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Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 


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ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDED 

SEPTEMBER  30,  1984 


Smithsonian  Institution  Press  •  City  of  Washington  •   1985 


Frontispiece:  During  the  past  twenty  years  under  Secretary  Ripley's  guidance, 
the  Smithsonian  has  been  dedicated  to  reaching  out  to  the  public  at  large.  At 
the  same  time,  the  boundaries  of  museum  activities  have  been  extended  beyond 
the  monumental  buildings  to  the  Mall  and  other  spaces  outside.  Exemplifying 
this  spirit,  the  photos  on  the  preceding  pages  show  (left)  one  of  the  posters  at 
Washington  bus  stops  that  promoted  a  major  exhibition  at  the  Freer  Gallery 
celebrating  the  150th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  James  McNeill  Whistler  and 
(right)  a  nineteenth-century  bandstand,  a  gift  from  the  State  of  Illinois,  which 
was  installed  in  the  outdoor  amphitheater  near  the  west  end  of  the  National 
Museum  of  American  History  during  the  early  summer  of  1984. 


For  sale  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  U.S.  Government  Printing  Office, 
Washington,  D.C.  20402  (paper  cover).  Stock  number:  047-000-00400-4 


The  Smithsonian  Institution 


The  Smithsonian  Institution  was  created  by  act  of  Congress  in 
1846  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  will  of  James  Smithson 
of  England,  who  in  1826  bequeathed  his  property  to  the  United 
States  of  America  "to  found  at  Washington,  under  the  name  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  an  establishment  for  the  increase  and 
diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men."  After  receiving  the  property 
and  accepting  the  trust.  Congress  incorporated  the  Institution  in 
an  "establishment,"  whose  statutory  members  are  the  President, 
the  Vice-President,  the  Chief  Justice,  and  the  heads  of  the  executive 
departments,  and  vested  responsibility  for  administering  the  trust 
in  the  Smithsonian  Board  of  Regents. 


THE   ESTABLISHMENT 


Ronald  Reagan,  President  of  the  United  States 

George  H.  W.  Bush,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 

Warren  E.  Burger,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States 

George  P.  Shultz,  Secretary  of  State 

Donald  Regan,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 

Caspar  W.  Weinberger,  Secretary  of  Defense 

William  French  Smith,  Attorney  General 

William  P.  Clark,  Secretary  of  the  Interior 

John  R.  Block,  Secretary  of  Agriculture 

Malcolm  Baldrige,  Secretary  of  Commerce 

Raymond  J.  Donovan,  Secretary  of  Labor 

Margaret  M.  Heckler,  Secretary  of  Health  and  Human  Services 

Terrel  H.  Bell,  Secretary  of  Education 

Samuel  R.  Pierce,  Jr.,  Secretary  of  Housing  and  Urban  Development 

Elizabeth  H.  Dole,  Secretary  of  Transportation 

Donald  P.  Hodel,  Secretary  of  Energy 


Board  of  Regents  and  Secretary  •  September  30,  1984 


REGENTS  OF  THE 
INSTITUTION 


EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 


Warren  E.  Burger,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio,  Chancellor 

George  H.  W.  Bush,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio 

Edwin  J.  (Jake)  Garn,  Senator  from  Utah 

Barry  Goldwater,  Senator  from  Arizona 

James  R.  Sasser,  Senator  from  Tennessee 

Edward  P.  Boland,  Representative  from  Massachusetts 

Silvio  O.  Conte,  Representative  from  Massachusetts 

Norman  Y.  Mineta,  Representative  from  California 

David  C.  Acheson,  citizen  of  the  District  of  Columbia 

Anne  L.  Armstrong,  citizen  of  Texas 

William  G.  Bowen,  citizen  of  New  Jersey 

William  A.  M.  Burden,  citizen  of  New  York 

Jeannine  Smith  Clark,  citizen  of  the  District  of  Columbia 

Murray  Gell-Mann,  citizen  of  California 

A.  Leon  Higginbotham,  Jr.,  citizen  of  Pennsylvania 

Carlisle  H.  Humelsine,  citizen  of  Virginia 

Samuel  C.  Johnson,  citizen  of  Wisconsin 

Warren  E.  Burger,  Chancellor 

David  C.  Acheson 

William  A.  M.  Burden 

Carlisle  H.  Humelsine  (Chairman) 


THE  SECRETARY      Robert  McCormick  Adams 


Phillip  S.  Hughes,  Under  Secretary 

David  Challinor,  Assistant  Secretary  for  Science 

John  E.  Reinhardt,  Assistant  Secretary  for  History  and  Art 

Joseph  Coudon,  Special  Assistant  to  the  Secretary 

James  M.  Hobbins,  Executive  Assistant  to  the  Secretary 

Ann  R.  Leven,  Treasurer 

John  F.  Jameson,  Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration 

William  N.  Richards,  Acting  Assistant  Secretary  for  Museum  Programs 

Peter  G.  Powers,  General  Counsel 

Ralph  Rinzler,  Assistant  Secretary  for  Public  Service 

James  McK.  Symington,  Director,  Office  of  Membership  and  Development 


VI 


Smiihsonian  Year  .  1984 
CONTENTS 


page  V  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

vi  BOARD  OF  REGENTS  AND  SECRETARY 

1  STATEMENT  BY  THE  SECRETARY 

3  PREFACE 

37  FINANCIAL  REPORT 

73  SCIENCE 

73  National  Air  and  Space  Museum 

84  National  Museum  of  Natural  History 

105  National  Zoological  Park 

119  Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants 

124  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory 

140  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Center 

157  Smithsonian  Office  of  Educational  Research 

158  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute 

179  HISTORY  AND  ART 

179  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum 

181  Archives  of  American  Art 

186  Center  for  Asian  Art:  Freer  Gallery  of  Art  and 

Arthur  M.  Sackler  Gallery 

191  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum 

195  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden 

198  Joseph  Henry  Papers 

199  National  Museum  of  African  Art 
204  National  Museum  of  American  Art 
208  National  Museum  of  American  History 
219  National  Portrait  Gallery 

223  Office  of  American  Studies 

225  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

225  Conservation  Analytical  Laboratory 

233  National  Museum  Act  Programs 

235  Office  of  Exhibits  Central 


vu 


MUSEUM  PROGRAMS,  Continued 

238  Office  of  Horticulture 

249  Office  of  Museum  Programs 

264  Office  of  the  Registrar 

265  Smithsonian  Institution  Archives 
269  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 

280  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service 

287  PUBLIC  SERVICE 

287  International  Center 

287  Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education 

293  Office  of  Folklife  Programs 

296  Office  of  International  Activities 

297  Office  of  Smithsonian  Symposia  and  Seminars 
302  Office  of  Telecommunications 

304  Smithsonian  Institution  Press 

307  Smithsonian  Magazine 

308  Visitor  Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center 

315  ADMINISTRATION 

316  Administrative  and  Support  Activities 
321  Financial  Management  Activities 

323  Smithsonian  Institution  Women's  Council 

325  MEMBERSHIP  AND  DEVELOPMENT 

325  Office  of  Development 

326  National  Board  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates 

327  Women's  Committee  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates 

329  James  Smithson  Society 

330  Smithsonian  National  Associate  Program 
337  Smithsonian  Resident  Associate  Program 

355  PUBLIC  INFORMATION 

355  Office  of  Public  Affairs 

361  READING  IS  FUNDAMENTAL,  INC. 

367  WOODROW  WILSON  INTERNATIONAL  CENTER  FOR  SCHOLARS 

371  JOHN  F.  KENNEDY  CENTER  FOR  THE  PERFORMING  ARTS 

393  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  ART 

401  CHRONOLOGY 

425  APPENDICES 


irau 


SMITHSONIAN  YEAR  •    1984 


STATEMENT  BY  THE  SECRETARY 


The  Smithsonian  Institution    •    1985 


Gary  Winnop  of  Sitka,  Alaska,  checks  rigging  at  the  1984  Festival  of  American 
Folklife.  Native  Alaskan  basketry,  doll  making,  wood  and  ivory  carving,  gold- 
mining,  logging,  music,  and  dance  were  among  the  traditions  presented  to  mark 
Alaska's  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  statehood. 


Preface 

ROBERT  McC.  ADAMS 


Institutionally,  the  Smithsonian  is  unique.  Its  stockholders,  to 
stretch  the  term  but  slightly,  are  the  people  of  the  United  States. 
This  Smithsonian  Year  is  a  report  to  the  people  on  the  achieve- 
ments and  problems  of  fiscal  year  1984. 

I  had  the  great  honor  of  becoming  the  Smithsonian's  ninth  Sec- 
retary a  mere  thirteen  days  before  the  end  of  that  year.  This,  then, 
can  only  be  a  letter  of  transmittal.  Appropriately,  the  traditional 
Statement  of  the  Secretary  introducing  this  report  is  penned  by 
the  distinguished  scientist,  educator,  and  administrator  who  led 
the  Smithsonian  not  only  through  all  but  a  few  days  of  fiscal  year 
1984  but  also  through  two  momentous  decades  before  that. 

It  was  a  period  of  rich  development  and  meaningful  growth. 
Under  Dillon  Ripley's  guidance,  the  Institution  was  able  to  open 
doors  and  windows,  both  literally  and  figuratively.  The  doors  of 
a  string  of  new  museums  were  thrown  open;  windows  to  the  minds 
of  millions  were  opened  through  a  range  of  imaginative  exhibi- 
tions, programs,  and  publications.  Research  blossomed,  and  results 
in  scholarship  were  impressive. 

The  years  ahead  will  be  years  of  challenge  in  a  changing  world, 
a  changing  economy,  changing  educational  and  cultural  priorities. 
I  am  confident  that  the  Institution,  building  upon  the  Ripley  heri- 
tage, will  continue  to  be  faithful  to  its  mandate  to  increase  and 
diffuse  knowledge  for  the  benefit  of  humankind. 


Time  Present  and  Time  Past  Are  Wrapped  in 
Time  Future 

5.  DILLON  RIPLEY 


"Gentlemen  [and  Ladies] :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  a  report 
showing  the  activities  and  condition  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
and  its  branches.  .  .  ."  Thus,  in  the  manner  of  the  first  seven 
Secretaries,  I  greeted  the  Regents  in  1964.  Having  served  rhetorical 
formality,  I  am  honored  to  begin  my  final  report.  There  is  certain 
comfort  in  tradition,  after  all,  an  accustomed  fit  like  an  old  tweed 
coat  against  the  drafts  of  new  circumstance.  Tugging  precedent 
around  my  shoulders,  I  recall  that  my  immediate  predecessor, 
Leonard  Carmichael,  reported  on  his  first  ten  years  en  bloc.  So  I 
am  pleased  to  follow  his  worthy  example  and  review  the  past  score 
years,  as  long  a  term  as  anyone  save  our  paradigm,  Joseph  Henry, 
was  privileged  to  serve.  It  is  a  pleasure  here  to  hand  on  the  Smith- 
sonian torch  to  the  excellent  successor  to  us  all,  Robert  McCormick 
Adams. 

Looking  backward — a  proven  way  to  take  one's  bearings  in  the 
woods  or  when  putting  out  to  sea — I  am  astonished  to  observe 
how  far  we  have  come  since  1964,  a  landmark  year  on  many  fronts. 
In  January,  Dr.  Carmichael  had  paved  the  way  for  the  opening  of 
the  Museum  of  History  and  Technology,  ably  assisted  by  Frank 
Taylor,  that  museum's  first  director;  a  national  cultural  center  pro- 
posed by  President  Eisenhower  was  renamed  for  John  F.  Kennedy 
and  placed  under  the  Smithsonian  aegis;  some  10  million  visitors 
entered  our  buildings  on  the  Mall;  three  cubs  were  born  to  Mohini, 
the  white  tiger  at  the  National  Zoo;  1.2  million  specimens  were 
acquired,  some  six  hundred  of  them  donated  by  the  still-active 
sixth  Secretary,  Alexander  Wetmore.  Also  in  that  year,  no  doubt 
emboldened  by  my  relative  youth,  I  expounded  the  following 
thought:  "Museums  and  their  related  laboratories  are  just  entering 
a  new  era,  and  museum  resources  are  being  drawn  upon  as  never 
before  for  general  education."  [Emphasis  belated.] 

Twenty  years  later,  I  relish  the  memory  of  what  was  in  the 
air — an  electric  and  electrifying  energy  like  a  summer  storm  over 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  5 


Alexander  Wetmore  (left),  the  sixth  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
and  Watson  M.  Perrygo  prepare  bird  skins  at  La  Jagua  Hunting  Club  near 
Chico,  Panama,  in  this  1949  Smithsonian  Institution  Archives  photo. 


the  great  plain  of  the  then  empty  Mall.  It  boded  so  well  in  many 
respects:  the  promise  of  enriching  activity,  like  warm  rain  to 
nourish  the  crop  of  human  potential.  President  Kennedy's  clarion 
call  to  a  New  Frontier  still  echoed  noble  challenges  as  the  Peace 
Corps  reached  its  stride,  and  the  Great  Society  agenda  was  gather- 
ing force.  The  new  National  Council  on  the  Arts  was  conceiving 
the  Arts  and  Humanities  Endowments  that  would  grow  mightily 
during  President  Nixon's  administration.  America  was  "busting  out 
all  over"  in  1964,  not  only  at  the  Smithsonian  but  everywhere.  It 
is  fitting  to  remember  that  all  the  energy  was  not  wisely  spent; 
that  a  well-intentioned  nation  blundered  into  the  Vietnam  mis- 
adventure. The  nation  and  its  leaders  were  not  faultless  in  that 
highly  charged  decade  (or  any  other),  but  the  common  failings 
then  were  neither  timidity  nor  conformity.  Even  around  the  Smith- 
sonian— especially  here,  I  believe — one  sensed  a  kind  of  estival 
energy. 

Perhaps  one  had  to  have  been  here  in  the  dead  of  institutional 
winter  to  appreciate  it.  Again  "look  backward  lest  we  fail  to  mark 
the  path  ahead."  Early  in  the  Second  World  War,  I  had  passed 
through  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  found  it  as  stifling 
as  my  wartime  destination  in  the  Southeast  Asian  forest.  The  ad- 
ministrator of  the  museum  was  unaffectionately  known  as  the 
"Abominable  No-man"  for  his  unwavering  diligence  in  barring  the 
door  against  innovation,  while  the  curatorial  staff  was  preoccupied 
with  housekeeping  and  the  conduct  of  bureaucracy.  Yet  by  1964, 
a  new  generation  of  curators  was  emerging.  Perhaps  they  repre- 
sented a  phylogenetic  leap  or,  more  likely,  were  boosted  by  the 
winds  of  productive  adventure  blowing  across  the  land. 

Raising  our  sights  two  decades  ago,  we  surveyed  the  world  of 
science,  history,  and  art  from  the  Castle  and  realized  our  discov- 
ered goals  were  not  so  much  new  ambitions  as  renewed  intentions 
to  realize  the  Institution's  ancient  promise.  We  found  one  challenge 
in  Secretary  Henry's  aim  to  make  the  Smithsonian  a  center  for 
"enlarging  the  bounds  of  human  thought";  another  in  his  boast 
that  "we  have  from  the  first  kept  a  keen  eye  on  every  discovery 
of  science  and  every  invention  in  art";  a  third  in  his  vision  for  a 
"College  of  Discoverers."  Nor  could  we  forget  the  mighty  mandate 
of  the  legator  himself  "to  found  in  Washington  an  Institution  for 
the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge." 

First  among  my  aims  was  the  basically  democratic  one  to  make 
the  Smithsonian  known  to  its  owners,  the  American  people  and  by 
extension  all  humankind.  The  public  had  come  to  view  the  Smith- 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  7 


sonian  as  a  dusty  vitrine  containing  insects  impaled  on  little  pins, 
their  names  penned  in  a  language  as  dead  as  the  halls'  appeal.  We 
wanted  to  invite  people  in,  to  make  them  welcome,  to  accomplish 
the  museum's  principal  work  of  attracting  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren to  exhibits  and  activities  that  stimulate  the  soul  and  the 
intellect. 

Second,  if  the  Smithsonian  were  to  claim  its  rightful  place  among 
learned  societies,  the  deprivations  of  its  own  staff  must  end.  It 
behooved  us  to  appreciate  the  men  and  women  who  in  some 
instances  labored  in  Dickensian  gloom,  and  behooved  us  specifically 
to  create  both  an  atmosphere  in  which  they  might  thrive  and  an 
outlook  that  would  attract  gifted  successors. 

Third,  a  fair  reading  of  the  founder's  will  and  a  quick  study  of 
the  Institution's  history  showed  substantial  gaps  in  the  curriculum. 
Both  the  original  mandate  and  the  precedents  of  practice  encour- 
aged us  to  find  or  create  ways  to  fill  those  gaps,  as  for  example  in 
art,  environmental  science,  and  aeronautica. 

Finally,  it  was  incumbent  on  America's  preeminently  national 
museum  complex  to  take  its  place  as  a  leader  both  in  this  country 
and  abroad. 

Not  surprisingly,  these  interrelated  goals  answered  problems  that 
were  connected.  Over  time  an  original  premise  of  the  place  had 
turned  topsy  turvy:  privately  supported  by  a  single  bequest,  the 
Institution  had  received  from  Congress  a  tiny  sum  in  1855  to  pay 
for  tending  some  miscellaneous  collections,  but  now  that  stipend 
had  mushroomed  until  the  government  provided  90  percent  of  the 
budget.  No  wonder  the  public  didn't  see  the  Smithsonian  as  their 
own;  it  belonged  to  the  Feds.  If  people  came  to  know  the  Smith- 
sonian better,  we  reasoned,  not  only  would  they  profit  personally 
and  intellectually  but  they  might  come  to  support  it  more.  In  time, 
then,  we  might  restore  an  organization  supported  equally  by  pri- 
vate persons  and  the  government. 

There  is  a  footnote  to  history,  perhaps,  in  a  memo  written  to 
me  in  1981  by  our  then  treasurer,  Chris  Hohenlohe:  "In  reviewing 
some  historical  material  on  Smithsonian  budgets,  I  discovered  the 
interesting  fact  that  the  operating  budget  for  the  current  fiscal 
year,  1980 — just  under  $200  million — is  equivalent  to  the  total  of 
all  operating  expenditures  of  the  Smithsonian  for  the  years  1847 
through  1963.  Put  another  way,  you  will  be  overseeing  a  budget 
in  this  year  alone  which  equals  all  of  the  moneys  spent  by  your 
seven  predecessors.  Since  your  incumbency,  you  have  already  been 
responsible  for  overseeing  87  percent  of  all  of  the  Smithsonian's 


8  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Above:  Ralph  Chapman,  researcher  in  the  Paleobiology  Department  of  the 
National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  leads  a  Resident  Associate  parent-child 
class  about  dinosaurs  while  the  participants  make  plaster  casts  of  a  dinosaur- 
like animal.  (Photograph  by  Lillian  O'Connell)  Below:  Roger  Morigi,  a  retired 
master  stone  carver  at  the  Washington  Cathedral,  lets  young  visitors  try  their 
hand  at  carving  as  part  of  "The  Grand  Generation:  Folklore  and  Aging"  pro- 
gram at  this  year's  Folklife  Festival  on  the  Mall. 


operating  expenses  since  1847.  .  .  ." 

Personnel  problems  were  also  linked  to  the  dependency  on  fed- 
eral appropriations.  For  reasons  lost  in  the  ossuaries  of  history, 
every  Smithsonian  employee  was  a  federal  worker  first  and  a 
scholar,  scientist,  or  technician  second.  The  terms  of  employment 
did  not  necessarily  address  the  career  concerns  of  scholar  or  scien- 
tist. It  was  clear  that  we  had  to  find  ways  to  compete  with  univer- 
sities and  other  research  institutions,  to  offer  not  only  laboratory 
space,  but  staff  assistance,  publishing  opportunity,  and  higher 
salaries  which  perforce  must  be  funded  from  new  private  endow- 
ments. As  a  virtual  ward  of  the  government,  the  Institution  might 
eschew  individual  enterprise  and  intellectual  initiative.  It  behooved 
us  to  encourage  our  people  in  the  unfettered  pursuit  of  profes- 
sional interests. 

Looking  back  over  these  twenty  years  is  like  studying  a  great 
tapestry  in  the  Textiles  Collection,  a  complex  of  many  threads.  In 
that  first  fiscal  year  the  Smithsonian  bravely  opened  several  new 
offices  to  embark  on  overdue  work  in  various  directions.  We  estab- 
lished an  Office  of  Education  and  Training,  then  an  Office  of 
International  Activities  which  William  W.  Warner  directed  with 
peripatetic  eclat.  It  organized  the  first  archaeological  dig  abroad 
with  State  Department  cooperation.  It  helped  unesco  rescue  Abu 
Simbel  and  the  monuments  of  Nubia  from  the  rising  waters  of 
Lake  Nasser.  It  facilitated  American  scientists  of  all  disciplines  and 
affiliations  to  work  abroad  by  making  local  currencies  available 
to  them  as  "counterpart  funds."  If  it  appeared  that  the  Institution 
was  embarked  on  an  "outreach"  campaign  that  year,  the  stage  was 
being  set  for  other  drama  through  such  activities  as  the  first  con- 
versations with  Joseph  H.  Hirshhorn. 

Studying  what  had  come  before  offered  a  splendid  springboard, 
for  a  review  of  Smithson's  legacy  revealed  that  1965  was  the  bi- 
centennial of  the  founder's  birth.  What  better  occasion  to  win 
academe  and  public  alike  to  our  renascent  cause  and,  mirabile  dictu, 
rededicate  his  namesake  Institution.  The  convocation  celebrating 
James  Smithson's  200th  birthday  brought  the  pomp  and  panoply 
of  a  full-dress  academic  procession  to  the  Mall  as  we  conferred 
the  first  Smithson  Medal  on  the  Royal  Society  (of  which  our 
founder  had  been  a  member  at  age  twenty-four).  Some  five  hun- 
dred learned  societies  around  the  globe  sent  their  representatives 
in  recognition  of  the  Smithsonian's  contributions  to  learning  since 
1846.  These  barkened  back  to  the  free  exchange  of  scientific  infor- 
mation and  research  under  the  first  Secretary. 


10  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  academic  procession  from  the  Smithsonian  Castle  to  the  National  Museum 
of  Natural  History  for  the  formal  opening  of  the  Institution's  eighth  interna- 
tional symposium,  "The  Road  after  1984:  High  Technology  and  Human  Free- 
dom," on  December  8,  1983. 


Fiscal  year  1965  also  saw  the  creation  of  the  Resident  Associate 
Program,  which  proved  the  Biblical  lesson  of  manifold  returns: 
"Give,  and  it  shall  be  given  unto  you."  Some  subscribers  thought 
the  program  an  act  of  overt  generosity  on  our  part,  yet  it  has 
earned  more  than  it  cost  many  times  over.  For  one  thing,  it  pro- 
vided a  new  way  for  the  Institution  to  do  its  important  work  by 
offering  a  new  vehicle  to  diffuse  knowledge.  For  another,  it  brought 
into  the  Smithsonian  fold  a  whole  new  constituency  of  friends  who 
would  be  both  self-motivated  seekers  and  our  ambassadors.  This 
and  subsequent  Associates  programs  brought  us  close  to  people 
and  them  to  iis.  Resembling  programs  suggested  by  Secretary 
Walcott  in  1926,  they  provided  educational  and  recreation  oppor- 
tunities for  people  who  soon  supported  the  Institution  with  their 
gifts  and  good  offices. 

On  the  several  scientific  fronts:  Donald  Davis  proved  through 
the  intriguing  agency  of  moths  that  yucca  and  agave  plants  belong 
to  one  genus;  through  faunal  evidence  J.  F.  Gates  Clarke  demon- 
strated the  then  surprising  hypothesis  of  continental  drift:  that 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  Rapa  Island,  and  South  Africa  were  once 
joined.  Pioneering  volunteer  observers  joined  the  Prairie  Network 
to  track  satellites  and  meteorites  across  the  night  skies;  the  new 
publications  series  Contributions  to  Anthropology  was  launched; 
we  were  given  an  estuarine  tract,  the  Chesapeake  Bay  Center  for 
Environmental  Studies,  now  a  2500-acre  natural  workshop  and 
laboratory;  the  Flight  Cage  at  the  National  Zoo  opened  to  the 
delight  of  visitors  and  avian  occupants  alike. 

On  strategic  fronts,  the  Regents  authorized  the  start  of  sub- 
stantive conversations  both  with  Mr.  Hirshhorn  and  with  the 
trustees  of  New  York's  beleaguered  art  museum  at  the  Cooper 
Union  Institute.  Sites,  the  traveling  exhibition  service,  was  reac- 
tivated. Mary  Livingston  Ripley  helped  organize  the  soon  highly 
effective  Women's  Committee,  while  her  husband  contemplated 
the  sorry  tradition  that  the  Secretary  was  the  only  Smithsonian 
figure  listed  in  the  social  directory,  the  Green  Book.  This  was  a 
fact  that  had  nothing  to  do  with  any  scholarly  issue  or  museum 
policy;  but  it  had  everything  to  do  with  Washington's  infrastruc- 
ture, with  money  and  access  to  eleemosynary  support  anywhere. 
As  surely  as  an  expedition  in  Nepal  needs  caches  of  food,  success 
in  any  Washington  venture  requires  access  to  the  seats  of  influ- 
ence, a  fact  of  life  that  may  have  been  neglected  by  previous 
Secretaries  who  did  not  believe  their  duties  included  fundraising. 
Meanwhile,  mindful  of  Joseph  Henry's  belief  that  the  Mall  might 


12  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


be  made  one  of  the  most  delightful  places  in  the  United  States,  we 
began  turning  this  greensward  into  a  park  for  people,  a  lawn  of 
living  celebrations,  as  trumpeters  mounted  the  Castle's  North 
Portico  and  the  National  Symphony  performed  on  the  terrace  of 
the  new  Museum  of  History  and  Technology. 

In  the  banner  year  of  1966,  beetles  arrived  from  the  tomb  of 
Tutankhamen;  the  Arts  and  Industries  Building  was  renovated; 
Nathan  Reingold  began  editing  The  Papers  of  Joseph  Henry,  a 
project  jointly  sponsored  by  the  Smithsonian,  the  American  Phil- 
osophical Society,  and  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences;  the  Divi- 
sion of  Performing  Arts  made  its  debut;  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Press  began  publishing,  with  some  trade  books  in  addition  to 
a  scholarly  and  scientific  list. 

Above  all.  President  Johnson  proved  himself  a  friend  of  art  and 
of  the  Smithsonian.  First,  he  was  instrumental  in  saving  the  original 
Corcoran  art  gallery  building  from  demolition.  This  architectural 
gem  next  to  Blair  House  was  transferred  to  the  Smithsonian  for 
restoration  as  the  Renwick  Gallery.  Next,  the  President  and  Mrs. 
Johnson  personally  interceded  in  the  cause  of  the  Joseph  H.  Hirsh- 
horn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden.  I  had  solicited  the  Johnsons' 
help  in  this  matter,  believing  that  they  appreciated  the  ineffable 
value  of  great  art  to  the  American  people  in  general  and  Washing- 
ton in  particular.  It  seemed  unfortunate  that  Washington  might 
lose  this  opportunity  because  of  the  presumption  that  nothing  more 
on  the  Mall  could  have  a  donor's  name  on  it.  A  truly  passionate 
collector  of  modern  art,  Hirshhorn  owned  nearly  seven  thousand 
objects  then  valued  at  over  $24  million,  and  he  wanted  to  give  the 
lot — within  an  edifice  he  would  help  build — to  America.  There 
was  stiff  competition  between  cities,  nay  among  nations,  to  possess 
this  collection,  but  the  President's  personal  interest  and  interven- 
tion won  it  for  us.  The  gift  of  this  treasury  was  one  of  three  signal 
art  events  in  Washington's  history,  in  the  grand  tradition  of 
Charles  Lang  Freer's  contribution  of  his  unrivaled  orientalia  and 
Andrew  W.  Mellon's  donation  of  the  National  Gallery  of  Art. 

Finally,  1966  marked  the  first  of  an  annual  miniconvocation  of 
scholars,  academic  specialists,  artists,  musicians,  critics,  and  scien- 
tists in  cognate  fields  assembled  as  the  Smithsonian  Council.  The 
purpose  of  the  three-day  meetings  of  this  council  is  mutual  ex- 
change: the  Council  familiarizes  itself  with  the  scholarly  diversity 
of  our  Institution,  while  our  colleagues  are  exposed  to  kindred 
souls  in  all  fields.  Each  group  comes  to  understand  the  other  and 
in  the  telling  we  are  able  to  disseminate  our  wares  to  the  intellec- 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  13 


Above:  Abram  Lerner  (left),  then  director  of  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and 
Sculpture  Garden,  with  Helmut  Schmidt,  former  Chancellor  of  West 
Germany,  studying  a  work  in  the  exhibition  German  Expressionist  Sculp- 
ture, April  2,  1984.  Below:  Shown  at  the  twentieth  anniversary  celebra- 
tion of  the  Organization  of  African  Unity  at  the  National  Museum  of 
African  Art,  December  20,  1983,  are  (left  to  right)  Edward  J.  Perkins, 
Director,  Office  of  West  African  Affairs,  U.S.  State  Department;  Henri  A. 
Turpin,  Counselor,  Senegal;  Secretary  Ripley;  Chester  A.  Crocker,  As- 
sistant Secretary  of  State,  Bureau  of  African  Affairs;  and  Sylvia  Williams, 
Director,  National  Museum  of  African  Art.    Photograph  by  Jeff  Ploskonka 


tual  world  about.  The  experience  has  not  always  "worked,"  but 
the  annual  meetings  serve  as  a  fascinating  inward  look  and  out- 
ward exposure  for  both  sides. 

The  following  year  marked  the  bestowal  upon  the  Smithsonian 
of  the  Lilly  Collection  of  rare  coins.  Work  began  on  the  revised 
multivolume  Handbook  of  North  American  Indians  and  the  Urgent 
Anthropology  Program.  The  year  1967  also  brought  new  vitality 
to  "people  programs."  Alarmed  by  the  consensus  among  authori- 
ties at  an  Aspen  conference  that  museums  belonged  to  gentry, 
Charles  Blitzer  and  I  countered  with  a  novel  proposal:  If  less  ele- 
gant people  tacitly  proved  the  brahmins  correct  by  staying  away 
from  marble  halls  on  the  Mall,  the  Loop,  and  Fifth  Avenue,  then 
let  us  build  smaller  museums  in  lesser  neighborhoods.  In  Washing- 
ton's inner  city  we  found  an  abandoned  movie  theater,  a  willing 
community,  and  an  administrator  who  was  a  local  resident  and 
knew  the  area  and  its  people  well.  Then  John  R.  Kinard  opened 
the  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum,  and  its  doors  are  still  open, 
on  the  avenue  later  named  for  the  Rev.  Dr.  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr. 

The  Department  of  Transportation  was  also  born  in  1967,  and 
the  Smithsonian  took  due  notice.  A  vehicular  extravaganza  on  the 
Mall  (which  already  boasted  the  roundabout  jitney  of  the  carousel) 
featured  a  rally  of  antique  cars,  an  exhibit  of  vehicles  of  the  future, 
and  even  a  demonstration  of  real  levitation  as  a  "test  pilot"  bound- 
ed around  wearing  a  rocket  belt.  But  in  the  most  splendid  event 
on  our  lawns  that  year,  the  first  Festival  of  American  Folklife, 
under  the  far-seeing  direction  of  Ralph  Rinzler,  our  expert  in 
ethnicity  and  folkcrafts,  celebrated  the  manifold  creativity  of  the 
American  people. 

In  1968,  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  opened  and,  reflecting 
the  spirit  of  the  National  Museum  Act  of  1966,  provided  an 
array  of  advisory  and  assistance  programs  to  kindred  institutions 
throughout  the  land.  It  also  would  serve  as  our  conduit  of  news 
about  goings  on  elsewhere  in  America  and  abroad.  New  York's 
Cooper  Union  Museum  was  reborn  as  a  Smithsonian  bureau,  the 
Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  of  Decorative  Arts  and  Design,  signif- 
icantly our  only  museum  outside  Washington,  D.C. 

In  Washington  the  fabled  Patent  Office  Building  became  another 
of  the  Smithsonian's  many  mansions,  this  one  to  house  both  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery  and  the  National  Collection  of  Fine  Arts. 
Here  nomenclature  presented  conundrums  fit  for  a  taxonomist. 
Since  1910  the  Smithsonian  had  a  "National  Gallery  of  Art"  of 
sorts,  but  Andrew  Mellon  had  appropriated  the  generic  name  with 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  15 


his  famous  gift  in  1938.  The  Smithsonian's  art  holdings  then  ac- 
quired the  title  of  National  Collection  of  Fine  Arts,  a  rather  grandi- 
ose handle  for  the  eclectic,  interesting,  yet  fragmentary  group  of 
objets  that  dustily  reposed  in  Hall  10  of  the  Natural  History  Mu- 
seum. It  was  this  material  that  became  the  nucleus  of  the  Patent 
Office's  north  side,  which  was  later  renamed  most  descriptively 
the  National  Museum  of  American  Art. 

As  for  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  this  was  no  mere  copy  of 
a  British  model,  but  thanks  to  its  first  two  directors,  Charles  Nagel 
and  Marvin  Sadik,  a  uniquely  original  museum:  a  source  of  visual 
information  about  famous  Americans. 

In  1968,  the  Woodrow  Wilson  International  Center  for  Scholars 
was  chartered  by  Congress  as  a  Smithsonian  bureau  (under  an 
independent  board  of  trustees,  like  the  Kennedy  Center  and  the 
National  Gallery  of  Art).  In  the  same  year  the  Smithsonian  Astro- 
physical  Observatory,  a  joint  venture  with  Harvard  University, 
opened  its  largest  field  facility,  later  named  the  Fred  Lawrence 
Whipple  Observatory,  atop  Mount  Hopkins  in  Arizona.  As  the 
decade  drew  to  a  close,  we  looked  farther  and  farther  ahead. 
Ground  was  broken  for  the  Hirshhorn  Museum,  and  plans  were 
laid  for  a  national  magazine  to  report  on  everything  that  interested 
the  Smithsonian  "or  should  interest  it,"  as  founding  editor  Edward 
K.  Thompson  put  it. 

As  the  new  decade  began,  we  received  approval  to  build  the 
National  Air  and  Space  Museum  by  a  stroke  of  fiduciary  genius 
that  might  stand  every  government  agency  in  good  stead  today. 
Congress  had  authorized  the  expenditure  of  some  $40  million  for 
the  new  museum,  and  we  had  commissioned  a  fine  design.  But  with 
costs  skyrocketing,  the  construction  bids  were  coming  in  at  $65 
million  and  up.  Representative  Michael  Kirwan,  a  former  Regent 
and  faithful  friend  on  Capitol  Hill,  warned  of  disaster  if  we  re- 
quested more  money.  Instead,  we  informed  our  architect,  Gyo 
Obata,  of  our  dilemma,  told  him  that  there  was  no  alternative  to 
a  streamlined,  stripped-down  design.  At  the  same  time,  we  per- 
suaded a  new  President,  Mr.  Nixon,  the  Budget  Office,  and  Con- 
gress that  if  there  was  to  be  a  National  Air  and  Space  Museum 
in  Washington  on  July  4,  1976,  we  must  act  quickly  and  push  our 
design  and  budget  through.  For  this  we  summoned  a  blue  ribbon 
team:  two  Regents,  William  Burden  and  James  Webb,  and  the 
charismatic  figure  of  Michael  Collins  fresh  from  the  first  moon 
voyage.  This  astronaut  pleaded  our  cause  as  the  Director-elect  of 
the  world's  most  popular  museum  of  the  future.  Meanwhile,  the 


16  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


An  aerial  view  of  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory's  primary  site  for 
ground-based  astronomy,  the  Fred  Lawrence  Whipple  Observatory  on  Mt.  Hop- 
kins, Arizona,  looking  north  toward  Tucson.  Several  instruments,  including  a 
lO-meter-diameter  gamma-ray  collector  and  1.5-meter  and  61-centimeter  optical 
reflectors  (at  lower  left),  and  support  and  maintenance  facilities  are  located  on 
a  mile-long  ridge  at  the  7,600-foot  level.  The  Multiple  Mirror  Telescope,  a  joint 
facility  with  the  University  of  Arizona,  is  located  on  the  8,500-foot  summit. 


Natural  History  Museum  purchased  a  device  of  then  novel  design 
and  priceless  worth  for  its  investigations  of  previously  unperceiv- 
able  minutiae,  our  first  scanning  electron  microscope.  The  Institu- 
tion also  abetted  the  exploration  of  ephemera  by  supporting  a  new 
branch  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  the  Center  for  Short-Lived 
Phenomena. 

The  troubled  1970s  saw  new  and  diverse  activity  on  and  around 
the  Mall.  For  one  thing,  the  Kennedy  Center  opened.  For  another, 
citizens  returned  en  masse  to  Washington  to  protest  the  tragic  war 
in  Vietnam.  Here  we  were  able  to  serve  in  a  manner  unexpected 
for  repositories  of  fossils  and  art.  When  tear  gas  lacrimated  the 
city,  more  than  80,000  people  found  fresh  air  in  the  environ- 
mentally contained  Museum  of  History  and  Technology. 

In  another  sort  of  departure  from  inhumane  policies,  we  annulled 
the  rule  requiring  our  researchers  to  present  their  papers  for  pre- 
publication  review.  And  under  the  aegis  of  Charles  Blitzer  and 
David  Challinor,  the  tasks  of  heading  scholarly  and  scientific  de- 
partments were  put  on  a  rotating  basis — no  more  permanent 
chairmen — in  hope  of  precluding  the  investiture  of  a  bureaucratic 
satrapy. 

In  1970,  the  Archives  of  American  Art,  an  invaluable  repository 
of  the  personal  history  and  maturation  of  America's  artists,  be- 
came a  Smithsonian  bureau.  Also,  hospitality  services  for  the 
Institution  were  expanded  through  the  Visitors  Information  and 
Associates'  Reception  Center,  which  now  directs  a  corps  of  volim- 
teers  approximately  as  large  as  the  Smithsonian's  staff.  Viarc 
opened  in  conjunction  with  the  premiere  issue  of  Smithsonian 
magazine,  whose  subscribers  were  automatically  National  Asso- 
ciates. The  magazine  won  Regents'  approval  just  after  Earl  Warren 
stepped  down  as  Chief  Justice  and  ex  officio  Chancellor  of  the 
Institution.  Although  many  members  of  the  Smithsonian  commu- 
nity opposed  our  entering  the  hue-and-cry  world  of  popular  jour- 
nalism (as  a  few  diehards  still  do),  and  grumblings  about  media 
grants  were  growing  louder  in  many  quarters,  our  newly  appointed 
Chancellor,  Chief  Justice  Warren  Burger,  led  the  Regents  in  ap- 
proving the  magazine.  Within  two  years,  the  magazine  began 
showing  a  profit  and  has  added  handsomely  to  trust  fund  accounts 
over  the  years.  It  has  also  won  kudos  from  both  media  experts 
and  the  public,  who  now  subscribe  as  Associates  in  numbers  ex- 
ceeding two  million. 

In  July  1970,  the  Smithsonian  was  privileged  to  enter  the  lime- 
light on  Capitol  Hill  when  Representative  Frank  Thompson  chaired 


18  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


a  committee  that  reviewed  our  operations,  policies,  and  finances. 
While  some  bureau  directors  anticipated  the  hearings  with  dread, 
I  welcomed  this  expression  of  congressional  interest  in  the  Smith- 
sonian, the  first  since  1855.  We  were  fortunate  that  these  overseers 
corrected  an  ill-advised  plan:  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculp- 
ture Garden  would  not  transect  the  Mall.  Beyond  that,  the  com- 
mittee concluded  that  "the  Smithsonian's  value  is  basic  and  should 
be  continued.  Its  work  and  research  in  science,  education,  history 
and  the  arts  and,  of  course,  its  many  museums  far  overshadow 
whatever  criticisms  .  .  .  have  been  made."  Further  afield,  the  Fort 
Pierce  Bureau  in  Link  Port,  Florida,  began  operations  as  a  Smith- 
sonian marine  station. 

In  1972,  President  Nixon  returned  from  his  historic  visit  to  the 
world's  most  populous  nation  with  a  gift  of  two  giant  pandas  from 
the  people  of  China.  They  were  ensconced  at  the  National  Zoo, 
which  also  prepared  to  embark  on  director  Theodore  H.  Reed's 
masterful  master  plan.  The  Renwick  Gallery  opened  at  last,  and  at 
Treasury  Secretary  John  B.  Connally's  invitation,  the  Group  of 
Ten  international  finance  ministers  convened  in  the  Castle.  (It  is 
alleged  that  during  that  meeting  the  dollar  floated  as  a  result  of 
two  of  the  finance  ministers'  getting  stuck  together  in  a  balky 
elevator.) 

The  following  year,  the  Regents  approved  the  introduction  in 
Congress  of  legislation  authorizing  planning  for  a  Museum  Sup- 
port Center  on  federally  owned  land  in  Silver  Hill,  Maryland. 
Having  outgrown  our  buildings  on  the  Mall  and  elsewhere,  the 
several  museums  could  now  responsibly  plan  for  the  curation, 
preservation,  and  storage  of  priceless  collections  in  what  would  be 
a  state-of-the-art  facility.  But  as  we  focused  on  new  beginnings, 
two  of  the  three  former  Secretaries  died  in  1973,  and  thus  ended 
an  actuarial  miracle:  until  the  demise  of  Leonard  Carmichael  and 
of  Charles  Greely  Abbot,  half  of  the  eight  men  who  had  chaired 
this  Institution  since  1846  were  still  alive.  (The  first  four  died  in 
office.) 

In  the  Mall's  landmark  event  for  1974,  the  Hirshhorn  Museum 
and  Sculpture  Garden  opened  at  last,  and  to  lasting  acclaim  as  a 
repository  of  modern  art.  The  following  year  the  General  Services 
Administration  conferred  on  us  an  erstwhile  experimental  farm 
and  army  remount  station  in  Front  Royal,  Virginia,  which  the  Zoo 
put  to  use  as  a  center  for  breeding,  research,  and  conservation  of 
rare  animals.  But  1975  was  almost  as  notable  for  what  did  not 
occur.  In  three  signal  instances  the  Smithsonian  proved  that  it  no 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  19 


President  Reagan  meets  Jayathu,  an  eighteen-month-old  Asiatic  elephant,  a 
gift  from  J.  R.  Jayewardene  of  Sri  Lanka,  at  the  White  House,  June  18,  1984. 
Jayathu  was  accompanied  by  keeper  Jim  Jones  of  the  National  Zoological  Park 
and  her  Sri  Lanka  keeper,  S.  S.  M.  Seelaratna. 


longer  accepts  everything  that's  offered;  the  old  image  of  "the 
nation's  attic/'  repository  of  things  wanted  nowhere  else,  may  be 
shelved,  perhaps  in  someone  else's  garage.  We  declined  acquisition 
of  the  San  Francisco  Mint,  of  the  Saint  Louis  Post  Office,  and  of 
the  liner  SS  United  States.  We  have  also  raised  a  few  eyebrows  by 
turning  down  Howard  Hughes's  plane,  the  Spruce  Goose. 

The  nation's  Bicentennial  witnessed  celebrations  almost  every- 
where, but  the  year  1976  was  an  especial  one  on  the  Mall  where 
our  museums  mounted  twenty-three  special  exhibitions,  a  grand 
pastiche  collectively  called  "The  American  Experience."  At  the 
suggestion  of  Frank  Taylor,  director  general  of  the  U.S.  National 
Museum,  this  included  the  reopening  of  the  Arts  and  Industries 
Building  with  a  recreation  of  the  1876  Centennial  Exposition  at 
Philadelphia.  In  the  Natural  History  Building  the  West  Court  had 
been  developed  to  house  a  cafeteria,  gift  shop,  and  Naturalist 
Center.  In  New  York,  the  refurbished  and  reorganized  Cooper- 
Hewitt  Museum  under  the  consummate  direction  of  Lisa  Taylor 
opened  in  Andrew  Carnegie's  mansion  on  Fifth  Avenue.  But  the 
signal  premiere  was  on  the  Mall's  south  side:  the  July  first  open- 
ing of  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum,  which  set  some  kind 
of  record  by  welcoming  two  million  visitors  in  the  first  forty-nine 
days. 

In  the  following  years,  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  added 
a  new  imprint,  now  known  as  Smithsonian  Books,  another  pub- 
lishing venture  of  merit  for  the  public  and  revenue  for  the  Institu- 
tion. The  Regents  opened  a  special  fund  for  Institution  acquisitions, 
special  research,  and  education.  The  Office  of  Biological  Conser- 
vation became  our  coordinator  and  watchdog  in  the  crucial  realm 
of  conservation  activities.  The  Assistant  Secretary  for  Public  Ser- 
vice, Julian  Euell,  established  the  Office  of  Telecommunications 
under  the  able  direction  of  Chic  Cherkezian,  thereby  adding  to  the 
Institution's  outreach  efforts  the  powerful  aid  of  electronic  media. 

The  decade's  last  year  saw  several  major  new  projects.  For  one, 
the  fifteen-year-old  independent  Museum  of  African  Art,  so  far 
as  we  know  the  only  American  museum  of  its  ken,  became  a  new 
Smithsonian  bureau.  In  the  Southwest,  the  Multiple  Mirror  Tele- 
scope, a  joint  venture  with  the  University  of  Arizona  at  Mount 
Hopkins,  began  scanning  the  skies  with  uniquely  new  acuity.  In 
the  Canal  Zone,  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute  estab- 
lished a  13,000-acre  biological  preserve,  the  Barro  Colorado  Na- 
ture Monument.  At  home,  the  Regents  established  a  new  fellow- 
ship  program   for   attracting   eminent   scholars   and   scientists   in 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  21 


residence. 

In  1980,  Walter  Adey's  living  coral  reef — the  first  ever  main- 
tained apart  from  the  sea — was  put  on  public  display  at  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  Natural  History.  The  National  Portrait  Gallery 
acquired  Gilbert  Stuart's  most  famous  portraits,  perhaps  the  truest 
likenesses  of  George  and  Martha  Washington,  in  a  special  partner- 
ship with  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston.  The  following  year, 
the  specially  designed  Thomas  M.  Evans  Gallery  opened  at  Na- 
tural History  as  a  showcase  for  traveling  exhibitions.  This  was 
soon  followed  by  the  establishment  of  the  James  E.  Webb  Fellow- 
ships to  promote  excellence  in  the  management  of  cultural  and 
scientific  nonprofit  institutions,  and  by  two  projects  of  first-magni- 
tude importance  to  muscology.  First,  in  1983  the  Museum  Support 
Center  was  finally  opened  at  Silver  Hill,  the  world's  model  facility, 
we  hope,  for  the  maintenance  of  museum  collections.  Second,  the 
first  stage  of  an  institution-wide  inventory  was  completed:  the 
painstaking  task  of  identifying  and  counting  all  of  the  Smith- 
sonian's 100,000,000  artifacts  and  specimens.  The  results  of  this 
"great  counting"  will  include  cybernetic  access  to  data  describing 
every  single  one  of  our  possessions. 

The  last  years  of  my  administration  have  seen  the  National  Air 
and  Space  Museum  begin  the  project  of  placing  its  collection  of 
over  one  million  photographs  onto  laser  videodisc.  Also  during 
this  period,  several  Smithsonian  museums  jointly  compiled  a  poly- 
math exhibition.  Treasures  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  for  dis- 
play at  the  celebrated  Edinburgh  Arts  Festival.  It  was  August  1984, 
two  hundred  years  to  the  month  from  James  Smithson's  introduc- 
tion to  the  Highlands  and  the  Age  of  Enlightenment. 

Finally  in  1983,  there  was  the  planning,  authorization,  and  early- 
stage  construction  of  the  Smithsonian  Center  for  African,  Near 
Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures.  This  largely  underground  facility, 
initially  endowed  by  Arthur  M.  Sackler  to  contain  his  priceless 
collection  of  Asian  masterworks,  will  connect  with  the  Freer,  and 
will  comprise  also  the  fabled  collections  of  the  Museum  of  African 
Art.  Like  the  youngest  child  of  a  parent,  this  new  museum  com- 
plex— the  Quadrangle — must  always  have  a  special  place  in  my 
heart. 

The  money  for  it  has  been  raised  and  committed;  funds  for  the 
structure's  programs  have  already  been  pledged  by  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  the  governments  and  individuals  across  the  vast  arc  of 
mostly  new  nations  of  that  half  of  the  world  represented  in  the 
Center's  title.  My  chief  regret  at  relinquishing  the  torch  now  is 
leaving  before  the  Quadrangle's  completion.  But  like  the  Smith- 


22  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Brian  Fisher,  a  thirteen-year-old  junior  high  school  student  from  Chicago,  be- 
came the  75  milHonth  visitor  to  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  on  May 
24,  1984.  He  is  greeted  by  museum  director  Walter  Boyne.  In  the  background, 
three  medieval-costumed  trumpeters  herald  the  occasion. 


sonian  itself,  this  building  may  never  be  finished  save  in  a  physical 
sense.  Its  purpose,  its  inner  life  as  manifested  in  scholarly  pro- 
grams and  public  appreciation  of  exhibits,  will  depend  on  those 
who  follow  me  and  my  generation  of  curators,  scientists,  historians, 
and  delineators  of  knowledge. 

The  new  Center  for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures 
rises  steadily  (as  I  write)  in  its  vast  pit,  looking  in  embryo  like 
the  beginnings  of  a  coral  reef  in  a  tropical  lagoon.  The  shelflike 
ledges  appear  in  place  and  will  superimpose  themselves  layer  by 
layer.  A  delicate  miniature  forest  of  lacy  pillars  spreads  up  from 
the  base  like  the  skeletal  frame  of  sea  fans  or  the  bare  branches  of 
gorgonians  thrusting  toward  the  light. 

Soon  this  solid  foundation  will  all  be  filled  in  and  a  verdant 
green  carpet  will  spread  out  like  the  top  of  the  reef  at  low  tide. 
Look  for  water  splashing  here  and  there,  with  two  projecting  gal- 
leries above,  beautiful  stranded  granite  boulders  rich  in  color,  set 
amongst  the  vegetation,  a  dream  come  true. 

Perhaps  in  years  to  come  a  similar  Center  for  the  New  World 
can  arise  in  the  quadrilateral  space  east  of  the  Air  and  Space 
Museum  which  was  deeded  to  us  some  time  ago  by  the  Congress. 
The  statute  specified  that  plans  for  any  structure  on  that  last  Mall 
building  site  must  be  approved  in  advance  by  Congress.  (No  one 
need  be  taken  unawares  by  some  vast  teeth  of  Cadmus  springing 
up  overnight  to  obstruct  the  western  vista  from  the  Capitol  towards 
the  panorama  of  Mall  and  monuments.)  This  was  a  wise  decision, 
one  in  which  the  Smithsonian  concurred,  testifying  that  we  had 
no  wish  to  encumber  space  with  sheer  manmade  mass  to  obliterate 
openness,  an  increasingly  precious  commodity  in  our  city. 

If  the  Quadrangle  becomes  the  success  we  anticipate — novel  in 
theme  as  well  as  structure — what  a  fine  example  it  can  serve  for 
the  future  in  our  world.  It  will  serve  as  a  model  for  still  another 
vast  cultural  history  to  be  told  and  pondered:  the  sweep  of  two 
continents  from  the  Bering  Sea  to  Cape  Horn  trodden  by  the 
streams  of  emerging  civilizations  over  the  course  of  some  30,000 
years.  Cultures  have  emerged  in  the  flowing  over  these  new  worlds, 
from  north  to  south,  from  west  to  east.  No  similar  event  can  quite 
so  clearly  be  defined  on  the  rest  of  the  planet;  no  effort  has  so  far 
been  attempted  to  describe  in  time  and  sequence  this  all-encom- 
passing tidal  flow  which  continues  even  today  in  a  way  whose  his- 
tory is  only  becoming  known  and  whose  future  like  the  winds  of 
time  cannot  be  discerned. 

For  the  present  our  new  Center  for  African,  Middle  Eastern,  and 


24  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Asian  Cultures  is  an  experiment  for  the  Institution,  delving  into 
cultural  history  in  a  new  mode.  I  am  intrigued  to  speculate  on  the 
pedestrian  traffic  this  Center  will  bring,  whether  it  will  attract  new 
thoughts,  new  ways  of  understanding  half  of  the  world's  popula- 
tion. As  the  winds  change  so  may  our  perceptions  also  of  our 
fellow  humans.  Across  the  Mall,  even  on  calm  days,  gusts  and 
eddies  of  breeze  remind  one  that  this  is  a  vast,  still,  quite  open 
space.  The  wind,  when  it  comes  unpredictably,  blows  hither  and 
yon.  Sometimes  the  flags  round  the  Washington  Monument  stand 
straight  out,  their  whipping  sound  rising  to  a  continuous  muted 
roar  like  rapids  in  a  stream  in  spate. 

Pandit  Nehru  once  said,  unforgettably,  "Strange  winds  are  blow- 
ing across  the  face  of  Asia.  We  know  not  whence  they  come  nor 
where  they  go."  His  prescient  words  evoked  a  thrilling  current 
within  me  like  some  music.  Walking  across  the  Mall  one  senses 
such  electricity  in  the  air,  and  visions  of  a  kind,  whether  past  or 
future,  we  cannot  tell. 

Beneath  the  ambient  noises  of  everyday,  the  ephemera  of  today's 
news  or  tomorrow's  politics,  there  is  a  steady  mass  of  public 
opinions  and  notions,  indeed  convictions,  which  like  the  breezes 
are  independent  of  the  noisemakers.  In  the  turmoil  and  drama  of 
communication  most  people  do  not  listen,  and  do  not  hear  or  sense 
the  presence  of  these  notions.  No  opinion  poll  seems  to  be  effective, 
either.  What  then  could  we  hear  if  we  cared  enough? 

It  seems  that  Eisenhower's  farewell  words  were  prescient  also, 
often  quoted  but,  like  Cassandra's,  unheeded.  "Beware  the  military- 
industrial  complex."  It  is  not  so  much  the  question  of  the  triumphs 
of  technology.  One  cannot  feel  really  alarmed  by  our  nation's 
hegemony  of  military-industrial  development.  It  moves  anyway, 
ponderously,  imperceptibly  even,  irrespective  of  the  overt  shouting 
and  tumult. 

What  the  past  years  have  wrought  is  a  state  of  mind  that  seems 
more  pervasive  and  indeed  alarming  than  the  surface  evidence. 
Faith  is  at  a  nadir  today.  Religion  has  succumed  to  niggling  com- 
plaints about  other  faiths,  and  to  a  fratricidal  theocracy,  unknown 
since  the  Middle  Ages.  We  may  decry  the  rise  of  militant  Islamic 
sectarianism,  but  it  is  being  mirrored  all  across  the  world  in  varie- 
ties of  fanaticism  unparalleled  in  recent  time.  In  the  name  of  re- 
ligion, pseudo-religion,  or  neo-religion,  technology  aids  us  today 
in  constant  acts  of  terror,  blasphemy,  and  horror,  enough  to  tip 
the  balance  so  as  to  defeat  faith  itself.  We  have  turned  inward, 
towards  inner  self  and  thus  selfishness  with  no  restraint.  Ambition 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  25 


Among  the  major  works  of  art  received  by  the  Smithsonian  this 
fiscal  year  were  (above)  Edgar  Degas'  portrait  of  Mary  Cassatt, 
purchased  as  a  gift  to  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  from  the 
Morris  and  Gwendolyn  Cafritz  Foundation  and  the  Regents' 
Major  Acquisition  Fund,  and  (below)  Edward  Hopper's  1950  oil 
on  canvas.  Cape  Cod  Morning,  one  of  the  169  paintings,  sculp- 
tures, and  drawings  given  to  the  National  Museum  of  American 
Art  by  the  Sara  Roby  Foundation. 


A  record-breaking  105,000  visitors  viewed  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling 
Exhibition  Service's  The  Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures  from  the  Czecho- 
slovak State  Collections  during  its  seven-week  showing  at  the  National  Museum 
of  Natural  History.  Among  the  many  dignitaries  who  saw  the  exhibition  was 
Chaim  Herzog,  president  of  Israel. 


as  of  now  is  for  oneself  alone  in  every  sense  or  sensibility.  Mam- 
mon is  worshiped,  a  companion  to  envy  and  greed  in  the  denial  of 
faith. 

In  this  paroxysm  of  shock,  there  is  a  parallel  settling  down  as 
of  an  outward  buffer  towards  a  numbing  new  conservatism,  a 
search  for  conformity,  the  building  of  an  overweening  consensus. 
If  there  is  in  truth  only  a  consensus,  then  bureaucracy  administered 
by  computer  will  be  the  answer  to  everything.  There  will  be  a 
mood  of  pseudocomplacency  covering  an  essential  malaise  of  the 
spirit  in  what  may  be  observed.  If  possible,  let  it  be  routed  out  if 
we  are  to  succeed  in  the  restoration  of  our  real  faith.  The  cur- 
rent state  is  a  presentiment  of  a  failure  in  our  culture.  We  must 
assume  that  the  ideals  embodied  in  our  history  are  capable  of  a 
just  and  noble  restoration,  and  perhaps  this  Institution  is  the  one 
to  be  the  bellwether.  Let  us  then  summon  those  strange  winds  to 
our  cause  and  make  the  view  of  the  Mall  one  of  hope,  of  keening 
winds  blowing  our  flags  straight  and  whipping  shrill. 


STAFF  CHANGES 

The  Secretary's  Executive  Committee  was  diminished  by  the  loss 
of  three  members  in  the  last  year.  Paul  Perrot,  Assistant  Secretary 
for  Museum  Programs  since  1972,  became  director  of  the  Virginia 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts.  Chris  Hohenlohe,  my  erstwhile  executive 
assistant  and,  since  1979,  the  Institution's  valued  Treasurer,  left 
in  November  to  pursue  private  financial  enterprises.  (Ann  Leven, 
formerly  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  and  the  Chase 
Manhattan  Bank,  now  serves  as  Chris's  successor.)  Regrettably, 
Larry  Taylor,  Coordinator  of  Public  Information,  retired. 

Al  Lerner  has  retired  as  founding  director  of  the  Hirshhorn 
Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden.  He  has  been  succeeded  by  James 
Demetrion,  who  came  from  the  Des  Moines  Art  Center.  Other  new 
Smithsonian  executives  include  Conservation  Analytical  Labora- 
tory director  Lambertus  van  Zelst;  Milo  C.  Beach,  formerly  of 
Williams  College,  who  will  head  the  Sackler  Gallery;  and  William 
Moss,  who  left  the  John  F.  Kennedy  Library  to  direct  the  Smith- 
sonian Archives. 

Within  the  Institution,  Michael  Robinson  moved  from  the  Smith- 
sonian Tropical  Research  Institute  to  succeed  Ted  Reed  as  director 
of  the  National  Zoological  Park.  Bill  Klein,  former  director  of  the 
Radiation  Biology   Laboratory,  became   director  of   the  Environ- 


28  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


mental  Research  Center,  and  senior  folklorist  Peter  Seitel  was  pro- 
moted to  director  of  the  Office  of  Folkhfe  Programs. 

To  these  and  many  other  members  of  our  dedicated  staff,  we 
owe  a  great  debt  of  gratitude.  As  I  have  said  before,  the  Smith- 
sonian is  a  community  of  talented  and  interested  people  on  whom 
rests  the  Institution's  vitality  and  greatness.  I  take  pride  in  having 
been  associated  with  them  all. 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  29 


The  Board  of  Regents 


The  first  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  was  held  on  January  23, 
1984.  After  the  Chancellor  welcomed  the  new  Regent,  Mr.  Samuel 
Johnson,  the  Executive  Committee  reported  on  its  January  4  meet- 
ing at  which  the  Acting  Treasurer,  Mr.  Jameson,  described  the  size, 
purposes,  and  procedures  of  the  Institution's  current  fund  invest- 
ments. The  Audit  and  Review  Committee  also  reported  on  its 
meeting  of  October  18,  1983,  in  which  the  members  discussed  the 
status  of  the  General  Post  Office  building  and  collections  manage- 
ment policies,  and  conducted  overviews  of  Smithsonian  radio  pro- 
grams and  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Ser- 
vice. The  Personnel  Committee  reported  that  it  had  found  no  con- 
flict of  interest  whatsoever  in  the  financial  interests  statements  of 
the  executive  staff. 

Mr.  Jameson  gave  a  final  report  on  the  fiscal  year  1983  trust 
and  appropriated  funds,  discussed  the  status  of  fiscal  year  1984 
funds,  and  noted  the  allowance  from  the  Office  of  Management 
and  Budget  for  fiscal  year  1985  appropriated  funds.  The  Invest- 
ment Policy  Committee  had  met  on  November  17,  1983,  to  review 
investment  performance  and  strategies  of  the  three  investment 
managers  and  reported  that  the  annualized  returns  continued  to 
exceed  market  averages.  To  diversify  and  participate  in  an  addi- 
tional sector  of  the  market,  the  committee  recommended  and  the 
Regents  agreed  to  invest  $5  million  of  trust  funds  in  a  mutual 
fund  specializing  in  science  and  technology  issues.  The  committee 
also  proposed  and  the  Regents  approved  establishing  a  more 
liberal  total  return  income  payout  rate  to  be  applied  to  new  en- 
dowment funds  which  the  Secretary  will  determine  to  have  high 
current  income  needs.  Mr.  Jameson  presented  a  revised  and  up- 
dated Five-Year  Prospectus,  Fiscal  Years  1985-89,  which  was  ap- 
proved by  the  Regents. 

Secretary  Ripley  reported  on  the  construction  of  the  Quadrangle, 
on  the  status  of  fundraising,  and,  with  the  Assistant  Secretary  for 
Public  Service,  Mr.  Rinzler,  on  the  preliminary  planning  for  the 
International  Center.  In  other  proposed  actions,  the  Regents  recog- 
nized Abram  Lerner's  accomplishments  as  founding  director  of  the 
Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden  and  named  the  balcony 


30  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


room  in  his  honor,  approved  in  principle  the  expansion  plans  for 
the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  endorsed  the  preliminary  planning 
for  a  Smithsonian  presence  at  the  1984  Edinburgh  Festival,  au- 
thorized the  Secretary  to  enter  into  agreements  with  the  State  of 
Maryland  to  designate  the  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research 
Center  as  a  National  Estuarine  Sanctuary,  and  requested  that  the 
congressional  members  of  the  Board  of  Regents  introduce  and 
support  legislation  authorizing  the  nonreimbursable  transfer  of  the 
General  Post  Office  building  (along  with  appropriations  for  its 
repair  and  renovation)  and  other  legislation  to  authorize  planning 
and  construction  of  science  facilities  for  the  National  Air  and 
Space  Museum,  the  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Center, 
the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute,  and  the  Whipple 
Observatory.  They  also  voted  to  appoint  Messrs.  Michael  Son- 
nenreich,  John  Al  Friede,  and  Gustave  Schindler  and  Mrs.  Milton 
F.  Rosenthal  to  terms  on  the  Commission  of  the  National  Museum 
of  African  Art. 

After  Secretary  Ripley  discussed  a  variety  of  status  reports,  the 
chairman  of  the  Regents  Search  Committee,  Dr.  Bowen,  described 
the  process  of  searching  for  Mr.  Ripley's  successor,  adding  that  in 
all  of  this  committee's  discussions  and  voluminous  correspondence 
a  recurring  theme  was  an  appreciation  of  the  Secretary  for  his 
exceptional  leadership  of  the  Smithsonian  over  two  decades.  In 
executive  session  Dr.  Bowen  presented  the  Search  Committee's 
recommendation  and  the  Regents  elected  Robert  McCormick 
Adams,  Provost  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  as  the  ninth  Secre- 
tary. Following  the  meeting,  Messrs.  Bowen,  Ripley,  and  Adams 
met  briefly  with  the  heads  of  Smithsonian  bureaus  and  offices  in 
the  Great  Hall  and  then,  along  with  Mr.  Humelsine,  held  a  press 
conference  in  the  Under  Secretary's  office. 

The  Regents'  Dinner  was  held  on  the  preceding  evening,  Jan- 
uary 22,  in  the  National  Museum  of  American  History.  After 
dinner  Mr.  Ripley  greeted  the  guests  and  awarded  to  Paul  N. 
Perrot,  Assistant  Secretary  for  Museum  Programs,  the  Secretary's 
Gold  Medal  for  Exceptional  Service. 

The  Chancellor  called  to  order  the  second  meeting  of  the  year 
in  the  Regents'  Room  at  9:30  a.m..  May  7,  1984.  The  Executive 
Committee  reported  on  its  meeting  of  April  11  in  which  this  com- 
mittee, acting  on  behalf  of  the  Regents,  requested  the  congres- 
sional Regents  to  promote  legislation  effecting  the  reappointment 
of  Regents  Armstrong  and  Higginbotham  for  the  statutory  terms 
of  six  years.  The  Audit  and  Review  Committee  discussed  its  meet- 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  31 


ing  of  March  8  in  which  they  had  an  overview  of  the  Archives  of 
American  Art,  discussed  Coopers  &  Lybrand's  consolidated  audit 
of  trust  and  federal  funds  for  fiscal  year  1983  and  Report  to  Man- 
agement, considered  factors  in  the  Institution's  construction  priori- 
ties, and  received  reports  on  the  Office  of  Audits'  most  significant 
recommendations  in  1983  and  on  improvements  in  Smithsonian 
security  programs.  The  Investment  Policy  Committee  reported  on 
its  review  of  the  investment  managers'  performance  and  the 
Regents,  acting  on  this  committee's  recommendations,  approved 
fiscal  year  1985  total  return  payout  rates  for  the  endowment  funds. 

Mr.  Jameson  presented  a  detailed  report  on  the  status  of  current 
year  funds  and  the  processes  of  budgeting  for  fiscal  years  1985 
and  1986.  After  considerable  discussion,  the  Regents  voted  to 
authorize  the  Secretary  to  negotiate  contracts  for  the  financing, 
construction,  and  operation  of  a  new  restaurant  facility  in  the 
National  Air  and  Space  Museum  and  for  the  financing,  appro- 
priate renovations,  and  operation  of  food  services  in  other  Smith- 
sonian museums;  to  create  a  Special  Exhibition  Fund  for  under- 
writing carefully  selected,  major,  temporary  exhibitions;  to  receive 
the  Annual  Report,  Smithsonian  Year  1983;  to  appoint  Barbara 
Tuc;hman,  Frank  Stanton,  and  Robert  McNeil  to  terms  on  the 
Commission  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  to  appoint  Helen 
Neufeld  and  Colbert  King  to  terms  on  the  Commission  of  the 
National  Museum  of  African  Art,  and  to  appoint  Donald  Ander- 
son, Walter  Hancock,  Bartlett  H.  Hayes,  Jr.,  Eloise  Spaeth, 
Charles  Parkhurst,  Gene  B.  Davis,  and  Margaret  Dodge  Garrett 
to  terms  on  the  Commission  of  the  National  Museum  of  American 
Art;  and  to  endorse  the  Smithsonian's  participation  in  the  1984 
Edinburgh  Festival  and  authorize  the  Secretary  to  draw  upon  un- 
restricted trust  funds  for  that  purpose  with  the  approval  of  the 
Executive  Committee. 

Mr.  Ripley  reported  on  progress  in  the  construction  of  the 
Quadrangle,  noted  that  prospects  were  excellent  for  meeting  or 
exceeding  the  original  goal  of  raising  $37.5  million  in  nonappro- 
priated funds,  and  described  the  closing  stages  of  the  fundraising 
campaign.  He  also  presented  a  number  of  status  reports  on  Smith- 
sonian programs  and  activities. 

On  September  24,  1983,  the  National  Board  of  Smithsonian 
Associates  unanimously  recommended  that  two  distinguished  ben- 
efactors of  the  Institution,  Dr.  Arthur  M.  Sackler  and  Mrs.  Enid 
A.  Haupt,  be  the  first  inductees  into  the  Order  of  James  Smithson. 
In  recognition  of  their  extraordinary  contributions  to  the  Smith- 


32  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


sonian,  the  Board  of  Regents  heartily  endorsed  their  induction 
into  the  Order  at  a  suitable  occasion  to  be  arranged  by  the 
Secretary. 

On  Sunday  evening.  May  6,  President  and  Mrs.  Reagan  were 
hosts  to  the  Regents,  members  of  the  Smithsonian  Establishment, 
and  Secretary  and  Mrs.  Ripley  at  a  dinner  in  the  Blue  Room  of 
the  White  House.  During  the  proceedings  the  President  raised  a 
toast  to  Secretary  and  Mrs.  Ripley  and  Mr.  Ripley  returned  the 
honor. 

The  Regents'  third  meeting  of  the  year  was  called  to  order  by 
the  Chancellor  on  September  17,  1984.  The  Executive  Committee 
reported  on  its  meeting  of  August  22  in  which  it  reviewed  and 
approved  the  Regents'  agenda.  Mr.  Humelsine  announced  that  in 
a  poll  through  the  mail,  the  Regents  voted  unanimously  to  induct 
Secretary  Ripley  into  the  Order  of  James  Smithson  and  to  present 
to  Mrs.  Ripley  the  Joseph  Henry  Medal.  The  Audit  and  Review 
Committee  reported  that  on  May  24,  it  conducted  an  overview  of 
the  National  Zoological  Park  and  of  the  Institution's  product 
licensing  program.  In  addition  the  Audit  and  Review  Committee 
discussed  Coopers  &  Lybrand's  plan  for  their  consolidated  audit  of 
fiscal  year  1984  funds  and  the  Smithsonian's  measures  toward  im- 
proved food  service  operations  and  facilities.  The  Investment 
Policy  Committee  also  reported  on  the  performance  of  the  invest- 
ment managers  as  of  June  30. 

In  presenting  the  Financial  Report,  Mr.  Jameson  described  the 
status  of  current  year  federal  and  trust  funds  as  well  as  the  pend- 
ing action  of  the  Congress  on  the  fiscal  year  1985  appropriations. 
After  discussion  the  Regents  approved  the  fiscal  year  1985  budget 
for  nonappropriated  funds  and  the  submission  of  the  fiscal  year 
1986  budget  request  to  the  Office  of  Management  and  Budget. 
The  Regents  also  gave  preliminary  thought  to  a  draft  of  the  Five- 
Year  Prospectus,  Fiscal  Years  1986-1990,  which  they  will  consider 
for  approval  at  their  next  meeting. 

Among  other  actions  the  Regents  endorsed  the  Smithsonian's 
participation  in  the  Festival  of  India  and  authorized  some  contin- 
gent expenses;  approved  discussions  leading  to  a  donation  of  col- 
lections from  the  U.S.  Patent  Model  Foundation;  authorized  nego- 
tiations with  the  Tupper  family  for  their  support  of  construction 
of  a  laboratory  and  conference  facility,  to  be  named  for  Earl  S. 
Tupper,  at  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute;  voted  to 
induct  Mrs.  Sara  Roby  into  the  Order  of  James  Smithson  in  recog- 
nition of  her  generous  contribution  of  her  fine  collection  of  twen- 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  33 


tieth-century  realist  masters  to  the  National  Museum  of  American 
Art;  and  discussed  the  George  Eastman  House  Board  of  Trustees' 
suggestion  that  their  photography  collections  be  transferred  to  the 
Smithsonian.  Secretary  Ripley  presented  a  detailed  report  on  the 
construction,  fundraising,  and  preliminary  programming  for  the 
Quadrangle  and  introduced  a  variety  of  other  status  reports. 

In  their  final  act  in  Secretary  Ripley's  administration,  the  Re- 
gents adopted  the  following  resolution  and  ordered  it  to  be  laid 
upon  the  record: 

RESOLUTION 

Whereas  S.  Dillon  Ripley  has  served  as  Secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  with  great  distinction  for  more  than  two 
decades  and  has  overseen  its  extraordinary  development  to 
the  benefit  of  the  American  people  and  the  citizens  of  the 
world; 

Whereas  Secretary  Ripley  has  opened  the  halls  of  the  Smith- 
sonian for  record-setting  numbers  of  citizens  to  enjoy  through 
a  vast  array  of  stimulating  exhibitions  in  the  National  Mu- 
seums, through  a  greatly  expanded  traveling  exhibition  ser- 
vice, and  through  both  the  printed  and  electronic  media; 

Whereas  Secretary  Ripley  has  added  immeasurably  to  the  Insti- 
tution's international  stature  in  museum  techniques  for  ex- 
hibition and  conservation,  in  studies  of  the  physical  and 
natural  sciences,  history  and  art,  and  therefore  in  fostering 
increased  intercultural  and  international  understanding;  and 

Whereas  Secretary  Ripley  has  continued  to  pursue  significant 
ornithological  and  ecological  research  enhancing  the  Smith- 
sonian's leadership  in  the  conservation  of  nature: 

Now,  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved  by  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
That  S.  Dillon  Ripley  is  named  Secretary  Emeritus  so  that  he 
may  continue  to  be  of  service  to  the  Board  from  time  to  time 
and  Research  Associate  so  that  he  may  continue  his  scholarly 
investigations  to  the  credit  of  the  Institution,  and  to  that  end 
it  is  agreed  that  he  shall  be  provided  appropriate  staff  support 
and  a  grant  for  his  research. 

Having  adjourned  their  formal  meeting,  the  Regents  joined  the 
Regents  Emeriti,  invited  guests,  and  the  staff  and  volunteers  of  the 
Institution  for  a  noontime  ceremony  on  the  Mall  marking  the  in- 


34  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


stallation  of  Mr.  Adams  as  the  ninth  Secretary.  Following  a  prelude 
of  traditional  and  patriotic  music  from  the  U.S.  Navy  Ceremonial 
Band,  the  Chancellor  introduced  Mr.  Ripley  who  expressed  his 
gratitude  for  the  support  and  pleasure  he  received  from  the  Re- 
gents, the  National  Board  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates,  the  staff 
and  volunteers,  and  countless  others.  The  Chancellor  then  pre- 
sented a  traditional  brass  key  to  Mr.  Adams  who  delivered  a  brief 
address  on  his  view  of  Smithsonian  purposes.  There  followed  a 
reception  and  luncheon  in  the  Great  Hall  and  Commons  for  the 
Regents,  Regents  Emeriti,  and  invited  guests. 

On  Sunday  evening,  September  16,  the  Chancellor  and  the  Re- 
gents held  a  formal  dinner  in  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum 
in  honor  of  Secretary  and  Mrs.  Ripley.  As  voted  by  the  Board  of 
Regents  and  on  their  behalf,  Mr.  Humelsine  inducted  Mr.  Ripley 
into  the  Order  of  James  Smithson  and  Mrs.  Armstrong  presented 
the  Joseph  Henry  Medal  to  Mrs.  Ripley.  The  Vice-President  gave 
a  toast  to  the  Ripleys  and  announced  that  the  Secretary  will  be 
receiving  the  President's  Medal  of  Freedom.  Concluding  the  cere- 
monies pianist  Bruce  Steeg  and  two  vocalists  presented  a  selection 
of  musical  favorites. 


Statement  by  the  Secretary  I  35 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  OPERATING  FUNDS 

FiscalYears  1965, 1975, 1980, 1983, 1984: 


(In  $l,O0O,O00's) 


FUNDS  PROVIDED 


Auxiliary 

ami 

Bureau 

Activities 

Expenses 


Net 

Trust 

Funds 


Nonappropriated 
Trust  Funds 
(Gross  Revenues) 


Federal  Grants 
J~  and  Contracts 


Federal 
Appropriations 


1965  1975  1980  1983  1984 


FUNDS  APPLIED 


It 


To  Plant  and  Endowment 


Auxiliary  and  Bureau  Activities  Expenses 


Administration  and  Facilities  Services 


Special  Programs 
Museum  Programs 
Public  Service 

History  and  Art 


1965  1975  1980  1983  1984 


SmUhsonian  InstituHon  •  1984 
FINANCIAL  REPORT 


ANN  R.  LEVEN,  TREASURER 


Summary:  Fiscal  year  1984  marked  a  year  of  change  at  the  Smith- 
sonian, most  notably  the  appointment  of  Robert  McC.  Adams  as 
the  ninth  Secretary  of  the  Institution  and  the  retirement  of  S. 
Dillon  Ripley  as  the  eighth  Secretary.  Mr.  Ripley's  extraordinary 
legacy  is  nowhere  more  visible  than  in  the  Institution's  fiscal  report. 
In  fiscal  year  1965,  Mr.  Ripley's  first  full  year  as  Secretary,  the 
Institution's  operating  budget  was  $30  million.  For  the  year  just 
ended,  Mr.  Ripley  presided  over  a  greatly  expanded  Institution  with 
a  budget  tenfold  that  of  fiscal  year  1965. 

Mr.  Ripley's  twenty-year  tenure,  as  referenced  elsewhere  in 
Smithsonian  Year,  brought  new  vitality  to  the  Institution,  vitality 
that  cannot  be  measured  in  dollars.  Mr.  Ripley  acted  to  shape  the 
form  and  focus  of  the  Institution.  New  museums  were  added, 
particularly  in  the  arts.  Under  Dillon  Ripley's  aegis,  the  Cooper- 
Hewitt  Museum,  the  Hirshhom  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden, 
the  Renwick  Gallery,  the  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum,  and 
the  National  Museum  of  African  Art  joined  the  Smithsonian  fam- 
ily. The  National  Museum  of  American  Art  and  the  Portrait 
Gallery  found  new  homes  in  the  Old  Patent  Office  Building,  lov- 
ingly restored  under  Mr.  Ripley's  guidance.  The  National  Air  and 
Space  Museum  opened  its  new  building  in  July  1976.  In  1983  con- 
struction began  on  the  Quadrangle,  Mr.  Ripley's  last  and  most 
expansive  project  on  the  Mall. 

Public  accessibility  to  American  culture  and  diversity  was  fur- 
ther enhanced  by  a  variety  of  outreach  activities,  most  notably 
Smithsonian  magazine,  which  stands  as  the  preeminent  publica- 


37 


tion  of  its  kind  in  the  world  today.  Other  programmatic  triumphs 
include  the  annual  Folklife  Festival,  the  Archives  of  American  Art, 
and  the  extraordinarily  active  Associate  programs.  Were  all  this 
not  sufficient,  research  efforts,  assistance  to  other  museums,  and 
innovative  exhibits  enhanced  the  lay  public's  and  the  scholars' 
perspectives  during  Mr.  Ripley's  tenure. 

The  accomplishments  of  the  Ripley  years  have  been  supported 
in  substantial  proportions  by  federal  appropriations.  In  recent 
years,  nonappropriated  trust  funds  have  also  contributed  an  in- 
creasing share.  In  1964  there  were  some  40  private  donors  to  the 
Institution;  in  fiscal  year  1984  there  were  more  than  30,000.  The 
unprecedented  sum  of  $37.5  million  in  private  funds  was  raised, 
principally  by  Mr.  Ripley,  for  the  Quadrangle  to  match  monies 
pledged  by  Congress  for  the  project. 

Fiscal  year  1984  marks  the  culmination  of  the  growth,  excite- 
ment, and  achievement  of  the  Ripley  years.  The  following  pages 
detail  the  Institution's  finances.  It  is  clearly  apparent  that  the 
Smithsonian  is  a  far  more  complex  organization  than  it  was  in 
1964.  Four  Treasurers  served  Mr.  Ripley:  Edgar  L.  Roy  and  Otis  O. 
Martin  in  the  early  years;  T.  Ames  Wheeler  from  1968  to  1979, 
and  Christian  C.  Hohenlohe  from  1979  to  1983.  John  F.  Jameson, 
Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration,  served  as  Acting  Treasurer 
from  November  1983  through  July  1984.  Ann  R.  Leven,  former 
Treasurer  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  joined  the  Institu- 
tion in  August  1984. 

As  the  Smithsonian  begins  the  Adams  years,  the  Institution  looks 
forward  to  a  continuation  of  the  broad-based  support  of  both  the 
Administration  and  the  Congress  and  of  the  public  at  large  for 
further  enhancement  of  its  research,  exhibition,  education,  and 
collection  management  endeavors. 


Operating  Funds — Sources  and  Application 

As  may  be  seen  from  Table  1,  the  gross  amount  available  for  oper- 
ations in  fiscal  year  1984  was  $304,350,000,  an  increase  of  9  per- 
cent when  compared  to  the  previous  year's  total  of  $277,974,000. 
Federal  appropriations  contributed  51  percent  of  the  fiscal  year 
1984  revenues,  nonappropriated  sources  accounted  for  44  percent, 
and  5  percent  were  from  federal  agency  grants  and  contracts. 


38  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


After  deducting  expenses  of  the  nonappropriated  auxiliary  and 
bureau  activities,  net  operating  income  increased  by  $18  million 
over  the  prior  year  to  $206,452,000.  Federal  funds  accounted  for 
76  percent  of  net  revenue,  nonappropriated  funds  contributed  17 
percent,  a  slight  increase  over  fiscal  year  1983,  with  the  7  percent 
balance  from  federal  grants  and  contracts.  The  application  of  funds 
by  all  Smithsonian  bureaus  is  outlined  in  Table  2,  with  further 
supporting  detail  in  other  tables. 

VED-EKAL  APPROPRIATION 

Federal  appropriations  provide  the  core  support  for  the  Institution's 
continuing  programs  in  research,  exhibitions,  education,  publishing, 
and  collections  management,  including  related  administrative  and 
support  services.  They  provide,  as  well,  for  the  maintenance  and 
protection  of  the  collections  and  physical  plant. 

Federal  support  for  the  Institution's  operating  programs  totaled 
$156,683,000  in  fiscal  year  1984,  an  increase  of  $9.4  million  over 
fiscal  year  1983.  Although  the  majority  of  this  increase — some  $5.4 
million — was  required  to  cover  inflationary  increases  in  salaries 
and  other  expenses,  significant  new  funding  of  $4  million  was 
provided  for  a  variety  of  program  activities.  Of  this  increase,  $1.2 
million  was  received  for  operations  and  program  requirements  at 
the  Museum  Support  Center,  which  in  fiscal  year  1984  completed 
its  first  full  year  of  operation,  and  for  strengthening  the  conserva- 
tion activity  at  the  center.  Complementing  the  growth  in  construc- 
tion support  for  major  renovations  and  repairs  (discussed  below), 
funding  was  received  in  the  operating  account  for  professional 
architectural  and  engineering  services  and  for  facilities  maintenance 
at  two  off-mall  facilities — the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  and  the 
National  Zoological  Park.  Other  significant  increases  were  provided 
for  expansion  of  the  Institution's  computing  capabilities,  for  en- 
hancing the  security  of  buildings  and  collections,  and  for  replacing 
and  upgrading  scientific  research  equipment  at  the  Astrophysical 
Observatory  and  the  Tropical  Research  Institute. 

FEDERAL  AGENCY  GRANTS  AND  CONTRACTS 

Support  from  federal  agencies  in  the  form  of  grants  and  contracts 
totaled  $14,878,000  in  fiscal  year  1984,  an  increase  of  13  percent 
over  the  previous  year.  These  funds  constitute  an  important  source 
of  research  support  for  the  Institution  while  also  benefiting  the 
granting  agencies  by  providing  access  to  Smithsonian  expertise  and 


Financial  Report  I  39 


resources.  As  in  prior  years,  the  Smithsonian  worked  closely  with 
the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  (nasa).  As 
reflected  in  Table  3,  expenditures  under  nasa  grants  and  contracts 
totaled  approximately  $11.3  million  in  fiscal  year  1984,  primarily 
for  research  programs  at  the  Astrophysical  Observatory.  Sponsored 
research  included  balloon-borne  telescope  observations,  the  study 
of  meteorite  samples  from  the  Antarctic,  X-ray  telescope  studies, 
and  the  design  of  hydrogen  masers. 

