter of S mm. approximately round in section. The surface is
almost covered with papilliform calyces resembling those of Eunicea.
The individual calyces are club-shaped, pointed obliquely upward and outward, averaging
about ;.; mm. long and 1.8 mm. in diameter near the distal end. They are adnate to the
branch throughout th<-ir length and their margins terminate is S not very conspicuous lobes
which an- tightly closed over the retracted polyps. The calyx walls are filled with regular
spindles disposed longitudinally. The polyps are entirelj retractile and appear to be devoid
.\ 'ion of a branch shows a rather thin coenenchyma and an axis cylinder
omp< purple and deep violet spicules embedded in a horny matrix. The axis is hollow
ighout the length of all of the fragments, having a tunnel apparentlj made by a smal]
bivalve mollusk, one of which was found in situ. The tunnel is not round, but flat, to fit the
mollusk, and the greater part of the axis lias been absorbed or in some manner removed,
15
leaving but a thin wall of the substance of the axis which thus has a flattened section which
may be due to the mollusk and not a natural character.
The water-vascular canals are mostly arranged around the axis, but some of them
penetrate the latter.
Spicules. Those of the axis are deep purple in color and are large strong spindles
with narrow very regular whorls of blunt spines and warts. There are also triradiate forms,
Y-shaped spicules and irregularly branched forms, all larger than is common in this genus.
The spicules of the ccenenchyma are colorless and of much the same shape as those in the axis,
spindles with numerous whorls of verrucse being by far the most common forms, although the
others are not lacking.
Color. The colony is very light yellowish brown, the axis deep purple and the polyps,
or at least the tentacles, yellow.
This is the first instance in which the writer has seen a mollusk apparently living a
symbiotic life in the interior of the axis cylinder of a gorgonian.
3. Suberia macrocalyx new species. (Plate III, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XI, fig. 5).
Stat. 122. i°58'.5N., i2S°9'.5 E. 1264 — 1165 meters. Stone.
Specimen incomplete, consisting of an erect stem with short scattered branches. Length
13.5 cm. The stem and branches are round, the former 3 mm. in diameter. The first branch
arises 2.6 cm. from the basal end of the stem and is simple. There are six other short simple
branches irregularly disposed on all sides of the stem. Three of these, and the stem termination,
end in defmite swellings bearing each a clump of calyces. The calyces are irregularly distributed
on three sides of the proximal parts of the stem and branches and on all sides of the distal
parts of the colony. They are about 3 mm. apart on the proximal parts of the specimen and
more closely approximated on the terminal twigs, where they form defmite clumps or clusters
with the individual calyces averaging about 1.5 mm. apart.
The individual calyces are long, tubular and project at right angles from the branches.
A typical one measures 1.8 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter. The calyx walls are filled
with long thorny spindles arranged en chevron, especially on the upper parts where they rise
into eight angular points around the margin. The polyps are retractile, but usually rest (in the
type) with their collarets just above the calyx margins. The collaret is very strong, consisting
ot several closely set rows of transverse spindles arranged en chevron over the tentacle bases,
where they project in defmite points. Beyond this the tentacles have their dorsal surfaces
armed with longitudinally placed spindles.
A cross section of the stem shows a rather thin ccenenchyma filled with slender longi-
tudinal spindles, a not very well defined series of water-vascular canals around the axis and
an axis composed of a felted mass of slender thorny spindles and penetrated by conspicuous
water-vascular canals.
Spicules. These are all slender spindles differing mainly in the number of thorn-like
i6
points scattcred over their surfao Some are almost smooth while others have the points
thickly implanti r their surfaces. I'h<- spicules of the axis do not diflfer materially from
those of the calyces and genera! coenenchyma.
Ilit- colony is very light yellowish brown, the polyps not differing in color
trom the stem and branches.
This specimen came trom a greater depth than is often recorded for members of this family.
Genus Paragorgia Milne Edwards and Haime.
Pat i Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliain -. I. I : . p. 190.
Pat 1 Kölliker. [cones Histiologicae, II. [865, p. 141.
Pat 1 Kölliker. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Polypen, (870, p. 12.
Pa 1 Studer. Versuch eines Systemes tier Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 2S.
Pa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, [889, p. XXXIII.
Paragorgia Delage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 413.
The original description of this genus by Milne Edwards is as follows:
"Polypieroide arborescent, composed of a thin layer of cortical srlerenchyma in the
thickness of which is limited the body cavities of tlie polyps, and a tubular (fistuleux) very
axis in the form of a spongy tissue very rich in calcareous spicules. Polyps united in
groups on the extremities of the branches or upon the lateral tubercles, quite distant and
irregularly disposed".
Kölliker (1865) confines himself to a definition of the spicules, and (in 1870) gives a
sort of kej to the genera of his "Briaracea" of which he makes a section " Paragorgiaceae"
characterized by a branched colony in which the branches show a distinct cortical and nuclear
part axis). The genus Paragorgia is characterized by the presence of large water-vascular
canals in the axis, entirely retractile polyps and wart-likc calyces irregularly distributed.
R (1887) gives a definition which can be adopted for our present purpose and is
translated as follows:
"Colony upright, branched, branches cylindrical, with irregularly disposed warty calyces
within which the polyps are retractile. The slightly differentiated axis contains large water-
mals. Besides the polyps thcre are-, in P. nodosa Kor. and Pan., siphonozooids
without tentacle
The type species of this genus is Paragorgia arborea. Other species are Paragorgia
K 1 n and Danielsen, /'. splendens Thomson and Henderson and the new species secured
by the Siboj 1 pedition.
1. Paragorgia splendens Thomson and Henderson. (Plate III, figs. 4,
Pat splendens Thomson and Henderson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, Part I,
p 20.
; X.. 111/40 E. 522 meters. Stony bottom.
fragmentary specimens secured. The largest measures 2.3 cm. in height and has a
s' to the height. The main stem, or branch in 3 mm. in diameter and bifuri
1/
4.5 nim. from its proximal end. One of the resultant branches gives off a single branchlet,
and the other two, besides several nodules with groups of calyces as is characteristic of the
genus. These nodules, as well as the single calyces, are all on three sides of the stem and
branches, and are more closely crowded that in other species of the genus. The diameter of
a terminal branch is 1.3 mm., while its swollen end is 5 mm.
The individual calyces are well marked, proportionally more prominent than in allied
species and very unequally distributed. A typical calyx measures 1.3 mm. in height and 2 mm.
in diameter. The margin is closed over the retracted polyp and bears eight rather feebly
marked lobes. The calyx walls as well as the general ccenenchyma are covered with a super-
ficial layer of small oval spicules. The polyps are completely retractile. There is a narrow but
distinct band of red spindles on the dorsal surface of each tentacle, the bands becoming
narrower and disappearing distally.
Zooids do not appear to be present in this species.
A section across a branch shows a poorly differentiated axis composed of rather slender
tuberculate spindles and penetrated by water-vascular canals. There is a rather regular series
of these canals surrounding the axis. The ccenenchyma is filled with stouter spindles inter-
grading with the oval densely tuberculate forms which constitute the superficial layer. There
are also a few small crosses, stars, etc.
Spicules. These have already been described and consist almost exclusively of tuber-
culate spindles and densely tuberculate oval forms, with all degree of intergradation between them.
C o 1 o r. The colony is a bright coral red throughout.
Genus Iciligorgia Duchassaing de Fontbressin.
Iciligorgia Duchassaing de Fontbressin. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilies,
1870, p. 12.
Iciligorgia Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 351.
Iciligorgia Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 18S7, p. 29.
Iciligorgia Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 18S9, p. xxxiv.
Iciligorgia Delage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 413.
The orio-inal definition for this o-enus is as follows :
"Axis mollis, spongiosus, spiculis farctus : cortex tenuis, spiculis aciniformibus formatus ;
calycibus mammeeformibus, obtusis, in utroque latere ramorum uniseriatis".
Ridley (18S4) defines the genus as follows:
"Central spicular axis dense, imperforate. Longitudinal canals forming a circumaxial zone.
Erect, branched : stem and branches antero-laterally compressed, with knife-like lateral edges.
Zooids wholly retractile, arranged in single series along each edge of the branches ; no
external verrucae".
Studer (1887) defines the genus as seen in the following translation:
"Here the colony is in the form of an upright branched stem. Stem and branches
compressed. Polyps borne in irregular rows on the thin borders of the branches, entirely retractile".
SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII /' 5. ?
i8
VVrighi and Stuoer (1889) give a somewhat more detailed description of the genus
■The colony is upright and branched; the stem and branches an compressed, irregular
in section ; the completely retractile polyps occur in a row within a groove along the sharp
branches. The medullary mass tonus an axis of spicules. It is close, bul 1 »ri 1 1 1< -
in texture, not penetrated by, l>ut surrounded by, longitudinaJ canals".
The only modification of tliis definition that th«' present writer would suggest is the
omission of the lasi phrase. While it is true that the axis in many of the smaller branches is
tpenetrated by the canals, it is also true that the large stem of the Siboga specimen about
to be described is penetrated by perfectly evident, indeed conspicuous, water-vascular canals.
The type species of this genus is Iciligorgia schratnmi Duchassaing. The only other
known species is Iciligorgia orientalis Ridley.
1. Iciligorgia orientalis Ridley. (Plate IV, figs. i, ia).
Iciligorgia orientalis Ridley. Zoological Collections of H. M. S. "Alert", 1S84, p. 351.
Stat. 273. Anch ff Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
Stat. 515. Anchorage east of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and
Lithothamnion.
lony incomplete, flabellate, profusely branched, 31 cm. in height and about 25 cm.
in spread. Base missing. The main stem is irregular in section proximally, flattened higher up
where it has a section of 8 X 12 mif It gives off a branch 4.8 cm. from its proximal end.
Almost immediately above this it forks into two main ])ortions each of which again forks.
Bevond this the branching is irregular, but there is a distinct tendency toward a unilateral
arrangement of the ultimate twigs, and branchings of the 4"1 and 5th orders are attained. The
ultimate twigs are long and slender, sometimes being as much as 1 7 cm. long. All of the
branches and branchlets are more or less flattened, one of the main branches having a cross
section of 1 1 X 7 cm. and an ultimate tuig a section or 3.5 mm. X - mm.
The branches have a lateral sharply compressed edge or border, very strongly marked
proximally and becoming practically obliterated on the distal parts. In the narrow edges of
these ridges <>r borders there is a sharply impressed groove, like a knife cut, running along
the sharp edges of all of the branches and twigs, although it is often practically obliterated
by the closing of the adjacent ccenenchyma over the groove. In this groove the polyps are set
in a single row on each side of the branches.
There are no calyces, except a few irregularly and sparsely scattered over isolated
■ •il what appears to be the back of the colony. These are low rounded verrucae,
times round, sometimes oval, and showing indications of eight lobes around the margins.
They can hardly be considered as normal. The polyps an- completely retractile. There are a
irved spindles on the basal parts of the tentacles which show a tendency toward an en
arrangement.
A >ection of the stem shows a thin ccenenchyma filled mainly with oval coarsely
19
tuberculate spicules. There is a regular series of vvater-vascular canals immediately arround the
axis and many others which conspicuously penetrate the axis. The axis is composed of a felted
mass of slender rod-like or needle-like spicules, or spicules with distinct thorny points. or
spindles with conspicuous irregular verrucae.
A cross section of a twig shows a relatively thick ccenenchyma in which the polyps
are embedded. Here the water-vascular canals do not seem to penetrate the axis.
Spicules. The ccenenchyma is filled with oval and coarsely tuberculate spicules the
tubercles being so closely packed as to give a distinct resemblance to a morula, there being no
appearance of definite whorls. The axis contains spicules of various forms, the rod-like or needle-
like spindles with thorny points predominating. There are also true spindles with coarse irregular
verrucse, and oval forms like those in the ccenenchyma. There are all sorts of intergradino-
forms as well as an occasional cross, club or irregularly branched form.
Co lor. The colony is creamy white throughout. Other specimens, however, are tan-colored.
Other specimens from Station 273 are much larger than the one described. One of these
is quite symmetrical, 41 cm. in height and with all of the terminal branchlets growing from
the upper sides of branches. The color of this specimen is more decidedly a brownish yellow
than any other of this species in the collection. Still another specimen shows a larger number
of verruciform calyces on the flattened side of the colony. In places the lateral grooves in which
the calyces are found, form a series of short definite slits, rather than a continuous groove.
It seems evident from a study of these specimens that Iciligorgia can not go into the
sub-family Spongioderminae ; because the axis is conspicuously traversed by large water-vascular
canals, while that sub-family is characterized by an axis which is not penetrated by these canals.
Genus Titanidium Agassiz.
Titanidium (Agassiz Manuscript) Verrill. Revision of the Polypi of the Eastern Coast of the
United States. Memoirs Boston Society of Nat. Hist. I, 1863, p. 10.
Briareum Kölliker. Icones Histiologicae, II, 2, 1865, p. 141.
Titanidium Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 29.
Titanidium Kölliker. Beitrage zur Kenntnjss der Polypen, 1S70, p. 8.
Titanidium Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. xxxill.
The original definition of this genus is as follows :
"Corallum irregularly dichotomous or simple ; ccenenchyma rather thick, suberous, very
spiculose, traversed by well-developed longitudinal ducts arranged in a single series around the
axis. Cells disposed on all sides of the branches, not prominent. Axis perfectly distinct from
the ccenenchyma, compact, but soft, cork-like, composed of closely united calcareous spicula".
Kölliker (1870) gives the folio wing, which is a adopted in the present work :
"Axis moderately well defined, cortex of a single layer of hard sarcosome with minute
canals. Polyps as in Plexatira, contained in pits in the cortex. Spicules 3 — 4—6 and 8-rayed
with warty ends"
This author also gives the only good figure that I have seen of Titanidium suöerosttw
(Ellis and Solander) the type and, up to the present time, the sole species of this genus.
i 'is ii<\\ species. (Plate III. figs. i. ia-, Plate XI, lig. 6).
ra, Soloi Island. 16 meters. Coral and sand.
Specimen dried and exceedingly l >rit tl<-, as il made of suft chalk, 31 cm. in height.
Two I tems are coalesced shortly above their bases and are closelj adherent for
cm. These and all of the branches are round in section, the larger stem being 1.5 cm. in
diami > One of these sterns is broken ofl before branching and the other forms the remainder
of the specimen. The stem curves strongly, becoming almost horizontal for .5 cm., after which
it suddenly breaks up into a dense tuft of branches and branchlets which form a dense clump
or cluster of numerous ultimate twigs. The stem also gives off a single straight branch where
it separates from the other stem. This branch forks and one of the resultant branchlets subdivides
several times and adds to the clump form ing the distal end of the colony. Branchings of the
irder are sometimes attained. The ultimate branchlets are not noticeably turgid at their
ends and are usually about 4 mm. in diameter. The polyps are distributed on all sides of the
branches much as in P/exaura, and the calyces are entirely included.
The individual calyces are indicated externally by their apertures alone. These are oval
or slit-like according to the state of contraction of the polyps, and the slits are cut at various
angles to the axis of the branch and are more abundant on the terminal than on the proximal
parts of the colony. < >n the twigs they average a little more than 1 mm. apart and in places
show a tendency to a linear arrangement. The character of the polyps can not be ascertained
from the type. which is a dried specimen.
The axis is not well defined and is more friable than any other of this family that I
seen. The ccenenchyma is rather thin and the water-vascular canals form an irregular
let around the axis.
Spie ui es. The spicules of the ccenenchyma are very densely tuberculate and short,
sometimes oval, spindles, the tubercles usually entirely concealing the actual surface. While
such forms as Kölliker ligures ' for Titanidium suberosum can be found, they are not nearly
so abundant as these densely and coarsely tuberculate spindles. In the axis there are a few
slender forms with thorny verrucaj, approaching the characteristic spicules of the axis of Soleno-
caulon\ but these are greatly outnumbered by the coarsely tuberculate spindles described above.
asionally more slender spindles are seen, which may be younger spicules.
1 olor. The colony (driedj is creamy white. When immersed in alcohol it assumes a
ledly yellow color.
' Icones I! late XIX, figs. 19. 20 and 2j.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRIAREID^E COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION
List of Stations
at which Briareidae were collected by the Siboga Expedition
and a List of Species collected at each Station.
Station 47. Bay of Bima, near South Fort. 55 meters. Mud, with patches of fine coral sand.
Solenocaulon grayi.
Station 49. 8°2o'.5S., ii9°4'.5E. 69 meters. Coral and shells. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
STATION 51. Madura Bay and other localities in the southern part of Molo strait. From 69 to 91
meters. Fine grey sand; coarse sand with shells and stones. Solenocaulon grayi.
STATION 80. 2°25'S., II7°43'E. From 50 to 40 meters. Fine coral sand. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
Station 95. 5°43'.5 N., ii9°40'E. 522 meters. Stony bottom. Paragorgia splendens.
Station 114. o°58'.5N., I22°55'E. 75 meters. Hard sand, very fine. Solenocaulon grayi.
STATION 117. i°o'.5 N., I22°56'E. 80 meters Sand and coral. Solenocaulon grayi.
Station 122. i°58'.5N., i25°o'.5 E. 1264 — 1165 meters. Stone. Suberia macrocalyx.
STATION 142. Anchorage off Laiwui, coast of Obi Major. 23 meters. Mud. Solenocaulon querciformis,
Suberia excavata.
Station 154. o°y'.2 N., I30°25'.5 E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion.
Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
Station 162. Between Loslos and Broken Islands, West coast of Salawatti. 18 meters. Coarse and
fine sand with clay and shells. Solenocaulon grayi.
Station 164. i°42'.5 S., i30°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Semperina brunnea,
S. jedanensis.
Station 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand. Coral. Lithothamnion bank in 18 — 36
meters. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
STATION 258. Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Semperina rubra.
STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
Solenocaulon sterroklonium, S. jedanensis, Semperina brunnea, Iciligorgia orientalis.
STATION 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
Station 282. 8°25'.2S., i27°i8.4E. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
STATION 284. 8° 43'. 1 S., 1270 16'. 7 E. 828 meters. Grey mud. Solenocaulon querciformis.
On the limit between mud and coral. Solenocaulon
l }20 meters. So mud with brown upper layer. Suberia
1 .uu. il.' r [sland. i6 m< I I oral and sand. Titanidium friabilis.
;. Anchorage East of Sailus 1'. ar, Paternoster Islands. Up to j6 meters. Coral and
Lithothamnion. ï rientalis.
riON ji8. 6 36'. s S., 114 55'.5 E. 88 meters. Fine yellow grey mud. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
19. f. [6'.S S., 114 37 E. 82 meters. Fine yellowish grey mud. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
Station 320. 6 ; S., 114 7 E. 82 meters. Fine grey mud. Solenocaulon sterroklonium.
rhis table shows that Briaridse were secured at 25 of the Stations explored by the
Siboga Expedition. Of the twelve species secured, seven were new. By far the most coinmon
species was Solenocaulon sterroklonium which was found at eleven Stations, ranging in depth
from about 13 meters to 369 meters. The greatest depth at which a membei- of this family was
secured was 1165 t<> 1264 meters where Suberia macrocalyx was dredged. Other comparatively
deep-living species are Solenocaulon querciformis, from 828 meters: Paragorgia splendens, from
522 meters and Suberia köllikeri, from 520 meters.
All of the species are confined, so far as known, to the Indo-Pacific region. The
distribution of the five species previously named being as follows:
Solenocaulon sterroklonium, Ternate, Indian Ocean.
Solenocaulon grayi, Northwest coast of Australia and Indian < >cean.
Semperina rubra, Bohol, Philippine Islands.
Suberia köllikeri, North of New Zealand.
Iciligorgia orientalis, Indian Ocean.
Family Sclerogorgid.e Kölliker.
Sclcrogorgiacece (Subfamily) Kölliker. Icones Histiologica;, II, 2, 1865, p. 142.
Suberogorgidce Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 29.
Sclerogorgiada Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXIV.
Sclerogorgidcc Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, Part II, Chapter VI, 1900, p. 25.
Sclerogorgidce Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 569.
The original definition of this family is a follows :
"Gorgoniden mit ungegliederter Axe, die aus Hornsubstanz und verschmolzenen Kalk-
körpern besteht. Ccenenchyma wie bei Gorgonia\
Studer (1887) amplifies this definition as the following translation shows:
"A plainly separable axis and horny substance which surrounds the thickly aggregated
spicules. The axis is surrounded by water-vascular canals which communicate with the branched
network of ccenenchymal canals which connect the polyps. The polyps show a warty exserted
calyx into which the upper, tentacle-bearing part (of the polyp) can retract".
Wright and Studer (1889) give practically the same definition as the above.
The present writer would modify this definition so as to further emphasize the peculiar
characters of the axis, as follows :
Scleraxonia with a well defined axis formed by an agglutinated mass of calcareous
spicules which have surfaces devoid of verrucse or of thorny points and are embodied in horny
sheaths which often form a mesh or network by cross connection and adhesions.
This is a very well-defined family with only about a dozen known species. It is represented
in the Siboga collection by two genera and eight species, three of which are new.
Synoptic view of the genera and species of Sclerogorgid.e
collected by the Siboga Expedition.
New species are indicated by an asterisk (*).
Suberogorgia.
>S'. verriculata (Esper), 6". ornata Thomson
and Simpson, S. kölliker i Studer, S. rubra
Thomson and Henderson, S. *appressa,
S. *thomsoni, S. *pulchra.
Koroeides.
K. koreni Wright and Studer.
Systematic descrïption ot' genera and specii
nus Suberogorgia Gray.
icty of London, 1857, p 1
1 K l listi 11. 2, 1865, p. 1 '.
ïtuder. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, ]>. 30.
Iit and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, [889, p. XXV.
el Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, roxM, p.
The original definition is not al presenl accessible to the writer, the above citation being
Wrighi and Sn di k
K : 1 ïKi k defines bis genus Sclerogorgia as follows:
'Kalkkörper «les Coenenchymes zahlreiche warzige gelbe "der farblose Spindeln 0,10 —
mm. lang, daneben auch einfachere Formen, die bei Scl. verriculata auch als Doppel-
r.ulehen mit zackigen Randern erscheinen. Kalkkörper der Polypen kleine warzige Spindeln in
ivöhnlicher Anordnung".
S R 11 SS 71 claims that the name Suberogorgia lias the priority for this genus, and
defines it as shown in the following translation:
"Upright, branched, sometimes reticulate colonies with slightly exserted calyces which
iituated mainly on the two sides of the slightly flattened stem and branches. The ccenen-
chyma is thick and shows longitudinal furrows on the bare surfaces. The spicules are warty
spindles and doublé wheels".
Wright and Studer (1889) give practically the same definition, which will also serve
the purpose of the present work.
The type of this genus is Suberogorgia suberosa (Esper). Other species are S. köllikeri
Studer. S. ornata Thomson and Simpson, S. patuia (Ellis and Solander), S. rubra Thomson and
Hend., S. suberosa (Pallas), S. verriculata [Esper) and the new species in the Siboga collection.
1. Suberogorgia verriculata (Esper).
rgonia reticulata E. and S. (Name only) Nat. Ilist. of Zoophyu-, [786, p. [98.
.7/ verriculata Esper. Die Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794. p. 124.
Goi trriculata Lamarck. Ili^t. Nat. Anim. sans Vcrt., 2">« éd., 2, 1836, p. 489.
rriculata Valenciennes. Comptes rendus, XI.I, [8;
R/tip ■ 1 verriculata Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle di I ir; liain . [,
57, p. 176.
/ verriculata Kölliker. Icones Histiologicse, II. 2, 1865, p. 142.
Rhipidella verticillata Gray. Annalsand Magazine of Natura] History, Ser. .;, Vol.V, 1S70, p.407.
Sub 1 verriculata Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, [889, p. 167.
Sub mculata Thomson and Henderson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II. 1909,
P- 1
Stat. 299. 10 ;:..|S., I23°i.i V.. 34 meters. Mud, cnral and Lithothamnion.
aith coast "i Flon 7 meters. Volcanic sand.
trictlj flabellate and reticulate, base lacking. The height of the specimen is
and the spread is about 10 cm. The main stem keeps its identity throughout, has
25
a rudely geniculate course, is round in section and has a diameter near base of 7.5 cm.
From this main stem arise a few larger branches roughly alternating, and many smaller twio-s.
These anastomose very extensively, forming a close network the meshes of which vary greatly
in size. The smaller twigs, forming the mesh, are round in section and have a rather uniform
diameter of about 1.5 mm. The network extends clear to the periphery of the colony and the
tips of the free twigs are not appreciably enlarged at the ends. The calyces are small and
are distributed on all sides of the branches, but appear to be absent from the main stem and
proximal parts of the larger branches. They are quite evenly distributed, averaging about 1 mm.
from mouth to mouth.
The individual calyces are very low dome-shaped verrucae, a typical one measunno-
about .7 mm. in diameter and showing eight distinct marginal lobes. The calyx walls are
filled with minute round or oval spicules. When the polyp is entirely retracted the calyx is
completely included. The polyps are minute, disk-shaped when retracted, and have their infolded
tentacles armed with a dorsal series of longitudinally disposed spindles.
A cross section of a branch shows a moderate ccenenchyma and an axis composed of
agglutinated spindles with smooth surfaces and a horny investment which coalesces freely with
others. The axis is not penetrated by water-vascular canals, these being confined to a circlet
in the ccenenchyma.
Spicules. As in other species of this genus these are of two sharply distinguished
forms. ist the long, often bent spindles with smooth surfaces and horny investment which
coalesces to form the axis; and, 2nd, spindles varying from nearly round or oval forms to the
typical terete spindle, and having their surfaces ornamenteel by regular verrucae in well defined
whorls. A few doublé wheels are also seen.
Co lor. The entire colony is a dull grayish brown.
General distribution. The type locality is not known ; but was given, apparently
at a guess, by Esper as the West Indies, which is extremely improbable. It is reported from
the Northwest coast of Australia by Studer, and the Challenger secured it from the Hyalonema
grounds, off Japan, 345 fathoms. A very large specimen from Station 307 measures 77.5 cm.
in height and 52 cm. in diameter. The color of this specimen, which is dried, is earthy brown.
2. Suberogorgia ornata Thomson and Simpson.
Suberogorgia ornata Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians oftheIndianOcean.il, 1909, p. 164.
Stat. 81. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion.
Stat. 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, west coast of Binongka. 278 meters. Coral sand.
Stat. 257. Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral.
Colony flabellate and reticulate, 1 1 cm. in height and about 6.5 cm. in diameter. The
stem and branches are not appreciably flattened and are without evident median grooves. The
main stem grows from an encrusting base and is 2 mm. in diameter and 7.5 mm. lono- to
the first branch. This branch extends outward and then upward, bears a number of lateral
branches, one of which is compound, and is connected with the rest of the colony throuch
SIEOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII Ó5. 4
ral anastom Vlmost immediately above the lïrst branch the main stem is rather abruptly
ide and gives off numerous lateral bram hes which are irregularly spaced and
compound and anastomose through their branchlets with other branches, forming a loose
and irregular network of very delicate texturc. Many <>f tin- luanchlets are nol more than
.; mm, in diameter, while the larger branches are scarcely i mm. thick. The calyces are
alarlv but rather thickly distributed on all sides ol the terminal twigs, and on three sides
<>t" the othei j average a little more than i mm. apart from summit to summit.
1'Ih- individual calyces are small but prominenl for the genus, being in the shape of a
dome averaging about .8 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter al base. The margin is
surrounded by eight lobes and the walls are provided with eight rather indefmite Iongitudinal
rihs which art- also seen in the general coenenchyma as rude Iongitudinal corrugations resembling
the bark of a tree. There is a superficial layer of small oval spicules and minute doublé heads
in the calyx walls, beneath which are larger regular spindles. The polyps are complet* ly
retracted and much flattened or disk-shaped in retraction. They are provided with a rather
with the spindles arranged en chevron on tentacle bases. There are rather
narrow Iongitudinal bands of spindles on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles.
["hè axis is the typical one as described for the genus.
Spicules. These differ materially from other forms in this genus. There is a superficial
incomplete layer of quite small doublé heads or dumb-bell-shaped forms under which is a much
thicker layer of comparatively large spindles, often curved, with thick-set verrucae arranged in
ilar whorls.
O
Color. The colony is a very light grayish brown.
General distri but ion. Type locality. Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean; also from the
idives. Although much more delicate that the type described by Thomson and Henderson,
this form agrees well with that species. The describers speak of spicules which they call
■doublé clubs", but their measurements show that they are doublé heads, as the term is used
in the present work. "Stelfate forms" would appear when doublé heads were viewed end on.
3. Suberogorgia köllikeri Wright and Studer.
Subei 1 köllikeri Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p.
Sub, ' köllikeri (var. ceylonensh Thomson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report. Appendix to
Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 171.
Sn/>, 1 1 köllikeri (var. ceylonensis) Thomson and Simpson. The Alcyonaria "f the Indian
in, II. 1909, p. i'f.
Stat. 104. i ".1J.5S., i3o°47.; I . \2 meters. Sand, small stones and shells.
Stat. 27;. Anchorage off ruin Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
iL 2- \. 5 28'.2S., [34 53 9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones.
;. Mul Channel in Solor Straits, off Kampong Menanga. [13 meters. Stony.
3., ii'. ;■ .'- E. 73 meters. Sand with few pieces of dead coral.
lony roughly flabellate in form, not reticulate, 1 1.5 cm. in height. The base is
nall dead coral. The main stem cjives off a stub of a branch 1.6 cm. from its
27
proximal end, and a large compound outward and downward projecting branch 1.7 cm. above
the stub. The stem is somewhat flattened, with a cross section of 3.5 mm. X 1.8 mm. The
large branch bears unsymmetrically disposed branchlets, all from its upper side. Two of these
branchlets are close together, nearly parallel, each with a single terminal twig and both consi-
derably flattened. One of them has a cross section of 3.2 mm. X 1.8 mm. The part of the
stem above the main branch already described bears two compound and four simple branches
on its outer side. The stem and branches bear median grooves on front and back, and the
twigs are flattened usually nearly to their tips. The calyces are mainly lateral in position, but
there are a few on the front and back of the colony.
The individual calyces are prominent for this genus, dome-shaped, a typical one measuring
1.5 mm. in height and 2 mm. in diameter at the base. The walls are covered with short
oval spicules and there is but a faint indication of marginal lobes. The polyps are completely
retractile and show a feeble collaret and a few delicate longitudinally disposed spindles on the
dorsal surface of the infolded tentacles.
A cross section of a branch reveals the structure common to the genus, except that the
water-vascular canals may be more conspicuous than in other species in the Siboga collection.
Spicules. The ccenenchyma contains numerous spindles varying from almost round to
terete in form. The tubercles are very large and closely crowded, but still are in regular whorls.
In some cases girdled spindles are seen. The spicules of the axis are irregular, distorted forms
with a heavy envelope and agglutinated into a sort of mesh. They bear no points or verrucae.
Color. The colony is orange red, or red brown in color.
General distributiön. Type locality. Hyalonema Grounds, off Japan, 345 fathoms.
It has also been reported (as variety ceylonensis) from the Ceylon Seas and from the Andamans
in the Indian Ocean.
4. Suberogorgia rubra Thomson and Henderson.
Suberogorgia rubra Thomson and Henderson. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Report. Appendix to the
Alcyonaria, 1905, p. 172.
Stat. 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand.
Stat. 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.
Stat. 301. io°38'S., I23°25'.2E. 22 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion.
Colony flabellate, so profusely and finely branched as to give a false appearance of
reticulation although anastomoses are few. Specimen 30.5 cm. high and with a spread of about
2 1 cm. The stem and branches are round in section and show but slight inclications of the
median grooves so common in this genus. The main stem is 4.5 mm. in diameter and tortuous
in its course. 2.2 cm. from its base it sends ofi a large branch which is tortuous and gives
off a number of lateral branchlets, 5 of which are compound. 3.7 cm. above this branch the
main stem divides into two subequal parts, each of which bears numerous lateral branchlets
some of which subdivide until brachings of the 6th order are reached. There is a tendency
.toward a lateral arrangement of branchlets.
28
The terminal l ire curved, slender, round in section and average aboul 1.5 mm.
in diameter and .il><>ui «/ mm. apart. The calyces are sparsely distributed on the main
and branches and rather regularly distributed on all sides of the branchlets and twigs, although
then tendencj to .1 lateral arrangement on «listal twi
The individual are conical or dome-shaped, a typical one measuring 1 mm. in
ht and 1.3 mm. in diameter. The walls are filled with oval, densely tuberculate spicules
and the margin be.irs eight rather definitely marked lobes. TIn- polyps are completely retractile
and the tentacles are heavily armed with spindles which are arranged en chevron on the
■ and in broad longitudinal bands on dist. il parts.
Spicules. The superficial spicules of tin- coenenchyma are oval, very densely tuber-
culate forms, th'- real surfaces being concealed by the crowding of the tubercles. Under these
typical terete spindles with crowded verrucae, usually not in very definite whorls. Truc girdled
spind m ti> be wanting. The spicules of the axis are of the form typical of this genus,
lor. rhe colony is deep red or crimson throughout, and the polyps are yellow.
General distribution. Type locality. Ceylon Sea.
This handsome species is quite different in habit from any other of the genus in the
collection.
5. Suóerogorgta appressa new species. (Plate V, figs. 1, ia\ Plate XI. fig. 7).
St.it. ~\. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral.
St.it. 273. Anchorage oft' Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
ilony flabellate, not rcticulate. The stem and basal parts of main branches laterally
com] other branches flattened. There are sharply defined grooves or furrows on anterior
and posterior faces of all branches. The specimen is 46 cm. high and has a spread of about
50 cm. The main stem forks 4.2 cm. above its base and is very strongly laterally compressed,
having a cross section of 2.3 cm. v 1.2 cm. The two main branches are directed outward and
then curve upward and their basal parts are very strongly laterally compressed, further out
they become round and their distal portions are flattened. They are irregularly enlarged in
-, the enlargements being due to symbiotic barnacles. The main branches give off a few
short branchlets from their lower sides and a number of branchlets, both simple and compound,
fnun their upper sides -. and these give off lateral branchlets until branchings of the 6rt order
attained. The distance between branches, as well as their arrangement, is very irregular.
are distributed in irregular patches on the surface of the main stem and branches,
but are nearly all lateral 011 the distal parts of the colony.
The individual calyces are quite low verrucae on proximal parts (although more prominent
on the enlargements due to barnacles), but are entirely included on the distal parts. where
■> insensibly into the general ccenenchyma that their si/e can not be determined.
1 ■■ surrounded by eight lob<-s which are separated by sharp, slitdike radiating
different from other species that I have seen. The polyps are completely
29
retracted, and, when retracted, are disk-shaped. The entire dorsal surface of die infolded
tentacles is covered with a complete armor of flattened longitudinal spindles or bar-like fonns,
there being numerous longitudinal series on each tentacle.
A cross section of a branch shows a relatively thin ccenenchyma filled with oval, closely
tuberculated spicules. The water-vascular canals are inconspicuous and not so regular as in
many species. They do not penetrate the axis. The axis is quite hard and well differentiated,
composed of an agglutinated mass of spicules with horny sheaths and. smooth surfaces and
connected by various bridges and adhesions into a sort of mesh or network.
Spicules. These are almost entirely of two kinds; ist regular, very short, usually oval
spindles with close-set whorls of tubercles, there usually being four such whorls besides the
distal caps ; 2nd the irregular smooth spicules of the axis described above. Besides these there
are the long flattened scale-like spindles of the tentacles.