Support  from  other  agencies  provided  an  additional  $3.6  million 
for  such  varied  programs  as  an  ecological  study  of  the  Chesapeake 
Bay  Watershed,  the  1984  Festival  of  American  Folklife,  and  a 
mariculture  project  to  study  and  develop  food  sources  from  the  sea. 

NONAPPROPRIATED  TRUST  FUNDS 

Income  from  nonappropriated  trust  fund  sources  including  gifts, 
grants,  endowment  and  current  fund  investments,  and  revenue- 
producing  activities  totaled  $132,789,000  in  fiscal  year  1984.  After 
exclusion  of  expenses  necessary  to  generate  auxiliary  and  bureau 
activity  revenues,  net  income  available  for  Institutional  programs 
equaled  $34,891,000,  an  increase  of  $6.7  million  or  24  percent,  over 
fiscal  year  1983.  Of  the  total  net  income,  $24.7  miUion,  or  71  per- 
cent, was  available  for  unrestricted  program  use  and  was  distrib- 
uted as  approved  by  the  Board  of  Regents.  The  balance  of  approxi- 
mately $10.2  million  was  restricted,  that  is,  available  only  for 
purposes  specified  by  the  benefactor. 

Restricted  fund  revenues  of  $10.2  million  were  up  $1  million 
from  the  previous  year.  They  consisted  of  $5.9  million  from  gifts 
and  grants,  $3.2  million  from  endowment  investment  income  and 
interest  earned  on  restricted  current  fund  balances,  and  $1.1  million 
from  other  sources,  primarily  fundraising  activities  at  the  Archives 
of  American  Art  and  sales  desk  activities  at  the  Freer  Gallery  of 
Art.  Restricted  endowment  investment  income  served  as  the  major 
funding  source  for  oceanographic  research  administered  by  the 
National  Museum  of  Natural  History;  for  operations  of  the  Freer 
Gallery  of  Art  (now  included  in  the  Center  for  Asian  Art);  and  a 
wide  variety  of  research,  exhibition,  publication,  and  educational 
activities  at  other  Smithsonian  bureaus.  Major  gift  support  was 
received  during  the  year  for  important  additions  to  the  collections, 
including  Portrait  of  Mary  Cassatt  by  Edgar  Degas  and  Callers  by 
Walter  Ufer;  for  major  exhibitions  being  developed  by  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Trav- 


40  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


eling  Exhibition  Service;  and  for  research  and  archival  activities 
of  the  Archives  of  American  Art. 

Unrestricted  funds  include  both  those  available  for  general  op- 
erating purposes  and  a  smaller  category  of  Special  Purpose  funds 
that  have  been  internally  designated  by  the  Institution.  The  former 
and  larger  category.  Unrestricted  General  Purpose  funds,  is  derived 
primarily  from  investment  income  and  net  revenues  of  the  auxiliary 
activities.  In  fiscal  year  1984,  net  general  purpose  unrestricted 
funds  provided  over  $22  million  for  general  Institutional  needs,  an 
increase  of  some  $5.8  milHon  over  the  previous  year.  As  displayed 
in  Table  5,  this  improved  performance  was  due  to  increased  income 
generated  by  the  Institution's  working  capital  pool  invested  at 
favorable  rates  and  to  the  strong  performance  of  the  auxiliary 
activities. 

As  in  past  years,  the  Smithsonian  Associate  programs  contrib- 
uted handsomely  to  auxiliary  activity  revenues,  on  both  a  gross  and 
net  basis,  reflecting  the  continued  popularity  of  the  Smithsonian 
magazine  and  the  generosity  of  the  Contributing  Membership.  In 
fiscal  year  1984,  Contributing  Members  donated  approximately 
$2.7  million  in  unrestricted  gift  support.  Income  from  the  Museum 
Shops  benefited  from  generally  strong  sales  enhanced  by  the  new 
shop  at  the  Museum  of  American  History  and  high  visitation  to  all 
museums.  The  Mail  Order  Program  offered  new  items  and  an  ex- 
panded catalog.  The  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  experienced 
extremely  favorable  reviews  and  sales  from  its  new  recording, 
"Big  Band  Jazz  from  the  Beginnings  to  the  Fifties,"  and  the  popular 
publication  Treasures  of  the  Smithsonian.  In  October  1983,  the 
Smithsonian-managed  food  service  operations  in  the  National  Air 
and  Space  Museum  building  and  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and 
Sculpture  Garden  were  restored  to  concession  management,  affect- 
ing the  financial  statements  accordingly. 

The  general  unrestricted  funds  supported  a  portion  of  the  Insti- 
tution's administrative  costs  and  most  importantly  provided  for, 
among  other  bureau  activities,  programs  of  the  Cooper-Hewitt 
Museum,  the  Visitor  Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center, 
the  Office  of  Telecommunications,  and  the  Office  of  Folklife  Pro- 
grams. In  addition,  during  fiscal  year  1984,  there  were  special 
allotments  for  several  major  exhibitions  and  related  activities,  in- 
cluding the  Shanghai  exhibition  in  the  Thomas  Mellon  Evans 
Special  Exhibition  Gallery,  the  Hirshhorn  tenth  anniversary  exhibi- 
tion, and  Smithsonian  participation  in  the  Edinburgh  Festival.  The 


Financial  Report  I  41 


development  of  a  new,  integrated  personnel/payroll  system  also 
received  funding.  Transfers  to  special  purpose  funds  financed  the 
Collections  Acquisition,  Scholarly  Studies,  and  Educational  Out- 
reach Programs  ($2,250,000),  stipends  for  pre-  and  postdoctoral 
fellows  under  the  Smithsonian  Fellowship  program  ($1,738,000), 
income-sharing  to  the  bureaus  for  their  discretionary  uses  ($638,- 
000),  research  grants  to  Smithsonian  professional  staff  ($400,000), 
and  other  projects.  An  amount  of  $3.4  million  was  transferred  to 
plant  funds  for  Quadrangle  development  and  for  the  purchase  of 
a  residence  for  Smithsonian  Secretaries.  To  build  the  future  re- 
sources of  the  Institution,  $3.3  million  was  transferred  to  unre- 
stricted endowment. 

The  Unrestricted  Special  Purpose  funds  were  supplemented  by 
approximately  $4.6  million  during  fiscal  year  1984,  principally  with 
monies  generated  by  bureau  activities.  Illustrative  of  such  revenue 
activities  are  fees  charged  for  films  at  the  National  Air  and  Space 
Museum  and  the  admission  and  membership  fees  at  the  Cooper- 
Hewitt  Museum.  Investment  income  earned  on  unexpended  fund 
balances  and  from  designated  endowments  added  $700,000.  Gifts 
and  miscellaneous  income,  such  as  zoo  parking  receipts  that  are 
being  reserved  for  future  expansion  of  parking  facilities  at  the 
National  Zoo,  brought  in  another  $1.2  million. 


Special  Foreign  Currency  Program 

Foreign  currencies,  accumulated  primarily  from  sales  of  surplus 
agricultural  commodities  under  Public  Law  83-480  and  determined 
by  the  Treasury  Department  to  be  in  excess  of  the  current  needs 
of  the  United  States,  are  made  available  to  the  Institution  through 
the  Special  Foreign  Currency  Appropriation.  In  fiscal  year  1984,  an 
appropriation  of  excess  foreign  currencies  equivalent  to  $7,040,000 
was  received  under  this  program  by  the  Smithsonian.  Included  in 
this  amount  was  $4  million  (as  compared  to  last  year's  $2  million) 
to  continue  a  program  of  grants  to  United  States  institutions  for 
field  research  and  advanced  professional  training  in  fields  of  tradi- 
tional Smithsonian  interest  and  competence. 

An  additional  $2  million  was  provided  to  the  Indian  rupee  re- 
serve account  established  in  fiscal  year  1980  to  ensure  continued 
program  support  of  the  American  Institute  of  Indian  Studies.  The 


42  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


balance  of  $1,040,000  represented  the  second  increment  of  support 
for  the  international  effort  to  restore  and  preserve  the  ancient  city 
of  Moenjodaro  in  Pakistan.  An  additional  amount  in  nonconvertible 
Pakistani  currency  is  expected  to  be  sought  by  the  Institution  to 
fulfill  the  United  States'  commitment  to  the  project.  Obligations 
during  the  fiscal  year  by  research  discipline  and  country  are  pro- 
vided in  Table  8. 


Construction 

New  funding  in  fiscal  year  1984  for  construction  and  renovation 
projects  at  the  Institution  totaled  $24,126,000.  As  shown  in  Table 
9,  a  federal  appropriation  of  $9  million  was  provided  for  restoration 
and  renovation  of  existing  Smithsonian  facilities.  A  further  $3.5 
million  was  designated  specifically  for  construction  and  renovation 
of  National  Zoological  Park  facilities  both  at  Rock  Creek  Park  and 
Front  Royal.  The  types  of  projects  funded  include  facade,  roof, 
and  terrace  repairs  necessary  to  maintain  the  structural  integrity 
of  buildings;  the  planning  and  installation  of  fire  detection  and 
suppression  systems;  improvements  to  utility  systems  to  increase 
energy  efficiency  and  to  provide  stable  temperature  and  humidity 
conditions  for  the  preservation  of  the  collections;  and  repairs,  mod- 
ifications, and  improvements  to  preserve  and  maintain  the  Institu- 
tion's buildings  in  a  safe  and  energy  efficient  manner.  In  addition, 
federal  dollars  covered  construction  of  a  much-needed  veterinary 
hospital  at  Front  Royal. 

By  September  30,  1984,  the  Institution  had  achieved  its  $37.5 
million  goal  equal  to  one-half  the  estimated  cost  of  constructing  the 
Quadrangle  Center  for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures. 
Of  the  total  raised,  $10.8  million  was  received  in  fiscal  year  1984: 
$8.1  million  was  from  gifts  and  earned  interest  and  $2.7  million 
was  a  transfer  from  unrestricted  trust  funds.  It  must  be  noted  that 
Congress  rescinded  $8  million  of  the  $36.5  million  appropriated  in 
fiscal  year  1983  for  its  share  of  Quadrangle  construction.  This 
action  was  based  on  anticipated  savings  resulting  from  the  unex- 
pectedly low  contract  bid  for  construction.  In  taking  this  action. 
Congress  restated  its  commitment  to  sharing  equally  the  project's 
cost  and  indicated  a  willingness  to  reconsider  its  decision  based  on 
identified  need. 


Financial  Report  I  43 


Other  nonappropriated  receipts  include  grant  support  for  con- 
struction of  research  facihties  at  the  Tropical  Research  Institute,  a 
donation  for  relocation  of  an  antique  greenhouse,  and  interest 
earned  on  unexpended  gifts  to  plant  funds.  In  addition  to  the  $2.7 
million  for  Quadrangle  construction,  transfers  from  unrestricted 
funds  were  made  for  the  purchase  and  improvement  of  a  residence 
for  Smithsonian  Secretaries  and  for  mortgage  payments  on  prop- 
erty currently  occupied  by  the  National  Museum  of  African  Art. 


Endowment  and  Similar  Funds 

As  of  September  30,  1984,  the  market  value  of  the  Smithsonian 
Endowment  Fund  was  $132,416,000,  as  compared  to  $132,031,000 
on  September  30,  1983.  Of  this,  $131,113,000  is  invested  in  the 
Pooled  Consolidated  Endowment  Fund  under  outside  investment 
management,  $1,000,000  is  on  permanent  deposit  in  the  United 
States  Treasury  as  required,  and  the  remaining  $303,000  includes 
restricted  stock  and  donated  real  estate.  As  shown  in  Table  10,  the 
majority  of  the  funds,  56  percent  ($74,672,000),  represents  re- 
stricted endowment,  with  income  available  only  for  the  purposes 
specified  by  the  donor.  The  remaining  44  percent  ($57,744,000)  are 
unrestricted  endowment  funds,  with  income  available  for  general 
support  of  the  Institution.  Certain  of  the  unrestricted  funds,  such 
as  the  Lindbergh  Chair  of  Aerospace  History  Endowment,  have 
been  designated  by  the  Regents  for  specific  purposes.  A  complete 
listing  of  all  endowment  funds,  together  with  current  book  and 
market  values,  may  be  seen  in  Table  13. 

Investment  of  the  Pooled  Consolidated  Endowment  Fund  is 
subject  to  policy  guidelines  established  by  the  Board  of  Regents. 
Funds  are  managed  by  professional  advisory  firms  under  the  over- 
sight of  the  Investment  Policy  Committee  and  the  Treasury.  During 
fiscal  year  1984,  the  number  of  managers  was  increased  to  four 
with  the  addition  of  Granahan-Everitt  Investments,  Inc.  As  of  the 
end  of  the  year,  the  respective  portion  of  the  fund  by  manager  was: 
Fiduciary  Trust  Company  of  New  York  (46  percent),  Batterymarch 
Financial  Management  (30  percent),  Torray  Clark  &  Company  (20 
percent),  and  Granahan-Everett  Investments,  Inc.  (4  percent). 

For  fiscal  year  1984,  the  total  rate  of  return  (market  appreciation 
as  well  as  interest  and  dividend  yield)  of  the  Pooled  Consolidated 


44  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Endowment  Fund,  as  calculated  by  an  independent  investment 
measurement  service,  was  +0.4  percent,  as  compared  to  +4.6  per- 
cent for  the  Standard  &  Poor's  500  Average  and  +2.2  percent  for 
the  Dow  Jones  Industrial  Average,  both  calculated  on  the  same 
basis.  The  year-end  market  values  and  the  recap  of  activity  of  the 
Consolidated  Endowment  over  the  past  five  years  are  reflected  in 
Tables  11  and  12,  respectively. 

Under  the  Total  Return  Income  policy  followed  by  the  Institu- 
tion, total  investment  return  is  defined  as  yield  (interest  and  divi- 
dends) plus  appreciation,  including  both  realized  and  unrealized 
gains.  A  portion  of  this  return  is  made  available  for  expenditure 
each  year,  and  the  remainder  is  reinvested  as  principal.  This  total 
return  income  payout  is  determined  in  advance  of  the  fiscal  year 
by  the  Board  of  Regents  based  on  a  review  of  anticipated  interest 
and  dividend  yields,  support  needs  of  the  Institution's  bureaus  and 
scientists,  inflationary  factors,  and  the  five-year  running  average  of 
market  values,  adjusted  for  additions  or  withdrawals  of  capital. 
After  income  payout  of  $3,820,000  in  fiscal  year  1984  to  endow- 
ments in  the  Pooled  Consolidated  Endowment  Fund,  $2,794,000  of 
excess  interest  and  dividend  yield  was  available  for  reinvestment 
into  endowment  principal.  Net  transfers  to  endowment,  primarily 
to  unrestricted  endowment  funds,  provided  an  additional  $3.5 
million  with  $283,000  received  in  gifts  and  other  income.  At  the 
request  of  the  donor,  balances  in  the  Shryock  Endowment  for 
Docents  were  transferred  to  restricted  current  funds. 

Upon  request,  a  listing  of  the  securities  held  in  the  Pooled  Con- 
solidated Endowment  Fund  as  of  September  30,  1984,  may  be  ob- 
tained from  the  Treasurer  of  the  Institution. 


Related  Organizations 

The  Woodrow  Wilson  International  Center  for  Scholars,  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  of  Art,  and  the  John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the 
Performing  Arts  were  established  by  Congress  within  the  Institu- 
tion. Each  organization  is  administered  by  its  own  board  of  trustees 
and  reports  independently  on  its  financial  status.  Fiscal,  administra- 
tive, and  other  support  services  are  provided  the  Woodrow  Wilson 
International  Center  for  Scholars  on  a  reimbursement  basis;  office 
space  is  made  available  for  center  operations. 


Financial  Report  I  45 


An  independent  nonprofit  corporation,  the  Friends  of  the  Na- 
tional Zoo  (FONZ)  operates  under  contract  a  number  of  beneficial 
concessions  for  the  National  Zoological  Park.  During  calendar  year 
1983  (FONZ's  fiscal  year),  FONZ  concession  and  rental  fees  to  the 
Smithsonian  amounted  to  approximately  $431,000.  In  addition, 
FONZ  contributed  other  important  financial  and  volunteer  support 
to  zoo  programs.  Additional  information  on  FONZ  is  to  be  found 
elsewhere  in  Smithsonian  Year  1984. 

Reading  Is  Fundamental,  Inc.,  associated  with  the  Institution 
since  1968,  now  operates  as  an  independent,  separately  incor- 
porated entity  dedicated  to  the  improvement  of  reading  abilities 
in  children.  Primary  support  is  derived  from  private  contributions 
and  a  federal  contract  with  the  Department  of  Education  to  operate 
the  Federal  Inexpensive  Book  Distribution  Program.  Administrative 
services  are  offered  by  the  Institution  on  a  contract  basis. 

For  fiscal  year  1984,  the  Smithsonian  also  provided  administra- 
tive and  fiscal  assistance  to  the  Visions  Foundation,  a  start-up 
venture  in  the  arts. 


Accounting  and  Auditing 

The  Institution's  funds,  federal  and  nonappropriated,  are  audited 
annually  by  the  independent  public  accounting  firm  of  Coopers 
and  Lybrand.  Their  report  for  fiscal  year  1984  is  reprinted  on  the 
following  pages.  The  Smithsonian's  internal  audit  staff  audits 
Smithsonian  activities  and  financial  systems  throughout  the  year. 
Additionally,  the  Defense  Contract  Audit  Agency  conducts  an 
annual  audit  of  grants  and  contracts  received  from  federal  agencies 
and  monitors  allocated  administrative  costs. 

The  Audit  and  Review  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Regents  met 
several  times  during  the  year  pursuant  to  their  responsibility  under 
the  bylaws  of  the  Institution.  The  committee  is  charged  with 
reviewing  the  Smithsonian's  accounting  systems  and  internal 
financial  controls;  facilitating  communication  between  the  Board 
of  Regents  and  the  internal  audit  staff,  the  independent  accounting 
firm,  and  the  General  Accounting  Office;  and  reviewing  operations 
of  the  Institution  for  compliance  with  approved  programs  and 
policies. 


46  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Table  1.  Financial  Summary 
(In  $l,OOOs) 


FY  1982        FY  1983        FY  1984 


INSTITUTIONAL  OPERATING  FUNDS 
FUNDS  PROVIDED: 

Federal  Appropriations — Salaries  &  Expenses $131,170  $147,256  $156,683 

Federal  Agency  Grants  &  Contracts 13,217  13,125  14,878 

Nonappropriated  Trust  Funds : 

For  Restricted  Purposes    6,821  9,162  10,182 

For  Unrestricted  &  Special  Purposes: 

Auxiliary  &  Bureau  Activities  Revenues — Gross  .  .  .  97,350  104,129  117,550 

Less  Related  Expenses (88,596)  (89,397)  (97,898) 

Auxiliary  &  Bureau  Activities  Net  Revenue 8,754  14,732  19,652 

Investment,  Gift,  &  Other  Income 4,808  4,302  5,057 

Total  Net  Unrestricted  &  Special  Purpose  Revenue  13,562  19,034  24,709 

Total  Nonappropriated  Trust  Funds*— Gross     108,979  117,593  132,789 

—Net     20,383  28,196  34,891 

Total  Operating  Funds  Provided— Gross  253,366  277,974  304,350 

—Net     $164,770  $188,577  $206,452 

FUNDS  APPLIED: 

Science    $  64,837  $  68,895  $  74,134 

Less  SAO  Overhead  Recovery   (2,487)  (2,264)  (2,226) 

History  &  Art 26,762  30,979  33,011 

Public  Service   3,782  2,843  3,526 

Museum  Programs   8,539  9,702  10,976 

Special  Programs    9,533  13,342  14,805 

Associates  &  Business  Management   543  1,057  884 

Administration— Federal**    9,719  11,032  12,201 

—Nonappropriated  Trust  Funds  5,733  7,226  8,211 

Less  Smithsonian  Overhead  Recovery (5,338)  (6,331)  (6,528) 

Facilities  Services   39,327  43,653  46,821 

Total  Operating  Funds  Applied   160,950  180,134  195,815 

Transfers  (Nonappropriated  Trust  Funds) 

Unrestricted  Funds— To  Plant    1,064  2,069  3,424 

—To  Endowment     2,259  3,084  3,313 

Restricted  Funds — To  Endowment   318  637  222 

Total  Operating  Funds  Applied  &  Transferred  Out $164,591»**$185,924  $202,774 

CHANGES  IN  NONAPPROPRIATED 

TRUST  FUND  BALANCES: 

Restricted  Purpose  (Incl.  Fed.  Agency  Gr.  &  Contracts)  $         (45)  $     1,765  $     1,426 

Unrestricted — General  Purpose  5  28  10 

—Special  Purpose 404  860  2,242 

Total    $         364  $     2,653  $     3,678 

YEAR-END  BALANCES— 

NONAPPROPRIATED  TRUST  FUNDS: 

Restricted  Purpose   $     5,906  $     7,671  $     9,097 

Unrestricted— General    Purpose    5,048  5,076  5,086 

—Special   Purpose    13,003  13,863  16,105 

Total    $  23,957  $  26,610  $  30,288 

OTHER  FEDERAL  APPROPRIATIONS 

Special  Foreign  Currency  Program    $     4,320  $     2,000  $     7,040 

Construction    9,744  46,500  4,500 

Total  Federal  Appropriations  (Incl.  S&E  above)   $145,234  $195,756  $168,223 


•Figures    do    not    include    gifts    and    other    income    directly    to    Plant    and    Endowment    Funds:    FY    1982 — 
$2,197,000;  FY  1983— $15,048,000;   FY  1984— $8,484,000. 
••Includes    unobligated    funds    returned    to    Treasury:     FY    1982— $124,000;     FY     1983— $62,000;     FY     1984— 
$102,000. 
•••Includes  $185,000  available  for  FDR  Centennial  carried  forward  from  FY  1981. 


Table  2.  Source  and  Application  of  Operating  Funds 

Year  Ended  September  30,  1984 

(Excludes  Special  Foreign  Currency  Funds,  Plant  Funds  and  Endowments) 

(In  $l,000s) 


Federal 
funds 

Nonfedera 

I  Funds 

Total 
non- 
federal 
funds 

Unrestricted 

Restricted 

Funds 

Aux- 
iliary 
activi- 
General       ties 

Spe- 
cial 
pur- 
pose 

Grants 
and 
con- 
General    tracts 

FUND  BALANCES— 10/1/83 

$          — 

$  26,610 

7,023 

14,876 

8,701 

114,852 

2,215 

147,667 

$  5,076  $          — 

$13,863 

679 

109 
2,673 
1,132 

4,593 

$  7 All  $      250 

FUNDS  PROVIDED 

Federal  Appropriations 

Investment  Income    

Grants  and  Contracts  

Gifts    

.     156,683 

3,108               — 

35          2,698 
—     112,179 
(6)             — 

3,137      114,877 

3,236             — 

—     14,876 

5^359            — 

Sales  and  Revenue 

Other    

1,087               2 

Total  Provided   

.      156,683 

10,182     14,878 

Total   Available    $156,683  $174,277  $  8,213  $114,877  $18,456  $17,603  $15,128 


FUNDS  APPLIED 

Science: 

Assistant  Secretary   

Natl.  Mus.  of  Nat.  History/ 

Museum  of  Man   

Astrophysical  Observatory    . 

Less  Overhead  Recovery  . 
Tropical  Research  Institute  . 
Environmental  Rsch.  Center 
Natl.  Air  &  Space  Museum  . 
Natl.  Zoological  Park 

Total  Science    


524 


512 


28 


—  38 


117 


329 


History  and  Art: 

Assistant  Secretary   

Natl.  Mus.  of  Am.  History  . 
Natl.  Mus.  of  American  Art 

Natl.  Portrait  Gallery   

Hirshhorn  Museum 

Center  for  Asian  Art 

Archives  of  American  Art  . . 
Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  .  . . 
Natl.  Mus.  of  African  Art  . . 
Anacostia  Museum   


Total  History  and  Art 


18,734 

3,814 

310 

7,441 

15,300 

2,244 

— 

(2,226) 

(2,226) 

3,424 

784 

103 

3,098 

481 

74 

7,477 

2,666 

39 

10,720 

465 

66 

51,418 

21,796 
115 

638 

598 

108 

9,637 

1,217 

245 

4,465 

698 

48 

3,216 

1,599 

17 

2,851 

93 

9 

1,058 

1,584 

50 

693 

929 

1 

843 

2,055 

739 

1,043 

210 

73 

741 

34 

32 

25,145 

8,534 

1,322 

794 

1,387 

1,323 

646 

222 

12,188 

413 

264 

4 

90 

19 

298 

2,354 

134 

139 

225 

44 

130 

4,560 

2,187 

14,411 

7 
643 

325 

4 

123 

526 

1 

807 

775 

— 

73 

11 

— 

37 

1,497 

— 

— 

928 

— 

1,022 

195 

99 

104 

33 
2 

I 

2,816 

4,292 

104 

48  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Table  2.  Source  and  Application  of  Operating  Funds — continued 

Year  Ended  September  30,  1984 

(Excludes  Special  Foreign  Currency  Funds,  Plant  Funds  and  Endowments) 

(In  $l,OOOs) 


Nonfederal  Funds 

Total 

Unrestricted 

Restricted 

Aux- 

Spe- 

Grants 

non- 

iliary 

cial 

and 

Federal 

federal 

activi- 

pur- 

con- 

Funds 

funds 

funds 

General 

ties 

pose 

General    tracts 

Public  Service: 

Assistant  Secretary   

456 

338 

272 

— 

57 

9            — 

Reception  Center 

174 

589 

547 

— 

42 

—            — 

Telecommunications    

221 

716 

465 

— 

200 

51             — 

Smithsonian  Press   

1,023 

10,676 

36 

10,634 

— 

6             — 

Total  Public  Service   . . . 

1,874 

631 

90 

883 

3,726 

1,413 

327 

492 

785 

12,319 

470 

1 

337 

(40) 

3,241 

111 

1,320 
48 

309 

182 
110 

10,634 
1,451 

299 

209 

1 
11 
(40) 
80 

1 

66 

212 

17 
1,486 

— 

Museum  Programs: 

Assistant  Secretary   

Registrar    

1 

Conserv.  Analytical  Laboratory 
Libraries     

— 

Exhibits    

Traveling  Exhib.  Service   

Archives 

National  Museum  Act   

Total  Museum  Programs 

Special  Programs: 
Am.  Studies  &  Folklife  Pgm.   . 
Int.  Environ.  Science  Pgm.    .  .  . 
Academic  &  Educational   Pgm. 
Collections  Mgt./Inventory   . .  . 
Major  Exhibition  Program  .... 

Museum  Support  Center   

JFK  Center  Grant    

42 

8,347 

594 
687 
717 
879 
522 
7,649 
1,000 

12,048 

12,099 
45,650 

102* 

4,120 

801 
1,666 

269 

649 

1,451 

262 

1,715 

37 
133 

43 

474 
251 

7 
1,282 

269 

283 

Total  Special  Programs  . 

Associate   Programs    

Business   Management    

Administration   

Less  Overhead  Recovery   . . . 
Facilities  Services 

2,736 

60,313 
24,280 

8,288 
(6,528) 

1,172 

—    ( 

3,424 
3,535 

6,959 

$143,989  $ 

$   30,288   $ 

725 

— 

1,558 
98 

106 

40 

(2,250) 

(5,179) 
24 
17 

170 

283 

782 

7,985 
(6,528) 
1,122 

2,250 
18,375) 
4,541 
3,400 
3,296 

(4,888) 

3,127  $ 

59,421 

24,280 

78 

18,375 
638 

12 

119 

10 

222 

— 

Transfers  Out /(In): 

Treasury     

Coll.  Acq.,  Schol.  St.,  Outreach 

Net  Auxiliary  Activities 

Other  Designated  Purposes  . . . 

Plant  

Endowment    

Total  Transfers    

Total  Funds  Applied  . . . 

FUND  BALANCES  9/30/84   .  . 

— 

102 

19,013      (7,388) 
114,877  $   2,351   $ 

222 

— 

$156,683 

8,793  $14,841 

$           — 

5,086   $ 

— 

$16,105  $  8,810  $ 

287 

( 

Financial  Report  1  49 

Table  3.  Grants  and  Contracts — Expenditures 
(In  $i,ooos) 


Federal  Agencies 


FY  1982   FY  1983   FY  1984 


Agency  for  International  Development $        — 

Department  of  Commerce 174 

Department  of  Defense 1,001 

Department  of  Energy 448 

Department  of  Health  and  Human  Services 325 

Department  of  Interior  268 

National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration*  9,303 

National  Science  Foundation**   1,079 

Other 837 

Total    $13,435 


— 

$      428 

(7) 

57 

1,299 

1,056 

358 

227 

280 

273 

238 

204 

9,551 

11,275 

928 

820 

415 

501 

$13,062     $14,841 


^Includes  $264,000  (FY  1982),  $197,000  (FY  1983),  and  $399,000  (FY  1984)   in  subcontracts  from 
other  organizations  receiving  prime  contract  funding  from  NASA. 
•♦Includes  $230,000  (FY  1982),  $196,000  (FY  1983),  and  $250,000  (FY  1984)  in  NSF  subcontracts 
from  the  Chesapeake  Research  Consortium. 


Table  4.  Restricted  Operating  Trust  Funds  * 

Fiscal  Years  1982-1984 

(In  $l,000s) 


Item 


Net 

Fund 

in- 

bal- 

Total 

Trans- 

crease 

ance 

Invest- 

Miscel- 

rev- 

Deduc- 

fers in 

(de- 

end of 

ment 

Gifts 

laneous 

enue 

tions 

(out) 

crease) 

year 

FY  1982— Total $2,886 

FY  1983 — Total $2,971 

FY  1984: 

National  Museum  of 

Natural  History   $1,150 

Astrophysical  Observatory  91 
Tropical  Research 

Institute    44 

National  Air  &  Space 

Museum     69 

National  Zoological  Park  19 

Other  Science   139 

National  Museum  of 

American  History    ....  58 
National  Museum  of 

American  Art   66 

National  Portrait  Gallery  18 

Hirshhorn  Museum 70 

Center  for  Asian  Art  ....  1,131 

Archives  of  American  Art  45 

Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  .  72 
Traveling  Exhibition 

Service    79 

All  Other 185 

Total  FY  1984    $3,236 


$3,154     $    781      $  6,821      $6,571      $     (77)    $    173     $5,719 


$5,419     $    772     $  9,162     $6,823     $  (637)    $1,702     $7,421 


837      $    107 

$  2,094 

$1,387 

$      —     $ 

707 

$1,441 

122 

— 

213 

222 

— 

(9) 

(16) 

195 

— 

239 

264 

— 

(25) 

235 

54 



123 

134 

(25) 

(36) 

79 

69 

— 

88 

44 

— 

44 

149 

130 

— 

269 

136 

(113) 

20 

582 

239 

1 

298 

325 

2 

(25) 

527 

522 

9 

597 

526 



71 

480 

772 

(2) 

788 

775 

— 

13 

179 

11 

— 

81 

11 

— 

70 

736 

69 

630 

1,830 

1,497 

(15) 

318 

1,552 

778 

320 

1,143 

928 

— 

215 

530 

238 

— 

310 

195 

— 

115 

693 

1,415 
408 


22 


1,494 
615 


1,486 
641 


(71) 


8 

(97) 


930 
713 


$5,859     $1,087     $10,182     $8,571      $  (222)    $1,389     $8,810 


*Does  not  include  Federal  Agency  Grants  and  Contracts. 


2,489 

$  3,108 

24 

35 

46 

(6) 

Table  5.  Unrestricted  Trust  Funds — General  and  Auxiliary  Activities 

Fiscal  Years  1982-1984 

(In  $l,OOOs) 

Item  FY  1982    FY  1983    FY  1984 

FUNDS  PROVIDED 
General  Income: 

Investments    $  2,921 

Gifts     18 

Miscellaneous     83 

Total  General  Income   3,022         2,559         3,137 

Auxiliary  Activities  Income  (Net) : 

Associates*     8,126          9,864       13,075 

Business  Management: 

— Museum  Shops  and  Mail  Order 856 

— Concessions,  Parking  and  Food  Services  .  .  1,513 

—Other     (322) 

Performing  Arts*    (2,544) 

Smithsonian  Press*    670 

Traveling   Exhibitions    (298) 

Photo   Services    11 

Total  Auxiliary  Activities    8,012 

Total  Funds  Provided  (Net)   11,034 

EXPENDITURES  AND  TRANSFERS 

Administrative  and  Program  Expense  12,505 

Less  Administrative  Recovery  7,825 

Net  Expense  4,680 

Less  Transfers : 

To  Special  Purpose  for  Program  Purposes  ....  3,328 

To  Plant  Funds  1,000 

To  Endowment  Funds   2,021 

NET  ADDITION  TO  FUND  BALANCE 5 

ENDING  FUND  BALANCE    $  5,048 


2,710 

3,711 

1,670 

1,691 

(300) 

(206) 

232 

1,158 

(363) 

(421) 

19 

5 

13,832 

19,013 

16,391 

22,150 

14,727 

16,769 

8,595 

8,754 

6,132 

8,015 

5,205 

7,429 

2,005 

3,400 

3,021 

3,296 

28 

10 

$   5,076 

$  5,086 

'Effective  FY  1983,  the  Division  of  Performing  Arts  recording  program  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Smithsonian  Press  and  the  performing  arts  activities  for  which  tickets 
are  sold  to  the  public  were  transferred  to  the  Resident  Associate  Program. 


Financial  Report  I  51 


Table  6.  Auxiliary  Activities  Fiscal  Years  1982-1984 
(In  $l,OOOs) 

Sales  Net 
and  Less                                           rev- 
other  cost  of      Gross         Ex-        enue** 
Activity                    revenue  Gifts         sales      revenue     penses       (loss) 

FY  1982 $92,668  $1,757     $56,166     $38,259     $30,247     $8,012 

FY  1983 $98,826  $2,171     $57,527     $43,470     $29,638     $13,832 

FY  1984: 

Associates     $  69,798  $  2,698     $46,127     $26,369     $13,294     $13,075 

Business  Management: 

—Museum  Shops*    26,762  —       14,752       12,010         8,299         3,711 

— Concessions/Parking/ 

Food   Services    2,617  —              45         2,572            881         1,691 

— Other 97  —               —               97             303           (206) 

Smithsonian   Press    11,792  —         3,703         8,089         6,931         1,158 

Traveling   Exhibitions    1,030  —            671            359            780           (421) 

Photo  Services 

(Administration)    83  —             11              72             67               5 

Total  FY  1984    $112,179  $2,698     $65,309     $49,568     $30,555     $19,013 


*Includes  Museum  Shops  and  Mail  Order. 
**Before   revenue-sharing   transfers    to   participating   Smithsonian   bureaus    of   $380,000    (FY 
1982);  $486,000  (FY  1983);  and  $638,000  (FY  1984). 


52  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Table  7.  Unrestricted  Special  Purpose  Funds 

Fiscal  Years  1982-1984 

(In  $l,OOOs) 

Revenue  Deductions 

Gifts  Bu-         Net  Fund 

Bu-        and  Pro-        reau         in-  bal- 

In-        reau      other  Total     Trans-     gram  activ-  crease       ance 

vest-     activi-      rev-  rev-      fers  in       ex-  ity  ex-       (de-  end  of 

Item  ment       ties        enue  enue       (out)      pense  pense  crease)       year 

-Y 1982 $719     $2,925     $1,067      $4,711     $2,784     $4,908     $2,183     $    404     $13,003 

-Y 1983 $686     $3,132     $1,057      $4,875     $5,078     $6,861     $2,232     $    860     $13,863 

FY  1984: 

National  Museum  of 

Natural  History    $  50     $        7     $      30      $      87     $    959     $    794     $      —     $    252     $      854 

\strophysical 

Observatory     10  137  65  212  502  491  155  68  679 

rropical  Research 

Institute    22  131  —  153  234  193  220  (26)  153 

^lational  Air  and  Space 

Museum   243       1,400  35        1,678  73       1,433  921         (603)        1,993 

Environmental  Research 

Center*  7  23  16  46  88  80  10  44  175 

Niational   Zoological   Park     210  —  200  410  90  225  —         275         2,310 

*4ational  Museum  of 

American  History    23  13  85  121  566  638  5  44  482 

National  Museum  of 

American  Art   14  5  139  158  23  119  4  58  175 

National   Portrait   Gallery         5  9  58  72  743  799  8  8  135 

iirshhorn  Museum 15  —  17  32  327  73  —  286  464 

Zooper-Hev^^itt  Museum  .         1  849  347        1,197  23  374  648  198  202 

National  Museum  of 

African  Art  —  7  6  13  18  101  3  (73)  48 

pffice  of  Telecommunica- 
tions            —  3  —  3  19  167  33         (178)  274 

iability  Reserves —  —  —  —  —  16  —  (16)       3,273 

Jnallocated  Coll.  Acq., 

Schol.  Studies,  and 

Outreach    —  —  —  —         133  —  —         133  570 

ellowships    24  —  —  24       1,363       1,194  —  193         1,034 

Museum  Support  Center 

Equipment    —  —  —  —  —  269  —         (269)  401 

^11  Other 55  89  243  387       2,227  739  27       1,848         2,883 

Total  FY  1984 $679     $2,673     $1,241      $4,593     $7,388     $7,705     $2,034     $2,242     $16,105 

Effective  in  FY  1983,  the  Chesapeake  Bay  Center  for  Environmental  Studies  was  merged  with  the  Radiation 
Biology  Laboratory  to  form  the  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Center. 

Financial  Report  I  53 


Table  8.  Special  Foreign  Currency  Program 

Fiscal  Year  1984 — Obligations 

(In  $l,OOOs) 


Archae- 
Country  ology 


System- 

Astro- 

atic and 

physics 

Mm- 

Grant 

environ- 

and 

seum 

admin- 

mental 

earth 

pro- 

istra- 

biology 

sciences 

grams 

tion 

Total 

$415 

3 

239 

$111 

$405 

$253* 

$5,914 

4 

1,401 

6 

— 

19 

$657 

$117 

$405 

$272 

$7,319 

India $4,730 

Burma     1 

Pakistan     1,137 


Total $5,868 


*Includes  $180,000  for  translation  services  in  support  of  all  programs. 

Table  9.  Construction  and  Plant  Funds  Fiscal  Years  1982-1984 

(In  $l,000s) 

Sources  FY  1982  FY  1983  FY  1984 

FUNDS  PROVIDED 

Federal  Appropriations : 

National  Zoological  Park  $  1,104  $  1,550  $  3,500 

Restoration  and  Renovation  of  Buildings 7,680  8,450  9,000 

Quadrangle     960  36,500  (8,000) 

Total  Federal  Appropriations    9,744  46,500  4,500 

Nonappropriated  Trust  Funds : 
Income — Gift  and  Other 

Special  Exhibits  Gallery   1  —  — 

Smithsonian  Environmental  Research 

Center — Gain  on  Sale  —  44  — 

Smithsonian  Tropical  Research 

Institute — Research  Facilities  —  66  20 

Erection  of  Jacksonville  Bandstand —  174  12 

Cooper-Hewitt  Museum   31  163  32 

American  Art  and  Portrait  Gallery  Building  183  21  21 

Quadrangle  and  Related   1,650  14,574  8,098 

Smithsonian  Institution  Building  South 

Entrance    64  5  3 

Bequest  of  Real  Estate   225  —  — 

Belmont  Conference  Center — Gain  on  Sale  . .  —  1,405*  — 

Horticulture  Antique  Greenhouse —  —  16 

Total    Income    2,154  16,452  8,202 

Transfers  from  Current  Funds : 

National  Museum  of  African  Art 24  24  24 

Quadrangle    1,040  2,040  2,700 

East  Garden —  5  — 

Secretaries'  Residence    —  —  700 

Total  Transfers   1,064  2,069  3,424 

Total  Funds  Provided   $12,962  $65,021  $16,126 


*Total  proceeds  realized  of  $1,993,000  of  which  $1,750,000  was  directed  to  construction 
of  the  Museum  Support  Center  and  $208,000  was  transferred  to  endowment  funds. 


54  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Table  10.  Endowment  and  Similar  Funds  September  30, 1984 

Book  value  Market  value 

ASSETS 

Pooled  Consolidated  Endowment  Funds: 

Cash  and  Equivalents $  13,525,970  $  13,525,970 

Bonds    11,346,884  11,431,145 

Convertible  Bonds   4,048,125  4,408,300 

Stocks     87,939,422  101,747,648 

Total  Pooled  Funds   116,860,401  131,113,063 

Nonpooled  Endowment  Funds : 

Loan  to  U.S.  Treasury  in  Perpetuity 1,000,000  1,000,000 

Notes  Receivable  41,946  41,946 

Bonds    10,000  9,600 

Common  Stocks  1,999  12,000 

Land   239,000  239,000 

Total  Nonpooled  Funds   1,292,945  1,302,546 

Total  Endowment  and  Similar  Fund  Balances  .  $118,153,346  $132,415,609 

FUND  BALANCES 

Unrestricted  Purpose:    True  Endowment $     3,953,128  $     5,014,889 

Quasi  Endowment 49,312,990  52,728,976 

Total  Unrestricted  Purpose 53,266,118  57,743,865 

Restricted  Purpose :        True  Endowment 48,031,154  55,770,264 

Quasi  Endowment 16,856,074  18,901,480 

Total  Restricted  Purpose   64,887,228  74,671,744 

Total  Endowment  and  Similar  Fund  Balances  . .  $118,153,346  $132,415,609 


Table.  11.  Market  Values  of  Pooled  Consolidated  Endowment  Funds 

(In  $l,000s) 

Fund                    9/30/80      9/30/81      9/30/82  9/30/83  9/30/84 

Unrestricted    $28,384       $30,399       $35,974  $  54,677  $  56,592 

Freer     20,771          20,472          22,596  32,096  31,125 

Other  Restricted   28,175         27,101         30,288  43,911  43,396 

Total    $77,330       $77,972       $88,858  $130,684  $131,113 


Table  12.  Changes  in  Pooled  Consolidated  Endowment  Funds 

for  Fiscal  Year  1984 

(In  $l,000s) 

Gifts       Inter-  Change 

Market      and      est  and  Income                       in        Market 

value       trans-      divi-  paid  Sub-      market     value 

Fund              9/30/83      fers       dends*  out  total       value    9/30/84 

Unrestricted    $  54,677  $3,083  $2,821   $1,378  $  59,203  $  (2,611)    $  56,592 

Freer     32,096  —     1,597     1,029       32,664      (1,539)        31,125 

Other  Restricted   .        43,911         807     2,196     1,413       45,501      (2,105)        43,396 

Total    $130,684   $3,890  $6,614   $3,820   $137,368   $  (6,255)    $131,113 

•Income  earned,  less  managers'  fees  of  $546,041. 


Table  13.  Endowment  Funds  September  30, 1984 


Principal 


Book 
value 


Market 
value 


Net 
income 


Unexpended 
balance 


UNRESTRICTED  PURPOSE— TRUE : 

Avery    Fund*    $        131,518 

Higbee,  Harry,  Memorial 38,243 

Hodgkins  Fund* 226,558 

Morrow,  Dwight  W 228,867 

Mussinan,   Alfred    72,528 

Olmsted,  Helen  A 2,404 

Poore,  Lucy  T.  and  George  W.*  . . .  512,423 

Porter,  Henry  Kirke,  Memorial   .  .  .  846,465 

Sanford,  George  H.*  3,784 

Smithson,  James* 567,676 

Walcott,  Charles  D.  and  Mary 

Vaux,  Research  (Designated)*   .  .  1,322,662 

Subtotal   3,953,128 

UNRESTRICTED  PURPOSE— QUASI : 

Forrest,  Robert  Lee  3,414,389 

General  Endowment*   41,529,143 

Goddard,  Robert  H 27,020 

Habel,  Dr.  S.* 524 

Hart,  Gustavus  E 1,706 

Henry,  Caroline  4,225 

Henry,  Joseph  and  Harriet  A 170,033 

Heys,  Maude  C 327,238 

Hinton,  Carrie  Susan   87,159 

Lambert,  Paula  C 156,692 

Medinus,  Grace  L 3,238 

Rhees,  William  Jones*   2,263 

Safford,  Clara  Louise   149,209 

Smithsonian  Bequest  Fund*    677,280 

Taggart,  Ganson   1,434 

Abbott,  William  L.  (Designated)   . .  402,179 

Barstow,  Frederic  D.  (Designated)  .  3,368 
Lindbergh  Chair  of  Aerospace 

History   (Designated)    1,563,652 

Lindbergh,  Charles  A.  (Designated)  12,628 
Lyon,  Marcus  Ward,  Jr. 

(Designated)    13,541 

Webb,  James  E.,  Fellowship 

(Designated)    766,069 

Subtotal   49,312,990 

Total  Unrestricted  Purpose $  53,266,118 

RESTRICTED  PURPOSE— TRUE : 

Arthur,  James    $        114,851 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton    104,163 

Barney,  Alice  Pike,  Memorial 82,338 

Batchelor,  Emma  E 106,226 

Beauregard,  Catherine,  Memorial  .  .  132,066 

Bergen,  Charlotte  V 11,674 

Brown,  Roland  W 88,860 

Canfield,  Frederick  A 117,005 

Casey,  Thomas  Lincoln   42,299 

Chamberlain,  Frances  Lea   80,844 

Cooper  Fund  for  Paleobiology  ....  83,569 
Division  of  Mammals  Curators 

Fund   6,122 

Drake    Foundation    545,928 

Drouet,  Francis  and  Louderback, 

Harold  B.  Fund    175,273 

Dykes,  Charles,  Bequest   158,678 

Eickemeyer,  Florence  Brevoort  ....  31,200 

Freer,  Charles  L 26,702,183 

Grimm,  Sergei  N 97,990 

Groom,  Barrick  W 52,723 

Guggenheim,  Daniel  and  Florence  .  380,996 

Hamilton,   James*    3,815 

Henderson,  Edward  P., 

Meteorite  Fund 1,096 

Hewitt,  Eleanor  G.,  Repair  Fund   .  .  22,847 

Hewitt,  Sarah  Cooper 135,099 

Hillyer,   Virgil    22,180 

Hitchcock,  Albert  S 4,561 

Hodgkins  Fund*   104,830 

Hrdlicka,  Ales  and  Marie 160,959 


170,081 

49,530 

243,573 

304,678 

89,101 

3,110 

677,406 

1,125,065 

4,644 

566,646 

1,781,055 


52,728,976 


4,735 
1,205 

10,860 

7,415 

2,169 

76 

17,621 

27,382 
160 

36,809 

58,759 


167,191 


3,390,484 

82,519 

44,823,288 

1,059,803 

26,850 

654 

523 

34 

2,008 

49 

4,955 

121 

198,214 

4,824 

329,912 

8,030 

96,510 

2,349 

177,060 

4,309 

3,283 

80 

2,539 

87 

154,099 

3,751 

700,361 

13,501 

1,878 

46 

470,057 

15,536 

3,929 

130 

1,628,013 

53,808 

14,278 

1,296 

14,007 

463 

686,728 

22,670 

1,274,060 


116,153 


$  57,743,865  $1,441,251  $    147,217 


153,962 

$    5,089 

$    6,138 

137,626 

4,549 

11,910 

110,330 

3,647 

23,935 

114,125 

3,772 

60,430 

154,177 

5,096 

42,024 

11,394 

377 

635 

105,813 

3,497 

16,965 

169,631 

5,607 

220 

49,429 

1,634 

2,671 

108,331 

3,581 

17,875 

84,367 

2,732 

— 0— 

7,282 

226 

4,040 

600,711 

19,778 

86,137 

171,812 

830 

18,992 

181,773 

6,008 

38,674 

41,798 

1,381 

20,935 

31,125,303 

1,028,730 

1,249,227 

97,518 

3,223 

11,279 

48,658 

1,206 

994 

398,253 

13,163 

33,032 

4,283 

226 

1,288 

1,369 

45 

398 

25,039 

828 

— 0 — 

147,794 

4,885 

— 0— 

25,921 

857 

11,211 

6,168 

204 

110 

104,644 

6,818 

33,107 

191,677 

6,335 

6,951 

Table  13.  Endowment  Funds  September  30, 1984 — continued 


Principal 


Income 


Book 
value 


Market 
value 


Net 


Unexpended 
balance 


Hughes,  Bruce   

Johnson,  Seward,  Trust  Fund  for 

Oceanography     

Kellogg,  Remington,  Memorial    .  . . 

Kramar,  Nada    

Lindsey,  Jessie  H.*    

Maxwell,  Mary  E 

Milliken,  H.  Oothout,  Memorial   . . 

Mineral  Endowment   

Mitchell,  William  A 

Natural  History  and  Conservation  . 

Nelson,  Edward  William   

Petrocelli,  Joseph,  Memorial 

Reid,  Addison  T.*   

Roebling  Fund   

Rollins,  Miriam  and  William 

Shryock  Endowment  for  Docents   . 

Sims,  George  W 

Sprague  Fund 

Springer,  Frank    

Stern,  Harold  P.,  Memorial    

Stevenson,  John  A.,  Mycological 

Library  

Walcott,  Charles  D.  and  Mary 

Vaux,  Research    

Walcott  Research  Fund,  Botanical 

Publications     

Williston,  Samuel  Wendell, 

Diptera  Research 

Zerbee,  Frances  Brinckle   

Subtotal   

RESTRICTED  PURPOSE— QUASI : 

Armstrong,  Edwin  James 

Au  Panier  Fleuri   

Bacon,  Virginia  Purdy   

Becker,  George  F 

Desautels,  Paul  E 

Gaver,  Gordon 

Hachenberg,  George  P.  and 

Caroline     

Hanson,  Martin  Gustav  and 

Caroline  R 

Hunterdon   Endowment    

ICBP   Endowment    

ICBP — Conservation  Endowment  .  . 

Johnson,  E.  R.  Fenimore   

Loeb,   Morris    

Long,  Annette  E.  and  Edith  C 

Myer,  Catherine  Walden  

Noyes,  Frank  B 

Noyes,  Pauline  Riggs   

Pell,  Cornelia  Livingston   

Ramsey,  Adm.  and  Mrs.  Dewitt 

Clinton*     

Rathbun,  Richard,  Memorial 

Roebling  Solar  Research   

Ruef,  Bertha  M 

Schultz,  Leonard  P 

Seidell,  Atherton   

Smithsonian  Agency  Account 

Strong,  Julia  D 

Witherspoon,  Thomas  A.,  Memorial 

Subtotal   

Total  Restricted  Purpose   

TOTAL  ENDOWMENT  FUNDS   .  . 


54,978 


8,996 

2,717 


2,437 


9,438 
3,625 


299 
120 


20,537 


11,045,313 

12,945,474 

427,883 

108,753 

78,269 

79,842 

2,639 

8,238 

8,898 

10,077 

333 

2,849 

12,248 

12,142 

1,155 

7,989 

56,335 

75,532 

2,496 

23,283 

674 

736 

24 

24 

305,920 

339,220 

11,212 

303 

41,670 

46,405 

1,534 

2,343 

75,300 

80,731 

2,571 

— 0 — 

66,401 

85,535 

2,827 

6,037 

21,324 

28,650 

947 

25,070 

71,536 

81,609 

3,067 

6,513 

345,925 

462,053 

15,271 

82 

667,383 

812,837 

26,614 

15,885 

— 0 — 

— 0 — 

49 

— 0— 

58,999 

56,727 

1,830 

1,516 

4,415,010 

4,860,495 

159,141 

42,319 

51,747 

68,949 

2,279 

27,204 

461,817 

512,004 

16,453 

46,880 

16,212 

18,837 

623 

1,430 

429,518 

511,841 

16,727 

13,440 

163,589 

214,597 

7,093 

19,401 

1,100 
4,530 


10,125 

10,962 

356 

— 0 — 

64,026 

63,799 

2,109 

— 0— 

293,747 

320,211 

10,583 

33,712 

506,092 

554,225 

18,318 

3,719 

36,534 

42,266 

1,371 

— 0— 

3,972 

4,507 

149 

3,296 

1,209 


29,993 

35,038 

1,158 

5,785 

10,019,276 

11,513,070 

380,521 

131,853 

582,335 

596,758 

18,023 

— 0 — 

130,818 

131,280 

4,196 

4,558 

25,183 

25,942 

857 

2,254 

295,797 

347,498 

11,485 

15,116 

1,578 

2,146 

71 

290 

68,169 

79,642 

2,632 

11,546 

3,341 

4,014 

133 

2,280 

30,151 

30,063 

994 

— 0— 

25,090 

29,401 

972 

1,907 

965,910 

1,007,242 

33,249 

6,030 

35,974 

42,127 

1,392 

18,273 

80,966 

90,574 

2,994 

4,666 

98,186 

101,098 

3,341 

13,096 

26,141 

30,474 

1,007 

19,465 

2,007,564 

2,189,643 

72,370 

263,285 

1,032,286 

1,085,132 

25,957 

— 0— 

33,811 

39,586 

1,308 

642 

435,076 

507,935 

16,788 

9,195 

16,856,074 

18,901,480 

612,891 

552,177 

$  64,887,228 

$  74,671,744 

$2,452,839 

$2,637,081 

$118,153,346 

$132,415,609 

$3,894,090** 

$2,784,298 

•Invested  all  or  in  part  in  U.S.  Treasury  or  other  nonpooled  investments. 

•Total    Return    Income    payout;    does    not    include    $215,411     of    interest    income    for    investn 
balances. 


xpended 


COOPERS  &  LYBRAND 

CERTIFIED  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTANTS 


To  the  Board  of  Regents 
Smithsonian  Institution 

We  have  examined  the  statement  of  financial  condition  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  as  of  September  30,  1984  and  the  related 
statement  of  financial  activity  for  the  year  then  ended.  Our  exam- 
ination was  made  in  accordance  with  generally  accepted  auditing 
standards  and  with  generally  accepted  governmental  auditing  stan- 
dards and,  accordingly,  included  such  tests  of  the  accounting  rec- 
ords and  such  other  auditing  procedures  as  we  considered  necessary 
in  the  circumstances.  We  previously  examined  and  reported  upon 
the  financial  statements  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for  the 
year  ended  September  30,  1983,  totals  of  which  are  included  in 
the  accompanying  financial  statements  for  comparative  purposes 
only. 

In  our  opinion,  the  financial  statements  for  the  year  ended 
September  30,  1984,  referred  to  above,  present  fairly  the  financial 
position  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  as  of  September  30,  1984, 
and  the  results  of  its  operations  and  changes  in  its  fund  balances 
for  the  year  then  ended,  in  conformity  with  generally  accepted 
accounting  principles  applied  on  a  basis  consistent  with  that  of 
the  preceding  year. 

COOPERS  &  LYBRAND 
1800  M  Street,  N.W. 
Washington,  D.C.  20036 
December  14, 1984 


58  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

Statement  of  Financial  Condition 

September  30,  1984 

(with  comparative  totals  for  September  30,  1983) 
(thousands  of  dollars) 


Trust        Federal       Totals,        Totals, 
funds  funds       all  funds        1983 


ASSETS: 

Cash  on  hand  and  in  banks  (Note  3)   $     3,827  $          10  $     3,837  $     1,971 

Fund  balances  with  U.S.  Treasury  (Note  4)  333  69,078  69,411  73,860 

Investments  (Notes  1  and  5)   166,806  —  166,806  144,518 

Receivables  (Note  7)    45,582  220  45,802  36,778 

Advance  payments  (Note  8)    697  13,135  13,832  13,490 

Merchandise  inventory  (Note  1)   8,902  —  8,902  8,459 

Materials  and  supplies  inventory  (Note  1)  2,017  1,249  3,266  3,499 
Amount  to  be  provided  for  accrued  annual 

leave  (Note  1)   —  7,124  7,124  6,690 

Prepaid  and  deferred  expense  (Note  1)   .  .  .  11,573  —  11,573  9,668 

Property  and  equipment  (Notes  1  and  9)  .  .  23,234  184,967  208,201  197,516 

Total  assets    $262,971  $275,783  $538,754  $496,449 


LIABILITIES: 

Accounts  payable  and  accrued  expenses, 
including   interfund   payable   of   $22,311 

(Note    7)     $  34,889  $  10,202  $  45,091  $  39,096 

Deposits  held  in  custody  for  other  organi- 
zations (Note  2)    3,042  42  3,084  2,187 

Accrued  annual  leave  (Note  1)   1,335  7,124  8,459  7,839 

Deferred  revenue  (Note  1)   24,815    —  24,815  22,015 

Total  liabilities    64,081  17,368  81,449  71,137 

UNDELIVERED  ORDERS  (Note  1)    —  62,597  62,597  56,778 

FUND  BALANCES  (Note  1): 
Current: 

Unrestricted  general  purpose 5,086  —  5,086  5,076 

Special  purpose  16,105  —  16,105  13,863 

Restricted    9,097  —  9,097  7,671 

Endowment  and  similar  funds  (Note  6)   .  .  118,153  —  118,153  103,009 

Plant  funds  (Note  9)    50,449     —  50,449  39,242 

Total  trust  fund  balances 198,890    — •  198,890  168,861 

Operating  funds   —  175  175  75 

Construction   funds    —  9,427  9,427  18,068 

Capital   funds    —  186,216  186,216  181,530 

Total  federal  fund  balances —  195,818  195,818  199,673 

Total  all  fund  balances 198,890  195,818  394,708  368,534 

Total    liabilities,    undelivered    orders 

and  fund  balances   $262,971  $275,783  $538,754  $496,449 


The  accompanying  notes  are  an  integral  part  of  the  financial  statements. 

Financial  Report  I  59 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 
Statement  of  Financial  Activity 

for  the  year  ended  September  30, 1984 

(with  comparative  totals  for  the  year  ended  September  30, 1983) 
(thousands  of  dollars) 


TRUST  FUNDS 


Total  trust 
funds 


Endowment 
Current       and  similar 
funds  funds 


—         $ 


114,852 

— 

14,876 

— 

9,842 

— 

— 

8,505 

8,701 

247 

2,983 

36 

151,254 

8,788 

31,979 



11,014 

— 

1,172 

— 

93,632 

— 

Revenue  and  other  additions : 

Appropriations,  net  (Note  10) $ 

Auxiliary  activities  revenue 114,852 

Federal  grants  and  contracts 14,876 

Investment  income  (net  of  $546,000  for 

management  and  custodian  fees)   11,902 

Net  gain  on  sale  of  securities  and  real 

property    8,505 

Gifts,  bequests  and  foundation  grants   15,089 

Additions  to  plant 4,054 

Rentals,  fees,  commissions  and  other 3,019 

Total  revenue  and  other  additions 172,297 

Expenditures  and  other  deductions : 

Research  and  educational  expenditures 31,979 

Administrative  expenditures    11,014 

Facilities  services  expenditures   1,172 

Auxiliary  activities  expenditures    93,632 

Acquisition  of  plant   3,797 

Property  use  and  retirements  (Note  9)   650 

Retirement  of  indebtedness   6 

Interest  on  indebtedness    18 

Total  expenditures  and  other  deductions 

Excess  of  revenue  and  other  additions 
over  (under)  expenditures  and  other 
deductions  (Note  12) 

Transfers  among  funds — additions  (deductions) : 

Mandatory  principal  and  interest  on  notes  . . 

Nonmandatory   for  designated   purposes,  net 

(Note  13)    

Total  transfers  among  funds   

Net  increase  (decrease)  for  the  year  .... 

Returned  to  U.S.  Treasury   

Fund  balances  at  beginning  of  year 

Fund  balances  at  end  of  year 


142,268 

137,797 
13,457 

— 

30,029 

8,788 

— 

(24) 

— 

— 

(9,755) 
(9,779) 
3,678 

6,356 

— 

6,356 

30,029 

15,144 

168,861 

26,610 

103,009 

$198,890 

$   30,288 

$118,153 

The  accompanying  notes  are  an  integral  part  of  the  financial  statements. 

60  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


FEDERAL  FUNDS 

Totals, 
all  funds 

Plant 
funds 

Total 
federal 
funds 

Operating 
funds 

Construction 
funds 

Capital 
funds 

Totals, 

1983 

$         — 

$168,223 

$163,723 

$     4,500 

$          — 

$168,223 

114,852 

14,876 

$195,756 

101,957 

13,125 

2,060 


11,902 


9,293 


6,141 
4,054 


19,079 
112 


112 


12,255 

187,414 

163,835 



105,612 

105,612 

— 

12,371 

12,371 

— 

45,650 

45,650 

3,797 

13,141 

— 

650 
6 

18 

14,393 

— 

— 

— 

4,471 

191,167 

163,633 

13,141 


19,079 


4,500  19,079 


14,393 


13,141  14,393 


8,505 

14,451 

15,089 

21,456 

23,133 

20,757 

3,131 

2,386 

359,711 

379,181 

137,591 

121,998 

23,385 

21,483 

46,822 

43,648 

93,632 

85,133 

16,938 

36,962 

15,043 

20,440 

6 

7 

18 

17 

333,435 

329,688 

7,784 


(3,753) 


202 


(8,641)  4,686 


26,276 


49,493 


24 
3,399 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

3,423 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

11,207 
39,242 

(3,753) 

(102) 

199,673 

$195,818 

202 
(102) 

75 

(8,641) 

18,068 
$     9,427 

4,686 

181,530 
$186,216 

26,276 

(102) 

368,534 

$394,708 

49,493 

(62) 

319,103 

$  50,449 

$         175 

$368,534 

Financial  Report  !  61 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 
Notes  to  Financial  Statements 

1.    Summary  of  significant  accounting  policies 

Basis  of  presentation.  These  financial  statements  do  not  include  the  accounts 
of  the  National  Gallery  of  Art,  the  John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Perform- 
ing Arts  or  the  Woodrow  Wilson  International  Center  for  Scholars,  which 
were  established  by  Congress  within  the  Smithsonian  Institution  (the  Insti- 
tuition)  but  are  administered  under  separate  boards  of  trustees.  (See  Note  2.) 

The  accounts  of  the  federal  funds  have  been  prepared  on  the  obligation 
basis  of  accounting,  which  basis  is  in  accordance  with  accounting  principles 
prescribed  by  the  Comptroller  General  of  the  United  States  as  set  forth  in 
the  Policy  and  Procedures  Manual  for  Guidance  of  Federal  Agencies.  The 
obligation  basis  of  accounting  differs  in  some  respects  from  generally  ac- 
cepted accounting  principles.  Under  this  basis  of  accounting,  commitments 
of  the  operating  fund,  such  as  purchase  orders  and  contracts,  are  recognized 
as  expenditures,  and  the  related  obligations  are  reported  on  the  balance 
sheet  even  though  goods  and  services  have  not  been  received.  Such  commit- 
ments aggregated  $33,045,000  at  September  30,  1984.  In  addition,  construction 
commitments  amounted  to  $29,552,000  at  September  30,  1984. 

The  trust  funds  reflect  the  receipt  and  expenditure  of  funds  obtained  from 
private  sources,  federal  grants  and  contracts,  investment  income  and  certain 
business  activities  related  to  the  operations  of  the  Institution.  The  federal 
funds  reflect  the  receipt  and  expenditures  of  funds  obtained  from  Congres- 
sional appropriations. 

Fund  accounting.  To  ensure  observance  of  limitations  and  restrictions  placed 
on  the  use  of  resources  available  to  the  Institution,  the  accounts  of  the 
Institution  are  maintained  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  fund  account- 
ing. This  is  the  procedure  by  which  resources  for  various  purposes  are 
classified  for  funds  control,  accounting  and  reporting  purposes  into  funds 
established  according  to  their  appropriation,  nature,  and  purposes.  Separate 
accounts  are  maintained  for  each  fund;  however,  in  the  accompanying  finan- 
cial statements,  funds  that  have  similar  characteristics  have  been  combined 
into  fund  groups.  Accordingly,  all  financial  transactions  have  been  recorded 
and  reported  by  fund  group. 

The  assets,  liabilities,  and  fund  balances  of  the  Institution  are  reported  in 
self-balancing  fund  groups  as  follows: 

Trust  current  funds,  which  include  unrestricted  and  restricted  resources, 
represent  the  portion  of  expendable  funds  that  is  available  for  support  of 
Institution  operations.  Amounts  restricted  by  the  donor  for  specific  pur- 
poses are  segregated  from  other  current  funds. 

Trust  endowment  and  similar  funds  include  funds  that  are  subject  to 
restrictions  of  gift  instruments  requiring  in  perpetuity  that  the  principal 
be  invested  and  the  income  only  be  used.  Also  classified  as  endowment 
and  similar  funds  are  gifts  which  allow  the  expenditure  of  principal  but 
only    under    certain    specified    conditions    and    quasi-endowment    funds. 

62  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Quasi-endowment  funds  are  funds  established  by  the  governing  board 
for  the  same  purposes  as  endowment  funds;  however,  any  portion  of 
such  funds  may  be  expended.  Restricted  quasi-endowment  funds  repre- 
sent gifts  for  restricted  purposes  where  there  is  no  stipulation  that  the 
principal  be  maintained  in  perpetuity  or  for  a  period  of  time,  but  the 
governing  board  has  elected  to  invest  the  principal  and  expend  only  the 
income  for  the  purpose  stipulated  by  the  donor. 

Trust  plant  funds  represent  resources  restricted  for  future  plant  acquisi- 
tions and  funds  expended  for  plant.  Pledges  for  the  construction  of  the 
Center  for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures  are  recorded  as 
gifts  in  the  plant  fund  in  the  period  the  pledge  document  is  received. 
Federal  operating  funds  consist  of  separate  subfund  groups  maintained 
for  each  appropriation — Salaries  and  Expenses  appropriations,  which  are 
available  for  obligation  in  the  current  year  only.  Special  Foreign  Currency 
appropriations  and  Barro  Colorado  Island  Trust  Fund,  for  which  unex- 
pended funds  from  the  current  year  can  be  carried  forward  and  obligated 
in  subsequent  years. 

Federal  construction  funds  represent  the  portion  of  expendable  funds  that 
is  available  for  building  and  facility  construction,  restoration,  renovation, 
and  repair.  Separate  subfund  groups  are  maintained  for  each  appropria- 
tion— Construction  and  Improvements,  National  Zoological  Park,  Restora- 
tion and  Renovation  of  Buildings,  Museum  Support  Center  and  the  Center 
for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures  (Quadrangle). 
Federal  capital  funds   represent  the   amount  of  the   investment   of   the 
United  States  Government  in  the  net  assets  of  the  Institution  acquired 
with  federal  funds  and  nonexpendable  property  transfers  from  Govern- 
ment agencies. 
Investments.  All  gains  and  losses  arising  from  the  sale,  collection  or  other 
disposition  of  investments  and  property  are   accounted  for  in  the  fund  in 
which  the  related  assets  are  recorded.  Income  from  investments  is  accounted 
for  in  a  similar  manner,  except  for  income  derived  from  investments  of  en- 
dowment and  similar  funds,  which  is  accounted  for  in  the  fund  to  which  it  is 
restricted  or,  if  unrestricted,  as  revenue  in  unrestricted  current  funds.  Gains 
and  losses  on  the  sale  of  investments  are  recognized  using  the  specific  identi- 
fication method,  whereby  the  cost  of  the  specific   security  adjusted  by   any 
related  discount  or  premium  amortization  is  the  basis  for  recognition  of  the 
gain  or  loss. 

Inventory.  Inventories  are  carried  at  the  lower  of  cost  or  market.  Cost  is 
determined  using  the  first-in,  first-out  (FIFO)  method,  retail  cost  method  (for 
those  inventories  held  for  resale)  or  net  realizable  value. 
Deferred  revenue  and  expense.  Revenue  from  subscriptions  to  Smithsonian 
Magazine  is  recorded  as  income  over  the  period  of  the  related  subscription, 
which  is  one  year.  Costs  related  to  obtaining  subscriptions  to  Smithsonian 
Magazine  are  charged  against  income  over  the  period  of  the  subscription. 

The  Institution  recognizes  revenue  and  charges  expenses  of  other  auxiliary 
activities  during  the  period  in  which  the  activity  is  conducted. 

Works  of  art,  living  or  other  specimens.    The  Institution  acquires  its  collec- 
tions,  which    include    works    of    art,    library    books,    photographic    archives, 

Financial  Report  I  63 


objects  and  specimens,  through  purchase  or  by  donation.  In  accordance  with 
policies  generally  followed  by  museums,  no  value  is  assigned  to  the  collec- 
tions on  the  statement  of  financial  condition.  Purchases  for  the  collections 
are  expensed  currently. 

Property  and  equipment.  Capital  improvements  and  equipment  purchased 
with  trust  funds  and  utilized  in  income-producing  activities  are  capitalized 
at  cost  and  are  depreciated  on  a  straight-line  basis  over  their  estimated  useful 
lives  of  3  to  10  years.  Equipment  purchased  with  trust  funds  for  use  by 
non-income-producing  activities  is  treated  as  a  deduction  of  the  current  fund 
and  a  capitalized  cost  of  the  plant  fund.  Depreciation  on  equipment  capital- 
ized in  the  plant  fund  is  recorded  on  a  straight-line  basis  over  the  estimated 
useful  life  of  3  to  10  years  (see  Note  9).  Equipment  purchased  with  federal 
funds  is  recorded  at  cost  and  depreciated  on  a  straight-line  basis  over  a 
period  of  10  years. 

Real  estate  (land  and  buildings)  purchased  with  trust  funds  is  recorded 
at  cost,  to  the  extent  that  restricted  or  unrestricted  funds  were  expended 
therefor,  or  appraised  value  at  date  of  gift,  except  for  gifts  of  certain  islands 
in  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Carnegie  Mansion,  which  have  been  recorded 
at  nominal  values.  Costs  of  original  building  structures  and  major  additions 
are  depreciated  over  their  estimated  useful  lives  of  30  years.  Costs  of  reno- 
vating, restoring  and  improving  structures  are  depreciated  over  their  esti- 
mated useful  lives  of  15  years  (see  Note  9). 

Buildings  and  other  structures,  additions  to  buildings  and  fixed  equipment 
purchased  with  federal  funds  are  recorded  at  cost  and  depreciated  on  a 
straight-line  basis  over  a  period  of  30  years.  Costs  of  renovating,  restoring 
and  improving  structures  are  depreciated  over  their  useful  lives  of  15  years. 

Certain  lands  occupied  by  the  Institution's  buildings  were  appropriated 
and  reserved  by  Congress  for  that  purpose  and  are  not  reflected  in  the 
accompanying  financial  statements.  Property  and  nonexpendable  equipment 
acquired  through  transfer  from  Government  agencies  are  capitalized  at  the 
transfer  price  or  at  estimated  amounts,  taking  into  consideration  their  use- 
fulness, condition,  and  market  value. 

Government  grants  and  contracts.  The  Institution  has  a  number  of  grants 
and  contracts  with  the  U.S.  Government,  which  primarily  provide  for  cost 
reimbursement  to  the  Institution.  Grant  and  contract  revenue  is  recognized 
when  billable  or  received  in  the  trust  funds. 

Contributed  services.  A  substantial  number  of  unpaid  volunteers  have  made 
significant  contributions  of  their  time  in  the  furtherance  of  the  Institution's 
programs.  The  value  of  this  contributed  time  is  not  reflected  in  these  state- 
ments since  it  is  not  susceptible  to  objective  measurement  or  valuation. 
Annual  leave  unfunded.  The  Institution's  civil  service  employees  earn  annual 
leave  in  accordance  with  federal  law  and  regulations.  However,  only  the  cost 
of  leave  taken  as  salaries  is  funded  and  recorded  as  an  expense.  The  cost 
of  unused  annual  leave  at  year-end  is  reflected  in  the  accompanying  financial 
statements  as  an  asset  and  accrued  liability  in  the  federal  funds. 

2.    Related  activities 

The  Institution  provides  fiscal  and  administrative  services  to  several  separately 

incorporated  organizations  in  which  certain  officials  of  the  Institution  serve 

64  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


on  the  governing  boards.  The  amounts  paid  to  the  Institution  by  these  orga- 
nizations for  the  aforementioned  services,  together  with  rent  for  Institution 
facilities  occupied,  etc.  totaled  approximately  $355,000  for  the  year  ended 
September  30,  1984.  Deposits  held  in  custody  for  these  organizations  are 
$3,029,000  as  of  September  30,  1984. 

The  following  summarizes  the  approximate  expenditures  of  these  orga- 
nizations for  the  fiscal  year  ended  September  30,  1984  as  reflected  in  their 
individual  financial  statements  and  which  are  not  included  in  the  accompany- 
ing financial  statements  of  the  Institution: 

($000s) 

Visions  Foundation,  Inc $    128 

Reading  Is  Fundamental,  Inc $6,400 

Woodrow  Wilson  International  Center  for  Scholars: 

Trust  funds    $4,100 

Federal   appropriations    $2,568 

3.  Cash  on  hand 

Cash  on  hand — federal  funds  represents  the  amount  of  imprest  fund  cash 
advanced  by  the  U.S.  Treasury  to  imprest  fund  cashiers  for  small  purchasing 
purposes. 

4.  Fund  balances  with  U.S.  Treasury 

The  account  represents  fund  balances  on  the  books  of  the  U.S.  Treasury 
available  for  disbursement. 

5.  Investments 

Investments  are  recorded  at  cost,  if  purchased,  or  estimated  fair  market  value 
at  date  of  acquisition,  if  acquired  by  gift.  At  September  30,  1984,  investments 
were  composed  of  the  following : 

Carrying         Market 

value  value 

($000s)  ($000$) 

Current  funds: 

Certificates  of  deposit $  12,252  $  12,254 

Commercial  paper  3,949  3,940 

U.S.  Government  and  quasi-Government  obligations  33,701  33,084 

Common  stock 28  9 

Preferred  stock 30  57 

49,960  49,344 

Endowment  and  similar  funds : 

Money  market  account    12,367  12,367 

Deposit  with  U.S.  Treasury   1,000  1,000 

U.S.  Government  and  quasi-Government  obligations  10,028  10,063 

Corporate  bonds    5,377  5,786 

Common  stock  84,927  99,479 

Preferred   stock 3,015  2,282 

116,714  130,977 


Financial  Report  I  65 


32 
100 

29 

132 

29 

$166,806 

$180,350 

Plant  funds : 

U.S.  Government  and  quasi-Government  obligations 
Common  stock  


Since  October  1,  1982,  the  deposit  with  the  U.S.  Treasury  has  been  in- 
vested in  U.S.  Government  securities  at  a  variable  yield  based  on  market 
interest  rates. 

Substantially  all  the  investments  of  the  endowment  and  similar  funds  are 
pooled  on  a  market  value  basis  (consolidated  fund)  with  each  individual  fund 
subscribing  to  or  disposing  of  units  on  the  basis  of  the  value  per  unit  at 
market  value  at  the  beginning  of  the  month  within  which  the  transaction 
takes  place.  Of  the  total  units,  each  having  a  market  value  of  $203.92,  293,996 
units  were  owned  by  endowment  and  348,976  units  were  owned  by  quasi- 
endowment  at  September  30,  1984. 

The  following  tabulation  summarizes  changes  in  relationships  between 
cost  and  market  values  of  the  pooled  investments: 

($000s) 


Market  Cost 

End  of  year $131,113         $116,860 

Beginning  of  year   $130,684         $101,672 

Increase  (decrease)  in  unrealized  net 

gain  for  the  year 

Realized  net  gain 

for  the  year 

Total  realized  and 
unrealized  net 
gain  (loss)  for  the  year   


Market 

Net 

value 

change 

per  unit 

$  14,253 

$203.92 

29,012 

210.27 

(14,759) 

— 

8,505 

— 

$    (6,254)         $    (6.35) 


6.    Endowment  and  similar  funds 

Endowment   and   similar   funds    at   September   30,   1984    are    summarized   as 
follows: 

($000s) 
Endowment  funds,  income  available  for: 

Restricted  purposes    $  48,031 

Unrestricted  purposes    3,953 

51,984 
Quasi-endowment  funds,  principal  and  income  available  for: 

Restricted  purposes    16,856 

Unrestricted  purposes    49,313 

66,169 
Total  endowment  and  similar  funds   $118,153 


66  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  Institution  utilizes  the  "total  return"  approach  to  investment  manage- 
ment of  endowment  funds  and  quasi-endowment  funds.  Under  this  approach, 
the  total  investment  return  is  considered  to  include  realized  and  unrealized 
gains  and  losses  in  addition  to  interest  and  dividends.  An  amount  equal 
to  the  difference  between  interest  and  dividends  earned  during  the  year  and 
the  amount  computed  under  the  total  return  formula  is  transferred  to  or 
from  the  current  funds. 

In  applying  this  approach,  it  is  the  Institution's  policy  to  provide,  as  being 
available  for  current  expenditures,  an  amount  taking  into  consideration  such 
factors  as,  but  not  limited  to:  (1)  4V2%  of  the  five-year  average  of  the  market 
value  of  each  fund  (adjusted  for  gifts  and  transfers  during  this  period),  (2) 
current  dividends  and  interest  yield,  (3)  support  needs  for  bureaus  and  scien- 
tists, and  (4)  inflationary  factors  as  measured  by  the  Consumer  Price  Index; 
however,  where  the  market  value  of  the  assets  of  any  endowment  fund  is 
less  than  110"/o  of  the  historic  dollar  value  (value  of  gifts  at  date  of  dona- 
tion), the  amount  provided  is  limited  to  only  interest  and  dividends  received. 
The  total  return  factor  for  1984  was  $6.74  per  unit  to  the  Restricted  and 
Designated  Purpose  Endowment  Funds  and  $5.00  per  unit  to  the  Unrestricted 
General  Purpose  Endowment  Funds;  new  units  were  purchased  for  the  Unre- 
stricted Endowment  Funds  with  the  $1.74,  the  difference  in  the  total  return 
factor.  The  total  return  applied  for  1984  was  $2,594,000  to  the  Restricted 
and  Designated  Purpose  Endowment  Funds  and  $1,226,000  to  the  Unrestricted 
General  Purpose  Endowment  Funds. 

7.    Receivables 

Receivables  at  September  30,1984  included  the  following: 

($000$) 

Trust  funds 

Accounts  receivable,  auxiliary  activities;  net  of  allowance  for 

doubtful  accounts  of  $919,000 $  9,136 

Interfund  receivables  due  from  current  funds : 

Endowment  and  similar  funds  1,156 

Plant  funds    21,155 

Interest  and  dividends  receivable  2,036 

Unbilled  costs  and  fees  from  grants  and  contracts 942 

Pledges    11,102 

Other 55 


45,582 
Federal  funds 

Service  fees  and  charges 220 

Total,  all  funds   $45,802 


8.    Advance  payments 

Advance  payments  represent  advances  made  to  Government  agencies,  educa- 
tional institutions,  firms  and  individuals  for  services  to  be  rendered  or 
property  or  materials  to  be  furnished. 

Financial  Report  I  67 


As  of  September  30,  1984,  the  Institution  had  advances  outstanding  to  the 
U.S.  Government  of  approximately  $10,807,000,  principally  for  construction 
services  to  be  received  in  the  future.  The  Institution  at  that  date  also  had 
advances  outstanding  to  educational  institutions  amounting  to  approximately 
$1,420,000,  principally  under  the  Special  Foreign  Currency  Program. 

9.    Property  and  equipment 

At  September  30,  1984,  property  and  equipment  which  have  been  capitalized 
(see  Note  1)  are  comprised  of  the  following: 

($000s)  ($000$) 

Trust 

Current  funds 

Capital  improvements $     4,452 

Equipment   3,892 

Leasehold  improvements    235 

Less  accumulated  depreciation  and  amortization  (3,832) 

4,747 
Endowment  and  similar  funds 
Land   239 

Plant  funds 

Land  and  buildings   21,984 

Equipment   2,389 

Less  accumulated  depreciation (6,125) 

18,248 
Total,  trust  funds   $  23,234 

Federal 

Capital  funds 

Property 263,226 

Equipment   24,758 

Less  accumulated  depreciation (103,017) 

Total,  federal  funds    184,967 

Total,  all  funds    $208,201 


Depreciation  and  amortization  expense  for  1984  for  trust  funds'  income- 
producing  assets  amounted  to  approximately  $957,000,  which  is  included  in 
auxiliary  activities  expenditures  in  the  current  funds.  Depreciation  of  trust 
funds'  nonincome-producing  equipment  and  buildings  for  1984  amounted  to 
approximately  $650,000. 

Depreciation  expense  reflected  in  expenditures  of  the  federal  capital  funds 
for  1984  was  $11,437,000. 

The  balance  of  the  plant  fund  at  September  30,  1984  included  $32,201,000 
of  unexpended  plant  funds. 

68  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


10.  Appropriations 

For  the  year  ended  September  30,  1984,  the  Institution  was  awarded 
$12,500,000  for  various  construction  projects.  Funds  appropriated  in  the 
prior  year  for  Quadrangle  construction  were  reduced  in  fiscal  year  1984  by 
$8,000,000. 

11.  Pension  plan 

The  Institution  has  separate  retirement  plans  for  trust  and  federal  employees. 
Under  the  trust  fund's  plan,  both  the  Institution  and  employees  contribute 
stipulated  percentages  of  salary  which  are  used  to  purchase  individual  an- 
nuities, the  rights  to  which  are  immediately  vested  with  the  employees.  The 
cost  of  the  plan  for  the  year  ended  September  30,  1984,  was  $3,195,000.  It  is 
the  policy  of  the  Institution  to  fund  plan  costs  accrued  currently.  There  are 
no  unfunded  prior  service  costs  under  the  plan. 

The  federal  employees  of  the  Institution  are  covered  by  the  Civil  Service 
Retirement  Program.  Under  this  program,  the  Institution  withholds  from  the 
gross  pay  of  each  federal  employee  and  remits  to  the  Civil  Service  Retirement 
and  Disability  Fund  (the  Fund)  the  amounts  specified  by  such  program.  The 
Institution  contributes  7%  of  basic  annual  salary  to  the  Fund.  The  cost  of 
the  plan  for  the  year  ended  September  30,  1984,  was  approximately  $5,900,000. 

12.  Excess  expenditures  and  other  deductions 

The  net  excess  of  expenditures  and  other  deductions  over  revenue  and  other 
additions  disclosed  for  federal  construction  funds  in  the  Statement  of  the 
Activity  for  the  year  ended  September  30,  1984  arose  because  certain  appro- 
priations, having  been  recorded  as  revenue  and  other  additions  in  prior  years 
and  carried  forward  as  fund  balance,  were  expended  during  the  year.  Addi- 
tionally, funds  appropriated  in  the  prior  year  were  reduced  in  fiscal  year  1984 
(see  Note  10). 

13.  Nonmandatory  transfers  for  designated  purposes 

The  following  transfers  among  trust  funds  were  made  for  the  year  ended 
September  30,  1984  in  thousands  of  dollars : 


Current  funds 


Endow- 
ment and 


Unre-  similar  Plant 

striated  Restricted  funds  funds 

Portion  of  investment  yield 

appropriated   (Note  6)    $(1,466)  $(1,353)  $2,819  $      — 

Plant  acquisitions   (3,400)                  —  —  3,400 

Income  added  to  endowment 

principal    —                (190)  190  — 

Appropriated  as  quasi-endowment        (3,313)                 (33)  3,347  (1) 

Total    $(8,179)  $(1,576)  $6,356  $3,399 


Financial  Report  I  69 


14.    Income  taxes 

The  Institution  is  exempt  from  income  taxation  under  the  provisions  of 
Section  501(c)(3)  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Code.  Organizations  described  in 
that  section  are  taxable  only  on  their  unrelated  business  income,  which  was 
immaterial  for  the  Institution  for  1984. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  the  Institution  that  it  is  also  exempt  from  taxation  as  an 
instrumentality  of  the  United  States  as  defined  in  Section  501(c)(1)  of  the 
Code.  Organizations  described  in  that  section  are  exempt  from  all  income 
taxation.  The  Institution  has  not  as  yet  formally  sought  such  dual  status. 