Color. The colony is dark red, and the polyps white.
A very large specimen from Station 71 appears to belong to this species. It is 107 cm.
in height and very profusely branched, the branching often being dichotomous and sometimes
unilateral. The species agrees well in detail with the type, from Station 273, although the
spiculation of the polyps can not be very well determined, the specimen being dried. The
colony is covered with a white substance as if it had been overgrown with mould, but when
fragments are placed in water they show an orange red color.
6. Suberogorgia thomsoni new species. (Plate VI, figs. 2, 2a \ Plate XI, fig. 8).
Stat. 154. o°7.2N., I30°25'.5E. 83 meters. Gray muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion.
(Type).
Stat. 204. 4°2o'S., 1220 58' E. 75 — 94 meters. Sand with dead shells.
Colony flabellate, not reticulate, 8.5 cm. high and with a spread of about 5.5 cm.
The stem and branches are round in section, although the latter appear flattened on account
of the lateral arrangement of the polyps. Stem 1.9 mm. in diameter and 1.8 cm. long to first
branch. The first branch is large, forming about half of the colony, and bears four lateral
branches, three of which are compound. The remainder of the main stem bears seven lateral
branchlets, two of which are compound. The branches tend to an alternate arrangement with
very unequal spaces between them. The ultimate twigs are about 1 mm. in diameter. There
are slight indications of median grooves on the main stem and larger branches, but they are
quite indistinct and finally lost on distal parts of the colony. The calyces are regularly lateral
and alternate in position.
The individual calyces are subconical in shape, a typical one measuring 1.2 mm. in
height and 1.9 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are filled with comparatively
heavy spindles, most of which are placed vertically. These differ materially from the oval forms
which are found in the calyx walls of other species of this genus.
The polyps are completely retractile. The collaret is delicate, consisting of but one
or two rows of slender encircling spindles, above which other spindles are arranged en chevron
30
rhe rest of the dor&l surfaces of the tentacles bear a number of
Ier longitudinally disposed spindles.
A ection of a branch shows practically the same structure described in connection
with otl of this genus.
Spii- ui es. The spicules ol the ccenenchyma are much more typical spindles, especially
in length, than those <<\' other species described. The oval spicules so characteristic of other
- are here almost completely lacking, and the spindles are proportionally much more
Ier rhey are covered with conspicuous verruca; which are u<>t ordinarily in regularly
disposed whorls. The spicules of the axis are smooth and are joined by cross connections into
iort of mesh.
I dor. The colony is a light reddish brown in color.
\ number of fragments trom Station 204 apparently belong to this species. Some are
more delicate than the type, bul there are no other important differences.
7. Suberogorgia pulchra new species. (Plate VI, figs. i. \a\ Plate XI, fig. •
Stat. 515. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 nieters. Coral and
Lithothamnion.
Several fragments, perhaps of the same specimen, were secured. The largest was
Qabellate, but straggling in habit, 23.5 cm. in height. The main stem and branches are some-
what flattened, the former having a cross section of 6 mm. X 4 mm. 1.3 cm. above its
proximal end it gives off a simple undivided branchlet 14.S cm. long, and 1.3 cm. higher it
bifurcates. Each of the resultant branchlets gives off a single branchlet on one side and several
usually simple ones, on the other. The ultimate branches are slender, slightly flattened and
about 3 mm. in greater diameter. All of the stem and branches are traversed by distinct
median grooves on one side, and most of them on two opposite sides. The calyces are all
lateral in position, in two or three interrupted rows on each side of the branch.
The individual calyces are almost completely included, leaving little indication of their
presence except in the very fine 8-rayed slits surrounding the calyx mouth. These slits are like
sharp cuts radiating from the centre. The polyps are completely retractile, very small, and the
dorsal surfaces of the retracted tentacles show a heavy armature of longitudinally placed red
spindles showing conspicuously against the yellow substance of the tentacles.
A cross section of the stem shows the characteristic features of this genus.
Spicules. These are of much the same character as in Suberogorgia appressa. The
nenchyma is packed with oval or disk-shaped forms which have their surfaces thickly crowded
with coarse verrucae, which. however, are nol arranged in regular whorls, but are emplant
irregularly but closely over the entire surface. The spicules of the axis form an agglutinated
:' tortuous bodies which unite in a sort of network or mesh.
1 'dor. The entire colony is a yellowish red or terracotta, with the mouths of the
showing yellowish. The opercular spindles are crimson.
3i
Genus Koroeides Studer.
Korceides Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 30.
Koroeides Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, pp. XXXV, 168.
Korceides Nutting. Hawaiian Alcyonaria, 1908, p. 569.
The original definition, which has not been materially altered by subsequent writers so
far as I have seen, it as follows : (Taken from Wright and Studer, 1889).
"The upright colony branches in one plane ; the polyps form wart-like verrucae, which
are given off mainly from the sides of the somewhat flattened branches, leaving an interspace
free. The spicules of the ccenenchyma are large broad spindles and polygonal, often triangular
discs. These latter are closely approximated to one another, and form a pavement-like outer
layer in the ccenenchyma. The calyces are thickly covered with polygonial scales, and the
tentacles also contain broad smooth spicules. The whole habit, and even the character of the
spicules, recall the genus Acis.
The axis is colorless and consists of closely intercalated calcareous spindles inclosed in a
horny fibrous substance, which remains and preserves the form of the axis after decalcification".
The type of the genus Korceides is K. koreni W. and S. Two other species have been
described, K. gracilis Whitelegge and K. pallida Hiles, both of which Thomson and Stimpson a
regard as synonyms of K. koreni.
1. Korceides koreni Wright and Studer. (Plate VI, figs. 3, 3a).
Korceides koreni Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 18S9, p. 169.
Korceides koreni Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 167.
Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N. 1220 56' E., So meters. Sand and coral.
-Colony incomplete, very fragile, strictly flabellate, with flattened branches, 7.5 cm. high
and with a spread of 14.5 cm. The main stem is round proximally, 3 mm in diameter and
8 mm. high to first branch. At that point it sends off two opposite long tortuous branches
which are round proximally and flattened distally. Their proximal branchlets are broken off,
with one exception; but they fork distally into compound branchlets which are slightly flattened.
The main stem is broken off 3.4 cm. above its base and is distinctly flattened above the first
pair of branches, having a section of 3.3 X - mm. It gives off two short stubs and one
compound branch on one side and one compound branch on the other. The compound branches
are flattened, tortuous, and give off rudely alternate branchlets, two of which are compound
and anastomose with branches below. The termjnal twigs are really round, but appear to be
flattened on account of the lateral disposition of the calyces, which are very uneven in distribution.
The individual calyces are quite variable in size and shape. When the polyp is fully
retracted the calyx is almost entirely included. The usual form of the calyx, however, is a
very short tube consisting of a fence of upright spicules with their points projecting in a series
Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 168.
around the margin. A typical calyx measures 1.5 mm. in height and about the same in
diameter. In -.ome calyx walls the large vertical spindles tend t < » an en chevron arrange-
ment, in some thej are vertical and in still others the) are mainly horizontal. The polyps are
completely retractile. The collaret is feeble and the tentacle bas< - bear rather strong spindles
arran n chevron, and above th< >e each tentacle is armed with strong curved lo
tudinal spindl<
A don of a branch shows a moderately thick ccenenchyma filled with very
. warty horizontal spindles. The axis is more dense and well defined than in other genera
of tin.- S o orgidae. The spicules are definite in form, usually terete, but with a smooth
surfacë lik<- that of an icicle. Hiey are not bound to each other by cross connections, but
to adhere by their contiguous sid
Spicules. The ccenenchyma and calyces are filled with very heavy spindles which
their whole surface packed with verrucse which are not in definite whorls. Sonic ofthese
spindles measure as much as 2.5 mm. in length and 1.5 mm. in diameter. They are almost
!v likc those found in the genus Muricella or Acis. The spicules of the axis have already
been described. They are much smaller than those of the ccenenchyma.
1 O lor. The colony is a brilliant scarlet, but this color is obscured and given a pinkish
cast by a whitish growth of sponge which covers it Hke a film. The axis is light yellow ; the
polyps are whitish, probably yellow in life, and the spicules are crimson and yellow.
1. eral distribution. Type locality. Hyalonema Ground, off the coast of Japan,
345 fathoms. It has also been reported from the Laccadive Islands.
It Th .md Simpson are right in combining the forms described as Korceides gracilis
and K. pallida with A'. koreni, the range of this species is much greater, embracing Funifuti
(Whiteleggi . I eylon and the Andamans (Thomson and Henderson), New Britain (Hiles) and
the Hawaiian Islands (Ni iting).
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SCLEROGORGID.-E COLLECTED BY THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION
List of Stations
at which Sclerogorgidae were collected by the Siboga Expedition
and a List of Species collected at each Station.
STATION 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Subero-
gorgia apprcssa.
STATION 81. Pulu Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank. 34 meters. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion. Subero-
gorgia ornata.
Station 117. i°o'.5 N., i22°5Ó'E. 80 meters. Sand and coral. Korceides koreni.
STATION 133. Anchorage off Lirung, Salibabu Island. Up to 36 meters. Mud and hard sand.
Suberogorgia rubra.
Station 154. o°7'.2N., i30°25'.5 E. 83 meters. Grey muddy sand, shells and Lithothamnion.
Suberogorgia thomsoni.
Station 164. i°42'.5 S., i30°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Suberogorgia köllikeri.
STATION 204. 4°2o'S., I22°5S' E. From 75 — 94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Suberogorgia thomsoni.
Station 220. Anchorage off Pasir Pandjang, West coast of Binongka. 278 meters. Coral sand.
Suberogorgia ornata.
STATION 257. In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 meters. Coral. Suberogorgia verriculata.
STATION 260. 5°36'.5S., I32°55'.2E. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Suberogorgia rubra.
STATION 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. (Pearl Banks). 13 nieters. Sand
and shells. Suberogorgia köllikeri, S. appressa.
Station 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shell. Stones. Suberogorgia köllikeri.
STATION 299. io°52'.4S., I23°i'.iE. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Suberogorgia ver-
riculata.
Station 301. iO°38'S., I23°25'.2E. 22 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Suberogorgia rubra.
STATION 305. Mid Channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Subero-
gorgia köllikeri.
STATION 307. Ipih Bay, South coast of Flores. 27 meters. Volcanic sand. Suberogorgia verriculata.
STATION 310. 8°30'S., II9°7'.5E. jt, meters. Sand with a few pieces of dead coral. Suberogorgia
köllikeri.
STATION 315. Anchorage off Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and Litho-
thamnion. Suberogorgia pulchra.
SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII*5. 5
34
1 i table shows that species of this familj were secured at 18 stations, and that one
ich station, with the exception <>t" Station 273 where two pecies were
rhis station must have been exceedingly rich in alcyonarian life, although but two of
the S ured here.
This family seems to be largel) confined to shallow water, as but a single species was
red from a depth greater than 100 meters. The species referred to was Suberogorgia
red at Station 305 at a depth <>f w\ meters.
I wo >'t" the species in the Siboga collection, however, were secured by th<- Challenger
Japan at a depth of 345 fathom s. These are Suberogorgia verriculata and S. köllikeri.
It" Thomson and Simpson1 are correct in regarding Koroeides gracilis and K. pallida as
synonyms of A'. koran', this species lias a wider range than any other of the family Sclero-
idae in the collection, extending from the [ndian Ocean to Japan and the Hawaiian Islands.
the Indian Ocean, II. 1909, p. 167.
Family Melitodid.e Wright and Studer.
Melitea (in part) Lamouroux. Histoire des Polypiers coralligènes flexibles, 1816, p. 458.
Isidime (in part) Milne Edwards et Haime. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, I, 1857, P- '92-
Melith(£acece (in part) Kölliker. Icones Histiologica;, II, 1865, p. 142.
Melitlueadie -\- Mopselladcc + Trinellidm -f- Elliselladce (in part) Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes
in the British Museum, 1870, p. 24.
TrenellidcB Ridley. Contributions to the knowledge of Alcyonaria, Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, Series V, Vol. X, 18S2, p. 130.
MelithaidcR Ridley. Zoological Collections H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 356.
Melitfucidce Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 30.
Melithceidce Ridley. Alcyonaria of the Mergui Archipelago, Journal Linnsean Society, 1888,
XXI, p. 244.
Melitodidm Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, pp. xxxv, 170.
MclitodidiE Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, II, Chap. VI, 1900, p. 25.
Melitodidce Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodidae Verrill. Zoologischer Anzeiger,
Bd. XXXIII, N° 7/8, 190S, p. 189.
On account of their striking superficial resemblance in the jointed axis to certain Isidae,
the species of the Melitodidae and Isidae were placed together by a number of the earlier
writers, much to the confusion of the systematic arrangement of these forms. Lamouroux (18 16)
recognized the difference between the axes of this heterogeneous group of "Isidées" and formed
the genus Melitea to accommodate species vvith spongy and inflated internodes, and included
in it Melitea ochraeea, M. de risso (= Isis coccinea Gmelin), M. retifera and M. textiformis.
Milne Edwards and Haime (1857) combine the genera Isis, M^opsea and Melithcea in
their subfamily Isidinae.
Kölliker (1865) included the genera Melithcea and Mopsea in his subfamily Melithaeaceae.
Ridley (1884) discusses the family "Melithaeidae" at considerable length and shows that
the three families Melithaeidae, Mopsellidae and Ellisellidae of Gray can not be regarded as
distinct, and includes them all in one family Melithaeidae in which he includes the followino-
genera : Melitodes, Clathraria, Wrightella, Mopsella, Acabaria, Trinella and Parisis, and adds
a new genus Psilacabaria.
Studer (1887) included in "Melithaeidae" the same genera as are included by Ridley,
but combines the genera Parisis of Verrill and Trinella of Gray.
Wright and Studer (1889) substitute the name Melitodidae for Melithaeidae of Ridley
because the basis name for the old family was Melitaea, which had previously been used for
a genus of insects; while Verrill (1863) proposed the generic name Melitodes as practically a
substitute for Melitaea of earlier writers. This suggested the name Melitodidae as a family
designation proposed by Wright and Studer, who include the same genera that are named
by Studer. Their definition of the family is as follows :
■ >ni.i with a well-marked a\is, which is jointed, i. e., consisting "l alternating
a hard calcareous and a snh horny substanci [*he hard joints (internodes consist
with but .1 tracé of horny substance: th<- soft joints nodes
formed of ' dcareous spicules in a mesh of horny substance".
K •. . ..• - .i more extended definition, which maj be translated ;is follows:
..Di.i with an evident a.\is sometimes traversed bj endodermal canals and consisting
and hard (internodes) joints. The hard joints consist of complety fused calcareous
spicules, and the soft joints consist of rod-like smooth spicules immersed in a horny matêrial.
branching is dichotomous, usually from the nodes, and the colony is usually flabellate. The
are borne in calyces arranged either in the lateral borders or one side of the bram
The polyp spicules are spindles or clubs, the cortex spicules are in part "Blattkeulen".
1'his definition is acceptable for the purpose of the present work.
This same writer (Kükenthal, [908) furnishes an excellent kev to the genera of the
family Melitodidae. This is so well devised that the following translation is otïered, the new
is Birotulata being added :
1. Polyps with exserted calyces.
A. Branchings trom the nodes, only the terminal twigs sometimes from
the internodes.
1. Cortex spicules spindles or thorny clubs.
</. Nodes and internodes traversed by water-vascular canals.
Polyps ordinarily placed on one side of the branches . . Melitodes Verrill.
(>. Water-vascular canals not in the internodes.
Polyps distant and biserially placed Acabaria Gray.
2. Cortex spicules foliaceous clubs Mopsella Cray.
l'he foliaceous clubs are nodular in form Wrightella Gray.
4. Cortex spicules doublé wheels Birotulata Nutting.
B. Branchings from the internodes only Parisis Verrill.
2. Polyps with inserted calyces (Clathraria) Gray.
Synoptic view of the genera and species of Melitodidae
collected by the Siboga Expedition.
New genus anl species are indicated by an asterisk
Wrightella.
//'. coccinea, II', tongamsis.
Melitodes.
.1/. ochracea, M. flaöellum, .1/. vqriaöilis,
.1/. esperi M. *squamatay M. *tnodesta.
Acabaria. Parisis.
.1 philippinensi A. tennis. .1 formosa, ,, ,- ,■ ,, ■
11 J I . fruheosa, 1 . minor.
. I . triangulata.
Mopseida. Birotulata.
.1/ \1 ':i.(\ri. M. *spongiosa, B. 'i/iinor.
37
This table shows that the collection contained six genera, one of which is new and
nineteen species, eight of which are new. The genus Melitodes has the largest representation,
with six species, half of which are new ; and Acabaria comes nexth with five species, two of
which are new.
System at ie description of genera and species.
Genus Melitodes Verrill.
Isis (in part) Linnaeus. Systema Naturse, I2th edition, 1767, p. 1287.
Isis (in part) Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 104.
Isis (in part) Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 230.
Isis (in part) Esper. Die Pflanzenthiere, 1791, Vol. I, p. 29.
Melitea Lamarck. Memoires Museum nat. hist., I, 18 15, p. 410.
Militea Lamouroux. Hist. Polyp. flex., 18 16, p. 458.
Melitea Lamarck. Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vert., 2, 1836, p. 470.
Melitluca Milne Edwards et Haime. Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, I, 1857, p. 199.
Melitodes Verrill. Buil. Museum of Comp. Zool., 1864, p. 38.
Melitella Gray. Proc. Zool. Society of London, 1859, p. 485.
Melithcea (in part) Kölliker. Icones Histiologica;, II, 2, p. [42.
Melitodes Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 31.
Melitodes (in part) Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 171.
Melitodes Bourne. A treatise on Zoology, Part II, Chap. VI, 1900, p. 25.
Melitodes Delage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoology Concrete, 1901, p. 414.
Melitodes Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodidae, 1908, p. 190.
Pallas (1766) and other of the earlier writers included the species then known of this
genus in the genus Isis.
Lamarck (18 15) separated the genus Melitheea from Isis, as then known, by a definition
which may be translated as follows :
"Colony fixed, tree-like, composed of a jointed axis and persistent cortical layer. Central
axis rooted, branched, formed of stony joints substriated, with spongy and inflated internodes.
The cortical layer contains the polyps when fresh, and small cellules when dried".
Lamarck (18 15) and Milne Edwards and Haime (1857) give practically the same
definition as the above.
Verrill, (1865) shows that the name Melithaea is preoccupied, and proposes the present
name, Melitodidae, for the family, and Studer (18S7) adopts the name Melitodes for the type
genus of the family, in which he has been foliowed by subsequent writers. Studer's definition
for the genus may be translated as follows :
"Melitodes has all joints traversed by longitudinal canals. The spicules of the ccenen-
chyma are large warty spindles on the one hand and kneed ('knotige') spindles on the other".
Kükenthal (1908) gives a satisfactory definition which will be adopted here. A somewhat
condensed translation is as follows :
"Colony almost always flabellate, branching, dichotomous, with branches from the
nodes. Axis penetrated by water-vascular canals. Ccenenchyma variable in thickness and filled
3«
with straight spindles, half-sided, thorny and kneed spindles, thorny clubs and irregular forms,
without ius clubs. Polyps project from one side of the somewhat flattened branches
and on tluir borders, and are retractile within exserted clayci
The type of this genus is Melitodes ochracea (Pallas). The following list of species is taken
\ from Kökenthal's paper above referred to: M. africana Kukth., .)/. albitincta Ridley,
.1/. Kukth . Melitodes densa Kukth.. M. flabellwn Thomson, M. flabellifera Kukth.,
M ■ Wright and Studer, .)/. lavis Wrigt and Studer, M. nodosa Wright and Studer,
M. ornata Thomson and Simpson, M. pulchella Thomson and Simpson, M. rugo a Wright
and Studer, .1/. rubeofa Wright and Studer, .)/. stormii Studer, M. sinuata Wright and Studer,
.1/. sulphurea Studer, M. variabilis Hickson and the new species described in this report.
i. Melitodes ochracea (Linnaeus).
/sis ochracea Linnaeus. Systema Naturae, iolh edition, 1758, p.
[sis ocracea Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 230.
Isis ochracea Milis and Solander. Natura! History <>( Zoophytes, 1786, p. 105.
[sis ochracea Esper. Pflanzenthiere, I, 1791, p. vs-
Melitea ochracea Lamouroux. Histoire Polyps flexibles, t8i6, p. 462.
Melitaa ochracea Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, II, 1 S36, p. 472.
Melithaa ochraea Kölliker. [cones Histiologii e, 2, 1865, p. 142.
Melitodes ochracea Wright and Studer, Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 292.
Melitodes ochracea Studer. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in
Liibeck, 1894, p. 109.
Stat. 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 nieters. Mud. Sand with mud. Coral. (Numerous
specimens).
Stat. 85. uV'-sS., iie/20.; I . 724 meters. Fine grey mud.
Stat. 234. Nalahia Bay, Nusa Laut [sland. 46 meters. Stony.
A number of large dried specimens, very much broken up, must l)e referred to this
species. < >ne of these must have been a magnificent spectacle when alive, as the incomplete
imen measures over one meter in height and 5.9 cm. in diameter at base. The main stem
and branches are strongly compressed Iaterally, but the smaller branches are ronnd. The nodes
indicated externally by annular swellings, but they are almost obliterated internally in the
r branches. In a branch 8 mm. in diameter, for instance, the nodes can scarcely be seen,
being indicated in a longitudinal section by an indistinct narrow band less than 1 mm. broad,
while the adjacent internode is 20 mm. long. The polyps are thickly distributed on three
of the branches, leaving a broad posterior face hare. The branching is usually dichoto
mous, but sometimes lateral. The calyces are included, and the characters of the polyps can
not be made out in the dried specimens. The axis is penetrated 1>\ numerous canals.
Spicules. The spicules are mostly small oval spindles with proportionally large densely
ded verrucae. The hard internodes are made up of an a^lutinated mass of rod-like
spicules which adhere together so strongly that they do not boil apart in caustic potash. The
nchyma contains a number of warty clubs, and there are also warty spindles, probably
from the poly]
Color. The entire colony is a dark brick red. Axis darker. In other specimens the
general surface of the smaller branches is yellow, with scarlet verruciform calyces, the back
and sides being bright yellow.
General distribution. The Indian Ocean, which is the type locality.
2. Melitodes jïabcllum Thomson and Mackinnon.
Melitodes flabellum Thomson and Mackinnon. Alcyonaria of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition,
Part II, 1910, p. 198.
Stat. 164. i°42'.5 S., i3o°47'.5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells.
Stat. 261. Elat, West coast of Great Kei Island. 27 meters. Mud.
Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
Stat. 305. Mid Channel in Solor Strait, off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony.
Stat. 310. 8° 30' S., Ii9°7'.5 E. jt> meters. Sand, with few pieces of dead coral.
Colony strictly rlabellate and reticulate, 19.5 cm. long and with a spread of 12.5 cm.
The main stem is nearly round, the horny joints (internodes) being 5 mm. in diameter and
the calcareous nodes 3.5 mm. in diameter. The internodes are about 5 mm. long, and the
nodes 3 to 4 mm. The branches are borne on the internodes and are typically alternate and
lateral in position. From its basal 6.5 cm. the stem gives off occasional irregular branchlets
which do not form a part of the flabellate structure. Above this point the stem soon dissipates
itself in a reticulate mass of branches and branchlets, the branching being, in general, dicho-
tomous. In the fan the internodes are usually about 9 mm. in length and 1 mm. in diameter;
while the nodes are triangular, as a rule, the triangle being about 2 mm. long and nearly
equilateral. Most of the branchlets terminate in U-shaped bifurcations on the margins of the
fan. Nearly all of the calyces are lateral in position, forming a close-set row on each side of
the branches and twigs. In places the row is quite even, but in others it is decidedly zigzag.
The individual calyces are quite small, rather low, dome-shaped verrucae, averaging
less than .5 mm. in height and slightly over 1 mm. in diameter, the gradually sloping wall of
one meeting that of its neighbor so as to give a scalloped appearance to the margins of the
branches, when viewed from above. Their apertures are almost completely closed, in the
specimen described, and their walls are filled with heavily tuberculated spindles and spiny clubs
which form an indistinct circlet of prominences around the margins.
The polyps are minute, but show a well defined collaret composed of one or two rows
of bent spindles and a pseudo-operculum of similar spindles arranged en chevron basally
and disposed longitudinally on distal parts of tentacles ; the whole forming a symmetrical
rosette when viewed from above.
Spicules. Those of the axis are small, smooth, bar-like forms aggregated together
into a felted mass which is less dense in the horny and more dense in the calcareous nodes.
They do not boil apart in caustic potash. The spicules of the ccenenchyma are exceedingly
varied in form, but are all modifications of the tuberculate spindle on the one hand and of
the spiny club on the other. The spindles are densely tuberculate and usually short and stout,
hut sometimes slender and curved. The clubs are all of the spiny type, none of the Blatt-
keulen being present, rhe spindles immensely preponderate over the clubs in number.
ony of the specimen described is a light grayish brown and the spicules
Vnother specimen from the same station is ilull red.
General distribution. Type locality. Providence, Indian Ocean, '> fathoms.
\ specimen from station 305 is a il.ilicll.itr, matted mass as it' several lans lying in
parallel planes had been united by horizontal connections, very much resembling the illustration
rHOMPSON and Simpson (Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, SS, 1909, p. 170) <>f
.1/ iabilis. But one internode of the stem remains, and this is 3 mm. broad and nearly
4 mm. long and tin- accompanying internode is longitudinally furrowed, 2.3 mm. in diameter
and 4 mm. long. The stem forks at the node and the resultant branches bear numerous
branchlets, <>r bifurcate repeatedfy; some of the branchlets being inclined forward and some
kward, each being compressed and flabellate thus forming a colony composed of several
palmate structures in parallel planes which are held together by branches passing from one to
the other and anastomosing. The resultin^ network is ciuitcj irregular. The main hranches are
laterally compressed. In details and spiculation, however, this specimen agrees with the (me
described abo>
;,. \ Melitodes variabilis Hickson.
Melitodes variabilis Hickson. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, III, Vol. II, 1905, p. 809.
Melitodes variabilis Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians "f the Indian Ocean, II, 1909^. 169.
Melitodea variabilis Thomson and Mackinnon. Alcyonaria of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition,
Part II, 1900, p. 198.
Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less. Reef.
Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., r34°53'.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones.
The specimens secured by the Siboga Expedition are fragmentaVy. They show the red
nodes and white internodes of this species. The larger specimen from Station 60 consists of
the base of attachment and a few stumpy and divergent branches.
In the specimen from station 274 the calyces are yellow.
General distribution. "Throughout the Maldives" (Hickson). Indian Ocean.
\. Melitodes esperi Wright and Studer.
Melitodes esperi Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1S89, p. i ; ..
Stat. ; }. Bay of Pidjot, Lombok. 22 meters and less. Mud, coral and coral sand.
Stat. 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Mores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells.
Stat. '.m. Haingsisi, Samau Island, Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion.
5., 11; \\ I-'.. 50 — 40 meters. Fine coral ^uul.
Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakieë (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and
Lithothamnion.
Stat. 164. 1 . ■ I Sand, small -tunes and shells.
In Duroa Strait, Kei Islands. Up to 52 mei ral.
4i
Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands. 13 meters. Sand and shells.
Stat. 315. Anchorage east of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and
Lithothamnion.
Colony strictly flabellate and reticulate, the distal part only being present and consisting
of four large branches connected by numerous anastomoses. Height 16.5 cm. Spread 10 cm.
The main branches are laterally compressed, a cross section of a typical one being 2X3-1 cm.
The nodes are 6 to 14 mm. long, the longer ones being in the distal parts of the colony, and
the internodes are 2 to 5 mm. long, the longer ones being in the basal parts of the colony.
The branching is usually dichotomous, and the anastomoses are through short lateral connections.
The smaller branchlets also are laterally compressed, a typical one being 1.1 X i-9 mm. i'1
section. The calyces are thickly distributed over three sides of the branches, leaving the back
of the colony bare, as a rule, although there are calyces on this side of some of the twigs.
The calyces are ahnost entirely included in the specimen described. This is probably
due, however, to the state of retraction of the polyps, for in other specimens, where the polyps
are expanded, the calyces appear to be tubular with spicules arranged en chevron around
the upper parts. The upper parts of the calyces are yellow, in sharp contrast to the rich
crimson of the general ccenenchyma. Their walls are filled with short densely tuberculate spindles,
sometimes oval or disc-shaped, which appear like imbricating scales, the upper edge of one
overlapping the lower edge of another. The margin is surrounded by eight lobes.
The polyps are completely retractile and are furnished with a strong collaret above
which are eight points formed usually by two spicules at the base of each tentacle, each pair
having its distal ends approximated and its proximal ends divaricated. Above these points the
dorsal surface of each tentacle is covered with an incrustation of densely tuberculate yellow
spicules which are usually longitudinally disposed.
Spicules. Those found in the ccenenchyma are variously formed tuberculate spindles
and spiny clubs. The spindles are often oval or disk-shaped with the tubercles sometimes
arranged in definite whorls and sometimes very heavy and without definite arrangement. A few
curved spindles are also seen. Some of the clubs are tuberculate and others spiny.
C o 1 o r. The colony is deep crimson with the polyps and calyx margins bright yellow.
General distribution. Type locality. Torres Strait.
A specimen from Station 144 agrees quite closely in coloration with Ridley's figure of
Psilacabaria gracillima 1.
5. Melitodes squamata, new species. (Plate VII, figs. 1, ia, Plate XII, fig. 1).
Stat. 299. io°52.4S., I23°i'.iE. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion.
Colony flabellate, but not reticulate, although it appears to be so. 27.5 cm. in height
and about 10 cm. in width. The stem and branches are approximately round in section. The
first large branch is 2.6 cm. above the base of the stem. The horny nodes are much swollen,
' Zoological Collecüons H. M. S. Alert, 1884, pi. XXXVI, fig. E'.
SIBOGA-EXPEDIT1E XIII <55.
1-
s mm. in diameter and 6 mm. lo Hu calcareous nodi 6 mm. in diameter and about
4 mm. long. All of th<' branchi borne «mi the horny nodes which vary in length I
5 mm. <»n proximal branches to 12.5 mm. on «listal branchlets. [*he first are annular and the
ular in oudine. rhe calcareous nodes var} from pi mm. to 12.3 in length, the
listal ones. The main branches ay<- lateral and alternate in position, but the
distal branching regularly dichotomous, the forkings being U-shaped. The ultimate twigs
ender, being but 1 mm. in diameter. The polyps are distributed on all sides of the
smaller branches and branchlets, and on three sides of the more proximal branches and parts
of branches. They are usuallj lateral on the main stem and branchi
The individual calyces are min u te, almost entirely included even when the polyps are
partly expanded, and about 1 mm. in diameter. They are rendered conspicuous by their color
which is a brilliant crimson while the general ccenenchyma is a yellowish red or deep orange.
Their walls are filled with crimson spicules which look like small imbricating <lisks when in
situ. The polyps are quite heavily spiculated. There is a strong collaret often of crimson, some-
times of light yellow spicules, above which is a pair of spicules forming a point above 1
tentacle base l>y the approximation of their distal ends. These spicules are also often crimson
in color. Above these points other strong spindles He along the distal parts of th<- dorsal
surfaces of the tentacles.
The ccenenchyma of the branches appears to be filled with rounded or disk like imbri-
cating scales.
Spicules. rhose of the ccenenchyma are diskdike tuberculate forms intergrading with
ordinary spindles with tubercles arranged in regular whorls. Tuberculate clubs are also seen
in moderate numbers, but I find no spiny clubs (ir Blattkeulen. The spicules of the axis are
smooth hars and needledike forms. resembling fragments of spun glass when viewed through
the microscope. Bent tuberculate spindles are found in the polyps.
('■dor. The colony is orange red, in general coloration, but the distal parts lighten to
almost white, as it' they had been partly dried or bleached. The calyces are crimson and the
polyps yellow or pallid.
6. Melitodes modesta, new species. (Plate YII, figs. 2, ia\ Plate XII, fig. 2).
Stat. 164. 1 42'. 5 S., 130° 47'. 5 E. 32 meters. Sand, small stoncs and shells.
Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of the Aru Islands. 15 meters. Sand and
lis Type).
Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., 1 34° 53 .9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones.
1 '•••-. strictly flabellate and moderately reticulate, 13 cm. high and with a spread of
m. The main stem grows from an expanded base which seems originally to have supported
-. The remaining stem shows that a large branch has been broken ofl imme-
ly above the base, and above this the stem gives off alternate branches, one from each
I free node is about 4 mm. long and the same in diameter, while the internode
'. it is about 3 mm. in diameter and length; but the nodes and internodes blend so as to
it difficult to ascertain their limits. As in other species of this genus the nodes 1
43
and the internodes increase in length as we go from proximal to distal parts of the colony
where the nodes are but a little more that i mm. and the internodes are sometimes 9 mm.
long. The branchings are mainly dichotomous and the forkings are U-shaped. Many of the
smaller branches are frequently girdled by a small parasitic form which looks like checkered
beits or bands tightly compressing the ccenenchyma. The calyces are mainly lateral and anterior
in position, and are so low as to be barely visible.
The individual calyces are very low rounded domes, more evident on the distal twigs
then elsewhere. They are very small, averaging scarcely more than 1 mm. in diameter. Their
walls are filled with spiny spindles and thorny clubs, the edges of which give a serrated
appearance. The polyps are very small and so completely retracted that their characters are
hard to make out. They have a strong collaret above which are spindles arranged en
chevron over the tentacle bases and longitudinally on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles.
In certain stages of retraction these latter spicules form a series of points beyond which the
tentacles suddenly bend downward.
Spicules. These are mainly rather large spiny spindles, with the individual spines often
spinulate. There are also one-sided spindles, spiny clubs and numerous other forms, all of which
are but modifications of the spiny spindle characteristic of this genus.
C o 1 o r. The colony is lemon yellow and the axis is dark pink.
Other specimens are more robust than the type described, and the calyces are distributed on
all sides of the distal branches. These specimens are light orange brown, instead of yellow, in color.
Genus Acabaria Gray.
Acabaria 4- Anicella Gray, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4* Series, Vol. 2, 1868,
p. 444.
Acabaria Ridley. Zoological Collections H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 360.
Acabaria Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 31.
Acabaria Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. xxxvi.
Acabaria Delage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 414.
Acabaria Kukenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodidae, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 190S,
p. 194.
The original definition of this family is as follows :
"The coral very slender, branched dichotomous, expanded in a plane ; branches and
branchlets very slender, compressed, with short swollen joints, more pronounced on the older
sterns. Bark thin, hard, smooth. Cells short, broad, subcylindrical, truncated, in a single series
on each edge of the branches and branchlets, rather close together. Axis calcareous, solid, red,
longitudinally grooved ; internodes short, swollen spongy".
The same author proposes the genus Anicella, based on an Australian species with
internodes (nodes, as the term is now used) red, swollen. This can hardly be regarded as a
generic character, and the species should be included in Acabaria.
Ridley (1884) practically adopts the above definition, but establishes a new o-enus
Psilacabaria, which Kukenthal (190S) would include in Acabaria.
1 1
S a ver) brief characterization of this genus.
M '.'.'. aber <H<- Spicula der Rinde siml nur Spindeln".