70  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


at  the 
Smithsonian! 


The  Office  of  Public  Affairs  produced  a  new  brochure.  Exploring  Your  Heritage, 
featuring  areas  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  of  particular  significance  to 
members  of  the  black  community.  The  brochure  was  the  first  effort  in  a  project 
aimed  at  encouraging  visits  to  the  Smithsonian  by  members  of  minority  com- 
munities. 


Top:  A  two-layered  geodesic  glass  dome  supports  the  body  of  a  radiolarian,  a 
kind  of  plankton.  The  animal's  amoeboid  body  extends  through  the  holes  to 
communicate  with  the  outside  environment.  The  geodesic  structure  is  an  excel- 
lent means  of  distributing  strength  through  equidistant  trusses.  Bottom:  This 
radial  spray  of  bladelike  crystals  belongs  to  the  mineral  hemimorphite,  zinc  sili- 
cate. Both  of  these  were  in  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History's  exhibition 
Exploring  Microspace,  March  16-July  15,  1984. 


ir 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 
SCIENCE 


DAVID  CHALLINOR, 
ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  FOR  SCIENCE 


National  Air  and  Space  Museum 

The  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  (nasm)  remains  the  most 
popular  museum  in  the  world.  On  May  24  director  Walter  J. 
Boyne  welcomed  the  75  millionth  visitor — a  thirteen-year-old 
student  from  Chicago.  This  spring  the  museum  enjoyed  record- 
breaking  days  of  more  than  100,000  visitors.  Attendance  this  year 
substantially  exceeded  that  of  any  previous  year  since  the  opening. 

Under  the  leadership  of  a  new  associate  director  for  research, 
NASM  staff  members  continued  their  efforts  to  establish  the  mu- 
seum as  the  preeminent  center  for  research  in  the  history  of  air 
and  space  technology  and  geophysical  science.  The  first  National 
Air  and  Space  Museum  Research  Report,  to  be  published  annually 
beginning  in  the  fall  of  1984,  highlights  the  results  of  staff  re- 
search and  describes  the  collections,  facilities,  and  resources  avail- 
able to  scholars.  The  Research  Report  will  also  promote  interest 
in  NASM  fellowships,  chairs,  and  research  programs. 

A  new  committee  structure  will  help  to  strengthen  the  nasm 
research  effort.  Staff  committees  assist  in  planning  and  implement- 
ing long-range  research  programs,  solicit  proposals  for  new  pub- 
lications and  research  projects,  develop  ideas  for  new  symposia 
and  teaching  programs,  advise  on  visiting  or  contract  appoint- 
ments, and  recommend  courses  of  action  to  the  director.  An  ex- 
ternal Research  Advisory  Committee,  composed  of  leading  figures 
in  various  disciplines  appropriate  to  nasm,  will  advise  and  assist 
the  museum  in  developing  new  programs  in  history  and  science. 

Several  major  historical  research  programs  are  under  way.  Work 


73 


is  progressing  on  a  multivolume  Smithsonian  History  of  Aviation. 
Scheduled  to  appear  serially  between  1986  and  1989,  the  volumes 
will  provide  a  comprehensive  history  of  flight  from  antiquity  to 
the  present.  The  series  will  consider  not  only  the  development  of 
aerospace  technology  but  the  role  of  flight  in  shaping  life  in  the 
twentieth  century.  As  a  part  of  this  effort,  major  archival  collec- 
tion and  bibliographic  projects  are  being  undertaken.  The  program 
has  also  become  a  focal  point  for  attracting  talented  interns,  fel- 
lows, and  visiting  scholars  to  the  museum. 

The  Space  Telescope  History  Project,  a  joint  undertaking  of  the 
museum  and  Johns  Hopkins  University,  will  result  in  a  published 
history  of  the  ambitious  orbital  astronomical  observatory  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  (nasa).  The  book, 
to  appear  the  year  the  Space  Telescope  is  launched,  will  explore 
political,  technological,  scientific,  and  managerial  aspects  of  this 
multi-billion  dollar  program. 

The  Space  Telescope  History  Project  also  includes  an  oral- 
history  effort  involving  the  collection  of  more  than  100  transcribed 
taped  interviews.  This  is  an  extension  of  the  Space  Astronomy 
Oral  History  Program,  now  in  its  third  year.  A  catalogue  of  tran- 
scriptions completed  to  date  is  available. 

Yet  another  team  project  will  study  the  origins  of  the  nasa 
program  to  orbit  a  large  space  station.  This  effort  will  not  only 
result  in  a  book  but  also  in  the  identification  and  preservation  of 
papers  documenting  the  development  of  space  exploration. 

Staff  members  of  the  Space  Science  and  Exploration  Department 
and  Aeronautics  Department  are  compiling  a  bibliography  of 
secondary  materials  on  the  history  of  air  and  space.  This  will  be  a 
carefully  selected,  heavily  annotated  listing  of  the  most  significant 
scholarly  works  in  the  field. 

In  an  attempt  to  extend  the  utility  of  museum  resources,  steps 
are  being  taken  to  explore  the  opportunities  for  interaction  with 
major  institutions  of  higher  learning  in  the  United  States  and 
abroad.  This  year  a  successful  cooperative  course  entitled  "Twen- 
tieth Century  Technology"  was  conducted  by  museum  staff  in 
conjunction  with  New  York  University.  Based  on  this  initial  effort, 
a  pilot  course  in  the  history  of  science  and  technology,  using  the 
museum  as  a  learning  resource,  is  being  designed  and  will  be 
offered  by  New  York  and  Oxford  universities  in  1985.  Discussions 
with  the  University  of  Cambridge  are  leading  to  new  areas  of 
cooperation,  including  possible  NASM/Cambridge  summer  projects 
in  1985. 


74  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


In  geophysical  science,  the  museum's  Center  for  Earth  and 
Planetary  Studies  continued  to  advance  scientific  research  in  plane- 
tary and  terrestrial  remote  sensing.  Orbital  remote-sensing  re- 
search concentrated  on  digital  image-processing  methods  for  anal- 
ysis of  diverse  types  of  data,  while  terrestrial  remote-sensing 
research  concentrated  on  the  desert  fringe  areas  in  western  Africa 
and  on  the  inland  delta  of  the  Niger  River  in  Mali.  The  center  also 
continued  terrestrial  research  on  interpreting  thermal  infrared 
data  from  the  Advanced  Very  High  Resolution  Radiometer  instru- 
ment on  the  Nimbus  satellites,  comparing  these  data  with  more 
conventional  Landsat  images.  Under  continued  support  by  nasa's 
Planetary  Geology  program,  research  into  the  nature  and  origin 
of  structural  features  on  the  surface  of  Mars  was  performed 
during  1984. 

Research  at  the  museum  was  reflected  not  only  in  the  seventy 
articles  written  by  staff  members,  but  in  the  museum's  active  and 
varied  publishing  program.  Tom  Crouch's  The  Eagle  Aloft:  Two 
Centuries  of  the  Balloon  in  America  received  the  1984  Aviation/ 
Space  Writers  Association  national  award  for  best  nonfiction  book 
and  was  widely  acclaimed  as  the  definitive  work  on  the  subject. 
Vengeance  Weapon  2:  The  V-2  Guided  Missile,  by  Gregory 
Kennedy,  and  an  article  by  Walter  Boyne,  "Boundary  Layer: 
Macho  Masochism,"  received  awards  from  the  Aviation/Space 
Writers  Mideast  Region.  Black  Wings:  The  American  Black  in 
Aviation,  by  Von  Hardesty  and  Dominick  Pisano,  and  the  exhibi- 
tion booklet  Milestones  of  Flight  won  awards  from  the  Society 
for  Technical  Communication,  Washington  chapter. 

The  variety  of  nasm  publications  is  reflected  in  the  nine  new 
titles  issued  this  year.  The  de  Havilland  DH-4:  From  Flaming 
Coffin  to  Living  Legend,  by  Walter  Boyne,  is  the  seventh  book  in 
the  Famous  Aircraft  of  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  series. 
United  States  Women  in  Aviation,  1920-1929,  by  Kathleen 
Brooks-Pazmany,  became  the  second  in  the  continuing  series  on 
U.S.  women  in  aviation.  Combat  Flying  Clothing — Army  Air 
Forces  Clothing  during  World  War  II,  by  C.  G.  Sweeting,  and 
Winged  Wonders:  The  Story  of  the  Flying  Wings,  by  E.  T.  Wool- 
dridge,  were  the  first  comprehensive  works  published  on  those 
subjects  in  the  United  States. 

At  Home  in  the  Sky:  The  Aviation  Art  of  Frank  Wootton — the 
first  art  exhibition  catalogue  to  be  published  by  the  museum — and 
a  style  manual  for  nasm  correspondence,  publications,  and  exhibi- 
tion scripts  added  new  dimensions  to  the  publications  program. 


Science  I  75 


The  fifteenth  anniversary  of  man's  first  landing  on  the  moon  was  celebrated  at 
the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  with  a  Lunar  Landing  Party  on  the  evening 
of  July  20.  More  than  4,000  visitors  enjoyed  highlights  tours,  IMAX  films,  and 
a  selection  of  lunar  "touchables." 


Golden  Age  of  Flight,  a  major  new  gallery  at  the  National  Air  and  Space 
Museum,  is  devoted  to  aviation  between  the  two  world  wars.  Two  of  the  five 
airplanes  displayed  in  the  gallery  include  a  reproduction  of  the  Gee  Bee  Z 
(below),  a  distinctive  aircraft  of  radical  design  that  epitomized  1930s  air  racing, 
and  the  Beechcraft  Staggerwing   (top),  a  luxury  private   and  business   aircraft. 


Nasm's  quarterly  Special  Presentations  Calendar  was  expanded 
to  include  broader  information  on  museum  programs  in  a  monthly 
format.  Nasm  also  published  its  first  theater  booklet,  highlighting 
in  photos  the  spectacular  footage  from  the  imax  films  and  describ- 
ing the  films  and  the  imax  process.  In  addition,  five  nasm  books 
were  reprinted  this  year.  Planning  is  also  under  way  for  a  new 
series  of  monographs  documenting  the  origins,  historical  and  tech- 
nological context,  and  physical  characteristics  of  the  space  artifacts 
in  the  nasm  collection. 

Important  steps  were  taken  to  strengthen  the  museum's  archival 
and  artifact  collections.  Staff  members  and  interns  inventoried 
thirty-eight  separate  reference  and  archival  collections  on  space 
science,  using  the  museum's  data  processing  system  as  a  cata- 
loguing aid.  Finding  aids  were  also  prepared  for  two  significant 
large  collections,  the  papers  of  Andrew  G.  Halley,  space  law  and 
space  travel  society  pioneer;  and  the  papers  of  the  American 
Astronautical  Society.  In  addition,  nasm  arranged  to  copy  and 
electronically  store  portions  of  the  Wernher  von  Braun  papers. 

The  museum  remains  a  pioneer  in  the  development  of  new 
archival  technologies.  The  nasm  System  for  Digital  Recovery  (sdr) 
will  advance  the  art  of  archiving  high-quality  reproductions  of 
manuscripts,  photographs,  and  printed  documents.  The  sdr  com- 
bines a  digital  camera,  a  computer,  a  digital  videodisc,  a  printer, 
and  software  to  store,  retrieve,  and  print  all  types  of  historical 
documents.  The  system  also  permits  automatic  indexing  of  printed 
material.  Such  new  technologies  will  extend  the  accessibility  and 
utility  of  the  nasm  archives  and  enable  staff  members  to  better 
serve  the  public. 

Nasm  produced  a  second  laser  videodisc  in  1984.  Archival 
Videodisc  2,  containing  100,000  photographs  of  aerospace  per- 
sonalities and  events,  airships,  balloons,  commercial  aircraft,  air 
meets,  trophies,  military  aviation,  aerospace  museums,  and  aero- 
nautical communications  supplements  the  first  videodisc,  which 
contained  aircraft  photographs.  Archival  Videodisc  3,  containing 
U.S.  Air  Force  World  War  II  and  prewar  photographs,  is  near  com- 
pletion. Duplicate  discs  are  available  at  low  cost  to  other  museums, 
educational  institutions,  governmental  agencies,  and  the  public. 

Twelve  exhibitions  were  presented  this  year.  A  new  gallery. 
Golden  Age  of  Flight,  tells  the  story  of  the  pilots,  engineers,  in- 
dustrialists, and  adventurers  who  contributed  to  the  phenomenal 
growth  of  aviation  during  the  period  1919-39.  As  an  adjunct  to 
this  exhibition,  the  museum  sponsored  an  art  competition. 


78  /  Smithsonian  Year  1964 


Four  major  galleries  were  updated  in  1984.  Dr.  Franklin's  Win- 
dow: American  Witnesses  to  the  Birth  of  Flight,  a  new  introductory 
unit  for  the  Balloons  and  Airships  gallery,  was  opened  as  part  of 
the  NASM  celebration  of  the  200th  anniversary  of  the  first  flight  in 
the  United  States.  A  Dassault  Falcon  is  the  centerpiece  of  an  addi- 
tion to  the  Hall  of  Air  Transportation,  describing  development  of 
the  air  express  industry.  An  addition  to  the  Apollo  to  the  Moon 
gallery  details  the  crucial  space-age  decisions  made  by  The  Admin- 
istrators of  NASA.  At  Work  in  Space,  a  new  unit  in  the  Space  Hall 
display,  highlights  the  inflight  coveralls  of  astronauts  Guion  S. 
Bluford  and  Sally  Ride,  donated  by  America's  first  black  and  first 
woman  astronauts  in  space,  respectively. 

Smaller  exhibitions  this  year  commemorated  the  aerospace  con- 
tributions of  German-Americans,  on  the  300th  anniversary  of 
Gernian  immigration  to  America,  and  the  first  manned  crossing  of 
the  Pacific  by  the  balloon  Double  Eagle  V.  The  Berlin  Airlift  was 
the  subject  of  a  special  exhibition  celebrating  the  centennial  of  the 
birth  of  President  Harry  Truman. 

Major  art  exhibitions  included  the  works  of  Robert  McCall  and 
John  Amendola.  In  the  McCall  exhibition  were  many  of  that 
artist's  creative  visions  of  future  cities  in  space,  space  stamp  de- 
signs, and  several  large-scale  murals.  The  John  Amendola  show 
featured  the  commissioned  art  for  many  of  the  nasm  book  covers. 

Two  new  presentations  were  prepared  by  the  nasm  staff  in  1984. 
The  Oldest  Dream:  A  Celebration  of  Flight,  a  multi-media  show 
using  film,  slides,  and  numerous  special  effects,  opened  in  Novem- 
ber 1983  in  the  Albert  Einstein  Sky  Theater.  Treasures  of  the 
National  Air  and  Space  Museum,  a  short  film  on  nasm,  is  being 
shown  at  the  California  Museum  of  Science  and  Industry  in  Los 
Angeles  and  on  United  Airlines  flights. 

The  growth  and  preservation  of  the  nasm  collection  remains  at 
the  heart  of  the  museum's  program.  The  first  complete  restoration 
of  a  space  artifact,  the  Fairchild  ATS-6  spacecraft,  is  under  way  at 
the  Paul  E.  Garber  Preservation,  Restoration  and  Storage  Facility. 
Craftsmen  there  also  completed  restoration  of  the  five  aircraft  for 
the  Golden  Age  of  Flight  gallery. 

Among  the  aircraft  added  to  the  collections  this  year  were  the 
Quickie,  a  home-built  aircraft;  the  Beck-Mahoney  Sorceress,  a 
racing  biplane;  HImat,  a  nasa  research  vehicle;  the  Spirit  of  Texas, 
the  first  helicopter  to  fly  around  the  world;  a  Republic  RC-3  Sea- 
bee  amphibian;  the  MacCready  Solar  Challenger,  which  made  the 
first  solar-powered  flight  in  history;  the  Hispano  HA-200  Cairo  jet 


Science  I  79 


trainer,  acquired  from  the  Egyptian  government;  and  a  Grumman 
Goose,  a  classic  amphibian. 

Some  of  the  items  added  to  the  aheady  impressive  nasm  collec- 
tion of  spacecraft  and  space  instruments  were  the  Baker-Nunn 
satellite  tracking  camera  used  to  photograph  the  first  man-made 
satellites  in  1957  and  1958;  the  Skylab  X-ray  telescope,  one  of 
two  major  imaging  instruments  aboard  Skylab;  and  a  test  model 
of  the  Pioneer  Venus  space  probe. 

Nasm  continued  to  share  its  collections  through  loans  to  other 
institutions.  Objects  were  lent  to  the  California  Museum  of  Science 
and  Industry  in  time  for  their  special  exhibitions  during  the  1984 
Summer  Olympics.  Nasm  also  participated  in  the  Treasures  from 
the  Smithsonian  exhibition  in  Edinburgh.  Three  sites  (Smithsonian 
Traveling  Exhibition  Service)  exhibitions  include  objects  from  the 
NASM  collection.  In  addition,  the  sites  Black  Wings  exhibition  was 
expanded  from  two  to  three  traveling  units. 

In  a  ceremony  held  beneath  the  Wright  Flyer  in  the  Milestones 
of  Flight  gallery,  director  Walter  Boyne  accepted  one  of  the  orig- 
inal propellers  used  on  the  first  heavier-than-air  powered  flight 
from  Wilkinson  Wright,  a  grandnephew  of  the  Wright  brothers. 
World  War  I  ace  Ray  Brooks  reminisced  about  flying  the  SPAD 
XIII  at  a  ceremony  at  the  Garber  Facility,  where  the  SPAD  XIII 
is  being  restored.  In  a  ceremony  on  May  18,  the  Viking  Lander  on 
Mars  was  transferred  from  nasa  into  the  nasm  collection,  making 
NASM  the  first  truly  interplanetary  museum. 

The  popular  Garber  Facility  open  house  held  in  April  attracted 
7,500  visitors.  A  Lunar  Landing  Party  open  house  held  at  nasm 
on  the  evening  of  July  20,  1984,  drew  more  than  4,000  people  to 
celebrate  the  fifteenth  anniversary  of  the  first  landing  on  the 
Moon. 

A  new  position  of  associate  director  for  external  affairs  was 
established  to  oversee  the  museum's  publications,  education  pro- 
grams, theater  operations,  and  public  affairs  programs,  and  to 
increase  the  museum's  ties  to  the  academic  and  business  com- 
munities. 

The  Samuel  P.  Langley  Theater  continued  to  be  one  of  the  most 
popular  attractions  in  Washington,  D.C.  Since  opening  day,  July  1, 
1976,  the  theater  has  attracted  audiences  totaling  well  over  thirteen 
million.  The  award-winning  To  Fly!,  the  theater's  first  imax  movie, 
remains  its  most  popular  attraction,  having  drawn  audiences  of 
more  than  three-quarters  of  a  million  this  year  alone  and  more 
than  eight   million   since   its    first   showing.   Two   evening    imax 


80  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  National  Air  and  Space  Museum's  videodisc  project  provides  scholars  and 
researchers  access  to  the  museum's  vast  collection  of  archival  photographs — one 
million  in  all.  Ten  discs  are  planned,  each  containing  100,000  photographs  of 
the  aircraft,  spacecraft,  people,  and  artifacts  associated  with  the  history  and 
development  of  aviation  and  space  flight. 


festivals,  featuring  Volcano /Behold  Hawaii  and  To  fly!,  Flyers, 
and  Living  Planet,  were  well  attended,  as  were  the  annual  aviation 
and  space  fiction  film  series. 

Financial  sponsorship  was  obtained  this  year  for  two  new  imax 
films  to  be  shown  in  the  Langley  Theater.  Nasm  will  receive  a 
share  of  the  income  from  the  rental  of  these  films,  which  will  be 
seen  in  theaters  worldwide.  The  Dream  Is  Alive,  sponsored  by 
Lockheed  Corporation  and  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  is  the  first 
large-format  film  to  be  shot  on  location  in  space.  Spectacular  film 
footage  was  obtained  by  the  astronauts  using  the  imax  camera  on 
the  Space  Shuttle  missions  in  April  and  August  1984.  Additional 
filming  is  scheduled  for  future  Space  Shuttle  missions.  The  Dream 
Is  Alive  is  expected  to  premiere  at  nasm  in  the  summer  of  1985. 

The  second  new  imax  film.  On  the  Wing,  sponsored  by  Johnson 
Wax,  will  explore  man's  fascination  with  natural  and  mechanical 
flight.  Innovative  motion  picture  techniques  will  be  featured,  in- 
cluding the  imaginative  use  of  fiber  optics  and  computer  graphics. 
This  film  is  expected  to  open  at  the  museum  in  the  spring  of  1986. 

Dr.  Paul  MacCready,  designer  of  the  Gossamer  series  of  ad- 
vanced flying  machines,  has  assembled  a  team  of  specialists  in 
aerodynamics,  mechanical  engineering,  and  paleobiology  to  study 
the  feasibiUty  of  building,  for  nasm,  a  full-scale  working  replica 
of  Quetzalcoatlus  northropi,  believed  to  be  the  world's  largest 
flying  creature.  The  dinosaur  replica,  if  built,  will  be  featured  in 
the  film  On  the  Wing. 

The  usual  heavy  schedule  of  lectures  and  symposia  continued 
in  the  Langley  Theater  in  1984.  Lt.  Gen.  James  A.  Abrahamson, 
manager  of  nasa's  Space  Shuttle  Program,  offered  the  seventh 
annual  Wernher  von  Braun  Memorial  Lecture.  The  annual  Lind- 
bergh lecture  featured  Jeffrey  Quill,  whose  test  flying  played  a 
prominent  role  in  the  evolution  of  the  Spitfire.  Nine  GE-sponsored 
aviation  lectures  were  well  attended.  Special  presentations  in  the 
Albert  Einstein  Sky  Theater  included  seven  lectures  in  the  annual 
"Exploring  Space  with  Astronomers"  series,  the  twice-weekly 
"Noontime  with  the  Stars"  talks,  and  the  twelve  monthly  sky 
lectures. 

The  three  major  symposia  sponsored  by  nasm  this  year  offered 
the  public  an  opportunity  to  hear  presentations  by  the  foremost 
contributors  to  aerospace  history  and  the  geophysical  sciences. 
"The  Wright  Flyer:  An  Engineering  Perspective,"  commemorated 
the  eightieth  anniversary  of  the  invention  of  the  airplane  and 
underscored   the   technical   achievements   embodied   in   the   1903 


82  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Wright  Flyer.  Papers  offered  by  the  five  participating  engineers  will 
be  published  in  the  Smithsonian  Studies  in  Air  and  Space  series. 

"The  Apollo  Legacy/'  held  on  the  fifteenth  anniversary  of  the 
Apollo  11  lunar  landing,  brought  together  five  well-known  sci- 
entists and  four  astronauts  to  review  the  scientific  impact  of  the 
Apollo  missions. 

"Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Helicopter,"  a  symposium  held 
in  conjunction  with  the  Fortieth  Annual  Forum  of  the  American 
Helicopter  Society,  featured  presentations  on  the  history  and 
future  of  vertical  flight.  Selected  papers,  edited  by  Walter  Boyne 
and  Donald  Lopez,  were  published  in  conjunction  with  the  sym- 
posium. 

The  museum  docents  maintained  a  busy  schedule,  serving  more 
than  39,000  visitors  this  year.  Another  24,000  visitors  toured  the 
Garber  Facility.  Tours  for  school  children  reached  9,000  students. 

President  Reagan  helped  celebrate  nasa's  twenty-fifth  anni- 
versary at  NASM.  The  President  also  delivered  the  keynote  speech 
at  the  annual  dinner  honoring  General  James  Doolittle,  held  at  the 
museum.  Vice-President  Bush  and  the  Premier  of  Bermuda,  John 
Swan,  were  honored  at  a  dinner  in  the  Flight  and  the  Arts  gallery. 
The  Vice-President  also  introduced  the  film  Air  Force  One:  The 
Planes  and  the  Presidents  at  a  special  premiere  at  the  museum. 
Nasm  was  chosen  as  the  location  for  a  reception  in  honor  of  the 
King  and  Queen  of  Nepal  when  they  visited  the  Smithsonian. 

Major  steps  were  taken  toward  the  development  of  a  new  nasm 
facility  at  Dulles  International  Airport  to  house  and  display  air 
and  space  craft  that  cannot  be  accommodated  at  nasm  or  the 
Garber  Facility  and  to  serve  as  a  location  for  museum  functions. 
The  Federal  Aviation  Administration  earmarked  approximately 
100  acres  of  land  at  Dulles  for  the  proposed  facility,  and  bills  were 
introduced  in  both  houses  of  Congress  to  authorize  its  construc- 
tion. On  April  25,  a  B-1 7G  Flying  Fortress  flew  into  the  Dulles 
site,  and  was  donated  to  the  museum  by  its  owner  and  pilot  in  a 
special  ceremony. 

Plans  are  under  way  for  nasm  to  be  the  control  center  for  a 
nonstop,  nonrefueled,  around-the-world  flight  attempt  of  the 
Voyager  aircraft  designed  by  Burt  Rutan.  Nasm  is  also  exploring 
the  possibility  of  being  the  control  center  for  a  nonstop,  around- 
the-world  balloon  flight  by  the  Endeavor,  which  would  begin  and 
end  in  Australia. 

The  success  of  nasm  is  based  on  a  blending  of  the  new  with  the 
old — a  creative  use  of  modern  technology  and  innovative  manage- 


Science  I  83 


ment  strategies  to  solve  the  traditional  museum  problems  of  col- 
lection, preservation,  and  exhibition.  In  charting  the  future  of  the 
museum  as  a  research  institution,  we  hope  to  develop  a  similar 
creative  approach  that  will  make  the  priceless  resources  of  our 
collection  available  to  the  scholarly  community. 


National  Museum  of  Natural  History 

EXHIBITIONS 

Exploring  Microspace  (March  16-July  15),  an  exhibition  that 
traced  the  evolution  of  the  microscope  from  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury to  the  electronic  age,  and  displayed  video  and  photomural 
images  of  the  unseen  microscopic  world,  was  one  of  five  immensely 
popular  Thomas  M.  Evans  Gallery  shows  that  helped  bring  a 
record  six  million  visitors  to  the  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History  (nmnh)  in  1983-84.  Live  demonstrations  of  a  scanning 
electron  microscope  and  a  state-of-the-art  optical  microscope, 
plugged  into  TV  monitors,  made  it  possible  for  the  public  to  see 
museum  science  in  action.  Organized  by  curators  Drs.  Frederick  M. 
Bayer,  Richard  H.  Benson,  and  Richard  S.  Boardman,  with  assis- 
tance from  the  Armed  Forces  Medical  Museum,  Dr.  Cecil  Fox 
of  the  National  Institutes  of  Health,  the  James  Smithson  Society, 
and  the  Smithsonian  Traveling  Exhibition  Services  (sites),  the 
exhibition  is  now  on  a  two-year  tour  of  museums  throughout  the 
United  States. 

The  Art  of  Cameroon  (February  1-June  17),  a  sixES-organized 
exhibition,  surveyed  the  significance  and  splendor  of  one  of 
Africa's  major  art  traditions.  Ban  Chiang:  Discovery  of  a  Lost 
Bronze  Age  (November  2-January  31),  organized  jointly  by  sites 
and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  exhibited  archeological  dis- 
coveries that  have  changed  the  prevailing  view  of  Southeast  Asia's 
role  in  the  development  of  civilization.  The  Precious  Legacy: 
Judaic  Treasures  from  the  Czechoslovak  State  Collections  (Novem- 
ber 9-January  1)  was  a  sites  exhibition  of  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  important  Judaic  collections  in  the  world.  Almost  2,000  peo- 
ple a  day  saw  the  exhibition  weekdays  and  as  many  as  3,000  a 
day  on  weekends  and  holidays.  A  ticketing  system  was  set  up  for 
the  first  time  in  the  museum's  history  to  prevent  long  lines  from 
forming.   Treasures  from  the  Shanghai  Museum:  6000  Years  of 


84  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Chinese  Art  (August  11-November  30),  the  most  comprehensive 
major  Chinese  art  exhibition  ever  to  tour  the  United  States,  dis- 
played 232  masterpieces  from  the  collections  of  one  of  China's 
leading  museums.  This  exhibition  was  organized  by  the  Asia  Art 
Museum  of  San  Francisco  in  cooperation  with  the  Shanghai 
Museum. 

Rotunda  Gallery  exhibitions  in  1983-84  featured:  Roger  Tory 
Peterson  at  the  Smithsonian  (April  27-September  3),  a  compre- 
hensive retrospective  of  Peterson's  bird  art,  marking  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  his  influential  book  A  Field  Guide  to  the  Birds  (The 
exhibition  was  organized  by  curator  Dr.  Richard  L.  Zusi);  Draw- 
ings of  African  Mammals  (November  14-January  2)  by  African 
naturalist  Jonathan  Kingdon;  photographs  of  The  Nazca  Lines  by 
Marilyn  Bridges  (January  6-April  16);  and  Thirty  Years  of  Scien- 
tific Illustrations  Drawn  in  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  (Sep- 
tember 7-November  4),  a  retrospective  of  museum  scientific  illu- 
strator Carolyn  Barlett  Cast's  drawings  of  fossils,  insects,  birds, 
and  invertebrates. 

Photographic  Portraits  of  North  American  Indians:  A  Re- 
creation of  the  First  Photographic  Exhibition  in  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  (May  28-December  31)  consisted  of  some  259  portraits 
of  Native  Americans,  most  of  them  members  of  official  delegations 
that  visited  Washington,  D.C.,  from  1857  to  1869,  from  the  col- 
lections of  the  museum's  National  Anthropological  Archives.  The 
exhibition  was  organized  by  the  archives'  Paula  Fleming.  For  the 
celebration  of  the  100th  anniversary  of  the  National  Gem  Collec- 
tion in  1984,  curator  John  S.  White  placed  on  exhibition  three 
spectacular  new  gifts — the  182-carat  "Star  of  Bombay"  sapphire,  a 
bequest  of  film  actress  Mary  Pickford;  the  318-carat  "Dark  Jubi- 
lee" opal,  donated  by  the  Zale  Corporation;  and  a  168-carat 
emerald  pendant,  a  bequest  of  Anna  Chase  Mackay,  a  former 
Metropolitan  Opera  soprano. 

In  late  1983  the  museum  opened  Fossils  Galore:  Life  in  the  Early 
Seas,  a  new  highlight  in  its  fossil  exhibit  complex.  Fossils  Galore 
marks  the  beginning  of  the  Paleozoic  era,  600  million  years  ago, 
when  the  first  hard-shelled  life  appeared,  followed  by  an  astonish- 
ing increase  in  the  number  and  variety  of  fossilized  animals.  It 
includes  a  display  of  the  rare  530-million-year-old  fossilized  soft- 
bodied  animals  of  the  Burgess  Shale.  One  of  the  Smithsonian's 
greatest  scientific  finds,  these  fossils  were  discovered  at  a  site  in 
British  Columbia  in  1910  by  the  Institution's  fourth  secretary, 
(1896-1927),  geologist  Charles  D.  Walcott.  This  marks  the  first 


Science  I  S5 


time  that  a  large  number  of  these  curious  specimens,  which  pro- 
vide the  best  information  we  have  on  soft-bodied  life  in  the  early 
Cambrian  seas,  have  ever  been  exhibited.  Paleobiology  collections 
manager  Frederick  J.  Collier  organized  the  exhibition. 

OFFICE  OF  EDUCATION 

The  premiere  performance  of  "The  Beadle  of  Prague,"  a  dramatic 
cantata  commissioned  in  association  with  the  exhibition  The 
Precious  Legacy,  was  one  of  the  many  special  presentations  that 
enlivened  and  added  educational  strength  to  Evans  Gallery  exhibi- 
tions in  1983-84.  A  four-day  festival,  featuring  dance  perfor- 
mances, film  presentations,  lectures,  chefs'  demonstrations  of 
Chinese  cuisine,  and  programs  on  calligraphy,  kitemaking,  paper 
folding,  brush  paintings,  and  other  traditional  Chinese  arts,  was 
presented  to  help  late  summer  visitors  appreciate  the  exhibition 
Treasures  from  Shanghai.  Fifty-six  special  docents  were  trained  to 
give  group  tours  for  Evans  Gallery  exhibitions,  serving  more  than 
13,000  persons.  Teachers'  workshops  were  conducted  to  acquaint 
instructors  in  area  schools  with  the  content  of  the  exhibitions 
Exploring  Microspace  and  Treasures  from  Shanghai. 

"Wandering  Birds  in  the  Southern  Ocean,"  by  Dr.  George  Wat- 
son; "Snorkling  and  Science  in  the  Sea  of  Cortez,"  by  Dr.  Mark 
Littler;  "Native  Writings  of  the  Massachusetts  Indians,"  by  Dr. 
Ives  Goddard;  "Fossil  Birds  and  the  Polynesian  Conquest  of  Na- 
ture in  the  Pacific,"  by  Dr.  Storrs  Olson;  "The  Elusive  Mud 
Dragon  and  His  Kin,"  by  Dr.  Robert  Higgins;  and  "Exploring 
Microspace,"  by  Dr.  Richard  Benson  were  among  the  eleven  slide- 
illustrated  lectures  by  museum  curators  on  their  research  and  field 
work  presented  during  1983-84  in  the  regular  free  Friday  Film 
and  Lecture  Series.  A  special  holiday  film  festival  featuring  out- 
standing natural  history  films  was  presented  during  the  Christmas- 
New  Year  week. 

The  Discovery  Room,  which  celebrated  its  tenth  anniversary 
with  a  week-long  program  of  special  events,  was  visited  by  more 
than  100,000  persons  in  family  and  school  groups  during  the  year. 
The  Naturalist  Center  increased  its  hours,  starting  in  April,  dou- 
bling its  summer  visitorship,  and  is  now  open  seven  days  a  week. 
Workshops  were  held  to  inform  high  school  teachers  of  the  cen- 
ter's resources,  significantly  increasing  student  usage. 

Two-hundred-and-eighty-one  docents  participated  in  the  regular 
school  and  public  programs,  providing  services  to  165,000  persons. 


86  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


DEPARTMENT  OF  VERTEBRATE  ZOOLOGY 

New  evidence  that  the  hand  of  man  may  have  had  a  greater  respon- 
sibility than  is  generally  assumed  for  many  extinctions  of  island 
plant  and  animal  communities  in  the  past  10,000  years  was  pub- 
lished in  1984  by  Dr.  Storrs  Olson  and  Dr.  David  Steadman.  With 
colleague  Dr.  Gregory  Pregill,  of  the  San  Diego  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  they  reported  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Sciences  on  their  fossil  finds  on  Antigua,  Lesser  Antilles,  where 
they  discovered  a  mass  of  accumulated  fossils  in  a  sediment-packed 
limestone  fissure.  Radiocarbon  dating  brackets  this  material  into  a 
period  between  4,300  years  ago,  when  the  island's  first  human  set- 
tlers arrived,  and  2,560  years  ago.  Analysis  of  the  fossil  sample 
showed  33  percent  of  the  species  to  be  extinct  on  Antigua — includ- 
ing lizards,  snakes,  birds,  bats,  and  rodents — which  if  extrapolated 
to  the  total  original  biota  would  indicate  that  man  may  have  eradi- 
cated one-third  of  the  island's  fauna. 

Steadman,  Pregill,  and  Olson  concluded:  "If  Antigua  is  at  all 
representative,  then  the  endemic  or  localized  distributions  that 
characterize  many  insular  species  may  actually  be  more  a  conse- 
quence of  recent  habitat  degradation  than  such  factors  as  niche 
partitioning  and  competition,  which  are  now  popularly  assumed  to 
regulate  the  kind  and  even  number  of  species  on  islands  under 
natural  conditions." 

Many  months  of  work  by  ichthyologist  Dr.  Victor  Springer  cul- 
minated in  early  1984  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  publica- 
tion of  the  hand-colored  plates  of  one  of  the  nineteenth  century's 
most  outstanding  illustrated  scientific  classics — a  monumental  atlas 
of  Indo-Pacific  fishes  that  is  the  masterwork  of  the  great  Dutch 
ichthyologist  Pieter  Bleeker.  Atlas  Ichtyologique  des  Indes  Orien- 
tales  Neerlandaises,  Plates  for  Tomes  XI-XIV  (Atlas  of  Fishes  of 
the  Dutch  East  Indies)  contains  150  color  plates  of  Indo-Pacific  fish 
fauna — including  sharks,  rays,  blennies,  gobies,  siganids,  and  jacks 
— the  richest  and  most  magnificent  in  the  world.  All  profits  from 
the  sale  of  this  work  go  into  the  Leonard  P.  Schultz  Fund,  managed 
by  Springer  and  used  for  research,  collection  and  purchase  of  fish 
specimens,  and  exploration  and  publications  relating  to  fish. 

The  museum's  Marine  Mammal  Salvage  Program,  designed  to 
recover  data  and  specimens  of  marine  mammals  on  the  U.S.  Atlan- 
tic Coast  that  would  otherwise  be  lost  to  science,  has  been  in  opera- 
tion since  1972,  and  is  yielding  an  enormous  amount  of  data  bear- 
ing on  migratory  patterns,  size,  and  distribution  of  populations. 


Science  I  87 


and  eating  and  breeding  habits.  After  recovering  an  average  of  50 
to  100  or  more  stranded  animals  a  year,  with  a  high  of  200  in  1977, 
the  stranding  frequency  fell  into  a  puzzling  lull  from  1980  through 
1983  with  only  five  to  ten  recoveries  each  of  these  years.  In  Septem- 
ber 1984  the  lull  ended  with  a  sudden  influx  of  strandings  reported 
on  the  coast  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina:  an  Antillean  beaked 
whale,  only  the  fortieth  ever  reported  in  the  scientific  literature, 
stranded  at  Bogue  Banks,  N.C.;  three  Risso's  dolphins  came  ashore 
on  Ocracoke  Island,  N.C.;  and  seven  bottle-nosed  dolphins  strand- 
ed in  the  Virginia  Beach  area.  Program  director  Dr.  James  Mead 
tentatively  hypothesizes  that  the  fluctuation  in  strandings  can  be 
explained  by  changes  in  the  distribution  of  marine  mammals  rela- 
tive to  onshore  currents.  Data  on  these  strandings  were  reported  in 
the  department's  U.S.  Marine  Mammal  Stranding  Report,  issued 
quarterly  to  the  scientific  community. 

Gigantism  and  dwarfism  provide  fascinating  opportunities  for 
the  study  of  evolutionary  patterns  and  mechanisms.  Among  the 
three  squirrels,  "giants"  occur  in  three  different  lineages  on  three 
continents,  and  pygmy  squirrels  have  similarly  evolved  indepen- 
dently on  three  different  continents.  Mammalogist  Dr.  Richard 
Thorington  is  attempting  to  understand  what  factors  have  caused 
these  squirrels  to  be  large  or  small  and  how  these  size  changes  are 
accomplished.  Among  his  1983-84  case  studies  were  field  reports 
on  the  ecology,  behavior,  and  anatomy  of  one  of  the  largest  tree 
squirrels  in  the  world,  the  Malabar  squirrel  of  India,  which  weighs 
four  to  five  pounds,  and  the  fox  squirrels  of  the  southeastern  United 
States,  the  largest  tree  squirrels  in  North  America. 

As  part  of  his  overall  study,  Thorington  is  looking  into  the  origin 
and  significance  of  intriguing  anatomical  parallels  between  both  the 
pygmy  and  giant  arboreal  squirrels  and  primates.  The  objective  is 
to  study  cases  in  which  evolution  has  repeatedly  followed  similar 
paths,  and  to  examine  the  developmental  and  ecological  constraints 
that  may  have  led  to  such  parallel  evolution.  Both  the  smallest 
monkeys  and  smallest  tree  squirrels  have  some  behavioral  and  bio- 
logical similarities.  Giant  tree  squirrels  would  seem  to  have  little  in 
common  with  the  giant  ceboid  monkeys  of  South  America — the 
spider  and  howling  monkeys — yet  they  have  parallel  specializations 
of  the  shoulder  musculature,  which  suggests  that  allometry  (factors 
controlling  the  relative  growth  of  a  body  part  in  proportion  to  the 
entire  body)  places  similar  constraints  on  large  squirrels  and  large 
monkeys. 


88  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Peter  J.  Harmatuk  (right)  shows  Dr.  Richard  Fiske,  director  of  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  some  fossil  shark  teeth  he  collected  at  the  Lee 
Creek  Mir\e  in  North  Carolina.  (Photograph  by  Doc  Dougherty) 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ENTOMOLOGY 

Because  so  little  is  known  about  the  biology,  natural  relationships, 
and  distributions  of  a  large  percentage  of  the  insect  life  in  South 
America's  vast  tropical  rain  forests.  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History  entomologists  go  there  as  often  as  possible  to  collect  speci- 
mens. In  January,  February,  and  March  1984,  they  joined  scientists 
from  throughout  the  world  in  the  first  detailed  multidisciplinary 
biological  investigation  of  Cerro  de  la  Neblina,  one  of  the  largest 
and  highest  of  the  unexplored  mesas  (tepuis)  in  southern  Vene- 
zuela's vast  "Lost  World"  wilderness  region.  Rising  7,500  feet  to  a 
forested  plateau  and  then  onward  to  a  10,000-foot-high  cloud- 
covered  peak,  Neblina,  the  "Mountain  of  the  Mists,"  is  a  remnant 
of  a  vast  eroded  tableland  that  covered  the  region  hundreds  of  mil- 
lions of  years  ago.  High  vertical  cliffs,  deep  canyons,  and  steep  rock 
slopes  isolate  the  mountain's  high  plateau  and  peak  from  the  rain 
forests  that  surround  its  base,  creating  an  "island  in  the  sky"  en- 
vironment where  flora  and  fauna  have  evolved  that  do  not  exist 
anywhere  else  on  earth. 

Airplane  and  helicopter  support  was  provided  for  the  expedition 
by  the  sponsoring  Venezuelan  organization,  the  Foundation  for 
the  Development  of  Physical,  Mathematical  and  Natural  Sciences. 
Expedition  coordinator  and  leader  Dr.  Charles  Brewer-Carias  ar- 
ranged to  fly  groups  of  scientists,  including  the  Smithsonian's  Don- 
ald Davis,  Robert  Robbins,  Oliver  Flint,  Jerry  Louton,  and  Vicki 
Funk,  and  U.S.  Fish  and  Wildhfe  scientists  Roy  McDiarmid  and 
Mercedes  Foster,  to  San  Carlos,  a  tiny  military  settlement  on  the 
northern  reaches  of  the  Rio  Negro,  one  of  the  major  tributaries  of 
the  Amazon.  Loading  their  equipment  into  dugout  canoes  powered 
by  outboard  motors,  they  were  taken  downriver  to  another  outpost, 
from  which  they  were  flown  by  helicopter  across  fifty  miles  of  un- 
broken, uninhabited  rain  forest  to  a  base  camp  at  the  base  of  the 
tepui. 

From  this  site,  collecting  forays  were  made  by  scientists  into 
Neblina's  lowland  forests  and  major  river  canyon.  Davis,  Louton, 
Funk,  McDiarmid,  and  Foster  were  among  those  taken  by  heli- 
copter up  to  the  wind-  and  rain-swept  plateau  where  they  set  up 
temporary  camps  and  collected  insects,  plants,  animals,  and  birds 
in  the  scrub-  and  forest-covered  boggy  terrain.  The  plateau  proved 
as  taxonomically  enlightening  as  the  scientists  had  hoped;  a  high 
percentage  of  the  plants  and  insects  have  structural  peculiarities 
reflecting  their  genetic  isolation  and  sebsequent  changes  in  form 


90  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


resulting  from  their  isolated  habitat.  Tens  of  thousands  of  insects 
were  collected  and  are  now  being  sorted  and  prepared  for  study. 
The  participation  of  U.S.  scientists  in  the  expedition  was  sponsored 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Scholarly  Research  Fund  and  the 
National  Science  Foundation.  Important  assistance  was  provided  by 
the  Institute  of  Tropical  Zoology,  Central  University  of  Venezuela, 
Caracas;  the  Institute  of  Agricultural  Zoology,  Central  University 
of  Venezuela,  Maracay;  and  the  Venezuelan  National  Herbarium. 
The  exploration  of  Neblina  is  expected  to  continue  into  1985. 

At  Tambopata,  Peru,  a  wildlife  reserve  in  the  Amazon  basin 
lying  within  what  many  biologists  believe  is  the  richest  forest 
region  in  the  world.  Dr.  Terry  L.  Erwin  is  studying  the  insect  life 
of  the  tropical  forest  canopy — one  of  the  last  unexplored  biotic 
frontiers  on  earth.  In  1983-84  he  completed  four  seasonal  surveys 
in  the  preserve,  using  an  insecticidal  fog  to  collect  a  million  insect 
specimens  from  the  treetops  of  five  different  forest  types  within  the 
reserve.  Erwin's  preliminary  data  show  that  ^7  percent  of  the  tropi- 
cal-canopy insects  are  restricted  to  a  specific  forest  type,  and  that 
about  13  percent  are  confined  to  mostly  one  species  of  tree,  a  find- 
ing that  he  believes  has  practical  implications  for  the  preservation 
of  tropical  wildlife.  He  estimates  that  there  are  as  many  as  200 
types  of  tropical  forests,  and  to  preserve  the  incredible  diversity  of 
insect  life  they  hold  (possibly  as  many  as  50  million  species),  as 
many  forest  types  as  possible  should  be  represented  when  reserves 
are  established — not  just  ones  that  make  convenient  picnic  areas 
for  tourists.  Working  with  Dr.  Erwin,  to  help  him  document,  gain 
an  understanding,  and  preserve  the  flora  and  fauna  of  this  rich 
region  are  scientists  from  the  Smithsonian  and  other  major  institu- 
tions in  the  United  States,  along  with  students  and  professors  at 
the  Peruvian  universities  of  La  Molina  and  San  Marcos  in  Lima  and 
from  the  universities  at  Callatena  and  Cuzco. 

Among  the  other  entomological  collecting  activities  in  South 
America  in  1983-84:  coleopterist  Dr.  Paul  J.  Spangler  brought  back 
more  than  25,000  insects — including  numerous  new  species — from 
the  Takutu  Mountains  of  Guyana,  an  expedition  sponsored  by 
EARTHWATCH;  Dr.  Johnathan  Coddington  collected  arachnids  and 
myriapods  in  Venezuela  and  Trinidad;  and  Dr.  Wayne  Mathis 
made  a  major  collection  of  shore  flies  from  Peru,  Colombia,  and 
Belize. 


Science  I  91 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PALEOBIOLOGY 

Capitalizing  on  opportunities  to  make  large  documented  collections 
of  fossils  is  an  important  priority  for  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History  paleobiologists.  At  a  huge  open-pit  mine  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Pamlico  River,  near  Aurora,  North  Carolina,  seventeen 
years  of  collecting  work  led  by  the  museum  has  established  the 
site  as  one  of  the  richest  known  fossil  deposits  in  the  world,  and 
made  possible  the  greatest  single  advancement  ever  in  knowledge 
of  middle  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  paleontology. 

The  first  of  three  large  volumes  of  research  papers  on  the  site 
was  pubhshed  in  September  1983  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
Press.  Geology  and  Paleontology  of  Lee  Creek  Mine,  North  Caro- 
lina (Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Paleobiology,  No.  53),  edited 
by  Dr.  Clayton  E.  Ray,  contains  fourteen  papers  on  Lee  Creek 
geology  and  paleontology,  and  a  biography  by  Dr.  Frank  C.  Whit- 
more,  Jr.,  of  the  late  Dr.  Remington  E.  Kellogg,  a  marine  mammal 
authority  and  former  director  of  the  Smithsonian's  U.S.  National 
Museum,  to  whom  the  three  volumes  are  to  be  dedicated.  It  was 
Kellogg  who  initiated  Smithsonian  studies  at  the  Texasgulf-owned 
mine  in  1967  after  he  received  a  small  collection  of  vertebrate 
fossils  from  geologist  Jack  E.  McClellan. 

Scientists  have  studied  curious  Middle  Atlantic  Coast  vertebrate 
fossils  since  colonial  times,  but  before  the  Lee  Creek  Mine  existed 
there  was  no  way  to  learn  about  deposits  in  the  critically  impor- 
tant Miocene  and  Pliocene  Yorktown  and  Pungo  Formations  in 
North  Carolina,  except  through  limited  information  that  could  be 
gleaned  by  drilling.  Aware  that  the  Lee  Creek  Mine  presented  a 
research  opportunity  that  must  be  exploited,  Kellogg  enlisted  col- 
leagues at  the  Smithsonian,  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  and  other 
scientific  institutions,  asking  them  to  look  into  Lee  Creek  material 
pertaining  to  their  specialties  and  to  collect  at  the  site.  The  result 
was  that  a  trickle  of  fossils  soon  became  a  torrent;  the  mine  to 
date  has  yielded  one  of  the  largest  fossil  sea  bird  faunas  in  the 
world;  a  superb  collection  of  true  seals,  as  well  as  an  abundance  of 
new  and  different  species  of  whales;  and  a  remarkable  assemblage 
of  sharks  and  bony  fish,  extensive  enough  to  be  considered  the 
essential  reference  for  reconstructing  the  history  and  development 
of  the  modern  Western  Atlantic  fish  fauna. 

Although  no  small  amount  of  this  material  was  gathered  by 
scientists,  the  single  most  important  and  productive  collector  at 
the  Lee  Creek  Mine  for  the  Smithsonian  over  the  past  seventeen 


92  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


years  has  been  Peter  J.  Harmatuk.  For  years,  every  weekend  or 
day  off,  Harmatuk  drove  the  thirty  miles  from  his  home  in  Bridge- 
ton,  North  Carolina,  to  Lee  Creek,  where  he  spent  countless  hours 
roaming  the  piles  of  recently  excavated  dirt,  looking  for  fossils.  In 
1975  he  retired  early  from  his  successful  career  as  a  factory  man- 
ager so  that  he  could  pursue  paleontological  fieldwork  for  the 
Smithsonian  more  intensively.  Dr.  Ray  writes:  "He  has  collected 
with  unflagging  enthusiasm  more  fossils  of  more  kinds  for  science 
than  anyone  who  has  ever  worked  the  middle  Atlantic  Coastal 
Plain,  discovering  specimens  unprecedented  in  kind,  quantity,  or 
quality.  If  one  ever  needed  a  reminder  that  paleontology  tradi- 
tionally has  been  and  remains  largely  a  field  science,  the  enjoy- 
ment and  advancement  of  which  is  open  to  everyman  to  the  extent 
of  his  ability,  effort,  and  interest,  Peter  Harmatuk  provides  irre- 
futable proof." 

Dr.  G.  Arthur  Cooper,  paleobiologist  emeritus,  was  awarded  the 
Penrose  Medal,  the  highest  honor  given  to  American  geologists, 
at  Geological  Society  of  America  meetings  in  Indianapolis,  in 
October  1983.  Cooper,  in  his  fifty-fourth  year  at  the  museum  was 
cited  for  "being  the  world's  foremost  expert  on  brachiopods;  for 
being  an  inspirational  teacher  to  generations  of  young  paleontolo- 
gists, for  building  a  national  collection  of  brachiopods  and  other 
invertebrate  fossils  that  is  unparalleled  in  the  world  and  for  apply- 
ing his  rich  knowledge  of  fossil  lore  to  the  resolution  of  geological 
enigmas." 

Research  geologists  Drs.  Ian  G.  Macintyre  and  Kenneth  M. 
Towe  continued  their  investigation  into  the  thousands  of  projec- 
tions— resembling  stalactites — that  coat  the  ceiling  of  a  huge,  un- 
charted limestone  marine  cave  off  Belize,  Central  America.  The 
projections,  caused  by  the  extensive  precipitation  of  magnesium 
calcite,  have  no  known  counterpart  in  any  other  marine  environ- 
ment in  the  world.  In  1983-84  experiments  were  carried  out  that 
will  assist  in  establishing  the  role  that  bacteria  play  in  the  origin 
of  the  carbonate  precipitations.  Large  schools  of  fish  frequent  the 
cave  opening,  fifty  feet  below  the  sea  surface,  including  sharks 
that  rest  on  the  cave  floor  and  on  ledges  in  the  ceiling.  Macintyre 
and  Towe  believe  that  these  fishes  and  sharks  release  organic 
wastes  that  upon  decaying  produce  by-products  that  are  respon- 
sible for  the  precipitation. 


Science  I  93 


DEPARTMENT  OF  BOTANY 

The  luxuriant  coniferous  forests,  meadows,  and  alpine  slopes  of  the 
Altai  Mountains  in  southwestern  Siberia  are  similar  in  many  ways 
to  the  vegetation  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Dr.  Stanwyn  G.  Shetler 
in  mid-1983  took  part  in  a  joint  Soviet-American  botanical  expedi- 
tion that  explored  this  region  of  Asia — traveling  by  horseback  to 
reach  the  most  rugged  mountainous  areas.  The  trip  is  believed  by 
Dr.  Thomas  Elias  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  the  U.S. 
Team  leader,  to  be  the  most  important  field  expedition  American 
botanists  have  made  in  the  USSR  in  modern  times.  One  of  the  ex- 
pedition's objectives  in  the  Altai  Mountains  was  to  expore  jointly 
with  Soviet  botanists  the  relationship  between  the  plants  of  these 
central  Asian  mountains  and  the  plants  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  of  North  America.  During  the  second  half  of  the  expedition, 
the  field  party  visited  the  western  Sayan  Mountains  in  the  Tuvan 
Autonomous  Republic,  a  wilderness  where  American  botanists  had 
never  collected  before  and  where  they  studied  the  resemblances  be- 
tween this  region's  plants  and  those  of  Alaska  and  boreal  North 
America. 

The  expedition,  organized  by  the  Main  Botanical  Garden  in 
Moscow  and  the  Central  Siberian  Botanical  Garden,  Novosibirsk, 
was  the  eighth  U.S.  plant  collection  on  Soviet  territory  under  the 
auspices  of  a  special  bilateral  exchange  program  begun  in  1976. 
The  U.S.  botanists  returned  with  about  5,000  specimens,  repre- 
senting 400-500  species,  which  were  divided  more  or  less  equally 
between  the  Smithsonian,  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  and 
the  University  of  Alaska.  The  material  represents  an  invaluable 
collection  of  Siberian  plants  that  will  now  be  available  in  North 
America  to  all  future  workers.  Shetler  was  able  to  collect  speci- 
mens of  most  of  the  species  of  bellflowers  (family  Campanulaceae) 
native  to  southern  Siberia,  and  these  collections  and  observations 
will  contribute  greatly  to  his  ongoing  studies  of  this  plant  family. 

Dr.  Dan  H.  Nicolson  spent  two  months  in  the  summer  of  1984 
in  southwestern  China  (Yunnan  Province)  collecting  plants  as  one 
of  four  Americans  on  a  Sino-American  exchange  program.  The 
group  did  most  of  its  collecting  in  the  Cang  Shan  mountain  range 
west  of  the  ancient  walled  city  of  Dali,  about  400  kilometers 
west  of  Kunning,  the  capital  of  Yunnan,  on  the  Burma  Road.  More 
than  19,000  specimens  were  collected.  All  collections  were  divided 
equally  between  China  and  the  United  States,  the  Smithsonian 
receiving  one-third  of  the  U.S.  duplicates.  The  flora  involved  (Sino 


94  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


(Himalayan)  is  the  richest  temperate  flora  in  the  world  and  is  of 
great  interest,  not  only  to  scientists,  but  to  horticulturists.  Four 
Chinese  botanists  are  scheduled  to  come  to  America  in  1985  as  part 
of  the  exchange  program  worked  out  between  the  Academia  Sinica 
and  the  National  Science  Foundation. 

In  other  Chinese  related  research,  the  museum's  Dr.  Thomas 
Soderstrom  is  working  with  Dr.  Julian  Campbell  of  the  University 
of  Kentucky  on  the  classification  of  the  complex  bamboos  of 
Sichuan.  It  is  in  the  wilds  of  Sichuan  that  the  last  surviving  popu- 
lation of  giant  pandas  live — feeding  on  various  bamboos.  Both 
scientists  are  trying  to  improve  our  general  knowledge  of  these 
Sino-Himalayan  bamboos,  so  important  to  the  survival  of  the  giant 
panda. 

In  1983-84  the  museum  became  one  of  six  multinational  spon- 
soring organizations  of  a  long-term  project  to  produce  a  flora  of 
Guyana,  Suriname,  and  French  Guiana.  Nearly  a  dozen  museum 
botanists — coordinated  by  Dr.  Richard  Cowan — will  be  involved. 
The  University  of  Utrecht,  The  Netherlands,  will  be  the  admin- 
istrative center  for  the  program.  Other  participants  are  the 
Botanischer  Garten  and  Museum,  West  Berlin;  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden;  the  Natural  History  Museum  of  Paris;  and  the 
overseas  research  arm  of  the  French  Government. 

Botanists  Dr.  Mark  M.  Littler,  Diane  Littler,  Dr.  James  Norris, 
and  Katina  Bucher  made  a  surprising  discovery  in  1984  while  sur- 
veying the  marine  plant  life  off  San  Salvador  Island,  Bahamas,  in 
a  research  submersible  with  colleagues  from  the  Harbor  Branch 
Foundation,  Inc.  Exploring  an  uncharted  seamount  at  a  depth  of 
880  feet,  they  found  it  covered  with  a  calcareous  form  of  red 
algae,  establishing  a  new  maximum  depth  record  for  photosyn- 
thetic  plant  life  on  earth.  In  the  past  it  was  thought  that  light 
penetration  in  the  ocean  was  insufficient  for  sustainable  plant 
growth  below  100  fathoms  (600  feet).  The  discovery  indicates 
that  the  role  of  macroalgae  in  deep-water  oceanographic  processes 
is  much  greater  than  previously  believed. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 

The  oral  traditions  of  the  older  Mayan  men  and  women  who  live 
in  Chiapas,  Mexico,  are  being  lost  as  elderly  people  carry  their 
knowledge  to  the  grave.  Many  of  the  younger  Mayans  are  literate 
in  Spanish — but  increasingly  ignorant  of  their  ancient  culture. 
After  Indian  participants  in  a  1982  anthropology  conference  at 


Science  I  95 


San  Cristobal,  Chiapas,  expressed  concern  over  this  loss,  ethnolo- 
gist Dr.  Robert  Laughlin  began  organizing  and  overseeing  a 
writer's  cooperative  dedicated  to  preserving  Mayan  Indian  culture. 
The  "House  of  Writers"  is  composed  of  six  members,  represent- 
ing the  Tzotzil  towns  of  Chamula  and  Zinacantan,  and  the  Tzeltal 
towns  of  Oxchuc  and  Tenejapa.  Laughlin,  who  for  many  years 
has  studied  Mayan  civilization  and  is  the  author  of  a  dictionary 
of  Tzotzil,  a  language  spoken  by  more  than  200,000  Mayan 
Indians,  prepared  alphabets  in  Tzotzil  and  Tzeltal  for  use  by  the 
group  and  edited  the  first  five  bilingual  illustrated  booklets  of 
history  and  folklore  published  by  the  cooperative  in  1983-84  at 
the  State  of  Chiapas  Press.  The  books  are  now  being  distributed 
in  the  communities.  The  project  has  the  backing  of  Mexico's 
National  Indian  Institute. 

The  museum's  Human  Studies  Film  Archives,  the  only  national 
organization  dedicated  to  collecting  and  preserving  motion  picture 
and  video  documentation  of  world  culture,  now  has  1.5  million 
feet  of  footage,  including  some  of  the  most  important  anthropo- 
logical film  collections  formerly  in  private  hands.  In  1983-84  alone, 
the  archives  received  in  trust  more  than  900,000  feet  of  film,  in- 
cluding John  Marshall's  substantive  documentation  of  the  Kung 
bushmen  of  southern  Africa,  footage  of  the  Yanomamo  Indians 
of  Venezuela  and  Brazil  by  Timothy  Asch  and  Napoleon  Chagnon, 
and  Allison  and  Marek  Jablonko's  research  films  of  the  Maring 
people  of  the  Papua  New  Guinea  highlands. 

Arctic,  volume  5  of  the  Handbook  of  North  American  Indians, 
was  published  in  January  1985.  The  sixth  volume  in  the  series 
to  be  completed,  it  describes  the  Arctic  people  and  all  Eskimo 
groups  from  Siberia  to  Greenland.  Research  and  editing  on  the 
Great  Basin  (volume  11)  are  underway.  All  Handbook  volumes 
are  in  print,  with  more  than  55,000  copies  sold.  The  series  is  under 
the  general  editorship  of  William  C.  Sturtevant. 

Dr.  Herman  Viola,  director  of  the  museum's  National  Anthro- 
pological Archives,  produced  a  lavishly  illustrated  overview  of  the 
treasures  of  The  National  Archives  of  the  United  States,  in  honor 
of  the  National  Archives'  fiftieth  anniversary.  Dr.  William  Trous- 
dale, curator  of  Far  Eastern  Archeology,  edited  an  English  memoir 
of  nineteenth-century  Afghanistan  that  provides  a  valuable  chron- 
ical of  the  political  events  of  the  time  as  well  as  interesting  infor- 
mation on  Afghan  archeology,  history,  and  industry.  Drawing 
heavily  on  the  museum's  Tibetan  collections.  Dr.  Paul  Taylor, 
curator  of  Asian  Ethnology,  organized  an  exhibition  for  the  Smith- 


96  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


soman's  Renwick  Gallery  celebrating  the  Tibetan  Yak.  This  animal 
occupies  a  central  position  in  Tibetan  life — somewhat  as  the  bison 
did  for  America's  Plains  Indians — not  only  as  a  source  of  meat  and 
milk  protein  and  of  wool,  hide,  and  horn  for  tents,  clothing,  and 
utensils,  but  also  as  the  pack  animal  on  which  the  country's  trade 
depends.  Taylor  was  also  instrumental  in  the  acquisition  of  the 
large  private  library  of  the  late  Professor  John  M.  Echols,  an 
authority  on  Indonesian  languages  and  developer  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity's Southeast  Asian  Studies  program.  This  single  purchase 
helps  fill  in  a  serious  gap  in  Smithsonian  Asian  Ethnology  library 
resources. 

Major  new  archeological  excavations  were  undertaken  in  1983- 
84  by  Dr.  Dennis  Stanford  at  the  classic  Clovis  paleolndian  arche- 
ological site  at  Blackwater  Draw  in  eastern  New  Mexico.  Core 
samples  taken  in  1983  determined  that  the  site  had  not  been  com- 
pletely destroyed,  as  feared,  by  twenty  years  of  commercial  gravel 
mining  in  the  area;  extensive  Clovis,  Folsom,  Agate  Basin,  and 
Cody  archeological  deposits  remain  and  are  now  being  explored 
by  Stanford  and  geologist  Vance  Haynes  (University  of  Arizona) 
and  other  experts  in  the  field  of  paleontology,  palynology,  and 
soil  analysis. 

Two  months  of  archeological  surveys  in  Labrador  in  1983-84 
by  Dr.  William  C.  Fitzhugh  provided  a  much  clearer  picture  of 
how  early  Maritime  Archaic  peoples  lived.  Evidence  of  early 
single-family  round  or  oval  pithouses  dug  into  boulder  beaches 
were  found  by  Fitzhugh  on  the  islands  of  Aillik,  Big  Bay,  Natsa- 
tuk,  Karl  Oom,  Immilikuluk,  and  other  locations.  Excavation  of 
several  of  these  sites  produced  diagnostic  implements  and  radio- 
carbon samples  that  should  provide  keys  to  the  early  develop- 
mental sequence  of  this  period  (ca.  6500-4500  BP). 

Dr.  Gus  Van  Beek  returned  for  the  eleventh  year  to  Tell 
Jemmeh,  in  Israel's  western  Negev  Desert,  where  he  excavated  two 
areas  representing  a  crucial  but  unknown  period  in  Philistine  cul- 
ture history  (tenth  to  ninth  century  B.C.),  recovering  a  fine  series 
of  burnished  red  slip  pottery  that  came  from  four  successive 
occupation  periods  and  that  should  make  it  possible  to  trace  the 
development  of  pottery  forms  and  decorative  techniques  during 
this  century. 

Physical  anthropologist  Dr.  Donald  J.  Ortner  in  July  1984  began 
a  detailed  and  comprehensive  study  of  300  bone  specimens  in  the 
museum's  human  skeletal  collections  that  exhibit  pathological  con- 
ditions of  special  significance.  The  three-year  study,  supported  by 


Science  I  97 


a  National  Institutes  of  Health  grant,  is  expected  to  shed  light  on 
the  origins  and  development  of  disease — and  its  relations  to  en- 
vironmental and  cultural  factors — both  of  which  remain  important 
in  the  treatment  of  disease  today. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  MINERAL  SCIENCES 

Over  the  past  fifteen  years  the  scattered  fragments  of  possibly  as 
many  as  1,000  meteorites,  preserved  in  the  Antarctic  polar  ice  cap 
for  as  long  as  ^A  million  years,  have  been  found  by  U.S.  and 
Japanese  expeditions.  This  amazing  scientific  bonanza  amounts  to 
more  than  25  percent  of  the  total  number  of  meteorites  collected 
on  earth  in  the  past  200  years.  Drs.  Brian  Mason  and  Roy  S. 
Clarke  have  been  charged  for  the  past  eight  years  with  the  respon- 
sibility of  characterizing  and  describing  the  largest  portion  of  the 
U.S.  Antarctic  material.  Mason,  a  specialist  in  the  mineralogy  of 
chondrite  and  achondrite  meteorites,  the  types  mostly  found  in 
Antarctica,  in  1983-84  published  in  the  Antarctic  Meteorite  News- 
letter descriptions  of  151  specimens,  including  several  distinctively 
new  and  unusual  mineralogical  types.  Clarke,  a  specialist  in  the 
much  more  scarce  iron  meteorites,  published  on  three  new  speci- 
mens. This  basic  analytical  work  is  opening  up  new  vistas  of 
knowledge  on  the  composition  of  parent  meteoritic  bodies,  and 
laying  the  groundwork  for  other  important  discoveries.  For  ex- 
ample, scientists  now  believe  there  is  evidence  that  the  flux  of 
meteoritic  types  received  by  the  earth  may  have  changed  over  geo- 
logic times.  Some  of  the  meteoritic  material  under  study  by  Mason 
and  Clarke  was  found  by  Dr.  Robert  Fudali,  who  has  accompanied 
two  recent  National  Science  Foundation-funded  U.S.  expeditions 
to  Antarctica.  On  last  year's  trip  Fudali  and  six  other  scientists 
logged  more  than  800  miles  on  snowmobiles  during  forty-two 
days  at  remote  stations  on  the  polar  plateau  west  of  the  Trans- 
antarctic  mountains,  collecting  more  than  300  meteorites  and  me- 
teorite fragments,  including  several  rare  carbonaceous  chondrites. 
Dr.  Kurt  Fredriksson  is  interested  in  developing  more  sensitive 
equipment  for  quantifying  chondrite  meteorite  trace  element  con- 
tent and  ratios.  Collaborating  with  a  group  of  scientists  working 
at  the  Max  Planck  Institute,  Mainz,  West  Germany,  in  1983-84, 
he  worked  out  an  ion  probe  technique  for  this  purpose  that  is 
more  sensitive  than  standard  electron  microprobe  analysis.  Fred- 
riksson presented  his  findings  at  the  9th  Symposium  on  Antarctic 
Meteorites  in  Tokyo. 


98  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Museum  volcanologists  in  1983-84  carried  on  research  focusing 
on  various  aspects  of  global  volcanism.  In  his  quest  to  understand 
how  volcanoes  develop  and  grow.  Dr.  Tom  Simkin  is  looking  at 
submerged  seafloor  volcanoes,  which  are  many  times  more  numer- 
ous than  those  above  sea  level.  Diving  in  the  research  submersible 
Alvin,  at  depths  of  1  to  3  kilometers  in  June  1984,  Simkin  investi- 
gated several  young  volcanoes  on  the  Pacific  floor  with  shapes 
similar  to  the  Galapagos  Islands  volcanoes,  1500  kilometers  to  the 
south,  that  he  has  studied  for  years.  These  volcano  shapes,  al- 
though uncommon  among  oceanic  islands,  are  now  being  recog- 
nized in  many  detailed  seafloor  studies,  and  Simkin's  dives  pro- 
duced evidence  that  they  form  in  much  the  same  way  as  their 
Galapagos  equivalents. 

Dr.  Richard  Fiske,  director  of  the  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  is  involved  in  a  long-term  project  at  the  Soufriere  volcano 
of  St.  Vincent,  British  West  Indies,  which  erupted  violently  in 
1979,  and  is  expected  to  erupt  again  before  the  end  of  this  cen- 
tury. In  June  1974  Fiske  and  his  colleagues  installed  a  new  "tilt" 
station  on  the  southwestern  slopes  of  the  volcano  that  will  make  it 
possible  to  determine  with  reasonable  precision  the  location  of 
swelling  caused  by  subterranean  lava  surges.  The  project  objective 
is  to  develop  an  inexpensive,  low-tech  monitoring  system  that  can 
be  used  by  Third  World  nations  to  determine  when  potentially 
dangerous  volcanoes  will  erupt. 

Arenal,  a  highly  explosive  Costa  Rican  volcano,  has  been  under 
study  by  Dr.  WiUiam  Melson  since  its  last  major  eruption  in  1961. 
Last  year  Melson  started  fieldwork  on  an  intensive  combined 
volcanological  and  archeologic  study  of  Arenal  Volcano's  tephra 
apron.  The  work  has  revealed  that  Arenal's  first  major  explosive 
eruption  occurred  about  1000  B.C.  Repeatedly,  the  region  was  re- 
inhabited  by  Indians,  and  the  study  is  making  it  possible  to  pre- 
pare a  remarkably  precise  chronology  of  their  cultural  changes 
from  the  frequent  catastrophic  burial  of  habitation  sites.  This  work 
is  being  carried  out  with  Payson  Sheets,  University  of  Colorado 
at  Boulder,  and,  in  addition  to  Smithsonian  funding,  it  has  received 
support  from  the  National  Science  Foundation  and  National  Geo- 
graphic Society. 

Krakatau  1883:  The  Volcanic  Eruption  and  Its  Effects  was  pub- 
lished in  December  1983  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press. 
Volcanologists  Tom  Simkin  and  Richard  Fiske,  coauthors  with 
Sarah  F.  Melcher  and  Elizabeth  Nielsen,  in  1983-84  gave  more 
than  a  dozen  Krakatau  talks  to  both  scientific  and  lay  audiences 


Science  I  99 


in  the  United  States,  Canada,  Japan,  and  Holland.  The  great  inter- 
est in  the  eruption — the  most  famous  volcanic  catastrophe  in  re- 
corded history — was  also  evident  in  the  extraordinarily  rapid  sales 
of  the  book. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  INVERTEBRATE  ZOOLOGY 

Concern  over  the  high  prevalence  of  cancer  in  fish  living  in  chem- 
ically contaminated  bodies  of  water,  and  the  potential  human 
health  hazard  posed  by  consuming  these  fish,  using  the  water,  or 
being  associated  with  production  of  the  polluting  chemicals,  fo- 
cused attention  in  1983-84  on  the  museum's  Registry  of  Tumors 
in  Lower  Animals.  The  registry,  created  and  funded  by  the  Na- 
tional Cancer  Institute,  has  for  eighteen  years  been  the  only  clear- 
ing house  in  the  world  for  information  on  the  phenomena  of 
cancer  in  fish  and  other  vertebrate  and  invertebrate  coldblooded 
animals. 

Working  out  of  an  office  and  laboratory  in  the  Department  of 
Invertebrate  Zoology,  director  John  Harshbarger  and  his  staff 
maintain  a  specimen  depository  of  more  than  5,000  specimens 
from  the  United  States  and  forty  other  countries.  Every  week,  new 
material  arrives  for  examination.  In  the  past  year,  Harshbarger 
studied,  diagnosed,  and  described  450  cases  of  disease.  Reports  of 
these  diagnostic  studies  were  entered  into  the  registry's  com- 
puterized databank  and  circulated  to  scientists  throughout  the 
world.  Among  the  cases  Harshbarger  studied  last  year  with  various 
collaborators  were  tumors  in  the  liver  and  other  organs  of  a  feral 
population  of  sauger  and  walleye  fishes  inhabiting  Torch  Lake  in 
Michigan,  which  is  heavily  polluted  by  chemicals  and  residues  of 
copper  mining;  liver  and  skin  cancer  in  brown  bullhead  catfish 
from  the  industrially  polluted  Black  River,  Ohio;  and  liver  cancer 
in  tomcod  fish  from  the  Hudson  River.  Testifying  in  October  at  a 
congressional  subcommittee  hearing  on  the  growing  incidence  of 
tumors  and  cancers  in  polluted  waterways,  Harshbarger  recom- 
mended the  initiation  of  systematic  and  regular  surveys  of  fish 
populations  in  waterways  throughout  the  nation  to  help  locate 
dangerous  sources  of  pollution  so  that  sport  fishermen  and  con- 
sumers will  be  able  to  determine  if  the  fish  and  shellfish  they 
catch,  buy,  and  consume  come  from  contaminated  areas. 

Spectacular  video  footage  documenting  never-before-seen  be- 
havior patterns  of  deep-water  echinoderms  was  compiled  in  April 
1984  by  the  museum's  Dr.  David  Pawson,  Dr.  Porter  Kier,  and 


100  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Dr.  Gordon  Hendler,  and  Dr.  John  Miller  of  the  Harbor  Branch 
Foundation,  Inc.  In  the  third  in  a  series  of  dives  carried  out  by  the 
four  scientists  over  the  last  year  off  the  Bahama  Islands  in  the 
Harbor  Branch  research  submersible,  Johnson-Sea-Link-II,  descents 
were  made  as  deep  as  several  thousand  feet  along  the  sometimes 
steep  underwater  slopes,  to  investigate  the  deepwater  echinoderm 
fauna — starfish,  sea  urchins,  brittlestars,  basketstars,  sea  cucum- 
bers, feather  stars,  and  sea  lillies.  The  rich,  diverse  echinoderm 
fauna  in  this  area  has  never  been  explored  firsthand  until  now, 
although  scientists  have  long  known  about  the  animals  living 
there,  as  a  result  of  collections  made  more  than  a  century  ago  with 
the  help  of  dredges.  The  dredges,  however,  often  brought  up  dead, 
damaged  specimens,  which  gave  little  information  on  the  animals' 
deUcate  structures,  behavior,  or  lifestyle.  But  the  highly  mobile 
Harbor  Branch  submersible,  outfitted  with  sophisticated  collecting 
equipment,  can  pluck  animals  from  the  rugged  sea  floor  slopes 
and  bring  them  back  alive  in  nearly  pristine  condition.  Eighteen 
dives  were  made  on  the  April  cruise,  each  lasting  about  three  to 
five  hours. 

Approximately  eighty  species  of  echinoderms — 500  specimens 
in  all — were  collected;  at  least  twenty  of  these  new  to  the  scien- 
tists' survey  list.  To  date,  the  Bahamas  survey  has  yielded  nearly 
120  deepwater  species,  some  new  to  science,  and  thousands  of  new 
specimens  for  Smithsonian  and  Harbor  Branch  collections.  In  addi- 
tion, hours  of  color  videotape  footage  and  hundreds  of  still  photo- 
graphs were  shot.  Detailed  analysis  of  the  specimens  and  film  is 
now  in  progress. 

SMITHSONIAN  OCEANOGRAPHIC  SORTING  CENTER 

Several  major  collections  of  plankton  were  received  in  1983-84 
from  the  western  North  Atlantic,  northern  Caribbean,  and  the 
eastern  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  interesting  collections  of  fishes  and 
benthic  invertebrates  were  also  taken  from  the  Gulf  of  Alaska 
and  the  Caribbean.  During  the  year  the  sosc  staff  prepared  135 
shipments  containing  51,916  specimens  for  shipment  to  sixty-three 
specialists  and  to  five  permanent  repositories.  Staff  research  proj- 
ects included  Dr.  Frank  Ferrari's  work  at  the  California  Depart- 
ment of  Fish  and  Game's  Laboratory  in  Stockton,  studying  a 
small  copepod  accidentally  introduced  from  the  Yangtze  River 
delta  in  China  into  the  Sacramento-San  Joaquin  delta  in  Califor- 
nia; and  Dr.  Gordon  Hendler's  series  of  experiments  at  Carrie  Bow 
Cay  concerning  the  ability  of  brittlestars  to  change  color. 


Science  I  101 


SMITHSONIAN  MARINE  STATION  AT  LINK  PORT 

Numerous  scientists  from  various  organizations  of  the  Smith- 
sonian^ joined  by  colleagues  from  other  institutions,  visited  the 
museum's  Marine  Station  at  Link  Port,  near  Ft.  Pierce,  Florida,  in 
1983-84  to  conduct  research  on  a  wide  variety  of  topics  in  marine 
sciences — from  sedimentology  and  the  spectral  quality  of  under- 
water light  to  systematic,  ecological,  reproductive,  and  behavioral 
studies.  The  museum's  Dr.  Robert  P.  Higgins  and  Dr.  Reinhardt 
Kristensen,  a  Smithsonian  postdoctoral  fellow  affiliated  with  the 
University  of  Copenhagen,  carried  out  a  dredging  and  coring  sur- 
vey of  the  meiofauna  living  in  the  sediments  of  a  ten-square-mile 
area  off  the  coast  of  Ft,  Pierce  at  depths  of  ten  to  fifteen  meters. 
Both  scientists  are  authorities  on  the  systematics  and  life  histories 
of  meiofauna — diminutive  multicellular  organisms  adapted  to  liv- 
ing in  spaces  between  grains  of  sediment  and  sand  on  ocean  floors 
and  beaches.  The  fact  that  these  organisms  represent  a  relatively 
unexplored  biological  frontier  was  underscored  in  October  1984 
when  Kristensen  announced  the  discovery  and  description  of  a 
new  meiofaunal  phylum — Loricifera.  It  was  only  the  third  time  in 
this  century  that  a  new  phylum  has  been  added  to  the  animal 
kingdom,  bringing  to  thirty-nine  the  total  of  these  high-level 
classification  groups. 

Loricifera — less  than  one-hundredth  of  an  inch  in  length — is 
distinguished  from  the  four  other  meiofauna  phylum  by  a  mouth 
apparatus  that  consists  of  a  flexible  tube  that  can  be  telescopically 
retracted  into  the  animal.  It  also  has  clawlike  and  clubshaped 
spines  on  its  head  that  help  keep  it  firmly  attached  to  the  sedi- 
ment. Kristensen  has  documented  the  animal  group  in  sea-bottom 
samples  from  waters  off  France,  Greenland,  the  South  Pacific,  and 
the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States.  At  Link  Port  he  and 
Higgins  collected  a  wide  range  of  meiofauna,  including  larval  and 
molting  loriciferan  specimens  that  yielded  significant  new  informa- 
tion on  the  life  histories  of  this  recently  recognized  phylum. 

Among  the  other  studies  in  1983-84  were  research  on  gastropod 
systematics  by  the  museum's  Richard  S.  Houbrick;  a  study  of  the 
reproductive  biology  of  brooding  ophiuroids  by  Dr.  Maria  Byrne, 
a  Smithsonian  postdoctoral  fellow;  and  an  investigation  of  the  life 
history  of  the  rock  boring  barnacles  by  Joseph  Dineen,  a  Univer- 
sity of  Maryland  graduate  student.  Dr.  Judith  Winston,  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  Dr.  Eckart  Hakansson,  Univer- 
sity of  Copenhagen,  continued  their  study  of  the  life  histories  and 


102  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Johnson-Sea-Link  II,  still  attached  by  ropes  and  crane  to  its  mother  ship,  the 
R/V  Johnson,  prepares  to  embark  with  National  Museum  of  Natural  History 
and  Harbor  Branch  Foundation  scientists  in  search  of  echinoderms  in  the  Ba- 
hamas. (Photograph  by  Jeff  Tinsley) 


population  ecology  of  two  free-living  species  of  bryozoans.  Elec- 
trophoretic  enzyme  studies  by  the  museum's  Dr.  Kristian  Fauchald 
on  a  species  of  polychaete  from  both  sides  of  the  Florida  peninsula 
demonstrated  apparent  inherent  differences  in  morphologically  ex- 
tremely similar  populations.  The  museum's  Dr.  Raymond  B.  Man- 
ning and  Darryl  L.  Felder,  of  the  University  of  Southwestern 
Louisiana,  conducted  a  study  of  parasitic  peacrabs  (pinnotherids), 
which  live  in  burrows  of  mud  shrimps  (pinnotherids).  Dr.  Anson 
Hines,  of  the  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Center,  studied 
the  growth  patterns  of  four  xanthid  crabs  that  differ  in  size  at 
maturity. 

A  study  of  the  behavior  of  amphipods  by  the  museum's  Dr. 
J.  L.  Barnard  and  James  D.  Thomas,  of  the  Newfound  Harbor 
Marine  Institute,  stressed  the  function  of  appendages,  individually 
and  cooperatively  in  performing  such  tasks  as  tube  building, 
grooming,  and  feeding  and  in  inter-  and  intraspecific  confronta- 
tions. With  the  help  of  time-lapse  photography,  supervised  by 
Kjell  Sandved,  the  museum's  scientific  photographer,  the  tube- 
building  behavior  of  two  amphipod  species  was  documented  with 
special  attention  to  the  production  and  manipulation  of  silk  strands 
by  the  appendages  to  form  the  tubes. 

MUSEUM  SUPPORT  CENTER 

The  first  full  year  of  operation  of  the  Museum  Support  Center 
(msc)  has  been  marked  by  the  staffing  of  key  positions,  the  im- 
plementation of  special  policy  procedures  governing  pest  control 
and  inventory  management,  the  installation  of  a  sophisticated 
electronic  security  system,  and  the  first  phase  of  construction  of 
the  collection  storage  equipment.  In  addition,  the  initial  move  of 
both  people  and  collections  into  the  center  took  place.  The  Na- 
tional Museum  of  American  History  was  the  first  to  formally 
take  occupation  of  assigned  space,  bringing  in  the  first  collection 
object,  a  harpsichord,  for  conservation  treatment.  Next,  the  Con- 
servation Analytical  Laboratory  moved  to  the  Support  Center, 
vacating  its  former  quarters  in  the  Museum  of  American  History. 
Subsequently,  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History  established 
its  botany  plant-mounting  lab,  paleobiology  sedimentology  lab, 
and  vertebrate  zoology  histology  lab  at  msc.  An  acarologist  asso- 
ciated with  the  National  Institutes  of  Health  and  working  in  affili- 
ation with  the  museum's  Department  of  Entomology  has  moved 
his  entire  lab,  including  his  scanning  electron  microscope  and  his 


104  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


I 


significant  reference  collection  of  ticks,  from  Montana  into  the 
center. 