I\ kimii' ives a satisfactorj definition, as indicated in the following translation :
'Branching flabellate, dichotomous, branches originating at the nodes. Branches very
slender, slightlj or not at all flattened. [nternodes nut pierced by water-vascular canals. Polyps
ictile within large calyces, biserially arranged and usually widely spaced. Spicules never
us club
The type species of this genus is Acabaria divaricata Gray. Other described spe<ieS
\ustralis Gray^ . /. biserialis Kukth., A.corymbosa Kükth., A. erythracea (Ehrenb.),
./ Brundin), A. gracillima (Ridley), ./. habereri Kükth., . /. japonica Verrill,
A. philippinensis Wrighl and Studer), A. serrata Ridley, . /. tennis Kükth., .7. undulata
Kükth., . /. valdivia Kukth.. and the new specie-. deseribed in the present work.
i. Acabaria philippinensis (Wright and Studer).
Melitodes philippinensis Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonana, 1889, \>. \~C>.
Melitodes philippinensis Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, II. 1909,
p. [72.
St.it. 310. S° 30' S., H9°7'.5E. -ji meters. Sand, with a few pieces of dead coral.
Specimens flabellate, the largest being a fragment 6.2 cm. long and about 4 cm. in
! Stem and branches round. Main stem 2.1 mm. in diameter and 1.5 cm. long to first
branch. The first complete node is 4 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter, and a distal one is
1.2 mm. long. The proximal internode is 1 cm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, while a distal
internode is 1.4 cm. long and S mm. in diameter. The branching is irregularly dichotomous
and the furcations are Y-shaped rather than U-shaped. The calyces are mostly lateral leaving
a broad bare space on the back of the colony and a narrow one, sometimes invaded by
calyces, on the front. There is often a tendency to form a zigzag row on the side of the branch.
The individual calyces are dome-shaped verrucae, often hemispherical when the polyps
are completely retracted. They are somewhat closely approximated on the sides of the branches
and are rendered conspicuons by their dark red color in contrast with the dull yellow of the
enchyma. A typical calyx measures .7 mm. in height and [.3 mm. in diameter at the
Their walls are filled with coarse tuberculate spindles which sometimes tend to an en
chevron arrangement around the margin and otherwise are horizontal or irregularly disposed.
A few of the more superficial spicules are yellow, luit the rest are red, the predominating
color in the calyces. The polyps are retractile and have a strong collaret composed of about
three horizontal rows of red tuberculate spindles, above this other spindles are arranged en
vron over each ten ta cl e base, forming a series of S points above the collaret. The
■t the dorsal surf ace of the tentacles bears longitudinal yellow spindles.
Spicules. These are mostly rather stout terete spindles, sometimes assuming an oval
outline, and with definite whorls of promiment tubercles on the more slender spindles and
45
with irregularly placed tubercles on the stouter ones. There are also a number of clubs, most
of which are tuberculate rather than thorny. Many of the spindles are curved.
Co lor. The colony is red and yellow. The ccenenchyma is a dull yellow, owing to the
red axis showing through the yellow layer of spicules. The calyces are dark dull red with a
few superficial yellow spicules. The polyps are red and yellow.
General distribution. The type locality of this species is Samboangan Reefs. It
has also been reported from the Indian Ocean by Thomson and Simpson.
2. Acabaria tennis Kükenthal.
Acabaria tennis Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodida;, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII,
1908, p. 195.
Stat. 117. i°o'.S N., 1220 56' E. 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Stat. 144. Anchorage north of Salomakieë (Damar) Island. 45 meters. Coral bottom and
Lithothamnion.
A number of fragments were secured. The largest is flabellate and not reticulate,
exceedingly delicate and fragile. Height 5.8 cm., spread 2.1 cm. The main stem forks 7.1 mm.
from its proximal end, one of the resultant branches being missing. The stem is only 18 mm.
in diameter. The branching is in general dichotomous. The distal branches are less than
.5 mm. in diameter between the calyces. The basal node of the stem is 2 mm. long, while
the internode below it is 5 mm. long. Some of the distal internodes are 8 mm. long. The
branching is dichotomous, as a rule, and the furcations are Y-shaped rather than U-shaped.
The calyces are lateral in position and vary greatly in size as well as in spacing. They average
about 1.5 mm. apart.
The individual calyces are tubular in form and more prominent than is usual in this
family. A typical one measures .9 mm. in height and 1 mm. in diameter at the base. The
calyx walls are filled with spindles which are irregularly horizontal on the basal parts and
arranged en chevron on the distal parts, arising in 8 blunt points around the margin. The
polyps are retractile, but are often seen with their collarets resting just above the calyx margin.
The polyps are armed with yellow spicules. There is a collaret of relatively heavy spindles in
two or three rows, those of the upper row forming low points, each point consisting of the
approximated distal ends of two spicules on the tentacle base. Above these points a few other
spindles form a rude en chevron arrangement which is succeeded by vertically placed
spindles on distal parts of tentacles.
The ccenenchyma is thin ■ and contains spindles and spiny clubs usually disposed
longitudinally.
Spicules. In this species there is a relatively large number of slender curved spindles,
most of which bear regular whorls of verrucae. Others bear irregularly distributed thorny points.
Clubs with thorny points are also found, but are much less numerous than the spindles. Besides
these there are a number of irregular forms, as in all species of this family ; but none are
sufhciently numerous to be regarded as characteristic of the species.
1"
■ lor. The colonj is a bright scarlet and the polyps are white with chrome yellow
spin.;!' 5. 1 hc spicules are red and yellow.
G( ral distribution. The type locality is Sagami Bay, Japan; 6oo meters. It lias
rted hom Okinose Bank, Japan; 8o 260 met
The specimen from Station 114 is very delicate, with reddish polyps. It is referred with
■:i- doubt to tliis specii
3. Acabaria formosa new species. (Plate VII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XII, fig. 3).
Stat. J40. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 metei Black sand and coral. Lithothamnion bank in
18 — 30 meters.
The specimens consist of a number of fragments which are exceedingly fragile and
brittle. One of the larger fragments consists of a branch 8 cm. long. The denuded axis of
the main stem of the branch is [.9 cm. long and is round, having a diameter of 1.2 mm.
It bifurcates at the first node which is triangular in form, 2.8 mm. long and almost equilateral.
Each ot' the branches bifurcates twice, but one resultant branchlet is missing, and the branches
are separated l>y a comparatively wide angle. The furcation is angular and not U-shaped as
in so many species "f this L;enus. The internodes of the branches are fairly even, averaging
about 1.4 mm. long and 1.5 mm. in diameter between the calyces. The calyces are all laterul
and usually alternate, those on one side often showing a tendency to bend alternately to the
front and back, like the teeth of a saw.
The individual calyces are very large and conspicuous and their golden yellow color is
remarkably vivid. They art- in the form of symmetrical truncated cones, a typical one measurin^
1.7 mm. high and z.\ mm. broad at the base. Their walls are straight and do not curve to
the genera! h-vel of the coenenchyma, as is usually the case, but are sharply differentiated
from their very bases. The distance between adjacent calyces varies, but 1.5 mm. seems fairly
typical. The margin bears 8 regular scallops or lobes. the polyps are ntractile, but usually
rest with their collarets just above the calyx margins. They are heavily spiculated, with a
well-marked collaret composed of strong bent spindles in two or three encircling rows. Above
the collaret the spindles are arranered en chevron over the tentacle bases, forming 8 strong
points. each point being composed of a bundie of spindles. Beyond these points the dorsal
surfaces of the tentacles are armed with longitudinal spindles.
Spicules. These are thorny spindles and clubs. The spindles are usually more slender
than in most Melitodidae and often curved. They are relatively quite numerous. There are also
smal! spindles with two whorls of verrucae in addition to the terminal knobs. The characteristic
clubs show a proximal comparatively smooth acicular part and a clavate distal portion armed
with numerous spiny points. The spicules of the axis are deep crimson.
Color. The colony in general, including the polyps, is a very vivid chrome yellow and
the axis is bright crimson. The coenenchyma is thin and allows the color of the axis to show
through as a bright pink. This is om- of the most brilliantly colored species that I have seen.
47
Acabaria formosa is allied to A. biserialis Kükenthal, but is stouter, and the calyces
are much larg-er.
4. Acabaria hicksoni new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 3, 3a; Plate XII, fig. 4).
Stat. 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. Reef. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters
and less.
Specimens consisting of a number of fragments. The largest is sub-flabellate in form
and very erratic and straggling in its manner of growth. The proximal part is gone, and its
form is such that it is difficult to teil which is the main stem or branch. The specimen is
6.6 cm. in length and about 3.5 cm. in spread. The largest branch is 1.5 mm. in diameter
between the calyces. The nodes are not sharply distinguished from the internodes, and are
not so distinctly triangular in shape as is often the case. They vary from 2.5 mm. (proximal)
to 1.2 mm. (distal) in length. The internodes vary from 4 mm. (proximal) to 13 mm. (distal)
in length. The branching is such that the greater part of the specimen is in two parallel planes.
The branching is dichotomous, as a rule, but there are a number of ultimate lateral branchlets.
The furcations are Y-shaped rather than U-shaped. The calyces are mainly lateral in position,
where they are rather close set and tend to an alternate position.
The individual calyces are in the form of low domes when the polyps are completely
retracted, and short tubes when they are expanded. A typical one measures 1 mm. in height
and 1.2 mm. in diameter. The spiculation of the calyx walls shows a basal arrangement of
horizontal spicules, but an en chevron arrangement toward the margins. The polyps, in
partial retraction, form a strongly marked S-rayed figure or rosette when viewed from above.
There is a well-marked collaret of reddish spicules, above which is an en chevron arrangement
of spindles on the tentacle bases which blends in color from red to yellow. The remainder of
the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles are provided with longitudinal yellow spindles, and an
oblique series of spindles is on each side of the tentacle extending from the dorsal surface to
the pinnule bases, forming an armature that is unusual in this family.
Spicules. These are much as in Acabaria tenuis Kükenthal. The spindles seem to
be a little heavier on the average, but I fail to find any specific differences, so far as the form
of the spicules is concerned.
Color. The colony is a dark red and the polyps are red and yellow.
This species differs from Acabaria tennis in being of a more robust habit, in irregularity
of branching, in larger calyces and thicker branches and in the spiculation of the polyps.
5. Acabaria triangulata new species. (Plate VIII, figs. 2, ia ; Plate XII, fig. 5).
Stat. 260. 50 36.5 S., I32°55'.2E. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.
Stat. 274. 50 28.2 S., 1 340 53'. 9 E. 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. (Type locality).
The colony is sub-flabellate in form, 6.3 cm. high and 1.5 cm. broad. The stem and
branches are round in section. The main stem is 1.5 cm. long to the first branch and 1.9 cm.
in diameter. The second node is 3.8 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, and a distal node is 1 mm.
I'li. ,,| internode is 6 mm. long, and .1 distal one 8 mm. long. The main stem
m from its base into two irregular branches which are erect and nearly parallel,
branchlets, one from each node. F/he largest branch is sinuous. I h<- disl
o the length of the internodes. The calyo - are lateral in position,
in mam species, and leave proportionally broader naked areas on the back
I front branch<
liic individual 1 quite smal! dome-shaped verrucae which show as dark red
1 with the lighter red of the ccenenchyma. An average calyx measures .5 mm.
in height by .7 mm. in diameter, tluis being smaller than any other species <>f this genus in
• :i. rhe calyx walls are filled with Stachelkeulen the spiny points of which gi
bristling appearance. The polyps are very small, retractile and, on account of their red color
jame as that of the calyces, hard to study. The spiculation, however, seems to be
ame as in allied species, consisting of a collarei of transverse spicules above which 8 points
formed by t\\«> or more spindles on each tentacle base meeting at an angle, and a distal
of longitudinal spindles on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles.
Spicules. These are quite different from those of other species dl' the genus the most
characteristic ones being triangular in outline with their surfaces covered with large warty
tubercles. ["hese triangles are large, and are modifications of the spiny club type, many ol them
showing short thorny or foliaceaous projections from their club end. Both Blattkeulen and
Stachelkeulen are found, the latter predominating. Ordinary spindles are rather rare. When
nt they are usually short, curved and ornamenteel with whorls of verrucae.
dor. The colony is a dark. rather tl uil , coral red and the calyces and polyp spindles
a dark crimson red.
Genus Mopsella Gray.
Mopsella Gray. Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1857, p. 248.
Mopsella Ridley. Zoological Collections II. M.S. Alert, 1884. p. J58.
Mopsella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1 s S 7 , p. 31.
Mopsella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXVI.
Mopsella Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodidae, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 1908,
p. 198.
The original definition of this genus is not at present accessible to the writer. Ridley
\) emphasizes the necessity of depending largely on spicule characters in defining genera
of this family.
ives as the charactcr of the genus the penetration of the internodes by
the water-vascular canals and the presence of spindles and foliaceous clubs among the spicules.
K kenthal (1908) gives the first satisfactory definition of the genus, which may be
translated as follows :
■nies usually flabellate. The branching is dichotomous and from the nodes. Axis
ted by water-vascular canals. Cortical spindles foliaceous clubs. Polyps in low
on the sides and one surface of the usually not flattened branches".
49
This definition is a satisfactory one for our present purpose, and will be adopted.
The type species of this genus is Alopsella textiformis (Lamarck). Other described
species are Alopsella amboyncsis Kükth., M. clavigera Ridley, M. dichotoma (Pallas), AI. coccinca
(Ellis and Solander), M. klunzingeri Kükth., AI. sa?iguhiea Kükth., M. zimmcri Kükth.; and
the new species described beyond.
i . Alopsella clavigera Ridley.
Mopsclla clavigera Ridley. Zoological Collections H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 360.
Stat. 53. Bay of Nangamessi, Sumba. Up to 36 meters. Coral sand. Near the shore, mud.
A fragmentary specimen from this station shows the strongly compressed axis and
main stem, and peculiar spicules figured by Ridley, 1. c. Plate XXXVIIÏ, fig. a, a', a//r, for
M. clavigera. The specimen is dry and nearly all of the branches are missing. The internodes
are pinkish and the nodes crimson. The calyces and polyps can not be satisfactorily studied.
Spicules. The spicules are exceedingly various in form, but those figured by Ridley
are quite characteristic. There are numerous clubs with comparatively smooth surfaces, and
others flattened and longitudinally grooved, forming figures like two or three extended hngers
flattened and closely pressed together. Many also are like irregular potatoes in form, with
rounded swellings unlike other verrucae, and sometimes thorny points. Regular tuberculate
spindles with the verrucae in symmetrical whorls are also found.
C o 1 o r. The colony is dull red and the axis has pink internodes and crimson nodes.
General distribution. The type locality of this species is in the Indian Ocean.
2. Alopsella shtderi new species. (Plate IX, figs. 41^; Plate XII, fig. 6).
Stat. 71. Makassar and surroündings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral.
Stat. 273. Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands (Pearl Banks). 13 meters.
(Type locality).
Stat. 274. 5°28'.2S., I34°53'.9E. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stones.
Colony flabellate and reticulate, 25.3 cm. high and with a spread of 11.5 cm. Two
main sterns are coherent at base, forming a common stock 1.5 cm. X 1 cm. in diameter.
These separate about 2 cm. from the base, but are reunited by a single anastomosis of the
branches. Stem and branches laterally compressed, the larger stem having a cross section of
9 mm. X 7 mm. In the lower part of the main stem the nodes blend with the internodes so
as to make it difhcult to ascertain their limits on superficial examination, but the nodes are
evidently much longer than the internodes. On the branches and twigs this relation is reversed,
the internodes being much the longer. Some of the distal nodes are but 2 mm. long, while
adjacent internodes are 1 1 mm. long. The branching is dichotomous in general, but sometimes
lateral and alternate. The furcations are usually U-shaped. Some of the main branches are
much compressed, one having a section of 3.8 mm. X 2 mm. The ultimate twigs are nearly
round and average about 1 mm. in diameter, the calyces are very thickly emplanted on three
sides of the stem and main branches and on all sides of the smaller branches and twigs.
SIBOGA-l'XPEDITIE XIII<55. 7
The individual are quite smal] dome-shaped verrucae when the polyps are
ted, and short tubes when they are completely expanded. They are so closely
.■il the surfaces of the branches as to 1"- contiguous al their bases. A typical one
mi mm. in diameter .11 the base. f/he height varies in accordance with the state ol
of the polyps, but seldom exceeds i mm. The calyx walls are armed with very
i spindles and Blattkeulen and, in certain stages of contraction of the polyps, the margin
distinctly 8-lobed. The polyps have a rather slender collaret, above which the spindles form
dit points. Beyond these points there are a few longitudinal spindles, lying along the dorsal
•f the tenl Minute spindles also extend from the dorsal surfaces diagonally t"
the pinnule bas< s.
Spicules. The most characteristic forms are remarkable Blattkeulen which consist of
.1 tuberculate base from which project a number of parallel flattened finger-like points. Or they
may be likened to a plate which has been shattered by several vertical fissures. There is
nplete intergradation between these Blattkeulen and typical Stachelkeulen, so that it is hard
to differentiate them. Besides tliese curious forms there are regular spindles often curved, from
the polyps, and clubs, besides a greal variety of nondescript forms.
lor. The colony is a rather tlull yellowish brown. The spicules are colorless.
;. Mopsella spongiosa new species. (Plate YIII. figs. i, ia, Plate XII, fig. 7).
Stat. 273. Anchorage off 1'ulu Jedan, East coast of Aru Islands (Pearl Banks). [3 nieters.
Sand and shells.
lony strictly llabellate and reticulate, spongy in texture and not so delicately branched
in the other species, although the meshes are fine. Height of colony 21.5 cm. Spread 20 cm.
The main stem is irregular in section, but not appreciably flattened, and is 14 mm. in diameter.