Until  permanent  storage  systems  are  completed,  msc  has  been 
able  to  provide  limited  temporary  storage  for  collection  materials 
from  Natural  History,  as  well  as  special  space  for  use  by  the 
Smithsonian  Traveling  Exhibition  Service  and  the  Museum  of 
African  Art.  Preparations  are  currently  underway  to  accommodate 
the  needs  of  the  new  Sackler  Gallery  and  the  Center  for  Asian 
Art,  which  will  use  space  at  msc  loaned  to  them  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Anthropology  until  the  new  Quadrangle  building  is  ready. 
The  Support  Center  was  honored  in  a  local  competition  sponsored 
by  the  regional  power  companies  for  being  one  of  the  best  de- 
signed and  constructed  new  buildings  in  the  area  as  regards  energy 
efficiency. 


National  Zoological  Park 

In  fiscal  year  1984  the  National  Zoological  Park  (nzp)  continued 
its  commitment  to  education,  science,  recreation,  and  conservation 
through  animal  exhibits,  symposia,  publications,  research  with  the 
collection,  and  research  and  breeding  of  endangered  species.  These 
programs  were  accomplished  through  the  combined  efforts  of  the 
Office  of  Animal  Programs,  the  Office  of  Support  Services,  and  the 
Office  of  the  Director. 

ANIMAL  COLLECTION  AND  EXHIBITS 

There  were  many  notable  changes  in  the  animal  collection  of  the 
National  Zoological  Park,  including  significant  births  and  deaths 
as  well  as  major  acquisitions.  In  late  November  1983,  Ling-Ling, 
the  female  giant  panda,  was  critically  ill  with  a  serious  kidney 
infection  with  associated  anemia.  After  successful  treatment  by  the 
veterinary  staff,  Ling-Ling's  condition  improved  so  dramatically 
that  she  had  a  normal  heat  cycle  in  the  spring.  On  March  19,  1984, 
Ling-Ling  mated  twice  with  Hsing-Hsing  and  became  pregnant. 
After  a  gestation  period  of  139  days,  she  gave  birth,  but  her  cub, 
a  male  weighing  5.3  ounces,  was  stillborn,  as  a  result  of  a  bacterial 
infection. 

Many  of  the  rare  and  endangered  species  maintained  by  the 
National  Zoological  Park  produced  offspring  during  this  period. 
The  second  spectacled  bear  cub  was  born  and  the  Cuban  croco- 


Science  I  105 


diles  laid  twenty-nine  eggs,  many  of  which  hatched,  for  the  first 
time  at  the  National  Zoo.  The  first  pygmy  hippo  in  seven  years 
was  born.  There  were  also  births  to  the  grey  seals,  sea  lions,  golden 
lion  tamarins,  maned  wolves,  scimitar-horned  oryx,  Pere  David's 
deer,  titi  monkeys,  red  pandas  and  Goeldi's  monkeys.  Several  es- 
tablished breeding  programs  of  the  departments  of  Ornithology 
and  Herpetology  continued  with  hatchings  by  Ruddy  ducks,  Lay- 
san  teal,  white-winged  wood  ducks,  white-naped  cranes,  Stanley's 
cranes,  rufous  beaked  snakes,  giant  day  and  leopard  gekkos,  and 
red-footed  and  leopard  tortoises.  A  total  of  1,233  births  and 
hatchings  were  recorded  for  calendar  year  1983  by  the  National 
Zoo,  which  ended  that  year  with  2,932  animals  in  its  collection. 

The  major  animal  acquisition  in  fiscal  year  1984  was  an  infant 
Asiatic  elephant  presented  to  President  Reagan  on  June  18,  by 
the  president  of  Sri  Lanka.  The  elephant,  named  Jayathu,  was  a 
Zoo  favorite,  with  a  personality  that  charmed  many  zoogoers.  Un- 
fortunately, she  contracted  a  serious  digestive  problem  and  died 
on  August  30,  despite  massive  efforts  by  the  veterinary  and  keeper 
staff.  Other  significant  acquisitions  included  black  palm  cockatoos 
from  Malaysia,  birds  of  paradise  from  New  Guinea  and  green- 
winged  macaws.  Two  new  research  projects  were  initiated  on 
species  completely  new  to  the  National  Zoo's  collection.  In  col- 
laboration with  the  Duke  Primate  Center,  the  National  Zoo  suc- 
cessfully reproduced  western  tarsiers,  acquired  from  Malaysia,  for 
the  first  time.  Tarsiers  have  been  little  maintained  or  exhibited  in 
zoos  because  of  their  delicate  and  noctural  nature.  Field  studies 
are  to  be  conducted  on  behavioral  ecology  in  order  to  develop  a 
more  comprehensive  understanding  of  the  biology  of  tarsiers. 

Dr.  Eugene  Morton  traveled  to  Guam  and  returned  with  four 
Guam  rails,  a  species  disappearing  from  the  island  with  astonish- 
ing rapidity.  In  spearheading  an  attempt  to  breed  Guam  rails  in 
captivity.  Dr.  Morton  hopes  that  the  decline  of  the  species  on 
Guam  can  be  reversed  and  that  captive-bred  rails  can  be  reintro- 
duced to  the  island.  Eggs  have  already  been  laid  and  hatched  by 
this  endangered  species.  Many  other  bird  species  on  Guam  are 
endangered  as  well,  and  nzp  will  also  be  participating  in  a  captive- 
breeding  program  for  the  Guam  kingfisher. 

Several  other  staff  members  are  deeply  involved  in  national  and 
international  captive-breeding  programs  for  endangered  species, 
including  Dr.  Katherine  Ralls  and  Jonathan  Ballou,  who  represent 
the  National  Zoo  on  the  iucn's  Survival  Service  Commission's  Cap- 
tive Breeding  Specialist  Group.   Dr.  Devra  Kleiman  and  Ballou 


106  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  first  of  the  "Pennies  for  Pandas"  is  contributed  by  a  District  of  Columbia 
public  school  student  with  the  assistance  of  Mrs.  Nancy  Reagan  and  Pvussell 
Train,  head  of  the  World  Wildlife  Fund,  outside  the  National  Zoo's  panda  yard. 


maintain  the  International  Studbook  for  Golden  Lion  Tamarins, 
while  Scott  Derrickson  has  become  nzp's  representative  for  the 
Bali  Mynah  Propagation  Group,  with  Guy  Greenwell  as  special 
advisor  in  management.  Nzp  is  deeply  involved  in  formulating 
plans  to  reintroduce  the  Bali  mynah  to  Indonesia,  using  captive- 
bred  stock.  Other  Species  Survival  Plan  programs  underway  in- 
clude those  for  gorilla,  black  rhino,  and  Indian  rhino. 

The  animal  inventory  is  in  the  process  of  being  completely  com- 
puterized, which  will  ease  nzp's  ability  to  maintain  records  and 
retrieve  information.  Currently,  all  bird  transactions  are  recorded 
directly  into  the  computer;  ultimately,  nzp  hopes  to  be  able  to 
communicate  directly  with  the  International  Species  Inventory 
System  (isis)  in  Minnesota  through  the  Smithsonian  computer 
systems. 

The  outdoor  furniture  in  the  giant  panda  yards  was  completely 
replaced  in  a  unique  effort  that  involved  nzp  staff  and  more  than 
400  volunteers  from  the  Friends  of  the  National  Zoo.  Included  in 
this  building  effort  were  swings,  platforms,  feeding  trees,  tires, 
and  other  wooden  sections  designed  to  encourage  greater  activity 
in  the  giant  pandas. 

The  Department  of  Animal  Health  (dah)  continues  to  strive  for 
furthering  veterinary  care  of  the  animal  collection  at  both  Rock 
Creek  Park  and  the  Conservation  and  Research  Center  (crc)  in 
Front  Royal,  Virginia.  The  clinical  staff  participates  in  research 
and  development  of  techniques;  conducts  postgraduate  training; 
publishes  extensively;  and  attends  and  leads  continuing  educa- 
tion— all  in  an  effort  to  further  zoological  medicine. 

International  involvement  is  exemplified  by  the  participation  of 
Drs.  Mitchell  Bush  and  David  Wildt  in  reproductive  and  im- 
mobilization studies  in  South  Africa;  presentations  at  international 
scientific  meetings;  and  involvement  in  ongoing  field  studies  such 
as  the  Golden  Lion  Tamarin  Project  in  Brazil. 

Reproductive  research  continues  in  endocrinology  and  the  de- 
velopment of  techniques  in  the  areas  of  semen  and  embryo  collec- 
tion, transfer,  and  cryopreservation.  These  programs  are  conducted 
by  Dr.  Wildt  and  his  graduate  students  in  collaboration  with  the 
National  Institutes  of  Health,  the  National  Cancer  Institute,  and 
the  Uniformed  Services  University  for  the  Health  Sciences. 

Ongoing  clinical  research,  intended  to  be  directly  applicable  to 
veterinary  care,  includes  studies  of  Mycobacterium  ssp.  in  hoof- 
stock,  rabies  prophylaxis  and  vaccination  response  in  nearly  all 
species  of  mammals,  monoclonal  killed  canine  distemper  vaccines. 


108  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


appropriate  anthelmintics  for  reptilian  parasites,  and  adrenal  re- 
sponse to  immobilization  and  surgical  manipulation  in  selected 
primate,  ungulate,  and  carnivore  species. 

Veterinary  facilities  at  crc  are  under  construction  to  provide  that 
facility  with  a  fully  equipped  animal  hospital  to  provide  surgical, 
hospitalization,  and  clinical  laboratory  support  for  that  portion  of 
the  animal  collection. 

The  computerization  of  the  dah  medical  records  is  proving  in- 
valuable in  maintaining  medical  histories  of  individual  animals, 
allowing  retrospective  studies  of  health  conditions,  and  providing 
a  monitor  for  preventative  health  care  for  the  entire  collection. 

The  Department  of  Pathology  actively  engages  in  applied  re- 
search and  teaching  as  important  spinoffs  of  the  diagnostic  ser- 
vices that  are  provided  to  the  zoo  collection.  Research  centers 
around  the  disease  problems  that  exist  in  the  collection,  with 
emphasis  on  the  development  of  prophylactic  measures  against 
infectious  diseases  and  parasites  that  affect  the  animals. 

This  department  maintains  a  very  active  residency  program, 
teaching  pathology  of  zoo  animals  as  a  unique  specialty  at  the 
postgraduate  level  to  veterinary  pathology  residents  from  the 
Armed  Forces  Institute  of  Pathology  and  to  an  in-house  pathology 
resident  as  well  as  instructors  from  various  veterinary  colleges. 

Research,  supported  by  the  Charles  Ulrich  and  Josephine  Bay 
Foundation,  through  the  American  Association  of  Zoo  Veterinar- 
ians, to  study  viral  diseases  in  zoo  animals,  has  continued  to  be 
most  productive.  The  Walter  Reed  Army  Institute  of  Research 
and  the  Department  of  Animal  Health  have  collaborated  with  us 
in  studies  that  have  led  to  new  information  about  the  use  of 
canine  distemper,  parvovirus  and  rabies  vaccine  in  certain  zoo 
animals.  Nzp  has  also  continued  collaborative  research  of  the  rac- 
coon rabies  epizootic  that  has  occurred  in  the  southern  and  middle 
Atlantic  states  and  has  engaged  in  joint  studies  concerned  with 
epizootiologic  aspects  with  the  National  Park  Service,  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  Centers  for  Disease  Con- 
trol. Information  from  more  than  three  years  of  monitoring  the 
epizootic  as  it  moved  from  Northern  Virginia  to  Washington, 
D.C.,  was  presented  at  the  North  American  Symposium  on  Rabies 
in  Wildlife,  held  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  the  fall  of  1983. 

Another  ongoing  project  has  been  studying  the  effect  of  intra- 
venous avian  tuberculin  on  the  hemogram  of  tuberculous  and  non- 
tuberculous  quail  (Coturnix  coturnix),  which  was  funded  by  the 
Friends  of  the  National  Zoo  (fonz). 


Science  I  109 


Pasteurella  multocida  has  been  identified  as  the  cause  of  an  out- 
break of  septicemic  deaths  in  southern  potoroos  (Potorous  api- 
calis),  in  which  the  organisms  acted  as  an  opportunist  during  peri- 
ods of  stress  associated  with  aggression  in  the  potoroo  colony. 
The  syndrome  resembled  pasteurellosis  of  rabbits  in  which  the 
pasteurella  organism  is  introduced  by  a  carrier  animal  and  becomes 
overt  during  stressful  periods. 

New  projects  include  iron  metabolism  studies  in  rock  hyrax 
(Procavia  capensis)  with  hemachromatosis,  and  its  possible  asso- 
ciation with  gastric  grassanemiasis,  and  the  identification  and 
epizootiologic  aspects  of  equine  herpes  virus  (ehv-1)  that  was 
recovered  from  an  aborted  onager  (Equus  hemionus  onager)  fetus 
and  implicated  in  a  neurologic  syndrome  of  a  yearling  zebra 
(Equus  hurchelli).  A  retrospective  study  of  sera  that  had  been 
banked  from  various  equidae  at  Rock  Creek  Park  and  Front  Royal 
indicated  exposure  of  most  of  the  zebras  to  ehv-1  at  both  sites  as 
early  as  two  years  prior  to  the  abortion.  There  were,  however,  no 
recognizable  clinical  signs  such  as  the  upper  respiratory  infections 
that  occur  frequently  in  domestic  horses  in  any  of  the  zebras  or 
onagers.  The  herpes  virus  isolated  from  the  onager  fetus  was 
identified  as  a  unique  subtype  by  virologists  at  the  University  of 
Kentucky,  Lexington,  and  is  being  further  studied. 

Dr.  Richard  J.  Montali  attended  an  international  symposium  on 
the  diseases  of  zoo  animals  in  Brno,  Czechoslovakia,  and  delivered 
a  paper  on  reproductive  strategies  in  zoo  animals  coauthored  with 
Drs.  Wildt  and  Bush  of  the  Department  of  Animal  Health.  Dr. 
Montali  also  attended  the  Primate  Pathology  Workshop  in  San 
Francisco  and  presented  a  paper  on  special  disease  problems  in 
folivorous  monkeys  and  their  implication  on  the  management  of 
these  highly  specialized  primates  in  captivity.  He  lectured  on  gross 
lesions  of  zoo  animals  at  a  C.  L.  Davis  Foundation  for  Veterinary 
Pathology  session  and  presented  a  four-hour  seminar  at  the  Cen- 
ters for  Disease  Control  in  Atlanta  on  the  pathology  of  zoo 
animals. 

RESEARCH 

There  were  a  variety  of  continuing  and  new  research  projects  at 
the  National  Zoo.  One  of  the  more  exciting  involved  the  rehabili- 
tation and  training  of  captive-born  golden  lion  tamarins  prior  to 
their  reintroduction  in  the  Po(;o  das  Antas  Reserve  in  Brazil.  Dr. 
Devra  Kleiman  accompanied  fifteen  golden  lion  tamarins  to  the 
Rio  de  Janeiro  Primate  Center  in  November  1983.  Both  before  and 


110  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


after  their  arrival  in  Brazil,  Dr.  Benjamin  Beck,  Dr.  Kleiman,  and 
several  Brazilian  students  worked  with  these  animals  to  train 
them  in  techniques  of  foraging  for,  finding,  and  exposing  new 
foods.  At  the  same  time.  Dr.  James  Dietz  has  been  working  on 
the  behavioral  ecology  of  wild  golden  lion  tamarins  in  Brazil  in 
order  to  determine  their  feeding  habits,  home  range  and  move- 
ments, and  social  organization.  As  part  of  the  Golden  Lion  Tam- 
arin  Reintroduction  Project,  Lou  Ann  Dietz  has  been  coordinating 
a  local  and  national  educational  program  in  Brazil  concerning  con- 
servation of  golden  lion  tamarins. 

Dr.  Rudy  Rudran  held  another  successful  wildlife  management 
training  course  at  the  crc  with  students  from  Peru,  Sri  Lanka, 
China,  Nigeria,  and  Malaysia.  Dr.  Rudran  also  conducted  wildlife 
management  training  courses  in  Brazil  and  visited  Argentina  and 
Venezuela  to  follow  up  on  previous  studies.  Dr.  Morton  continued 
his  research  program  on  the  evoluation  of  animal  vocal  communi- 
cation, welcoming  Eyal  Shy  from  the  Edward  Grey  Institute  in 
Oxford  to  initiate  a  research  project  on  the  function  of  bird  song. 
He  has  initiated  a  major  work  on  the  evolution  of  animal  com- 
munication in  collaboration  with  Kimberly  Young.  Dr.  Morton  and 
Dr.  Russell  Greenberg  continued  collaborative  studies  on  the  de- 
velopment of  feeding  behavior  in  migratory  warblers,  relating  the 
differences  in  behavioral  development  in  species  to  their  feeding 
adaptations  as  adults. 

Dr.  Katherine  Ralls  continued  her  studies  of  sea  otter  behavioral 
ecology  and  held  a  workshop  on  the  Genetic  Management  of 
Captive  Populations  at  Front  Royal,  assisted  by  population  man- 
ager Jonathan  Ballou.  Lisa  Forman  initiated  studies  on  the  genetics 
of  golden  lion  tamarins  and  dorcas  gazelle,  in  collaboration  with 
Dr.  Stephen  O'Brien  at  the  National  Institutes  of  Health  genetics 
laboratory.  These  will  be  the  first  studies  in  which  pedigrees  of 
known  captive  populations  are  compared  with  the  actual  degree  of 
biochemical  heterozygosity. 

Dr.  Steven  Thompson  joined  the  National  Zoo  as  a  postdoctoral 
fellow  to  initiate  studies  of  the  comparative  energetics  of  eutherian 
and  marsupial  mammals,  with  a  National  Science  Foundation  grant 
and  a  Smithsonian  postdoctoral  fellowship.  He  will  be  collaborat- 
ing with  Dr.  Martin  Nicoll,  a  postdoctoral  fellow  with  Dr.  Edwin 
Gould,  concerned  with  the  behavioral  ecology  and  metabolic  rates 
of  conservative  mammals  such  as  tenrecs.  The  research  will  focus 
on  the  changes  in  the  metabolism  of  marsupials  and  eutherian 
mammals  during  the  course  of  the  reproductive  cycle. 


Science  I  111 


Dr.  John  Gittleman,  postdoctoral  fellow  with  Dr.  Kleiman,  con- 
tinued his  work  on  red  panda  development  and  vocalizations.  He 
also  collaborated  with  Dr.  Olav  Oftedal  in  a  study  of  behavioral 
development  and  lactation  in  black  bears,  conducted  on  wild  black 
bears  in  Pennsylvania.  Dr.  Oftedal  and  Dr.  Daryl  Boness  con- 
tinued fruitful  collaborations,  with  work  on  the  hooded  seal  lacta- 
tion and  milk  composition  being  initiated  on  the  ice  floes  off  the 
southeastern  coast  of  Labrador.  They  have  discovered  that  hooded 
seals  have  the  shortest  lactation  period  of  any  mammal.  They  also 
continued  their  long-term  studies  of  behavioral  development  and 
lactation  in  the  California  sea  lion  in  California,  with  the  assis- 
tance of  Dr.  Katherine  Ono.  Mary  Allen  continued  her  studies 
of  insect-eating  animals  and  captive  diets. 

Dr.  John  Seidensticker  continued  the  Field  Studies  Programs 
at  CRC,  concentrating  on  the  dispersal  and  foraging  behavior  of 
raccoons,  in  collaboration  with  Dr.  James  Hallett  and  Dr.  Margaret 
O'Connell.  Theodore  Grand  expanded  his  studies  of  functional 
morphology  of  mammals  with  a  comparison  of  the  morphology 
of  several  ungulate  species  as  it  relates  to  their  ecology. 

The  animal  collection  of  the  Department  of  Zoological  Research 
was  involved  in  several  programs,  including  studies  of  marsupial 
and  eutherian  energetics  and  also  of  the  basic  reproductive  biology 
and  management  of  several  little-known  forms.  Miles  Roberts  and 
the  keeper  staff  completed  several  papers  for  publication,  one  of 
them  on  the  captive  reproduction  and  management  of  the  little 
known  rock  cavy. 

Fred  Koontz  completed  his  University  of  Maryland  Ph.D.  thesis 
on  the  behavior  of  captive  elephant  shrews.  Susan  Lumpkin  and 
Devra  Kleiman  initiated  a  project  to  develop  a  series  of  books  on 
the  Management  of  Wild  Mammals  in  Captivity,  to  be  published 
by  the  University  of  Chicago  Press. 

Dr.  Gould  continued  his  analysis  of  regurgitation  in  gorillas 
and  stereotyped  behaviors  in  zoo  animals;  he  also  visited  Malaysia 
to  initiate  field  studies  there.  Dr.  Wolfgang  Dittus  and  Anne 
Baker-Dittus  continued  their  long-term  study  of  the  Tocque  ma- 
caques of  Sri  Lanka;  she  is  concentrating  on  behavioral  develop- 
ment and  differential  maternal  investment  and  he  is  concentrating 
on  long-term  demographic  data  for  this  uniquely  well-known 
population  as  well  as  on  their  social  structure  and  communication 
patterns. 

Dr.  Dale  Marcellini  and  Tom  Jenssen  continued  collaborative 
work  on  lizard  behavioral  ecology  in  the  Caribbean  area,  looking 


112  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


In  July  1984  the  first 
Cuban  crocodile  was 
hatched  at  the  National 
Zoo. 


The  National  Zoo's 
Smokey  Bear  tries  out 
his  new  "feeder"  tree, 
which  automatically  dis- 
penses food  pellets  and 
honey. 


'J 


both  at  the  evolution  of  display  patterns  and  interspecific  com- 
petition. Dr.  Christen  Wemmer  traveled  to  Asia  to  pursue  his 
studies  of  the  morphology  and  breeding  of  captive  elephants,  while 
developing  the  Smithsonian  research  program  in  Nepal,  deriving 
from  the  long-term  tiger  studies.  Dr.  Wemmer  has  also  been  con- 
tinuing his  interest  in  the  behavior  and  ecology  of  the  Cervidae, 
and  Dr.  Michael  Stuwe  is  conducting  in-depth  studies  of  the 
behavior  of  white-tailed  deer  at  crc. 

CONSERVATION 

Four  American  zoos  (National,  Los  Angeles,  New  York,  and  San 
Diego)  are  attempting  to  develop  a  cooperative  project  with  the 
WildUfe  Department  of  Sabah,  East  Malaysia,  for  the  captive 
propagation,  as  well  as  field  research  and  protection,  of  proboscis 
monkeys.  Dr.  Gould  is  serving  as  the  project  coordinator.  An  im- 
portant part  of  the  project  will  be  to  help  Sabah  develop  a  propa- 
gation center  for  proboscis  monkeys  and  eventually  a  wildlife  park 
at  the  Sepilok  Orang  Sanctuary  near  Sandakan. 

The  National  Zoo  joined  the  American  Association  of  Zoological 
Parks  and  Aquariums  (aazpa)  consortium  to  save  the  Sumatran 
rhino.  Dr.  John  Frazier  went  to  India,  Sri  Lanka,  and  the  Maldive 
Islands  to  survey  turtle-nesting  areas  as  part  of  the  marine  turtle 
conservation  program.  Dr.  Seidensticker  was  a  consultant  for  the 
World  Bank  in  developing  guidelines  for  elephant  conservation 
within  the  context  of  major  agricultural  and  forestry  development 
projects.  The  National  Zoo  received  a  grant  from  Resources  for 
the  Future  to  assess  the  impact  of  habitat  change  on  indigenous 
wildlife  populations  at  the  Conservation  and  Research  Center. 
Dr.  Rudran  conducted  a  seven-week  Wildlife  Conservation  and 
Management  Training  course  at  crc,  where  thirteen  biologists 
from  developing  nations  took  part. 

Prior  to  the  summer  course.  Dr.  Rudran  conducted  wildlife  con- 
servation courses  for  fourteen  students  in  Brazil  and  nine  students 
in  Venezuela,  and  supervised  field  projects  in  Argentina  that  were 
initiated  in  1982. 

Drs.  Ralls  and  Siniff  received  a  grant  to  study  the  ecology,  be- 
havior, and  conservation  of  California  sea  otters.  In  Nepal,  Smith- 
sonian conservation  efforts  have  broadened  from  the  former  tiger 
project  to  include  a  more  inclusive  study  of  the  terai  ecosystem. 
Dr.  Wemmer  is  senior  research  coordinator  for  the  new  Smith- 
sonian  Institution   Nepal   Terai   Ecology   Project.    In   1984,    Drs. 


114  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mishra  and  Dinerstein  initiated  research  on  the  effects  of  fire  and 
mammalian  herbivores  on  terai  forest  succession.  In  December 
1983  Drs.  Robinson,  Wemmer,  Gould,  Seidensticker,  Rudran,  Sun- 
quist,  and  Frazier,  along  with  David  Kessler,  participated  in  the 
"Bombay  Natural  History  Society  Centenary  Seminar  on  Conser- 
vation of  Wildlife  in  Developing  Countries."  Dr.  Wemmer  con- 
sulted with  members  of  the  iucn  Asian  Elephant  Group  in  India 
and  initiated  efforts  to  investigate  the  population  biology  of  cap- 
tive elephants  in  Tamil  Nadu,  Kerala,  Karnataka,  and  Nepal.  The 
National  Zoo  joined  a  breeding  consortium  with  eleven  other  in- 
stitutions and  private  aviculturists  to  establish  a  self-sustaining 
captive  population  of  black  palm  cockatoos. 

Charles  Pickett  went  to  Pakistan  on  behalf  of  the  U.S.  Fish  and 
Wildlife  Service  and  the  Pakistan  Department  of  Forestry  to  con- 
sult on  the  establishment  of  a  national  zoo  in  Islamabad  and  to 
promote  crane  conservation.  He  traveled  throughout  the  country, 
meeting  with  conservation  officials  and  presenting  lectures  on 
crane  conservation,  captive  breeding,  and  current  research  needs. 
During  the  same  trip,  he  visited  the  Keoladeo  Bird  Sanctuary  in 
India  and  participated  in  the  annual  census  of  endangered  Siberian 
crane.  Joan  Smith  began  monitoring  the  captive  population  of 
white-winged  wood  ducks  in  the  United  States  as  studbook  liaison 
for  the  Wildfowl  Trust,  Slimbridge,  England.  Dr.  Scott  Derrickson 
continued  to  serve  on  the  Whooping  Crane  Recovery  Team  and 
consulted  with  a  number  of  institutions  in  the  United  States 
and  abroad  concerning  crane  propagation  and  reintroduction 
techniques. 

Jon  Ballou  was  appointed  aazpa  studbook  analyst  for  the  Bali 
mynah,  and  is  completing  a  genetic  and  demographic  analysis  of 
the  U.S.  captive  population  in  preparation  for  a  propagation/ 
reintroduction  program  in  Indonesia.  Drs.  Kleiman,  Seidensticker, 
Morton,  and  Derrickson,  along  with  Judith  Block  and  Messrs. 
Greenwell  and  Ballou,  are  currently  cooperating  with  the  aazpa, 
the  iCBP,  and  the  Indonesian  Ministry  of  Forestry  in  the  planning, 
coordination,  and  implementation  of  this  important  conservation 
effort. 

The  most  significant  event  in  the  bird  collection  this  year  was 
the  successful  breeding  and  hatching  of  the  Guam  rail.  Other  sig- 
nificant hatchings  of  birds  included:  Darwin's  rhea,  Aleutian 
Canada  goose,  white-winged  wood  duck,  Laysan  teal,  white-naped 
cranes,  and  Bali  mynah. 

Specimens  of  the  following  endangared  species  were  born  this 

Science  I  115 


year:  giant  panda,  Goeldi's  marmoset,  golden  lion  tamerin,  maned 
wolf,  clouded  leopard.  Eld's  deer,  Persian  onager,  and  Przewalski's 
horse.  Of  note  was  the  ninety-eighth  Fere  David's  deer  fawn  and 
the  eighty-eighth  scimitar  horned  oryx  calf  born  at  crc.  Six  sable 
antelope  calves  were  born  in  the  new,  large-scale  breeding  pro- 
gram with  this  species  at  Front  Royal. 

PUBLIC  INFORMATION  AND  EDUCATION 

The  National  Zoo's  Office  of  Education  completed  two  major  proj- 
ects in  1984:  writing  Families,  Frogs,  and  Fun,  the  final  report  on 
the  three-year  National  Science  Foundation  grant  for  HERplab,  a 
learning  laboratory  in  the  Zoo's  Reptile  House;  and,  with  the  sup- 
port of  the  Friends  of  the  National  Zoo,  organizing  a  week-long 
workshop  for  zoo  educators  on  conservation  in  zoos. 

The  HERplab  project,  begun  in  1981  to  develop  model  family 
educational  activities  that  other  zoos  could  duplicate,  ended  July 
31,  1984.  The  book  Families,  Frogs,  and  Fun  describes  how  the 
project  grew,  explains  the  underlying  philosophy,  and  shares  what 
was  learned  in  the  process.  The  hope  is  that  it  will  guide  col- 
leagues who  want  to  start  or  renovate  a  learning  lab,  as  well  as 
stimulate  thoughts  of  others  interested  in  families  and  in  learn- 
ing or  in  creating  interactive  exhibits. 

The  Zoo  Educators'  Workshop,  held  May  14-18,  1984,  brought 
together  educators  from  five  U.S.  zoos  to  look  for  new  ways  to 
reach  visitors  with  the  message  of  conservation.  Conservation  and 
the  Zoo  Visitor  documents  this  workshop;  it  reports  notes  from  all 
talks  and  details  the  process  of  developing  objectives  and  projects. 
Limited  copies  of  both  Conservation  and  the  Zoo  Visitor  and 
Families,  Frogs,  and  Fun  are  available  through  the  Office  of 
Education. 

School  programs  and  tours  continued  to  be  extremely  success- 
ful. One  original  program  on  reptiles  and  amphibians  began  for 
prekindergarten  through  sixth  grades,  using  the  HERplab  facilities 
and  some  of  its  activities.  Guides  ask  questions  and  encourage 
careful  observation  and  discussion  among  students  to  promote 
appreciation  of  reptiles  and  amphibians. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND  SUPPORT  SERVICES 

Renovation  of  the  Monkey  and  Elephant  Houses  was  completed 
in  October  and  November  of  1983,  respectively.  Both  provide 
additional  facilities  for  animal  management  and  public  viewing. 


116  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Construction  of  Olmsted  Walk,  which  is  designed  to  enhance 
and  preserve  the  natural  and  historical  character  of  the  zoo,  is 
beginning  in  the  fall  of  1984.  It  will  encompass  a  series  of  small 
exhibits. 

At  the  Conservation  and  Research  Center,  a  veterinary  hospital 
is  being  constructed.  It  should  be  ready  to  provide  for  the  con- 
tinued health  and  welfare  of  the  animals  at  crc  by  April  1985. 
A  new  west  wing  to  crc's  Small  Animal  Facility  will  be  completed 
by  the  winter  of  1984. 

Updating  of  fire  protection  devices,  security  monitoring,  and 
occupational  health  standards  by  the  Office  of  Police  and  Safety 
has  resulted  in  a  substantial  decrease  in  reported  accidents  and 
crime  and  improved  health  conditions  of  personnel  and  animals 
during  fiscal  year  1984. 

The  Office  of  Graphics  and  Exhibits  (oge)  completed  the  design 
and  fabrication  of  Smokey  Bear's  feeder  tree,  and  Dr.  Michael 
Robinson  officially  welcomed  the  public  to  the  exhibit  on  July  25, 
1984.  A  seven-panel  exhibit  on  the  return  of  captive-bred  golden 
lion  tamarins  to  their  native  habitat  in  Brazil  was  dedicated  in 
early  August.  Photos  of  Nepal  were  exhibited  in  June. 

A  new  system  of  public  information  was  implemented  and 
"building  closed"  signs  were  standardized.  The  first  Zoo  Staff 
Directory  was  distributed  in  June.  Design  was  completed  on  a 
fundraising  brochure  for  the  crc  wildlife  conservation  training 
program.  Serving  in  a  support  capacity,  oge  assisted  the  Zoo  sym- 
posia, Summerfest,  fonz  (Friends  of  the  National  Zoo)  nights,  the 
panda  furniture  project,  poster  exhibits,  and  the  Sunset  Serenades. 

ADMINISTRATION 

After  thirty  years  of  dedicated  service  to  the  Smithsonian,  Dr. 
Theodore  H.  Reed,  Senior  Adviser  for  Animal  Programs  and  for- 
mer director  of  the  National  Zoological  Park,  retired  effective 
July  3,  1984.  On  May  21,  1984,  Dr.  Michael  H.  Robinson,  former 
deputy  director  of  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute, 
was  appointed  director  of  the  National  Zoological  Park. 

On  July  12,  1984,  Dr.  Devra  G.  Kleiman  assumed  the  duties  of 
assistant  director  for  Zoological  Research  and  Educational  Activi- 
ties and  Dr.  Christen  Wemmer  was  appointed  assistant  director 
for  Conservation  and  Captive  Breeding  Programs.  Also  on  July 
12,  Dr.  Scott  Derrickson  was  appointed  curator  of  birds  allowing 
Dr.  Eugene  Morton  to  resume  his  position  as  zoologist  attached 
to  the  Department  of  Zoological  Research. 


Science  I  117 


FRIENDS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ZOO 
The  Friends  of  the  National  Zoo  (fonz)  celebrated  its  twenty-fifth 
birthday  in  1983  with  expanded  programs  and  increased  grants 
to  assist  Nzp  in  education,  conservation,  and  research  projects. 
Fonz  has  grown  from  a  few  neighborhood  supporters  and  a  $15 
treasury  in  1958  to  a  50,000-member  organization  with  forty  full- 
time  employees  and  an  annual  budget  of  more  than  4  million  dol- 
lars. Some  $400,000  was  committed  to  NZP-directed  wildhfe  studies. 

A  principal  part  of  fonz  support  is  the  dedicated  core  of  530 
volunteers  who  each  year  spend  45,000  hours  to  staff  a  dozen 
different  educational  programs  that  serve  tens  of  thousands  of 
zoogoers.  This  year,  104  volunteers  spent  1,650  hours  conducting 
an  around-the-clock  watch  on  the  giant  pandas. 

Recent  emphasis  on  fundraising  efforts  has  produced  a  bequest 
brochure  and  staging  of  the  first  National  ZooFari  dinner-dance 
benefit  to  launch  the  Theodore  H.  Reed  Animal  Acquisition  Fund. 

Financial  information  for  calendar  year  1983  is  detailed  below. 
In  addition,  a  percentage  of  the  FONz-run  food,  shop,  and  parking 
services  is  available  to  the  Smithsonian  for  the  benefit  of  the 
National  Zoo  and  is  reported  as  income  in  the  Financial  Report 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

FRIENDS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ZOO 

Financial  Report  for  the  Period 

January  1-December  31,  1983 

[In  $l,000s] 

Net  increase/ 

(decrease)  to 

Net  revenue       Expenses      fund  balance 

FUND  BALANCE  @  1/1/83 $1,193 

SERVICES 

Membership   $    566  $    481  85 

Publications    140  135  5 

Education  ^    72  598  (526) 

Zoo  Services ' 3,789  3,134*  655 

Totals     $4,567  $4,348  $    219 

FUND  BALANCE  @  12/31/83 $1,412* 

1  Excludes  services  worth  an  estimated  $276,399  contributed  by  FONZ  volunteers. 

^  Includes  gift  shops,  parking  services,  and  food  services. 

•■'  Includes  $430,586  paid  during  this  period  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  under  contractual 
arrangement. 

*  Net  worth,  including  fixed  assets,  to  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  educational  and  scientific 
work  at  the  National  Zoological  Park. 


118  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants 

The  Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants  (ofg)  continued  to  serve  as 
a  Smithsonian  link  with  scholarly  organizations  throughout  the 
world,  encouraging  research  by  individuals  horn  universities,  mu- 
seums, and  research  organizations  in  the  fields  of  art,  history  and 
science.  Scientists  and  scholars  are  placed  throughout  the  Smith- 
sonian to  utilize  the  unique  resources  available,  as  well  as  to  inter- 
act with  the  professional  staff.  At  present,  two  major  activities  are 
managed  and  developed  by  this  office :  Academic  Programs  and  the 
Smithsonian  Foreign  Currency  Program. 

Academic  Programs  at  the  Smithsonian  support  and  assist  visit- 
ing students  and  scholars.  Opportunities  for  research  are  provided 
at  Smithsonian  facilities,  to  be  conducted  in  conjunction  with  staff 
members.  Residential  appointments  are  offered  at  the  under- 
graduate, graduate,  and  professional  levels. 

The  Institution  further  enhances  the  quality  of  its  research  and 
extends  its  scholarly  reach  through  the  Smithsonian  Foreign  Cur- 
rency Program  (sfcp).  This  program  offers  grants  to  the  Smith- 
sonian and  other  scholarly  institutions  in  the  United  States  to 
conduct  research  in  a  limited  number  of  foreign  countries  where 
"excess  currencies"  are  available.  It  is  particularly  effective  in 
strengthening  the  "increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge"  on  an 
international  scale. 

ACADEMIC  PROGRAMS 

Academic  Programs  at  the  Smithsonian  complement  programs 
offered  at  universities.  The  national  collections  and  the  curators 
who  study  them  are  unparalleled  resources  not  available  anywhere 
else.  At  the  Smithsonian,  historical  and  anthropological  objects, 
original  works  of  art,  natural  history  specimens,  living  plants, 
animals,  and  entire  ecosystems  are  available  for  study.  Educational 
experience  is  enhanced  by  combining  university  training  with  field 
research — and  the  breadth  of  field  opportunities  at  the  Smith- 
sonian is  unmatched. 

The  Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants  administered  a  variety  of 
academic  appointments  in  1984.  Under  the  program  of  Research 
Training  Fellowships,  begun  in  1965,  sixty-eight  pre-  and  post- 
doctoral fellowships  were  awarded  this  year.  These  appointees 
pursue  independent  research  projects  under  the  guidance  of  staff 
advisers  for  periods  of  six  months  to  one  year  in  residence  at  one 
of  the   Institution's  bureaus   or  field  sites.   Topics  of  study  for 


Science  I  119 


Smithsonian  fellows  included:  the  regional  patterns  of  settlement 
and  early  survival  of  intertidal  barnacles;  the  American  landscape 
in  painting  and  prints  from  1600  to  1820;  observational  and  ex- 
perimental studies  in  optical  and  infrared  astronomy  and  radio 
and  geoastronomy;  energetics  of  reproduction  in  eutherian  and 
marsupial  mammals;  material  culture  of  the  Mackenzie  Eskimo  at 
contact  time;  goods  and  money  in  American  rural  life,  1780  to 
1870;  and  a  history  of  Black  American  art,  1650  to  1941. 

In  addition  to  the  general  program  funded  through  the  Office 
of  Fellowships  and  Grants,  competitions  for  fellowships  are  also 
held  for  specific  awards.  The  First  Ladies  Fellowship,  which  sup- 
ports the  study  of  costume  in  America  at  the  National  Museum 
of  American  History,  was  awarded  for  the  third  year.  At  the 
National  Air  and  Space  Museum,  the  second  recipient  of  the  A. 
Verville  Fellowship  will  be  studying  the  new  American  airplane 
of  1934,  and  the  Guggenheim  Fellow  will  be  doing  a  case  study  on 
the  nature  of  technological  change,  1958  to  1983,  emphasizing 
civilian  space  station  concepts. 

In  addition,  twenty-one  graduate  student  fellowships  were 
offered  for  ten-week  periods  during  1984.'  The  participants  are 
usually  junior  graduate  students  beginning  to  explore  avenues  that 
develop  into  dissertation  research.  This  year  some  of  these  fellows 
studied:  metallurgy  in  ancient  Ecuador  and  its  role  in  New  World 
metallurgical  development;  the  history  of  air  conditioning  in 
America,  1906  to  1979;  cranial  variation  in  the  beaked  whale; 
growth  forms  in  two  species  of  palms;  and  photography  as  public 
image. 

A  number  of  senior  fellowships  continued  to  be  offered.  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Regents  Fellows  in  residence  this  year  included 
Ekpo  Eyo,  director-general  of  the  National  Commission  for  Mu- 
seums and  Monuments  in  Nigeria,  who  was  at  the  National  Mu- 
seum of  African  Art  working  on  archeological  excavations  at  Ife 
and  Owo  and  an  illustrated  history  of  Nigeria  from  the  Stone  Age 
to  the  nineteenth  century.  The  National  Museum  of  American 
History  was  host  to  Merritt  Roe  Smith,  professor  of  the  history  of 
technology  at  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  working  on 
an  interpretive  history  of  the  mechanization  of  U.S.  industry  in 
the  antebellum  period. 

At  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  loseph  Ewan, 
emeritus  professor  of  botany  at  Tulane  University,  engaged  in 
research  for  a  biographical  bibliography  of  trail  narratives  of  nat- 
uralists in  South  America;  and  James  Griffin,  senior  research  sci- 


120  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


entist  in  the  Department  of  Anthropology  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  researched  Hopewell  burial  mound  cultures  of  the  upper 
midwestern  United  States;  and  at  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum, 
George  Nelson,  an  architect,  was  involved  in  research  on  the 
theory  of  the  workplace. 

To  honor  Regent  Emeritus  James  E.  Webb,  the  Institution  estab- 
lished a  number  of  fellowships  in  his  name  designed  to  promote 
excellence  in  the  management  of  cultural  and  scientific  not-for- 
profit  organizations.  The  second  awards  were  offered  in  1984. 
Catherine  Ross,  M.B.A.  candidate  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, worked  in  the  Smithsonian's  Office  of  Facilities  Services. 
Three  Smithsonian  staff  members  were  selected  to  spend  training 
periods  away  from  the  Institution:  EHzabeth  Beuck  Derbyshire, 
Office  of  Folklife  Programs,  as  a  candidate  for  Master  of  Public 
Administration  at  George  Washington  University;  Elizabeth 
Greene,  Department  of  Mineral  Sciences,  as  a  candidate  for  a 
Master  of  Arts  in  Museum  Studies  at  George  Washington  Uni- 
versity; and  Kenneth  Yellis,  Department  of  Education,  National 
Portrait  Gallery,  as  a  candidate  for  Master  of  Public  Administra- 
tion at  George  Washington  University. 

This  year  several  new  features  have  been  added  to  the  program. 
Webb  fellows  will  be  appointed  for  two  years  each  and  will  be- 
come members  of  the  newly  formed  Webb  Fellows  Society.  They 
will  advise  the  Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants  regarding  the 
shape  and  administration  of  the  Webb  Fellowship  Program  and 
counsel  persons  contemplating  applying  for  a  Webb  Fellowship. 
The  first  eight  Webb  fellows,  who  are  the  founding  members  of 
the  Society  of  Webb  Fellows,  are  the  four  appointed  this  year 
along  with  the  following  who  were  appointed  last  year:  Brooks 
Parsons,  University  of  North  Carolina;  Deborah  Jean  Warner, 
Department  of  History  of  Science  and  Technology,  National  Mu- 
seum of  American  History;  Rebecca  Keith  Webb,  Smithsonian 
Museum  Shops;  and  Jon  Yellin,  Office  of  Programming  and 
Budget. 

In  1984  the  Smithsonian  received  a  three-year  grant  from  the 
Rockefeller  Foundation  Residency  Program  in  the  Humanities  for 
postdoctoral  fellowships  at  the  National  Museum  of  African  Art 
and  the  Center  for  Asian  Art.  The  grant  will  support  research  in 
residence  at  the  museums  in  the  areas  of  African  art  history  and 
anthropology,  especially  material  culture,  and  in  Asian  art  history 
for  research  in  the  collections  and  on  topics  that  may  initiate 
scholarly  symposia,  exhibitions,  and  other  major  museum  activities. 


Science  I  121 


During  1984  bureaus  continued  to  offer  support  for  visiting 
scientists  and  scholars  in  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Fellow- 
ships and  Grants.  These  awards  made  possible  visits  to  the  Smith- 
sonian by  nineteen  persons,  principally  scholars  at  midcareer,  who 
did  not  fall  within  the  framework  of  the  research  training  pro- 
gram. The  OFG  also  continued  the  administration  and  partial  sup- 
port of  the  short-term  visitor  program.  Fifty  persons  spent  from 
one  week  to  a  month  at  the  Institution  conducting  research,  study- 
ing collections,  and  collaborating  and  conferring  with  professional 
staff. 

The  expanded  role  of  internships  in  the  academic  community 
continued  to  be  reflected  within  the  Institution.  The  National  Air 
and  Space  Museum  funded  seven  interns  through  ofg  this  year. 
The  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  again  appointed  four  students  under 
the  Sidney  and  Celia  Siegel  Fellowship  fund.  Internships  in  en- 
vironmental studies  at  the  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research 
Center  also  continued.  The  Smith  College-Smithsonian  Program 
in  American  Studies  is  now  in  its  fifth  year  and  seven  students 
will  participate  in  a  seminar  course  and  conduct  research  projects 
under  the  direction  of  staff  members  through  this  program.  Other 
interns  were  placed  through  bureau  internship  coordinators,  while 
the  OFG  administered  all  stipend  awards  for  internships. 

For  the  fourth  year  the  ofg  offered  academic  opportunities  to 
improve  minority  participation  in  Smithsonian  programs.  These 
opportunities  included  fellowships  for  minority  faculty  members 
and  faculty  from  minority  colleges,  and  internships  for  minority 
undergraduate  and  graduate  students.  Awards  were  made  to  six- 
teen interns  who  were  placed  at  a  variety  of  bureaus  and  offices 
on  the  Mall  and  at  the  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Cen- 
ter and  the  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum.  Some  of  these  ap- 
pointments have  already  developed  into  permanent  relationships. 
The  ofg  also  awarded  five  fellowships  to  faculty  members  to  con- 
duct research  on  subjects  such  as  the  black  middle  class  family 
in  historical  and  societal  contexts,  an  examination  of  the  attitude 
and  levels  of  knowledge  possessed  by  parents  concerning  the  role 
and  function  of  toys  and  play  in  children's  development,  black 
residential  patterns  and  the  city,  and  Cincinnati  from  1802  to  1850. 

The  Smithsonian's  Cooperative  Education  Program,  administered 
by  the  ofg,  is  a  student  employment  program  that  encourages 
minority  graduate  students  to  work  in  professional  and  adminis- 
trative positions  at  the  Institution  for  sixteen  to  twenty-six  weeks, 
separated  by  periods  of  study  at  their  university.  It  offers  the 


122  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


potential  for  permanent  employment  at  the  Smithsonian.  Since 
January  1983,  when  the  ofg  assumed  management,  thirty-one 
student  co-op  appointments  have  been  made  in  various  Smithsonian 
bureaus  and  offices. 

The  position  of  academic  network  coordinator  was  added  to  the 
OFG  in  1984  to  sustain  and  enhance  these  efforts  to  bring  minority 
scholars  and  students  to  the  Institution.  This  position  serves  as  a 
link  between  the  Smithsonian  and  the  outside  scholarly  commu- 
nity, developing  communication  between  the  two  and  furthering 
efforts  to  incorporate  minorities  into  the  Smithsonian  workforce 
and  research  opportunities. 

The  Smithsonian  Foreign  Currency  Program  (sfcp)  awards 
grants  to  support  the  research  interests  of  American  institutions, 
including  the  Smithsonian,  in  those  countries  in  which  the  United 
States  holds  blocked  currencies  derived  largely  from  past  sales  of 
surplus  agricultural  commodities  under  Public  Law  480.  The  pro- 
gram is  active  in  countries  in  which  the  Treasury  Department  de- 
clares United  States  holdings  of  these  currencies  to  be  in  excess 
of  normal  federal  requirements,  including,  in  1984,  Burma,  Guinea, 
India,  and  Pakistan.  Research  projects  are  moving  toward  con- 
clusion under  program  support  in  the  former  excess-currency 
countries  of  Egypt,  Poland,  Sri  Lanka,  Tunisia,  and  Yugoslavia. 

The  Smithsonian  received  a  fiscal  year  1984  appropriation  of 
$4  million  in  "excess"  currencies  to  support  projects  in  anthro- 
pology and  archeology,  systematic  and  environmental  biology, 
astrophysics,  earth  sciences,  and  museum  professional  fields.  From 
its  inception  in  fiscal  year  1966  through  fiscal  year  1984,  the  sfcp 
has  awarded  about  $57  million  in  foreign  currency  grants  to  233 
institutions  in  forty-one  states  and  the  District  of  Columbia  and 
Puerto  Rico. 

This  year  the  projects,  which  ranged  over  many  disciplines, 
included:  ethnographic  studies  of  northern  populations  in  Paki- 
stan; archeological  investigations  in  the  Egyptian  Western  Desert; 
paleoanthropological  studies  of  Later  Miocene  hominids  in  Paki- 
stan; photographic  documentation  of  the  Buddhist  cave  paintings 
at  Ajanta,  India;  historical  investigation  of  the  depletion  of  tropical 
forests  in  India;  architectural  survey  of  Indian  temples;  documen- 
tation of  contemporary  architecture;  studies  of  the  reproductive 
behavior  of  mugger  crocodiles;  studies  of  the  history  and  move- 
ment of  ancient  ground  waters  using  fission  tracking  procedures; 
and  ecological  and  behavioral  studies  of  the  native  bees  of 
Pakistan. 


Science  I  123 


During  this  year  the  Smithsonian  conveyed  $1,040,000  equiva- 
lent in  Pakistan  rupees,  the  second  installment  of  the  U.S.  con- 
tribution to  the  UNESCO  campaign  to  salvage  and  preserve  Moen- 
jodaro,  the  4,500-year-old  Indus  civilization  city  in  Pakistan.  This 
site,  first  discovered  in  1921,  is  being  eroded  by  highly  saline 
groundwater  and  floods  of  the  meandering  Indus  River.  A  ground- 
water-control  scheme  to  lower  the  water  table  is  in  place  and 
numerous  other  operations  are  underway. 


Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory 

Ever  since  Galileo  Galilei  turned  his  crude  optical  telescope  on  the 
heavens  and  found  that  the  vague  cloud  known  as  the  Milky  Way 
was,  in  fact,  "a  congeries  of  innumerable  stars  grouped  together 
in  clusters,"  the  advance  of  astronomical  discovery  has  followed 
closely  the  development  of  new  instrumentation.  During  the  past 
twenty-five  years  particularly,  the  flight  into  space  of  detectors 
sensitive  to  infrared.  X-ray,  and  ultraviolet  radiation  has  created 
a  vision  of  the  universe  that  would  astound  even  the  remarkably 
prescient  Galileo. 

Although  the  direct  relationship  between  new  instrumentation 
and  new  discoveries  is  clearly  recognized,  it  is  no  longer  practi- 
cal— or  even  possible — for  the  visionary  scientist  simply  to  patch 
together  magnifying  lenses  in  a  wooden  tube,  walk  into  the  evening 
dark,  and  discover  unknown  worlds.  Not  only  have  all  the  "easy" 
tasks  of  astronomy  been  accomplished,  but  society  itself  has 
become  more  complicated.  In  the  late  twentieth  century,  astron- 
omy— all  science,  really — is  no  longer  so  much  an  individual  enter- 
prise as  a  collective  activity,  supported  by  the  general  public, 
responding  to  national  goals,  and  answering  broad  questions. 

More  practically  stated,  the  advance  of  modern  astronomy — 
through  the  development  of  new  instrumentation — requires  copi- 
ous funding,  large  teams  of  specialists,  and,  most  important,  many 
years  of  careful  planning  and  design.  Indeed,  the  time  scale  for 
most  major  instruments  is  a  decade  or  more,  especially  if  the 
instrument  is  to  be  a  national  or  international  facility. 

Significantly,  then,  planning  began  this  year  at  the  Smithsonian 
Astrophysical  Observatory  (sao)  on  several  long-range  projects 
that  hold  the  promise  of  advancing  astronomical  knowledge.  The 


124  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


largest  of  these  potential  projects,  and  one  that  has  inspired  con- 
siderable effort  by  the  observatory  staff,  is  a  proposed  array 
of  telescopes  for  observations  of  submillimeter-wave  radiation. 
The  submillimeter  band  of  the  electromagnetic  spectrum  is  the 
only  wavelength  region  yet  unexplored  from  the  ground.  The 
need  for  sufficiently  precise  machining  of  antennas  and,  more  im- 
portant, for  receivers  capable  of  detecting  such  celestial  radiation 
efficiently,  has  prevented  development  of  this  promising  field 
until  quite  recently.  Several  single-dish  submillimeter  telescopes 
are  now  either  under  construction  or  in  planning  stages  through- 
out the  world,  and  an  internal  committee  of  observatory  scientists 
recommended  that  sao  consider  the  more  ambitious  approach  of 
an  array  of  six  dishes,  each  of  six-meter  diameter,  with  the  dishes 
movable  along  several-hundred-meter-long  arms  of  a  Y-shaped 
set  of  tracks.  The  scientific  possibilities  of  such  an  instrument  are 
rich,  ranging  from  the  study  of  newly  forming  stars  to  the  study 
of  the  dynamic  phenomena  taking  place  at  the  cores  of  active 
galaxies.  The  concept  for  the  array,  dubbed  star  for  Submillimeter 
Telescopes  Arrayed  for  high  Resolution,  is  being  reviewed  by 
about  forty  scientists  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

High  spatial  resolution,  that  is,  the  ability  to  discern  distinct 
features  of  individual  astronomical  objects  located  close  together 
is  a  goal  of  all  observational  astronomers.  The  resolving  power  of 
an  instrument  increases  with  the  size  of  its  aperture,  but  practical 
considerations  of  weight  and  cost  limit  the  size  of  any  single  mir- 
ror or  antenna.  One  means  of  increasing  aperture  is  by  employing 
the  principle  of  interferometry  in  which  the  signals  gathered  by 
two  or  more  telescopes  are  combined  to  produce  a  resolution 
equivalent  to  that  of  a  single  instrument  with  a  diameter  equal  to 
the  maximum  distance  between  any  two  of  the  telescopes.  The 
STAR  array  uses  this  principle  in  the  submillimeter  region  of  the 
spectrum;  but,  in  the  optical  region,  several  sao  groups  are  also 
investigating  means  for  achieving  unprecedented  resolutions 
through  interferometers  in  space. 

In  space,  above  Earth's  obscuring  atmosphere,  properly  posi- 
tioned and  finely  controlled  optical  instruments  can,  theoretically, 
achieve  resolutions  limited  only  by  the  quality  of  the  telescopic 
system.  The  resultant  resolutions  may  be  as  much  as  10,000  to 
100,000  times  that  possible  with  ground-based  instruments.  Sev- 
eral designs  for  such  space  interferometers  have  been  suggested  by 
sag  scientists :  a  linear  array  of  mirrors  mounted  on  a  thirty-meter- 
long  rigid  structure;  two  mirrors  orbiting  up  to  ten  miles  apart 


Science  I  125 


and  feeding  their  separately  received  signals  into  a  third  "beam- 
combiner"  satellite  orbiting  between  them;  and,  small,  modular 
interferometers  that  could  fit  into  the  Space  Shuttle  bay. 

Obviously,  these  and  other  instrument  development  projects  at 
SAO  require  imagination,  innovation,  ingenuity,  and  not  a  little 
institutional  courage.  Risks  are  inherent  in  all  pioneering  attempts: 
careers,  funds,  and  time  must  be  committed  many  years  in  advance 
to  projects  whose  outcomes  cannot  be  guaranteed — or  even 
guessed  at.  Still,  sao  has  a  long  history  of  successful  scientific 
risk-taking.  The  tradition  of  innovation  in  engineering  and  instru- 
ment-making can  be  traced  from  Langley's  bolometer  of  the  1880s 
to  Whipple's  sateUite-tracking  cameras  of  the  1950s  to  the  Multi- 
ple Mirror  Telescope  of  the  1970s,  a  joint  project  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  Arizona.  The  concept  of  multiple-mirror  arrays  for 
optical  telescopes,  considered  radical,  revolutionary,  and,  to  some, 
even  foolhardy  when  first  proposed,  was  recommended  this  year 
as  the  preferred  design  for  the  proposed  National  New  Technology 
Telescope,  a  fifteen-meter-diameter  optical  giant.  Sao's  spirit  of 
innovation  certainly  seems  justified  by  this  decision.  In  the  next 
century,  astronomers  may  look  back  on  sao's  submillimeter-wave 
array  or  its  optical  interferometers  as  similarly  vital  milestones  in 
the  advancement  of  astronomy. 

The  development  of  new  instrumentation  for  astronomy  is  only 
one  part  of  the  diverse  research  program  carried  out  by  sao  in 
collaboration  with  the  Harvard  College  Observatory.  Together 
under  a  single  director,  the  two  observatories  form  the  Center  for 
Astrophysics  (cfa),  where  investigations  of  the  joint  staff  are 
organized  by  divisions.  Some  highhghts  of  research  activity  dur- 
ing the  past  year,  by  division,  follow;  for  more  detailed  informa- 
tion on  specific  subjects,  readers  are  invited  to  consult  the  bibliog- 
raphy of  scientific  papers  by  observatory  scientists  published  else- 
where in  this  volume. 

ATOMIC  AND  MOLECULAR  PHYSICS 

Because  most  of  what  is  learned  about  celestial  objects  is  gained 
by  detailed  studies  of  the  light  their  atoms  and  molecules  emit 
and  of  the  modification  of  this  light  on  its  way  to  Earth,  precise 
and  comprehensive  laboratory  and  theoretical  studies  of  atomic 
and  molecular  properties  are  needed  to  understand  the  processes 
occurring  in  such  objects  and  to  interpret  astronomical  observa- 
tions made  with  ground-based  and  satellite-borne  telescopes.  The 
Atomic  and  Molecular  Physics  Division  carries  out  research  in 


126  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


theoretical  and  experimental  physics  and  chemistry  to  provide 
these  data  and  the  basic  understanding  of  the  processes.  Atomic 
and  molecular  physics  research  benefits  from  the  interaction  be- 
tween theorists  and  experimentalists,  and  members  of  the  division 
do  research  on  processes  common  to  the  Sun,  the  interstellar 
medium,  comets,  and  planetary  atmospheres. 

The  light  reaching  Earth  from  a  distant  star  begins  its  journey 
as  a  stream  of  X-ray  or  gamma-ray  photons  deep  inside  the  hot 
interior  of  the  star.  As  this  light  makes  its  way  to  the  surface, 
it  interacts  with  the  atoms  and  ions  in  the  star's  outer  layer.  Some 
of  these  interactions,  for  example,  a  "recombination"  in  which 
the  electron  of  an  atom  is  captured  by  a  positive  ion  to  produce 
an  "excited  state,"  produce  a  distinctive  light  signal  that  can  be 
used  to  infer  the  temperature,  density,  and  chemical  components 
of  the  star's  atmosphere.  In  the  laboratory,  experiments  are  being 
devised  so  that  the  radiation  emitted  by  excited  systems  can  be 
used  to  identify  and  study  corresponding  processes  in  astrophysi- 
cal  plasmas. 

The  absorption  of  light  by  molecules  in  laboratory,  atmospheric, 
or  astrophysical  gases  is  an  important  process  because  in  many 
cases  it  can  lead  to  dissociation  of  the  molecule  or  to  production 
of  energetic  forms  of  the  molecule,  which  can  influence  other 
processes  in  the  gas.  Progress  has  been  made  this  year  in  under- 
standing the  process  in  a  quantitative  way.  For  example,  by  mak- 
ing laboratory  measurements  at  high  resolution  of  the  absorption 
of  light  by  molecular  oxygen  at  various  pressures,  we  have  im- 
proved knowledge  of  the  strength  of  the  absorption  at  particular 
ultraviolet  wavelengths.  These  new  measurements  imply  that  sig- 
nificant changes  must  be  made  in  the  estimates  of  stratospheric 
concentrations  of  ozone,  chlorofluorocarbons,  and  nitrous  oxide. 
The  implications  for  our  understanding  of  the  effects  of  human 
activity  on  the  environment  may  prove  of  considerable  importance. 

HIGH  ENERGY  ASTROPHYSICS 

The  High  Energy  Astrophysics  Division  is  primarily  involved  in 
the  study  of  X-ray  emission  from  celestial  sources,  including  some 
of  the  most  energetic  and  exotic  objects  in  the  universe,  such  as 
pulsars,  neutron  stars,  and  black  holes.  Because  X-rays  cannot 
pass  through  Earth's  atmosphere.  X-ray  astronomy  must  be  carried 
out  from  space. 

At  present,  division  members  are  heavily  involved  in  the  analy- 
sis of  scientific  data  from  nasa's  two  High  Energy  Astronomy 


Science  I  127 


Observatories,  the  heao-1  and  heao-2,  the  latter  better  known  as 
the  "Einstein  SatelHte."  The  Einstein  observations  represent  the 
most  sensitive  X-ray  data  available,  and  ongoing  research  programs 
involve  all  types  of  known  astronomical  objects.  A  data  bank  has 
been  established  at  sao  to  allow  full  access  to  the  Einstein  data  by 
the  international  scientific  community. 

A  highlight  of  research  this  year  was  the  discovery  of  X-ray 
emission  from  hot  gas  associated  with  the  outer  regions,  or 
"haloes,"  of  elliptical  galaxies.  As  stars  evolve,  they  liberate  large 
amounts  of  gas,  and  the  fate  of  this  gas  in  elliptical  galaxies  has 
been  a  long-standing  puzzle.  Most  astronomers  believed  that  this 
gas  simply  flowed  out  of  the  galaxies  in  what  is  called  a  galactic 
wind.  However,  our  X-ray  observations  have  now  shown  that  this 
is  not  the  case;  surprisingly,  the  gas  is  still  contained  in  the 
galaxies.  By  processes  still  unknown  (but  possibly  involving  energy 
provided  when  stars  explode  as  supernovae),  the  gas  is  heated  to 
very  high  temperatures  and  glows  in  the  X-ray  band.  Moreover, 
the  X-ray  data  allow  us  to  probe,  for  the  first  time,  the  underlying 
gravitational  force  required  to  hold  this  gas.  Indeed,  the  haloes 
of  elliptical  galaxies  must  contain  a  mass  equivalent  to  one  trillion 
suns.  However,  most  of  this  underlying  mass  is  not  contained  in 
stars  observed  in  visible  light,  nor  is  it  contained  in  the  X-ray- 
emitting  gas  we  have  observed.  The  nature  of  this  invisible  mate- 
rial, which  accounts  for  most  of  the  mass  of  the  elliptical  galaxies 
(and  many  other  astronomical  systems  as  well),  is  currently  one 
of  the  great  mysteries  of  astrophysics. 

Division  members  are  also  working  with  the  National  Aero- 
nautics and  Space  Administration  (nasa)  on  the  design  and  defini- 
tion studies  for  the  next  large  X-ray  satellite,  the  Advanced  X-ray 
Astrophysics  Facility  (axaf).  The  fabrication  of  two  sets  of  X-ray 
mirrors  should  allow  the  development  and  demonstration  of  those 
techniques  eventually  required  to  build  the  axaf  telescope.  Com- 
pletion of  these  test  mirrors  is  scheduled  for  mid-1985,  when  a 
series  of  detailed  X-ray  tests  will  verify  their  performance.  Im- 
provements in  the  manufacture  of  X-ray  mirrors  and  in  the  per- 
formance of  X-ray  detectors  suggest  that  axaf  will  be  100  times 
more  sensitive  than  the  Einstein  Satellite. 

Work  continued  on  the  Normal  Incidence  X-ray  Telescope 
(nixt)  with  design,  testing,  and  initial  fabrication  of  various  ele- 
ments, all  geared  to  a  1986  rocket  flight.  Nixx  uses  a  revolutionary 
approach  to  X-ray  imaging  involving  alternating  multiple  layers 
of  high  and  low  absorption  materials  such  as  tungsten  and  carbon 


128  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


and  is  capable  of  providing  very  high  spatial  resolution  imaging 
and  simultaneous  spectroscopy  for  studies  of  the  hot  outer  atmo- 
spheres of  our  Sun  and  other  stars. 

OPTICAL  AND  INFRARED  ASTRONOMY 

There  are  two  main  scientific  themes  to  the  research  in  optical  and 
infrared  astronomy:  What  is  the  large-scale  structure  of  the  uni- 
verse, how  did  it  get  that  way,  and  what  will  be  its  fate?  How 
and  when  did  galaxies  form,  how  have  they  evolved  and  what  can 
we  learn  about  these  processes  from  detailed  studies  of  our  own 
galaxy?  To  pursue  these  questions,  division  scientists  rely  heavily 
on  ground-based  telescopes,  such  as  the  facilities  at  the  Fred  Law- 
rence Whipple  Observatory  on  Mt.  Hopkins,  Arizona,  the  site  of 
the  Multiple  Mirror  Telescope  (mmt).  Optical  observations  were 
complemented  by  infrared  measurements  made  from  the  ground, 
NASA  aircraft,  and  high-altitude  balloons. 

When  viewed  over  scales  as  large  as  a  billion  light  years,  the 
universe  appears  frothy.  Galaxies  tend  to  congregate  in  clusters 
and  sheets  surrounding  vast  empty  regions.  This  general  picture, 
which  has  defied  easy  theoretical  interpretation,  was  suggested 
most  clearly  by  the  Center  for  Astrophysics  Redshift  Survey, 
which  was  able  to  map  out  the  distribution  of  2,400  of  the  brighter 
galaxies,  mostly  in  the  northern  sky.  Because  unexpectedly  large 
structures  showed  up  in  the  initial  survey,  it  is  now  being  extended 
deeper  into  space  and  into  the  southern  sky.  In  the  north,  much 
time  on  the  60-inch  Tillinghast  Reflector  at  the  Whipple  Observa- 
tory is  dedicated  to  this  effort,  which  will  take  several  years  to 
complete.  In  the  south,  a  collaboration  with  the  Observatorio 
Nacional  de  Brasil  is  producing  redshifts  of  the  same  quality  as 
the  northern  data  from  Mt.  Hopkins.  These  efforts  should  enhance 
the  scientific  value  of  the  Redshift  Survey,  already  considered  by 
many  to  be  the  most  important  contribution  to  observational  cos- 
mology of  the  past  ten  years. 

The  Century  Survey,  a  related  project  that  has  just  begun,  will 
ultimately  provide  a  complete  list  of  positions  and  magnitudes  for 
all  galaxies  brighter  than  a  carefully  calibrated  limit  in  a  narrow 
strip  running  through  the  north  galactic  pole.  This  survey  will  go 
much  deeper  into  space  than  the  Redshift  Survey,  and  the  final 
catalog  is  expected  to  contain  100,000  galaxies.  The  importance  of 
this  effort  was  emphasized  recently  when  division  scientists 
showed  that  the  principal  earlier  work  (the  Shane-Wirtaanen 
counts)  is  inadequate  for  studies  of  the  large-scale  structure  of  the 


Science  I  129 


universe  because  of  previously  unrecognized  systematic  errors 
present  in  the  data. 

An  important  result  from  the  mmt  was  the  identification  of 
primordial  clouds  of  gas  that  contain  almost  enough  matter  to 
form  galaxies.  This  was  part  of  a  general  effort  to  study  the 
spectra  of  the  most  distant  quasars  using  very  high  spectral  reso- 
lution, an  area  where  the  mmt  is  the  world  leader.  In  this  applica- 
tion, the  quasars  serve  as  bright  "laboratory  lamps"  shining 
through  the  intervening  clouds  of  intergalactic  gas,  whose  char- 
acteristics may  be  deduced  from  the  narrow  (absorption)  lines 
that  they  introduce  into  the  continuous  spectrum  of  the  light  from 
the  quasar. 

Several  investigations  focused  on  the  structure  and  dynamics  of 
star  systems  in  our  own  galaxy.  One  such  study  concentrated  on 
the  oldest  stars.  Mostly  the  galaxy  has  a  flattened  disklike  appear- 
ance, but  there  is  also  a  population  of  stars  in  a  more  spherical, 
halo  distribution  above  the  galactic  plane.  These  stars  must  have 
formed  in  the  earliest  stages  of  the  formation  of  our  galaxy  itself, 
and  in  their  atmospheres  is  preserved  information  about  the  abun- 
dances of  the  chemical  elements  present  ten  to  fifteen  billion  years 
ago.  A  survey  identified  a  few  hundred  new  halo  stars,  more  than 
doubling  the  number  known  previously.  This  identification  has 
already  led  to  a  new  determination  of  the  rotation  of  the  galactic 
disk  and,  for  the  first  time,  to  a  precise  determination  of  the 
velocity  needed  by  an  object  to  escape  from  the  galaxy.  These 
results  are  important  because  they  will  help  determine  the  total 
mass  of  the  Milky  Way. 

Four  major  programs  in  infrared  astronomy  were  pursued.  In 
the  first,  a  small,  helium-cooled  infrared  telescope  has  been  con- 
structed for  space  flight  aboard  the  Spacelab  2  mission  of  the 
Space  Shuttle,  now  scheduled  for  April  1985.  This  instrument  will 
be  used  to  map  the  sky  for  diffuse  infrared  sources.  In  the  second 
program,  a  one-meter  balloon-borne  infrared  telescope  is  used,  for 
example,  to  discover  star-forming  regions  in  the  galaxy.  The  third 
program  is  a  design  study  for  a  three-meter  balloon-borne  tele- 
scope for  far-infrared  and  submillimeter  astronomy.  The  fourth 
involves  the  use  of  an  experimental  two-dimensional  infrared 
camera  for  ground-based  observations  of  star-forming  regions, 
galaxies,  and  planetary  nebulae.  A  similar  camera  proposed  by 
SAO,  in  collaboration  with  other  organizations,  was  selected  for 
design  study  as  one  of  three  instruments  to  fly  on  nasa's  Space 
Infrared  Telescope  Facility. 


130  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


This  image  of  a  spiral  galaxy  was  produced  with  a  light-sensitive  electronic 
detector  known  as  a  charge-coupled  device,  or  CCD,  attached  to  an  optical 
telescope  at  the  Whipple  Observatory  in  Arizona.  The  Smithsonian  has  been  a 
pioneer  in  the  development  of  these  detectors.  (Photograph  by  Rudolph  Schild) 


A  102-centimeter  balloon-borne  infrared  telescope  designed  by  the  Smithsonian 
Astrophysical  Observatory  for  photometry,  spectroscopy,  and  high-resolution 
mapping  of  star-formation  regions  in  the  galaxy  was  launched  from  Texas  in 
April  1984  as  part  of  an  on-going  program  of  balloon  astronomy. 


Division  scientists  also  were  involved  in  gamma-ray  astronomy, 
using  the  ten-meter  reflector  at  the  Whipple  Observatory  to  search 
for  high-energy  gamma-rays  from  several  sources  and  carrying  out 
design  studies  for  a  very  large  gamma-ray  telescope  in  space  that 
would  make  use  of  the  expended  external  tank  of  the  Space 
Shuttle  as  part  of  the  Space  Station  program. 

PLANETARY  SCIENCES 

Members  of  the  division  study  the  planets  and  small  bodies  of  the 
solar  system  in  three  ways:  by  telescopic  observation,  by  theoreti- 
cal analysis,  and  by  examining  samples  of  extraterrestrial  mate- 
rials in  the  laboratory. 

The  observation  program  centers  on  the  Oak  Ridge  Observatory 
in  Harvard,  Massachusetts,  which  is  well  suited  for  determining 
the  exact  orbital  paths  of  comets  and  asteroids  in  the  solar  system. 
To  do  this  requires  that  positions  of  the  bodies  be  determined 
very  precisely  on  a  number  of  different  nights.  Travel  costs  and 
the  intense  competition  for  telescope  time  make  it  impossible  to 
use  the  larger  western  telescopes  for  such  observations. 

The  Oak  Ridge  program  of  regular  observations  is  coordinated 
with  the  work  of  the  International  Astronomical  Union's  Minor 
Planet  Center  and  Central  Telegram  Bureau,  both  of  which  are 
directed  by  a  division  member.  These  facilities  verify  observations 
of  comets  and  asteroids,  compute  their  exact  orbit,  and  dissemi- 
nate this  information  to  institutions  around  the  world  in  a  timely 
way.  In  the  last  year,  125  lAU  Circulars  and  900  Minor  Planet 
Circulars  were  distributed.  About  200  newly  discovered  asteroids 
were  formally  assigned  numbers,  and  improved  orbits  were  deter- 
mined for  about  1,000  other  new  objects.  These  functions  are  self- 
supporting  through  an  annual  contribution  from  the  iau  and  sub- 
scriptions purchased  by  professional  and  amateur  astronomers. 
This  year  particular  effort  has  been  put  into  the  establishment  of 
a  computer  service,  which  allows  subscribers  to  see  the  IAU  Circu- 
lars on  the  day  of  issue,  and  carry  on  other  transactions  with  the 
Central  Telegram  Bureau  and  Minor  Planet  Center,  via  computer 
and  telephone. 

Data  from  the  nasa  Voyager  spacecraft  contributed  to  several 
observational  programs  as  well.  A  division  member  who  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Imaging  Team  of  the  Voyager  mission  to  the  outer 
planets  investigated  a  variety  of  phenomena  observed  by  Voyager 
on  Jupiter,  Saturn,  and  the  satellites  of  these  planets.  An  example 


132  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


of  these  is  the  observation  that  Europa  (one  of  Jupiter's  four  larg- 
est satellites;  about  the  size  of  Earth's  moon)  appears  to  be 
actively  erupting  water  at  its  surface.  Europa  is  thought  to  con- 
tain about  5  percent  water,  in  the  form  of  an  ice  crust  about  eighty 
kilometers  thick.  Apparently  heat  from  the  satellite's  interior  melts 
the  base  of  the  ice  crust  and  erupts  the  water  in  surface  "vol- 
canoes/' in  a  manner  closely  analogous  to  the  melting  of  rock 
and  the  eruption  of  lava  on  Earth.  Another  division  scientist  used 
Voyager  photographs  to  complete  a  preliminary  geological  map 
of  an  area  on  the  surface  of  the  Jupiter  satellite  Ganymede. 

Theoretical  studies  in  the  division  included  an  investigation  of 
the  way  comets  decay  and,  in  some  cases,  break  up.  Comets  are 
masses  of  snow  and  dust  a  few  kilometers  in  size:  as  their  orbits 
carry  them  near  the  Sun,  the  warmth  vaporizes  the  snow;  streams 
of  escaping  vapor  can  act  like  rocket  engines,  changing  the  orbital 
path  of  the  comet.  Eventually  every  comet's  snow  is  completely 
vaporized  away,  but  there  is  still  a  question  of  what  is  left:  A 
coherent  asteroid?  Or  an  incoherent  collection  of  pebbles  and  dust 
that  disperses  in  space? 

The  detailed  properties  of  meteorites  and  lunar  samples  were 
studied  in  the  laboratory,  using  microscopic  and  microanalytical 
techniques.  Meteorites  contain  a  cryptic  record  of  events  and  pro- 
cesses associated  with  the  origin  of  the  solar  system,  and  even  pre- 
solar  system  history.  Lunar  samples  contain  an  equally  cryptic 
record  of  the  earliest  internal  evolution  of  a  small  planet.  The 
meteorite  research  centered  on  the  origin  of  chondrules,  tiny 
igneous  droplets  that  are  abundant  in  the  most  primitive  class  of 
meteorites.  These  objects  were  somehow  melted  and  partly  vapor- 
ized at  the  time  when  the  solar  system  was  being  formed.  Such 
processes  may  have  occurred  when  aggregations  of  presolar  inter- 
stellar dust  fell  into  the  primordial  disk  of  gas  that  gave  rise  to 
the  solar  system:  as  the  aggregations  plunged  through  the  gas 
they  were  heated  by  gas  drag,  much  like  meteors  in  Earth's  upper 
atmosphere,  and  melted  into  droplets. 

Laboratory  determinations  were  also  made  of  the  concentration 
of  radioactive  isotopes  in  meteorites  collected  in  Antarctica  by  the 
National  Science  Foundation  (nsf)  Polar  Program,  and  also  in 
Antarctic  ice  samples.  The  levels  of  these  radioactive  isotopes 
reveal  how  long  the  meteorites  have  lain  on  or  in  the  ice  since  they 
fell,  and  how  long  it  has  been  since  the  ice  formed  (fell  as  snow) 
on  the  polar  ice  cap.  A  division  member  has  participated  in  two 
of  the  NSF  meteorite-collecting  expeditions  to  Antarctica. 


Science  I  133 


RADIO  AND  CEOASTRONOMY 

Radio  and  Geoastronomy  Division  staff  pursue  a  broad  range  of 
research  topics,  including  tests  of  Einstein's  theory  of  general  rela- 
tivity, the  physical  structure  of  other  planets,  chemical  composition 
of  clouds  in  space,  the  processes  by  which  stars  are  bom,  the  mo- 
tions of  radio  stars,  physical  properties  of  very  distant  radio  stars, 
extragalactic  radio  sources,  measurements  of  continental  drift,  ir- 
regularities of  the  rotation  of  Earth,  research  on  atomic  clocks,  and 
the  development  of  new  instrumentation. 

Two  important  efforts  are  now  under  way  to  develop  powerful 
new  instruments  for  astronomical  research.  First,  a  Centerwide  com- 
mittee investigated  the  desirability  and  feasibility  of  an  array  of  six 
radio  antennas  operating  in  the  submillimeter  portion  of  the  radio 
spectrum.  The  design  calls  for  six  antennas,  each  with  diameters  of 
six  meters,  spaced  up  to  several  hundred  meters  apart  along  the 
arms  of  a  "Y"  configuration.  Necessarily  located  on  a  high  moun- 
tain topto  reduce  the  interference  from  water  vapor  in  the  atmo- 
sphere, the  array's  resolution  will  be  better  than  one  second  of  arc, 
or  more  than  ten  times  better  than  any  other  instrument  under  con- 
struction or  planned  for  use  at  submillimeter  wavelengths.  Because 
the  submillimeter  array  would  operate  at  what  is  called  "the  last 
frontier  of  ground-based  astronomy,"  it  promises  rich  scientific  op- 
portunities, including:  probes  of  regions  of  star  formation,  analyses 
of  galactic  structure,  investigations  of  the  cores  of  quasars  and 
active  galactic  nuclei,  and  studies  of  objects  in  the  solar  system. 

Second,  the  ability  to  place  optical  instruments  in  space  will  al- 
low an  angle-measuring  instrument  of  unprecedented  accuracy. 
Such  an  instrument,  called  an  optical  interferometer,  appears  feasi- 
ble using  currently  available  technology.  The  various  configura- 
tions now  being  investigated  all  offer  enormous  resolution  ad- 
vances over  ground-based  telescopes,  whose  resolution  is  limited 
by  fluctuations  in  Earth's  atmosphere.  For  example,  the  1,000-fold 
improvement  in  resolution  over  a  ground-based  telescope  suggests 
that  an  optical  interferometer  operating  in  space  would  allow  im- 
proved determination  of  astronomical  distances,  estimates  of  star 
masses,  discovery  of  other  planetary  systems,  and  exquisitely  accu- 
rate tests  of  Einstein's  general  theory  of  relativity.  The  development 
of  such  a  system  is  currently  supported  by  the  construction  of  a 
ground-based  optical  interferometer  and  related  laboratory  work. 

Research  on  hydrogen  masers  and  experiments  using  them  for 
time  and  frequency  coordination  and  testing  theories  of  gravitation 


134  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


and  relativity  continued.  Two  masers  were  con\pleted  and  delivered 
to  the  U.S.  Naval  Observatory  in  Washington,  D.C.,  where  they 
are  now  designated  as  "Master  Clocks  1  and  2."  The  stability  and 
time-keeping  accuracy  of  these  clocks  exceed  any  previously  made; 
indeed,  their  accuracy,  ±  0.5  X  10'^  seconds  per  month,  is  at  least 
as  good  as  that  available  from  the  entire  U.S.  Naval  Observatory 
ensemble  of  some  twenty-five  cesium-beam  clocks. 

Research  on  electrodynamic  interactions  between  long  orbiting 
wires  and  the  ionosphere  continued.  In  particular.  Shuttle-borne 
electrodynamic  tethers  were  studied  to  determine  the  tether's  abil- 
ity to  draw  current  from  the  ionosphere  and  to  generate,  by  conse- 
quence, a  substantial  amount  of  electric  power  in  space. 

SOLAR  AND  STELLAR  PHYSICS 

The  development  of  new  instrumentation,  coupled  with  advances 
in  theoretical  physics  and  with  the  improvement  of  computation 
techniques,  have  altered  modern  studies  of  solar  and  stellar  physics 
in  two  striking  ways. 

Stars  are  no  longer  seen  as  isolated  spheres  of  gas  quietly  drift- 
ing through  space.  Their  atmospheres  are  better  described  as  caul- 
drons of  bubbling,  magnetic  gas  being  buffeted  and  blown  into 
space  by  waves  and  surges  from  the  interior.  Stars  are  now  seen  as 
"open"  systems  that  condense  from  the  interstellar  gas  and  dust, 
then  burn  their  nuclear  fuel — often  acquiring  peculiar  chemical 
compositions  in  the  process — and  ultimately  return  most  of  their 
material  to  space,  either  gradually,  as  in  winds  and  breezes,  or  vio- 
lently in  explosive  novae  and  supernovae. 

At  the  same  time,  solar  and  stellar  astronomers  have  come  to 
realize  that  many  of  the  activities  formerly  seen  only  on  the  Sun's 
surface,  and  in  the  Sun's  outer  atmosphere — the  "chromosphere" 
and  "corona"  that  were  originally  discovered  during  eclipses — can 
now  be  detected  in  the  signals  from  other  stars.  This  year,  for  ex- 
ample, observations  by  division  scientists  using  the  International 
Untraviolet  Explorer  (iue)  Satellite  led  to  the  first  detection  of  a 
stellar  "flare"  from  a  giant  star.  For  many  years,  solar  flares  have 
been  observed  in  the  intense  magnetic  fields  of  sunspots,  and  flares 
had  been  known  among  the  smaller,  dwarf  stars;  however,  this 
observation  of  stellar  flares  in  a  giant,  evolved  star,  has  added 
another  link  in  the  "solar-stellar  connection."  Other  programs  with 
the  IUE  include  ultraviolet  observations  of  faint  exploding  stars  and 
the  remnants  of  supernovae,  as  well  as  the  monitoring  of  emissions 


Science  /  135 


that  reveal  activity  cycles  similar  to  the  twenty-two-year  cycle  of 
our  Sun  in  several  cool  stars.  In  addition,  collaborative  ground- 
based  studies  with  researchers  at  the  Mt.  Wilson  Observatory  have 
monitored  calcium  emission  from  the  chromospheres  of  Sun-like 
stars.  A  survey  of  such  emission  in  a  variety  of  cool  dwarfs  has  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  magnesium  and  calcium  emissions  are 
dependent,  not  only  on  the  star's  mass,  but  on  its  rotational  speed — 
for  reasons  that  are  not  understood. 

Stellar  observations  this  year  were  remarkable  for  the  variety  of 
instruments  they  called  into  play:  from  studies  of  chemical  abun- 
dances in  the  oldest  members  of  the  galaxy — the  globular  cluster 
stars — with  the  ground-based  telescopes  of  the  Whipple  Observa- 
tory and  the  Mt.  Wilson  Observatory,  to  the  observations  of  a 
young  supernovae  remnant  in  a  neighboring  irregular  galaxy  with 
the  Einstein  Satellite.  And  a  coordinated  program  of  ground-based 
observations  of  the  brightness  and  polarization  of  the  light  of  the 
supergiant  red  star  Betelgeuse  (the  brightest  star  in  the  Constella- 
tion Orion)  was  initiated  to  provide  data  for  diagnosing  this  star's 
variations.  Although  they  are  subtle,  these  variations  may  be  symp- 
toms of  fundamental  processes  by  which  such  stars  return  their 
matter  to  space  as  their  cores  evolve  toward  a  super-condensed 
state.  The  preliminary  results  suggest  that  the  heightened  atmo- 
spheric activity  in  Betelgeuse  may  lag  the  optical  brightening  by 
one-tenth  of  the  six-year  period;  and,  if  confirmed,  this  lag  would 
be  an  important  clue  to  the  nature  of  the  motions  in  the  star's  outer 
layers. 

For  decades,  the  high  temperature  of  the  Sun's  corona  has  been 
recognized  as  a  key  feature  of  the  Sun's  atmosphere,  requiring  a 
vast  amount  of  heat  to  be  supplied  by  waves  from  the  cooler  layers 
beneath.  Recently,  the  outward  flow  of  the  corona  has  been  recog- 
nized as  an  equally  challenging  enigma.  Clues  are  being  sought  in 
the  nature  of  the  magnetic  fields  of  the  Sun. 

Like  Earth,  the  Sun  has  a  magnetic  field  reaching  out  from  its 
interior.  Unlike  Earth's  field,  the  Sun's  is  widely  variable  (with  a 
full  cycle  of  reversal  in  twenty-two  years)  and  it  is  swept  aside  or 
brought  together  here  and  there  by  the  motions  of  the  Sun's 
ionized  gas.  This  turbulent  activity  is  thought  to  be  generated 
by  the  "boiling"  motions  of  the  deep  layers,  and  it  is  accompanied 
by  eddies  and  streamers,  which  move  outward  at  supersonic 
speeds.  The  cause  of  these  rapid  motions  is  a  mystery,  and  the 
mystery  was  deepened  this  year  when,  for  the  first  time,  they 
were  observed   well   down   inside   the   dark   gaps   in   the   corona 


136  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


known  as  "coronal  holes/'  (These  observations  were  n\ade  by  sao 
scientists  in  collaboration  with  the  High  Altitude  Observatory  by 
means  of  an  ultraviolet  coronagraph  that  was  carried  aloft  on  a 
rocket.)  The  outflow  of  coronal  material  was  traced  to  within  0.5 
solar  radii  of  the  surface,  pointing  to  a  source  of  acceleration 
whose  identity  will  be  the  goal  of  future  observations. 

Some  of  the  energy  required  to  maintain  the  hot  corona  is  re- 
leased in  the  neighborhood  of  coronal  "bright  points,"  which  ap- 
pear to  be  small  active  regions  associated  with  locally  intensified 
magnetic  fields.  These  regions  are  being  studied  with  data  from 
Skylab  as  well  as  a  program  of  simultaneous  observations  in  opti- 
cal radation  with  the  Solar  Tower  Telescope  at  Sacramento  Peak 
Observatory  and  radio  interferometry  with  the  Very  Large  Array 
(vla).  These  observations  are  providing  maps  of  unprecedented 
spatial  detail  as  well  as  rapid  time  resolution  and  are  expected 
to  provide  insights  to  the  heat  supply  of  the  corona. 

Division  scientists  have  constructed  a  simulation  of  the  solar 
spectrum  incorporating  seventeen  million  atomic  and  molecular 
transitions,  and  this  tool  has  been  applied  to  another  long-stand- 
ing enigma  concerning  solar  temperature.  However,  this  mystery 
concerns  the  coolest,  rather  than  the  hottest,  region  of  the  Sun. 
For  nearly  a  century,  it  has  been  recognized  that  the  temperatures 
of  both  the  solar  interior  and  the  corona  reach  millions  of  degrees, 
even  though  the  temperature  of  the  surface  layers  remains  a  rela- 
tively cool  6,000  K.  Clearly,  at  some  intermediate  level  the  tem- 
perature must  reach  a  minimum,  and  the  depth  of  this  minimum 
is  a  clue  to  the  energy  balance  of  the  Sun's  outer  layers.  But  the 
precise  value  of  the  minimum  has  been  an  elusive  quantity  and 
different  observational  techniques  seemed  to  imply  different  values. 
The  agreement  was  greatly  improved  this  year  when  the  newly 
synthesized  spectrum  was  used  as  a  model  for  interpreting  the  solar 
observations.  For  the  first  time,  data  from  the  ultraviolet,  the 
visible,  and  the  infrared  agree,  and  this  new  solar  profile  is  ready 
for  interpretation  by  theoreticians. 

Progress  in  astrophysics  has  invariably  been  stimulated  by  the 
use  of  new  observational  instruments,  and  with  this  in  mind, 
division  scientists  are  developing  several  advanced  detectors.  This 
year,  a  new  version  of  the  speckle  interferometer,  technically 
called  the  Precision  Analog  Photon  Address  detector,  and  known 
as  the  "papa,"  was  built,  tested  in  the  laboratory,  and  taken  to 
remote  sites  for  observing  runs  on  the  Steward  Observatory  90- 
inch-diameter  telescope,  the  Whipple  Observatory  mmt,  and  the 


Science  I  137 


University  of  Hawaii  88-inch  telescope.  Interpreting  the  data  from 
this  device  requires  an  intensive  series  of  computations,  and  these 
early  field  tests  produced  six  "firsts":  images  showing  the  rotation 
of  the  asteroid  Vesta,  and  new  companions  to  the  stars  T  Tauri, 
Mu  Cassiopeia,  and  Alpha,  Delta,  and  Gamma  Orionis. 

Engineering  studies  of  large  interferometers  for  various  space 
platforms  were  also  carried  out,  and  they  suggest  that,  perhaps 
more  than  any  other  major  civilian  science  project,  such  inter- 
ferometry  would  depend  on  the  servicing  capability  of  a  space 
station. 

Historical  research  in  the  division  touched  on  the  lives  and  the 
many  contributions  of  women  at  the  Harvard  College  Observatory 
during  the  years  1875-1925.  Work  also  continued  on  the  anno- 
tated census  of  Copernicus'  De  revolutionibus,  and  fewer  than 
twenty  (of  about  580)  copies  remain  unexamined.  Finally,  a  study 
of  Vincent  van  Gogh's  night  paintings  showed  that  they  have  a 
strong  element  of  astronomical  reality. 


THEORETICAL  ASTROPHYSICS 

The  Theoretical  Astrophysical  Division  carried  out  research  on  a 
diverse  range  of  astrophysical  phenomena,  with  studies  often  ap- 
plied to  the  support  and  interpretation  of  observational  data. 
Division  members  frequently  collaborate  with  scientists  in  other 
institutions  and  with  members  of  other  divisions  in  their  research 
as  well  as  contribute  significantly  to  educational  programs. 

The  research  of  the  division  is  largely  concentrated  on  studies  of 
the  extreme  states  of  matter,  radiation,  magnetic  fields  and  gravity, 
and  their  fundamental  roles  in  determining  the  observed  structure 
of  objects  in  the  universe.  The  mode  of  attack  on  such  problems 
is  a  combination  of  pure  analytical  techniques  and  numerical 
modeling  with  computers.  Particular  applications  have  included: 
interstellar  clouds,  accretion  disks,  stellar  winds,  planetary  forma- 
tion, star  formation,  globular  clusters.  X-ray  sources,  and  infla- 
tionary cosmologies. 

One  noteworthy  example  of  research  in  the  division  concerned 
the  postcollapse  evolution  of  globular  clusters.  Globular  clusters 
are  beautiful  astronomical  objects,  containing  about  a  million  stars 
in  a  roughly  spherical  distribution,  relatively  sparse  in  the  outer 
layers,  but  becoming  quite  dense  in  the  center.  The  special  shape 


138  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


■ 


of  such  clusters  is  largely  determined  by  gravitational  encounters 
between  the  individual  stars,  especially  in  the  central  core.  These 
encounters  cause  the  cluster  to  become  ever  more  centrally  con- 
centrated; in  fact,  simplified  analytical  estimates  predicted  that  the 
central  clustering  of  stars  must  become  infinitely  dense  at  some 
time — a  catastrophe  known  as  "core  collapse."  Furthermore,  from 
these  studies  it  was  clear  that  many  of  the  globular  clusters  now 
seen  should  have  already  undergone  core  collapse.  It  was  generally 
agreed  that  various  physical  effects,  such  as  formation  of  binary 
stars,  would  prevent  any  real  catastrophe,  but,  despite  much 
analytical  work,  no  one  was  able  to  state  unambiguously  just  what 
a  "postcollapse"  globular  cluster  was  supposed  to  look  like.  Nor 
could  any  existing  computer  program  answer  this  question,  since 
each  was  designed  to  treat  only  a  portion  of  the  relevant  physics. 
However,  a  division  member,  using  a  clever  matching  of  several 
independent  computer  programs,  was  able  to  overcome  their  indi- 
vidual limitations  and  to  simulate  numerically  both  the  core  col- 
lapse and  the  subsequent  postcollapse  phase.  Preliminary  results 
indicate  that  the  theoretical  structure  of  postcollapse  globular 
clusters  is  consistent  with  the  properties  of  observed  globular 
clusters,  thus  removing  a  disturbing  gap  in  our  understanding  of 
these  objects. 

Another  investigation  concerned  one  of  the  most  exciting  recent 
theories  in  cosmology,  the  "new  inflationary  universe."  Some 
fundamental  theories  of  elementary  particle  physics  have  sug- 
gested that  the  universe  underwent  a  phase  of  rapid  expansion 
at  a  very  early  time  in  its  history,  indeed,  only  microseconds  after 
the  Big  Bang  itself,  a  time  when  particle  energies  were  enormous. 
This  expansion,  or  "inflationary"  phase,  explains  several  previ- 
ously inexplicable  facts  about  our  universe,  such  as  its  impressive 
uniformity.  In  principle,  the  properties  of  the  new  inflationary 
cosmology  might  also  be  used  to  predict  the  deviations  from  uni- 
formity in  the  early  universe,  and  thus  to  determine  the  very 
fluctuations  in  density  out  of  which  galaxies  and  other  large-scale 
structures  formed.  This  would  provide  a  critical  test  of  such  in- 
flationary theories  as  well  as  of  the  underlying  elementary  particle 
theories.  To  carry  out  such  a  program,  one  division  member  is 
using  a  simplified  model  of  quantum  field  theory  to  predict  the 
nature  of  the  initial  fluctuations.  This  eventually  will  be  supple- 
mented by  a  detailed  analysis  of  the  subsequent  development,  by 
gravitational  instability,  of  the  fluctuations  to  the  point  where  they 
become  observable  structures,  such  as  galaxies  or  clusters  of  gal- 


Science  I  139 


axies.  In  this  project,  one  can  see  the  surprising  unity  of  theoreti- 
cal astrophysics  in  which  an  explanation  of  the  largest  structures 
in  the  universe  is  derived  from  properties  of  the  smallest  elemen- 
tary particles. 


Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Center 

Basic  scientific  research  aimed  at  understanding  the  processes  oc- 
curring in  the  environment  and  their  influence  on  biological  sys- 
tems and  organisms  has  been  the  principal  activity  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Environmental  Research  Center  (serc)  during  the  first  year 
since  its  formation  administratively  on  July  1,  1983.  This  research 
is  long-term  and  emphasizes  both  laboratory  and  field-oriented 
studies  in  three  major  areas:  Regulatory  Biology,  Environmental 
Biology,  and  Radiocarbon  Dating. 

Serc  has  two  principal  facilities :  a  50,000-square-foot  laboratory 
at  Rockville,  Maryland,  and  2,600  acres  of  land  with  a  small  lab- 
oratory and  some  support  buildings  at  Edgewater,  Maryland.  The 
Edgewater  property  constitutes  a  unique  estuarine  research  oppor- 
tunity, comprising  nearly  one-third  of  the  watershed  surrounding 
the  Rhode  River  Estuary,  a  subestuary  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay 
located  a  few  miles  south  of  Annapolis,  Maryland. 

These  two  facilities  are  separated  geographically  by  forty-five 
miles.  A  major  effort  has  been  made  during  the  year  to  inventory 
all  space,  equipment,  support,  and  administrative  services  and 
research  activities  of  serc.  Following  an  intensive  iterative  process, 
the  first  phase  of  a  Master  Plan  for  the  consolidation  of  facilities 
and  research  programs  has  been  completed.  The  initial  priority  was 
to  ascertain  the  feasibility  of  locating  all  of  serc  activities  at  Edge- 
water,  and  then  to  select  a  suitable  site  for  the  construction  of 
permanent  quarters.  A  site  near  the  present  complex  of  existing 
buildings  has  been  selected  for  construction  of  a  facility  that  will 
not  only  enhance  laboratory-oriented  research,  but  also  will  not 
impact  unfavorably  upon  the  long-term  field  sites  under  study 
or  detract  from  the  aesthetic  qualities  of  the  estuarine  setting. 

The  Center  also  maintains  an  educational  program  that  includes 
graduate  students,  postdoctoral  fellows,  undergraduate  work/learn 
students,  and  public  educational  activities.  The  public  education 
aspects  emphasize  teacher-  and  docent-led  tours  and  activities. 
Docents  guide  adult  and  family  groups  on  a  two-mile  Discovery 


140  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Trail  through  outdoor  research  areas.  A  pamphlet  keyed  to  sigr\s 
on  the  Discovery  Trail  makes  the  walk  self-guiding  for  visitors 
who  are  not  on  a  scheduled  tour.  A  recently  developed  sound- 
track slide  show  describes  the  research  at  both  Rockville  and 
Edgewater. 

Forty-two  regular  scientific  seminars  were  held  at  both  Edge- 
water  and  Rockville  in  fiscal  year  1984.  This  is  an  ongoing  edu- 
cational activity  of  serc,  serving  to  inform  the  scientific  public 
about  SERC  research  activities  as  well  as  to  inform  serc  staff  about 
the  work  of  colleagues  in  universities  and  other  governmental 
laboratories. 

Serc  staff  members  were  frequently  invited  to  present  seminars 
and  lectures  to  universities  and  laboratories  and  to  participate  in 
international  and  national  symposia  and  scientific  meetings.  The 
staff  also  routinely  served  as  reviewers  for  grant  proposals  to 
federal  agencies  and  as  reviewers  of  manuscripts  submitted  to 
peer-reviewed  scientific  journals. 

Research  is  done  by  staff  scientists  who  represent  a  diverse 
number  of  disciplines,  including  biology,  chemistry,  physics,  math- 
ematics, and  engineering,  in  the  framework  of  two  divisions: 
Regulatory  Biology  and  Environmental  Biology.  The  principal 
product  of  SERC,  its  research  publications,  could  not  be  achieved 
without  the  continuing  collaboration  between  its  scientific  and 
support  staffs.  The  scientific  staff  this  year  particularly  wishes  to 
acknowledge  the  assistance  received  from  technicians,  students, 
secretaries,  and  administrative  staff  under  the  sometimes  difficult 
and  unsettling  conditions  of  a  newly  formed  bureau. 

ACTIVITIES  AT  ROCKVILLE 

Regulatory  Biology 

Regulatory  Biology  primarily  emphasizes  laboratory  research  to 
determine  how  environmental  stimuli  such  as  light,  temperature, 
and  various  chemicals  are  perceived  by  plant  cells  and  micro- 
organisms. Studies  are  made  of  the  mechanisms  and  processes  reg- 
ulated by  these  stimuli  and  the  specific  means  by  which  they  con- 
trol growth  and  differentiation. 

Plants  sometimes  have  a  control  mechanism  that  enables  them 
to  detect  the  length  of  the  day.  This  process,  photoperiodism,  or 
the  control  by  light  (photo-)  of  the  seasonal  reproduction  (-period- 
ism)  in  plants,  is  affected  by  the  spectral  quality  of  sunlight.  Some 
plants  require  daylengths  greater  than  some  critical  minimum  in 


Science  f  141 


order  to  flower  and  are  called  long-day  plants,  while  others  re- 
quire daylengths  shorter  than  some  critical  maximum  and  are 
called  short-day  plants.  Nonphotoperiodic  plants  are  called  day- 
neutral  and  reproduce  at  some  fixed  time  relative  to  when  germi- 
nation occurred  or  to  a  change  in  temperature  (thermoperiodic). 

Many  economically  important  crops,  such  as  cereals  (with  the 
sole  exception  of  sorghum),  belong  to  the  long-day  group.  Experi- 
ments with  barley  have  shown  that  the  response  to  increasing 
daylengths  is  markedly  stimulated  by  including  light  that  is  just 
beyond  that  which  the  human  eye  can  detect  (called  far-red  or 
near-infrared  light).  It  is  believed  that  the  basis  for  the  photo- 
periodic control  in  these  plants  is  the  coincidence  of  a  light  signal 
with  an  internal  biological  clock,  which  determines  the  sensitivity 
of  the  plant  to  the  presence  of  far-red  light.  Thus,  not  only  must 
light  of  the  proper  spectral  quality  be  present,  but  it  must  be 
present  at  the  right  time  in  order  to  promote  flowering. 

Once  the  proper  light  signal  is  perceived  by  a  plant,  a  series  of 
biochemical  reactions  is  initiated  in  the  leaf  that  ultimately  results 
in  the  production  of  some  translocatable  signal  that  transforms  the 
shoot  apex  into  a  reproductive  structure,  a  flower.  This  light  signal 
that  strikes  the  leaf  is  absorbed  by  a  pigment,  phytochrome,  that  is 
present  in  plants  that  are  capable  of  forming  the  green  pigment 
chlorophyll  used  for  photosynthesis. 

Preliminary  experiments  carried  out  several  years  ago  at  the 
Smithsonian  by  Dr.  M.  Ziv,  a  visiting  scientist  from  the  Hebrew 
University  in  Israel,  suggested  that  in  peanut  seedlings,  the  elonga- 
tion of  the  female  supporting  structure  (peg),  which  carries  the 
developing  peanut  below  ground,  is  controlled  by  light.  In  addition, 
development  at  the  end  of  the  peg  of  the  ovule,  embryo,  and  finally 
mature  pod  is  controlled  by  light.  She  suggested  the  peanut  peg 
might  be  an  analogous  model  system  to  study  signal  transmission 
in  comparison  to  flowering. 

This  year  the  maturation  of  the  peanut  embryo  has  been  demon- 
strated to  be  strictly  controlled  by  phytochrome  located  in  the  ma- 
ternal, ovular  tissue  and  not  in  the  embryo  itself.  Thus,  like  the 
photoperiodic  signal,  something  produced  in  one  tissue  in  response 
to  light  must  be  translocated  to  another  tissue  to  control  develop- 
ment. The  localization  of  this  phytochrome  in  peanut  ovules  and 
embryos  is  being  investigated  by  immunocytological  staining  to 
determine  whether  the  interorgan  distribution  of  phytochrome  can 
explain  the  observed  light  regulation  of  this  response. 

The  chemical  nature  of  the  signal  produced  in  the  leaves  that 


142  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


brings  about  flowering  is  unknown.  It  moves  in  the  phloem  trans- 
port system  from  leaves  to  the  plant  apex.  Phloem  sap  was  collected 
from  Perilla  (Asiatic  mint)  leaves  exposed  to  increasing  numbers  of 
inductive  short  days.  In  Perilla  it  takes  a  minimum  of  seven  short 
days  to  induce  some  flowering.  Extracts  of  this  phloem  sap  have 
been  made.  One  peak  in  the  neutral  ethyl  acetate  fraction  is  pres- 
ent in  phloem  from  flowering  plants  but  is  not  present,  or  is  in  very 
low  amounts,  in  vegetative  phloem  sap.  This  peak  appears  between 
three  and  six  days  after  the  beginning  of  inductive  short  days.  This 
material  is  being  accumulated  by  high-pressure  liquid  chromatog- 
raphy and  will  be  tested  for  its  effect  on  flowering  when  added  to 
vegetative  plants. 

Extraction  experiments  using  duckweed  (Lemna)  have  generated 
several  peaks  of  activity  from  Lemna  gibba  G3  plants  that  have 
flower-inducing  activity  when  tested  on  Lemna  paucicostata  151. 
One  of  these  active  peaks  was  identified  collaboratively  with  Pro- 
fessors Takimoto  and  Takahashi  of  Japan  as  nicotinic  acid.  The 
remaining  peaks  have  not  yet  been  identified.  Experiments  have 
begun  to  measure  nicotinic  acid  in  flowering  and  vegetative  plants. 

When  Lemna  gibba  G3  is  grown  under  long  days  either  on  a 
complete  E  (modified  Hoagland's)  medium  or  on  an  ammonium- 
ion-free  half-strength  Hutner's  medium  to  which  ten  micromoles 
of  salicylic  acid  have  been  added,  excellent  flowering  of  75-80  per- 
cent occurs.  If  plants  are  kept  on  these  media  for  seven  days  and 
then  are  transferred,  still  under  long  days,  to  an  ammonium-ion- 
free  half-strength  Hutner's  medium  without  salicylic  acid  being 
present,  the  long  day-induced  flowering  persists  much  more  than 
the  salicylic  acid-induced  flowering.  (This  transfer  medium  used 
from  the  beginning  would  bring  about  almost  no  flowering.)  This 
result  suggests  that  salicylic  acid  does  not  exert  its  effect  by  caus- 
ing the  formation  of  the  flowering  stimulus  in  the  same  way  long- 
day  induction  does.  Salicylic  acid  is  known  to  be  quickly  inactivated 
and  sequestered  after  being  taken  into  plants.  It  probably  never 
reaches  the  meristems  that  are  directly  exposed  to  the  medium. 
Therefore,  we  conclude  that  salicylic  acid  sets  into  motion  some 
change  that  can  mimic  the  effect  of  the  flowering  stimulus  and  can 
lead  to  flower  formation. 

In  the  medium  lacking  salicylic  acid,  if  the  phosphate  concentra- 
tion is  increased  ten  to  twentyfold,  flowering  of  40  to  60  percent 
occurs.  Suboptimal  concentrations  of  salicylic  acid  interact  syner- 
gistically  with  phosphate  to  promote  flowering.  Salicylic  acid  prob- 
ably stimulates  phosphate  uptake  or  alters  phosphate  metabolism. 


Science  I  143 


Experiments  on  the  uptake  of  carbon-14  labelled  salicylic  acid 
continue.  A  peak  at  the  origin  on  thin  layer  chromatography  plates 
from  the  acidic  ethyl  acetate  fraction  becomes  very  prominent  with 
uptake  periods  of  longer  than  six  hours.  Earlier  studies  had  over- 
looked this  material.  It  is  being  assayed  to  determine  if  it  is  a 
bound  form  of  salicylic  acid  and  whether  it  has  flower-inducing 
activity. 

Last  year  evidence  was  reported  from  radioimmunological  assays 
that  plant  extracts  contain  insulinlike  materials.  This  year  two 
different  insulin  bioassays  also  yielded  good  activity.  However,  this 
insulinlike  material  is  different  from  any  mammalian  insulin  that 
has  been  tested.  In  addition,  somatostatin-like  activity  has  been 
found  in  extracts  of  both  duckweed  and  spinach.  Somatostatin  is 
an  animal  peptide  hormone  that  regulates  release  of  insulin  and 
glucagon  from  the  pancreas  in  man. 

The  light-absorbing  pigment,  phytochrome,  that  perceives  these 
stimuli  is  a  protein,  and  it  can  be  isolated  and  purified  from  dark- 
grown  rye  seedlings.  It  can  exist  in  two  relatively  stable  forms.  On 
purified  material  the  light  activation  process  can  be  studied  under 
controlled  conditions.  An  area  on  the  surface  of  the  protein  mole- 
cule changes  shape  after  exposure  to  light.  This  area  has  been  pro- 
posed to  be  the  chemically  active  site  involved  in  the  first  step  of 
phytochrome-mediated  responses.  The  binding  of  a  number  of  de- 
fined chemical  probes  to  this  site  has  been  examined  this  year. 
Both  hydrophobic  and  ionic  groups  become  more  exposed  to  the 
exterior  of  the  protein  after  exposure  to  light.  However,  the  chemi- 
cal function  of  this  site  has  not  yet  been  identified.  Phytochrome 
molecules  isolated  from  both  oat  and  pea  seedlings  contain  a  simi- 
lar site  on  the  protein  surface. 

It  has  long  been  known  that  light  energy  striking  red  or  blue- 
green  algal  cells  is  absorbed  by  accessory  pigments,  phycobilipro- 
teins,  transferred  to  photosystem  II  of  photosynthesis  and  then 
distributed  to  photosystem  I.  Characterization  has  continued  of  the 
oxygen-evolving,  phycobilisome-photosystem  II  particles  that  were 
isolated  for  the  first  time  last  year  from  the  red  alga  Porphyridium 
cruentum.  In  both  red  and  blue-green  algae,  the  phycobilisomes 
exist  on  the  external  (stromal)  surface  of  the  photosynthetic  thyla- 
koid  lamellae.  Grana  stacks  and  chlorophyll  a/b  complexes  do  not 
exist  in  these  organisms.  Thus,  the  seemingly  less  complex  thyla- 
koid  structure  in  Porphyridium  and  the  direct  energy  transfer  path- 
way from  phycobiliprotein  to  photosystem  II  provide  a  promising 


144  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


system  for  exploring  the  structural  relationship  of  photosystem  II 
with  its  accessory  pigment,  phycobilisome,  antenna. 

The  isolated  particles  have  very  high  oxygen  evolution  rates  and 
a  greatly  reduced  chlorophyll  content.  The  average  ratio  in  the  par- 
ticles is  sixty  chlorophyll  molecules  per  phycobilisome  as  compared 
to  about  1,200  chlorophyll  molecules  per  phycobilisome  in  the  un- 
fractionated  thylakoid  membranes.  Photosystem  I  is  greatly  re- 
duced in  these  particles.  Electron  microscopic  observations  con- 
firmed that  the  particles  are  relatively  homogeneous  and  that 
typical  thylakoid  membranes  are  absent.  The  electron  microscopic 
fields  showed  phycobilisomes,  often  in  clusters  of  two  or  three, 
that  had  small  appendages  seemingly  at  the  base  of  the  phycobili- 
somes. Thus,  these  particles  from  Porphyridium  are  different  from 
the  other  photosystem  Il-enriched  particles  in  that  they  have  one 
of  the  highest  oxygen-evolving  rates  thus  far  observed,  and  unlike 
other  preparations,  they  have  functional  coupling  of  the  intact 
phycobilisome  with  the  photosystem  II  thylakoid  system. 

Phycobilisomes  from  the  blue-green  alga  Anacystis  nidulans 
were  studied  for  the  wild  type  and  several  spontaneous  mutants 
were  selected  for  improved  growth  in  far-red  light.  By  electron 
microscopy,  the  thylakoid  area  of  wild  type  and  the  85Y  mutant, 
as  well  as  the  phycobilisome  size  and  morphology,  were  deter- 
mined. The  size  of  phycobilisomes  of  wild  type  cells  were  larger 
than  those  of  the  85Y  mutant.  The  number  of  phycobilisomes  per 
cell,  calculated  from  the  phycobiliprotein  content  and  phycobili- 
some size,  was  about  the  same  in  wild  type  grown  in  white  light 
and  85Y  mutants  grown  in  far-red  light.  However,  the  number  of 
phycobilisomes  per  unit  area  of  thylakoid  increased  by  almost  two- 
fold in  cells  grown  in  far-red  light. 

A  large  portion  of  the  chloroplast  is  composed  of  membranous 
sacs  (thylakoids)  in  which  the  electron  transport  reactions  of  pho- 
tosynthesis take  place.  Some  of  the  polypeptides  of  the  thylakoids 
are  made  in  the  chloroplast  on  chloroplast  ribosomes.  These  chloro- 
plast-synthesized  polypeptides  are  translated  from  messenger  ribo- 
nucleic acids  (mRNAs)  that  are  coded  for  by  the  chloroplast 
genome.  Chloroplast  ribosomes  are  attached  to  the  thylakoids,  but 
are  also  present  in  the  chloroplast  ground  substance  (stroma). 
Spinach  is  being  used  to  investigate  the  possibility  that  the  thyla- 
koid-bound  ribosomes  are  specifically  synthesizing  polypeptides 
that  are  cotranslationally  added  to  the  thylakoids. 

Work  is  continuing  on  the  site  of  biosynthesis  and  addition  to 


Science  /  145 


the  thylakoids  of  the  polypeptide  that  is  the  reaction  center  of 
photosystem  I  (apo  CP  I).  It  is  an  integral  membrane  polypeptide. 
mRNA  for  apo  CP  I  was  found  to  be  largely  associated  with  thyla- 
koids. Also,  thylakoids  with  attached  ribosomes  synthesized  apo 
CP  I.  The  newly  synthesized  apo  CP  I  remained  with  the  thylakoids 
at  termination  of  protein  synthesis.  Synthesis  of  apo  CP  I  was 
determined  by  immunoprecipitation  of  newly  synthesized  radio- 
active apo  CP  I  with  specific  antibody  against  apo  CP  I.  However, 
only  a  small  portion  of  specific  immunoprecipitable  radioactive  pro- 
tein migrated  on  acrylamide  gel  electrophoresis  in  the  position  of 
authentic  apo  CP  I.  Therefore,  confirmation  of  localization  within 
the  chloroplast  of  apo  CP  I  mRNA,  and  of  synthesis  of  apo  CP  I 
by  thylakoids  with  bound  ribosomes,  is  being  sought.  For  this  pur- 
pose a  portion  of  the  apo  CP  I  gene  (apo  CP  I  probe)  has  been 
isolated  from  a  cloned  segment  of  chloroplast  DNA  containing  the 
gene  for  apo  CP  I.  The  apo  CP  I  probe  will  be  used  to  determine 
the  sub-chloroplast  locahzation  of  apo  CP  I  mRNA,  and  for  isola- 
tion of  apo  CP  I  mRNA. 

Work  on  the  site  of  synthesis,  and  on  the  addition  of  polypep- 
tides to  thylakoids  has  been  extended  to  a  second  integral  thylakoid 
polypeptide,  the  polypeptide  of  the  proteolipid  component  of  thy- 
lakoid translocating  ATPase  (proteolipid).  Proteolipid  was  isolated 
from  thylakoids  and  antibody  (anti-proteolipid)  was  prepared.  It 
was  found  that  thylakoids  with  bound  ribosomes  synthesized  poly- 
peptide that  was  immunoprecipitated  with  anti-proteolipid.  The  re- 
sult indicates  that  at  least  some  of  the  proteolipid  is  synthesized  by 
thylakoid-bound  ribosomes. 

In  the  fungus  Neurospora  crassa,  blue  light  is  required  for  the 
induction  of  carotenoid  pigment  biosynthesis.  Phytoene,  a  colorless 
precursor  of  the  carotenoid  pigments,  accumulates  in  dark-grown 
cultures.  Hence,  it  has  been  postulated  that  enzymes  after  phytoene 
in  the  pathway  are  regulated  by  light.  It  has  also  been  shown,  how- 
ever, that  enzymes  before  phytoene  in  the  pathway  are  photo- 
regulated. 

The  conversion  of  isopentenyl  pyrophosphate  (IPP)  to  phytoene 
in  Neurospora  crassa  requires  both  a  soluble  and  a  particulate  frac- 
tion. The  soluble  fraction  catalyzes  the  formation  of  geranylgeranyl 
pyrophosphate  (GGPP)  from  IPP.  This  activity  is  drastically  re- 
duced in  an  albino-3  mutant.  The  particulate  fraction  catalyzes  the 
conversion  of  GGPP  to  phytoene.  In  a  wild-type  strain  of  Neuro- 
spora, a  blue-light  treatment  of  the  mycelia  causes  a  tenfold  in- 


146  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


crease  in  the  particulate  enzyme  activity,  while  the  soluble  activity 
increases  twofold. 

This  year  the  photoregulation  of  GGPP  synthesis  has  been  stud- 
ied in  more  detail.  The  conversion  of  IPP  to  GGPP  requires  at  least 
two  enzymes,  IPP  isomerase  and  GGPP  synthetase.  To  assay 
GGPP  synthetase  it  is  necessary  to  separate  it  from  the  isomerase. 
This  has  been  accomplished  using  hydroxylapatite  chromatog- 
raphy. Also  by  this  procedure,  GGPP  synthetase  has  been  sepa- 
rated from  farnesyl  pyrophosphate  (FPP)  synthetase,  an  enzyme 
that  catalyzes  the  formation  of  FPP  which  is  used  as  a  substrate 
for  sterol  synthesis. 

Using  hydroxylapatite  chromatography,  it  was  found  that  an 
in  vivo  blue-light  treatment  causes  an  increase  in  GGPP  synthetase 
activity  without  any  apparent  effect  on  FPP  synthetase  or  IPP 
isomerase.  Furthermore,  GGPP  synthetase  activity  is  present  at  a 
much  lower  level  in  an  albino-3  mutant  than  in  the  wild  type,  while 
the  other  two  enzymes  were  present  at  wild  type  levels. 

The  discomycete  fungus  Pyronema  domesticum  forms  apothecia 
(reproductive  structures)  in  white  light  in  closed  Petri  dishes  and 
in  the  absence  of  circulating  air  in  an  incubator.  Ultraviolet-A 
radiation  (320  to  420  nm)  at  an  intensity  of  104  microwatts  per 
square  centimeter  was  found  this  year  to  be  the  effective  region 
of  the  white  light  that  induces  large  numbers  of  apothecia  in 
sealed  flask  cultures.  Mycelial  growth  was  inhibited  at  intensities 
that  induce  apothecia  formation.  Exposure  to  intense  ultravioIet-A 
radiation  (4030  microwatts  per  square  centimeter)  results  in  death 
of  the  mycelium.  Apothecia  was  found  to  form  also  in  the  dark  in 
stagnant  air  in  the  presence  of  activated  charcoal.  Apparently, 
volatile  substances  released  by  the  fungus  are  inhibitory  to  apothe- 
cia formation.  This  inhibition  is  removed  by  adsorption  to  the 
activated  charcoal  but  the  chemical  nature  of  the  inhibitor  is  un- 
known. 

Mature  sporangiophores  (Stage  IV)  of  the  fungus  Phycomyces 
blakesleeanus  give  weak  and  erratic  gravitropic  responses  when 
placed  in  a  horizontal  position.  However,  it  was  found  that  if 
sporangiophores  are  exposed  horizontally  to  gravity  during 
younger  developmental  stages  (Stages  II  and  III)  in  which  the  cells 
do  not  elongate  or  give  a  gravitropic  response,  subsequent  gravi- 
tropic responses  observed  in  Stage  IV  have  a  shorter  and  more  uni- 
form latency.  This  early  exposure  to  altered  gravitational  orienta- 
tion causes  the  sporangiophore  to  develop  a  gravireceptor  as  it 
matures  to  Stage  IV  and  resumes  elongation. 


Science  I  147 


Sporangiophores  are  allowed  to  develop  this  increased  sensi- 
tivity by  balancing  a  blue-light-induced  phototropic  response 
against  the  gravity-induced  geotropism.  An  optical  microscopic 
technique  was  developed  to  observe  the  spatial  relationship  be- 
tween the  vacuole  and  protoplasm  of  a  living  sporangiophore  once 
this  photogeotropic  equilibrium  was  established.  The  thickness  of 
the  cytoplasmic  layer  is  thinner  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  cell 
than  on  the  lower  surface.  It  is  believed  that  this  increased  cyto- 
plasmic thickness  is  involved  in  developing  increased  geotropic 
sensitivity  and  causes  increased  growth  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
sporangiophore  with  a  subsequent  positive  geotropic  response. 

Environmental  Biology 

The  opening  of  the  pores  on  leaves  (stomates)  that  allow  for  the 
entry  of  carbon  dioxide  for  photosynthesis  has  been  thought  to  be 
regulated  by  blue  light  or  red  light  that  is  effective  for  photo- 
synthesis. Newly  obtained  data  indicate  that  the  far-red  portion  of 
natural  sunlight  interacts  with  an  internal  rhythm  of  the  leaves  to 
control  pore  size.  This  far-red  light  has  been  found  to  be  most 
effective  when  other  qualities  of  light  are  simultaneously  present. 
Thus,  the  amount  of  far-red  light  present  is  apparently  the  sig- 
nificant cue  enabling  plants  to  carry  out  maximum  rates  of  photo- 
synthesis under  natural  conditions. 

Measurements  of  the  carbon  dioxide  gas  conductivity  controlled 
by  the  stomata  (pores)  on  primary  leaves  of  bean  seedlings  dem- 
onstrated that  phytochrome  modulates  light-induced  stomatal 
opening.  Removal  of  the  far-red  absorbing  form  by  exposure  to 
far-red  light  decreased  the  time  required  to  reach  maximal  open- 
ing following  a  dark  to  light  transition,  as  in  sunrise.  Removal  of 
the  far-red  absorbing  form  of  phytochrome  also  decreased  the 
time  required  to  reach  maximal  closure  following  a  light  to  dark 
transition,  as  in  sunset.  Removal  of  the  far-red  absorbing  form  of 
phytochrome  is  brought  about  by  greater  quantities  of  far-red  light 
in  the  sunlight  spectrum  relative  to  the  red  portion  of  the  spec- 
trum. Sufficiently  high  far-red  to  red  ratios  of  sunlight  occur  at 
sunrise  and  at  sunset. 

The  photosynthetic  productivity  of  plants  is  regulated  by  the 
amount  of  carbon  dioxide  available.  The  absolute  carbon  dioxide 
concentration  measured  above  the  tropical  forest  on  Barro  Colo- 
rado Island  in  the  Republic  of  Panama  indicates  that  there  is  an 
annual  increase  of  1.5  parts  per  million,  a  value  that  correlates 


148  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


well  with  values  found  at  other  global  stations.  Measurements  of 
carbon  dioxide  exchange  and  monitoring  of  amounts  of  photo- 
synthetically  active  radiation,  temperature,  and  wind  velocity  have 
been  carried  out  for  one  year  on  Barro  Colorado  Island,  sponsored 
by  an  Environmental  Science  Program  grant.  These  data  will  com- 
prise the  formation  of  baseline  data  to  ascertain  the  effects  of 
changes  in  these  parameters  with  other  continuing  ecological 
studies  on  the  island. 

Initial  carbon  flux  rates,  using  gas  measurements  and  eddy  cor- 
relation techniques,  indicate  a  20  percent  greater  productivity  rate 
in  the  tropical  forest  than  those  measured  by  conventional  leaf 
litterbox  collection  techniques  of  gathering  leaves,  fruits,  and  twigs 
that  drop  from  trees  or  visual  estimation  techniques  of  ascertain- 
ing the  extent  and  change  of  the  forest  leaf  canopy.  The  param- 
eters measured  were  found  to  have  a  very  high  correlation  coeffi- 
cient with  the  carbon  flux  rates  measured  for  this  initial  year  of 
operation.  The  measurements  will  continue  to  test  the  validity  of 
these  correlations  of  growth  as  influenced  by  carbon  dioxide  con- 
centrations available  to  the  forest  canopy. 

Plants  occupying  coastal  wetlands  have  to  overcome  several 
stressful  environmental  factors,  one  of  which  is  salt.  The  dominant 
plant  species  in  this  ecosystem,  Spartina  alterniflora  (Common 
Cordgrass),  has  the  ability  to  tolerate  salt  concentrations  three  to 
four  times  that  of  seawater.  The  typical  response  to  such  high  salt 
levels  over  many  seasons  is  for  the  plants  to  be  diminished  in 
height  by  an  order  of  magnitude. 

In  attempting  to  understand  the  physiological  basis  for  this 
dwarfing  response,  the  reaction  of  the  photosynthetic  apparatus  of 
this  plant  to  salinity  and  other  factors  has  been  examined.  The 
working  hypothesis  is  that  adaptations  to  high  salt  concentrations, 
lack  of  oxygen,  and  perhaps  other  characteristics  of  this  plant's 
habitat  are  at  least  partially  an  adaptation  to  water  stress. 

When  the  roots  of  S.  alterniflora  were  flooded  with  water  that 
contained  gradually  increasing  salt  concentrations  over  a  period 
of  twenty-four  hours,  the  response  of  the  plant's  photosynthetic 
apparatus  was  different  from  a  rapid,  large  increase  in  salinity. 
When  the  step  increase  was  large  (i.e.,  from  low  salinity  to  sea- 
water  salinity)  there  was  an  immediate  response  in  the  stomata, 
which  limited  the  supply  of  CO2  to  the  intercellular  spaces.  When 
the  step  increases  were  small,  and  the  plant  was  given  time  to 
adjust,  the  stomata  played  a  very  small  role  in  limiting  the  supply 
of  CO2.  In  the  latter  case,  kinetic  studies  of  light  and  CO2  showed 


Science  I  149 


that  the  imposed  stress  affected  the  photosynthetic  capacity  (i.e., 
the  maximum  rate  of  CO2  assimilation)  in  high  light  conditions 
and  CO2,  but  did  not  influence  the  rate  of  photosynthesis  at  low 
light  intensities. 

Typically,  increments  in  sahnity  of  salt  marsh  soils  occur  over 
periods  of  days,  and  are  influenced  by  the  frequency  and  intensity 
of  storms  and  by  the  tides.  Thus,  the  ability  of  salt  marsh  species 
to  acclimate  to  changes  in  soil  salinity  within  a  twenty-four  hour 
period  may  be  a  crucial  physiological  adaptation  for  surviving 
environmental  stress. 

Measurements  of  the  amounts  of  ultraviolet  sunlight  received  at 
the  earth's  surface  show  that  there  are  periodic  increases  and  de- 
creases that  are  not  caused  by  the  activities  of  man  or  by  volcanic 
activity.  Current  data  from  land-based  instruments  operated  by 
SERC,  indicate  that  these  increases  and  decreases  are  due  primarily 
to  differences  in  the  amounts  of  ultraviolet  produced  by  the  sun. 
Data  obtained  by  National  Air  and  Space  Administration  satellites 
of  solar  radiation  above  the  atmosphere  support  this  finding. 
Therefore,  concerns  about  man's  role  through  the  addition  of 
fluorocarbons  that  change  the  earth's  atmosphere  by  altering  the 
ozone  concentrations,  thus  changing  the  amounts  of  ultraviolet 
radiation  transmitted,  must  be  evaluated  in  terms  of  this  informa- 
tion. Instruments  were  installed  late  in  fiscal  year  1984  at  Mauna 
Loa  Observatory  in  Hawaii  in  collaboration  with  the  National 
Oceanic  and  Atmospheric  Administration  to  measure  ultraviolet  at 
the  11,000-foot  level.  These  measurements  in  the  relatively  clean 
atmosphere,  remote  from  urban  pollution,  will  provide  a  better 
indication  of  the  changes  in  ultraviolet  resulting  from  atmospheric 
changes  specifically  in  the  troposphere. 

Long-term  measurements  of  the  color  quality  and  amounts  of 
visible  solar  radiation  over  a  fifteen-year  time  period  have  been 
completed  and  indicate  a  remarkable  stability  for  any  given  geo- 
graphical location.  This  stability  is  true  only  for  the  visible  portion 
of  sunlight  and  since  most  of  the  visible  sunlight  changes  so  little, 
measurements  are  no  longer  needed  in  wide  bands.  These  data  pro- 
vide an  extensive  base  line  available  to  future  researchers.  Instru- 
ments designed  and  constructed  by  serc  that  measure  in  relatively 
narrow  bands  in  the  visible  portion  of  the  spectrum  have  proven 
to  be  very  reliable,  and  their  use  will  continue  in  measuring  se- 
lected bands  of  sunlight  of  interest  for  specific  biological  responses 
such  as  photosynthesis  or  flowering. 


150  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Radiocarbon  Dating 

The  radiocarbon  dating  laboratory  operates  within  the  Regulatory 
Division,  performing  basic  research  in  radiocarbon  dating  as  well 
as  providing  service  datings  of  archeologically  interesting  artifacts 
for  the  museums. 

Studies  of  the  relative  rise  of  sea  levels  in  the  Gulf  of  Maine 
over  recent  time  periods  has  continued.  A  large  discrepancy  in  the 
radiocarbon  dates  for  shell-midden  sites  along  the  shore  of  Passa- 
maquaddy  Bay  in  coastal  Maine  prompted  an  investigation  of  rela- 
tive sea  level  rise  in  the  area  as  a  result  of  crustal  warping.  Tide 
gauge  records  and  documented  photographic  records  indicate  that 
while  the  relative  sea  level  is  rising  a  few  centimeters  per  century 
in  western  New  Brunswick,  that  rise  amounts  to  nearly  a  meter 
per  century  in  eastern  coastal  Maine.  In  cooperation  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maine,  cores  of  salt  marsh  peats  have  been  taken  at 
numerous  sites  along  coastal  Maine,  and  are  being  dated  to  pro- 
vide a  more  extensive  chronology  of  sea  level  rise.  Initial  evidence 
suggests  that  a  similar  rapid  rise  took  place  in  this  region  between 
2,500  and  2,000  years  ago.  A  geologic  fault  line  separating  the 
two  areas  indicates  continued  geological  instability. 

ACTIVITIES  AT  EDGEWATER 

Environmental  Biology 

The  principal  objective  of  serc's  environmental  biology  program  is 
the  study  of  environmental  processes  in  estuarine  and  watershed 
systems.  Observational  and  manipulative  studies  are  designed  to 
develop  and  test  ecological  concepts  at  the  macroscopic  process 
level  (landscape,  habitat,  community,  or  population).  Emphasis  is 
placed  upon  studies  of  how  biological  communities  are  developed 
and  maintained  over  time.  The  need  for  such  research  is  increas- 
ingly critical  in  a  world  where  chronic  disturbance  is  causing 
major  reductions  in  the  productivity  and  diversity  of  environmen- 
tal systems.  The  primary  site  for  this  long-term,  intensive  research 
is  the  Smithsonian  property  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay  (tidal  Rhode 
River  and  its  watershed).  The  site  includes  a  mixture  of  land  uses 
typical  of  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain,  as  well  as  freshwater  and 
brackish  tidal  wetlands,  and  an  estuarine  tributary  to  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  This  environmental  diversity  and  the  long-term  control 
of  the  property  make  the  site  exceptionally  suitable  for  a  variety 
of  studies  of  the  complex  processes  linking  terrestrial  and  estu- 


Science  I  ISl. 


arine  systems.  Comparative  studies  are  also  conducted  at  a  wide 
range  of  secondary  sites,  to  test  the  generality  of  research  results 
from  the  primary  site. 

Genetic  and  Morphological  Diversification  of  Salamanders 

Although  salamanders  are  often  considered  to  be  characteristic  of 
the  north  temperature  zone,  more  than  half  of  the  world's  sala- 
mander species  actually  live  in  the  New  World  tropics.  In  the  most 
recent  phase  of  a  long-term  comparative  study,  involving  scientists 
from  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  University  of  California 
(Berkeley),  and  the  University  of  Chicago,  patterns  of  genetic  and 
morphological  similarity  were  compared  in  salamanders  of  the 
genus  Pseudoeurycea  that  inhabit  the  Transverse  Volcanic  Range 
of  south-central  Mexico.  Previous  evolutionary  studies  of  this 
group  had  been  hampered  by  superficial  similarities  in  the  appear- 
ance of  even  distantly  related  species,  but  the  separation  of  en- 
zymes by  starch-gel  electrophoresis  and  the  analysis  of  detailed 
morphological  measurements  has  made  it  possible  to  sort  out  much 
of  the  complex  genealogy  of  these  salamanders. 

As  a  result  of  this  research,  a  distinctive  new  species  (Pseudo- 
eurycea longicauda),  was  discovered  and  described,  and  the  rela- 
tionships of  P.  leprosa,  P.  robertsi,  and  P.  altamontana  were  clari- 
fied. P.  leprosa  consists  of  a  number  of  morphologically  similar, 
but  geographically  isolated,  populations  that  inhabit  the  highest 
volcanic  peaks  and  ridges  in  south-central  Mexico.  Genetic  com- 
parisons indicate  that  some  presently  isolated  populations  have 
been  separated  only  since  the  Pleistocene  era,  while  others  have 
not  exchanged  genetic  material  since  early  Pliocene  times.  At  the 
other  extreme,  P.  robertsi  and  P.  altamontana  are  sufficiently  dif- 
ferent in  appearance  to  have  been  placed  in  different  species 
groups  by  previous  workers,  but  electrophoretic  comparison  of 
enzyme  variation  in  these  two  species  suggests  that  they  have 
diverged  only  within  the  last  1-2  million  years. 

Ecology  of  Cranefly  Orchid 

Long-term  studies  of  the  Cranefly  Orchid  (Tipularia  discolor)  in 
a  deciduous  forest  at  the  center's  research  site  in  Maryland  are 
revealing  the  complex  nature  of  a  plant  species'  adaptations  to  its 
environment.  Because  this  plant  produces  one  corm  (an  under- 
ground storage  organ)  per  year,  which  persists  for  several  years, 
and  also  has  distinct  reproductive  and  vegetative  seasonability,  it 


152  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


was  chosen  as  the  subject  of  a  study  on  how  plants  allocate  their 
resources  in  a  natural  population.  Corms  older  than  one  year  lose 
weight  gradually  during  the  year  and  most  vegetative  growth  goes 
into  current  year  corms.  Leaves  and  sexual  reproductive  structures 
account,  at  peak  weight,  for  approximately  20  percent  of  the  total 
plant.  The  largest  percentages  of  nutrients  were  found  in  corms 
two  years  older,  and  nutrient  concentrations  were  also  high  in 
newly  formed  leaves  and  flowers.  Analysis  of  the  weight  and  nu- 
trient data  suggests  that  translocation  is  important,  but  it  does  not 
account  for  all  of  the  uptake  in  new  growth.  Plants  must,  there- 
fore, assimilate  nutrients  from  the  soil  during  periods  of  growth. 
The  results  suggest  that  large,  belowground  nutrient  storage  pools 
are  maintained  for  purposes  other  than  providing  nutrients  for 
pulses  of  growth. 

Effects  of  Forest  Fragmentation  on  Birds 

Man's  use  of  the  landscape  often  results  in  habitat  fragmentation, 
which  has  diverse  ramifications  for  the  animals  dependent  upon 
the  affected  habitat.  One  of  the  long-term  studies  at  the  center  has 
addressed  the  question:  To  what  extent  has  man's  alteration  of  the 
eastern  deciduous  forest  on  the  coastal  plain  impacted  breeding 
bird  populations?  Point  surveys  were  used  to  estimate  the  abun- 
dance and  diversity  of  breeding  forest  birds  in  relation  to  the  size, 
degree  of  isolation,  floristics,  physiognomy,  and  successional  ma- 
turity of  270  upland  forest  patches  in  the  coastal  plain  province 
of  Maryland.  Physiognomic  and  floristic  characteristics  of  the  tree, 
shrub,  and  herb  layers  of  the  forest  were  measured  at  each  site. 
The  local  abundance  of  almost  every  bird  species  breeding  in  the 
interior  of  upland  forests  was  found  to  be  significantly  influenced 
by  forest  area,  isolation,  structure,  or  floristics,  or  combinations 
of  these  factors.  Highly  migratory  species  tended  to  be  most 
abundant  in  extensive  stands  of  mature,  floristically  diverse  forests 
that  were  only  slightly  isolated  from  sources  of  potential  colonists. 
Densities  of  permanent  residents  and  short-distance  migrants 
tended  to  be  less  affected  by  these  site  characteristics,  or  had 
responses  opposite  in  sign  to  those  of  long-distance  migrants. 

The  impacts  of  forest  fragmentation  on  bird  populations  are 
complex  and  species-specific.  Many  bird  species  respond  strongly 
to  factors  other  than,  or  in  addition  to,  forest  patch  area  and  iso- 
lation. Dissection  of  the  landscape  into  small  highly  isolated 
patches  of  forest  adversely  affects  some  bird  species,  but  struc- 


Science  I  153 


tural  and  floristic  characteristics  of  the  forest  are  more  important 
than  patch  size  and  isolation  for  many  species,  given  the  existing 
distribution  of  forest  patches  in  the  coastal  plain  of  Maryland. 

Agricultural  Herbicides  in  Runoff 

Today  most  farmers  utilize  preemergent  herbicides  (weed  killers) 
as  a  part  of  row-crop  management.  These  compounds  avoid  the 
necessity  of  mechanical  weed  control  while  the  crop  is  developing 
after  planting.  Serc  has  conducted  extensive  research  upon  the 
fate  of  these  chemicals  in  order  to  evaluate  their  potential  for 
nontarget  effects  in  receiving  waters.  Two  commonly  used  herbi- 
cides in  cornfields  of  the  Rhode  River  Watershed  are  atrazine 
(2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino,l/3,5,-triazine)  and  ala- 
chlor  (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-methoxymethyl  acetanilide).  Al- 
though alachlor  was  applied  in  larger  quantities,  atrazine  was  de- 
tected more  frequently  in  runoff  waters  and  had  greater  concen- 
trations than  alachlor  (0-40  vs.  0-6  parts  per  billion  (ppb)).  Atra- 
zine was  more  persistent  and  more  mobile  in  watershed  soils.  Con- 
centrations in  discharges  were  not  closely  related  to  agricultural 
land-use.  Runoff  waters  from  forested  watersheds  where  herbi- 
cides were  not  directly  applied  were  contaminated  with  herbicides 
as  a  result  of  atmospheric  transport  and  spray  drift.  During  the 
three-year  study  period,  a  maximum  of  ten  ppb  of  atrazine,  and 
up  to  0.5  ppb  alachlor  were  discharged  in  winter  runoff  waters 
from  the  eight  experimental  watersheds,  indicating  the  importance 
of  flow  degradation  and  complex  transport  mechanisms.  In  addi- 
tion to  reflecting  the  quantity  of  herbicides  directly  applied  to  land 
surface,  residual  herbicide  levels  in  runoff  waters  must  be  influ- 
enced by  other  important  factors  such  as  topography  and  location 
of  croplands  in  relationship  to  drainage  channel.  A  major  portion 
of  atrazine  was  found  to  be  in  solution  in  runoff-water  samples 
collected  during  storm  events.  Percolation  in  subsurface  flow  and 
dissolution  in  overland  flow  were  believed  to  be  important  trans- 
port mechanisms. 

Displacement  of  Alkaline  Ions  by  Acid  Rain 

In  recent  years,  environmental  scientists  in  several  locations  have 
gradually  perceived  the  importance  of  chemicals  that  enter  vari- 
ous ecosystems  in  precipitation.  To  a  considerable  extent  this  con- 
cern has  resulted  from  the  documentation  of  steadily  increasing 
acidity  in  rainfall.  This  increased  acidity  in  precipitation  is  pri- 


154  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


marily  due  to  increasing  concentrations  of  sulfur  and  nitrogen 
oxides  in  the  atmosphere.  In  such  places  as  Sweden,  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  the  Smoky  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina,  the  Appalachian  Mountains  of  Tennessee,  the  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  Mountains  of 
New  Mexico,  research  reports  have  documented  and  summarized 
both  ion  inputs  in  precipitation  and  ionic  losses  in  land  discharge. 
Differences  between  ionic  inputs  and  outputs  can  then  be  ascribed 
to  the  interactions  of  vegetation  and  soils  with  chemical  com- 
ponents in  the  precipitation.  Most  of  these  published  studies  were 
conducted  in  mountainous  regions  with  low  human  populations  and 
limited  land  management.  None  were  in  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain 
of  the  United  States.  An  understanding  of  natural  (i.e.,  unman- 
aged)  systems  is  theoretically  important,  but  of  limited  value  when 
extrapolations  must  be  made  to  complex,  multiple-land-use  sys- 
tems. Understanding  nutrient  dynamics  on  a  multiple-land-use 
basis  is  critically  important  for  wise  management  of  the  land.  The 
most  abundant  land  uses  on  the  Rhode  River  Watershed,  as  else- 
where on  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  are  forest,  cropland,  and 
pastureland.  Since  no  calcareous  minerals  are  found  in  watershed 
soils,  the  latter  are  poorly  buffered  against  acid  rain  inputs. 

Ionic  inputs  in  precipitation  and  farm  chemicals  were  measured, 
as  were  ionic  outputs  in  land  runoff  from  the  principal  land-use 
categories.  Patterns  of  ionic  composition  were  also  traced  along 
pathways  of  surface  runoff  during  storms  and  soil  water  percola- 
tion between  storms.  The  results  from  this  research  confirm  other 
studies  that  have  found  a  trend  of  increasing  acidity  in  rainfall,  as 
well  as  important  regional  differences  in  its  effects.  It  is  clear  that 
at  the  Rhode  River  site,  increased  hydrogen  ion  inputs  are  dis- 
placing the  essential  plant  nutrients  of  Mg++,  Ca++,  and  K+. 
Although  displacement  rates  are  apparently  low,  available  nutrient 
pools  in  forested  areas  could  be  depleted  in  a  few  decades,  causing 
ecologically  significant  effects.  Ion  losses  appeared  to  be  propor- 
tional to  the  magnitude  of  disturbance  associated  with  the  three 
land  uses  studied.  Thus,  total  cation  and  anion  outputs  were  low- 
est at  the  forest  site,  similar  but  somewhat  higher  for  the  pasture- 
land,  and  significantly  greater  in  the  cropland  discharge  than  in 
either  of  the  other  two.  Concentrations  in  the  receiving  streams 
closely  approximated  the  discharge-weighted  concentrations  of 
surface  and  groundwater,  indicating  that  analysis  of  these  different 
flow  pathways  through  a  watershed  is  an  important  key  to  under- 
standing the  origins  of  the  final  output  concentrations. 


Science  I  155 


The  functional  importance  of  streamside  forest  in  reducing  ni- 
trate concentrations  in  discharge  from  an  agricultural  watershed 
was  clearly  shown,  raising  interesting  questions  as  to  the  general- 
ity of  this  result.  Other  questions  raised  by  this  study  are  the 
importance  of  Fe,  Mn,  and  Al  ions  in  intra-watershed  patterns  of 
ion  change,  and  the  problem  of  what  measures  should  be  taken  to 
best  compensate  for  K  +  ,  Mg++,  and  Ca++  losses. 

Tidal  Exchange  of  Nutrients  by  Marshes 

The  ecological  role  of  marshes  in  regulating  nutrients,  sediments, 
and  microorganisms  in  adjacent  tidal  marshes  has  attracted  the 
interest  of  many  environmental  scientists  in  recent  years.  In  an 
effort  to  help  clarify  this  role,  serc  scientists  measured  and  com- 
pared exchanges  by  two  types  of  brackish  tidal  marshes  that  differ 
in  surface  elevation  and,  therefore,  frequency  of  flooding.  Both 
types  of  marsh  tended  to  import  particulate  matter  and  export 
dissolved  matter,  although  they  differed  in  the  fluxes  of  certain 
nutrients.  Compared  with  tidal  exchanges,  bulk  precipitation  was 
a  major  source  of  ammonia  and  nitrate  and  a  minor  source  of 
other  nutrients.  There  was  a  net  retention  of  nutrients  by  the  por- 
tion of  the  Rhode  River  that  included  both  marshes  and  mudflat. 
However,  the  marshes  accounted  for  only  10  percent  of  the  phos- 
phorus retention  and  1  percent  of  the  nitrogen  retention,  while 
they  released  organic  carbon  amounting  to  20  percent  of  the  re- 
tention. This  suggests  that  the  mudflat,  which  was  interacting  with 
the  marshes  by  tidal  exchange,  acted  as  a  major  sink  for  nutrients. 
The  primary  role  of  the  marshes  seems  to  be  transformation  of 
particulate  nutrients  to  dissolved  form,  rather  than  net  retention 
or  release  of  nutrients.  The  exchange  of  bacteria  and  algae  via  tidal 

water  movements  was  also  studied.  A  small  net  import  of  bacterial 
and  algal  cells  into  both  types  of  marsh  was  measured,  but  only  an 
insignificant  portion  of  the  total  nutrient  transport  was  due  to  the 
nutrient  content  of  these  cells. 

Bacterial  Movement  in  Marsh  Sediments 

Environmental  scientists  have  been  attempting  to  determine  mech- 
anisms and  pathways  of  nutrient  movement  in  tidal  marshes.  One 
hypothesis  is  that  significant  movement  occurs  as  microbial  cells 
suspended  in  the  brackish  water  percolate  through  marsh  sedi- 
ments. Concentrations  and  sizes   of  bacteria  in   sediments   were 


156  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


determined.  Their  concentrations  in  percolating  water  were  found 
to  be  less  than  1  percent  of  the  number  adhering  to  sediment  par- 
ticles. The  concentrations  of  bacteria  in  water  flooding  the  marshes 
was  also  higher  than  in  waters  leaving  the  marshes  in  ebbing  tides. 
Thus,  movement  of  bacterial  cells  doesn't  seem  to  be  a  major  mech- 
anism of  nutrient  movement  in  marsh  sediments. 


Smithsonian  Office  of  Educational  Research 

Effective  October  1,  1984,  the  Smithsonian  Office  of  Educational 
Research  (soer)  was  estabUshed  to  investigate  and  improve  learn- 
ing as  it  occurs  outside  the  formal  educational  system.  Recognizing 
that  schools  alone  are  not  equipped  to  address  all  the  educational 
needs  of  America  today,  the  soer  is  engaged  in  promoting  educa- 
tional endeavors  at  all  levels  and  in  diverse  settings  in  the  belief 
that  lifelong  learning  habits  can  only  be  established  with  the  sup- 
port and  participation  of  a  broad  spectrum  of  society. 

People  can,  and  do,  learn  in  a  wide  variety  of  situations,  although 
some  are  more  conducive  to  the  transfer  and  acquisition  of  infor- 
mation than  others.  The  soer  represents  a  unique  opportunity  for 
studying  how  people  learn  outside  of  traditional  educational 
venues,  i.e.,  schools,  and  was  created  in  response  to  the  need  to 
investigate  informal  learning  as  it  occurs  in  settings  such  as  mu- 
seums, zoos,  and  natural  areas.  It  is  notable  that  in  the  United 
States,  hundreds  of  millions  of  people  annually  visit  museums.  Far 
exceeding  in  attendance  all  spectator  sports  combined,  museum 
visitation  represents  one  of  the  most  popular  out-of-the-home  rec- 
reational activities  in  America,  and  yet  an  understanding  of  how 
museums  function  as  educational  institutions  is  not  yet  fully  devel- 
oped. 

As  an  environment  that  facilitates  rather  than  directs  learning, 
a  museum  can  profoundly  influence  paths  of  educational  pursuits, 
arouse  interest,  inspire  appreciation,  promote  scientific  and  cultural 
literacy,  and  offer  an  avenue  for  lifelong  learning  opportunities. 
While  few  professionals  would  deny  this  assertion,  supporting  evi- 
dence, based  upon  empirical  research,  is  woefully  lacking. 

Staffed  with  research  psychologists  and  education  specialists,  the 
soer  has  initiated  studies  to  examine  how  people  learn  in  a  wide 
variety  of  social  and  physical  contexts  and  is  particularly  interested 


Science  I  157 


in  the  role  of  the  family  in  learning.  The  Smithsonian  Family  Learn- 
ing Project  (SFLP),  which  has  developed  science  activities  for  fami- 
lies to  do  together  at  home,  has  received  enthusiastic  responses 
from  tens  of  thousands  of  families  as  well  as  unsolicited  national 
publicity.  Sflp  activities  will  be  widely  available  for  the  first  time 
in  the  form  of  a  poster-sized  wall  calendar  this  fiscal  year,  and  a 
series  of  sflp  booklets  are  soon  to  be  published. 

Funded  by  the  National  Science  Foundation  and  using  a  spe- 
cially developed  research  method,  a  study  on  "The  Role  of  the 
Family  in  the  Promotion  of  Science  Literacy"  is  nearing  comple- 
tion, following  observation  research  conducted  at  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History.  This  fiscal  year,  the  National  Science 
Foundation  funded  a  Community-based  Science  Project  that  will 
attempt  to  integrate  expertise  afforded  by  a  variety  of  community 
representatives,  including  teachers,  scientists,  technicians,  parents, 
and  children  into  a  concerted  effort  directed  toward  enhancing  all 
participants'  awareness  and  appreciation  of  science  as  it  relates  to 
society  and  technology  today. 

Another  project,  being  conducted  at  the  National  Zoological 
Park,  is  concerned  with  the  development  and  testing  of  orientations 
for  families  visiting  the  Small  Mammal  House.  The  materials  will 
be  tested  for  their  effectiveness  in  enhancing  the  educational  value 
of  family  visits  to  a  zoological  exhibit.  Other  family-related  re- 
search efforts  include  studies  at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  the  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History  in  New  Delhi,  India. 

Results  of  SOER  studies  concerning  the  dynamics  of  behavior  and 
learning  among  museum  visitors  and  families  have  been  and  will 
continue  to  be  useful  to  professionals  in  education,  exhibit  design, 
and  family  services  nationwide.  Findings  are  disseminated  through 
publications,  seminars,  and  workshops  for  both  professional  and 
lay  audiences. 


Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute 

Introduction 

The  comparative  method  plays  an  essential  role  in  biological  under- 
standing, and  the  tropics,  with  their  unparalleled  diversity  of  plants 
and  animals,  offer  by  far  the  most  fruitful  opportunity  for  compari- 


158  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


son.  Moreover,  tropical  conditions  are  near  the  norm  for  most  of 
the  earth  over  most  of  the  last  few  hundred  million  years,  while 
conditions  typical  of  modern  "temperate"  zones  have  been  far  more 
restricted  or  ephemeral.  Research  in  the  tropics,  where  the  preci- 
sion of  adaptation  and  the  intricacy  of  interdependence  reach  their 
height,  will  accordingly  play  an  essential  role  in  any  attempt  to 
understand  life  in  its  full  and  proper  context. 

It  is  therefore  an  urgent  duty  to  become  sufficiently  acquainted 
with  the  denizens,  plant  and  animal,  of  tropical  habitats,  to  be  able 
to  bring  them  to  life  for  a  wider  public.  Only  if  rain  forests  and 
coral  reefs  come  alive  in  people's  minds  and  imaginations  can  we 
hope  that  tropical  habitats  will  not  be  wiped  out,  unheeded  and 
unrecognized,  as  part  of  the  macabre  sacrifice  of  the  "less  devel- 
oped" world  to  the  "developed."  We  have  yet  to  complete  Adam's 
task  of  naming  the  animals  and  plants;  even  a  name,  as  Parmenides 
saw  so  long  ago,  helps  bring  something  to  life  in  men's  minds,  and 
is  a  necessary  first  step  toward  understanding.  There  is  so  much 
more  to  do. 

The  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute  (stri)  is  well  placed 
to  help  achieve  the  required  understanding.  Its  primary  advantages 
are: 

(1)  Administration  of,  and  access  to,  the  Barro  Colorado  Nature 
Monument,  a  5,400-hectare  reserve  of  tropical  forest,  some  of  it 
primary,  surrounding  the  central  part  of  the  Panama  Canal.  This 
reserve  offers  an  unparalleled  array  of  background  information  and 
previous  research  on  which  to  build. 

(2)  A  position  athwart  a  narrow  isthmus  between  two  very  dif- 
ferent oceans,  offering  abundant  opportunities  for  comparative 
study. 

(3)  Extensive  resources  to  support  research — financial  assistance 
for  students,  suitable  laboratories  and  equipment,  a  research  vessel, 
and  an  unusually  good  library. 

(4)  A  staff  with  worldwide  experience  in  tropical  research,  and 
a  group  of  students,  postdoctoral  fellows,  and  recurrent  visitors 
committed  to  intensive  tropical  research. 

The  quality  of  the  student  contribution,  and  the  importance  of 
adequate  support  for  students,  cannot  be  overemphasized.  In  1984 
Phyllis  Coley,  now  of  the  University  of  Utah,  won  the  Ecological 
Society  of  America's  Mercer  Award  for  her  thesis  research  on 
Barro  Colorado  Island,  published  in  Ecological  Monographs.  This 
award  is  given  to  that  young  ecologist  with  the  best  ecological  re- 
search published  in  the  United  States  or  Canada  during  the  past 


Science  I  159 


two  years,  and  is  the  "highest  form  of  recognition  for  pubUshed 
ecological  research."  In  1981  Nigel  Franks,  of  the  University  of 
Leeds,  won  Britain's  Thomas  Henry  Huxley  award  for  thesis  re- 
search on  Barro  Colorado. 

Systematics 

Helping  others  to  recognize  plants  and  animals,  past  and  present, 
is  a  significant  part  of  stri's  research.  Robert  Dressier  is  continuing 
his  studies  of  orchid  taxonomy.  Dolores  Pipemo  is  continuing  her 
work  with  phytoliths,  silica  inclusions  in  plants  that  persist  in  the 
soil  when  the  plant  decays,  and  whose  shapes  reveal  the  order  or 
family,  and  sometimes  the  species,  of  the  plant  that  formed  them. 
Daniel  Suman  is  studying  carbonized  particles  from  more  than 
forty  common  species  of  grasses  and  twenty  species  of  trees  to  see 
whether  these  species  can  be  recognized  from  the  fragments  they 
release  into  the  air  when  the  plants  are  burned.  David  Roubik, 
Enrique  Moreno,  and  Robert  Schmalzel  are  preparing  a  "pollen 
flora"  of  Barro  Colorado  Island,  which  will  allow  students  of  bees 
to  learn  what  species  of  plants  bees  are  taking  pollen  from,  students 
of  flowering  rhythms  to  learn  the  seasons  when  different  species 
of  plants  are  opening  their  flowers  (by  periodically  sampling  the 
pollen  bees  bring  back  to  their  hives),  and  paleobotanists  to  recon- 
struct the  past  history  of  vegetation  from  the  layers  of  pollen  de- 
posited at  the  bottom  of  a  lake  or  bog.  Nancy  Garwood,  in  collab- 
oration with  staff  members  of  the  British  Museum  (Natural 
History),  has  begun  a  seedling  flora  of  Barro  Colorado  Island  and 
adjoining  parts  of  Panama,  which  will  enable  students  of  forest 
regeneration  to  identify  seedlings  of  dicotyledenous  trees,  shrubs, 
and  lianas.  Joseph  Wright  and  Hugh  Churchill  are  preparing  a 
flora  and  avifauna  of  the  Contreras  Islands,  just  off  Coiba,  which 
is  the  largest  island  off  the  Pacific  Coast  of  Central  America. 

The  Origin  and  Nature  of  Biological  Diversity 

A  more  prominent  theme  in  stri's  research  is  to  understand  the 
origin  and  document  the  nature  of  biological  diversity,  and  to  learn 
how  it  is  maintained. 

William  Eberhard  has  just  completed  a  book  on  the  evolution  of 
genitalia.  He  finds  that  in  almost  any  animal  with  internal  fertiliza- 
tion, genitalia  evolve  steadily  and  rapidly,  reflecting  the  advantage 
of  any  innovation  that  excites  fuller  reproductive  response  from 


160  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


the  female,  even  if  there  is  no  need  for  the  species  to  develop  sex- 
ual habits  sufficiently  distinctive  to  avoid  mating  with  members  of 
related  species. 

Genitalia  accordingly  provide  a  very  convenient  and  effective 
means  for  distinguishing  between  species.  More  generally,  William 
Eberhard's  work  supports  the  view  of  Charles  Darwin  that  specia- 
tion  reflects  "accidental"  divergence  of  isolated  populations,  reflect- 
ing their  different  response  to  sexual  selection,  rather  than  direct 
selection  to  prevent  different  populations  from  hybridizing. 

Mary  Jane  West-Eberhard  has  been  studying  tropical  insect  so- 
cieties, with  an  eye  toward  understanding  some  puzzles  concerning 
the  apparent  suddenness  with  which  species  appear  in  the  fossil 
record.  Living  in  groups  leads  to  social  competition,  which  is  often 
intense  enough  to  dictate  alternative  specializations.  Animals  lack- 
ing the  size  and  experience  needed  to  "win  the  competition"  for 
mates  or  food  often  have  behavior  patterns  that  allow  them  to  cir- 
cumvent the  competition.  When,  for  some  reason,  one  specializa- 
tion becomes  disadvantageous  throughout  the  population,  might 
the  newly  unbalanced  selection  for  the  other  lead  to  a  sudden  "evo- 
lutionary jump?" 

Robert  Warner,  of  the  University  of  California  at  Santa  Barbara, 
has  been  studying  blue-headed  wrasses,  fish  that  live  on  coral  reefs 
of  the  San  Bias  Islands,  off  the  Caribbean  coast  of  Panama.  Most  of 
these  fish  are  born  female,  and  turn  into  bright-colored  territorial 
males  when  large  enough  to  compete  effectively  for  females.  Some, 
however,  are  born  as  female-colored  "drab"  males,  which  secure 
matings  by  stealth,  rather  than  through  open  competition,  illustrat- 
ing the  "alternative  specializations"  just  mentioned.  They,  too,  turn 
into  bright-colored  territorial  males  when  old  enough  to  do  so. 
Warner  has  been  concerned  with  how  "tradition"  affects  where  on 
a  reef  the  blue-head  males  set  up  their  spawning  territories.  He 
finds  that  exchanging  all  territorial  blue-heads  between  a  pair  of 
reefs  does  not  affect  where  the  territories  are  formed,  and  exchang- 
ing all  fish  of  both  sexes  requires  the  spawning  territories  to  be 
chosen  anew.  They  are  formed,  as  before,  at  the  downcurrent  end 
of  the  reef,  so  that  fertilized  eggs  will  quickly  be  swept  away  from 
the  reef  and  its  predators,  but  the  territories  are  obviously  different, 
suggesting  that  tradition  does  matter. 

Eric  Fischer,  of  the  University  of  Washington,  has  been  studying 
the  social  behavior  of  a  coral  reef  fish,  Serranus  baldwinii,  in  the 
San  Bias  Islands.  Young  adults  are  hermaphroditic,  carrying  male 
and  female  sex  organs,  both  functional,  but  when  they  grow  larger 


Science  I  161 


they  turn  purely  male,  assume  brighter  colors,  and  maintain  harems 
of  hermaphrodites. 

He  has  also  been  studying  Serranus  tortugarum,  a  fish  that  main- 
tains functional  organs  of  both  sexes  all  its  life.  These  fish  spawn 
in  pairs,  the  members  of  a  pair  exchanging  sex  roles  in  successive 
spawning  bouts,  as  if  trading  eggs  for  each  other  to  fertilize.  They 
often  pair  with  the  same  mate  for  days  on  end.  However,  in  con- 
trast to  the  hamlets,  Hypoplectrus,  which  Fischer  studied  earlier, 
these  fish  also  dart  in  to  fertilize  eggs  released  by  other  mating 
pairs,  and  if  they  arrive  too  late  to  fertilize  those  eggs,  they  some- 
times try  to  eat  them  instead. 

Ken  Clifton,  of  the  University  of  California  at  Santa  Barbara, 
has  been  studying  the  social  behavior  of  the  striped  parrotfish,  a 
small  parrotfish  common  in  the  San  Bias  Islands.  A  large  female 
has  one  or  more  smaller  females  in  its  territory.  She  apparently  per- 
mits this  because  they  help  defend  the  territory  against  conspecifics, 
rather  than  for  any  help  more  eyes  might  give  in  watching  for 
predators.  This  contrasts  with  insectivorous  birds  of  the  tropical 
forest  understory,  some  of  which  feed  in  flocks  of  several  species 
to  take  advantage  of  each  other's  vigilance. 

Arcadio  Rodaniche  has  been  studying  the  reef  squid  Sepioteuthis 
in  the  Indo-Pacific,  to  compare  their  social  behavior  with  the  Sepio- 
teuthis he  studied  with  Martin  Moynihan  in  the  Caribbean.  These 
squid  have  ten  times  more  behavioral  displays  than  most  birds  or 
mammals.  This  extensive  repertoire  is  made  possible  by  their  daz- 
zling ability  to  change  both  hue  and  color  pattern  very  rapidly.  He 
has  also  been  studying  the  social  behavior  of  two  harlequin  octopi. 
Octopus  cherchiae  and  Octopus  sp.,  in  the  laboratory.  These  octopi 
are  striped  all  over:  their  color  pattern  is  more  intricate,  and  more 
permanent,  than  those  of  most  cephalopods,  and  their  capacity  to 
change  color  is  restricted  to  adjusting  the  darkness  of  their  pattern. 
Their  social  displays  are  accordingly  of  unusual  interest.  He  also 
found  that  Octopus  cherchiae  reproduces  more  than  once  in  its 
life,  one  of  the  very  few  cephalopods  to  do  so. 

Ira  Rubinoff,  Jorge  Motta,  and  Jeffrey  Graham  have  been  em- 
ploying ultrasonic  transmitters  to  track  Pacific  sea  snakes  to  learn 
how  long  and  how  deep  they  dive.  They  have  been  observed  to  dive 
as  long  as  four  hours,  and  as  deep  as  twenty-six  meters.  In  Panama 
Bay  it  appears  that  sea  snakes  dive  to  shallower  depths  during  the 
dry  season,  when  upwelling  often  moves  the  20 °C  isotherm  closer 
to  the  surface.  It  is  not  known  why  they  dive,  although  they  are 


162  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


obviously  well  adapted  to  do  so:  they  do  not  feed  while  they  dive, 
and  they  do  not  dive  to  escape  predators. 

Eldridge  Adams,  a  predoctoral  fellow,  has  been  studying  man- 
grove ants  at  Galeta,  stri's  mainland  Caribbean  field  station.  First 
he  sampled  100  trees,  ten  meters  apart,  then  500  trees  partitioned 
over  several  forests,  for  their  ant  communities.  He  found  that  trees 
with  the  rather  aggressive  small  ant  Azteca  tended  to  lack  Crema- 
togaster  and  vice  versa.  Zacryptocerus,  on  the  other  hand,  tends  to 
occur  with  Azteca,  following  them  to  food:  Zacryptocerus  appar- 
ently has  a  form  and  odor  that  the  Azteca  cannot  sense.  Adams  has 
also  been  studying  interactions  between  Azteca  colonies  and  be- 
tween Azteca  and  Crematogaster,  employing  manipulative  experi- 
ments where  appropriate.  Interactions  between  ant  colonies  are 
easily  studied  in  mangrove  forest,  because  the  ants  interact  above 
ground  where  they  can  be  seen. 

Jacqueline  Belwood,  another  stri  predoctoral  fellow,  has  been 
studying  various  facets  of  the  ecology  and  behavior  of  insecti- 
vorous bats,  particularly  bats  that  glean  insects  from  foliage.  She 
has  followed  seasonal  changes  in  the  diets  of  various  foliage-glean- 
ing bats  that  take  their  prey  back  to  their  roosts  before  eating  them: 
she  judges  their  diets  from  the  wings  the  bats  drop  to  the  forest 
floor  while  feeding. 

She  has  also  discovered  that  one  bat,  Tonatia  sylvicola,  is  at- 
tracted to  calling  male  katydids  but,  instead  of  eating  the  calling 
male,  it  eats  the  females  the  male  attracts.  Moreover,  she  has  dis- 
covered a  bat,  Myotis  nigricans;  whose  call  starts  so  slowly  that  a 
"fast  Fourier  transform"  program  cannot  pick  up  its  onset  (al- 
though the  program  has  no  difficulty  with  the  call  when  played 
backward).  She  inferred  that  moths  could  not  hear  its  onset  either, 
and  verified  that  the  bat  lives  entirely  on  moths. 

She  has  also  studied  the  various  ways  katydids  attract  mates 
without  being  eaten:  they  may  call  rarely,  or  call  from  places  the 
bats  cannot  get  to,  or  attract  mates  by  vibrating  their  perches  in  a 
manner  that  their  conspecifics  sense  but  the  bats  cannot. 

With  James  Fullard,  of  the  University  of  Toronto,  Jacqueline 
Belwood  has  been  preparing  a  catalogue  of  recordings  of  the  echo- 
location  calls  of  the  various  bats  on  Barro  Colorado  Island,  and 
they  have  now  recorded  thirty-two  of  the  fifty-three  species  of  bats 
on  the  island.  This  is  the  most  complete  "echolocation  profile"  yet 
given  for  a  tropical  bat  community,  and  comparison  of  a  bat's  echo- 
location  call  with  where,  what,  and  how  it  hunts  promises  greatly 


Science  /  163 


improved  understanding  of  the  function  of  different  echolocation 
calls. 

Ola  Fincke,  a  stri  postdoctoral  fellow,  has  been  studying  the 
ecology  and  reproductive  behavior  of  three  species  of  giant  damsel- 
fly,  one  Megaloprepus  and  two  Mecistogaster.  They  all  lay  their 
eggs  in  water-filled  tree  holes,  where  their  nymphs  live  on  mos- 
quito wrigglers  and  small  tadpoles.  Large  adult  males  of  the  genus 
Megaloprepus  establish  reproductive  territories  around  tree  holes 
in  light  gaps,  allowing  females  to  lay  eggs  in  "their"  holes  in  return 
for  a  mating.  Many  more  females  visit  tree  holes  in  light  gaps  than 
those  in  deep  shade.  Males  cease  defending  tree  holes  in  the  dry 
season,  even  if  the  holes  are  artificially  replenished  with  water,  but 
they  are  always  capable  of  mating.  Mecistogaster  adults,  on  the 
other  hand,  appear  to  meet  and  mate  by  chance,  and  Mecistogaster 
ornatus  undergo  reproductive  diapause  in  the  dry  season. 

Stephen  Mulkey  has  been  studying  three  species  of  small  forest 
bamboo,  following  the  demography  of  selected  populations  in  the 
forest  and  testing  their  responses  to  light  level  and  nutrient  avail- 
ability in  the  growing  house.  He  found  that  the  light-demanding 
species  is  most  tolerant  of  drought,  and  the  shade-tolerant  species 
least  so,  while,  on  the  average,  the  third  species  is  less  tolerant  of 
drought  than  the  light-demander.  This  study  is  an  unusually  care- 
ful test  of  Robert  MacArthur's  notion  that  the  "jack  of  all  trades  is 
master  of  none,"  and  indeed,  the  third  species  grows  markedly  less 
well  in  shade  than  the  shade-lover  and  is  somewhat  less  tolerant  of 
drought  than  the  light-demander.  The  third  species  is  also  more 
flexible  developmentally,  putting  out  very  different  leaves  in  sun 
and  shade. 

David  Roubik  has  been  studying  the  pollen  diet  of  honeybees, 
both  feral  African  and  European,  at  various  sites  in  Panama,  as 
part  of  his  study  of  the  impact  of  invading  feral  African  honeybees 
on  native  bee  communities. 

He  also  visited  eleven  countries  in  Asia  during  a  three-month 
trip,  looking  at  stingless  bees  (meliponines)  and  honeybees.  He 
found  that  there  are  more  species  of  stingless  bees  in  southeast 
Asia  than  in  the  dry  forest  of  Guanacaste,  Costa  Rica,  even  though 
the  Asian  stingless  bees  coexist  with  two  species  of  honeybee. 
Some  Asian  stingless  bees  forage  aggressively,  driving  other  spe- 
cies of  bee,  and  in  one  case,  even  conspecifics,  away  from  flowers, 
and  some  "steal"  pollen  without  fertilizing  flowers.  He  also  ob- 
served the  species  of  giant  honeybee  in  Nepal,  the  only  species  of 
honeybee  restricted  to  the  north  temperate  zone. 


164  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Seasonal  Rhythms  of  Tropical  Communities 

It  is  important  not  only  to  realize  the  diversity  of  adaptation  in 
tropical  plants  and  animals,  but  to  see  how  they  fit  together  in  the 
life  of  the  community  as  a  whole.  On  Barro  Colorado,  hfe  in  the 
forest  is  dominated  by  a  seasonal  alternation  of  drought  and  heavy 
rainfall,  which  imposes  a  seasonal  rhythm  on  plant  growth  and 
reproduction  and  entails  a  seasonal  alternation  of  feast  and  famine 
for  the  animals.  Seasonal  rhythms  are  less  obvious  in  marine  com- 
munities, but  are  not  absent  there. 