About [8 mm. from its base it breaks up into numerous branches which redivide to make the
mesh. In the main stem the nodes and internodes are hardly distinguishable. In one of the
main branches the proximal node is j.^, mm. long and 5 mm. in diameter, while the proximal
internode is 2.3 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter. The nodes are much swollen and longer
than the internodes throughout the basal parts of the colony. A node near the edge of the
fan is 4 mm. long. while the internode just below it is 11 mm. long and 1.0 mm. in diameter.
Most of the branches are somewhat flattened, but the distal twigs are round. The meshes are
small, usually oblong, and the anastomoses are usually, but not always, at the nodes. The
are emplanted very thickly on these sides of the main branches and on all sides of
the distal ones.
Spicules. The most typical form of spicule in this species is the foliaceous club, with
an irregular densely tuberculate basal part and a distal portion consisting of several flattened
ions usually extending parallel to each other and often in the same plane. Frequently
tin the form of coarsely tuberculate spindles from one side of which the foliaceous
ons arise, making "unilateral" spindles. These Blattkeulen are exceedingly varied in
5i
form. There are also many spindles, some with irregular verrucae, and others with verrucse in
regular whorls. Bent spindles are found in the polyps.
Color. The colony is a very dull grayish brown, like that of many sponges. The axis
is dull crimson and the polyps are colored like the coenenchyma.
Genus Wrightella Gray.
Wrightella Gray. Catalogue of the Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 31-.
Wrightella Ridley. Zoological collections of H. M. S. Alert, 1884, p. 580.
Wrightella Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 32.
Wrightella Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. XXXVI.
Wrightella Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodida;, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII,
1908, p. 200.
Wrightella Thomson and Mackinhon. Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen Trust
Expedition, Part II, 1910, p. 199.
The earliest definition of this genus at present at hand is that of Studer (1887) which
is as follows :
"Comprimirte Aste und Zweige, die vorragenden Polypenkelche vorvviegend an den
Seiten. In der Rinde Blattkeulen. Keine Nahrkanale in der Axe".
Wright and Studer (1889) simply give a translation of the above definition.
Kükenthal (1908) defines the genus as indicated in the following translation:
"Colonies flabellate. Branches fiattened and arising from the nodes. No water-vascular
canals in the axis. In the outer cortex there are small spherical spicules which are derived
from foliaceous clubs. The polyps are lateral or on one surface".
Thomson and Mackinnon (19 10) say that Wrightella is characterized by distinctive
spicules: "short clubs with very broad flanges. The heads of these clubs form a compact
pavement in the coenenchyma, producing an almost roe-like appearance, as in species of Bebryce".
The type species of this genus is Wrightella coccinea Gray. Other species are Wrightella
variabilis Thomson and Henderson, W. tongaensis Kükth. and the new species in the Siboga
collection.
1. Wrightella coccinea Gray.
? Isis cocinnea Ellis and Solander. Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786, p. 107.
? Isis coccinea Esper. Pflanzenthiere, I, 1781, p. 280.
Me/itiCa de Risso Lamouroux. Histoire Polypiers coralligènes flexibles, 18 16, p. 463.
Melitcea coccinea Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, 2^ Edit., Vol. II,
1836, p. 473.
Wrightella coccinea Gray. Catalogue of the Lithophytes in the' British Museum, 1870, p. 32.
Wrightella coccinnea Ridley. Zoological collections of H. M. S. "Alert", 1884, p. 581.
Wrightella coccinea Hickson. Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope, II, 1904, p. 219.
Wrightella coccinea Thomson and Mackinnon. Alcyonarians collected on the Percy Sladen
Trust Expedition, Part II, 1910, p. 200.
Stat. 117. i°o'.5 N., 1220 56' E. 80 meters. Sand and coral.
Colony (incomplete) flabellate and reticulate, 12.5 cm. long. Main stem, to first branch,
3 cm. loi S ond horny node 15 mm. broad and .; mm. long. Calcareous internodes 2.1 mm.
i and 4.5 mm. long, The nodes grow proportionally shorter and the internodes loi
imtil on the distal parts of the colony the former are bul 2 mm. long and the latter reach a
■'1 ui" 16 mm. The stem forks at the 5'!' node. The branches are somewhat compressed
ally. The branching is partly dichotomous and partij alternate, .til branches springing from
the horny joints and anastomosing through the joining of the ultimate twigs. The calyces are
on three sides of the colony, excepl on the distal twigs where they are on all sides. These
■ are quite slender, being but little over 1 mm. in diameter.
The individual calyces are low domes when the polyps are retracted and truncated
- when the) are partly expanded. They are rather regularly spaced, more so on the sides
than on the front of the colony. A typical calyx measures .6 mm. in height and 1.1 mm. in
diameter. 1 h< • calyx walls, as well as the general ccenenchyma, are packed with foliaceous
clubs or Blattkeulen which appear when in situ and viewed under a low magnification as
rounded bodies or nodules, because they are thus seen "end on", in the calyx walls. the
nds being directed upward and ontward. The polyps are heavily spiculated, with a
strong collaret of bent tuberculate spicules. Above these each tentacle base is provided with
two spicules whose ends meet at a wide angle forming an upward directed point. The dorsal
surfaces of the tentacles are covered with longitudinal tuberculate spindles.
Spicules. The surface of the ccenenchyma is packed with vertically placed typical
blattkeulen with their foliaceous ends directed outward. These spicules are verv characteristic
of the genus Wrightella, consisting of a basal, irregular, often much branched and tuberculate
portion, and a distal part composed of foliaceous expansions gathered together into a globular
"head" resembling the bud of a tulip <>r rosé and forming what appears to be a rounded
nodule when the spicules are viewed in situ under low magnification. Other blattkeulen are
seen with wide foliaceous expansions which are flattened and longitudinally shattered or split.
These are often seen in the distal parts of the calyx walls. Curved, tuberculate spindles are
found in the polyps and tentacles.
Co lor. The colony is almost a brick red, or light scarlet. The polyps are yellow and
the axis deep crimson.
General distribution. The type locality seems to be the coast of Mauritius (Ellis
and Solander). It has also been reported from the Seychelles, 4 — 12 fathoms (Gray) \ from
the Indian Ocean, Farquaar Atoll, Prashu, Seychelles (Thomson and Mackinnon), and from
the Cape of I ri lod I lope Ridley).
2. ': Wrightella tongtunsis Kükenthal.
Wrightella tongaensis Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodidae, Zoolog. Anz. Bd.
XXXIII, 1908, p. 200.
Stat. 240. Banda Anclmrage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand, coral.
St.u. 25 . I nal Anchorage, Kei Islands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral.
Stat. 282. I . 1 27 1 s .4 E. 27 to 54 meters. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion.
ilony subflabellate, not truly reticulate, although there are occasional anastomoses,
53
very profusely branched, forming a flattened clump. Height 11.2 cm., spread 12 cm. The basal
part is lacking, the proximal node of the stem is 9 mm. in diameter and the only remaining
internode is flattened and has a cross section of 8 mm. X 5 mm. and a length of 6 mm.
This internode, however, appears to be really two coalesced internodes which have branched
from the preceding node and adhere throughout their length. As is usual the nodes decrease
in length vvhile the internodes increase from the proximal to the distal parts of the colony
until the nodes are but 2 mm. in length while the internodes are sometimes as much as 18 mm.
long. The branching is irregularly dichotomous and the branches are round in section, the
distal twigs being but 1 mm. in diameter. The calyces are thickly emplanted on three sides of
the stem and branches, leaving the posterior face of the colony conspicuously bare.
The individual calyces are dome-shaped verrucae when the polyps are completely
retracted and truncated cones when they are expanded. They are rendered very conspicuous
by the fact that the upper parts of their walls are rich carmine while the lower parts of the
walls and general ccenenchyma of the branches are orange yellow. A typical calyx is .8 mm.
high and 1.3 mm. in diameter. The polyps are heavily spiculated with a collaret composed of
three or four rows of strong tuberculate spindles above which a pair on each tentacle base
form a point by the meeting of their distal ends. Above these points each tentacle bears a
triangular area of spicules, some of which are Stachelplatten with jagged projections. All of
these spicules are brilliant red, in sharp contrast with the white of the tentacles themselves.
Spicules. These are exceedingly various, the most characteristic being Blattkeulen,
small in size, with their folia compressed into a knob or ball resembling a closed bud. These
are superficial on the calyces and general ccenenchyma. Besides these there are a number of
ordinary spindles, clubs, bent spindles and variously branched forms, with occasional unilateral
spindles and Stachelplatten.
C o 1 o r. The colony is a brilliant orange with the marginal areas of the calyces, polyp
spicules and axis bright crimson. The polyps are white. This is one of the most strikingly
colored forms that I have seen among the Melitodidae.
General distribution. The type locality of this species is Tonga Islands (Kükexthal).
Genus Parisis Verrill.
Parisis Verrill. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1864, p. 6j.
Parisis (in part) Gray. Catalogue of the Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1870, p. 13.
Parisis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th series, Vol. X, 1882, p. 130.
Parisis Studer. Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria, 1887, p. 32.
Parisis' Wright and Studer. Challenger Report, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 181.
Parisis Delage et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete, II, 2, 1901, p. 414.
Parisis Kükenthal. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodida;, Zoolog. Anz. Bd. XXXIII, 1908, p.190.
The original definition for this genus is not at hand.
Ridley (1882) says that Parisis differs from Trinclla Gray in having spicular verrucae.
Studer (1887) defines the genus as shown in the following translation:
"Branches differ from all other Melitodidae in springing from the calcareous joints. The
54
are borne on the outer periphery of the thinner branches. The spicul mli]<-
thick, irregular, often with a median constriction and beset with verru
l'his writei Gray is reallj the axis of a Parisis overgrown
by a s] ind bearing Polythoa which Gray mistook for the polyps of his Trinella.
The type "i this genus is Parisis frutu ■ Verrill. The onlj other known species is
/' Wright .ind Studer.
Wright and Studer regard Parisis tnauritiensis Ridlej as a synonym for /'. fruticosa^
and Ir and Simpson conclude that /'. indica Thomson and Henderson should also be
i ti> the s.inir well-known form.
i. Parisis f ruticosa Verrill.
Parisis fruticosa Verrill. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1. 1865, p. 23.
? Trinella swinhoei Gray. Catalogue of Lithophytes in the British Museum, 1S70, p. 12.
Parisis tnauritiensis Ridley. Annals and Magazine of Natura! History, v'1 series. Vol. X,
1882, p. 131.
J'iinsts fruticosa Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, [889, p. 1S2.
Parisis indica Thomson and Henderson. Alcyonarians óf the [ndian Ocean, I, 1906, p. 23.
Parisis fruticosa Thomson and Simpson. Alcyonaria of the Indian Ocean, II, 1909, p. 176
tt. 204. 4°2o'S., i22°s8'E. Fiom 75 to 94 meters. Sand with dead shells.
Stat. 2'io. 5°36'.5S., 132 ;;.2 E. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells.
Stat. 274. 5 28'.2 S., 134 53.9 IC. 57 meters. Sand and shells. Stom-.
ilony subflabellate in form, 46.5 cm. in height, with a spread of about 15 cm., and
extensively encrusted with a sponge. The base of attachment is lacking. The stem and all
branches are round, the tonner being 7 mm. in diameter and 5.5 cm. long to first branch.
1 calcareotis and horny segments are eqnal in diameter and not externally evident, except
in tlie stem and larger branches. The nodes vary from 4 mm. (proximal) to less than 1 mm.
(distal] in length. The calcareotis internodes are more constant in the sense that their extreme
variation is less, but do not increase as regularly from proximal to distal parts of the colony
as in many species of this family. They vary from 2 to 6 mm. in length. The main stem
off a number of small irregular latend branches, four of which are compound, from its
proximal 10 cm., and the stem bends ontward and then upward. It then forks into two unequal
parts and «ach of these gives < iff numerous lateral branchlets both simple and compound, some
of which rebranch until branchings of the 6lh order are attained. The ultimate twigs are about
1.3 mm. in diameter, measured between the calyces. These latter are rather thickly distributed
on all sides pf the distal branchlets, but usually they are on bul three sides of the branches
and on some they are strictly lateral.
The individual calyces are dome-shaped. but tilted so that their summits are- inclined
toward the distal ends of the branches. A typical one measures i.| mm. high and 1.2 mm.
iameter near its base. The calyx walls are filled with a neatly fttted mosaic of polygonal
spicules who orm close joints and do nol seem to overlap. The polyps are very minute,
and th«-ir attachment to the inside of the calyx, when strongly contracted, is so tirm that
>tigation is very difficult. They are either devoid of spicules or very feebly spiculated.
55
Spicules. These are heavy plate-like forms of various shapes, but usually polygonal.
Their surfaces are covered with heavy rounded verrucae so thickly compacted as to be often
contiguous. Some of die smaller ones are radiate, stellate or cruciform. The larger ones some-
times attain a length of .6 mm.
Color. The specimen is a dull purplish or purplish brown, due largely to the presence of
the sponge. The nodes are dark brown and the internodes ivory white. The spicules are colorless.
A few fragmentary specimens from station 310 are free from the sponge growth. They
are partly creamy white and partly pinkish In one fragment the axis is a deep rosé color,
and the polyps seem to be of the same color.
General distribution. The type locality for this species is Soolo Sea. It has also
been reported from Mauritius, Banda Sea, Australia, Formosa and the Indian Ocean.
2. ? Paris is minor Wright and Studer.
Parisis minor Wright and Studer. Challenger Reports, the Alcyonaria, 1889, p. 1884.
Stat. 139. 0°ll'S., I27°25'E. 397 meters. Mud, stone and coral.
A single specimen, representing the terminal part of a colony is referred with doubt to
this species. The fragment is 3.7 cm. long, and was broken off from the colony just below a
node which is incomplete and bears on its distal end a bifurcated internode. One of the resultant
branches bears a lateral branchlet on its proximal internode and bifurcates 1.5 mm. from its
proximal end, or at the end of the first internode. One of the resultant branchlets is a mere
stub. The other is 2.5 cm. long and has adhering to it a piece of a branchlet from a missing
branch. The other main branch bifurcates twice, the furcations being Y-shaped rather than
U-shaped. Its distal internode is longest, measuring 17 mm. The calyces are nearly all lateral,
but a few are on the anterior face of the colony.
The individual calyces are in the form of truncated cones, a typical one measuring
.8 mm. in height and 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base. The calyx walls are filled with coarse,
heavily tuberculate spindles which are exceedingly irregular in arrangement. Sometimes they
are disposed horizontally and at other times those around the margin are vertical, forming a
rude series of irregular jagged points. The polyps are very heavily spiculated, with a relatively
narrow collaret above which a group of heavy spindles are placed almost vertically at each
tentacle base, forming a series of eight points. The polyps are retracted to their collarets and
the infolded tentacles form a conical mass which completes the cone-shape of the calyx.
Spicules. These are heavy spindles with short branched verrucae not in whorls. They
are not so large as in P . fridicosa and their branching is much more evident. A number of
more slender thorny spindles are found in the polyps. Although not so regular in form as
represented by Wright and Studer's figures, they agree with them fairly well in essential features.
Color. The specimen described is grayish white in color.
General distribution. The type locality for this species is Hyalonema grounds,
Japan 345 fath.
i Birotulata new genus.
>lony flabellate. Both nodes and internodes traversed bj water-vascular canals. The
ill lm: ik- on the nodes. Characteristic spicules doublé wheels.
|\|.i- sp( tulata splendens Nutting.
i. /.'.•;■ splendens new species. Plate X, figs. 1, ia, 2\ Plate XII, fig.
Stal I ual Anchorage, Kei [slands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand .nul coral.
The type was originally a very large colony, bul has been broken ihto many fragments.
1 cimen was flabellate in form and not reticulate and probably originally measured as
much as 1 meter in height. The trunk and main branches are laterally compressed, the former
m. X i-9 cm. in section, and the latter as much as 2.8 cm. ;,-; 2.2 cm. in section.
Ihc main stem bifurcates 7 cm. from its proximal end into two very unequal branches. The
r <>l" these, afin- giving off tour branchlets, the stulis of which remain, bifurcates into two
branchlets which are approximately round in section, the larger one having a diameter of 2 cm.
Some <>( the more distal branchlets are round and others slightly compressed laterally. The
branching is in part dichotomous and in part lateral, the tonner prevailing in the distal parts
of the colonv. the ultimate branchlets being [.5 mm. in diameter. The furcations are usually
U-shaped rather than Y-shaped. The calyces are on the sides and front of the colony, leaving
a bare posterior space, sharply distinguished by its bright chrome yellow color, as il' the colony
were crudely painted scarlet on front and sides and yellow behind.
The individual calyces are closely set and have each a broad border of scarlet which
gives the red color to the branches. They are almost entirely included and very small, not
being over .5 mm. in diameter on the average. Their walls, like the general ccenenchyma, art;
filled with small smooth double-wheels. The polyps are retractile, and bear a collaret which is
rather strong and composed of two or three rows of transverse red spindles. Above these a
few spindles are arranged en chevron on each tentacle base, and beyond this the spindles
are longitudinal. The nodes are not indicated superficially on the main stem and larger branches,
and are nowhere so conspicuous as in Melitodes ochracea. The internodes, as well as the nodes,
are penetrated by numerous water vascular canals.
Spicules. The most conspicuous and numerous forms are the double-wheels charac-
teristic of the- genus. These are on the surface and also constitute the chicf element in the
ccenenchyma. They lonk much like two huns pressed together, sometimes unsymmetrically. Some
<>f them have a small nodule at each end in addition to the two wheels. rhere .we also densely
rculate short stout spindles, and ordinary spindles, mostly from the polyps, and numerous
ilar forms which are usually minute. The spicules of the axis are smooth bar-like and
He- Üke forms.
lor. The colony is scarlet and chrome yellow, the posterior face of the distal parts
ny being sharply differentiated, as il painted with vivid yellow. The yellow shows
57
also on the other sides between the scarlet borders of the calyces. The polyp spicules are
scarlet. The axis is a bright yellow, a characteristic which differentiates this species from Meli-
todes ochracea. The stem and main branches are dark red. Another colony has the distal
internodes creamy white and the nodes yellow.