Peter  Becker,  working  with  Philip  Rundel  of  ucla,  has  been  look- 
ing at  seasonal  rhythms  of  leaf  production,  studying  the  relation 
between  leaf  production  and  water  potential  in  plants  illustrating 
three  major  rhythms  of  leaf  production: 

(a)  those  that  start  putting  out  new  leaves  in  February,  and  fin- 
ish flushing  about  the  time  the  rains  come  in  April, 

(b)  those  that  flush  new  leaves  just  after  the  rains  come,  and 

(c)  those  that  are  putting  out  a  few  new  leaves  through  the  year. 
He  finds,  as  one  would  expect,  that  plants  have  lower  water 

potentials  (reflecting  greater  water  stress)  in  the  dry  season,  both 
at  dawn  and  at  midday,  than  in  the  rainy  season.  More  surprising- 
ly, the  predawn  water  potentials  of  plants  in  the  old  forest  of  the 
central  plateau  of  Barro  Colorado  Island  are  three  to  four  times 
lower  than  those  of  plants  on  slopes  of  Lutz  Ravine,  near  the  lab- 
oratory clearing  (—  12  compared  to  —  3  bars).  Apparently  liberal 
watering  during  the  dry  season  of  four  species  of  understory 
shrubs  and  saplings  in  Lutz  Ravine  did  not  increase  their  growth 
rate. 

Eugene  Schupp  has  been  studying  factors  affecting  the  timing 
and  vigor  of  flowering  and  fruiting  in  the  common  understory 
treelet  Faramea  occidentalis.  Schupp  finds  that  Faramea  which  pro- 
duce lots  of  seed  produce  a  higher  proportion  of  good  seed:  an  indi- 
vidual with  1,000  fruits  will  have  300  sound  ones,  while  an  indi- 
vidual with  8,000  will  have  5,200  sound  fruits.  A  large  fruit  crop 
apparently  "swamps"  the  insects  that  parasitize  the  seeds.  More- 
over, Faramea  which  produce  few  flowers  and  fruits  one  year  gen- 
erally produce  many  the  next. 

Iguana  show  a  very  sharp  seasonal  rhythm.  Females  come  to 
places  with  bare  earth  to  lay  eggs  near  the  end  of  January  and  be- 
ginning of  February,  and  hatchlings  emerge  at  the  beginning  of  the 
rains,  when  new  leaves  are  most  abundant.  Stanley  Rand  and  his 
associates  have  completed  a  fifth  season  of  catching  and  marking 


Science  /  165 


female  iguanas  that  have  come  to  lay  eggs  on  "Slothia"  and  other 
islets  surrounding  Barro  Colorado:  some  animals  have  nested  on 
Slothia  for  five  successive  years.  This  year's  hatching  was  the  most 
abundant  and  successful  of  the  last  four. 

Natasha,  the  four-meter-long  crocodile  that  used  to  nest  on 
Slothia  and  harass  the  iguanas  digging  near  her  nest  site,  died  in 
November  1983,  and  in  1984,  a  smaller  female  crocodile  took  over 
the  laboratory  cove. 

Enrique  Font  radiotracked  eight  iguanas  for  six  months,  and 
found  that  they  have  very  restricted  home  ranges.  The  six  males 
never  ventured  more  than  a  few  score  meters  from  where  they 
were  first  marked.  One  adult  female  traveled  more  than  a  kilo- 
meter, the  other,  over  500  meters,  to  nest.  They  returned  to  their 
original  ranges  after  several  weeks,  and  stayed  there. 

Katherine  Troyer  finds  that  "middle-aged"  iguanas  lay  more 
eggs  than  either  very  young  or  very  old  ones.  She  and  George  Zug 
have  clipped  the  toes  of  several  hundred  iguanas,  from  which  clip- 
pings they  can  assess  the  ages  of  the  iguanas. 

In  Chiriqui,  Robert  Schmalzel  has  been  studying  the  rhythms  of 
flowering  in  plant  communities  along  an  altitudinal  gradient  from 
sea  level  to  3,000  meters,  periodically  sampling  the  pollen  honey- 
bees bring  back  to  their  hives  at  a  suitable  variety  of  sites.  Together 
with  David  Roubik's  work  in  central  Panama,  this  is  the  first  at- 
tempt to  delineate  the  role  of  honeybees  in  tropical  plant  commu- 
nities. Generally,  he  finds  that  bees  do  have  quite  an  impact  on 
their  communities.  Stingless  bees  eat  many  kinds  of  pollen  so 
efficiently  that  a  broad  spectrum  of  flower  types  are  restricted 
either  to  the  highlands,  where  stingless  bees  do  not  reach,  or  to 
opening  at  night,  when  these  bees  do  not  fly.  Coping  with  over- 
greedy  bees  plays  a  previously  unsuspected  role  in  flower  evolution. 

Donald  Windsor,  Jeff  Burgett,  Ricardo  Thompson,  and  John 
Cubit  have  been  calculating  the  frequency  and  the  seasonal  distri- 
bution of  those  calm  spells  during  low  tides  that  expose  the  reef 
flat  at  Galeta  to  the  sun,  with  such  devastating  consequences  for  its 
populations.  They  have  found  that  wind  and  waves,  as  well  as  the 
tidal  level,  affect  the  prospect  of  an  exposure.  Exposures  are  not 
predictable,  but  are  most  likely  to  happen  during  a  calm  spell  at 
the  end  of  the  dry  season  or  the  early  part  of  rainy  season. 

Jeff  Burgett  has  been  studying  seasonal  rhythms  of  plant  cover 
on  the  reef  flat  at  Galeta,  some  of  which  reflect  the  seasonal  distri- 
bution of  the  exposures  just  mentioned.  He  finds  that  the  alga 
Laurencia  dominates  the  reef  flat  for  eight  months  of  the  year,  but 


166  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.*<v.  ■'"i."-''-'  •'''*;.j^- .  -'fjujp.' 


An  overheating  of  the  surface  waters  of  the  eastern  Pacific  during  EI 
Nino  of  1983  resulted  in  die-off  of  the  coral  reefs  in  the  Gulf  of  Chiriqui. 
The  white  areas  indicate  Pocillopora  spp.  that  have  lost  their  tissues.  In 
1984  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute  biologists  cored  the  reefs  to 
determine  whether  a  similar  die-off  had  occurred  in  the  past  300  years. 
(Photograph  by  Peter  W.  Glynn) 


Adela  Gomez,  who  served  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute  for 
thirty-nine  years,  is  honored  on  her  retirement.  Shown  here,  from  left  to 
right,  are  Martin  Moynihan,  former  STRI  director;  Olga  Linares,  anthro- 
pologist; Mrs.  Gomez;  and  Ira  Rubinoff,  director  of  STRI. 


Ifti  iil^  i 


that  when  the  reef  flat  is  exposed  to  the  sun,  the  Laurencia  die 
back.  They  persist  as  resistant  crusts,  and  a  fuzzy  mat  of  aufwuchs 
develops  in  its  place,  providing  a  feast  for  a  variety  of  small  crabs. 
The  aufwuchs  do  not  retard  the  regrowth  of  Laurencia  in  any  way. 

The  Perils  of  Recruitment 

One  of  the  greatest  problems  for  many  tropical  organisms  is  sur- 
mounting the  perils  of  youth.  The  life  of  pelagic  larvae  of  marine 
organisms,  and  the  types  of  problems  they  face,  are  very  poorly 
known  indeed,  nor  do  we  have  any  idea  how  events  in  the  plank- 
ton shape  the  distribution  and  abundances  of  the  visible  adult 
organisms  that  make  up  a  marine  community.  Our  knowledge  of 
tropical  tree  seedlings  is  not  much  better.  The  major  theories  of 
tropical  tree  diversity  hinge  on  conflicting  sets  of  assumptions 
about  the  most  important  factors  affecting  seed  and  seedling  sur- 
vival and  seedling  growth,  yet  our  ignorance  of  the  problems  these 
seedlings  actually  face  is  such  that  we  cannot  decide  the  relative 
merits  of  the  theories  concerned. 

John  Christy  has  been  studying  the  reproductive  cycles  in  four 
species  of  crabs  of  rocky  intertidal  shores  on  the  Pacific  side. 
When  do  they  release  their  larvae?  What  roles  does  timing  of 
release  play  in  helping  the  larvae  to  avoid  predators? 

Species  with  small,  transparent  larvae  release  them  at  high  tide, 
no  matter  what  time  of  day  the  tide  may  occur:  since  the  larvae 
are  "invisible,"  the  one  thing  that  matters  is  to  flush  them  out  to 
sea  on  an  ebbing  tide.  Large  transparent  larvae  are  released  only 
on  nocturnal  high  tides,  when  at  least  some  predators  are  absent. 
During  the  day,  sardine  (anchoveta)  packs  come  inshore  and  feed 
greedily  on  crab  larvae,  but  the  sardines  disappear  at  dusk,  when 
their  predators  emerge.  Species  with  more  opaque  larvae  release 
them  only  on  those  high  tides  that  begin  ebbing  near  dusk.  Estua- 
rine  species  do  likewise.  It  was  once  thought  that  by  doing  so,  the 
estuarine  species  released  their  larvae  upon  the  strongest  tides, 
ensuring  the  greatest  chance  that  they  would  be  flushed  past  the 
inshore  predators  and  out  to  sea,  but  the  advantages  of  releasing 
larvae  when  they  could  enjoy  several  hours  of  invisibility  and  of 
protection  from  predators  might  also  affect  the  timing. 

Robert  Richmond  has  been  studying  coral  reproduction  and  re- 
cruitment in  the  Eastern  Pacific.  He  finds  that  Pocillopora  dami- 
cornis,  the  common  branched  coral  of  the  Eastern  Pacific,  do  not 
reproduce  sexually  in  Panama:  instead,  they  reproduce  by  frag- 
mentation, apparently  because  larvae  and  very  small  corals  are 


168  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


invariably  eaten.  Fish  apparently  prey  far  more  heavily  on  corals 
in  the  Eastern  Pacific  than  in  the  Indo-Pacific,  where  Pocillopora 
reproduce  sexually.  The  very  few  coral  larvae  that  do  appear  on 
settling  plates  in  the  eastern  Pacific  may  have  drifted  in  from  the 
Indo-Pacific. 

David  Hamill  has  been  carrying  out  an  experimental  study  of 
the  factors  affecting  survival  and  growth  of  the  seedlings  of  the 
four  most  clumped,  and  the  four  most  evenly  dispersed,  species  of 
canopy  trees  on  the  fifty-hectare  Hubbell-Foster  plot  on  Barro 
Colorado  Island.  For  each  species,  he  planted  twenty  plots  of  seed- 
lings by  large  trees  of  that  same  species,  ten  in  light  gaps,  ten 
under  Trichilia  tuberculata  (the  commonest  tree  on  the  plot),  and 
one  each  under  ten  different  species  of  rare  trees,  the  same  ten 
for  each  kind  of  seedling.  Early  results  suggest  that  the  most 
clumped  species  depend  most  on  light  gaps,  and  cannot  survive 
as  seedlings  outside  those  gaps,  while  the  most  evenly  distributed 
species  are  the  most  shade-tolerant. 

As  part  of  his  study  of  Virola  surinamensis,  Henry  Howe,  of  the 
University  of  Iowa,  has  measured  the  survival  rate  of  seeds  and 
seedlings  placed  at  different  distances  from  the  parent  tree.  A 
seedling  twenty-five  meters  from  the  parent,  well  beyond  its 
crown,  has  twenty-two  times  the  chance  of  surviving  to  twelve 
weeks,  and  a  seedling  forty-five  meters  from  the  parent,  forty-four 
times  the  chance  of  surviving  that  long,  as  a  seedling  five  meters 
from  the  parent.  He  infers  that  dispersal  by  toucans,  which  carry 
seeds  further  than  smaller  birds,  is  beneficial  to  Virola,  and  tou- 
cans are  indeed  the  primary  consumers  of  Virola  fruit  and  dis- 
persers  of  Virola  seeds.  Eugene  Schupp  finds  that  dispersing  a 
Faramea  seed  five  meters  from  its  parent  doubles  its  chance  of 
germination. 

Joseph  Wright  has  been  collecting  seeds  to  learn  what  insects 
emerge  from  them.  Nearly  half  the  seventy  species  of  plants 
checked  so  far  never  have  insects  in  their  seeds,  perhaps  because 
the  seeds  are  too  small,  or  too  few  per  plant,  or  on  too  rare  a 
plant,  to  support  such  insect  pests. 

He  has  also  continued  his  study  of  the  relation  between  the 
timing  of  fruit  production  by  the  palm  Scheelea  and  the  degree  to 
which  bruchid  beetles  damage  their  seeds.  He  has  put  out  seeds  at 
different  places,  and  at  different  times  of  year.  No  bruchids  come 
to  seeds  put  out  far  away  from  palms,  or  when  no  palms  are  fruit- 
ing. Bruchid  attack  rate  immediately  steps  up  to  a  high  level  when 
Scheelea  start  dropping  fruit,  and  remains  high  past  the  peak  of 


Science  I  169 


Scheelea  fruit  fall,  but  palms  which  drop  their  fruit  late  in  the 
season  escape  bruchid  damage. 

Geographical  Comparison 

Not  only  must  we  set  an  organism's  adaptation  in  the  context  of 
other  plants  and  animals  with  which  it  interacts,  we  must  put  our 
understanding  of  the  community  in  the  context  of  comparable 
communities  elsewhere,  and  of  the  same  community  at  different 
times. 

Alan  Smith  visited  Kenya  in  the  fall  of  1983  to  continue  his 
study  of  the  demography  of  alpine  tree  Senecio,  as  part  of  a  long- 
term  comparative  study  of  the  morphology  and  demography  of 
rosette  plants  in  Venezuela,  Kenya,  and  New  Guinea. 

Marina  Wong  has  been  studying  the  seasonal  rhythm  of  insect 
and  fruit  abundance,  and  of  the  number  of  birds  caught  in  mist- 
nets,  in  the  understory  of  old  forest  on  Barro  Colorado  Island  and 
of  somewhat  younger  forest  on  the  adjacent  mainland.  She  is 
comparing  these  rhythms  with  those  found  in  peninsular  Malaysia. 
There  is  more  fruit  in  Panama,  with  more  birds  to  eat  them.  More- 
over, judging  the  season  of  breeding  by  when  birds  call,  when 
their  fat  is  depleted,  and  when  "brood  patches"  appear,  she  finds 
that  breeding  of  the  insectivorous  birds  in  Panama's  understory  is 
synchronous  within  species,  but  that  the  breeding  seasons  of  dif- 
ferent species  are  staggered  all  through  the  rainy  season.  In  penin- 
sular Malaysia  (and  Sarawak),  where  dry  and  wet  seasons  are 
much  less  distinct,  breeding  of  nearly  all  understory  birds  is  con- 
centrated at  the  beginning  of  monsoon  rains,  coincident  with  the 
peak  of  leaf  flush  and  insect  abundance.  She  also  finds  that  con- 
specific  plants  fruit  more  synchronously,  and  more  abundantly, 
here  than  in  Malaysia,  and  that  there  is  a  more  clear-cut  succes- 
sion of  different  species  coming  into  fruit  as  the  rainy  season 
progresses  than  in  Malaysia. 

Long-Term  Research 

A  temporal  context  for  research  at  stri  is  provided  by  our  Environ- 
mental Sciences  Program,  directed  by  Donald  Windsor.  This  long- 
term  study  monitors  fluctuations  in  selected  aspects  of  climate  and 
the  physical  environment,  and  the  responses,  in  growth,  reproduc- 
tive activity,  and  abundance  of  representative  biological  popula- 
tions, at  both  the  reef  flat  of  Galeta  and  Barro  Colorado  Island. 
In  connection  with  this  program,  Henk  Wolda  has  completed  ten 


170  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


years  of  records  of  nightly  catches  of  insects  at  two  light  traps, 
one  in  the  canopy  and  one  near  the  ground.  By  now  Dr.  Wolda 
has  ten  years  of  data  on  homoptera  and  nine  on  forest  cock- 
roaches. He  finds  that  tropical  insect  populations  fluctuate  as  much 
as  their  counterparts  in  the  temperate  zone.  He  has  extended  his 
study  to  other  sites,  and  is  gradually  acquiring  collaborators  capa- 
ble of  identifying  additional  groups  of  insects. 

There  are  other  long-term  studies  at  stri.  Over  the  last  few 
years,  Stephen  Hubbell,  Robin  Foster,  and  their  associates  have 
mapped  every  woody  free-standing  plant  over  1  cm  dbh  in  a  fifty- 
hectare  plot  of  old  forest  on  the  central  plateau  of  Barro  Colorado 
Island.  This  year,  Hubbell  and  Foster  have  rechecked  the  identi- 
fications and  locations  of  plants  on  their  plot,  preparing  for  a 
second  round  of  mapping  and  measurement  to  determine  mortality 
and  growth  rates.  To  assess  height  growth,  Kenneth  Lertzman 
remeasured  the  height  of  canopy  foliage  over  a  series  of  points 
five  meters  apart  covering  the  plot,  where  Andrea  Alexander  and 
others  had  measured  it  a  few  years  earlier. 

The  popularity  of  such  maps  is  spreading.  Stephen  Hubbell  is 
scheduled  to  assist  Peter  Ashton  and  members  of  the  Forest  Re- 
search Institute  at  Kepong,  Malaysia,  in  setting  up  a  comparable 
map  in  a  Malaysian  lowland  mixed  dipterocarp  forest.  Meanwhile, 
Joseph  Wright  and  Henry  Howe  mapped  a  hectare  of  the  Mojave 
Desert — 7,000  plants  over  ten  centimeters  high — to  judge  the  de- 
gree of  clumping  within  a  species  and  the  degree  of  association 
between  species,  and  to  take  the  first  step  toward  a  study  of  the 
demography  of  desert  plants. 

The  Hubbell-Foster  plot  has  attracted  a  variety  of  other  projects. 
Perhaps  the  most  unusual  is  that  of  Lyn  Loveless,  who  has  been 
assessing  the  genetic  diversity  of  different  species  of  trees  on  the 
plot  in  conjunction  with  James  Hamrick  of  the  University  of 
Kansas.  What  proportion  of  loci  in  the  different  species  are  poly- 
morphic? How  many  alleles  are  there  per  polymorphic  locus? 
What  proportion  of  an  individual's  loci  are  heterozygous?  How 
much  do  gene  frequencies  within  a  species  differ  from  clump  to 
clump,  or  from  place  to  place?  How  does  the  type  of  pollinator 
affect  genetic  diversity  or  local  differentiation?  So  far.  Loveless 
and  Hamrick  have  found  the  average  proportion  of  heterozygous 
loci  in  their  tropical  trees  to  be  at  least  0.11,  about  the  same 
as  in  Drosophila  melanogaster  and  50  percent  higher  than  in  man- 
kind. These  trees  are  less  diverse  genetically  than  temperate  coni- 
fers, but  about  as  diverse  as  temperate  dicots.  They  have  also  found 


Science  /  171 


that  populations  of  the  tree  Alseis  blackiana  several  kilometers 
apart  differ  rather  subtly  in  allele  frequencies,  while  clumps  of 
Rinorea  that  far  apart  differ  greatly.  Rinorea  has  as  patchy  a  dis- 
tribution as  any  common  species  on  the  island. 

Neal  Smith  has  continued  his  long-term  study  of  the  migratory 
day-flying  moth  Urania.  He  visited  Guatemala,  Belize,  and  Los 
Tuxtlas,  Mexico,  and  found  that  in  all  these  countries  Urania 
caterpillars  eat  leaves  of  the  tree  Omphalea  oleifera,  in  contrast  to 
Panama,  where  their  food  plant  is  the  vine  Omphalea  diandra. 
He  saw  Urania  arriving  at  Los  Tuxtlas,  the  northern  end  of  their 
range,  where  Omphalea  and  the  rain  forest  stop — they  were  com- 
ing in  from  the  south  and  east — and  the  leaves  of  the  Omphalea 
trees  were  much  shredded.  A  month  later,  the  Urania  were  gone, 
and  the  Omphalea  were  flushing  new  leaves  unhindered. 

After  many  years  of  sampling  bird  use  of  forest  habitat  in 
Parque  Nacional  Soberania,  James  Karr  expanded  his  studies  to 
include  several  of  the  major  food  resources  of  birds.  Recent  sam- 
pling coincided  with  the  1983  ("El  Nino")  drought  and  the  "nor- 
mal" 1984  dry  season.  Flowering  and  fruiting  phenologies  of 
understory  plants  differed  from  year  to  year.  There  was  more  leaf 
litter  but  fewer  leaf  litter  and  foliage  arthropods  were  found  in 
1983  than  in  1984.  Birds  showed  different  patterns  of  breeding 
but  not  molting  phenology  between  the  years.  Clearly,  the  climatic 
extremes  of  1983  had  direct  impact  on  a  wide  diversity  of  or- 
ganisms. 

John  Cubit  and  Donald  Windsor  have  been  estimating  long- 
term  changes  in  sea  level,  and  assessing  their  effects  on  the  biota, 
from  aerial  photographs  and  other  records.  The  mean  sea  level  on 
the  Caribbean  side  has  increased  fifteen  centimeters  in  the  past 
century.  It  may  well  rise  another  200  centimeters  in  the  next, 
thanks  to  heating  of  the  oceans  and  consequent  expansion  of  the 
water  contained  therein,  and  to  the  melting  of  icecaps. 

Dolores  Piperno  has  cored  several  sites  in  the  old  forest  of 
Barro  Colorado  Island,  in  the  Hubbell-Foster  plot,  and  started  an 
archeological  trench  at  the  most  promising  site.  Three  of  her  five 
cores  struck  pottery,  beginning  twenty  centimeters  below  the  sur- 
face. The  silica  inclusions  (phytoliths)  that  remain  in  the  soil  after 
the  plant  matter  in  which  they  were  formed  decays  show  little 
sign  that  the  vegetation  was  intensively  disturbed:  there  are  few 
traces  of  milpa  vegetation,  and  almost  no  evidence  that  any  of  the 
forest  was  burned.  The  top  fifteen  centimeters  of  soil,  which  con- 
tains no  pottery,  also  contains  no  evidence  that  farms  were  cleared 


172  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


from  the  forest  during  the  last  several  hundred  years,  suggesting 
that  some  of  the  forest  on  Barro  Colorado  Island  may  be  older  than 
previously  thought.  The  trench  shows  good  stratigraphic  record, 
with  plenty  of  artifacts,  stones,  and  ceramics,  to  document  a 
human  presence,  although  populations  appear  never  to  have  been 
dense.  Radiocarbon  samples  are  being  submitted  to  determine  the 
age  and  duration  of  the  prehistoric  occupations.  Extension  of  this 
work  will  indeed  enable  us  to  set  the  forest  community  of  Barro 
Colorado  Island  in  its  proper  historical  context. 

Biological  Catastrophes 

As  we  acquire  more  experience  of  our  habitats,  we  are  better  able 
to  recognize  and  appreciate  the  catastrophes  to  which  they  are 
sometimes  subject. 

Harris  Lessios,  John  Cubit,  and  Ross  Robertson  have  been 
studying  the  progress  of  a  devastating  plague  in  Diadema  antil- 
larum,  the  long-spined  sea  urchin  of  the  Caribbean,  and  its  conse- 
quences for  reef  communities.  This  plague  was  first  noticed  at 
Galeta,  our  mainland  Caribbean  field  station,  where  only  about 
three  per  ten  thousand  survived.  The  plague  next  struck  the  San 
Bias,  where  it  killed  99  percent  of  the  urchins  in  two  weeks, 
mortality  varying  somewhat  from  place  to  place.  Through  ques- 
tionnaires, Lessios  and  his  collaborators  have  tracked  the  plague's 
progress  around  the  Caribbean,  where,  for  the  first  nine  months 
at  least,  it  was  clearly  following  the  surface  currents.  Some  algae 
have  appeared  since  the  die-off,  apparently  thanks  to  the  absence 
of  Diadema.  The  plague  did  not  affect  other  species  of  sea  urchins. 

An  overheating  of  the  surface  waters  of  the  eastern  Pacific  dur- 
ing the  El  Nino  of  1983  afflicted  the  coral  Pocillopora  with  heavy 
mortality.  Peter  Glynn,  R.  Dunbar,  G.  Wellington  and  R.  Rich- 
mond have  been  following  its  effects.  Ramparts  of  the  many- 
branched  Pocillopora  often  surround  more  massive  corals,  and  the 
commensal  crabs  and  shrimps  that  live  in  these  Pocillopora  make 
life  so  miserable  for  the  coral-eating  starfish  Acanthaster  that 
these  starfish  can  neither  eat,  nor  cross,  colonies  of  Pocillopora. 
Now  that  El  Nino  has  killed  the  Pocillopora,  causing  their  com- 
mensals to  starve,  Acanthaster  are  wreaking  havoc  on  the  newly 
accessible  massive  corals.  Some  of  these  coral  colonies  had  grown 
evenly  and  without  interruption  for  over  a  century  before  this 
El  Nifio,  suggesting  that  the  last  El  Nifio  of  comparable  effect 
struck  more  than  a  century  ago.  To  follow  up  this  clue,  Peter 
Glynn  and  his  associates  have  been  drilling  massive  corals,  check- 


Science  /  173 


ing  fluctuations  in  carbon-isotope  ratios  for  evidence  of  previous 
warm-water  episodes. 

Neal  Smith  has  been  following  the  fates  of  the  thousands  of 
Peruvian  boobies  that  came  to  the  Bay  of  Panama  from  the  nor- 
mally very  productive  waters  off  the  Peruvian  desert,  and  the 
15,000  blue-footed  boobies  that  came  from  somewhat  less  pro- 
ductive waters  near  the  Galapagos,  to  escape  the  famine  carried 
their  by  the  El  Nino.  Some  of  the  blue-footed  boobies  bred,  but 
eventually  all  the  immigrants  disappeared.  Most  of  them  probably 
starved  to  death. 

The  Role  of  Man  in  Tropical  Habitats 

Finally,  we  are  concerned  with  the  relation  between  tropical  man 
and  his  habitat,  both  as  it  is,  and  as  we  hope  it  might  become. 

Olga  Linares  visited  the  archives  of  French  West  Africa  in  Paris, 
to  study  the  history  of  the  Diola  rice  trade  in  Senegal  from  the 
sixteenth  century  onward.  The  Diola  were  actively  trading  in  rice 
when  the  Portuguese  were  in  Senegal,  but  the  French  elected  to 
import  rice  from  their  south  Asian  colonies  rather  than  improve 
local  transport  sufficiently  to  make  Diola  rice  competitive  with  the 
foreign  imports.  This  is  an  unusually  clear  example  of  how  colonial 
policies  have  shaped  present-day  patterns  of  production  and  ex- 
change in  tropical  countries. 

Daniel  Suman  is  analyzing  charcoal  particles  chemically  isolated 
from  two  cores  from  a  floodplain  in  Code,  a  core  from  the  bottom 
of  the  Bay  of  Panama  and  a  core  from  the  bottom  of  the  Laguna 
(Lake)  San  Carlos  in  El  Valle.  With  the  aid  of  his  collection  of 
carbonized  fragments  from  plants  of  known  identity,  he  will  infer 
the  changes  in  the  types  of  vegetation  that  have  been  burned  dur- 
ing the  last  10,000  years,  in  order  to  assess  the  impact  of  mankind 
on  the  vegetation  of  Central  Panama. 

The  W.  Alton  Jones  Foundation  gave  stri  a  large  grant  two 
years  ago  to  support  research  in  a  mainland  tract  adjacent  to  Barro 
Colorado  Island  on  how  to  grow  food  in  the  forest  without  de- 
stroying the  forest  unnecessarily.  Gilberto  Ocana  has  been  experi- 
menting with  "mixed  crops,"  growing  crops  of  several  species  and 
growth  forms,  whether  exotic  or  traditional,  mixed  together  in 
regular  array,  on  forest  plots,  some  with  a  selection  of  the  under- 
story  trees  left  standing,  some  completely  cleared.  Nicholas 
Smythe  has  built  the  installation  where  he  will  breed  pacas,  and 
he  has  fenced  off  a  peninsula  of  young  to  medium  second  growth, 
where  he  will  see  what  schedule  and  manner  of  supplemental  food 


174  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


will  most  decrease  infant  mortality  and  most  increase  the  output 
of  pacas  big  enough  to  eat.  Dagmar  Werner  has  tried  a  more  direct 
way  of  averting  infant  mortality  in  iguanas:  she  incubates  the 
eggs  and  raises  the  young  in  cages  at  Summit  Garden  before  intro- 
ducing them  to  the  forest.  Hatching  success  has  been  very  high, 
and  mortality  among  the  young  iguanas  almost  negligible.  She 
intends  to  use  some  of  the  iguanas  she  has  raised  to  repopulate 
areas  where  they  have  been  hunted  out,  and  to  release  others  in 
forest  tracts  where  they  can  be  cropped.  She  is  conducting  experi- 
ments to  see  how  well  iguanas  raised  in  captivity  can  survive  in 
the  wild. 

Ira  Rubinoff  and  Elena  Lombardo  have  been  representing  stri 
at  meetings  of  the  Preparatory  Committee  for  the  Study  of  Alter- 
natives to  the  Panama  Canal.  Shuffling  between  Panama,  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  and  Tokyo,  this  committee  is  charged  with  designing 
a  study  to  examine  alternatives  or  improvements  to  the  Panama 
Canal.  Some  of  these  options  have  potential  for  profound  anthro- 
pogenic effects  on  the  tropical  environment,  and  our  objective  is 
to  insure  that  a  comprehensive  biological  inventory  as  well  as  an 
ecological  impact  assessment  is  conducted. 

Retirements  and  New  Appointments 

It  has  not  been  an  easy  year  for  stri.  In  March,  Adela  Gomez 
retired.  During  the  last  thirty-odd  years  her  good  sense,  and  her 
diplomatic  ability,  have  been  essential  to  stri's  function  and  some- 
times to  its  very  survival.  In  May,  Michael  Robinson  left  the 
Institute  to  assume  the  directorship  of  the  National  Zoo.  His  sure 
scientific  judgment  and  his  sense  of  fairness  made  his  administra- 
tive role  at  stri  particularly  beneficial,  and  his  scientific  research 
added  much  to  the  sense  of  intellectual  excitement  here.  They  will 
both  be  greatly  missed. 

Bernadette  French  resigned  from  the  library  staff  in  December 
1983  to  continue  her  education.  This  September,  Carol  Jopling  will 
retire  as  head  librarian  at  stri.  She  has  presided  over  the  introduc- 
tion of  new  techniques  of  cataloguing  and  bibliographic  searching. 
She  supervised  the  move  to  a  new  and  larger  building,  and  because 
of  her,  these  changes  were  much  easier  for  users  of  the  library 
than  they  might  otherwise  have  been. 

Not  all  has  been  loss,  however.  James  Karr,  formerly  of  the 
University  of  Illinois,  has  joined  stri  as  deputy  director.  Jeremy 
Jackson,  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  Nancy  Knowlton,  of 
Yale  University,  have  accepted  positions  on  the  staff  as  marine 


Science  /  175 


biologists,  and  their  presence  will  greatly  strengthen  our  marine 
program. 

In  August  1983  Jorge  Ventocilla,  a  biologist  and  graduate  of 
the  University  of  Panama,  took  charge  of  stri's  Office  of  Con- 
servation and  Environmental  Education  (ogee).  Under  his  direction 
the  ocEE,  in  conjunction  with  the  Department  of  National  Parks 
and  Wildlife  of  renare,  produced  a  color  poster  on  the  endan- 
gered fauna  of  Panama.  This  poster  has  been  distributed  to  nu- 
merous educational  centers  and  public  and  private  offices  through- 
out Panama;  it  has  had  an  acknowledged  importance  in  promoting 
the  protection  of  endangered  species.  Along  with  his  work  in  the 
ogee,  Ventocilla  presently  acts  as  a  coordinator  for  the  planning 
group  of  the  San  Bias  Kuna  Indians'  conservation  project. 

Academic  Training 

A  milestone  this  year  was  the  first  field  course  in  tropical  biology 
organized  jointly  by  stri  and  the  University  of  Panama.  It  took 
place  from  March  9  through  April  10,  and  was  coordinated  by 
Yael  D.  Lubin,  a  stri  research  associate,  and  Rosemary  Segistan 
and  Victor  Hugo  Tejera,  professors  at  the  University  of  Panama. 
The  University  of  Panama  and  stri  signed  an  agreement  in 
1980  to  jointly  support  the  advancement  of  knowledge  in  tropical 
biology,  and  the  course  represented  a  tangible  example  of  this  col- 
laboration during  a  year  dedicated  to  scientific  research  at  the 
university.  Thirteen  students  and  thirty-one  lecturers  and  instruc- 
tors participated.  The  students  were  introduced  to  field  research 
methodology  at  four  different  sites,  chosen  to  represent  diverse 
tropical  habitats:  tropical  rain  forests,  Atlantic  and  Pacific  man- 
groves, and  premontane  forests.  It  proved  to  be  an  effective  way 
to  make  scientific  resources  at  stri  available  to  students  in  our 
host  country. 

During  the  month  of  February,  Robert  Read,  a  visiting  scholar 
from  San  Jose  State  University,  offered  two  ten-hour  seminars: 
Tropical  Meteorology  and  Applied  Oceanography.  These  were  at- 
tended by  staff  and  students  at  stri  and  the  University  of  Panama, 
and  personnel  from  the  Meteorological  Branches  of  Panama's  In- 
stitute of  Hydraulic  Resources  and  Electrification  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  Natural  Renewable  Resources. 

Robert  Dressier  left  in  July  to  teach  an  advanced  course  on 
orchid  taxonomy  at  the  University  of  Costa  Rica. 

More  than  sixty  young  men  and  women  at  different  academic 
levels  took  part  in  advanced  training  and  research  activities  at 


176  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


STRi  this  past  year.  They  represented  nations  in  the  less-developed 
and  developed  world — a  sample  of  future  tropical  researchers. 

Finally,  this  year  stri  began  the  first  phase  of  a  master  plan. 
The  architectural  and  engineering  firm  of  Bernard  Johnson  of 
Houston,  in  association  with  Lopez  y  Moreno  of  the  Republic  of 
Panama,  were  selected  to  prepare  the  plan.  This  process  should 
lead  to  orderly  expansion,  modernization,  and  broadening  in  the 
spectrum  of  service  that  stri  can  provide  for  its  staff,  students, 
and  visiting  scientists. 

The  initiation  of  the  master  planning  process  confirms  the  com- 
mitment of  the  Smithsonian  to  develop  its  role  as  the  nation's 
principal  advanced  study  center  for  basic  tropical  biological  re- 
search. 


Science  /  177 


This  rare  Tetela  (Zaire)  mask,  one  of  two  such  documented  examples  in  public 
museum  collections,  was  acquired  by  the  National  Museum  of  African  Art  with 
the  support  of  the  James  Smithson  Society.  (Photograph  by  Ken  Heinen) 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 
HISTORY  AND  ART 


JOHN  E.  REINHARDT, 
ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  FOR  HISTORY  AND  ART 


Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum 

This  year  the  primary  focus  of  the  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Mu- 
seum (anm)  was  on  plans  to  build  and  furnish  a  new  annex  and 
public  space.  Groundbreaking  for  this  new  facility,  which  will 
adjoin  the  museum's  Research  and  Exhibits  Lab,  is  projected  for 
early  1985.  The  annex  will  facihtate  enrichment  of  the  museum's 
exhibits  and  explanatory  programs,  and  will  allow  for  the  presen- 
tation of  more  diverse  and  active  programs  for  the  public. 

For  the  past  seventeen  years,  anm  has  been  housed  in  several 
leased  buildings.  From  the  former  Carver  Theater  (named  for  the 
pioneer  agricultural  scientist  George  Washington  Carver),  at  2405 
Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.  Avenue,  SE,  the  museum's  director  and 
administrative  staff  moved  to  more  suitable  quarters  at  the  Re- 
search and  Exhibits  Lab.  Until  the  new  annex  is  completed,  anm's 
exhibitions  and  education  department  will  continue  to  serve  the 
public  in  this  interim  leased  building. 

A  third  copy  of  Black  Wings:  The  American  Black  in  Aviation 
was  produced  by  the  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum  for  the 
Smithsonian  Traveling  Exhibition  Services  (sites).  Scripted  and 
researched  by  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum,  this  popular 
exhibition — enhanced  by  selected  artifacts  and  memorabilia — was 
seen  at  anm  from  April  1  to  August  26,  1984.  In  addition,  anm 
completed  research  and  scripting  for  the  revised  edition  of  Black 
Women:  Achievements  Against  the  Odds,  an  exhibition  widely 


179 


n  n  n  111 


Exhibits 
Programs 


Anacostia    Museum 


Exhibits 
Programs 


K   Mr       «^.—  jK. 


Formerly  a  theater,  skating  rink,  dance  hall,  and  church,  the  Carver  building  in 
recent  years  has  been  used  to  bring  historical  exhibitions  and  educational 
activities  to  the  residents  of  Anacostia.  Now  the  Anacostia  Museum — soon  to 
move  from  its  present  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.  Avenue  site  to  Fort  Stanton 
Park — optimistically  looks  to  the  future. 


^     ^* 


ANACOSTIA  NEIGHBORHOOD  MUSEUM  ANNEX 


tff 


traveled  by  sites  for  nearly  a  decade;  continued  to  work  on  The 
Renaissance,  a  major  exhibition  scheduled  to  open  in  the  fall  of 
1985;  and  began  an  important  research  project  still  in  its  pre- 
liminary phase — "We  Are  Climbing" :  The  Development  of  the 
Black  Church,  1787-1900. 

In  the  vanguard  of  the  movement  to  develop  quality  exhibitions 
that  employ  historical  documents,  artifacts,  memorabilia,  and  vin- 
tage photographs  germane  to  Afro-Americana  and  ethnohistory, 
ANM  broadened  its  contacts  with  archival  repositories  and  museum 
professionals  and  offered  the  public  unique  opportunities  to  experi- 
ence well  researched,  designed,  and  fabricated  exhibits,  as  well  as 
thoughtfully  conceived  outreach  activities. 

Other  priorities  have  been  the  planning  for  anm's  future  growth 
at  the  Poplar  Point  site  along  the  Anacostia  River  (Eastern  Branch 
of  the  Potomac),  and  the  continued  development  of  research  pro- 
grams that  support  museum  and  traveling  exhibition  programs. 


Archives  of  American  Art 

Nineteen  eighty-four  marked  the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  the 
Archives  of  American  Art,  and  as  though  in  celebration  of  that 
fact,  some  of  the  best  acquisitions  ever  were  received  during  the 
year.  The  Jackson  Pollock  papers,  a  subject  of  protracted  negotia- 
tions conducted  over  the  past  decade,  were  donated  to  the  Archives 
by  Pollock's  widow,  Lee  Krasner,  shortly  before  she  died.  The 
papers,  which  consist  of  statements,  notes,  and  other  writings  by 
Pollock,  personal  and  business  correspondence,  and  a  large  quan- 
tity of  photographs  and  published  material,  represent  the  chief 
source  of  documentary  information  on  the  artist.  In  a  separate 
acquisition,  the  papers  of  the  Portland,  Oregon,  painter,  Louis 
Bunce,  several  important  Pollock  letters  written  in  1946,  add  a 
fascinating  supplement  to  Pollock's  own  records. 

Another  significant  figure  of  twentieth-century  modernism  was 
Mark  Tobey,  whose  records  are  owned  by  the  Seattle  Art  Museum. 
Organized  and  microfilmed  by  the  Archives,  these,  too,  were  sup- 
plemented by  the  donation  of  a  substantial  group  of  Tobey  letters. 
A  third  major  artist  of  the  same  period,  Mark  Rothko,  is  repre- 
sented by  a  small  but  revealing  set  of  notes  from  the  1930s  and 
1940s,  including  preliminary  drafts  of  the  1943  polemical  letter  to 


History  and  Art  I  181 


the  New  York  Times  in  which  Rothko  and  Adolph  Gottlieb  state 
their  artistic  credo.  Diaries,  correspondence,  and  other  records  of 
an  earher  modernist,  Arthur  Dove,  were  also  acquired  in  fiscal 
year  1984. 

Collections  of  papers  from  the  nineteenth  century  are  rarer  than 
those  of  our  own  time,  but  this  year  the  Archives  borrowed  and 
microfilmed  several  of  extraordinary  value.  Among  these  is  the 
largest  single  group  of  Winslow  Homer  records — some  600  items 
of  correspondence,  sketches,  photographs,  and  a  scrapbook — and  a 
splendid  group  of  nineteen  letters  from  Thomas  Cole,  written  be- 
tween 1826  and  1832  to  the  Hartford  art  patron  Daniel  Wads- 
worth.  Papers  of  three  other  leading  early-nineteenth-century  art 
collectors,  Robert  Gilmor,  Luman  Reed,  and  James  Robb,  were  also 
filmed.  The  records  of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  who  achieved  prom- 
inence as  an  artist  before  he  entered  on  his  second  career,  exist  in 
vast  quantity  at  the  Library  of  Congress.  The  Archives,  however, 
has  recently  received  seven  Morse  letters  written  to  his  Breese 
relatives  between  1816  and  1846.  They  include  several  references 
to  his  painting,  and  one  of  them  has  a  charming  illustration  of 
Morse  asleep  in  his  chair.  A  few  other  Breese  family  letters  are  a 
part  of  the  group,  the  most  interesting  one,  dated  Philadelphia, 
April  19,  1783,  describing  the  effect  of  the  news  of  peace,  which 
"like  a  Torrent,  has  overwhelmed  all  other  news." 

Sketches  and  sketchbooks  from  the  later  nineteenth  century  in- 
clude those  of  Ellen  Day  Hale  and  the  black  American  painter 
Edward  Bannister.  A  long  series  of  letters  from  Augustus  Saint- 
Gaudens  to  Frederick  MacMonnies,  two  notable  American  sculp- 
tors, cover  the  years  1884  to  1904,  and  in  a  later  series,  Gutzon 
Borglum  discusses  his  work  on  Mount  Rushmore  in  detail.  One 
of  the  larger  collections  received  this  year  is  the  Violet  Oakley 
papers,  which  document  the  long  and  productive  career  of  a  Phila- 
delphia painter  and  stained-glass  designer. 

Art  critics  and  art  historians  play  their  own  role  in  art  history 
and  their  files  often  have  substantial  research  value.  Those  of  the 
critic  Clarence  Joseph  Bulliet  and  of  the  historian  Edgar  P.  Rich- 
ardson are  prime  examples.  Bulliet  was  Chicago's  leading  art  critic 
in  the  1920s  and  1930s  and  was  an  influential  figure  throughout 
the  Midwest.  The  papers,  which  include  voluminous  correspon- 
dence together  with  his  articles,  drafts  of  his  writings,  and  photo- 
graphs, are  a  major  source  of  information  on  the  Chicago  art 
world  over  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

In  a  particularly  fitting  acquisition  for  this  thirtieth  anniversary 


182  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


This  photograph  of  Jackson  Pollock  (left)  with  his  brother,  Charles,  about  1930, 
was  among  the  Jackson  Pollock  papers  donated  to  the  Archives  of  American 
Art  by  the  late  artist's  widow,  Lee  Krasner,  shortly  before  she  died. 


year,  the  Archives  received  the  Edgar  P.  Richardson  papers.  An 
eminent  historian  of  American  art.  Dr.  Richardson  estabhshed  the 
Archives  of  American  Art  in  1954  and  guided  it  through  its  first 
decade  of  growth.  His  records  embrace  the  entire  range  of  Ameri- 
can art  history  and  thoroughly  document  his  long  career  as 
scholar,  museum  director,  adviser  to  collectors,  founding  father, 
and  forceful  presence  in  the  museum  community. 

The  Archives  initiated  several  important  collecting  projects  in 
1984.  A  grant  from  the  Henry  Luce  Foundation  supported  a  pre- 
liminary survey  of  American  art  records  in  Philadelphia  and  Rhode 
Island,  each  with  a  view  to  microfilming  selected  groups  of  the 
papers  uncovered.  A  similar  project  in  New  Mexico  concentrated 
on  personal  and  institutional  collections  in  Santa  Fe  and  Taos.  In 
a  move  beyond  the  national  boundary,  the  Archives  received  per- 
mission from  the  University  Court  of  Glasgow  University  to  film 
its  extensive  group  of  J. A.M.  Whistler  papers. 

A  more  permanent  collecting  venture  was  established  this  year 
with  the  long  anticipated  opening  of  an  office  in  Los  Angeles. 
This  sixth  regional  center,  housed  in  the  new  Virginia  Steele  Scott 
Gallery  of  American  Art  of  the  Huntington  Library  and  Art  Gal- 
lery, and  supported  by  local  contributions,  will  serve  as  a  base  for 
both  collecting  and  research  in  Southern  California. 

The  Archives'  oral  history  program  has  been  more  than  usually 
productive.  Two  intensive  projects,  one  documenting  the  art  com- 
munity of  the  Pacific  Northwest  and  the  other  comprising  an  ex- 
tended series  of  personal  recollections  of  Mark  Rothko,  were  con- 
cluded this  year.  Continuing  experiments  with  the  video  tape 
medium  brought  visual  interviews  with  David  Hockney  on  the 
West  Coast  and  Gladys  Nilsson  and  Jim  Nutt  in  Chicago.  An 
earlier  series  of  video  tapes  on  three  Chicago  artists,  made  in 
1983  with  support  from  the  Smithson  Society,  won  a  silver  medal 
award  this  year  from  the  International  Film  and  TV  Festival  of 
New  York.  Among  the  more  useful  oral  history  interviews  con- 
ducted in  fiscal  year  1984  were  ones  with  Aaron  Bohrod,  a  Chi- 
cago painter  whose  work  has  been  well  known  for  nearly  fifty 
years,  with  the  contemporary  painter  Tom  Wesselman,  and  curator 
and  art  historian  Robert  Beverly  Hale.  In  a  new  departure,  the 
Archives  also  interviewed  an  authentic  visionary  and  folk  artist, 
the  Reverend  Howard  Finster,  whose  swift  rise  to  fame  culmi- 
nated in  the  presentation  of  his  work  at  the  Venice  Biennale  and 
an  appearance  on  the  Johnny  Carson  show. 

The  volume  of  research  conducted  at  the  Archives  of  American 


184  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Art  in  fiscal  year  1984  rose  by  10  percent  over  1983,  with  3,320 
visits  from  graduate  students,  scholars,  and  independent  art  his- 
torians. A  similar  10  percent  increase  to  1,600  rolls  of  film  oc- 
curred in  the  interlibrary  loan  of  Archives  microfilm  to  researchers 
at  universities  and  museums  throughout  the  country. 

Publications  with  acknowledgements  to  the  Archives  appeared 
in  great  quantity  in  1984.  These  included  books  on  Mary  Cassatt, 
Thomas  Eakins,  David  Smith,  and  Louise  Nevelson;  on  modernist 
painting  in  New  Mexico;  on  the  political  basis  of  abstract  expres- 
sionism; and  on  federal  art  patronage  after  World  War  II.  Most 
publications  based  on  Archives  materials  are  exhibition  catalogues 
and  articles  in  scholarly  journals.  The  Archives  own  publication 
program  brought  forth  The  Card  Catalogue  of  the  Oral  History 
Collections  of  the  Archives  of  American  Art. 

Several  changes  in  design  and  content  will  be  introduced  in  the 
forthcoming  issue  of  the  Archives  of  American  Art  Journal.  Its 
appeal  will  be  enhanced  with  a  new  look  and  new  features,  includ- 
ing a  book  review  department  and  a  Letters  to  the  Editor  section. 
As  befits  the  quarterly  publication  of  an  archival  institution  enjoy- 
ing an  embarrassment  of  riches,  the  Journal  will  present  an  in- 
creased number  of  particularly  revealing  and  significant  unpub- 
lished documents,  with  introductory  notes  by  expert  authorities. 
These  will  reflect  the  Archives'  important  holdings  in  American 
cultural  and  social  history  as  well  as  in  the  history  of  art. 

Many  programs  of  the  Archives  depend  upon  private  funding 
and  the  commitment  of  private  citizens  throughout  the  nation. 
The  Archives  pays  special  tribute  to  those  members  and  trustees 
who  by  dint  of  considerable  effort  and  hard  work  raised  in  the 
past  year  some  $400,000  in  general  operating  funds.  Particular 
appreciation  goes  to  Mrs.  Dwight  M.  Kendall  of  Los  Angeles; 
Mrs.  Nancy  B.  Negley  of  San  Antonio,  Texas;  and  Mrs.  Charles 
Kessler  of  Huntington  Woods,  Michigan,  each  of  whom  raised  in 
excess  of  $70,000.  Mrs.  Kessler  recently  stepped  down  from  the 
chairmanship  of  the  Detroit  Committee  for  the  Midwest  Regional 
Center,  a  position  she  held  for  nearly  four  years.  The  committee, 
being  the  first  such  support  group  for  the  Archives,  is  one  of  the 
most  active  in  the  country  and  has  consistently  raised  major  funds 
for  more  than  twenty-five  years. 

Further  appreciation  goes  to  A.  Alfred  Taubman  of  Troy,  Michi- 
gan; Mrs.  Francis  de  Marneffe  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts;  Mrs. 
John  Rosekrans  of  San  Francisco;  Mrs.  Dana  M.  Raymond,  Mrs. 
Robert  F.  Shapiro,  and  Mrs.  Otto  L.  Spaeth,  all  of  New  York  City. 


History  and  Art  I  185 


Each  of  them  was  responsible  for  either  raising  or  attracting  to 
the  Archives  more  than  $25,000.  Mrs.  Spaeth,  who  has  been  an 
active  friend  of  the  Archives  since  1959,  was  named  honorary 
chairman  of  the  board  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  trustees  in 
May. 

Also  during  fiscal  year  1984,  the  Archives  acknowledged  major 
grants  from  the  Henry  Luce  Foundation,  Warner  Communications, 
Inc.,  the  Brown  Foundation,  the  Lehman  Foundation,  and  The 
Times  Mirror  Foundation.  These  funds,  along  with  others,  have 
helped  to  support  various  collecting  endeavors  across  the  country 
as  well  as  several  scholarly  programs  including  a  Senior  Fellow- 
ship and  the  Archives'  Journal. 


Center  for  Asian  Art 

Freer  Gallery  of  Art  and  Arthur  M.  Sackler  Gallery 

A  sense  of  transition  was  much  evident  in  the  Freer  Gallery  of 
Art  in  1984.  The  beginning  of  the  Arthur  M.  Sackler  Gallery  with 
the  arrival  of  assistant  director  Milo  C.|  Beach,  Islamic  art  scholar 
and  former  chairman  of  the  department  of  art  at  Williams  Col- 
lege, marked  the  transition  to  the  Center  for  Asian  Art,  which 
encompasses  the  Sackler  Gallery.  With  the  laying  of  the  physical 
foundation  of  the  Sackler  Gallery,  the  reality  of  its  new  building, 
scheduled  to  open  in  1987,  appears  as  a  turning  point  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Freer  Gallery. 

Further  tangible  evidence  of  the  development  of  the  Sackler 
Gallery  was  the  arrival  of  the  first  objects  of  the  Sackler  Collec- 
tion, generously  donated  by  Dr.  Sackler  to  form  the  basis  of  the 
new  museum.  Temporary  space  was  prepared  at  the  Museum 
Support  Center  to  hold  the  almost  one  thousand  objects  until  their 
relocation  to  the  new  building.  Two  groups  of  Sackler  objects  were 
next  scheduled  to  arrive  after  their  exhibition  at  the  Edinburgh 
International  Festival  in  Scotland.  The  entire  collection  was  ex- 
pected to  reach  Washington  by  the  end  of  the  calendar  year. 

The  Freer  was  not  without  its  own  whirlwind  of  activity.  Plans 
for  renovating  the  Freer  building  after  the  opening  of  the  Sackler 
Gallery  began  in  a  substantial  manner.  The  ultimate  goals  of  the 
renovation  are  to  provide  the  Freer  with  more  collection  storage 


186  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


This  painting  by  the  fifteenth-century  Japanese  artist 
Sesshin  shows  the  deity  of  the  Kitano  Shrine  (the 
deified  courtier  Sugawara  no  Michizane,  A.D.  845- 
903)  in  the  guise  of  a  Chinese  scholar  holding  a  plum 
branch,  recalling  the  legend  that  the  deity  traveled 
to  China  to  receive  the  teachings  of  a  Zen  Buddhist 
master.  The  painting  was  a  gift  of  the  Mary  Living- 
ston Griggs  and  Mary  Griggs  Burke  Foundation. 


space,  more  exhibition  space,  more  space  for  conservation  facili- 
ties, and  more  teaching  space. 

Possibly  the  largest  exhibition  of  work  by  James  McNeill 
Whistler  in  this  country  since  the  1905  memorial  show  opened 
at  the  Freer  Gallery  in  May  1984,  closing  in  December.  For  this 
show  marking  the  150th  anniversary  of  Whistler's  birth,  visitors 
arrived  at  more  than  double  the  normal  rate  to  see  the  rare  display 
of  oil  paintings,  watercolors,  pastels,  and  pencil  and  ink  drawings. 
These  works  erased  preconceptions  of  the  artist  as  limited  to  por- 
traits and  nocturnes  as  the  breadth  of  his  interests  and  skills  was 
seen.  In  this  exhibition  a  number  of  display  techniques  were  used 
for  the  first  time  at  the  Freer  Gallery. 

AT&T  was  the  corporate  sponsor  for  the  Whistler  exhibition 
and,  in  particular,  the  exhibition  catalogue,  James  McNeill 
Whistler  at  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art.  Written  by  David  Park  Curry 
and  copubHshed  with  W.  W.  Norton  &  Company,  the  304-page 
catalogue  was  richly  illustrated  with  over  700  photographs,  in- 
cluding over  200  in  color,  made  possible  by  AT&T's  generous 
grant.  Besides  clearly  establishing  the  significant  relationship  be- 
tween Freer  and  Whistler,  the  catalogue  also  describes  the  various 
art  historical  connections  of  the  works  in  the  exhibition  and  will 
be  the  primary  statement  on  the  Freer's  Whistler  collection  for 
some  time.  A  free  color  brochure,  a  free  lecture,  a  scholarly  sym- 
posium with  the  National  Gallery  of  Art,  and  two  posters  accom- 
panied the  show,  along  with  special  notecards  with  Whistler  etch- 
ings. The  exhibition  and  catalogue  were  well  received  in  national 
as  well  as  local  media. 

A  photographic  exhibition  in  the  lower  hall  described  the  Freer- 
Whistler  relationship.  This  small  show  followed  the  photographic 
exhibition  on  Charles  Lang  Freer  and  the  Freer  Gallery  for  the 
sixtieth  anniversary  celebration. 

To  complement  the  Whistler  show,  a  number  of  Chinese  and 
Japanese  art  objects  in  various  media  were  selected  to  represent 
possible  pieces  that  either  Whistler  had  seen  or  Freer  had  seen 
while  acquiring  Whistler  works.  In  addition,  there  were  other 
Chinese  and  Japanese  exhibitions  this  year.  Japanese  Drawings 
featured  works  by  Katsushika  Hokusai  and  Kawanabe  Gyosai  as 
well  as  a  large  portion  from  the  Grut  Collection,  acquired  in  1975 
and  never  before  exhibited.  Japanese  Fans,  which  showed  painted 
fans  of  high  artistic  quality  produced  by  some  of  Japan's  most 
famous  painters,  was  a  reprise  of  the  popular  show  of  1980. 
Korean  Influences  on  Japanese  Ceramics  exhibited  fifty  objects  to 


188  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


examine  the  Japanese  appreciation  of  Punch'ong  ware,  Korean 
ceramics  that  entered  Japan  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Korean  tech- 
niques of  applying  sHp  to  dark-bodied  wares  became  major  ele- 
ments in  the  styles  of  ceramics  centers  founded  by  Korean  potters 
in  Japan  and  spread  in  various  forms  elsewhere  in  that  country. 

Chinese  Paintings  exhibited  a  selection  of  thirty  paintings  span- 
ning the  Sung  dynasty  (960-1279)  through  the  Ch'ing  dynasty 
(1644-1912).  This  exhibition  included  two  recently  accessioned 
works  by  Tao-chi,  a  seventeenth-century  painter  with  a  wide  repu- 
tation in  the  West.  This  show  was  followed  by  Masterpieces  of 
Chinese  Painting,  exhibiting  thirty  important  works  from  the  Sung 
through  the  Ch'ing  dynasties  to  complement  the  Treasures  from 
the  Shanghai  Museum  exhibition  at  the  National  Museum  of 
Natural  History. 

In  the  Near  Eastern  field.  Islamic  Manuscript  Illumination  ex- 
hibited nineteen  folios  produced  in  Egypt,  Iran,  Afghanistan,  and 
Uzbekistan  between  the  tenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  The  show 
provided  a  perspective  on  the  decoration  of  religious  and  secular 
manuscripts.  Pre-Islamic  Metalwork  from  the  Near  East  exhibited 
twenty-four  objects  in  silver,  gold,  and  bronze,  made  in  Iran  and 
Egypt,  from  the  4th  century  B.C.  to  the  6th  century  A.D.,  includ- 
ing Sasanian  Iran  (224-651)  and  nine  gold  objects  from  Egypt. 

The  thirty-first  annual  lecture  series  focused  on  "Studies  in 
Connoissership  1923-1983"  as  a  continuation  of  the  Freer's  six- 
tieth anniversary  theme.  These  lectures  included:  "Early  American 
Collectors  of  Japanese  Art,"  by  Julia  Meech-Pekarik,  which  was 
jointly  sponsored  with  the  Embassy  of  Japan;  the  Rutherford  J. 
Gettens  Memorial  Lecture,  "Red,  Yellow  and  Blue:  The  Story  of 
Three  Asian  Pigments,"  delivered  by  Elisabeth  West  FitzHugh; 
and  "New  Light  on  the  Falling  Rocket:  Whistler  at  Cremorne 
Gardens,"  by  David  Park  Curry. 

The  inaugural  lecture  for  the  John  A.  Pope  Memorial  Lecture 
Series  was  "Transitional  Blue-and-White:  Some  Reflections  on 
Style,"  by  Margaret  Medley,  curator  of  the  David  Foundation, 
London. 

The  Freer's  docent  program  proved  so  successful  in  terms  of  the 
increased  number  of  visitors  on  tours  and  of  the  warm  responses 
to  the  tours  that  a  second  docent  class  of  ten  received  training  to 
expand  the  effort.  Another  free  leaflet  on  one  aspect  of  the  mu- 
seum's collection— the  Peacock  Room  and  the  Princess  from  the 
Land  of  Porcelain — was  made  available  to  visitors. 

Among  the  visitors  to  the  museum  this  year  were  the  Humani- 


History  and  Art  I  189 


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Twelve-year-old  Lucy  D.  Stickney  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  embroidered 
this  sampler  (silk  and  paint  on  plain  weave  linen)  in  1830.  It  was  in  the  exhibi- 
tion Embroidered  Samplers  at  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  February  21-May  27, 
1984.  (Bequest  of  Mrs.  Henry  E.  Coe) 


ties  Education  Study  Team  from  the  People's  Republic  of  China,  a 
delegation  from  the  Shanghai  Museum,  and  the  retiring  Secretary- 
General  of  NATO. 

Professor  Tadashi  Kobayashi,  of  Gakushuin  University,  Tokyo, 
was  the  fourth  Harold  P.  Stern  Memorial  Fund  Fellow.  He  spent 
the  summer  studying  the  Freer's  collection  of  Japanese  genre  paint- 
ings and  Ukiyo-e  paintings;  a  series  of  catalogues  on  this  collec- 
tion was  planned. 

A  group  of  twenty-nine  ancient  Chinese  ceramic  objects,  includ- 
ing three  pieces  from  the  Shang  dynasty  (ca.  1523-1028  B.C.)  that 
have  survived  more  than  3,000  years  in  perfect  condition,  was 
acquired  through  gift  and  purchase.  The  vessels  fill  out  the  Freer's 
collection  of  Chinese  ceramics  so  that  it  now  includes  the  full 
range  of  ceramic  wares  from  the  pre-Christian  era.  The  rarest 
object  is  a  burnished,  wheel-turned  footed  jar  of  black  clay  made 
in  Honan  Province  during  the  Shang  dynasty;  it  was  given  in 
memory  of  Helen  Dalling  Ling,  who  gathered  the  collection 
together. 

Other  major  donations  include  an  eighteenth-century  Mughal 
Indian  dagger  by  Dr.  Stephen  R.  Turner  and  selected  library  ref- 
erence works  by  the  Ellen  Bayard  Weedon  Foundation.  Donations 
from  the  Mary  Livingston  Griggs  and  Mary  Griggs  Burke  Founda- 
tion and  from  the  Clark  Endowment  Fund  enabled  the  Freer  Gal- 
lery to  acquire  important  objects  for  the  Japanese  collections. 

Subtle  but  substantial  changes  took  place  at  the  doors  to  the 
Freer  this  year.  New  wooden  doors  with  Honduran  mahogany 
and  thermal  glass  in  a  design  echoing  the  bronze  courtyard  doors 
now  greet  visitors  at  the  north  entrance.  Visitors  are  also  now 
able  to  enter  the  building  through  the  south  entrance  on  a  regu- 
lar basis. 


Cooper-Hewitt  Museum 

This  year  the  Cooper-Hewitt  continued  to  broaden  its  appeal  to 
the  public  with  innovative  exhibitions  and  programs  that  typify 
the  diversity  of  its  interests.  The  museum  has  received  numerous 
awards  for  its  exhibitions,  publications,  and  programs,  but  the 
award  from  the  American  Institute  of  Architects  is  among  the 
most  meaningful.  The  citation  applauds  the  Cooper-Hewitt's  "com- 
mitment to  public  awareness  of  the  importance  of  design  that  is 


History  and  Art  I  191 


exemplified  by  the  quality  of  its  collections,  its  far-reaching  educa- 
tional programs,  and  its  willingness  to  explore  the  boundaries  of 
modern  thought  while  serving  as  an  unmatched  repository  of  his- 
torical materials  and  perspectives,"  and  concludes  that  "no  museum 
has  done  more  to  bring  to  the  public's  consciousness  the  role  of 
architecture  in  the  life  of  the  nation." 

EXHIBITIONS 

One  of  the  more  celebrated  exhibitions  in  the  past  year  was  Art  of 
the  European  Goldsmith,  which  began  its  national  tour  at  the 
Cooper-Hewitt.  Lent  by  the  world-famed  Schroder  Collection  in 
England,  the  exhibition  concentrated  on  European  masterworks  in 
silver  and  gold  from  the  seventeenth  to  the  nineteenth  century. 
The  exhibition  entitled  The  Amsterdam  School:  Dutch  Expression- 
ist Architecture  1915-1930  was  the  first  analysis  of  this  important 
topic  prepared  for  English-speaking  audiences.  Because  of  its  first- 
time  showing  in  this  country,  the  Amsterdam  School  attracted 
wide  attention  among  the  architectural  profession  as  well  as  the 
public,  and  served  as  an  important  documentation  of  this  style 
and  period. 

The  major  architectural  exhibition  of  the  summer  was  Manhat- 
tan Skyline:  Skyscrapers  Between  the  Wars.  The  period  between 
World  War  I  and  World  War  II  was  witness  to  a  building  boom 
in  which  the  skyscraper  played  a  dominant  role,  especially  in  New 
York.  This  exhibition  examined  many  factors  that  contributed  to 
the  appeal  of  New  York's  soaring  structures.  Four  other  larger 
exhibitions  mounted  in  1984  demonstrated  the  museum's  ability 
to  explore  less  conventional  areas  of  design.  American  Enterprise: 
Nineteenth-Century  Patent  Models  was  a  large  selection  of  color- 
ful and  unusual  examples  of  patent  models  embodying  both  the 
history  of  American  patent  law  and  Yankee  ingenuity.  The  mu- 
seum staff  was  responsible  for  organizing  this  exhibition,  which 
included  over  three-hundred  and  fifty  models.  Embroidered  Sam- 
plers was  a  display  of  the  finest  embroidered  samplers  from  the 
Cooper-Hewitt's  own  massive  collection.  Design  in  the  Service  of 
Tea,  the  major  fall  exhibition,  included  major  international  loans. 
A  large  survey  of  tea-related  objects  from  ancient  countries  to  con- 
temporary Western  forms  was  provocatively  explored  in  a  refresh- 
ing manner.  And  Circles  of  the  World:  Traditional  Arts  of  the 
Plains  Indians  presented  visitors  with  a  rich  array  of  native  Ameri- 
can design  achievements  in  crafts  objects  drawn  from  the  incom- 
parable collections  of  the  Denver  Art  Museum. 


192  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  smaller  exhibitions  in  the  last  year  included  one  devoted  to 
drawings  demonstrating  the  aesthetic  theory  evolved  by  the  archi- 
tectural sculptor  John  De  Cesare,  which  relates  musical  and  visual 
forms;  a  selection  from  the  museum's  extensive  holdings  of  prints 
by  the  Tiepolo  family;  a  presentation  of  a  recently  acquired  collec- 
tion of  European  Damask  textiles;  an  exhibition  devoted  to  intri- 
cately carved  Netsuke  figures  from  Japan;  and,  from  the  Minnea- 
polis Institute  of  Arts'  Doneghy  Collection,  an  exhibition  entitled 
Finished  in  Beauty,  which  presented  utilitarian  and  ornamental 
silverwork  by  Indians  of  the  American  Southwest. 

Every  exhibition  within  the  past  year  attracted  local,  national, 
and  international  press  comments.  New  York  Magazine  described 
The  Amsterdam  School  as  an  "eye  opening  look  at  the  work  of  a 
lyrically  creative  group  of  architects,  who  for  a  while  virtually 
dominated  pubHc  building  in  Holland."  The  New  York  Times  said 
about  Manhattan  Skyline:  "a  handsome  exhibition  .  .  .  which 
reviews  the  skyscrapers  of  the  1920's  and  1930's  with  thorough- 
ness, accuracy  and  visual  delight." 


PUBLICATIONS 

A  major  catalogue  for  the  Amsterdam  School  was  copublished 
by  Cooper-Hewitt  and  MIT  Press.  With  the  aid  of  a  generous 
grant  from  the  New  York  law  firm  of  Simpson,  Thacher  and 
Bartlett,  an  important  and  award-winning  publication  accompany- 
ing the  Patent  Model  exhibition  was  produced  by  the  museum  and 
continues  to  be  a  popular  seller.  A  Stitch  Guide  and  a  collection 
handbook  on  Samplers  were  published  to  accompany  the  exhibi- 
tion, illustrating  specimens  from  various  European,  American,  and 
other  cultures.  Another  volume  in  the  Cooper-Hewitt's  Smith- 
sonian Illustrated  Library  of  Antiques  was  completed  on  the 
subject  of  Miniatures,  and  distribution  of  the  series  continues 
through  the  Book-of-the-Month  Club. 

In  keeping  with  the  breadth  of  such  wide-ranging  interests,  the 
museum  also  published  The  Phenomenon  of  Change.  Edited  by 
Lisa  Taylor,  director.  Change  includes  sixty-five  essays  by  dis- 
tinguished scholars,  politicians,  architects,  scientists,  philosophers, 
and  religious  leaders.  A  less  expensive  tabloid  format  (popular 
with  university  students)  and  a  soft-cover  book  were  simultane- 
ously published.  The  book  is  available  to  bookstores  through 
Rizzoli  International. 


History  and  Art  I  193 


PROGRAMS 

May  1984  brought  the  first  graduation  of  a  class  in  the  master's 
degree  program  on  European  decorative  arts,  a  joint  undertaking 
of  the  Cooper-Hewitt  and  Parsons  School  of  Design.  Sir  Francis 
Watson,  British  scholar  and  a  former  director  of  London's  Wallace 
Collection,  spoke  in  a  ceremony  held  at  the  museum.  Sir  Francis, 
as  a  1983-1984  Regents'  Fellow,  was  himself  credited  by  director 
Lisa  Taylor  as  having  been  an  invaluable  source  of  inspiration  to 
the  students  and  staff  alike.  George  Nelson,  one  of  America's 
preeminent  industrial  designers,  was  also  named  a  Regents'  Fel- 
low in  1984  and  spoke  at  a  special  lecture  series  on  the  phenom- 
enon of  a  synthetic  planet. 

An  international  group  of  scholars  arrived  at  the  museum  for 
two  symposiums.  One,  organized  by  the  Decorative  Arts  Depart- 
ment, concentrated  its  discussions  and  lectures  on  virtuoso  metal- 
work  in  conjunction  with  the  Schroder  Collection  exhibition.  The 
other  assembled  experts  in  the  field  of  textiles  to  discuss  the  Euro- 
pean and  American  samplers  that  were  on  view  at  the  museum 
at  that  time. 

The  range  of  programs  at  the  Cooper-Hewitt  is  so  broad  as  to 
include  study  of  life  in  space  to  the  examination  of  Chinese  pavil- 
ions and  their  decorative  arts.  Many  individuals — members  and 
nonmembers  alike — register  for  courses  at  the  museum  every 
quarter,  drawn  by  lectures  dealing  with  temporary  exhibitions,  the 
history  of  landscape,  industrial  and  interior  design,  architectural 
criticism  and  history,  and  a  variety  of  workshops  and  tours. 

The  internship  program  at  the  museum  successfully  continued 
this  year  with  twelve  undergraduate  and  graduate  students  assist- 
ing in  all  curatorial  and  administrative  departments.  Four  of  this 
year's  interns  were  selected  as  Sidney  and  Celia  Siegel  Fellows. 
With  additional  grants  from  the  New  York  State  Council  on  the 
Arts,  the  museum  continued  to  serve  as  a  conservation  advisory 
center  for  smaller  institutions  throughout  the  state,  and  was  able 
to  offer  a  paid  internship  in  textile  conservation.  The  Ford  Founda- 
tion generally  sponsored  the  fellowship  of  a  doctoral  candidate 
who  researched,  organized,  and  was  responsible  for  the  widely 
acclaimed  Manhattan  Skyline  exhibition. 

COLLECTIONS  MANAGEMENT 

The  active  pace  of  Cooper-Hewitt's  exhibition  schedule  required  a 
substantial  number  of  loans  borrowed  from  private  lenders  and 


194  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


domestic  and  international  museums.  Because  of  the  museum's  lack 
of  space  to  exhibit  its  permanent  collections,  and  because  of  the 
quantity  of  objects  it  holds,  loans  to  other  museums  continued  at 
an  increasing  rate.  The  first  phase  of  a  continuous  inventory  was 
completed  on  schedule.  Each  of  the  three  major  departments  now 
possesses  its  own  inventory  technician  to  build  more  complete 
location  guides  and  new  records  for  objects  added  to  the  collec- 
tions in  future  years. 

Additional  grants  from  the  New  York  State  Council  on  the  Arts 
aided  with  exhibition  costs  for  the  Amsterdam  exhibition  and  pro- 
duction costs  for  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Stitch  Guide  and  The  Pheno- 
menon of  Change,  and  allowed  the  museum  to  have  for  the  first 
time  its  own  in-house  photographer.  The  latter  position  has  been 
most  helpful  in  documenting  new  objects  entering  the  collection 
and  replacing  faded  photographs  and  slides.  In  an  important  initia- 
tive, members  of  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  Council  and  the 
Board  of  Regents  continued  preparations  in  fiscal  year  1984  for  a 
capital  campaign  that  will  provide  the  museum  with  important 
improvements  to  its  present  facility  in  the  near  future. 

More  than  500  objects  were  accessioned  by  the  museum  in  fiscal 
year  1984.  All  of  the  major  departments  received  substantial  addi- 
tions to  their  collections.  The  decorative  arts  department  acces- 
sioned the  initial  part  of  a  gift  from  Marcia  and  William  Goodman 
consisting  of  important  pieces  of  American  art  pottery.  The  tex- 
tiles department  purchased  a  set  of  linen  damask  napkins  with 
the  Alice  Beer  Memorial  Fund,  and  owing  to  the  generosity  of  the 
artists  and  manufacturers,  most  of  the  fabrics  in  the  Contemporary 
Continuous  Pattern  exhibition  have  been  added  to  the  collection. 
An  exceptional  illustrated  book  by  Humphrey  Repton  on  the 
Brighton  Pavilion,  published  in  1808,  was  added  to  the  prints  and 
drawings  department  as  a  gift  from  Mrs.  Christian  Aall. 


Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden 

The  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden  (hmsg),  one  of  the 
most  important  museums  of  contemporary  art  in  this  country, 
maintains  an  active  exhibition  schedule  and  acquisitions  program. 
In  support  of  these  are  related  programs  of  lectures,  films,  con- 
certs, and  educational  activities  involving  audiences  of  all  ages. 


History  and  Art  I  195 


Technical  and  support  units  include  offices  of  conservation,  regis- 
tration, and  photography  and  a  reference  library. 

Since  its  opening  in  October  1974,  the  museum  has  organized 
a  great  many  important  exhibitions,  usually  of  material  borrowed 
from  other  institutions  and  from  private  collectors.  There  are  also 
exhibitions  drawn  from  the  museum's  permanent  collection.  Many 
exhibitions  organized  by  the  hmsg  are  circulated  to  other  mu- 
seums, and  there  are  frequent  loans  of  individual  works  of  art  to 
other  museums. 

The  first  major  exhibition  for  1984  was  Dreams  and  Night- 
mares: Utopian  Visions  in  Modern  Art,  December  8,  1983-Febru- 
ary  12,  1984.  Included  were  136  works  by  sixty-two  American  and 
European  artists  of  the  twentieth  century.  This  1984-theme  exhi- 
bition surveyed  artists'  hopes — and  fears — for  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury, beginning  with  the  optimistic  visions  of  Futurism,  Expres- 
sionism, the  Russian  Avant-Garde,  Purism,  Bauhaus,  De  Stijl,  and 
America's  Utopian  developments,  and  ending  with  pessimistic 
images  of  alienation  and  holocaust.  Artists  represented  included 
Piet  Mondrian,  Fernand  Leger,  Hugh  Ferriss,  Paolo  Soleri,  George 
Grosz,  George  Tooker,  and  Robert  Morris.  This  was  the  first  of 
a  series  of  Smithsonian  events  celebrating  the  Orwellian  year  of 
1984.  Valerie  Fletcher,  the  curator  who  organized  the  exhibition, 
gave  a  public  lecture  on  December  11, 1983. 

The  next  major  exhibition  was  Drawings:  1974-1984,  March 
15-May  13,  1984.  It  was  the  first  of  a  two-part  celebration  of  the 
tenth  anniversary  of  the  museum's  opening  to  the  public.  Inter- 
national developments  in  the  last  ten  years  were  the  focus  of  this 
exhibition  of  148  works  on  paper.  Thirty  artists  were  represented, 
including  Avigdor  Arikha,  Balthus,  Christo,  Chuck  Close,  Willem 
de  Kooning,  Jim  Dine,  Jean  Dubuffet,  David  Hockney,  Jasper 
Johns,  R.  B.  Kitaj,  Claes  Oldenburg,  and  Larry  Rivers.  The  Smith- 
sonian Resident  Associate  Program  sponsored  a  lecture  by  Christo 
on  May  13,  1984,  in  which  the  artist  described  his  work.  This 
lecture  was  introduced  by  Frank  B.  Gettings,  curator  of  the 
exhibition. 

German  Expressionist  Sculpture  appeared  from  April  3  to 
June  17,  1984.  This  was  the  only  East  Coast  showing  of  a  major 
exhibition  organized  by  the  Los  Angeles  County  Museum  of  Art, 
the  first  ever  to  examine  German  Expressionist  sculpture,  a  little- 
known  but  vital  development  in  early  twentieth-century  art.  In- 
cluded were  125  bronze,  wood,  stone,  plaster,  and  porcelain  sculp- 
tures, and  twenty-five  related  works  on  paper. 


196  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Artistic  Collaboration  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  June  9-August 
19,  1984,  consisted  of  108  works  created  by  some  seventy  teams 
of  artists  between  1913  and  1984.  Edouard  Roditi  lectured  on 
June  13,  1984,  on  "Memories  of  the  Surrealists."  After  closing  at 
the  Hirshhorn  Museum,  this  exhibition  travels  to  Milwaukee,  Wis- 
consin, and  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Finally,  a  major  exhibition,  the  second  part  of  the  tenth- 
anniversary  celebration.  Content:  A  Contemporary  Focus,  1974- 
1984,  opened  on  October  4,  1984.  Included  were  185  paintings, 
sculptures,  drawings,  constructions,  photographs,  mixed-media  in- 
stallations, and  presentations  of  film  and  video  art  by  147  artists, 
working  in  a  full  range  of  contemporary  styles.  The  exhibition's 
theme — the  reintroduction  of  content  as  a  central  concern  in  recent 
art — reveals  an  underlying  continuity  in  the  diverse  art  forms  of 
the  last  ten  years. 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  presented  "Four  on  the  Scene" 
on  October  4,  1984,  in  connection  with  the  Content  exhibition. 
Introduced  by  curators  Phyllis  Rosenzweig  and  Howard  Fox  were 
artists  Vito  Acconci,  Sandro  Chia,  Jenny  Holzer,  and  David  Salle, 
who  discussed  their  recent  works. 

Smaller  exhibitions,  most  of  them  organized  by  the  museum's 
staff  and  drawn  from  the  permanent  collection,  included:  Direct 
Carving  in  Modern  Sculpture,  October  6-November  27,  1983; 
Aspects  of  Color,  October  15,  1983-March  6,  1984;  Art  from 
Italy:  Selections  from  the  Museum's  Collection,  February  I-Aprij 
4,  1984;  and  European  Modernism:  Selections  from  the  Museum's 
Collection,  September  13,  1984-January  13,  1985. 

As  the  nature  of  the  hmsg's  permanent  collection  has  become 
more  widely  known,  requests  for  loans  from  the  collection  have 
increased.  In  fiscal  year  1984,  254  objects  were  lent  to  sixty-three 
institutions.  Among  these  works  were  eleven  paintings  and  draw- 
ings to  the  Alexandria  Museum  of  Visual  Art,  Alexandria,  Louisi- 
ana; eight  paintings  to  the  Millwood  Art  Gallery,  C.  W.  Post  Col- 
lege, Greenvale,  New  York;  seven  paintings  to  the  Tampa  Mu- 
seum, Tampa,  Florida;  six  paintings  to  the  Mansfield  Art  Center, 
Mansfield,  Ohio;  and  four  sculptures  by  Henry  Moore  to  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York. 

A  sampling  of  loans  to  foreign  exhibitors  includes  ten  paintings 
to  the  Akademie  der  Kunst,  Berlin,  West  Germany,  for  a  Willem 
de  Kooning  retrospective;  five  large  sculptures  for  an  inaugural 
exhibition  at  the  Museum  of  Modern  Art,  Shiga,  Japan;  two  paint- 
ings by  Max  Beckmann  to  the  Museen  der  Stadt,  Cologne,  West 


History  and  Art  I  197 


Germany;  and  a  painting  and  a  drawing  by  Ben  Shahn  to  the 
Ministry  of  Culture,  Madrid,  Spain. 

The  Museum  has  also  lent  two  large  groups  of  art  works  for 
special  exhibition:  sixty-six  sculptures  to  the  Oklahoma  Museum 
of  Art,  Oklahoma  City;  and  thirty-four  paintings,  drawings,  and 
documentary  photographs  to  the  Columbus  Museum  of  Art,  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio.  Finally,  the  museum  lent  twenty  paintings  and 
sculptures  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition 
Service  for  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  in  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land. 

Acquisitions  are  vital  to  any  museum,  but  especially  to  a  mu- 
seum of  contemporary  art.  This  year  the  hmsg  purchased  thirteen 
works  of  art,  including  twelve  purchased  with  appropriated  funds 
and  a  drawing  acquired  with  private  funds.  The  purchases  with 
appropriated  funds  included  Avigdor  Arikha's  The  Square  in  June 
(1983)  and  James  Wolfe's  Shembo  (1983).  Also,  important  addi- 
tions were  made  to  the  museum's  outstanding  nineteenth-century 
sculpture  collection,  including  Mother  and  Child  (c.  1874)  by 
Aime-Jules  Dalou  and  Fruchard  (c.  1832-35)  by  Honore  Daumier. 

To  increase  visitor  appreciation  and  understanding  of  modern 
art,  a  variety  of  educational  material  has  been  produced,  includ- 
ing explanatory  wall  labels  and  brochures.  The  latter  range  from 
a  single  page  to  illustrated  minicatalogs  and  are  distributed  free 
of  charge  to  the  public.  A  fifteen-minute  slide  presentation,  en- 
titled "Elements  of  Art:  Color,"  was  installed  from  October  1983 
until  March  1984  in  a  small  theater  in  the  third-floor  galleries  of 
the  museum.  This  was  the  second  program  in  the  "Elements  of 
Art"  series.  Many  of  the  works  of  art  featured  in  the  slide  presen- 
tation were  displayed  in  the  adjacent  gallery  for  visitors'  viewing. 

The  museum  also  presents  a  film  series,  with  lunchtime  docu- 
mentaries on  art  and  artists,  evening  films  by  independent  film- 
makers, and  Saturday  films  for  young  people.  Whenever  possible, 
the  film  series  reflects  the  current  exhibitions.  Other  events  in  the 
auditorium  are  concerts  by  the  ZOth-Century  Consort  and  lectures 
by  artists,  critics,  and  curators. 


Joseph  Henry  Papers 

The  manuscript  of  the  fifth  volume  of  the  letterpress  edition  of 
the  Joseph  Henry  Papers,  documenting  the  years  1841-43,  was 


198  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


delivered  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press.  In  addition,  con- 
siderable progress  was  made  on  the  sixth  volume,  the  last  dealing 
with  Henry's  years  at  Princeton. 

Preliminary  efforts  were  made  in  the  process  of  automating  the 
editorial  procedures  of  the  Henry  Papers.  This  process,  which  will 
not  be  completed  until  sometime  in  1985,  will  streamline  the 
preparation  of  letterpress  manuscripts  and  make  information  re- 
trieval much  easier  and  faster. 

The  project  continued  its  sponsorship  of  the  Nineteenth  Century 
Seminar,  once  again  hosting  presentations  that  ranged  over  a  broad 
spectrum  of  historical  topics,  including  the  history  of  art,  science 
and  technology,  and  American  cultural  history. 

Nathan  Reingold,  editor  of  the  Henry  Papers,  organized  a  sym- 
posium as  part  of  the  Smithsonian  presence  at  the  Edinburgh 
Festival.  Entitled  "The  Anglo-American  World  of  Science  and 
Technology,  1750-1850,"  the  symposium  was  in  honor  of  the 
Smithson  Bequest.  Reingold  was  also  one  of  the  speakers.  Earlier, 
he  gave  a  presentation  entitled  "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  Meets 
the  Atom  Bomb"  at  a  Paris  conference  on  the  popularization  of 
science. 

Also  very  active  professionally  was  Paul  Theerman,  who  pre- 
sented a  paper  on  Maxwell  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  History 
of  Science  Society,  and  another,  at  Sweet  Briar  College,  on  New- 
ton's nineteenth-century  reputation. 


National  Museum  of  African  Art 

Fiscal  year  1984  at  the  National  Museum  of  African  Art  (NMAfA) 
was  devoted  primarily  to  the  consolidation  and  strengthening  of 
its  resources.  It  was  also  a  year  for  testing  new  ideas.  Increased 
professionalism,  in-depth  scholarship,  and  heightened  creativity 
became  the  touchstones  for  measuring  the  old  and  the  new.  Exhi- 
bitions, collection  development  and  use,  research  and  educational 
opportunities  were  and  must  continue  to  be  subjected  to  scrutiny 
as  the  museum  prepares  for  its  move  to  the  Center  for  African, 
Asian,  and  Near  Eastern  Cultures.  The  goal  is  to  advance  knowl- 
edge and  pubhc  understanding  of  African  art  traditions  and 
cultures. 