This species bears a very close superficial resemblance to Melitodes ochracea.
Thomson and Mackinnon x have called attention to two other cases of very close
approximation of species belonging to separate genera, i. e., Wrightella coccinea and Melitodes
coccinca (Esper) ; also Wrightella variabilis Thomson and Henderson and Melitodes variabilis
Hickson. The present case is quite similar to those noted by these writers.
There is very close resemblance between Birofulata splendcns and Melitodes ochracea,
but the spiculation is so different as to justify a generic distinction between the two.
Alcyonarians collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedüicm. Part II, 1910, p. 200.
SIBOGA-EXPED1TIE Xllli5.
DISTRIBUTION 01 II II MELITODID/E COLLECTED HY TUK SIIIOGA KXI'KDITK )\'
List of Stations
.11 which Melitodidae were collected by the Siboga Expedition
and a List of Species collected at each Station.
STATION 33. Bay of Pidjot, Lombok. 22 meters, and less. Mud, coral and coral sand. Melitodes esperi.
in >n 50. Bay of Badjo, West coast of Flores. Up to 40 meters. Mud, sand and shells. Melitodes esperi.
:. Bay of Nangamessi, Sumbu. Up to 36 meters. Coral sand, mud ncar shore. Mopsella
.1.
S VTION 60. Haingsisi, Samau Island near Timor. 23 meters. Lithothamnion in 3 meters and less.
Reef. Melitodes variabilis, M. esperi, Acabaria hicksoni.
STATION 71. Makassar and surroundings. Up to 32 meters. Mud, sand with mud, coral. Melitodes
ochracea, Mopsella studeri.
Si ITION So. 2°25 'S., tl7°43'E. 50 to 40 meters. Fine coral sand. Melitodes esperi.
$5. o°36'.5S., ii9°2u,.; E. 724 nieters. Fine grey mud. Melitodes ochracea.
STATION 117. r'o'ó X.. 122 '50 F. So meters. Sand and coral. Acabaria tennis, Wrightella coccinea.
- ATION 139. O0 1 1 'S.. 127^25' E. 397 meters. Mud, stones and coral. Parisis minor.
STATION 144. Anchorage north of Salomakieë (Damar) Island. Coral bottom and Lithothamnion.
Melitodes esperi, Acabaria tennis.
STATION 104. I°42'.S E. I30°47'.5E. 32 meters. Sand, small stones and shells. Melitodes flabellnm,
M. esperi, M. modesta.
STATION 204. 4°20 'S., 122° 58' E. 75 to 94 meters. Sand with dead shells. Parisis f ruticosa.
STATION 234. Nalahia Bay, Nusa-Laut Island. 46 meters. Stony. Melitodes ochracea.
STATION 240. Banda Anchorage. 9 to 45 meters. Black sand, coral. Lithothamnion. Acabaria f ormosa,
f 1 'riglitella tongaensis.
STATION 244. 4 25 .f S., i30°3'.7E. 2991 meters. Fine bluish -reen mud. Mopsella studeri.
STATION 2~,j. In Duroa Strait, Kei tslands. Up to 52 meters. Coral. Melitodes espen.
STATION 258. Tua] Anchorage, Kei [slands. 22 meters. Lithothamnion, sand and coral. Wrightella
■data splendens.
f.5 S., i32°55 .2 F. 90 meters. Sand, coral and shells. Acabaria triangulata, Parisis
trut;
Station 261. Flat. West coast of Great Kei [slands. 2j metcis. Mud. Melitodes flabellum.
Anchorage off Pulu Jedan, East coast of Aru [slands. 13 meters. Sand and shi
M, 'abellum, M. espen, M. modes/a, Mopsella studeri, M. spongiosa.
.2^.. 1;. ■ ,1 . 57 meters. Sand and shells, stones. Melitodes variabilis, M.
data, Mopsella studeri, Parisis fruticosa.
59
Station 282. 8°25'.2S., i27°iS'.4E. 27 to 54 meters. Sand, coral and Lithothamnion. Wrightella
tisis.
Station 299. io°52'.4S., i23°i'.iE. 34 meters. Mud, coral and Lithothamnion. Melitodes flabellum,
M. squamata.
Station 305. Mid channel in Solor Strait, Off Kampong Menanga. 113 meters. Stony. Melitodes
flabellum.
STATION 310. 8°3o'S., ii9°7'.5 E. 73 meters. Sand with few pieces of dead coral. Melitodes flabellum,
Acabaria philippinensis, Parisis fruticosa.
Station 315. Anchorage East of Sailus Besar, Paternoster Islands. Up to 36 meters. Coral and
Lithothamnion. Melitodes esperi.
The above list shows that Melitodidae were collected at 26 stations, or at about i3°/oofthe
stations at which successful hauls were made during the Siboga Expedition. The most abundant
genus of Melitodidae in the region covered by the expedition is the type genus Melitodes, which
was collected at 17 stations out of the 26. Melitodes esperi seems to be the most abundant species
of Melitodidae in the collection, having been collected at 9 stations; and M. flabellum is the next.
Table show ing the bathymetric and geographic distribution
of the Scleraxonia of the Siboga Expedition.
BATHYMETRIC.
GEOGRAPHIC, ASIDE FROM DUTCH
1 to
50 to
100 to
200 to
Over
EAST INDIES.
50
100
200
500
500
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
BRIAREIDjE.
Solenocaulon sterroklonium. . .
i/i
£•
Indian Ocean.
Solenocaulou grayi
*
*
Australia, Indian Ocean.
Solenocaulon querciformis . . .
*
*
Solenocaulon jedanensis
*
Titanidium friabilis
•*■
.
*
Bohol, Philippine Islands.
*
North of New Zealand.
.
■£•
*
*
*
Paragorgia splendens
.
*
*
•
Indian Ocean.
SCLEROGORGID.*.
Suberogorgia verricidata. . . .
*
.
*
Northwest coast of Australia, Japan.
*
:
Indian Ocean.
Suberogorgia kollikeri
*
*
*
Japan, Ceylon, Indian Ocean.
*
*
Ceylon.
■£■
.
*
Suberogorgia pulchra
■ft
.
*
Japan, Indian Ocean.
i \ ni\ mi rRic.
Gl OGR \ni!' . ASID1 1 ROM Dl !• 11
l iOOI.l
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100
ioo 500
500
Ml 1 [TODID 1 .
.
.
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[ndian ( Icean.
•
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1ik1i.hi ( Icean.
*
*
.
[ndian c ><-iau.
-•:■
*
[ndian t Icean.
■:•:■
.
.
■:•■
■■■■
.
.
*
.
Indian Ocean.
*
•
1
■
Japan.
.
.
.
.
■■■:■
.
.
.
Indian Ocean.
*
■•■
•
.
*
.
Indian Ocean (Mauritius), 1 ape of Good Hope.
nsis
■>:•
Tonga Islands. (South Pacific).
Sooloo Sea, [ndian Ocean, Australia.
• :•
Hyalonema Grounds Japan).
Birotulata splendens
This talilc clearly indicates that the Scleraxonia are essentially Indo-Pacific in distribution,
luit live species being found so far north as Japan, four extending south to Australia and one
ti> the Tonga Islands. Wrighiella coccinea strays as far from the type locality as the Cape of
Good Hope. Fourtcen of the twehty one hitherto described species are found in the Indian
Ocean, which seems the centre of distribution lor the group, and not a single species is surely
known to occur in the Atlantic < )cean.
In bathymetric distribution this suborder is mainly from shallow water, thirty six of the
thirty nine species in the collection bein^ found at less depths than 100 nieters, and but t< n
ies reaching a depth of over 500 meters. It is a remarkable fact that eight of the ten
species referred to are also found at depths of less than 100 fathoms. The paucity of forms
found between 100 and 500 meters is doubtless mainly accidental, as it is reasonable to suppose
that the eight species found at less than ioo meters and over 500 meters really occur at
intermediate depths.
The deepest dredging at which a species of this suborder was secured in 2264 — 1165
rs, where Suberia tnacrocalyx was taken. Next to this comes Solenocaulon querciformis
from a depth of 828 meters. But the identification of this specimen is somewhat doubtful.
Literature cited
in the Report on the Scleraxonia of the Siboga Expedition.
BoURNE, G. C. A treatise on Zoology. Part II, Chapter VI, 1900.
BRUNDIN, J. A. Z. Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des zoologisches Museums in Upsala. Bihang til k.
Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar, Bd. 22, Heft IV, Nn 3, Stockholm, 1896.
DELAGE et Hérouard. Traite de Zoölogie Concrete. Tomé II, 2me Partie, les Ccelentérés, Paris, 1901.
DUCHASSAING DE FONTBRESSIN, P. Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles. Paris, 1870.
ESPER, E. J. C. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschrei-
bungen. Nürnberg, 1794.
GENTHE, C. Über Solenogorgia tubulosa (eine neue Gattung der Gorgoniden). Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoölogie,
Bd. XVII, 1867.
GERMANOS, N. K. Gorgonaceen von Ternate. Abhandl. Senck. Nat. Ges., Bd. XXIII, Heft I, 1897.
GRAY, J. E. Descriptions of some new Genera of Lithophytes or Stony Zoophytes. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1859.
On the arrangement of Zoophytes with pinnated tentacles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Vol. V, 1859.
Descriptions of two new Genera of Zoophytes {Solenocaulon and Belonella) discovered on the North
coast of Australia by Mr. RAYNOR. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, Vol. X, 1862.
— Notes on some new Genera and Species of Alcyonoid Corals in the British Museum. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, Vol. V, 1870.
— Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the collections of the British Museum. London, 1870.
HiCKSON, S. J. The Alcyonaria of the Maldives, Part III, The Families Murïceidas, Gorgonellidas, Melito-
dida; and the Genera Pennatula, Funephthys. Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive
Archipelagoes, Vol. II, Part IV, 1905.
KÖLLIKER, A. Icones Histiologicae oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehr; 2te Abtheilung, der feinere
Bau der höheren Thiere; istes Heft, die Bindesubstanz der Ccelenteraten. Leipzig, 1865.
Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Polypen, 1870.
KÜKENTHAL, W. Die Gorgonidenfamilie der Melitodidse Verrill. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Bd. XXXIII,
Nr. 7/8, 1908.
LAMARCK, J. B. P. A. DE. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertèbres, Vol. II, Paris, 1S36.
LAMOUROUX, J. F. V. Histoire des Polypiers coralligènes flexibles, Caen, 18 16.
Linn.eus, Carolus. Systema Naturae, iot'1 Edition, 1758.
Systema Naturae, I2th Edition, 1767.
MlLNE-EDWARDS, H. et HA1ME, J. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires ou Polypes proprement dits, Tomé
premier, Paris. 1857.
•iiaiia .'i ti nian Coast. Pro the U.S. Nationaal Museum, XXXV,
Washin
• d l>>' the U.S. Bureau ol Fisheriea Steamei ■Albatross" in
the Vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings "i th> U.S. National Museum, Vol.
X X X I \
nchus Zooph) torum,
Ridli d Collections made in the Indian Ocean during the Voya
II M. ~ London, 1884.
the kr. I the Alcyonaria, Part II. including new Species from Mauritius.
Annals and ol Natura! History, yu Series, Vol. X, 1882.
Al the Mergui Archipelago, [888.
Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche wahrend der Reise S.M.S. "Gazelle" um die
.mimelt wurden. Monatsbericht der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissensch;
11. Berlin, 1
uch ein nes der Alcyonaria. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, S3ster Jahrgang, Bd. I, Heft 1, [887.
Alcyonarien aus der Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck; Separatabdruck aus den
Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck,
Il Ser.j Heft 7 und 8. Lübeck, [894.
THOMSON, J. A. Appendix to the Report on the Alcyonaria. Report to the Government of < eylon on
the Pearl Oyster Pisheries in the Gulf of Manaar. London, 1905.
and M.\' KINNON, 1). A. Alcyonaria collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition by Mr. STANLEY
Gardiner. Part II. The Stolonifera, Alcyonacea, Pseudaxonia and Stelechotokea. Transactions of
the I.inn.i.i' • London, Vol. XIII, part 2. London, 1902.
and HENDERSON, W. I >. Report on the Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Supplementary
Reports, the Alcyonaria. 1905.
- ::fn\ An account of the Alcyonaria collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship "Inves-
itor" in the Indian Ocean. Part I. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. Calcutta, 1906.
- and SlMPSON, J. J. Report on the Alcyonaria collected in the Indian Ocean by the Royal Indian
Marine Survey Ship "Investigator". Part II, The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. 1 alcutta, 1909.
VALENCIENNES, M. Extrait d'une monographie de la familie des Gorgonidées de la classe des Polypes.
nptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de 1'Academie des Sciences, XII. Paris, 1855.
VerriLL, A. I".. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Xatural History, I, 1863.
Revuw of the Corals and 1'olyps of the West Coast of America; Transactions of the Conn. Academy
of Arts and Sciences, I, 2, [867 — 71.
WRIGHT, E. 1'. and Sum.k, Tii. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by II. M.S. "Challenger" iluring
the years 1S73 — 76. The Voyage "f II. M.S. Challenger, Zoology, Vol. XXXI. London, 1S89.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
The photographs were made from nature by the author.
The spicules were drawn under the camera lucida by Mr. Dayton Stoner.
PLATE 1.
I mlon querciformü n. sp. Natural size. \a, part of twig 5.
SIBOOA EXPEDITIE XIII b . C. C. N UITING, SCLERAXOMA.
PLATE li.
i. Solenocaulon jedanensis a. sp. Natural size. i<i, part ol twig 5.
2. Setnperina brunnea n. sp. Natural sizc. ia, part of twig 5.
SIBOüA-EXPEDITIE XIII b. C. C. NUTTINO, SCLERAXONIA.
PLATE III.
'üdium friabüis n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of twig ;.
I 2. Suberia excavata n. sp. Natura] size. 2a, part of branch
r/a macrocalyx n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch 5.
I j. Paragorgia splendens n. sp. Natural size. 4^. part of branch ;.
SIBOGA EXPEDITIE XIII b . C. C. NUTT1NO, SCLERAXONIA.
III
.'
la
■
4a
fy
PLATE IV.
rorgia orientalis Ridley. Natural size. ia, part of twig 5.
SIBOQA-EXPEDITIE XIII b . C. C. NUTTING, SCLERAXONIA.
IV
PLATE V.
1 i. Suberogorgia appressa n. sp. Natura! sizc. \a, tip of branch 5.
S1BOQA-EXPEDITIE XIU b . C. C. NUTT1NG, SCLERAXON1A.
PLATE VI.
Fig. i. Suber pulchra n. sp. Natura! size. i </. part of branch
i 2. SitbeTi thomsoni n. sp. Natural size. 2a, tip of twig 5.
;. Korandes koreni Wright and Studer. Natural size. 3#, tip of brancli 5.
SIBOQA-EXPEOITIE XIIJ b NUTTINC, SCLEKAXON1A.
VI
PLATE VII.
i. Melitodes squamata n. sp. Natural size. ia, part of branch 5.
! 2. Melitodes modesta n. sp. Natural size. 2a, part of twig 5.
3. Acabaria formosa n. sp. Natural size. 3a, part of branch X 5-
SIBOQA-EXPEDITIE XIII b". C. C. NUTTINO, SCLERAXONMA .
VII
PLATE VIII.
I . i. Mopsella spongiosa n. ^>. Natura] size. \a, tip of branch 5.
2. Acabaria triangulata a. sp. Natura! si/.c. 2a. tip of branch 5.
cabaria hicksoni n. sp. Natura! size. 3«, tip of branch 5.
SIBOGA-EXPEDITIE XIII b . C. C. NUTTINO, SCLERAXON1A.
VIM
PLATE IX.
i i. Mopsella studeri n. sp. Xatural size. \a. part of branch 5.
S1BOOA-EXPEDITÏE XIII b\ C. C. NUTTINO, SCLERAXON1A.
IX
i^&B*^
PLATE X.
ulata splendens n. sp. Natural sizr. \a, part of brancli ;.
I ulam splendens n. sp. Another branch, natural size.
SIHOOA-frXPEDITiE XIII b\ C. C. NUTTING, SCLERAXONIA.
PLATE XI.
ulon qturciformis n. sp. a, b and c, spicules from the coenenchyma; </ and e, spicules from
tli ■■ IOO; the others 88.
xnensis n. sp. a, spicule from the axis; b and c, forms from the inner walls of
cal chyma. All 1 20.
ia bruntua n. sp. </ and /-, spicules from the axis; the others from the coenenchyma.
All 120.
■xcavaia n. sp. <i, spicule from the axis; b, a Y-shaped lorm from the ccencnchyma.
120.
;. Suberia macrocalyx n. sp. </. b and c, spicules from the coenenchyma; 88.
im friabilis 11. sp. a and c, spicules from the coenenchyma; d, an intermediate form; />, a
spicule from the axis. All 120.
i appressa n. sp. ./ and b, spicules from the coenenchyma, c, an axis spicule. All 250.
1 thomsoni n. sp. e, an axis spicule; a, /', c and </, forms found in the coenenchyma.
1 pulchra n. sp. <> and ^. fragments of the spicular mesh of the axis; b, c, e and ƒ,
I forms from the coenenchyma; d, rod-shaped form.
Siboga-Expeditio Xlllbs. C. C. Nutting, Scleraxonia.
XI.
D. Stoner del.
PLATE XII.
i. Mei, 'ttamata n. sp. ti. bent tuberculate spindle from polyp; b, c, d and e, spicules from the
ccenenchyma. All 250.
j modesta a. sp. ,/ and b, spindles from the ccenenchyma; c, one-sided spicule from ccenen-
chyma. All 250.