The  temporary  special  exhibition  schedule  opened  with  African 
Islam.   It  was  the  first  time  this  topic  had  been  explored  by  a 


Histor}/  and  Art  I  199 


major  American  museum.  Prepared  by  curator  Dr.  Rene  Bravmann, 
professor  of  art  history.  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  the 
exhibition  examined  the  social  and  historical  dynaniics,  as  well  as 
the  aesthetic  response  of  Africans,  to  the  appearance  of  Islam 
south  of  the  Mediterranean  littoral.  More  than  100  examples  of 
art,  dating  from  the  nineteenth  and  twentieth  centuries,  were  gen- 
erously lent  by  U.S.  museums  and  private  collectors.  The  objects 
included  textiles,  sculpture,  amulets,  jewelry,  Korans,  and  writing 
boards.  The  catalogue,  written  by  Dr.  Bravmann  and  copublished 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  and  Ethnographica  Ltd., 
serves  as  an  introduction  to  this  seriously  neglected  area  of  Afri- 
can art  studies. 

Through  its  temporary  exhibitions  and  related  public  programs, 
the  museum  continued  to  explore  the  diversity  and  aesthetic  excel- 
lence of  African  art  traditions.  Included  among  these  were 
Ethiopia:  The  Christian  Art  of  an  African  Nation,  circulated  by 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service;  African 
Mankala,  organized  by  curator  Roslyn  Walker;  and  Patterns  and 
Forms,  selections  from  the  permanent  collection,  organized  by 
curator  Lydia  Puccinelli.  In  addition,  four  small  exhibitions,  focus- 
ing on  objects  in  the  museum's  permanent  collection,  were  curated 
by  individual  staff  members  (G.  Jennings  and  E.  Lifschitz,  Educa- 
tion Department;  R.  Sieber,  associate  director  for  Collections  and 
Research;  S.  Williams,  director).  Public  response  to  this  exhibition 
series  was  enthusiastic.  Thus,  the  museum  plans  to  continue  the 
experimental  exhibition  program  that  provides  in-depth  investiga- 
tion of  a  single  work  of  African  art  with  extensive  explanatory 
labels,  photo  panels,  and  accompanying  brochures  prepared  by  the 
staff.  It  offers  a  unique  opportunity  to  increase  collection  accessi- 
bility in  spite  of  space  limitations  in  the  existing  facility. 

Institutions  to  which  the  museum  lent  a  total  of  forty-four 
objects  for  exhibitions  included  Kalamazoo  Institute  of  Arts, 
Michigan;  Foundation  for  Cross  Cultural  Understanding,  Wash- 
ington, D.C.;  University  of  Maryland  Art  Gallery,  College  Park; 
Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago;  Birmingham  Museum 
of  Art,  Alabama;  Mt.  Holyoke  College,  South  Hadley,  Massachu- 
setts; Museum  of  Cultural  History,  University  of  California,  Los 
Angeles;  and  North  Carolina  Central  University  Museum, 
Durham. 

Through  its  acquisition  program,  the  museum's  permanent  col- 
lection was  significantly  enriched  by  137  accessions,  including  as 
gifts  a  collection  of  twenty-six  figurative  metal  objects  from  the 


200  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Roslyn  Walker  (left),  curator  of  African  Mankala,  was  one  of  the  participants 
in  the  Festival  of  African  Games  in  the  courtyard  of  the  National  Museum  of 
African  Art,  June  23,  1984.  (Photograph  by  Mark  Avino) 


western  region  of  the  Sudan,  a  collection  of  sixty-two  examples 
of  Ndebele  (southern  Africa)  beadwork,  an  unusually  fine  Kota 
(Gabon)  reliquary  guardian  figure,  an  early  collection  of  textiles 
and  metal  ornaments  from  Zaire,  a  Yoruba  (Nigeria)  fan,  and  an 
embroidered  robe  (Chad). 

One  of  the  major  collection  accessions  was  a  rare  Tetela  (Zaire) 
mask  collected  in  1924  by  an  American  missionary  who  lived  in 
the  former  Belgian  Congo.  Its  acquisition  by  purchase  was  made 
possible  by  the  James  Smithson  Society.  This  mask,  one  of  two 
such  documented  examples  in  public  museum  collections,  exempli- 
fies a  lost  Tetela  aesthetic,  and  is  important  historically  and  cul- 
turally. Other  important  acquisitions  by  purchase  during  the  year 
included:  a  pair  of  Fulani  (Mali)  gold  earrings  (for  which  funds 
were  donated  in  part  by  the  Friends  of  the  National  Museum  of 
African  Art  and  Robert  and  Nancy  Nooter);  a  Sono  (Guinea) 
brass  staff  finial;  a  Yoruba  (Nigeria)  wooden  divination  board; 
and  three  additions  to  the  Zairian  textile  holdings. 

The  Department  of  Education  and  Research  continued  to  serve 
a  large  audience,  ranging  from  elementary  and  secondary  school 
groups  to  senior  citizens  and  individual  visitors.  Their  enjoyment 
and  education  were  greatly  enhanced  by  the  museum's  fifty-seven 
docents,  who  volunteer  their  time  and  effectively  share  their 
knowledge  about  each  exhibition.  Many  of  the  Education  Depart- 
ment's public  programs,  special  workshops,  and  teaching  guides 
are  conceived  each  year  to  increase  understanding  of  special  exhi- 
bitions. During  1984  a  particularly  thorough  guide  for  secondary 
school  teachers  was  developed  and  published  to  accompany  the 
African  Islam  exhibition.  In  addition,  a  number  of  distinguished 
art  historians  and  anthropologists  were  invited  to  lecture  on  a 
variety  of  important  topics,  many  of  which  were  directly  related 
to  the  Special  Exhibition  Program.  Among  the  universities  repre- 
sented were  the  University  of  Washington,  Seattle;  Howard  Uni- 
versity, Washington,  D.C.;  University  of  Iowa;  University  of 
Ibadan,  Nigeria;  Bayero  University,  Kano,  Nigeria;  and  the  Cen- 
ter for  Byzantine  Studies,  Dumbarton  Oaks /Harvard  University. 
Four  interns  (George  Washington  University,  University  of  Iowa, 
San  Jose  State  University,  Howard  University)  were  placed  for 
museum  training  in  the  museum's  Registration,  Curatorial,  Educa- 
tion and  Research,  and  Public  Information  departments,  respec- 
tively. 

As  a  part  of  its  research  activities,  the  museum  was  honored 
to  have  in  residence  as  a  Regents  Fellow  Dr.  Ekpo  Eyo,  director  of 


202  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


the  Nigerian  National  Museums  and  Federal  Department  of  An- 
tiquities, Lagos.  During  his  residency.  Dr.  Eyo  worked  on  his 
forthcoming  volume  devoted  to  the  art  of  Owo,  a  Yoruba  town 
and  the  site  of  an  important  excavation  he  conducted  in  1969, 
which  revealed  a  corpus  of  extraordinary  works  of  art  tentatively 
dated  to  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  Eliot  Elisofon  Photographic  Archive  is  one  of  the  museum's 
strongest  research  components.  Through  grants  received  from  the 
Women's  Committee  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates  and  the 
Friends  of  the  National  Museum  of  African  Art,  five  documentary 
films  were  acquired  for  the  archive.  Produced  in  1982  by  the 
National  Ministry  of  Information  of  the  Ivory  Coast  in  consulta- 
tion with  African  and  Western  anthropologists,  these  films  pro- 
vide a  sound  contextual  basis  for  understanding  several  of  the 
most  important  Ivory  Coast  visual  traditions. 

In  association  with  the  Smithsonian's  Office  of  Fellowships  and 
Grants,  a  residency  fellowship  program  in  the  humanities  was 
awarded  by  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  to  the  National  Museum 
of  African  Art.  For  the  first  time  in  its  history,  NMAfA  will  be  able 
to  make  its  collection  and  research  facilities  the  focus  of  advanced 
scholarly  research.  Postdoctoral  scholars  in  African  art  history 
and  anthropology  (emphasizing  material  culture)  may  carry  out 
their  research  in  the  collections  or  on  topics  that  could  initiate 
scholarly  symposia,  exhibitions,  or  other  major  museum  activities. 
The  program  will  be  administered  by  the  Smithsonian's  Office  of 
Fellowships  and  Grants  and  will  begin  in  the  fall  of  1985.  Ap- 
pointments will  extend  for  one  year. 

During  1984  the  museum's  Union  Catalogue  Project  advanced 
steadily.  Placing  the  permanent  African  collection  holdings  on 
computer,  coordinated  by  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, provides  an  invaluable  resource  for  research  work  within  the 
museum,  throughout  the  Smithsonian,  and  elsewhere.  The  Union 
catalogue  has  addressed  the  need  for  terminology  standardization 
and  is  using  a  vocabulary  uniquely  suited  to  African  art  research. 
The  Getty  Art  and  Architectural  Thesaurus  Program  became  inter- 
ested in  the  NMAfA  Union  catalogue  in  1984,  viewing  it  as  being 
ideally  suited  to  incorporate  aat  terminology.  This  cooperative 
effort  is  progressing  under  the  guidance  of  Roy  Sieber,  NMAfA 
associate  director  for  Collections  and  Research.  Dr.  Sieber  and 
Janet  Stanley,  NMAfA  librarian,  are  consultants  to  the  Getty  Pro- 
gram. 

On  December  20,  1983,  the  twentieth  anniversary  celebration  of 


History  and  Art  I  203 


the  Organization  of  African  Unity  was  held  at  the  museum. 
Guests  included  ambassadors  of  many  African  nations,  Secretary 
Ripley,  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  for  African  Affairs  Chester 
Crocker,  and  the  Smithsonian  Assistant  Secretary  for  History  and 
Art,  John  Reinhardt. 

In  addition,  the  museum  received  foreign  visitors  from  Bel- 
gium, Benin,  Botswana,  Burkina  Faso  (Upper  Volta),  Cameroon, 
Cape  Verde,  Central  African  Republic,  Federal  Republic  of  Ger- 
many (West  Germany),  German  Democratic  Republic  (East  Ger- 
many), Ghana,  Great  Britain,  Holland,  Israel,  Lebanon,  Nigeria, 
New  Zealand,  South  Africa,  Switzerland,  and  Tanzania. 


National  Museum  of  American  Art 

The  public  exhibition  galleries  of  the  National  Museum  of  Ameri- 
can Art  were  transformed  during  the  past  year,  as  staff  designers, 
work  crews,  and  curators  completed  the  first  total  refurbishment 
and  reinstallation  of  the  collection  since  1968,  when  the  Old  Patent 
Office  Building  was  dedicated  as  a  museum.  The  project  began 
with  the  curatorial  review  of  the  entire  permanent  collection  to 
select  objects  for  a  flexibly  chronological  installation  tracing  the 
development  of  250  years  of  American  art.  In  the  process,  many 
artworks  were  cleaned  and  conserved;  frames  and  pedestals  were 
replaced  or  restored.  Newly  constructed  walls  permit  more  art- 
works to  be  shown  than  ever  before;  improved  natural  and  artificial 
lighting,  widened  doorways,  and  vibrant  new  color  schemes  en- 
liven the  appearance  of  the  interior  spaces.  The  new  installation 
opened  to  the  public  on  June  11;  that  evening  the  Museum  co- 
hosted  with  other  Smithsonian  museums  a  reception  for  the  thou- 
sands of  museum  professionals  from  across  the  country  who  had 
come  to  Washington  for  the  annual  meeting  of  the  American 
Association  of  Museums. 

On  June  11,  also,  the  gift  of  169  paintings,  sculptures,  and  draw- 
ings from  the  Sara  Robey  Foundation  Collection — the  most  signifi- 
cant gift  to  the  museum  in  modern  times — was  announced.  The 
collection  includes  masterworks  of  twentieth-century  art,  by  such 
artists  as  Charles  Burchfield,  Paul  Cadmus,  Stuart  Davis,  Edward 
Hopper,  Yasuo  Kuniyoshi,  Gaston  Lachaise,  Jacob  Lawrence,  and 
Theodore  Roszak,  among  many  others.  An  exhibition  of  the  collec- 
tion is  planned  for  spring  of  1987. 


204  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Thomas  Sully's  1812-13  oil 
on  canvas,  Daniel  MaMotte 
— a  superb  example  of  the 
artist's  early  work — was  a 
gift  to  the  National  Mu- 
seum of  American  Art  from 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ferdinand 
LaMotte  III. 


Man  Ray's  1932  Self- 
Portrait  is  one  of  twenty- 
three  works  given  to  the 
National  Museum  of 
American  Art  by  the  artist's 
widow,  Juliet  Man  Ray. 
Referring  to  the  death 
masks  of  historical  figures 
and  surrounded  by  the 
ephemera  of  yesterday's 
news,  it  becomes  a  witty 
interpretation  of  the  artist's 
"entombment"  in  his  work. 


More  than  a  thousand  artworks  were  accessioned  this  year, 
expanding  considerably  the  museum's  already  rich  and  diverse 
holdings.  Outstanding  gifts  include  a  Thomas  Sully  portrait  of 
1812-1813,  from  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  LaMotte  III;  twenty-three 
artworks  by  Man  Ray,  from  Juliet  Man  Ray;  Callers,  1916,  by 
Walter  Ufer,  gift  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  Crosby  Kemper;  and  a  wood 
construction  by  Robert  Indiana,  a  gift  of  the  artist.  The  museum 
purchased  paintings  by  Asher  B.  Durand,  Hugh  Bolton-Jones, 
Robert  Indiana,  and  Ed  Moses;  sculpture  by  Richard  Stankiewicz; 
miniatures  by  Edward  Malbone  and  John  Trumbull;  graphic  art  by 
Helen  Frankenthaler,  Frederick  Waugh,  and  William  Wiley;  photo- 
graphs by  Harry  Callahan  and  Ray  Metzker;  craft  objects  by 
Robert  Ebendorf  and  Margaret  Craver,  to  name  only  a  few. 

Before  the  galleries  were  closed  for  reinstallation  last  fall,  the 
museum  presented  Sawtooths  and  Other  Ranges  of  Imagination: 
Contemporary  Art  from  Idaho.  The  exhibition  and  catalogue,  pre- 
pared by  Barbara  Shissler  Nosanow,  assistant  director  for  Museum 
Programs,  continued  the  museum's  commitment  to  showing  art 
from  various  regions  of  the  United  States.  Curator  Janet  Altic 
Flint  rediscovered  the  Provincetown  Printers,  a  group  dedicated  to 
innovative  use  of  the  wood-block  printing  process  during  the  early 
decades  of  the  twentieth  century,  in  an  exhibition  and  catalogue 
that  enjoyed  great  popular  appeal. 

Other  special  exhibitions  opened  in  late  spring  and  summer, 
1984,  to  complement  the  new  installations.  Portraits  and  subject 
pictures  by  the  native  painter  Erastus  Salisbury  Field  appeared  in 
an  exhibition  organized  by  the  Springfield  (Massachusetts)  Art 
Museum,  jointly  sponsored  in  Washington  by  the  National  Mu- 
seum of  American  Art  and  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  Exposed 
and  Developed:  Photography  Sponsored  by  the  National  Endow- 
ment for  the  Arts  introduced  the  museum's  collection  of  contempo- 
rary American  photography.  The  exhibition  and  catalogue,  pre- 
pared by  curator  Merry  Amanda  Foresta,  and  the  related  sym- 
posium explored  issues  in  recent  photography.  Robert  Indiana's 
constructions  from  the  early  1960s  were  featured  in  Wood  Works, 
an  exhibition  and  catalogue  prepared  by  curator  Virginia  M. 
Mecklenburg.  Robert  Indiana  attended  the  opening  and  spoke  on 
the  development  of  his  art.  Attitudes  toward  modernism  during 
the  Truman  years  were  the  subject  of  Advancing  American  Art: 
Politics  and  Aesthetics  in  the  State  Department  Exhibition,  1946- 
1948,  circulated  by  the  Montgomery  (Alabama)  Museum  of  Art. 
The  Prints  of  Howard  Norton  Cook,  assembled  by  Janet  Altic 


206  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Flint,  presented  selections  from  the  large  holdings  of  his  works  in 
the  museum.  A  selection  of  the  finest  drawings  and  prints  from 
the  graphic  arts  collection  was  on  view  from  June  through 
December. 

The  National  Art  Gallery  of  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  gracious- 
ly lent  for  three  years  one  of  John  Singleton  Copley's  finest  colonial 
portraits — Mrs.  Humphrey  Devereux.  Painted  in  1770  and  exhib- 
ited that  year  in  England,  the  painting  has  been  shown  only  once 
before  in  America,  in  1965.  In  honor  of  the  painting's  return  to  its 
country  of  origin.  New  Zealand  Ambassador  Sir  Lancelot  Adams- 
Schneider  joined  Ambassador  Christopher  H.  Phillips,  chair  of 
the  New  Zealand-United  States  Art  Foundation,  in  a  brief  cere- 
mony at  the  museum  on  June  12. 

The  Renwick  Gallery  presented  The  Flexible  Medium,  an  in- 
stallation of  fabric  and  fiber  art  from  the  museum's  permanent 
collection  of  craft  objects.  Other  exhibitions  at  the  Renwick  Gal- 
lery highlighted  fans  from  the  eighteenth  through  the  twentieth 
century,  functional  objects  designed  by  Russel  Wright,  art  nouveau 
metalwork  and  furniture  by  Edward  Colonna,  art  glass  by  Harvey 
K.  Littleton,  and  contemporary  Australian  ceramics. 

The  six  soirees  at  Barney  Studio  House  this  season  included  a 
talk  by  composer  Virgil  Thomson.  Next  year's  offerings  will  ex- 
plore Alice  Pike  Barney's  contacts  with  England.  An  exhibition 
has  been  organized  by  curator  Jean  Lewton  of  Pastel  Portraits  from 
Studio  House,  to  open  in  December  1984,  with  portraits  of 
Barney's  exotic  acquaintances  from  high  society  and  art  circles. 

In  addition  to  a  broad  spectrum  of  public  events  presented  dur- 
ing the  year,  the  Division  of  Museum  Programs  developed  educa- 
tional materials  on  "The  Family  in  American  Art"  for  use  in  pub- 
lic school  systems,  aided  by  a  grant  from  Chesebrough-Pond's, 
Inc.  Performers  Ruby  Dee  and  Ossie  Davis  appeared  at  the  Ken- 
nedy Center  in  a  benefit  for  the  museum's  extensive  festival  of 
Afro-American  culture.  Changing  Traditions,  which  opens  on 
January  15, 1985. 

Research  resources  at  the  museum  continued  to  provide  unparal- 
leled opportunities  to  scholars  of  American  art,  including  both 
resident  fellows — fifteen  postdoctoral  and  doctoral  candidates  from 
eleven  universities — and  eight  postgraduate  interns  from  across  the 
country.  Plans  have  been  laid  for  an  Inventory  of  American  Sculp- 
ture, comparable  to  the  museum's  much-heralded  Inventory  of 
American   Painting  to   1914.   The   museum  continued  to   take   a 


History  and  Art  I  207 


pioneering  role  in  the  computerization  of  collections  and  research 
materials  under  the  guidance  of  Eleanor  Fink  and  James  L.  Yarnell. 
The  current  fiscal  year  saw  the  decentralization  of  internal  oper- 
ating and  program  budgets,  with  allocations  to  the  three  museum 
divisions  allowing  for  greater  flexibility  and  advance  planning  for 
projects.  The  Division  of  Museum  Resources,  headed  by  assistant 
director  Charles  J.  Robertson,  coordinated  the  new  budgeting  plan. 
Staff  restructuring,  begun  in  the  previous  year,  proceeded  with  the 
creation  of  the  position  of  Chief  Curator  and  Assistant  Director 
for  the  Curatorial  Division;  Dr.  Elizabeth  Broun  was  hired  to  fill 
this  position.  Harry  Lowe,  deputy  director  and  former  acting  direc- 
tor of  the  museum,  retired  in  January  1984,  and  was  offered  mov- 
ing tributes  by  members  of  the  staff  for  his  long  and  dedicated 
service  to  the  Smithsonian. 


National  Museum  of  American  History 

The  National  Museum  of  American  History  (nmah)  remade  itself 
inside  and  out  this  fiscal  year,  creating  a  more  enjoyable  museum 
for  the  public,  new  performance  and  exhibits  spaces,  and  several 
new  exhibitions.  Its  ten-year  plan  for  a  reinstallation  of  the  main 
exhibition  galleries  on  the  first  and  second  floors  proceeded  with 
the  beginning  of  design  and  production  for  the  upcoming  exhibi- 
tion After  the  Revolution:  Everyday  Life  in  America,  1780-1800, 
and  its  departments  and  divisions  continued  their  scholarly  con- 
tributions to  American  history. 

The  major  remodeling  projects  began  on  March  1,  1984,  with 
the  opening  of  the  new  Museum  Shop  and  Bookstore.  The  strik- 
ing design  features  a  broad,  marble,  glass-walled  staircase  that 
descends  to  the  large,  airy  shop  below.  Renovations  in  nmah  con- 
tinued with  the  opening  of  the  new  Palm  Court  off  the  first  floor 
Pendulum  Hall  on  May  4.  A  re-creation  of  a  turn-of-the-century 
palm  court,  this  new  area  gives  visitors  a  comfortable  place  to  rest, 
relax,  perhaps  enjoy  a  soda  or  sundae  in  the  adjacent  ice  cream 
parlor,  and  listen  to  music  from  a  newly  acquired  Mason  and 
Hamlin  baby  grand  reproducing  piano.  Two  exhibits  formerly  on 
display  elsewhere  in  the  museum,  the  Stohlman's  Confectionary 
Shop  of  the  1890s  and  a  1902  Horn  and  Hardart  Automat,  line 
the  walls  of  the  Palm  Court. 


208  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


On  the  museum's  west  grounds,  the  thirty-five-ton  Calder  sta- 
bile. The  Gwenfritz,  was  moved  from  its  location  in  the  amphi- 
theater to  a  more  visible  spot  at  the  corner  of  Constitution  Avenue 
and  Fourteenth  Street.  In  its  place  the  museum  erected  the  Jack- 
sonville Bandstand,  a  structure  built  in  1879  on  the  grounds  of 
the  Jacksonville  State  Hospital  in  Jacksonville,  Illinois.  A  gift  of 
the  state  of  Illinois,  the  bandstand  was  dismantled  by  museum 
staff  at  its  site  in  May  1983  and  rebuilt  as  originally  surveyed. 
The  structure  affords  a  new  performance  space  for  the  museum, 
and  since  its  dedication  on  July  4th  has  already  been  the  site  of 
eight  concerts,  with  outstanding  performances  by  musical  en- 
sembles such  as  the  Bass  Wingates  Brass  Band  from  Great  Britain, 
the  Ceremonial  Brass  Quintet  of  the  U.S.  Army  Band,  and  the 
U.S.  Marine  Corps  Band.  The  relocation  of  the  Calder  Stabile  and 
the  installation  of  the  Jacksonville  Bandstand  were  both  made 
possible  by  a  generous  gift  from  the  Morris  and  Gwendolyn  Ca- 
f  ritz  Foundation. 

The  museum's  ten-year  reinstallation  program  for  the  major  ex- 
hibitions on  its  first  two  floors  proceeded  with  design  and  pro- 
duction phases  of  After  the  Revolution:  Everyday  Life  in  America 
1780-1800,  to  open  in  the  fall  of  1985.  The  script  for  the  second 
exhibition  in  the  reinstallation  program.  Engines  of  Change:  The 
Industrial  Revolution  in  America,  has  been  completed  and  ap- 
proved; the  exhibition  will  open  in  the  fall  of  1986.  Research 
and  conservation  are  under  way  for  Materials  in  America,  a  third 
major  reinstallation,  which  will  open  later  in  this  decade  and  ex- 
plore the  basic  materials  that  are  the  building  blocks  of  our 
culture. 

Several  other  important  and  popular  exhibitions  opened  at  the 
museum  this  year.  Nancy  Knight  of  the  Division  of  Medical  Sci- 
ences and  Deborah  Warner,  curator  with  the  Division  of  Physical 
Sciences,  organized  Pain  and  Its  Relief,  a  look  at  mankind's  at- 
temps  to  understand,  combat,  and  overcome  pain.  The  exhibition, 
which  opened  on  October  14,  1983,  was  made  possible  by  a  grant 
from  the  American  Society  of  Anesthesiologists.  October  25,  1983, 
marked  the  opening  of  The  Naming  of  America,  an  exhibition 
featuring  the  only  surviving  copy  of  German  cartographer  Martin 
Waldseemiiller's  World  Map  of  1507 — the  map  on  which  the  name 
"America"  was  probably  first  applied  to  the  New  World.  The 
exhibition  was  the  joint  effort  of  Silvio  Bedini  of  the  Dibner  Li- 
brary, Anne  Golovin  of  the  Division  of  Domestic  Life,  and  Eliza- 
beth Harris  and  Helena  Wright  of  the  Division  of  Graphic  Arts. 


History  and  Art  I  209 


The  World  Map  of  1507  had  never  before  left  Germany;  the 
Erbgraf  Maximillian  Willibald  zu  Waldburg-Wolfegg  graciously 
consented  to  loan  the  map  to  the  museum  for  this  exhibition. 
Inventing  Standard  Time,  which  celebrated  the  centennial  of  the 
establishment  of  standard  time  in  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
opened  on  November  17,  1983.  Organized  by  Carlene  Stephens, 
newly  appointed  curator  in  the  Division  of  Mechanisms,  the  exhi- 
bition told  the  story  of  how  in  the  late  nineteenth  century  the 
United  States  gradually  came  to  institute  a  standard  system  of  time 
zones  to  replace  a  confusing  welter  of  local  times.  The  Christmas 
season  again  brought  the  Trees  of  Christmas  exhibition  to  the 
museum.  Produced  by  the  Department  of  Horticulture,  the  display 
featured  twelve  trees  bedecked  with  handcrafted  ornaments  to 
illustrate  various  crafts,  traditions,  and  storybook  themes. 

From  June  27  to  August  19,  1984,  the  museum  hosted  South- 
eastern Potteries,  a  temporary  exhibition  produced  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service  (sites).  Objects 
ranged  from  unglazed  earthenware  strawberry  jars  to  highly  fin- 
ished decorative  vases,  and  reflected  continuing  traditions  of 
nearly  two  centuries  of  pottery  making  as  well  as  the  evolution  of 
new  approaches  to  the  craft.  Another  sites  exhibition.  Yesterday's 
Tomorrows:  Past  Visions  of  America's  Future,  opened  in  the  mu- 
seum's new  temporary  exhibition  hall  on  August  9.  Yesterday's 
Tomorrows  displayed  more  than  300  models,  magazines,  toys, 
drawings,  photographs,  and  other  artifacts,  and  examined  com- 
munities, homes,  transportation,  and  weapons  and  warfare  of  the 
future,  among  other  subjects.  The  last  exhibition  to  open  this  fiscal 
year  was  Eleanor  Roosevelt:  First  Person  Singular,  a  centennial 
tribute  to  one  of  America's  most  remarkable  women.  Organized  by 
Howard  Morrison  of  the  Department  of  Public  Programs,  with 
the  help  of  the  Division  of  Political  History,  the  exhibition  used 
more  than  one  hundred  photographs,  documents,  and  objects  to 
look  at  the  private  life  and  the  public  accomplishments  of  Eleanor 
Roosevelt.  The  first  of  the  1984-85  Doubleday  Lecture  Series 
programs  marked  the  opening  of  the  exhibit.  Entitled  "A  Cen- 
tenary Tribute  to  Eleanor  Roosevelt,"  it  featured  radio  commenta- 
tor Susan  Stamberg  and  actress  Jean  Stapleton  examining  the  life 
of  the  "First  Lady  of  the  World." 

In  addition  to  these  many  larger  temporary  exhibitions,  the 
museum  continued  its  very  popular  series  of  "Cases  of  the 
Month,"  small,  one-  or  two-case  exhibitions  on  a  variety  of 
themes,  divided  roughly  between  the  two  curatorial  departments 


210  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


of  the  museum,  the  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History  and 
the  Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology. 

The  museum  produced  fifteen  of  these  small  exhibitions  this 
year,  among  them  Geometric  Models,  which  displayed  a  variety 
of  elegant  and  often  intricate  models  used  for  education,  entertain- 
ment, and  research;  Early  Vitamin  Technology,  a  brief  history 
of  the  growth  of  the  use  of  vitamins  and  the  technologies  that 
made  their  production  possible;  Microelectronics  as  History,  a 
look  at  the  early  advances  in  transistors  and  computer  components 
that  underlie  today's  microelectronics  revolution;  Germans  in 
America:  Three  Hundred  Years  of  Innovation  and  Tradition,  which 
presented  some  of  the  wide  variety  of  inventions,  scientific  ad- 
vances, products,  and  cultural  traditions  that  Germans  and 
German- Americans  have  contributed  to  American  culture;  Lura 
Woodside  Watkins:  Cultural  Historian  1887-1982,  which  focused 
on  the  life  and  work  of  a  pioneer  cultural  historian  by  highlight- 
ing aspects  of  her  collecting,  publications,  archeological  investi- 
gations, and  close  relationship  with  the  National  Museum  of 
American  History;  and  The  Faris  and  Yamna  Naff  Arab-American 
Collection,  a  case  displaying  a  few  of  the  objects  collected  by 
Dr.  Alixa  Naff  and  given  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  this  year 
to  begin  an  expanded  effort  at  collecting  and  preserving  the  his- 
tory of  Arab-Americans  in  this  country. 

Two  other  divisions  of  the  museum  organized  small  exhibitions 
of  their  own  this  past  year:  the  Archives  Center  produced  Valen- 
tine's Day  Images  in  Commercial  Advertising,  a  display  that  used 
images  from  the  center's  Warshaw  Collection  of  Business  Ameri- 
cana to  reveal  how  Valentine's  Day  images  have  appeared  in 
American  advertising  over  the  past  century;  and  Conservation: 
Problems  and  Solutions,  organized  jointly  by  the  Division  of  Con- 
servation and  the  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History  to 
show  visitors  how  to  protect  valuable  objects  from  environmental 
extremes,  pests,  and  mishaps. 

In  addition  to  creating  its  own  exhibitions,  the  museum  also 
contributed  to  several  shows  elsewhere,  most  notably  the  patent 
model  exhibition  at  the  Smithsonian's  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  in 
New  York  City  and  the  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  exhibition 
held  as  part  of  the  Edinburgh  Festival.  Bernice  Johnson  Reagon  of 
the  Program  in  Black  American  Culture  and  James  Weaver  and 
Kenneth  Slowik  of  the  Department  of  Public  Programs  performed 
at  the  Scottish  festival.  In  the  spring  of  1984  the  museum  hosted 
two  symposia  in  aspects  of  American  culture  for  fellows  and  mas- 


History  and  Art  I  211 


ter  teachers  honored  by  the  German  Marshall  Fund.  Michael 
Beschloss  of  the  Eisenhower  Institute  produced  Harry  Truman:  A 
Self-Portrait  in  Film,  a  ghmpse  of  the  life  of  Harry  Truman  from 
his  Missouri  boyhood  to  the  presidency,  combining  Truman's  own 
words  with  the  sights  and  sounds  of  the  era. 

In  addition  to  organizing  exhibitions  such  as  The  Naming  of 
America,  Pain  and  Its  Relief,  and  the  many  "Cases  of  the  Month/' 
the  two  major  curatorial  departments  of  the  museum  moved  for- 
ward with  the  scholarly  work  of  investigating  American  history, 
publishing  articles  in  their  fields,  acquiring  important  new  ob- 
jects, and  sponsoring  and  attending  symposia,  conferences,  and 
seminars. 

The  Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology 
hosted  specialized  meetings  on  pharmacy  and  ophthalmology,  and 
sessions  of  the  Society  for  the  History  of  Technology  convention. 
Curators  and  historians  from  the  department  spoke  at  confer- 
ences across  the  United  States  and  abroad.  Barbara  Melosh  of  the 
Division  of  Medical  Sciences  presented  "The  Iconography  of 
Gender:  Manhood  and  Womanhood  in  New  Deal  Art"  at  the 
Smith  College-Smithsonian  Conference  on  the  Convention  of 
Gender;  Pete  Daniel  of  the  Division  of  Extractive  Industries  gave 
a  lecture  entitled  "The  New  Deal,  Southern  Agriculture,  and  Eco- 
nomic Change"  at  the  Chancellor's  Symposium  on  Southern  His- 
tory at  the  University  of  Mississippi;  Harold  Langley  of  the  Divi- 
sion of  Armed  Forces  History  spoke  on  "Churchill  and  Roosevelt; 
The  Anglo-American  Relationship"  to  the  White  House  Fellows  at 
the  British  Embassy;  Steven  Lubar,  historian  with  the  department, 
traveled  to  England  to  deliver  talks  on  the  Engines  of  Change 
exhibition  at  the  Science  Museum  in  London  and  at  Ironbridge 
Gorge  Museum  in  Telford;  Robert  Vogel  of  the  Division  of  Me- 
chanical and  Civil  Engineering  spoke  on  industrial  archeology  in 
Baltimore  before  the  Society  for  Industrial  Archeology;  Arthur 
Molella,  chairman  of  the  Department  of  the  History  of  Science 
and  Technology,  spoke  to  the  Medical  University  of  South  Caro- 
lina on  "Science  and  Technology  Exhibits  at  the  Smithsonian: 
Myth  or  History?";  Audrey  B.  Davis  of  the  Division  of  Medical 
Sciences  presented  "Women  and  the  Medical  Enterprise"  at  the 
American  Association  for  the  History  of  Medicine  in  San  Francisco; 
and  Deborah  H.  Warner  of  the  Division  of  Physical  Sciences  pre- 
sented "Rowland's  Gratings,  Contemporary  Technology"  at  the 
Rowland  Centennial  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University.  The  depart- 
ment  also    continued   to    sponsor   Technology   and   Culture,   the 


212  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


quarterly  journal  of  the  Society  for  the  History  of  Technology.  A 
consolidation  within  the  department  combined  the  Divisions  of 
Naval  History  and  Military  History  into  a  single  Division  of 
Armed  Forces  History. 

Acquisitions  of  the  department  ranged  from  the  massive  to  the 
minuscule,  and  included  an  RS  1  Diesel  locomotive,  an  early  ex- 
ample of  the  first  generation  of  American  diesel  locomotives,  now 
on  loan  to  the  Strasburg  Railway  Museum  in  Pennsylvania;  an 
ACTA  scanner,  the  world's  first  computerized  whole  body  scanner, 
commonly  known  as  the  cat  scanner;  a  Whitworth  engine  lathe 
of  about  1865;  a  nineteenth-century  mule-powered  cotton  gin;  two 
colored  engraved  prints  of  American  Army  uniforms  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  era  published  in  Germany  in  1784;  nineteenth- 
century  American  surveying  instruments;  and  a  Bakelizer  used  to 
mix  the  first  batch  of  the  first  completely  synthetic  plastic.  With 
a  $75,000  Regent's  grant,  the  Division  of  Mechanisms  purchased 
two  Renaissance  automata,  a  lady  lute  player  and  a  reclining  dog. 

The  staff  of  the  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History  was 
no  less  active  or  productive.  The  Division  of  Graphic  Arts  hosted 
the  biennial  conference  of  the  American  Typecasters  Fellowship, 
which  attracted  participants  from  five  countries,  and  at  which 
Stan  Nelson  and  Elizabeth  Harris  of  the  division  gave  papers;  the 
Division  of  Musical  Instruments  helped  present  the  national  meet- 
ings of  the  American  Federation  of  Violin  and  Bow  Makers  in 
April;  the  Division  of  Costume  and  Smith  College  of  Northamp- 
ton, Massachusetts,  jointly  sponsored  the  conference  on  Conven- 
tions of  Gender,  held  at  Smith  in  February. 

Curators,  specialists,  and  historians  in  the  department  continued 
their  scholarship  by  presenting  papers  both  in  the  United  States 
and  abroad.  Gary  Kulik,  chairman  of  the  Department  of  Social  and 
Cultural  History,  delivered  papers  at  Moses  Brown  School,  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island;  the  University  of  Paris;  and  the  Amerika 
Institute,  University  of  Munich;  Elizabeth  Harris  of  the  Division 
of  Graphic  Arts  gave  a  one-week  course  on  exhibiting  rare  books 
at  Columbia  University  Rare  Book  School;  Margaret  Klapthor, 
curator  emeritus  of  the  Division  of  Political  History,  lectured  on 
dresses  of  the  First  Ladies  of  the  White  House  at  the  Philadelphia 
College  of  Science  and  Textiles  and  participated  in  the  First  Ladies 
Symposium  held  at  the  Gerald  R.  Ford  Museum  in  Grand  Rapids, 
Michigan;  Barbara  Clark  Smith  of  the  Division  of  Domestic  Life 
presented  a  paper  on  ways  of  viewing  the  exhibition  After  the 
Revolution:  Everyday  Life  in  America  1780-1800  at  the  annual 


History  and  Art  I  213 


convention  of  the  Organization  of  American  Historians  in  April 
1984;  Path  Davis  Ruffins  and  William  Pretzer,  both  of  the  Life 
in  America  project,  gave  papers  at  the  same  conference  entitled, 
respectively,  "History  in  Three  Dimensions:  The  Exhibition  as  a 
Medium  for  Teaching"  and  "Looking  to  Learn:  Form  and  Content 
in  a  Museum  Exhibit." 

Departmental  acquisitions  included  a  Philadelphia  printing  press 
of  about  1840;  a  nineteenth-century  pin-type  writing  box  for  the 
blind;  the  more  than  one  hundred  objects  and  four  hundred  docu- 
ments of  the  Paris  and  Yamna  Naff  Arab-American  Collection; 
a  series  of  more  than  one  hundred  outstanding  tintypes;  political 
campaign  materials  from  the  1984  New  Hampshire  primary  and 
the  Democratic  and  Republican  National  Conventions;  original 
art  and  posters  from  World  War  11  bond  campaigns;  a  dress  of  Mrs. 
James  Monroe;  a  dress  worn  by  Ginger  Rogers  in  the  movie  Top 
Hat;  J.R.'s  hat  from  the  television  series  "Dallas";  the  red  dress 
worn  by  Dustin  Hoffman  in  the  movie  Tootsie;  a  1930  Steinway 
grand  piano  fitted  with  Duo- Art  mechanism;  a  Chickering-Ampico 
grand  piano;  and  a  violin  made  by  Guadagnini  in  1752.  Staff 
changes  at  the  department  included  the  retirement  of  curator 
Margaret  Klapthor  in  December  1983  after  many  years  in  the 
Division  of  Political  History,  and  the  appointments  of  Susan 
Myers  as  vice-chair  of  the  department  and  Barbara  Coffee  as  col- 
lections manager. 

A  reorganization  at  nmah  produced  a  newly  constituted  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Programs  under  assistant  director  Josiah  Hatch. 
The  new  department  comprises  divisions  of  education,  publica- 
tions, the  Program  in  Black  American  Culture,  performances,  pro- 
duction, and  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs. 

The  department  presented  a  diverse  season  of  concerts  and  pub- 
lic programs  that  contributed  new  perspectives  on  current  exhibi- 
tions and  topics  related  to  the  national  collections.  In  December 
the  Holiday  Celebration,  which  focused  on  ethnic  diversity  in  the 
United  States,  presented  music,  crafts,  and  foods  of  many  ethnic 
groups.  The  presentations  and  performances,  held  daily  from 
December  26  to  31,  included  everything  from  puppet  shows  and 
woodcarving  to  gospel  music  and  madrigals.  Regularly  scheduled 
free  informal  concerts,  lectures,  films,  and  demonstrations  were 
vital  aspects  of  the  biweekly  weekend  series  Saturday  Arter 
Noon,  while  Saturday  Live  and  Mostly  Music,  coproduced  with 
the  Division  of  Musical  Instruments,  offered  weekly  concerts  and 
demonstrations  of  the  instruments  in  the  museum's  collections. 


214  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


VNTVERSAUS 


COJ/AOuRAPHlA 


This  is  one  of  the  twelve  sheets  of  Waldseemuller's  World  Map — the  first  map  on  which  the 
newly  discovered  continent  was  named  "America."  The  only  surviving  copy  of  this  monu- 
mental work  went  on  exhibit  for  the  first  time,  at  the  National  Museum  of  American  History, 
through  the  courtesy  of  its  owner.  Count  Waldburg. 


A  table  made  at  the  Val-Kill 
Furniture  Shop  was  one  of  more 
than  100  objects,  documents,  and 
photographs  presenting  aspects  of 
Eleanor  Roosevelt's  life  at  Hyde 
Park,  Val-Kill,  the  White  House, 
and  the  United  Nations  in  the 
exhibition  Eleanor  Roosevelt: 
First  Person  Singular,  at  the 
National  Museum  of  American 
History.  The  exhibition  commem- 
orated the  centennial  of  Eleanor 
Roosevelt's  birth.  (Photograph 
courtesy  of  the  White  House) 


The  Program  in  Black  American  Culture  presented  colloquiums 
and  concerts  honoring  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.,  and  gospel  com- 
posers Lucie  Campbell  and  the  Reverend  C.  A.  Tindley.  The  Tind- 
ley  tribute  was  presented  in  Philadelphia  in  April.  During  Black 
History  Month,  February  1983,  the  Program  in  Black  American 
Culture  also  sponsored  a  concert  and  colloquium  entitled  "Black 
American  Choral  Song:  The  Evolution  of  the  Spiritual."  Four 
evening  concert  series  were  offered  during  the  year:  The  Smithson 
String  Quartet  and  the  Smithsonian  Chamber  Players,  the  muse- 
um's resident  ensembles,  performed  music  from  the  baroque  and 
romantic  repertoires,  while  Treasures  from  the  Collection  and 
Piano  in  America  featured  guest  artists  and  rare  instruments  from 
the  museum's  collection  in  programs  devoted  to  major  European 
and  American  composers.  Information  on  concerts  and  public  pro- 
grams was  distributed  through  the  quarterly  calendar  "Events," 
which  reached  more  than  10,000  individuals  and  organizations, 
including  schools,  libraries,  and  recreation  and  senior  citizens 
groups. 

The  Education  Office  of  the  Department  of  Public  Programs 
continued  to  bring  the  museum's  exhibitions  and  collections  alive 
for  the  public.  With  200  docents,  the  Education  Office  conducted 
programs  for  more  than  seventy  thousand  museum  visitors  in  this 
fiscal  year.  The  staff  developed  new  programs,  including  the  Elec- 
tricity Demonstration  Center,  funded  by  the  Edison  Electric  Insti- 
tute; the  Pain  Clinic  Discovery  Corner,  a  part  of  the  Pain  and  Its 
Relief  exhibition;  and  a  tour  for  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  graders 
on  eighteenth-century  life.  Visitor  surveys,  an  evaluation  system 
for  docent  presentations,  and  new  self -guides  to  the  Transporta- 
tion Hall  and  the  Nation  of  Nations  exhibition  were  other  accom- 
plishments of  the  office. 

The  National  Numismatic  Collection  received  a  new  executive 
director  in  fiscal  year  1984,  Elvira  Clain-Stefanelli.  Cora  Lee  Gillil- 
land  was  appointed  associate  curator.  The  year  saw  the  rearrange- 
ment of  collections  after  inventory,  a  review  of  the  entire  activity 
of  the  collection  by  the  Office  of  Audits,  and  the  continuation  of 
the  microphotography  project,  with  more  than  52,000  frames  com- 
pleted during  the  year.  The  entire  numismatic  exhibition,  more 
than  6,700  objects,  was  dismantled,  cleaned,  and  photographed. 
In  January  museum  specialist  Raymond  Hebert  delivered  a  lecture 
entitled  "Rome  in  India"  at  the  Inaugural  Seminar  of  the  Indian 
Institute  in  Numismatic  Studies  at  Nashik,  India.  In  July  Cora  Lee 
Gillilland  participated  in  the  First  International  Medallic  Work- 


216  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


shop  at  Pennsylvania  State  University.  The  collection  acquired 
1,714  objects  this  year,  including  early  colonial  paper  money,  a 
large  number  of  dies  used  in  restriking  Byzantine  and  Roman 
coins,  more  than  one  hundred  coins  and  medals  produced  by  the 
U.S.  Mint,  including  gold  and  silver  commemorative  coins  for  the 
1984  Olympic  Games. 

James  E.  Bruns,  formerly  of  the  U.S.  Postal  Service,  joined  the 
staff  of  the  National  Philatelic  Collection  as  a  curator.  The  collec- 
tion hosted  the  annual  convention  of  the  Confederate  Stamp 
Alliance  and  produced  a  new  five-panel  exhibition  depicting  the 
postal  operations  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America  in  con- 
junction with  the  convention.  Philatelic  acquisitions  included  a 
printing  press  used  by  the  Confederate  States  of  America  to  print 
stamps  and  currency,  a  pane  of  1861  stamps  from  this  press,  a 
rural  free  delivery  wagon  used  in  the  1890s,  a  1765  Benjamin 
Franklin  postal  rate  chart,  and  one  of  the  earliest  known  type- 
written letters  to  be  sent  through  the  mail. 

The  registrar  of  ten  years,  Virginia  Beets,  retired  in  November 

1983  and  was  replaced  by  Martha  Morris  in  January  1984.  This 
fiscal  year  the  registrar's  office  assumed  management  of  collections 
inventory  functions,  security  photography.  Silver  Hill  storage  op- 
erations, and  the  automated  central  catalogue,  a  product  of  last 
year's  massive  inventory  project.  The  catalogue  will  help  in  main- 
taining, refining,  and  augmenting  computer  records  for  scholarly 
research  and  collections  management.  The  office  also  coordinated 
major  outgoing  loans  for  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  the  Edin- 
burgh Festival,  and  other  exhibitions.  To  help  museum  staff  ac- 
custom themselves  to  new  collections  management  computer  sys- 
tems and  the  new  automated  central  catalogue,  the  office  also  con- 
ducted internal  seminars  on  collections  management.  Fiscal  year 

1984  began  with  an  effort  to  preserve  and  update  the  inventory, 
and  continuing  efforts  throughout  the  year  were  aimed  at  match- 
ing past  registration  and  catalogue  records  with  those  produced 
during  the  inventory  to  create  the  most  accurate  possible  master 
file,  and  integrating  the  new  inventory  into  the  everyday  life  of 
the  museum. 

The  Afro-American  Communities  Project,  which  studies  ante- 
bellum life  among  free  blacks,  acquired  the  records  of  the  Allen 
Temple,  also  known  as  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
in  Cincinnati,  which  date  from  the  1830s.  The  project  has  also 
begun  to  collect  wills  and  inventories  of  property  to  research  the 
question  of  occupation  and  status  of  the  antebellum  urban  black 


History  and  Art  I  217 


community.  So  far  the  project  has  collected  seventy-five  inven- 
tories from  Boston  and  fifty  wills  from  Cincinnati;  the  collection  of 
documents  from  Philadelphia  is  under  way.  The  director  of  the 
project,  James  O.  Horton,  presented  five  scholarly  papers  during 
the  year,  including  "Beacon  from  the  Hill:  The  Black  Church  and 
the  Black  Community,"  at  the  Second  National  Conference  on 
Blacks  in  Boston  held  at  Boston  College,  and  "Links  to  Bondage: 
Northern  Free  Blacks  and  the  Problem  of  Slavery,"  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Organization  of  American  Historians  held  in  Los 
Angeles. 

The  Archives  Center,  established  in  fiscal  year  1983,  collaborates 
with  other  museum  units  in  acquiring,  organizing,  and  preparing 
archival  and  documentary  materials  for  research  use.  Evidently  its 
reputation  is  spreading,  because  in  fiscal  year  1984  the  center  saw 
wide  use  and  served  visitors  ranging  from  attorneys  and  collectors 
to  a  French  volcanologist.  Major  projects  of  the  year  included  the 
"Pepsi  Generation"  advertising  campaign  oral  history  project.  Sup- 
ported by  a  grant  from  the  Pepsi-Cola  Company,  the  project  in- 
cludes interviews  with  executives  at  Pepsi-Cola  and  advertising 
agencies  and  will  collect  relevant  documents  to  complete  a  major 
in-depth  study  of  this  extremely  successful  advertising  campaign. 
The  center  added  fifty-two  collections  during  the  fiscal  year,  to 
bring  its  total  of  collections  to  117.  Notable  acquisitions  include 
documents  and  photographs  from  the  Faris  and  Yamna  Naff  Arab- 
American  Collection,  the  Walter  Wilkinson  collection  of  commer- 
cial art  materials,  and  the  scripts  for  the  television  show  M*A*S*H. 
Spencer  Crew,  Robert  Harding,  and  John  Fleckner  of  the  center 
attended  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  of  American  Archiv- 
ists, where  Fleckner,  the  museum's  archivist,  gave  a  paper  entitled 
"The  Administration  of  Archives:  A  Common  Practice?"  He  also 
spoke  on  Third  World  archives  at  a  Smith  College  conference  on 
resources  for  the  study  of  women's  history  and  on  native  Ameri- 
can archives  in  conjunction  with  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Amer- 
ican Library  Association.  Spencer  Crew,  historian  at  the  center, 
gave  a  paper  on  black  institutions  at  the  Camden  County  Histori- 
cal Society  in  New  Jersey. 

Surveys  by  the  Division  of  Conservation  of  objects  in  divisional 
collections  turned  up  more  than  875  objects  in  need  of  immediate 
attention  from  a  conservator  or  technician.  A  total  of  more  than 
1,250  objects  were  treated  or  given  safer  storage.  The  efforts  of 
the  Division  of  Conservation  included  special  attention  to  photo- 
graphic collections,  including  rehousing  of  the  Eadweard  Muy- 


218  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


bridge  glass  plate  positive  collection.  Conservators  and  technicians 
helped  train  museum  staff  in  conservation.  Deborah  Hess  Norris 
and  Peter  Krause  gave  a  well  attended  lecture  and  workshop  on 
conserving  photographic  materials,  organized  by  conservator 
Dianne  van  der  Reyden  of  the  division  and  attended  by  nmah 
staff  and  staff  from  other  Smithsonian  museums  and  area  institu- 
tions. Paper  lab  and  objects  lab  staff  conducted  short  training  ses- 
sions for  exhibits  production  and  curatorial  staff  on  topics  such 
as  safe  storage  housing  for  paper,  use  of  ultrasonic  Mylar  welder, 
and  safe  cleaning  techniques.  The  division  spent  many  hours 
examining  and  treating  objects  for  exhibitions  and  loans.  The  staff 
answered  300  requests  on  conservation  from  the  public  and  con- 
ducted tours  of  its  facilities  for  more  than  six  hundred  people. 
Scott  Odell,  head  conservator,  was  a  panelist  and  speaker  for  the 
"Pest  Control"  session  for  the  Conservation  Lecture  Series  of  the 
Office  of  Museum  Programs,  and  Nikki  Horton,  conservator,  de- 
livered papers  entitled  "Supports  and  Mounts  for  Leather  Ob- 
jects," at  the  Recent  Developments  in  Leather  Conservation  meet- 
ing; "Accession  Numbering"  at  a  meeting  of  the  Association  of 
Museum  Specialists,  Technicians,  and  Aides;  and  "Museum  Pest 
Control"  at  the  Conservation  Lecture  Series  of  the  Office  of  Mu- 
seum Programs. 


National  Portrait  Gallery 

The  exhibition  year  at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  (npg)  was 
highlighted  by  the  monumental  Masterpieces  from  Versailles: 
Three  Centuries  of  French  Portraiture,  made  possible  through  the 
cooperation  of  the  French  government,  the  sponsorship  of  Guerlain, 
Inc.,  and  by  a  unique  opportunity  afforded  by  the  restoration  of 
Versailles.  The  Versailles  exhibition  signalled  the  recognition  by 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery  of  its  affinity  with  sister  institutions 
abroad  and  its  success  suggested  a  series  of  international  portrait 
exhibitions  in  the  future. 

Among  other  noteworthy  exhibitions  in  a  busy  year  were  the 
groundbreaking  Robert  Cornelius:  Portraits  from  the  Dawn  of 
Photography,  which  offered  an  unprecedented  scientific  (as  well  as 
aesthetic)   study  of  the  earliest  daguerreotypes  produced  in  the 


History  and  Art  I  219 


United  States;  O  Write  My  Name,  the  presentation  of  Carl  Van 
Vechten's  splendid  photographic  gallery  of  Black  Americans,  pro- 
duced by  the  Eakins  Press;  and  Adventurous  Pursuits:  Americans 
and  the  China  Trade  1784-1844,  which  marked  the  bicentennial  of 
the  inauguration  of  American  commerce  with  the  Orient.  Featured 
as  well  were  a  collection  of  Time  cover  portraits  of  the  Presidency, 
a  small  exhibition  reviewing  the  life  and  work  of  the  writer  Booth 
Tarkington,  and  a  lively  display  of  caricatures  of  musicians,  under- 
scoring a  new  thrust  in  npg  collecting.  The  Portrait  Gallery 
strengthened  its  ties  to  other  museums  through  the  presentation  of 
Artists  by  Themselves,  an  exhibition  mounted  by  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  from  its  own  collection;  Arnold  Genthe:  The 
Celebrity  Portraits,  organized  by  the  Library  of  Congress;  and 
Erastus  Salisbury  Field,  a  celebration  of  a  major  folk  artist  assem- 
bled by  the  Springfield  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  and  presented  jointly 
with  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art. 

Noteworthy  among  the  publications  produced  to  accompany 
these  exhibitions  was  Adventurous  Pursuits:  Americans  and  the 
China  Trade  1784-1844,  by  Margaret  C.  S.  Christman,  which  won 
awards  from  the  American  Association  of  Museums  and  the  Art 
Directors  Club  of  Metropolitan  Washington.  The  National  Portrait 
Gallery's  quarterly  Calendar  of  Events  also  won  an  award  from 
the  AAM.  Other  publications  included  The  Selected  Papers  of 
Charles  Willson  Peale  and  His  Family,  vol.  1:  Charles  Willson 
Peale:  Artist  in  Revolutionary  America,  1735-1791,  edited  by 
Lillian  B.  Miller  and  the  Peale  Papers  staff  at  npg,  the  first  of  a 
planned  eight-volume  series  published  by  Yale  University  Press; 
and  American  Portrait  Prints:  Proceedings  of  the  Tenth  Annual 
American  Print  Conference,  which  contains  lectures  presented  at 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery  in  May  1979,  published  by  the  Uni- 
versity Press  of  Virginia,  supported  by  a  grant  from  the  Barra 
Foundation. 

The  Morris  and  Gwendolyn  Cafritz  Foundation  provided  a 
matching  grant  ($650,000)  to  purchase  the  npg's  most  significant 
acquisition  in  a  year  of  exceptional  acquisitions:  the  portrait  of 
Mary  Cassatt  painted  by  Edgar  Degas;  the  remainder  of  the  pur- 
chase was  made  through  the  Regents'  Major  Acquisition  Fund, 
Other  major  purchases  included  a  rare  portrait  of  the  poet  Joel 
Baarlow  by  Robert  Fulton,  who,  like  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  was  an 
artist  as  well  as  inventor  and  scientist;  a  painting  of  the  noted 
critic  Sadakichi  Hartmann  by  the  Michigan  artist  John  S.  Coppin; 
a   striking  portrait   of  composer  Virgil   Thomson   by   the   noted 


220  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


This  was  the  scene  on  a  typical  day  during  the  exhibition  Masterpieces 
from  Versailles:  Three  Centuries  of  French  Portraiture  at  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery. 


A  portrait  of  composer  Virgil 
Thomson  by  Alice  Neel  was  one 
of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery's 
major  purchases  this  year. 


■tJ 


painter  Alice  Neel;  a  rare  1860  lithograph  of  Abraham  Lincolr\  by 
Joseph  E.  Baker;  a  collection  of  rare  portrait  prints  of  Confederate 
political  and  military  figures;  a  photograph  of  the  American  pub- 
lisher James  Thomas  Fields  by  the  noted  British  photographer  Julia 
Margaret  Cameron;  Paul  Strand's  portrait  photo  of  Georgia 
O'Keeffe;  a  scarce  and  splendid  Man  Ray  photograph  of  Peggy 
Guggenheim;  photographs  of  Sherwood  Anderson,  George  Wash- 
ington Carver,  W.  C.  Handy,  and  Frances  Benjamin  Johnson,  as 
well  as  a  portfolio  of  informal  portrait  photographs  by  the  late 
Garry  Winogrand. 

Gifts  to  the  Portrait  Gallery  included  portraits  of  the  inventor 
and  businessman  King  C.  Gillette;  naturalist  William  T.  Hornaday; 
civil  rights  activist  Rosa  Parks;  economists  Thorstein  Veblen  and 
Milton  Friedman;  and  a  substantial  group  of  caricatures  by  Aline 
Fruhauf  of  noted  Americans  in  the  fields  of  music,  the  arts,  and 
fashion. 

Innovation,  outreach,  and  partnerships  in  public  programming 
have  been  the  outsanding  characteristics  of  npg  Education  Depart- 
ment activities  in  1984,  a  year  in  which  the  department  served 
more  than  40,000  individuals.  In  support  of  the  exhibition  Master- 
pieces from  Versailles,  npg  docents  mastered  a  large  body  of  new 
material  to  serve  both  an  adult  public  and,  thanks  to  the  support 
of  the  Washington  Post,  a  school  audience  numbering  2,500.  The 
Portraits  in  Motion  series  continued  to  show  capacity  for  growth: 
three  new  sub-series.  Portraits  in  Motion  Showcase,  Portraits  in 
American  Song,  and  Portraits  in  Motion  Studio  Theater,  found 
responsive  audiences  for  figures  as  diverse  as  Calamity  Jane  and 
Clarence  Darrow,  Zelda  Fitzgerald,  and  Ernie  Pyle,  and  music 
ranging  from  that  of  Irving  Berlin  to  art  songs  to  ragtime  to  folk 
songs. 

It  was  a  year  of  unprecedented  collaboration  for  the  department: 
the  Portraits  in  Motion  Showcase  was  offered  in  association  with 
the  Resident  Associate  Program;  "The  Provincetown  Plays"  were 
one  of  three  performance  cosponsorships  undertaken  with  the 
National  Museum  of  American  Art  (nmaa),  one  of  which  also  had 
the  participation  of  the  National  Museum  of  American  History. 
Cooperation  was  especially  in  evidence  in  the  public  programming 
for  the  joint  npg-nmaa  exhibition  Erastus  Salisbury  Field,  1805- 
1900.  A  broad  range  of  activities  were  presented  by  the  two 
museums:  "Connecticut  Valley  Lives"  included  two  Portraits  in 
Motion  programs,  "A  Charles  Ives  Fourth  of  July"  and  "White 
Ashes";  a  one-woman  drama  about  Mrs.  Stowe;  special  lectures 


222  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


were  presented  in  the  Great  Hall;  and  there  was  an  array  of 
Lunchtime  Lectures,  films,  and  tours. 

Npg  has  also  provided  more  services  to  its  audiences  who  are 
unable  to  visit  by  adding  to  the  repertoire  of  adult  and,  especially, 
senior  adult  outreach  programs  "A  Cole  Porter  Jubilee."  Similarly, 
the  number  of  school  programs,  most  of  which  combine  outreach 
and  in-gallery  phases,  has  been  expanded  as  well.  Finally,  the 
department  continued  to  play  a  prominent  role  in  the  museum 
education  community,  particularly  through  its  involvement  in 
Roundtable  Reports:  The  Journal  of  Museum  Education,  its  partici- 
pation in  the  publication  of  Museum  Education  Anthology:  Per- 
spectives on  Informal  Learning,  and  active  engagement  in  profes- 
sional groups,  meetings,  panels,  and  workshops. 

The  Gallery's  "self-portrait"  evenings,  which  resumed  last  year, 
continued  with  public  interviews  of  the  journalist  William  L. 
Shirer,  who  spoke  of  his  career  as  witness  to  history  and  his  first- 
hand experience  of  Gandhi  and  of  Hitler;  and  of  Edward  L. 
Bernays,  who  recalled  the  origins  of  the  profession  of  public  rela- 
tions, which  he  launched.  These  interviews  by  npg's  chief  historian. 
Marc  Pachter,  were  videotaped.  An  earlier  "self-portrait"  evening, 
with  the  threatrical  director  and  producer  George  Abbott,  has  been 
edited  into  a  finished  television  program  with  the  support  of  funds 
provided  by  the  Educational  Outreach  Fund,  administered  by  the 
Assistant  Secretary  for  Public  Service.  This  will  serve  as  a  pilot 
for  a  projected  series  of  telecasts. 


Office  of  American  Studies 

The  Office  of  American  Studies  (oamers)  continued  its  program  in 
graduate  education  throughout  the  year.  The  1983  fall  semester 
seminar  in  "Material  Aspects  of  American  Civilization"  had  as  its 
theme  "Material  Culture  of  the  Future — 1984  and  Beyond,"  and 
was  taught  by  the  director  of  the  program  and  Professor  Bernard 
Mergen  of  the  George  Washington  University. 

Other  seminars  during  the  academic  year  1983-1984  included 
"The  Decorative  Arts  an  America,"  taught  by  Barbara  G.  Carson, 
and  "The  Gilded  Age:  1865-1900,"  taught  by  Lillian  B.  Miller. 
Individual  graduate  students  continued  to  pursue  specialized  re- 
search under  the  supervision  of  the  director  of  the  Office  of  Ameri- 
can Studies. 


History  and  Art  I  223 


This  group  of  objects  from  the  exhibition  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, representing  the  great  diversity  within  the  Smithsonian  as  well  as  in  the 
American  way  of  Ufe,  drew  much  attention  in  Edinburgh.  Jimmy  Durante's  hat, 
sheet  music  for  "The  White  Cliffs  of  Dover,"  featuring  a  photo  of  Bing  Crosby, 
a  baseball  autographed  by  Babe  Ruth,  a  bat  used  by  Walter  "Buck"  Leonard, 
and  a  Tiffany  lamp  (left  to  right)  provided  a  contrasting  mixture  of  objects. 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 
MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 


WILLIAM  N.  RICHARDS, 
ACTING  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  FOR  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 


Conservation  Analytical  Laboratory 


The  event  which,  more  than  any  other,  shaped  fiscal  year  1984  for 
the  Conservation  Analytical  Laboratory  (cal)  was  the  move  to  new 
quarters  at  the  Museum  Support  Center,  marking  the  beginning  of 
a  period  of  changes  and  transition. 

The  new  laboratories  had  to  be  adapted  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  the  specialized  staff,  while  at  the  same  time  cal  had  started  a 
large-scale  recruitment  program  for  new  staff  members.  These  ac- 
tivities were  completed  successfully  under  the  coordination  of  act- 
ing director  Alan  W.  Postlethwaite,  who  stayed  on  as  deputy  di- 
rector when  Lambertus  van  Zelst  joined  cal  as  director  at  the  end 
of  this  fiscal  year. 

Late  last  year  senior  furniture  conservator  Walter  Angst  retired 
and  objects  conservators  Nikki  Horton  and  Kory  Berrett  resigned 
to  accept  appointments  elsewhere.  This  year  three  new  senior  con- 
servators joined  cal:  furniture  conservator  Marc  Williams,  objects 
conservator  Carol  Grissom,  and  textile  conservator  Mary  Ballard. 
Furniture  conservator  Don  Williams  and  paper  conservator  Dianne 
van  der  Reyden  are  joining  cal  this  fall;  recruitment  is  under  way 
for  two  more  objects  conservators.  Early  this  year  Ronald  Bishop 
became  manager  of  the  Smithsonian  Archaeometric  Research  Col- 
lections and  Records  (sarcar).  Edward  V.  Sayre  was  appointed 
senior  research  scientist. 


225 


CONSERVATION 

A  number  of  treatments  took  place  before  the  move.  Walter  Angst 
completed  work  on  an  early  American  cane-seated  bentwood  chair, 
and  examined  and  cleaned  the  Smithsonian  Mace.  He  also  com- 
pleted a  treatise  on  the  Mace  and  its  history,  which  will  be  pub- 
lished with  the  aid  of  a  grant  from  the  James  Smithson  Society. 
Kory  Berrett  finished  work  on  a  number  of  bronze  objects  and 
repaired  the  glass  dissociator  tube  of  the  first  hydrogen  maser, 
smashed  into  thirty-three  pieces.  Ron  Cunningham  finished  treat- 
ment of  two  oil  paintings  and  continued  with  work  on  three  others. 
Mary  Lou  Garbin  completed  work  on  an  early  English-style  Ameri- 
can saddle.  This  led  her  to  a  study  of  the  literature,  which  has 
resulted  in  her  presentation  of  a  bibliography  on  leather  conserva- 
tion treatment  during  a  workshop  on  this  subject.  The  bibliography 
will  be  part  of  the  published  proceedings. 

After  the  move  to  the  Museum  Support  Center,  the  conservators 
organized  their  laboratories  and  awaited  final  installation  of  equip- 
ment and  furniture.  During  this  period  they  cooperated  with  con- 
servators in  other  Smithsonian  laboratories  and  spent  time  at  the 
various  museums  in  an  effort  to  establish  conservation  needs  and 
priorities. 

Carol  Grissom  spent  three  days  a  week  at  the  Anthropology 
Conservation  Laboratory  of  National  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
substituting  for  their  absent  conservation  coordinator.  She  reviewed 
objects  requested  for  loan  by  more  than  fifteen  institutions,  speci- 
fied packing,  shipping,  and  display  conditions,  and  wrote  about  200 
condition  reports.  She  also  performed  treatments  on  seventeen 
objects  for  the  exhibition  The  Tibetan  Yak  in  Arts  and  Craft  at  the 
Renwick  Gallery,  and  on  two  bronzes  from  the  Sackler  Collection 
for  the  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution  exhibition. 

Ron  Cunningham  assisted  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art  at  its  Tech- 
nical Laboratory  with  a  minor  treatment  of  an  oil  painting  on 
canvas  by  James  McNeill  Whistler,  and  with  extensive  conservation 
work  on  sixteen  wooden  staircase  panels  painted  by  the  same  artist. 

Tim  Vitale  worked  at  the  Division  of  Conservation  at  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  American  History  to  help  complete  the  treat- 
ments of  two  architectural  elevations,  one  architectural  drawing, 
and  a  color  lithograph,  in  preparation  for  the  exhibition  commem- 
orating the  construction  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

At  the  Renwick  Gallery,  Marc  Williams  examined  and  proposed 
treatments  for  a  boulle  cabinet  and  for  two  sideboards  on  loan 


226  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Some  of  the  127  crates  used  to  transport  the  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  exhibition  to  Edinburgh  await  unpacking  in  the  main  gallery  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Museum.  In  the  foreground,  the  lunar  buggy  and  buckboard 
wagon  are  draped  in  plastic. 


from  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art;  he  also  examined  a  pair 
of  Chinese  sofas  at  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art.  Treat- 
ment of  these  objects  will  take  place  during  the  next  year. 

Also  during  this  period,  the  statue  of  Joseph  Henry  in  front  of 
the  Castle  was  cleaned  and  waxed  by  a  contract  conservator,  as 
part  of  a  program  to  protect  it  from  environmental  hazards. 

As  the  CAL  laboratories  were  completed,  objects  started  to  come 
in  again  for  conservation  treatment.  Tim  Vitale  treated  two  prints 
and  two  drawings  for  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  Ron  Cunning- 
ham treated  a  canvas  wall  panel  from  the  studio  of  Christian 
Herter  for  the  Smithsonian  Castle  Collection,  two  murals  and  a 
painted  wooden  tavern  sign.  Marc  Williams  treated  several  objects 
for  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum,  among  them  the  pro- 
peller of  the  Wright  Brothers'  Flyer.  With  the  exception  of  the 
textile  conservation  laboratory,  which  is  presently  being  installed 
under  the  supervision  of  Mary  Ballard,  gal  conservation  labora- 
tories at  the  Support  Center  are  now  all  operational. 

Cal  assisted  the  museums  in  pest  control,  keeping  the  fumiga- 
tion chamber  at  the  American  History  Building  operational.  Nine- 
teen loads  for  seven  bureaus  were  fumigated.  Evaluation  of  poten- 
tial fumigation  activities,  with  a  critical  review  by  cal  conservation 
scientists  of  various  fumigants,  continues. 

Cal  continued  to  provide  calibrated  temperature-  and  humidity- 
monitoring  instruments  and  review  service  to  bureaus  that  request 
this.  At  present,  eighty-two  hygrothermographs  are  located  in 
twelve  bureaus. 

During  this  year  gal's  conservators  presented  a  number  of  con- 
tributions at  professional  meetings.  Tim  Vitale  edited  the  prelim- 
inary papers  of  the  Paper  Conservation  Catalogue,  presented  at  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  American  Institute  for  Conservation  (aig), 
for  which  he  contributed  a  chapter  on  "Drying  and  Flattening." 
He  also  gave  a  presentation  in  "Operating  Parameters  and  Use  of 
Large  and  Small  Suction  Tables"  at  the  meeting  of  the  Conserva- 
tion Committee  of  the  International  Council  of  Museums  (igom) 
held  in  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  in  September  1984.  Mary  Ballard 
presented  a  paper  on  "Risk  Assessment  and  the  Use  of  Fumigants" 
at  the  Sixth  International  Biodeterioration  Conference  in  Washing- 
ton, D.C.,  on  "Ethylene  Oxide  Fumigation:  Risk  Assessment  and 
Results"  for  the  Society  of  American  Archivists,  and  another  on 
"Mothproofing  Museum  Textiles"  at  the  igom  Conservation  Com- 
mittee meeting. 

228  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


CONSERVATION  SCIENCE 

The  essential  simple  technical  facilities  of  the  conservation  science 
group  were  operational  again  within  a  few  weeks  after  the  move. 
More  complicated  equipment  and  facilities  needed  somewhat  more 
time  to  set  up;  the  only  service  not  yet  operational  at  this  writing 
is  X-radiography,  for  which  additional  shielding,  needed  for  ade- 
quate radiation  protection,  is  being  installed. 

With  the  installation  of  a  gas  chromatograph-mass  spectrometer, 
in  addition  to  the  installed  gas  chromatograph  (the  latter  given  to 
CAL  by  the  Department  of  Anthropology,  National  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  together  with  an  amino  acid  analyzer  and  other 
apparatus),  and  the  already  present  infrared  spectrometer,  gal  now 
has  assembled  a  quite  powerful  facility  for  the  analysis  of  organic 
materials,  such  as  resins,  adhesives,  paint  media,  archeological 
food  residues,  etc. 

During  the  past  year  a  large  number  of  requests  for  analyses 
and  technical  assistance  were  carried  out.  Thirty  identifications  of 
such  materials  as  pigments,  corrosion  products,  varnishes,  and 
corrosion  inhibitors  were  completed.  One  of  these  investigations, 
a  study  of  the  changes  that  take  place  with  time  in  a  varnish  often 
used  to  protect  outdoor  bronze  sculpture  against  environmental 
hazards,  resulted  in  a  presentation  by  David  Erhardt  at  the  icom 
Conservation  Committee  meeting. 

Fifteen  test  studies  were  done  on  modern  materials  used  around 
museum  objects  for  various  purposes.  Examples  included  the  an- 
alysis of  air  in  museum  buildings  for  the  concentration  of  amines, 
which  are  introduced  via  the  air  conditioning  system  (they  are 
added  to  the  steam  as  corrosion  inhibitors  for  the  pipes,  but  they 
may  have  undesirable  effects  on  objects)  and  the  evaluation  of  the 
treatment  of  concrete  floors  to  improve  their  properties  with  regard 
to  objects  storage.  Environmental  studies  addressed  control  prob- 
lems in  both  micro  and  macro  climates.  The  design  of  a  cooled  exhi- 
bition case  in  which  to  display  General  George  Washington's  com- 
mission as  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  Continental  Army,  under 
controlled  relative  humidity,  was  the  subject  of  a  presentation  by 
Tim  Padfield  at  the  icom  Conservation  Committee  meeting.  The 
movements  of  salts  and  water  in  the  walls  of  buildings,  especially 
during  the  winter  when  the  interiors  are  humidified,  are  the  subject 
of  a  study  for  which  special  monitors  are  being  designed,  which 
will  be  placed  inside  walls.  Buildings  to  be  monitored  in  this  way 
will  include  the  Museum  Support  Center  and  the  Renwick  Gallery. 


Museum  Programs  I  229 


Two  interns,  John  Frieman  and  Deborah  Delauney,  have  worked 
with  Tim  Padfield  on  this  project. 

David  von  Endt  helped  organize  and  lectured  at  the  aic  work- 
shop, "Protein  Chemistry  for  Conservation";  he  also  contributed 
four  chapters  to  the  course  book  that  he  co-edited.  At  the  Septem- 
ber meeting  of  the  International  Institute  for  Conservation  (iic)  he 
presented  a  poster  on  the  identification  of  a  plant  mucilage  used  as 
an  adhesive  by  North  American  Indians.  At  the  Sixth  International 
Biodeterioration  Conference  he  gave  a  presentation  on  the  "Bio- 
deterioration  of  Proteinaceous  Materials  in  Museums."  Tim  Pad- 
field  lectured  in  February  on  "Indoor  Air  Pollution"  at  the  Center 
for  Building  Technology  workshop  on  "Air  Quality  Criteria  for 
the  Storage  of  Paperbased  Archival  Records." 

ARCHAEOMETRY 

Activities  in  the  archaeometry  program  during  the  past  year  in- 
cluded cooperative  programs  involving  staff,  fellows,  and  research 
associates  in  a  wide  scope  of  subjects  such  as  archeology  of  the 
Arctic,  Mediterranean,  Meso  American,  and  Near  Eastern  areas; 
and  technical  studies  of  American  and  European  paintings.  A  wide 
variety  of  analytical  techniques  were  used  in  these  projects,  includ- 
ing neutron  activation  analysis,  plasma  optical  emission  spec- 
troscopy, lead  isotope  analysis,  petrography,  neutron  activated 
autoradiography,  and  X-radiography. 

The  lead  isotope  analysis  program  for  provenience  studies  of 
archeological  artifacts  developed  into  a  joint  program  with  the 
National  Bureau  of  Standards  (nbs)  and  the  Corning  Museum  of 
Glass.  This  program  was  originally  started  when  lead  isotope 
analysis  was  chosen  as  a  tool  in  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art's  technical 
study  of  bronzes  from  the  Sackler  Collection,  but  now  has  grown 
into  a  full-scale  cooperative  program  that  supports  the  analysis  of 
samples  for  a  number  of  archeological  studies.  Approximately  200 
samples  from  thirteen  separate  projects  were  analyzed  during  this 
year  by  research  chemist  Emile  Deal.  The  neutron  activation  an- 
alysis group  at  NBS,  under  the  coordination  of  M.  James  Blackman, 
characterized  about  500  samples  from  six  different  archeological 
projects,  including  work  by  Materials  Analysis  fellows  Albert 
Jornet,  Emlen  Myers,  Rita  Wright,  and  Christopher  Nagle.  This 
CAL  facility  bought  a  hyper-pure  germanium  detector,  a  fifty-posi- 
tion sample  changer,  and  new  software  for  the  vax  750  computer 
around  which  the  gamma  ray  spectrometry  systems  at  nbs  are 
centered. 


230  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Ronald  Bishop  developed  a  data  storage/retrieval  system  for  sar- 
CAR,  using  the  vax  750  computer  at  the  Support  Center.  A  statis- 
tical softwear  package  interfaces  with  the  databank.  In  addition  to 
data  resulting  from  the  work  of  fellows  and  staff,  those  of  about 
20,000  analyses  done  in  the  archaeometry  program  at  Brookhaven 
National  Laboratory  have  now  been  entered  in  the  data  bank. 
Recently,  the  uniquely  important  collection  of  samples  and  data 
of  the  eminent  historical  metallurgist,  the  late  Earle  Caley,  was 
donated  to  sarcar.  Ronald  Bishop  also  continues  his  research  into 
archeological  problems  relating  to  the  Maya  civilization,  making 
use  of  the  sarcar  data-handling  facility. 

Yu-tamg  Cheng  continued  work  on  the  development  of  a  facility 
at  the  NBS  research  reactor  for  neutron-induced  autoradiography  of 
paintings.  The  work  group  for  this  project,  which  also  includes 
Jacqueline  S.  Olin,  Roland  Cunningham,  and  research  associate 
Susan  Hobbs,  continued  the  study  of  paintings  by  American  artist 
Thomas  W.  Dewing  with  two  of  his  works.  Duet  and  Nude.  In 
cooperation  with  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  that  museum's 
earlier  project  on  the  study  of  the  techniques  used  by  Rembrandt, 
originally  done  at  Brookhaven  National  Laboratory,  was  continued 
with  the  autoradiography  of  two  paintings  by  Rembrandt:  Man  in 
an  Archway  and  Portrait  of  a  Lady. 

As  a  visiting  scientist  in  cal's  archaeometry  department.  Dr.  Ian 
Brindle  of  Brock  University,  Ontario,  Canada,  worked  with  the 
staff  on  the  development  of  procedures  for  the  provenience  study 
of  North  American  native  copper  artifacts,  using  direct  current 
plasma  optical  emission  spectroscopy.  Dr.  Bruno  Frohlich,  under 
contract  with  gal,  carried  out  an  electromagnetic  prospecting  proj- 
ect in  Bahrain,  to  identify  and  characterize  archeological  sites  on 
the  Arabian  peninsula.  Two  new  postdoctoral  fellows  in  Materials 
Analysis,  Marilyn  Beaudry  and  Julian  Henderson,  were  appointed. 

Cal  Archaeometry  Department  staff  produced  a  number  of 
lectures  and  contributions  to  professional  meetings.  Four  contribu- 
tions were  presented  by  Jacqueline  Olin,  Marino  Maggetti,  Albert 
Jornet,  and  James  Blackman  at  the  Williamsburg  Conference  of  the 
Society  for  Historical  Archaeology.  Albert  Jornet  represented  the 
group  with  "A  Study  of  Ceramic  from  the  Paterna-Manises  Area" 
at  the  Pittsburgh  meeting  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society  and 
with  "Study  of  Maiolica  from  Three  Production  Areas  of  Spain" 
at  the  International  Archaeometry  Symposium  in  Washington,  D.C. 
Also  at  this  meeting,  Emile  Deal  presented  "Determining  the 
Provenance  of  Works  of  Art  and  Comparative  Samples  by  Lead 


Museum  Programs  I  231 


Isotope  Ratio  Analysis/'  and  James  Blackman  offered  "The  Use  of 
Interlaboratory  Data  Sets  in  Provenience  Studies." 

Ronald  Bishop  presented  "Compositional  Attribution  of  Non- 
Provenienced  Maya  Polychrome  Vessels"  at  the  international  sem- 
inar "Application  of  Science  in  Examination  of  Works  of  Art"  at 
the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  where  Yu-tarng  Cheng  showed 
a  poster  describing  the  proposed  facility  for  autoradiography  at 
NBS.  Rita  Wright  presented  "Standardization  as  Evidence  for  Craft 
Specialization,  a  Case  Study,"  at  the  Chicago  meeting  of  the  Amer- 
ican Anthropological  Association.  Ronald  Bishop  presented  "SAR- 
CAR,  A  New  Archaeometrical  Resource"  at  the  icom  Conservation 
Committee  meeting. 

INFORMATION  AND  TEACHING 

Staff  members  of  the  Conservation  Analytical  Laboratory  continued 
to  lecture  and  teach,  both  inside  and  outside  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution. Ronald  Bishop  lectured  at  the  University  of  Costa  Rica  on 
"Activacion  de  Neutrones  de  la  Ceramica  y  Jade  de  Costa  Rica"; 
and  on  "Neutron  Activation  and  the  Modeling  of  Ceramic  Com- 
positional Data"  at  the  Center  for  Materials  Research  in  Archae- 
ology and  Ethnology  (cmrae)  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  Emile  Deal  lectured  on  the  archaeometrical  use  of  lead 
isotope  analysis  at  the  University  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
presented  a  poster  on  the  subject  for  the  Association  for  the  Devel- 
opment and  Advancement  of  Black  Scientists  and  Engineers. 
Martha  Goodway  lectured  at  a  National  Park  Service  workshop 
on  bronze  statuary;  on  "Forensic  Aspects  of  Art  Forgery"  for  the 
North  Eastern  Association  of  Forensic  Scientists;  and  on  "Metal- 
lurgy in  the  Museum"  for  the  American  Society  for  Metals,  Wash- 
ington chapter.  Eleanor  McMillan  taught  and  lectured  at  four 
different  workshops  organized  by  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs; 
she  also  lectured  on  "Exhibit  Design  and  Conservation"  for  the 
American  Association  of  Museums  and  for  the  Northeast  Mu- 
seums Conference;  and  on  "Preventive  Maintenance"  for  the 
U.S.  Army  Curatorial  Museum  Training  Course;  on  "Conserva- 
tion at  the  Smithsonian"  at  Gonzaga  University  in  Spokane;  and 
on  "Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  a  Closer  Look" 
for  the  Cincinnati  Historical  Society.  Jacqueline  Olin  presented 
lectures  on  the  definition  and  goals  of  archaeometry  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Maryland  and  at  the  State  University  of  New  Jersey  at 
Rutgers.  Tim  Vitale  spoke  on  "The  Examination  and  Treatment  of 
a  Variety  of  Works  on  Paper  from  the  National  Air  and  Space 


232  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Museum  Collection"  at  the  Space  Science  and  Exploration  Depart- 
ment. Rita  Wright  lectured  on  "Why  and  How  Archaeologists 
Study  Ceramic  Technology"  at  the  Winterthur  Art  Conservation 
Program;  together  with  Emlen  Myers  she  presented  an  Archae- 
ometry/Anthropology Lunchtime  Talk  on  "Patterns  of  Techno- 
logical Variation  and  Change:  Examples  from  Third  Millennium 
Pakistan  and  Contemporary  Morocco." 

The  information  program  for  the  general  public  handled  596 
requests,  referring  the  questions  to  the  appropriate  cal  conserva- 
tors. Marjorie  Cleveland  of  the  professional  information  service 
performed  more  than  a  hundred  literature  searches  for  conserva- 
tors and  researchers. 

Tim  Vitale  coordinated  the  course  "Traditional  Japanese  Mount- 
ing Techniques  for  Application  to  Western  Conservation  Treat- 
ments/' taught  by  Japanese  expert  Katsuhiko  Masuda  at  cal.  This 
valuable  course,  originally  presented  at  the  International  Conserva- 
tion Center  at  Rome,  had  been  available  to  only  a  few  American 
conservators;  here  twelve  participated. 

The  twenty-fourth  International  Archaeometry  Symposium  was 
organized  by  Jacqueline  Olin  and  James  Blackman  and  held  in  the 
Baird  Auditorium  May  14-18.  More  than  two  hundred  participants 
from  sixteen  countries  attended  this  meeting,  which  included  ses- 
sions on  Stable  Isotope  Measurement  in  Archaeology,  Ancient 
Technology,  Prospection,  Mathematical  Methods,  Provenience 
Studies,  and  Dating.  The  proceedings  of  the  meeting  will  be  pub- 
lished in  the  Smithsonian  Press  series  Contributions  to  Anthro- 
pology. 

In  the  series  of  si-nbs  seminars,  Helmut  Schweppe  of  basf 
Aktiengesellschaft  in  West  Germany  presented  a  lecture  on  the 
"Identification  of  Dyes  in  Historical  Textiles."  He  also  conducted 
a  workshop  for  Smithsonian  conservators  at  cal.  Other  lectures  in 
this  series  were  given  by  Emile  Deal  on  "The  Use  of  Lead  Isotope 
Ratios  for  the  Determination  of  the  Provenience  of  Ancient  Ob- 
jects" and  by  Ronald  Bishop  on  "The  Science  and  Art  of  Classic 
Maya  Pictorial  Ceramics." 