.■ formosa n. sp. a, />, <■ and /, bent spindles; ,/. spiny club; ,\ short, stout form. All 250.
/ hicksom n. sp. ,/, /> and c, heavy bent spindles; d and <•. irregular forms. u and , 120;
the rest
lata n. sp. ,/. triangular form; b, irregular spindle; c, club-shaped form. All 120.
Mopsella studeri n. sp. <i, l> and c, characteristic Blattkeulen with foliaceous projections; d, bent.
irregular spindle. All 250.
'sa n. sp. ii, bent spindle; /> and /, foliaceous clubs; c, irregular spindle; </, charac-
teristic Hlattkeule. All 250.
Birotulata splendens n. sp. a. bent spindle from polyp; /', a combination form; d and c, short
spindle-; c, t. g, characteristic doublé w heels. All 250.
Siboga-Expeditie Xlllb5. C. C. Nutting, Scleraxonia.
XII.
D. Stoner del.
AJ1 1 I . IJ 1 II •
■i' uu iiiminniH ■
iÊ&È&l
' >
m
12ÊL,!
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'. L.V
mm ~ ■ \ :mm i ■ §
RÉSULTATS DES EXPLORATIONS
ZOOLOGIQUES, BOTANIQUES, OCÉANOGRAPHIQUES ET GÈOLOGIQUES
ENTREPRISES AUX
INDE3 NÉE1U.ANDAISES ORIENTALES CU 1899 1900,
a bord du SIBOGA
SOUS LE COMMANDEMENT DE
G. F. TYDEMAN
PUBLIÉS PAR
MAX WEBER,
Chef Je 1'expédition.
*I.
•II.
• III.
IV.
•IV'ij.
V.
*VI.
VII.
• VIII.
*IX.
*x.
•XI.
•XII.
•XIII.
XIV.
•XV.
•XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
*xx.
•XXI.
XXII.
XXII I.
XXI Vi.
XXIV*.
• XXV.
•xXvi.
*XXVI*;>.
XX VII.
XXVIII.
• XXIX.
•XXX.
•XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
•XXXIV.
XXXV.
•XXXVI.
•XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
* XXXIX.
*XL.
XLI.
•XLII.
• XLI1I.
*XLIV.
• XLV.
XLVI.
•"XI, VII.
• XLVIII.
*XL1X'.
•XLIX*.
*L.
*LI.
*LII.
LUI.
*LIV.
LV.
•LVI.
LV1I.
LVIII.
LIX.
•LX.
•LXI.
•LXII.
LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.
LX VI.
Introduction et descriptiou de L'expédition, Max Weber.
Lc bateau et sou équipement seientilique, G. I1'. Tydeman,
Résultats hydrographiques, G. F. Tydeman.
Foraminifera, F. W. Winter.
Xenophyophora, F. E. S c h u 1 z e.
Radiolaria, M. Hartmaan.
Poril'era, G. C. J. Vosmaer et I. Ijima ').
Ilydropolypi, A. Billard.
Stylasterina, S. .1. Hickson et M"« H. M. England.
Siphonophora, M"ca Leus et van Riemsdijk.
Hydromedusae, O. Maas.
Seyphomcdusac, O. Maas.
('tenophora, M'le F. Moser.
Gorgonidae, Alcyouidae, J. Versluys, S. J. Hickson,
[O. C.Nutting et 'j. A. T liomsou ').
Pennatulidae, S. .1. Hickson.
Actiniaria, P. Mc Murrich').
Madrcporaria, A. Alcock et L. Döderlein ').
Autipatharia, A. J. van Pesch.
Tnrbellaria, L. vou Gr af f et R. R. von Stummer.
Cestodes", J. W. Speugel.
Nematomorpha, H. F. Nierstrasz.
Chaetognatha, G. H. Fowler.
Nemertini, A. A. W. Hub recht.
Myzostomidae, R. R. vou S t u in m e r,
Polychaeta errautia, R. Horst.
Polychaeta sedeutaria, M. Caullery et F. Mc suil.
Gephyrea, C. Ph. Sluiter.
Futeropueusta, J. W. Spengel.
Ptcrobranchia, S. F'. 11 arm er.
lirachiopoda, J. F', van Bcminclcn.
Polyzoa, S. F. II arm er.
Cnpepoda, A. Scott').
Ostracoda, G. W. M ii 1 1 e r.
Cirrhipedia, P. P. C. Hoek1).
Isopoda, H. F'. Nierstrasz.
Amphipoda, Ch. Pérez.
Caprellidae, P. .May er.
Stomatopoda, II. J. flansen.
Cumacea, W. T. ('al man.
Schizopoda, II. J. Hansen.
Scnrestidae, H. .1. Hansen.
Pccapoda, J. G. de Man et J. E. W. Ihle ').
Pantopoda, .1. O. CL o man.
Halobatidae, .1. Th. Ou de mans.
Crinoidca, L. Döderlein et Austin II. Clark ').
Echinoidea, J. C. H. de Me ij e re.
Holothurioidea, C. Ph. Sluiter.
Opbiuroidea, R. K ö h 1 e r.
Asteroidea, L. Döderlein.
Solenogastres, II. F. Nierstrasz.
Chitonidae, H. F. Nierstrasz.
Prosobrancbia, M. M. Schcpman1).
Prosobrauchia parasitiea, 11. F. Nierstrasz et M. M.
Opisthobranchia, R. Bergh. [Schcpman.
Heteropoda, J. J. Tesch.
Pteropoda, J. J. Tesch.
Lamellibranchiata. P. Pelsencer et Ph. Dautzenberg.
Scaphopoda, M"a M. Boissevain.
Oephalopoda, L. J o u b i n.
Tunicata, C. Ph. Sluiter et J. E. W. Ihle.
Pisces, Max Weber.
Cetacea, Max Weber.
Liste des algues, M"'o A. Weber.
Halimeda, MUe E. S. Barton. (Mme E. S. Gepp).
Corallinaceae, Mme A. Weber et M. F1 os lic.
Codiaceae, A. et Mme E. S. Gcpp.
Dinoflagellata. Coccosphaeridae, J. P. Lotsy.
Diatomaceae, J. P. Lotsy.
Deposita niarina, O. B. Böggild.
Résultats géologiques, A. W i c h m a n n.
Siboga-Expeditie
THE
"ap
w.
GOR&ONACEA OF THE SIBOGA EXPEDITION
VIII. THE SCLERAXONIA
BY
C. C. NUTTING
Professor of Zoology, State University of Iowa
With 12 plates
■o/o «,-•
Monographie XIII ó5 of:
UITKOMSTEN OP ZOOLOGISCH,
BOTANISCH, OCEANOGRAPHISCH EN GEOLOGISCH GEBIED
verzameld in Nederlandsen Oost-Indië 1899 — 1900
aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van
Luitenant ter zee ie kl. G. F. TYDEMAN
UITGEGEVEN DOOR
Dr. MAX WEBER
Prof. in Amsterdam, Leider der Expeditie
3£
W
i
32.
0p
S&
%£
(met medewerking van de Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig
Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Koloniën)
BOEKHANDEL EN DRUKKERIJ
tOOKUhKK
E. J. BRILL
LEIDEN
,."■ IIIISIij
Fublie' Juin 1911
* Les numéros avec un astérique ont déja paru ceux marqués 1) seulement en partie
Voor de uitgave van de resultaten <1<t Siboga-Expeditie hebben
bijdragen beschikbaar gesteld;
lappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek <1<t Nederlandsche
Kl'loll!
1 [et Ministerie van Koloniën
Het Ministerie van Bmnenfandsche Zaken.
Het Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap » Natura Artis Magistra" te Amsterdam.
De ►Oostersche Handel en Reederij" te Amsterdam.
De Heer B. H i>k Waai. Oud.-Consul-Genc.raal der Nederlanden te Kaapstad.
M. H. te Amsterdam.
The Elizabeth ThompsoQ Science Fund.
CONDITIONS GÉNÉRALES DE VENTE.
1°. L'ouvrage du „Siboga" se composcra d'unc série de monographies.
2'. Ces monographies paraitront au fur et a mesure qu'elles seront prêtes.
:". I.c prix de chaque monographie sera différent, mais nous avons adopté comme base générale du prix de
vente: pour une feuille d'impression sans fig. flor. O.I5; pour unc feuillc avec fig. flor. 0.20 a 0.25 ;
pour une planche noire flor. 0.25; pour unc planche colorice flor. 0.40 ; pour une photogravure flor. O.60.
40. 11 y aura deux modes de souscription :
a. La souscription a l'ouvrage complet.
b. La souscription a des monographies séparées en nombre restreint.
Dans ce dernier cas, Ie prix des monographies sera majorc de 25 °/0.
50. L'ouvrage sera rébni en volumes avec titres et index. Les souscriptcurs a Touvragc complet reecvront
ces titres et index, au fur et a mesure que chaque volume sera complet.
Déia paru: „ 'Prix:
** l Souscnption Monogr.iphies
a l'ouvragc complet séparécs
ie Livr. (Monogr. XLIV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. / 6.— ƒ 7.50
2e Livr. (Monogr. LX) E. S. Barton. The genus Halimeda. With 4 plates '.-, , 1.80 , 2.40
3e Livr. (Monogr. I) Max ^A/eber. Introduction et description de 1'cxpédition. Avec Liste des
Stations et 2 cartes „ 6.75 „ 9. —
4e Livr. (Monogr. II) G. F. Tydeman. Description of the ship and appliances used for scientific
exploration. With 3 plates and illustrations „ 2. — „ 2.50
5e Livr. (Monogr. XLVII) H. F. Nierstrasz. The Solenogastres of the Siboga-Exp. With 6 plates. „ 3.90 „ 4.90
6e Livr. (Monogr. XIII) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition.
I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Mit 170 Figuren im Text „ 3. — ■ „ 3.75
7e Livr. (Monogr. XVI a) A. Alcock. Report on the Deep-Sea Madreporaria of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 5 plates „ 4.60 „ 5.75
8e Livr. (Monogr. XXV) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Sipunculiden und. Echiuriden der Siboga-Exp.
Mit 4 Tafeln und 3 Figuren im Text „ 3. — „ 3.75
9e Livr. (Monogr. VI a) G. C. J. Vosmaer and J. H. Vemhout. The Porifera of the Siboga-
Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. With 5 plates _. „ 2.40 „ 3. —
iOe Livr. (Monogr. XI) OttO Maas. Die Scyphomedusen der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 12 Tafeln. „ 7.50 „ 9.50
11e Livr. (Monogr. XII) Fanny Moser. Die Ctenophoren der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4 Tafeln. „ 2.80 „ 3.50
12e Livr. (Monogr. XXXIV) P. Mayer. Die Caprellidae der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 10 Tafeln. „ 7.80 „ 9.75
13e Livr. (Monogr. III) G. F. Tydeman. Hydrographic results of the Siboga-Expedition. With
24 charts and plans and 3 charts of depths „ 9. — „ 11.25
14e Livr. (Monogr. XLIII) J. C. H. de Meijere. Die Echinoidea der Siboga-Exp. Mit 23 Tafeln. „ 15. — „ 18.75
I5e Livr. (Monogr. XLVa) René Koehler. Ophiures de 1'Expédition du Siboga.
ie Partie. Ophiures de Mer profonde. Avec 36 Planches „ 16.50 „ 20.50
16e Livr. (Monogr. Lil) J. J. Tesch. The Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 6 plates „ 3.75 „ 4.70
17e Livr. (Monogr. LVIa) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.
I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 15 Tafeln „ 6.75 „ 9. —
i8e Livr. (Monogr. LXI) A. Weber— van Bosse and M. Foslie. The Corallinaceae of the Siboga-
Expedition. With 16 plates and 34 textfigures „ 12.50 „ 15.50
19e Livr. (Monogr. VIII) Sydney J. Hickson and Helen M. England. The Stylasterina of
the Siboga Expedition. With 3 plates. .. „ 1.50 „ 1.90
20e- Livr. (Monogr. XLVIII) H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Chitonen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 8 Tafeln. „ 5. — , 6.25
2 ie Livr. (Monogr. XLV b) René Koehler. Ophiures de 1'Expédition du Siboga.
2e Partie. Ophiures littorales. Avec 18 Planches „ 10.25 v 12.75
22e Livr. (Monogr. XXVItó) Sidney F. Harmer. The Pterobranchia of the Siboga-Expedition,
with an account of other species. With 14 plates and 2 text-figures % 6.75 „ 9. —
23e Livr. (Monogr. XXXVI) W. T. Calman. The Cumacea of the Siboga Expedition. With
2 plates and 4 text-figures „ 1.S0 ,, 2.40
24e Livr. (Monogr. LVItf) C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.
Supplement zu der I. Abteilung. Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Mit 1 Tafel. „ — .75 „ I. —
25e Livr. (Monogr. L) Rud. Bergh. Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga-Exped. Mit 20 Tafeln. „ 11.25 „ 14.10
26e Livr. (Monogr. X) OttO Maas. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Exp. Mit 14 Tafeln. „ 9.25 „ 12.50
27e Livr. (Monogr. XIII a) J. Versluys. Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition.
II. Die Primnoidae. Mit 10 Tafeln, 178 Figuren im Text und einer Karte . . . „ 12.50 „ 16.75
28e Livr. (Monogr. XXI) G. Herbert Fowler. The Chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition.
With 3 plates and 6 charts „ 4.20 „ 5.25
29e Livr. (Monogr. LI) J. J. Tesch. Die Heteropoden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 14 Tafeln. „ 6.75 , 9.—
r, \V. Miillcr. Di idcn der Sjb ped. Mit 9 i.it. In. / 4,40
ranz Eilhard Schulze. Die Xcnophyophoren dei Sir> <l.
Mn .'i" , 3.—
! I\ Maria Boissevain. The Scaphopoda "f the Sibo ledition.
With '. plal , t ■■> , 6.—
J. W. Spengel. Studiën über die Entcropneusten d i-Exp.
Mit l -t .14. .1
H. F. Nierstrasz. Die Nematoraorpha der Siboga-Exp. Mit j Tafeln. . r.80 , 3.50
Sydney J. Hickson und J. Versluys. I li( \\< yoniden dei Siboga-
II. Pseudocladochonus Hicksoni. Mit | Tafeln und t6 Figuren im 1 < xt. , 2.20 . 2.75
P. P. C. Hoek. The Cirripedia of the Siboga Expeditioh.
dia pedunculata. With 10 ptates „ 5.40
il- L. Döderlein. Dl ;estielten Crinoiden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit
[al In und i- Figuren im Text , 8.— , 10. —
i 1 i\ Albertine D. Lens and Thea van Riemsdijk. The Siphonophores
the Siboj dition. With 24 plates and Figures , '3-5o „ 1^.75
M nogr. XLIX'a M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.
Part I. Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa, with an Appendix by Prof. R. BBRGH.
With '_» plates and 3 textfigures , 4.S0 , 6. —
M J. C. C. Loman. Die Pantopoden der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 15
In und 4 Figuren im Text. „ 6.25 . 7.80
l J. E. W. Ihle. Die Appendicularien der Siboga-Expedition. Mit 4
Tafeln und 10 Figuren im Text , „ 4.S0 , 6. —
r. XI l\- M. M. Schepman und H. F. Nierstrasz. Parasitische Proso-
branchier der Si cpedition. Mit 2 Tafeln „ 1.20 , 1.50
43c I.ivr. Monogr. XI. 1X7') M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.
Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. With 7 plates „ 4.50 „ 5.60
44< Livr. Monogr. XXIXa) Andrew Scott. The Copepoda of the Siboga Expedition.
Part I. Free-swimming, Littoral and Semi-parasitic ('opepoda. With 69 plates. . ,26. — „32.50
Livr. Monogr. 1 . \" I /■ C. Ph. Sluiter. Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition.
II. Abteilung. Die Merosomen Ascidien. Mit 8 Tafeln und 2 Figuren im Text. „ 5.75 . 7.2^
XLIX' M. M. Schepman. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition.
l'.Lit III. Gymnoglossa. With 1 plate „ — .80 „ 1. —
47- Livr. Monogr. XIII£] C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.
III. The Muriceid.e. With 22 plates 8.50 , 10.75
; 1 ivr. Monogr. XIII/>') C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.
1\'. The Plexauridae. With 4 plates _ i.6o . 2.—
49e Livr. Monogr. LWld) J. E. W. Ihle. Die Thaliaceen (einschliesslich Pyrosomen) der
Siboga-Expedition. Mit 1 Tafel und 6 Figuren im Text 1.75 . 2.20
50* Livr. Monogr. XIII /<'■) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.
Y. The Isid.r. With 6 plates „ 2.25 „ 3. —
51c Livr. (Monogr. XXXVII) H. J. Hanscn. The Schizopoda of the Siboga Expedition. With
md 3 text figures 12.75 . if>. —
:. XIII**) C. C. Nutting. The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition.
VI. 'lli onellidae. With 11 plates „ 4. — t 5. —
gr. XV a) J. Playfair Mc Murrich. The Actiniaria of the Siboga Expedition.
Part I. Ceriantharia. With 1 plate and 14 text figures „ 2.20 v 2.75
r. X 1 1 1 /' ■ C. C. Nutting. The G 1 macea of the Siboga Expedition.
VII. 'I nidae. With .; plates , 1.20 „ 1.50
XXXIXa) J. G. de Man. The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition.
Part. I. Family Penaeidae „ 2.60 „ 3.25
LXII] A. &. E. S. Gepp. The Codiaceae of the Siboga Expedition including
> 1- label 1 tteae. With 22 plates 12.50 . 15.50
C. C. Nutting. Th< G01 1 of the Siboga Expedition.
nia. With 12 plates. / 4.80 , 6. —
1 flor. = Mrk 1.70 = I lh. 8 d. = fr>. 2.12 en cliiffrcs n-rnndicv
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