Preparation  continued  for  the  conservation  training  project, 
which  is  expected  to  start  in  September  1985. 

National  Museum  Act  Programs 

The  National  Museum  Act  (nma),  established  by  Congress  in  1966, 
responded  to  continuing  needs  in  the  museum  field  through  grants 


Museum  Programs  I  233 


for  researching  museum-related  problems,  disseminating  technical 
information,  and  training  mid-career  or  beginning  professionals. 
Conservation  issues  were  again  emphasized  in  each  of  the  grant 
categories  that  were  offered  in  1984.  The  Advisory  Council  re- 
viewed 228  proposals  requesting  over  $4  million,  the  largest  group 
of  applications  ever  received.  Sixty-two  awards  were  made,  totaling 
$686,000;  of  that  number,  70  percent  concerned  training  and  re- 
search in  conservation. 

Training  grants  for  beginning  professionals  were  made  to  aca- 
demic institutions  with  museum-related  courses,  to  museums  with 
established  internship  programs,  and  to  individuals  pursuing  grad- 
uate or  advanced  training  in  conservation  both  here  and  abroad. 
Graduate  training  in  academic  institutions  included  support  for  the 
first  American  program  in  architectural  conservation.  Internship 
programs,  which  enable  individuals  to  gain  valuable  hands-on  ex- 
perience that  cannot  be  acquired  in  an  academic  setting,  involved 
art  and  history  museums  as  well  as  a  major  planetarium  in  the 
Midwest,  botanical  gardens  in  New  York  and  Missouri,  and  three 
zoos.  Grants  for  individuals  covered  various  areas  of  conservation, 
such  as  paintings,  textiles,  works  on  paper,  and  ethnographic 
materials. 

Seminars  supported  by  nma  are  designed  primarily  to  reach  pro- 
fessionals who  are  already  employed  by  museums  and  who  can 
profit  from  state-of-the-art  information  on  specialized  topics.  In 
1984,  awards  were  made  to  benefit  individuals  in  history,  science, 
and  art  museums.  The  seminar  for  history  museum  professionals 
at  Colonial  Williamsburg,  jointly  sponsored  by  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Museums,  the  American  Association  for  State  and  Local 
History,  and  the  National  Trust  for  Historic  Preservation,  has 
successfully  addressed  changing  needs  for  twenty-five  consecutive 
years.  Special  workshops  for  professionals  in  science  museums 
involved  model  outreach  and  teacher-training  programs  that  are 
relevant  to  the  important  educational  role  of  museums.  Several 
seminars  dealt  with  conservation  topics,  such  as  the  care  of  paint- 
ings, paper,  and  photographic  collections  or  the  use  of  microscopes 
in  determining  the  treatment  of  objects.  A  series  of  regional  sem- 
inars on  management  for  staff  members  of  museums  exhibiting 
African  American  materials  was  funded,  as  well  as  a  three-day 
workshop  on  issues  that  affect  Native  American  museums. 

Most  of  the  research  grants  made  in  1984  involved  technical 
problems  in  conservation.  One  study  will  investigate  the  effective- 
ness of  certain  pesticides  both  on  insects  and  museum  specimens 


234  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


and  another,  methods  of  consolidating  deteriorated  stone.  Nma 
funds  will  partially  support  the  development  of  a  test  that  can  be 
used  by  museums  to  determine  safe  storage  enclosures  for  historic 
photographs  and  a  project  to  identify  fungi  that  endanger  artistic 
and  historic  works.  An  award  was  made  to  prepare  a  manual  for 
museum  professionals  on  the  latest  techniques  of  preserving 
daguerrotypes;  this  information  is  the  result  of  previous  nma 
grants  on  this  topic. 

A  special  category  of  grants  concerns  technical  services  to  the 
museum  field  that  do  not  involve  training  or  research.  In  1984  a 
museum-related  organization  in  New  York  was  awarded  funds  to 
produce  a  series  of  data  sheets  on  health  hazards  in  museum  con- 
servation, and  a  zoological  garden  in  the  Midwest  received  a  grant 
to  improve  an  inventory  system  that  provides  information  on 
captive  animals,  many  of  which  are  endangered  species,  to  zoos  in 
the  United  States  and  abroad.  The  National  Museum  Act  continued 
to  support  important  regional  museum  associations  around  the 
country,  enabling  them  to  strengthen  the  programs  of  their  annual 
meetings,  and  to  sustain  the  consultant  program  for  history  mu- 
seums that  has  been  successfully  administered  by  the  American 
Association  for  State  and  Local  History  since  1972. 


Office  of  Exhibits  Central 

This  year  the  Office  of  Exhibits  Central  (oec)  worked  with  almost 
every  Smithsonian  museum  on  one  extraordinary  exhibition:  Trea- 
sures from  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  which  opened  on  August 
12,  1984,  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum  in  conjunction  with  the 
1984  Edinburgh  Festival.  It  will  close  and  be  returned  to  the  Smith- 
sonian in  early  November.  Conceived,  designed,  written  and  edited, 
produced,  crated,  shipped,  and  installed  within  six  months.  Trea- 
sures from  the  Smithsonian  Institution  called  on  all  of  the  talents 
and  in-depth  experience  of  the  oec.  This,  however,  was  but  one 
of  more  than  two  hundred  projects  worked  on  by  the  oec  this  year. 
In  June  oec  administrative,  editorial,  and  typesetting  offices  were 
relocated  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Service  Center  (sisc)  at 
1111  North  Capitol  Street,  because  of  the  roofing  and  restoration 
work  in  the  Arts  and  Industries  Building.  Substantial  rearrange- 
ments were  necessary  to  incorporate  staff  and  equipment  into  the 


Museum  Programs  I  235 


existing  oec  facilities  at  sisc  but,  for  the  first  time  since  being 
established,  the  entire  oec  staff  is  now  located  in  one  building.  In 
September  the  oec  Model  Shop  began  providing  limited  freeze-dry 
services,  which  had  been  discontinued  when  the  lab  was  closed  in 
the  Natural  History  Building  a  year  earlier.  In  October  a  complete 
house  cleaning  is  scheduled  to  upgrade  all  oec  offices  and  shops. 

The  two  hundred  or  so  separate  projects  that  oec  completes  each 
year  include  many  exhibit-related  tasks  that  are  performed  during 
the  inherent  down-time  of  all  exhibition  programs.  These  tasks 
utilize  the  same  equipment  and  talents  as  exhibition  work,  hence 
the  term  exhibit-related  projects.  This  year,  for  instance,  name- 
plates  used  at  Regents  meetings  were  re-done,  which  involved 
twenty  work-hours  and  less  than  %75  in  material  costs.  A  new,  all- 
weather  label  was  produced  and  installed  for  the  Downing  Urn 
located  on  the  Mall  lawn  of  the  Castle  building.  This  required 
thirty  work-hours  and  $36.08  in  material  costs.  The  oec's  com- 
puterized accounting  system  records  all  projects  and  the  requesting 
Smithsonian  office  reimburses  all  material  costs.  Such  projects  are 
routinely  accepted  on  a  time-available  basis;  however,  more  than 
half  of  the  yearly  projects  produced  by  the  oec  are  more  compre- 
hensive and  are  scheduled  on  a  deadline  basis. 

Thirty  new  exhibitions  were  produced  for  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution Traveling  Exhibition  Service  (sites),  three  others  required 
updating  changes,  and  fourteen  were  refurbished  for  extended  tour. 
Two  special  temporary  exhibitions  were  installed  in  the  Castle 
lounge,  and  the  oec  again  provided  graphics  for  the  Festival  of 
American  Folklife.  The  Information  Carts  and  summer  information 
pylons  for  the  Mall  were  refurbished  by  the  oec,  and  portrait  man- 
nikin  heads  were  cast  of  astronauts  Sally  Ride  and  Guion  Bluford 
for  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum.  The  oec  Exhibits  Editors 
Office  wrote,  edited,  designed,  and  supervised  the  printing  of  thirty 
foreign  and  forty  domestic  tour  brochures  for  the  Associates 
Travel  Program.  This  year  the  brochure  for  China  tours  was  de- 
veloped as  a  folder  describing  each  of  the  twelve  tours  offered. 
This  very  successful  format  will  now  be  used  for  other  multiple 
tour  offerings. 

Model-makers  David  Paper,  James  Reuter,  and  Benjamin  Snouf- 
fer  received  cash  awards  this  year  for  the  construction — which 
required  considerable  research  and  interpretation  of  very  limited 
documentation — of  a  nine-foot-high  model  of  Russian  construc- 
tivist  Vladimir  Tatlin's  Monument  to  the  Third  International  for 
the  Hirshhorn  Museum  exhibition  Dreams  and  Nightmares.  The 


236  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


model,  now  in  the  museum's  collections,  is  a  milestone  in  the 
development  and  building  of  scale  models  of  visionary  art/archi- 
tecture. For  the  same  exhibition  Karen  Fort,  chief  exhibits  editor, 
wrote  and  edited  a  complex  didactic  script  for  the  labels — an  un- 
usual approach  in  most  art  exhibitions.  By  all  standards  the  Ex- 
hibits Editors  Office  had  an  active  and  very  involved  year.  Karen 
Fort  also  wrote  and  edited  labels  for  the  Art  of  the  Cameroon 
exhibition,  and  editor  Rosemary  Regan  wrote  and  edited  the  text 
and  coordinated  Spanish  translations  for  the  bilingual  exhibition 
Age  of  Gold;  both  scripts  were  written  from  catalogue  copy  for 
these  SITES  exhibitions.  Michael  Fruitman,  an  oec  editor,  left  the 
Smithsonian  for  a  writing  position  at  the  Government  Accounting 
Office.  Fruitman's  services  of  top-rate  exhibit-label  writing  and 
editing  over  a  period  of  nine  years  are  much  appreciated.  He  was 
replaced  by  editorial  assistant  Diana  Cohen. 

The  Art  of  Cameroon  exhibition  script  involved  interpreting  as 
well  as  identifying  125  objects;  other  oec  participation  on  this 
comprehensive  exhibition  was  equally  complex.  John  Widener, 
assistant  chief,  oec,  supervised  the  construction  of  the  cases  on 
contract.  The  Model  Shop  designed  and  produced  brackets  or 
mounting  devices  for  each  object,  ranging  from  life-size  sculpted 
wood  figures  and  masks  to  extremely  delicate  leather  and  beadwork 
jewelry.  The  Graphic  Production  Unit  silk-screened  the  exhibition 
labels  on  formica,  plastic,  and  fabric  surfaces;  and  the  Fabrication 
Unit  built  custom  shipping  crates  for  all  of  the  objects  and  all  of 
the  exhibition  cases  and  fixtures.  The  exhibition  opened  in  the 
Evans  Gallery,  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  will 
travel  for  approximately  two  years  in  the  United  States. 

No  exhibition  this  year,  or  since  oec  was  established  in  1972, 
better  illustrates  the  experienced  teamwork  of  this  office  than  does 
Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Designed,  written  and 
edited,  produced,  shipped  to  Edinburgh,  and  installed  within  six 
months'  time,  this  major  exhibition — the  Smithsonian's  first  partici- 
pation in  the  Edinburgh  Festival — has  been  an  outstanding  success, 
as  well  as  the  largest,  most  comprehensive  exhibition  ever  traveled 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

More  than  260  objects,  representing  almost  every  Smithsonian 
unit,  were  assembled  by  Donald  McClelland,  sites  coordinator  and 
curator/organizer  for  the  exhibition.  Oec  director  Jim  Mahoney 
designed  the  exhibition,  produced  the  drawings  and  specifications 
for  contracting  the  construction  of  the  "set"  by  the  London  firm 
of  Wedgehand  Ltd.,  and  supervised  the  complete  installation  in  the 


Museum  Programs  I  237 


Royal  Scottish  Museum.  Karen  Fort  wrote  and  edited  the  exhibi- 
tion labels  from  information  provided  by  sources  throughout  the 
Smithsonian.  She  also  supervised  the  phototypesetting  of  the  more 
than  three  hundred  labels  by  oec  specialist  Elizabeth  Wilform. 
Mary  Dillon,  as  assistant  designer,  was  the  ultimate  "girl  Friday/' 
coordinating  design  information  and  detailing  within  the  oec  and 
between  the  Smithsonian  and  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum.  Model 
Shop  supervisor  Walter  Sorrell  oversaw  the  making  of  brackets 
and  mounting  devices  for  the  objects  and  the  design  and  construc- 
tion of  customized  interiors  for  the  shipping  crates.  Fabrication 
supervisor  Kenneth  Clevinger  measured  and  coordinated  the  con- 
struction of  the  shipping  crates — 127  in  all — and  the  fabrication 
of  pedestals  and  graphic  elements.  James  Speight,  Graphic  Produc- 
tion supervisor,  and  his  staff  silk-screened  all  of  the  labels.  And 
John  Widener  balanced  and  juggled  the  scheduling  of  all  of  this, 
as  well  as  oec's  other  projects,  through  the  shops. 

Mary  Jane  Clark,  sites  registrar,  coordinated  the  documentation, 
packing,  shipping,  and  unpacking  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum. 
She  also  served  as  courier  on  the  first  of  three  U.S.  Air  Force  flights 
that  transported  the  exhibition  to  Edinburgh  and  worked  through 
the  entire  installation.  The  oec's  David  Paper  and  James  Reuter 
worked  on  every  phase  of  the  installation;  Mary  Dillon  served  as 
a  courier  and  worked  through  the  installation;  and  Christopher 
Addison,  of  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art,  Barbara  Cof- 
fee, of  the  National  Museum  of  American  History,  and  sites 
staffers  Eileen  Rose  and  Janet  Freund  also  participated  as  members 
of  the  installation  team.  It  was  an  exciting  and  exhausting  experi- 
ence. On  the  day  after  the  opening  ceremonies,  Jim  Mahoney, 
Mary  Jane  Clark,  and  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum  staff  discussed 
plans  for  dismantling  the  exhibition  and  taking  the  objects  home 
to  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 


Office  of  Horticulture 

Fiscal  year  1984  has  been  extremely  productive  throughout  the 
units  of  the  Office  of  Horticulture.  Our  educational  research  and 
outreach  projects  have  expanded  dramatically.  Requests  from 
within  the  Smithsonian  Institution  as  well  as  from  other  museums, 
botanical  organizations,  educational  institutions,  and  the  general 


238  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


public  for  assistance  with  horticultural  research,  publicatior\s, 
seminars,  and  exhibitions  have  been  fulfilled  without  additional 
personnel.  A  major  factor  in  this  accomplishment  has  been  the 
excellent  work  contributed  by  our  supporting  staff  of  volunteers 
and  interns. 

Some  of  the  specific  projects  included:  the  removal  and  trans- 
planting of  the  plantings  on  the  east  end  of  the  National  Air  and 
Space  Museum;  the  closing  of  the  award-winning  American  Gar- 
den at  the  IV  International  Horticultural  Exhibition  (iga  83)  in 
Munich,  West  Germany;  the  inventory  of  the  Burpee  Collection 
of  rare  seed  catalogues;  the  acquisition  of  many  labeled  antique 
garden  furnishings  for  the  Enid  A.  Haupt  Garden  in  the  Quad- 
rangle; and  the  relandscaping  of  the  courtyards  at  the  National 
Museum  of  African  Art  and  at  the  American  Art  and  Portrait 
Gallery  Building. 

The  office  provided  support  for  394  Special  Events  during  the 
year — a  33  percent  increase  over  fiscal  year  1983.  Of  those,  the 
following  events  required  special  attention:  the  Regents  Dinners, 
Doubleday  Dinners  and  Lectures,  Musical  Weekend,  Renwick 
Waltz  for  the  Contributing  Membership,  Diplomatic  Dinner,  Yale 
Alumni  Dinner,  the  20th  Anniversary  Dinner  in  honor  of  S.  Dillon 
Ripley,  the  Whistler  Exhibition,  and  the  "Smithsonian  Treasures" 
program. 

The  office  assisted  the  Women's  Committee  of  the  Smithsonian 
Associates  with  their  Annual  Christmas  Ball,  held  on  December  9, 
1983,  by  transforming  the  rotunda  of  the  National  Museum  of 
Natural  History  (nmnh)  into  a  "Dickens  Christmas."  More  than 
160  poinsettias,  eleven  cut  trees,  twelve  garlands,  and  nine  "kiss- 
ing balls"  captured  the  holiday  spirit.  Village  scenes  were  fabri- 
cated by  the  Office  of  Exhibits  Central  with  the  assistance  of 
Warren  Abbott,  an  Office  of  Horticulture  gardener  and  artist. 

The  seventh  annual  Trees  of  Christmas  exhibition  was  pre- 
sented from  December  15,  1983,  through  January  2,  1984,  in  con- 
junction with  the  National  Museum  of  American  History  (nmah). 
Dixie  Rettig,  one  of  our  volunteers,  assisted  Lauranne  C.  Nash, 
chief  of  Education  Division,  throughout  the  year  with  her  coordi- 
nation of  this  exhibit.  Of  the  twelve  trees  presented,  the  following 
nine  were  new:  "State  Birds  and  Flowers"  from  Judy  Ford  Hogan 
and  Mary  I.  Llewellyn;  "Muslin  and  Lace"  from  Virginia  C.  Trus- 
low;  "Nutcracker  Suite"  from  the  Washington,  D.C.,  Chapter, 
Embroiderers'  Guild  of  America,  Inc.;  "Crocheted  Snowflakes" 
from  Helen  Haywood,  Dorothy  Scimshaw,  and  Priscilla  Sparks; 


Museum  Programs  I  239 


"Folk  Art  Tree"  from  the  Nation's  Capital  Chapter  of  the  Na- 
tional Society  of  Tole  and  Decorative  Painters,  Inc.;  "Red,  White, 
and  Blue"  from  Sunny  O'Neil;  "Scandinavia"  from  the  Scandina- 
vian Council  of  the  Washington,  D.C.,  area;  "Tole  and  Decorative 
Painting"  from  the  National  Society  of  Tole  and  Decorative  Paint- 
ers, Inc.;  and  the  "American  Crafters'  Tree"  from  American  craft- 
ers.  The  following  three  trees  were  chosen  from  previous  exhibi- 
tions: "Germany"  from  the  Association  of  German- American 
Societies  of  Greater  Washington,  D.C.;  "Nature's  Bounty"  from 
four  generations  of  the  Cronin  family:  Blanche  Williar,  Jane 
Cronin,  Donna  Cronin  Fay,  Teresa  and  Michael  Fay;  and  the 
"Legend  of  the  Spider"  (previously  named  the  tree  of  "Ukraine") 
from  Helen  Gunderson,  Maureen  Coleman,  Mary  G.  Pister,  and 
Dixie  Rettig.  All  ornaments  from  the  new  trees  were  donated  to 
the  Office  of  Horticulture  for  future  Trees  of  Christmas  exhibi- 
tions. Mike  Carrigan,  exhibits  designer  for  nmah,  borrowed  con- 
temporary wooden  sculptures  by  William  Accorsi,  which  were  dis- 
played with  the  trees.  On  December  14  the  office  sponsored  a 
reception  honoring  the  hundreds  of  volunteers  who  worked  on 
the  exhibition. 

On  March  30,  1984,  the  Office  of  Horticulture  transformed  the 
Renwick  Gallery  into  a  spring  festival  of  flowers  for  the  Annual 
Contributing  Membership  Waltz.  Two  magnificent  antique  urns 
from  the  William  Adams  foundry  and  one  large  rusticated  tree 
trunk  urn  bearing  the  mark  of  the  Miller  Iron  Company  were 
restored  for  this  event.  The  Greenhouse-Nursery  Division  forced 
spring  bulbs,  cut  forsythia,  and  other  spring  flowers  to  create 
spectacular  arrangements  in  these  urns,  which  have  been  acquired 
for  the  Quadrangle  Garden  through  the  generosity  of  Mrs.  Enid  A. 
Haupt.  Several  hundred  tubs  of  cymbidium  orchids  as  well  as  other 
specimen  plants  from  the  permanent  collections  of  the  office  were 
used  to  create  this  spring  floral  theme. 

In  late  May-early  June,  floral  decorations  were  provided  for 
"Smithsonian  Treasures,"  sponsored  by  the  Smithsonian  National 
Associate  Travel  Program,  to  enhance  the  setting  at  each  program 
site.  Potted  plants  and  flower  arrangements  from  Office  of  Horti- 
culture collections  decorated  the  many  events  held  during  the 
American  Association  of  Museums  Conference  (June  10-14). 

The  Plant  and  Accessioning  Records  System  was  completely 
overhauled  during  the  year.  August  A.  Dietz  IV,  Greenhouse- 
Nursery  manager,  worked  with  the  director  of  the  office  on  a 
three-month  detail  to  review  and  rewrite  the  accessioning  policies 


240  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  ■•  -  ...^^^-  I 


James  R.  Buckler,  director  of  the  Office  of  Horticulture,  and  Christian  Hohenlohe, 
former  Treasurer  of  the  Smithsonian,  view  the  Smithsonian  Institution  American 
Garden  at  the  IV  International  Horticulture  Exhibition  in  Munich,  West  Ger- 
many, from  the  pavilion,  which  was  reproduced  from  a  nineteenth-century  sum- 
merhouse  located  at  the  Soldiers'  and  Airmen's  Home  in  Washington,  D.C. 


for  our  collections.  In  1983  the  office  began  reviewing  all  land- 
scape plans  of  Smithsonian  properties  in  order  to  accession  all 
permanent  plant  collections  accurately.  This  mapping  process  has 
been  completed  and  brass  labels  have  been  made  for  the  perma- 
nent trees,  shrubs,  and  groundcover  beds.  Maureen  Coleman,  land- 
scape designer,  was  responsible  for  coordinating  this  project.  The 
horticultural  records  assistant,  assigned  to  the  Greenhouse-Nursery 
Division  in  March  1984,  entered  the  data  gathered  during  the 
mapping  phase  into  the  computer. 

The  Office  of  Horticulture  Library,  established  as  a  full  Branch 
Library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  in  fiscal  year  1983, 
was  increased  by  approximately  150-200  volumes.  Many  of  these 
are  highly  technical  references  needed  to  continue  the  research  on 
our  orchid  collection.  Marguerite  MacMahon,  a  volunteer,  has 
diligently  continued  to  maintain  the  inventory  and  storage  records 
of  the  large  number  of  periodicals  received  by  the  office  each  year. 

The  donation  of  the  Burpee  Collection  was  received  by  the 
office  during  1982-83.  This  extraordinary  gift  of  more  than  25,000 
seed-trade  catalogues,  records,  and  memorabilia  from  the  W.  Atlee 
Burpee  Company  and  the  late  Mrs.  David  Burpee  is  rapidly  be- 
coming available  as  a  result  of  the  work  of  horticultural  and  land- 
scape historian  Kathryn  Meehan  and  volunteers  Sally  Tomlinson, 
Helen  Gunderson,  and  Jeanne  O.  Shields.  Working  with  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries,  Mrs.  Meehan  has  coordinated 
the  unpacking,  sorting,  fumigating,  cataloguing,  and  organizing  of 
this  important  collection,  which  will  be  housed  in  the  Office  of 
Horticulture  Library,  located  on  North  Balcony  of  the  Arts  and 
Industries  Building.  To  date,  12,715  catalogues,  through  the  year 
1913,  have  been  processed. 

In  July  1984  the  James  Smithson  Society  provided  a  grant  of 
$35,000  to  purchase  a  collection  of  150  volumes  on  the  History  of 
Landscape  Architecture  in  America,  1799-1938.  This  rare  collec- 
tion, assembled  by  Elizabeth  Woodburn,  antiquarian  bookseller 
and  horticultural  historian  in  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  will  be  invalu- 
able for  current  and  future  research  on  the  history  and  evolution 
of  horticulture  and  landscape  design. 

Another  small  but  significant  collection  of  seed-trade  records, 
correspondence,  and  tools  was  received  from  Gladys  and  Florence 
Whitehead,  descendants  of  the  Bedman  family  who  founded  the 
Bedman  Brothers  Seed  Farm  in  1843  near  Rahway,  New  Jersey. 
The  Bedmans  produced  seed  for  many  important  companies,  in- 
cluding W.  Atlee  Burpee.  They  were  noted  for  their  development 


242  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


of  seed  for  the  popular  nineteenth-century  "bedding-out"  plant, 
salvia,  in  addition  to  many  others. 

The  Interior  Plant  Program  was  transferred  from  the  Education 
Division  to  the  Grounds  Management  Division  for  the  installation, 
maintenance,  and  rotation  of  all  interior  plants.  This  transfer  has 
streamlined  our  service  to  Smithsonian  bureaus.  Renovations  of 
the  permanent  galleries  at  the  Freer,  National  Air  and  Space  Mu- 
seum, National  Museum  of  African  Art,  and  Hirshhorn  Museum 
and  Sculpture  Garden  were  completed  in  1984  along  with  large 
installations  of  plants  for  the  Whistler  exhibition  at  the  Freer; 
Ban  Chiang  at  nmnh;  and  the  Palm  Court  at  nmah.  All  plants  were 
selected  by  Lauranne  Nash  to  complement  the  exhibitions  and/or 
decor  of  the  particular  gallery  as  well  for  their  ability  to  with- 
stand the  environmental  conditions.  The  office  maintains  on  a  daily 
basis   over   2,000   plants   throughout   the   Smithsonian   Institution 

Volunteers  Bruce  Buntin,  Dorothy  High,  and  Charlene  Hescock 
completed  another  successful  year  of  weekly  maintenance  and 
rotation  of  rare  and  unusual  plants  and  floral  arrangements  for 
the  exhibition  A  Victorian  Horticultural  Extravaganza. 

Recruitment  for  the  Student  Intern  Program  was  conducted  in 
fiscal  year  1984  by  mailing  more  than  1,100  letters  to  horticul- 
tural schools  and  members  of  professional  societies.  As  a  result, 
the  following  interns  worked  with  this  office:  Melissa  Pilant, 
Washington  State  University,  referred  by  the  Smithsonian  Office 
of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education,  spent  five  weeks  as  a 
junior  intern  in  all  divisions;  Mr.  David  Steingrubey,  University  of 
Florida,  registered  for  a  one-year  internship  working  in  our  orchid 
collection;  and  Jennifer  Dimling,  Colorado  College,  began  working 
at  the  Greenhouse-Nursery  Division  in  September  1984. 

Lauranne  Nash  has  continued  to  serve  on  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  Internship  Council  and  was  elected  to  serve  as  cochair- 
person  for  one  year  beginning  in  January  1985. 

The  Grounds  Management  Division,  under  the  direction  of 
Kenneth  Hawkins,  completed  many  projects  this  year,  including 
the  relandscaping  of  the  courtyard  at  the  National  Portrait  Gal- 
lery and  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art;  installation  of 
eighty  rare  white  quince  along  the  walls  of  the  Hirshhorn  Museum 
and  Sculpture  Garden;  installation  of  new  tubbed  plants  on  the 
third-floor  terrace  and  flower  boxes  for  the  west  terrace  cafeteria 
at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum;  relandscaping  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  African  Art's  courtyard  by  installing  a  magnifi- 
cent Victorian  cast-iron  fountain  (c.  1849,  J.  W.  Fiske),  Victorian 


Museum  Programs  I  243 


benches  and  lamp  posts,  as  well  as  tubbed  plants;  the  landscaping 
of  the  Victorian  Bandstand  and  Calder  Sculpture  at  the  nmah; 
and  the  creation  of  a  new  garden  at  the  Barney  Studio  House 
in  time  for  the  American  Association  of  Museums  conference. 
Through  the  efforts  of  Gerald  Dobbs,  an  Office  of  Horticulture 
gardener,  the  Fragrant  Garden  (East  Garden)  continued  to  evolve 
as  a  sensory  attraction  for  the  handicapped.  The  Grounds  Man- 
agement Division,  assisted  by  John  W.  Monday,  assistant  director, 
and  Maureen  Coleman,  completed  the  removal  of  plantings  from 
the  east  end  of  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  in  prepara- 
tion for  the  new  restaurant.  Most  of  the  plantings  were  relocated 
at  the  Museum  Support  Center. 

In  addition  to  these  major  projects,  the  Grounds  Management 
Division  was  responsible  for  snow  and  ice  removal;  replacement 
of  the  dead  hawthorns  with  ginkgo  trees  at  nmnh;  and  the  plant- 
ings of  55,000  spring  bulbs,  14,000  pansies,  and  22,000  flowering 
annuals. 

The  Greenhouse-Nursery  Division  produced  14,000  pansies, 
30,000  annuals,  13,000  cut  flowers,  700  tropical  plants,  and  over 
12,000  seasonal  potted  plants  for  special  events,  interior  plant  dis- 
plays, and  exterior  flower  beds  and  borders.  In  addition,  the 
Greenhouse-Nursery  Division  provided  special  plantings  for  the 
Victorian  Bandstand  installed  at  the  nmah,  and  the  perennials  and 
woody  plants  for  the  Barney  Studio  House  Garden. 

Several  improvements  were  made  to  the  greenhouse-nursery 
complex  to  improve  safety  conditions  and  to  reduce  temperature 
fluctuations  that  are  damaging  to  plant  materials.  The  plant  collec- 
tions in  the  greenhouse  continued  to  expand  at  a  modest  pace;  at 
the  same  time  the  office  evaluated  existing  collections  to  allow  for 
the  disposition  of  poor  quality  genera,  species,  and  hybrids.  In 
November  1983  Paul  E.  Desautels,  guest  curator  of  the  Orchid 
Collection,  and  Buckler,  director  of  the  office,  visited  Mrs.  Beverly 
Pabst  in  Hillsborough,  California,  to  pack  the  remaining  orchid 
collection  of  the  late  Rudolf  Pabst.  The  247  extremely  rare  "stud" 
plants  that  were  donated  to  the  office  by  Mrs.  Pabst  this  year  will 
be  a  vital  addition  to  the  2,000-plant  collection  she  donated  in 
1979.  The  office  also  acquired  200  species  of  orchids  from  Brad 
Van  Scriver  of  Garden  Grove,  California. 

More  than  40  percent  of  the  Black  River  Collection,  acquired  in 
1982,  has  flowered  and  evaluations  have  been  made.  The  plants 
not  worthy  of  the  National  Orchid  Collection  are  exchanged  and 
traded  for  new  plants  or  supplies,  primarily  under  contract  with 


244  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Kensington  Orchids,  Kensington,  Maryland.  In  addition,  the  office 
provided  surplus  plants  to  the  National  Zoological  Park,  the  U.S. 
Botanic  Gardens,  and  the  National  Aquarium  in  Baltimore.  The 
office  is  now  installing  a  tissue  culture  laboratory  for  the  propaga- 
tion of  rare  and  desirable  clones  and  endangered  species.  In  Oc- 
tober 1983,  the  office  exhibited  about  forty  mixed  hybrids  and 
species  from  the  National  Orchid  Collection  at  the  National  Capital 
Orchid  Show  held  at  the  U.S.  National  Arboretum.  An  exhibit  has 
been  planned  for  the  1984  show. 

The  Bromeliad  Collection  was  inventoried  this  year  and  the  data 
collected  will  be  entered  into  the  computer  in  fiscal  year  1985.  This 
remarkable  collection  of  over  800  plants  (350  hybrids  and  species) 
is  often  displayed  with  our  orchid  collection  in  interior  exhibitions 
throughout  the  Smithsonian  Institution  museums.  In  addition,  the 
office  has  now  developed  collections  of  110  varieties  of  Hedera  helix 
(English  Ivy)  and  twenty-four  varieties  of  Hosta. 

In  March  1984  the  office  estabHshed  a  full-time  position  to 
handle  the  records  and  accessioning  system  of  the  Greenhouse- 
Nursery  Division  thus  permitting  the  office  to  reduce  the  accession- 
ing backlog  by  more  than  80  percent.  Over  18,000  accessions  were 
entered  into  the  computer  bank  this  year — primarily  of  the  orchid 
collection.  Desautels  will  continue  to  edit  all  data  from  our  com- 
puter printouts,  and  an  accurate  inventory  should  be  available 
early  in  the  fall  of  1984.  Thirty  percent  of  the  plants  in  the  orchid 
collection  have  been  arranged  in  the  greenhouses  in  alphabetical 
order  by  scientific  name  so  that  the  physical  inventory  of  the 
collection  can  be  cross-indexed  with  the  computer  records. 

The  office  has  worked  throughout  the  year  on  the  new  Enid  A. 
Haupt  Garden  for  the  Quadrangle.  The  completion  of  this  garden 
in  1986-87  will  mark  the  opening  of  a  distinguished  new  American 
garden  for  public  enjoyment.  Director  James  R.  Buckler  and  the 
Office  of  Horticulture  staff  have  been  working  closely  with  John- 
Paul  Carlhian,  architect  for  the  Quadrangle,  from  the  Boston  firm 
of  Shepley,  Bulfinch,  Richardson,  and  Abbott,  and  landscape 
architect  Lester  Collins  in  the  development  of  the  landscape  plan. 
The  office  has  already  selected  specimen  plants  and  has  collected 
original  period  garden  furnishings,  including  vases  or  urns,  settees, 
garden  sculptures,  lamp  posts,  and  wickets  or  lawn  guards  for  the 
garden.  Many  of  the  new  garden  furnishings  are  labeled  pieces 
from  such  important  nineteenth-century  foundries  as  J.  W.  Fiske, 
J.  L.  Mott,  Kramer  Brothers,  William  Adams,  and  J.  McLean.  The 
Enid  A.  Haupt  Garden  will  be  created  as  an  outdoor  exhibition 


Museum  Programs  I  245 


gallery  of  plants,  garden  furnishings,  and  accessories.  The  office  is 
now  researching  and  designing  the  embroidery  parterre,  bedding 
designs,  and  the  plantings  appropriate  for  the  garden  vases.  The 
Greenhouse-Nursery  Division  will  begin  production  of  much  of 
the  material  needed  for  the  bedding  designs  in  the  fall  of  1984. 

In  October  1983  the  IV  Internationale  Gartenbau  Austellung 
(IGA  83)  in  Munich  closed  to  the  public.  The  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion American  Garden,  designed  by  James  R.  Buckler  and  Kathryn 
Meehan,  was  presented  a  silver  award  by  the  German  Association 
of  Landscape  Architects.  More  than  eleven  million  visitors  toured 
this  grand  international  exhibition  in  1983.  For  her  enduring  sup- 
port and  generous  financial  contribution  to  the  American  Garden, 
Honore  Wamsler,  an  American  living  in  Munich,  was  awarded  the 
Smithson  Medal  and  a  citation  of  appreciation  by  Secretary  Ripley 
at  a  luncheon  in  her  honor  on  February  7,  1984.  On  September  11, 
1984,  Dr.  Detlef  Marx,  director  of  iga  83,  and  his  family  visited 
the  Smithsonian  to  express  his  gratitude  for  the  Institution's  par- 
ticipation in  the  Munich  show. 

Staff  members  continued  to  support  civic  and  educational  pro- 
grams. John  W.  Monday  agreed  to  serve  three  more  years  on  the 
Horticulture  Advisory  Committee  of  the  Northern  Virginia  Com- 
munity College  and  to  serve  as  chairman  of  the  Eastern  Regional 
Advisory  Council  of  the  "Horticulture  Hiring  the  Disabled."  Lau- 
ranne  C.  Nash  completed  a  year's  service  as  president  of  the  D.C. 
branch  of  the  Professional  Grounds  Management  Society  and  be- 
gan serving  another  one-year  term  as  chairman  of  the  board  of  the 
branch. 

Buckler  served  on  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Rockwood  Mu- 
seum, the  finest  rural  Gothic  estate  left  in  America,  located  in  Wil- 
mington, Delaware;  and  the  National  Colonial  Farm,  a  joint  project 
of  the  Accokeek  Foundation  and  the  National  Park  Service  in  Acco- 
keek,  Maryland;  he  was  also  elected  to  the  board  of  the  new 
Kentucky  Botanical  Gardens  in  Louisville.  For  much  of  the  year. 
Buckler  served  on  the  Long-Range  Planning  Committee  of  the 
National  Colinial  Farm  to  establish  a  workable  management,  edu- 
cational, and  research  plan  through  the  year  2005. 

In  addition.  Buckler  continued  to  present  educational  programs 
to  museums,  botanical  gardens,  and  historical  societies  throughout 
the  year.  A  lecture  entitled  "The  Horticultural  Extravaganza  of  the 
Victorian  Era"  was  presented  to  the  Garden  Club  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware  (January  9);  Fairfax  Virginia  Garden  Club  (January  10); 
the  Goose  Creek  Herb  Guild  of  Middleburg,  Virginia  (March  25) ; 


246  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


and  the  Golf  Course  Superintendents  of  Metropolitan,  D.C.  (April 
24).  Major  presentations  were  given  on  the  history  and  evolution 
of  nineteenth-century  horticulture  in  America  at  the  "Old  Home 
and  Garden  Fair"  at  the  Margaret  Strong  Museum  in  Rochester, 
New  York  (March  23);  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Congressional 
Cemetery  Association,  Washington,  D.C.  (March  24);  the  first 
"Art  in  Bloom"  program,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota  Institute  of  Arts 
(May  10);  and  the  Strawbery  Banke  Museum  in  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire  (September  14). 

On  July  25,  1984,  Buckler  was  awarded  Honorary  Membership 
in  the  American  Academy  of  Floriculture  by  the  Society  of  Ameri- 
can Florists  (saf)  "in  recognition  of  his  efforts  on  behalf  of  the 
floral  industry  and  SAF-The  Center  for  Commercial  Floriculture." 
This  award  was  presented  during  the  100th  anniversary  of  saf. 
For  the  saf  centennial  publication.  Buckler  and  Kathryn  Meehan 
wrote  an  article  entitled  "A  Victorian  Horticultural  Extravaganza" 
that  highlighted  the  early  years  of  the  floricultural  and  horticultural 
industry  in  America. 

On  February  8,  1984,  Lauranne  Nash  represented  the  Office  of 
Horticulture  at  the  Second  Annual  Horticultural  Career  Day  at  the 
University  of  Maryland,  for  horticultural  students  in  the  Washing- 
ton, D.C,  area.  She  provided  information  on  horticultural  careers 
at  the  Smithsonian  and  other  government  agencies.  On  March  6, 
1984,  she  lectured  to  the  students  in  the  Institute  of  Applied  Agri- 
culture's Horticulture  Seminar  at  the  University  of  Maryland  on 
the  Interior  Plant  Program  at  the  Smithsonian.  She  also  served  as 
a  horticulture  judge  for  the  Arlington  County  Fair  in  Virginia  on 
August  23,  1984. 

The  office  continued  to  work  with  the  Smithsonian  Resident 
Associate  Program  in  providing  tours  of  the  Greenhouse-Nursery 
Division  and  the  Philadelphia  Flower  Show. 

Participants  from  across  the  United  States  and  as  far  away  as 
China  enthusiastically  joined  the  Office  of  Horticulture  for  a  broad 
offering  of  horticultural  lectures,  seminars,  and  workshops  during 
fiscal  year  1984. 

In  commemoration  of  the  Bicentennial  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  an 
all-day  seminar  was  offered  by  the  Smithsonian  Resident  Associate 
Program  on  October  20,  1983,  entitled  "The  Great  Garden  Ex- 
change." Coordinated  by  Buckler  and  Mrs.  Meehan,  a  panel  of 
horticultural  historians  explored  the  dominant  garden  traditions 
and  exciting  experiments  that  distinguished  the  period  1750  to 
1830  in  the  United  States,  England,  and  France.  Panelists  and  their 


Museum  Programs  I  247 


lectures  included:  Dr.  Joan  Challinor,  chairman.  National  Com- 
mittee for  the  Bicentennial  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  "Historical  Over- 
view of  the  Period";  Julia  Davis,  garden  historian,  "Atlantic 
Letters:  The  English  Landscape  Influence  in  North  America"; 
Howard  Adams,  garden  historian  and  guest  curator  of  the  1976 
National  Gallery  of  Arts  exhibition  The  Eye  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
who  spoke  on  "The  French  Garden's  Influence  in  America";  Elea- 
nor M.  McPeck,  landscape  historian  and  instructor,  Radcliff 
College  Seminar  Program  in  Landscape  Design,  "Modern  Garden- 
ing in  America";  and  Buckler,  "Gardens  of  American  Statesmen: 
Mount  Vernon,  Woodlawn,  Williamsburg,  and  Monticello." 

The  office  also  coordinated  "Gardens  by  Design,"  a  week-long 
in-depth  seminar  and  tour  program  of  major  horticultural  sites  in 
and  around  Washington,  D.C.,  offered  by  the  Smithsonian  National 
Associate  Program,  April  29-May  4.  Forty-three  participants 
studied  the  arts  of  designing  and  planting  large  and  small  gardens 
of  historic  or  contemporary  nature.  Tours  of  historic  properties, 
estate  gardens,  botanic  collections,  and  modern  greenhouse-produc- 
tion facilities  were  led  by  staff  and  guest  horticultural  specialists. 

Through  the  sponsorship  of  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs, 
"Horticulture  in  a  Museum  Setting,"  a  three-day  workshop  (June 
27-29),  was  coordinated  by  the  Office  of  Horticulture  and  intro- 
duced twenty  museum  professionals  to  the  horticultural  possibili- 
ties in  and  around  museum  buildings.  The  workshop  covered  such 
topics  as  the  history  of  gardens,  the  relationship  of  horticulture  to 
collections,  basic  maintenance,  growing  methods,  historic  horti- 
cultural research,  landscape  design,  the  selection  and  maintenance 
of  interior  plants,  design  and  installation  of  seasonal  decorations, 
design  and  installation  of  signage  in  the  garden,  putting  garden 
plans  on  paper  and  into  print,  fundraising,  and  volunteer  assistance. 
The  workshop  included  tours  to  a  number  of  horticultural  sites  in 
the  Washington  area. 

Buckler  conducted  tours  of  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculp- 
ture Garden;  A  Victorian  Horticultural  Extravangaza  exhibition; 
the  Horticultural  Research  Center,  Hill  wood  Gardens;  and,  together 
with  the  staff,  the  Smithsonian  greenhouses  and  collections.  A  tour 
of  Dumbarton  Oaks  was  conducted  by  Donald  Smith,  superinten- 
dent of  grounds;  and  Erik  Neuman,  curator  of  education,  led  a  tour 
of  the  National  Arboretum. 

The  Office  of  Horticulture  entered  its  thirteenth  year  as  a  unit 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  the  summer  of  1984.  The  up- 
coming two  years  promise  to  be  very  exciting,  with  the  develop- 


248  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


ment  of  a  new  greenhouse-nursery  facility  at  the  U.S.  Soldiers' 
and  Airmen's  Home,  the  continued  work  on  the  Enid  A.  Haupt 
Garden,  and  the  publication  of  research  data  by  the  director  on 
the  history  and  evolution  of  horticulture  in  America  during  the 
nineteenth  century.  It  is  anticipated  that  the  office  will  continue 
to  expand  its  educational,  research,  and  exhibition  programs  for 
all  of  the  museums  and  to  offer  additional  seminars,  workshops, 
and  lecture  series  on  practical  and  historical  horticulture. 


Office  of  Museum  Programs 

The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  (omp)  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution provides  training,  services,  information,  and  assistance  for 
the  professional  development  of  museum  personnel  and  institu- 
tions throughout  the  United  States  and  abroad.  Its  goals  and  ob- 
jectives are  fulfilled  by  coordinated  activities  that  are  woven  into 
a  total  program  of  distinct  but  interrelated  training  activities,  ser- 
vices, and  research  into  methods  that  will  improve  the  effective- 
ness of  museum  operations  and  practices  nationally  and  inter- 
nationally. 

From  the  diverse  and  extensive  resources  and  expertise  of  the 
Smithsonian,  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  offers  museum  train- 
ing workshops,  both  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  on  site;  arranges 
for  internships,  short-term  professional  visits,  and  foreign  profes- 
sional training  and  group  projects;  provides  an  awards  program 
for  minority  museum  professionals;  produces  and  distributes 
audiovisual  presentations  on  conservation  awareness  and  theory, 
preventive  care  of  collections,  and  practices  in  educational  pro- 
gramming; provides  training,  technical  assistance,  audio  visuals, 
and  consultation  services  for  Native  American  museums;  produces 
publications  on  museum-related  topics;  offers  counseling,  consult- 
ing services,  and  conferences  on  museum  careers,  training,  and 
museum  practices;  and  administers  a  special  national  project  under 
a  grant  from  the  W.  K.  Kellogg  Foundation  to  "expand  the  edu- 
cative influence  of  museums."  A  branch  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution Libraries,  the  Museum  Reference  Center  provides  biblio- 
graphic and  documentary  support  for  the  activities  of  omp  and  is 
available  to  museum  professionals,  students,  and  researchers. 

The  grouping  of  these  functions  into  one  program  facilitates 
response  of  the  Institution  to  the  multitude  of  requests  received 


Museum  Programs  I  249 


from  museums  throughout  the  United  States  and  abroad  for  assis- 
tance and  guidance,  and  has  the  added  benefit  of  keeping  the  staff 
of  the  Institution  informed  and  aware  of  museological  develop- 
ments elsewhere. 

The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  serves  as  the  focal  point  and 
clearing  house  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Audiovisual  Ad- 
visory committee  and  for  metric  transition  activities  of  the  Insti- 
tution, and  assists  with  planning  efforts  for  a  conservation  train- 
ing program  to  be  offered  by  the  Conservation  Analytical  Lab- 
oratory. 

The  Kellogg  Foundation  awarded  a  generous  three-year  grant 
to  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  and  the  Resident  Associate 
Program  "to  expand  the  educative  influence  of  museums"  every- 
where. With  the  guidance  of  a  national  advisory  committee,  the 
Office  of  Museum  Programs  is  implementing  the  program  through 
colloquia,  workshops,  residencies,  and  videotapes  for  museum  pro- 
fessionals throughout  the  United  States.  Interacting  with  col- 
leagues and  representatives  of  such  community  resources  as  uni- 
versities, libraries,  corporations,  organizations,  and  school  systems, 
the  prograni  is  emphasizing  and  promoting  the  influence  of  mu- 
seums as  educational  institutions  while  examining  and  discussing 
the  learning  process  that  occurs  in  them. 

TRAINING  PROGRAM 

The  Training  Program  consists  of  a  Washington-based  workshop 
series,  on-site  workshops,  the  Internship  and  Visiting  Professionals 
Programs,  the  Awards  for  Minority  Museum  Professionals,  and 
two  United  States  Information  Agency  /  Office  of  Museum  Pro- 
grams cosponsored  projects  per  year,  supervised  by  Mary  Lynn 
Perry,  Training  Program  Coordinator. 

WASHINGTON-BASED  WORKSHOPS 

The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  sponsors  an  annual  schedule  of 
twenty-five  to  thirty  short-term  workshops  in  museum  practices 
which  provide  mid-career  training  opportunities  for  museum  pro- 
fessionals from  the  United  States  and  abroad.  The  workshops  last 
from  three  to  five  days  and  are  held  at  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion. They  focus  on  current  theories  and  practices  in  the  field,  and 
make  Smithsonian  materials,  facilities,  and  human  resources  avail- 
able to  the  larger  museum  community. 

Faculty  for  the  workshop  series  are  drawn  from  the  Institution's 
staff,  and  from  outside  experts  who  join  programs  to  offer  special- 


250  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


ized  information  or  speak  from  a  particular  perspective.  Subject 
matter  covers  a  broad  range  of  topics  on  all  aspects  of  museum 
operations;  topics  include  museum  management,  fundraising,  edu- 
cational programming,  conservation,  collections  management,  stor- 
age and  handling,  exhibition  design  and  production,  volunteers 
and  docent  training,  security,  shop  management,  horticulture  in 
museums,  registration  methods,  and  public  relations. 

During  1984  over  550  museum  professionals  enrolled  in  the 
Washington-based  workshop  series.  Enrollment  represented  all 
types,  sizes,  and  disciplines  of  museums,  and  a  broad  geographic 
distribution,  including  43  states  in  the  continental  United  States, 
Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  In  addition,  museum 
professionals  from  Bermuda,  Canada,  France,  Hong  Kong,  New 
Zealand,  Trinidad,  Venezuela,  Puerto  Rico,  and  the  Virgin  Islands 
participated  in  the  workshops. 

During  1984  the  training  program  developed  a  new  week-long 
workshop,  "Orientation  to  Museum  Work  for  Entering  Profes- 
sionals," based  on  the  recommendations  of  the  International  Coun- 
cil of  Museums  Committee  for  the  Training  of  Personnel.  The 
committee  recommended  basic  museological  training  of  museum 
staff  at  all  levels  while  providing  an  overview  of  sound  museum 
practices,  especially  for  new  museum  professionals.  This  work- 
shop gave  individual  museum  workers  an  understanding  of  the 
museum's  role  in  society,  and  an  understanding  of  their  own  roles 
in  the  museum. 

Evaluations  by  the  participants  indicated  the  success  of  this  new 
workshop  offering  and  "Orientation"  was  scheduled  for  presenta- 
tion again  in  August  1984.  As  one  participant  noted:  "Not  only 
was  there  a  tremendous  amount  of  valuable  information,  but  the 
inspiration  which  [came]  from  it  all  [was]  so  great  that  I  can 
hardly  wait  to  go  back  to  work!" 

Other  new  workshops  in  1984  included  "Horticulture  in  a 
Museum  Setting,"  "Participatory  Exhibitions,"  "Public  Programs," 
"Museum  Graphics,"  and  "Curatorial  Roundtable." 

ON-SITE  WORKSHOP  PROGRAM 

The  On-Site  Workshop  Program  is  designed  to  provide  training 
services  to  museum  professionals  at  locations  throughout  the 
United  States  and  abroad  with  the  cooperation  and  cosponsorship 
of  host  museums,  institutions,  and  museum-related  organizations. 
The  workshops,  which  are  generally  two  to  three  days  in  length, 
draw  faculty  from  the  Smithsonian's  professional  staff  although 


Museum  Programs  I  251 


other  on-location  experts  may  be  called  upon  to  supplement  presen- 
tations and  assist  in  developing  a  local  resource  network  for  the 
workshop  participants. 

During  fiscal  year  1984,  the  program,  coordinated  by  Pamela  W. 
Leupen,  presented  ten  on-site  cooperative  workshops  at  museums 
in  California,  Florida,  Illinois,  New  York,  South  Carolina,  and 
throughout  Virginia.  Enrollment  totaled  176  museum  professionals 
representing  museums  in  California,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  the 
District  of  Columbia,  Florida,  Illinois,  Maryland,  Massachusetts, 
Missouri,  North  Carolina,  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  Ohio, 
Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  Vermont,  and  Virginia.  Cosponsors 
for  the  workshops  included  the  Virginia  Association  of  Museums, 
the  Southern  Arts  Federation  of  Museums,  the  California  Museum 
of  Afro-American  History  and  Culture,  and  the  New  York  Regional 
Conference  of  Historical  Agencies. 

Sustained  growth  in  the  On-Site  Workshop  Program  is  antici- 
pated for  1985,  including  a  workshop  on  "Preventive  Care  in 
Pakistan,"  and  the  program  will  continue  to  be  a  strong  and 
beneficial  response  to  the  training  needs  of  museum  professionals. 

INTERNSHIP  PROGRAM 

The  Smithsonian  Office  of  Museum  Programs  Internship  Program 
offers  specialized  training  in  museum  practices  to  undergraduate 
and  graduate  students  as  well  as  to  employed  professionals.  Indi- 
viduals from  the  United  States  and  abroad  are  eligible  to  partici- 
pate in  the  program.  During  1984,  the  program,  coordinated  by 
Raymond  Branham,  placed  111  individuals  in  internship  positions 
throughout  the  Institution,  an  increase  of  sixty-one  over  the 
previous  year.  Eleven  of  these  interns  were  from  foreign  countries. 
The  internships  often  carry  academic  credit  from  a  university  and 
the  average  duration  is  from  three  to  six  months,  with  shorter  or 
longer  programs  available. 

The  focus  of  the  internships  is  on  musuem  practices;  the  intent 
is  for  the  experiences  to  be  mutually  beneficial  to  the  intern  and 
to  the  Institution.  Intern  assignments  may  involve  training  in 
administration,  education,  collection  management,  registration, 
exhibition  design  and  production,  and  curatorial  practices.  Interns 
may  attend  Office  of  Museum  Programs  workshops  while  in  resi- 
dence at  the  Smithsonian.  Long-term  interns,  especially  those  from 
foreign  countries,  often  elect  to  travel  as  part  of  their  program.  In 
such  cases,  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  prepares  itineraries 
and  contacts  staff  at  appropriate  museums  throughout  the  United 


252  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


States;  in  some  cases,  arrangements  with  foreign  museums  may  be 
made.  The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  coordinates  meetings, 
lectures,  and  special  presentations  by  foreign  interns  to  supple- 
ment the  interns'  museum  experiences.  In  1984,  special  presenta- 
tions were  given  by  Des  Tatana  Kahotea  of  New  Zealand  and 
Dr.  Fawzi  Sweha  Boullos  of  Soloman,  Egypt. 

In  addition  to  fulfilling  regularly  assigned  responsibilities,  interns 
participated  in  the  annual  Office  of  Museum  Programs  Museum 
Careers  Seminar  Series,  a  seven-week  program,  from  June  20  to 
August  1,  which  offered  Smithsonian  and  other  museum  interns 
in  the  Washington  area  exposure  to  professional  career  choices  in 
the  museum  field.  After  the  success  of  last  year's  program, 
attendance  in  the  seminar  in  1984  increased  to  thirty-eight  partici- 
pants, with  a  waiting  list.  To  further  enrich  the  seminar,  special 
tours  were  offered,  including  a  behind-the-scenes  exploration  of 
the  exhibition  design  and  production  areas  of  the  National  Museum 
of  Natural  History  and  the  new  Indian  House  at  Hillwood  Museum. 
Evaluations,  which  students  completed  at  the  end  of  the  seminar, 
indicated  that  the  experience  was  extremely  useful  in  understanding 
the  duties,  responsibilities,  and  qualifications  required  in  the 
careers  that  were  discussed. 

VISITING  PROFESSIONALS  PROGRAM 

A  specialized  service  is  offered  to  museum  professionals  interested 
in  shorter  periods  of  training  and  study  than  is  required  by  the 
Internship  Program.  Through  the  Visiting  Professionals  Program, 
museum  professionals  gain  access  to  collections  and  Smithsonian 
staff  for  concentrated  discussion  and  consultation.  The  program 
is  designed  to  serve  individuals  who  are  available  for  training 
periods  of  up  to  one  month  and  consists  of  a  combination  of 
meetings,  workshop  activities,  demonstrations,  research  oppor- 
tunities, and  visits  to  museums  selected  to  meet  special  training 
needs.  During  1984,  one  hundred  and  sixty  individuals  representing 
museums  in  the  United  States  and  seventy-five  from  abroad 
participated  in  the  program.  The  number  of  participants  in  this 
year's  program  nearly  doubled  last  year's  enrollment. 

EXTERNSHIP  PROGRAM 

The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  responds  to  special  requests  for 
programming  related  to  museum  studies  and  the  museum  profes- 
sion, and  in  1984  continued  a  program,  initiated  in  1983,  for  high 


Museum  Programs  I  253 


school  and  college  students  who  are  interested  in  learning  more 
about  a  museum  career  by  being  exposed  to  the  duties  and  respon- 
sibilities of  museum  work. 

This  year,  fifty-eight  students  participated  in  the  program,  most 
of  whom  were  enrolled  in  the  Multicultural  Bilingual  High  School 
of  Washington,  D.C.,  a  national  model  which  offers  English  as  a 
second  language.  Ten  countries,  including  El  Salvador,  Guatemala, 
and  Cambodia,  were  represented  by  these  students. 

The  students  are  referred  to  as  externs  since  their  experience  is 
generally  one  week  in  duration  and  emphasizes  the  daily  operations 
of  the  working  world  as  it  relates  to  the  museum  field.  A  general 
orientation  session  begins  the  externship,  which  concludes  with  an 
evaluation  and  resume-writing  session. 

COSPONSORED  PROJECTS 

With  the  United  States  Information  Agency,  the  Office  of  Museum 
Programs  cosponsored  a  project  on  "Museum  Administration"  for 
European  museum  professionals  in  the  fall  of  1983.  The  project 
included  curators  and  directors  from  Belgium,  Czechoslavakia,  the 
Democratic  Republic  of  Germany,  the  Federal  Republic  of  Ger- 
many, Italy,  Romania,  and  Yugoslavia.  The  group  members 
attended  an  Office  of  Museum  Programs  seminar  designed  to 
introduce  them  to  diverse  techniques  of  museum  administration  in 
the  United  States.  Participants  visited  museums  of  varying  sizes 
and  disciplines  in  New  York,  Boston,  Chicago,  Santa  Fe,  and 
San  Francisco.  The  group  had  an  opportunity  to  view  museum 
collections  and  to  exchange  ideas  and  information  with  staff 
members  concerning  a  variety  of  topics  related  to  museum  admin- 
istration. Participants  also  attended  the  Northeast  Museums  Con- 
ference Annual  Meeting. 

The  fifth  annual  "Education  in  Museums"  multiregional  project, 
cosponsored  by  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  and  the  United 
States  Information  Agency,  was  held  in  May  and  June,  1984. 
Thirteen  museum  professionals  representing  nine  foreign  countries 
participated.  Directors,  educators,  and  curators  from  Costa  Rica, 
the  Federal  Republic  of  Germany,  Hungary,  Iceland,  Mexico,  Palau, 
Senegal,  Syria,  and  Tanzania  were  included.  A  seminar  addressing 
various  facets  of  museum  education  at  the  Institution  included 
sessions  on  "What  and  Why — Museum  Education/'  "School  Pro- 
grams," "Scholarly  Research,"  "Public  Access  to  Collections," 
"Museums  and  the  Community — Inhouse  and  Outreach  Programs," 
and  "Museum  Education  and  Special  Audiences."  Following  the 


254  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Theresa  Singleton  (left),  historical  researcher  from  the  South  Carolina  State 
Museum,  and  Deborah  Willis-Thomas,  photograph  specialist,  Schomburg  Center 
for  Research  in  Black  Culture,  New  York  City  Public  Library,  use  the  resources 
in  the  Museum  Reference  Center  while  visiting  the  Smithsonian  as  participants 
in  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs'  Minority  Awards  Program. 


seminar,  the  group  visited  museums  in  five  other  American  cities 
to  view  museum  education  programs  in  action  and  to  discuss 
mutual  interests  with  staff.  A  final  "Education  Forum"  was  held 
in  San  Francisco  to  permit  discussion  of  the  foreign  participants' 
observations  and  reactions  to  the  programs  observed  in  the  Amer- 
ican museums.  The  group  returned  to  Washington  to  attend  the 
annual  American  Association  of  Museums  meeting. 

The  two  Office  of  Museum  Programs  /  United  States  Information 
Agency  cosponsored  programs  represent  a  continuing  effort  on  the 
part  of  both  sponsors  to  make  possible  an  international  profes- 
sional exchange  between  American  museum  professionals  and  their 
international  colleagues.  Following  the  success  of  these  two  pro- 
grams, the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  has  been  requested  by  the 
United  States  Information  Agency  to  coordinate  a  newly  developed 
third  project  concerning  conservation  and  preventive  care  of  collec- 
tions in  fiscal  year  1985. 

AWARDS  FOR  MINORITY  MUSEUM  PROFESSIONALS 

A  new  activity  in  1984  conducted  jointly  by  the  Training  Program 
and  the  Native  American  Museums  Program  was  "Awards  for 
Minority  Museum  Professionals,"  providing  up  to  $500  for  seven- 
teen museum  professionals  to  stay  in  residence  for  two  weeks  at 
the  Smithsonian.  The  professionals  attended  a  selected  workshop 
from  the  Washington-based  series  and  spent  the  remainder  of 
their  time  in  individual  study  at  the  Institution.  During  the  second 
week  the  professionals  had  access  to  Smithsonian  collections,  staff, 
and  facilities  on  a  scheduled  basis.  Their  programs  incorporated 
meetings,  tours,  demonstrations,  visits  to  laboratories,  and  obser- 
vations of  specialized  techniques  and  programs  in  action.  The 
participants  represented  fourteen  states  and  included  three  Native 
Americans,  two  Hispanics,  one  Asian,  and  eleven  blacks.  Matching 
funds  were  provided  by  the  Office  of  Equal  Opportunity. 

AUDIOVISUAL  PROGRAM 

In  fiscal  year  1984,  the  name  of  this  program  was  changed  from 
Conservation  Information  Program  to  Audiovisual  Program.  The 
new  name  reflects  the  broader  range  of  topics  now  covered  by  the 
audiovisual  productions  of  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs.  In 
addition  to  conservation,  these  topics  include  museum  interpreta- 
tion, visitors,  and  careers;  protection;  historic  preservation;  and 
folklife. 

256  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  Audiovisual  Program,  coordinated  by  Laura  Schneider,  pro- 
duces and  distributes  training  and  educational  videotapes  and 
slide/cassette  packages  on  these  subjects  for  use  by  museums, 
libraries,  universities,  cultural  institutions,  and  interested  individ- 
uals. Most  programs  are  accompanied  by  a  printed  text.  Their 
primary  purpose  is  to  increase  awareness  of  current  techniques  and 
practices  in  preventive  care  of  museum  collections  and  cultural 
property. 

New  audiovisual  programs  include  a  videotape  on  security 
entitled  "On  Guard:  Protection  Is  Everybody's  Business";  a 
slide/cassette  program  called  "Photographic  Negatives  in  the  Juley 
Collection:  Their  Care  and  Preservation";  and  a  slide/cassette 
program  designed  as  an  introduction  to  the  Office  of  Museum 
Programs. 

Programs  being  completed  include  a  videotape  on  the  preventive 
conservation  of  outdoor  sculpture  at  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and 
Sculpture  Garden  and  a  slide/cassette  program  on  lighting  for  the 
care  of  collections.  Plans  for  productions  in  1985  include  videotapes 
on  gilding  and  historic  preservation.  "Tribal  Archives  II,"  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  instructional  tape  for  Native  American  groups,  is 
also  projected.  Translations  of  several  audiovisual  programs  in 
other  languages  are  planned  for  1985  as  well. 

Since  1974,  when  the  Audiovisual  Program  began,  5,874  presen- 
tations have  been  distributed  on  short-term  loans.  In  1984,  261 
slide  programs  and  421  videotapes  were  loaned  to  museums,  other 
institutions,  and  individuals. 

In  1984,  forty  slide  programs  and  147  videotapes  were  sold  to 
museums  in  Italy,  Australia,  and  Taiwan.  In  addition,  1,092  sep- 
arate texts  were  disseminated  to  institutions  and  individuals  on 
request.  Copies  of  the  texts  were  also  sent  free  of  charge  to  libraries 
requesting  them.  Two  slide/cassette  programs  on  preventive  care 
of  collections  were  donated  to  Saudi  Arabia.  An  inventory  of  the 
Office  of  Museum  Programs  audiovisual  materials  was  completed 
for  the  use  of  Smithsonian  Institution  staff. 

NATIVE  AMERICAN  MUSEUMS  PROGRAM 

The  Native  American  Museums  Program  was  established  in  1977 
to  provide  information  services  and  educational  opportunities  to 
employees  of  tribal  and  urban  Native  American  museums  and 
cultural  centers  and  others  who  work  closely  with  Indian,  Eskimo, 
and  Aleut  collections.  The  program  offers  workshops,  short-term 
residencies,    technical    assistance,    publications,    and    audiovisuals 


Museum  Programs  I  157 


that  enable  participants  to  understand  and  implement  the  basic 
operations  and  research  functions  of  cultural  institutions.  It  serves 
as  the  point-of-contact  for  Native  Americans  requesting  profes- 
sional training  and  museological  assistance  from  the  Smithsonian. 
The  program  actively  fosters  a  network  of  communication  and 
support  among  members  of  the  Native  American  cultural  com- 
munity and  the  museum  field;  it  promotes  liaison  with  allied 
disciplines  and  professions,  and  with  public-  and  private-sector 
organizations  and  agencies  on  national,  regional,  and  state  levels. 

Three  special  outreach  projects  highlighted  the  1984  Native 
American  Museums  Program  year: 

National  Program  Residencies,  supported  by  the  Smithsonian 
Educational  Outreach  Program  and  designed  to  complement  the 
educational  activities  of  the  1983  national  workshop  for  Native 
American  museum  and  cultural  center  directors,  were  offered  to 
eight  employees  of  tribal  museums.  Each  resident  received  two 
weeks  of  training  at  the  Smithsonian  on  an  individually  selected 
topic. 

The  editing  and  publication  of  the  National  Workshop  Proceed- 
ings, also  made  possible  by  the  Outreach  Program,  is  in  progress. 
These  Proceedings  make  important  information  available  to  those 
who  are  unable  to  attend  the  workshops.  Dissemination  will  occur 
in  1985. 

A  slide/tape  program,  "Tribal  Archives:  Basic  Responsibilities 
and  Operations,"  is  being  completed.  It  describes  ways  to  organize 
and  administer  a  program  for  the  care  of  historical  records.  Case 
studies,  model  forms,  and  procedural  manuals  from  Indian  pro- 
grams are  used  to  illustrate  the  main  points.  An  evaluation  of  the 
program  was  conducted  by  Indian  archivists  at  on-site  training 
conferences  in  Santa  Fe  and  San  Francisco,  and  by  archivists  and 
educators  at  professional  meetings  throughout  the  country.  This 
is  the  second  audiovisual  program  produced  in  collaboration  with 
the  Native  American  Archives  Project  for  use  by  Indian  com- 
munities. The  first,  "Tribal  Archives:  An  Introduction,"  defines 
basic  archival  concepts  and  provides  examples  of  its  value  to  the 
community.  It  was  selected  for  presentation  at  the  Tenth  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Archives  held  in  West  Germany  during 
September. 

Nancy  J.  Fuller,  coordinator  of  the  Native  American  Museums 
Program,  organized  and  chaired  the  session,  "Minorities  and  the 
Profession:  Developing  Actions  to  Encourage  Broader  Minority 
Staff  Representation,"  for  the  American  Association  of  Museums 


258  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


annual  meeting,  and  served  as  a  panelist  for  the  "Tribal  Archives" 
session  at  the  Midwest  Museum  conference  conducted  by  the 
Oneida  Nation  Museum.  Other  projects  included  the  publication 
of  the  bibliography,  "Native  American  Museums  and  Related 
Issues/'  in  the  Council  of  Museum  Anthropology  Newsletter,  the 
updating  of  "Some  Resources  Useful  to  Native  American  Mu- 
seums/' and  preparing  new  issues  of  the  Native  American  Mu- 
seums Program  newsletter. 

THE  KELLOGG  PROJECT 

The  goal  of  the  Kellogg  Project,  which  is  supported  by  a  grant 
from  the  W.  K.  Kellogg  Foundation,  is  "to  expand  the  educational 
role  of  museums."  During  its  second  year,  increased  emphasis  was 
placed  on  the  importance  of  collaboration  among  museums,  leading 
to  the  creation  of  active,  continuing  networks  of  museum  profes- 
sionals. 

In  1983-84,  the  Project  arranged  six  regional  workshops  and 
twenty-two  professional  residencies  at  the  Smithsonian  and  else- 
where and  began  educational  demonstration  programs  at  twelve 
participating  museums.  Four-day  workshops,  entitled  "Museums 
as  Learning  Resources,"  were  organized  in  each  of  the  six  regions: 
New  England  (Boston,  Massachusetts);  Northeast  (Bronx,  New 
York);  Southeastern  (Charlotte,  North  Carolina);  Midwest  (Toledo, 
Ohio);  Mountain-Plains  (San  Antonio,  Texas);  and  Western  (Port- 
land, Oregon).  These  workshops  succeeded  in  bringing  together 
within  each  region  twenty-two  museums  and  other  educational 
institutions  (involving  132  participants)  to  discuss  current  issues 
and  problems  in  museum  education  and,  most  important,  to  form 
the  nucleus  of  an  active  and  ongoing  network  of  museum  profes- 
sionals both  regionally  and  nationwide. 

Two  categories  of  professional  residencies  were  designed  to  ful- 
fill Kellogg  Project  objectives.  First,  the  "Kellogg  Museum  Profes- 
sionals at  the  Smithsonian"  program  brought  to  the  Smithsonian 
for  individualized  residencies  ten  museum  professionals  who  were 
involved  in  the  regional  workshops.  During  a  week  of  study  these 
professionals  met  with  Smithsonian  staff  and  area  professionals  to 
exchange  program  ideas  and  expertise.  Second,  the  twelve  museums 
participating  in  demonstration  projects  developed  residencies,  based 
on  aspects  of  their  educational  programs,  which  took  place  at  the 
Smithsonian  and  at  other  appropriate  museums. 

Examination  of  the  learning  process  in  museums  and  evaluation 
of  the  effectiveness  of  all  activities  are  part  of  the  continuing  ac- 


Museum  Programs  I  259 


tivities.  The  twelve  demonstration  programs,  designed  as  practical 
applications  of  Kellogg  Project  philosophies,  will  be  the  focus  of 
activity  in  1984-85.  There  will  also  be  a  colloquium,  specialized 
workshops  and  residencies,  and  production  of  a  videotape  to  con- 
tinue to  explore  the  educational  process  in  museums.  Planning  for 
dissemination  of  results  of  the  program  activities  is  underway. 

Two  meetings  of  the  National  Advisory  Committee  were  con- 
vened for  review  of  the  progress  of  the  Kellogg  Project. 

MUSEUM  REFERENCE  CENTER 

The  Museum  Reference  Center,  a  branch  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  Libraries  associated  with  the  Office  of  Museum  Pro- 
grams, and  the  only  comprehensive  museological  documentation 
center  in  the  United  States,  centers  its  activities  around  searching 
and  providing  information,  bibliographic  services,  and  distribu- 
tion of  materials  to  museum  professionals  and  students  research- 
ing specific  aspects  of  museology  and  to  the  public  in  need  of 
museum  administrative  guidance.  Administrators,  curators,  trust- 
ees, friends  of  museums,  educators,  exhibitors,  registrars,  con- 
servators and  students  of  the  field  have  received  assistance  with 
their  investigations,  problems  and  studies. 

The  Museum  Reference  Center's  staff,  volunteers,  and  interns 
answered  over  fifteen  hundred  inquiries  originating  from  museum 
professionals,  researchers,  and  students  in  the  United  States,  Can- 
ada, and  forty-eight  foreign  countries.  Over  five  hundred  persons 
visited  the  Center  to  study,  tour,  and  learn  about  its  unique  col- 
lections. Special  tours  were  provided  for  delegations  and  individ- 
uals from  Bangladesh,  Belgium,  Chile,  Denmark,  France,  Hungary, 
India,  Ireland,  Japan,  Sudan,  the  Netherlands,  and  the  United 
Kingdom. 

In  response  to  a  request  sent  by  the  Kellogg  Project  staff  to 
6,000  museums,  educational  materials  were  received  from  thou- 
sands of  institutions  throughout  the  country.  The  materials  were 
recorded,  classified,  and  filed  in  the  Museum  Reference  Center,  and 
many  of  these  program  publications  are  now  in  use  by  the  resi- 
dents of  the  Kellogg  Project. 

In  April,  the  Museum  Reference  Center  published  the  inaugural 
issue  of  Muse  World,  which  lists  new  books  being  acquired  and 
new  journal  titles.  Issues  will  be  published  on  a  quarterly  basis 
as  a  current  awareness  service  within  the  Smithsonian  and  to 
museum  professionals  upon  request. 


260  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Nineteen  bibliographies  and  resource  guides  were  compiled  and 
published.  Among  the  new  titles  are: 

Participatory  Exhibits 

Museum  Directories  in  the  United  States 

Technology  and  Computers  in  the  Museum  Environment 

Evaluation  Studies  in  Museums  and  Art  Galleries 

Selected  List  of  Periodicals  in  English  of  Interest  to  Museum 

Professionals 
Traveling  Exhibition  Organizations :  A  Resource  List 
The  Use  of  Audiovisuals,  Holography,  and  Videodisc/Optical 

Disc  in  Museums  and  Other  Related  Institutions 
Horticulture  and  Gardening  in  the  Museum  Setting 

The  following  bibliographies  were  completely  revised  and  updated : 

Museum  Security 

Museum  and  Exhibition  Lighting 

Education  in  Museums 

Labeling :  The  Words  You  Exhibit 

Museology 

Museum  Architecture  and  Adaptive  Use :  Bibliography  and 

Resource  Guide 
Museum  Insurance 
Exhibit  Design 

Museums  and  the  Handicapped 
Museums  and  Minorities 

A  total  of  sixty  bibliographies  on  museum-related  topics  are  now 
available  free  of  charge. 

Interns  were  Jodi  Wesemann,  Anne  B.  Wheeler,  Dawn  Scher, 
Theresa  Courke  (South  Africa),  and  Dorothy  Foster.  The  regular 
volunteers,  Carolyn  Shugars,  Barbara  Bowen,  and  Renata  Rut- 
ledge,  worked  one  day  a  week  throughout  the  year  to  complete 
several  projects,  in  addition  to  their  duties  of  classifying  incoming 
documents,  typing,  and  researching  inquiries.  Muse  World  was 
compiled  by  Carolyn  Shugars,  and  Renata  Rutledge  assisted  in  the 
compilation  of  the  bibliography  of  "Museum  Security." 

New  staff  member  Ed  Johnson  joined  the  Museum  Reference 
Center  as  a  library  assistant  in  May  1984.  His  duties  include  serial 
control  and  the  organization  of  the  documentary  files,  which  in- 
cludes updating  the  records  and  disposing  of  outdated  material  and 
duplicates  in  the  collection. 


Museum  Programs  I  261 


The  Librarian  and  staff  addressed  twenty-one  workshops  spon- 
sored by  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs,  explaining  the  services 
of  the  Museum  Reference  Center  to  the  participants.  BibUographies 
on  all  workshop  topics  were  distributed  and  many  of  the  partici- 
pants either  toured  the  Center  or  took  time  to  conduct  private 
research. 

OTHER  ACTIVITIES 

The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  offers  career  counseling  for  per- 
sons interested  in  the  museum  field  or  career  changes,  undertakes 
organization  of  national  and  international  conferences,  provides 
consultation  services  for  museum  studies  programs  at  universities, 
and  advises  units  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  (including  Inter- 
national Activities,  Symposia  and  Seminars,  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion/ALiABA  Museum  Law  Conference,  and  Programs  for  the  Dis- 
abled) on  museum  aspects  of  their  work. 

Over  one  hundred  consultations  on  museum  practices  and  or- 
ganizations were  provided  to  individuals  and  to  delegations  dur- 
ing 1984,  many  from  other  countries,  including  the  People's  Repub- 
lic of  China,  India  (3),  Mexico,  the  Federal  Republic  of  Germany, 
Nigeria,  Belgium,  Hungary,  Denmark  (2),  Australia,  Austria  (2), 
Spain  (2),  Saudi  Arabia,  Gabon  (2),  Sudan  (2),  Bangladesh,  Pakis- 
tan, Poland,  France  (2),  Costa  Rica,  South  Africa,  Benin,  Israel, 
Dominican  Republic,  United  Nations  (2),  Cameroon,  Egypt,  Japan, 
Korea,  Taiwan  (2),  Shanghai,  Brazil,  Haiti,  New  Caledonia,  as  well 
as  UNESCO,  an  inspection  team  from  the  United  Nations,  and  a 
group  representing  fourteen  Latin  American  countries. 

Staff  members  of  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  annually 
serve  as  speakers  at  regional  and  national  museum  conferences, 
provide  consulting  services,  and  are  actively  engaged  in  inter- 
national museum  activities.  They  attended  professional  meetings  of 
the  International  Council  of  Museums,  International  Council  of 
Museums  Advisory  Committee,  International  Council  on  Monu- 
ments and  Sites,  Art  Table,  Smithsonian  Institution/uNESco  Con- 
ference on  Preservation,  National  Art  Education  Association, 
Smithsonian  Institution  Budget  Seminar,  Foreign  Service  Institute, 
American  National  Metric  Conference,  the  Midwest,  Northeast, 
Southeast,  New  England,  Western,  and  Mountain-Plain  Museum 
Conferences,  American  Association  of  Museums,  and  the  Kennedy 
Center  meeting  on  Media  and  the  Arts. 

Director  Jane  Glaser  serves  on  the  board  and  is  secretary  of 
the  International  Council  of  Museums  Committee  on  Training  of 


262  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Personnel;  serves  on  the  International  Council  of  Museums  Ad- 
visory Committee;  serves  on  the  scholarship  committee  for  Smith- 
sonian Institution/ ALiABA  Museum  Law  Conference;  serves  as  an 
American  Association  of  Museums  senior  examiner  for  accredita- 
tion and  reaccreditation;  serves  as  chairperson  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution's  committee  for  planning  of  the  Conservation  Training 
Program  at  the  Smithsonian  Support  Center;  chairs  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Audiovisual  Advisory  Committee;  and  serves  as 
the  Coordinator  of  metric  conversion  at  the  Smithsonian,  attend- 
ing the  governmental  interagency  meetings.  A  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion metric  exhibition  is  under  consideration.  The  Office  of  Mu- 
seum Programs  is  represented  on  the  Smithsonian  Institution  In- 
ternship and  Conservation  Councils  and  on  the  pan-Institutional 
Native  American  coordinating  committee. 

In  1984  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  director  made  presenta- 
tions to:  the  District  of  Columbia  Multi-Cultural  Program,  the 
International  Council  of  Museums  Committee  for  Training  of  Per- 
sonnel in  Leiden,  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  Careers  Sem- 
inar Series,  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs  /  United  States  Infor- 
mation Agency  projects  participants,  the  Kellogg  Workshops,  the 
American  Association  of  Museums  sessions  on  national  collabora- 
tion and  on  certification  of  curators.  District  of  Columbia  high 
school  students,  the  Sietar  international  meeting,  the  National 
Council  on  the  Aging,  the  National  Art  Educators  Association, 
Mount  Vernon  College,  the  Southeastern  Museum  Conference, 
international  visitors,  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs,  the  Mu- 
seum of  American  History  Museum  Technicians,  George  Mason 
University,  Smithsonian  Institution  interns,  and  George  Wash- 
ington University  classes  in  museum  studies. 

Mrs.  Glaser  represents  museums  as  subcommission  chairperson 
on  a  Commission  for  the  Social  Sciences  organized  by  the  Inter- 
national Research  and  Exchanges  Board  which  is  exploring  the 
possibilities  of  exchanges  of  personnel,  publications,  and  research 
with  the  German  Democratic  Republic.  Meetings  have  been  held 
in  the  German  Democratic  Republic  and  the  United  States.  She 
organized  a  Museum  Management  Seminar,  conducted  in  the  Ger- 
man Democratic  Republic,  and  presented  a  paper  on  "Museums  as 
Learning  Resources."  She  served  as  consultant  to  the  Blenner- 
hasset  Island  Commission,  to  the  Beckley,  West  Virginia,  Muse- 
ums, and  to  the  National  Museum  of  Denmark,  and  as  evaluator 
for  the  University  of  Oklahoma  Museum  Studies  program. 

The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  published  and  distributed  a 


Museum  Programs  I  263 


"Survey  of  Audiovisual  Programs  Produced  by  the  Smithsoniari 
Institution"  which  hsts  and  describes  all  film,  video,  slide  record- 
ings, and  filmstrip  programs  produced  by  units  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.  The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  publishes  and  dis- 
tributes brochures  on  its  programs  and  in  1984  distributed  ap- 
proximately two  thousand  copies  of  Museum  Studies  Programs  in 
the  United  States  and  Abroad  and  approximately  five  hundred 
copies  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs' 
"Children  in  Museums"  International  Symposia.  A  revised  and 
updated  edition  of  Museum  Studies  Programs  in  the  United  States 
and  Abroad  will  be  published  with  the  cooperation  of  the  Interna- 
tional Council  of  Museums  in  1984. 


Office  of  the  Registrar 

This  year  saw  the  culmination  of  a  long  period  of  policy  formula- 
tion and  final  approval  of  collections  management  policies  for  all 
Smithsonian  museums.  However,  since  policies  of  all  types  must 
be  updated  regularly  to  reflect  changes  in  circumstances,  the  mere 
existence  of  collections  management  policies  does  not  mean  termi- 
nation of  this  effort.  It  means  that  policy  documents  must  be 
reviewed  regularly  and  revised  as  necessary.  The  Office  has  been 
assigned  responsibility  for  conducting  such  reviews  and  also  for 
monitoring  compliance  with  existing  policies. 

The  shift  from  implementation  to  updating  activity  also  applies 
to  inventory,  which  is  an  integral  part  of  collections  management. 
Having  completed  its  initial  baseline  inventory  effort  last  fiscal 
year,  the  Institution  has  moved  from  implementation  to  perpetual 
maintenance  in  that  area  as  well.  In  a  sense,  this  implies  a  return 
to  the  regular  practices  of  accessioning,  cataloguing,  and  deacces- 
sioning  which  existed  prior  to  the  start  of  the  baseline  inventory 
effort  in  1978.  As  in  the  past,  the  purpose  of  perpetual  mainte- 
nance of  collection  records  was  to  insure  that  any  item  could  be 
either  located  or  accounted  for  upon  demand.  However,  the  re- 
quirements now  have  been  tightened.  Whereas  specific  time  limits 
were  not  usually  placed  on  responses  to  accountability  demands, 
now  museums  must  be  able  to  locate  or  account  for  an  item  within 
specified  periods.  One  of  the  Office's  current  responsibilities  is  to 
solicit  plans  from  the  various  collecting  bureaus  for  complying 
with  the  new  requirements. 


264  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  activities  of  the  Office,  though  peaking  as  a  result  of  these 
milestone  accomplishments  by  the  Institution,  nevertheless  con- 
tinued to  follow  patterns  already  established.  Coordinating  the 
affairs  of  the  Registrarial  Council  continued  to  occupy  much  of 
the  Office's  attention  and  this  year  featured  a  concerted  effort  to 
correct  a  long-standing  need  for  security  back-up  of  vital  collec- 
tion accountability  information,  this  time  through  concentration 
on  more  modern  photographic  and  electronic  techniques. 

The  annual  workshop  on  registration  methods  was  offered 
again,  and  its  presentation  on  the  formulation  of  collections  man- 
agement policies  was  included  as  a  regular  feature  of  the  work- 
shop on  management  of  collections.  The  semiannual  workshops  on 
computerization  for  museum  collections  were  updated  to  include 
material  on  applications  of  microcomputers  to  collections  infor- 
mation needs. 


Smithsonian  Institution  Archives 

The  Smithsonian  Institution  Archives  (sia)  is  the  repository  of 
official  records  of  historic  value  documenting  Smithsonian  activi- 
ties in  science,  art,  history,  and  the  humanities.  Sia  is  responsible 
for  physical  care  of  and  intellectual  access  to  records  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Smithsonian.  Supplementing  official  records  in 
the  Archives  are  collections  of  personal  papers  of  staff  members 
and  records  of  professional  societies  associated  with  work  of  the 
Institution  through  the  years.  These  rich  and  diverse  holdings  are 
essential  sources  for  American  intellectual  history  and  develop- 
ment, and  they  are  a  primary  data  base  for  Institution  policy  and 
legal  and  administrative  reference.  A  guide,  published  periodically, 
is  widely  distributed  to  libraries  and  research  centers  in  the  United 
States  and  abroad. 

A  new  Smithsonian  Archivist,  Wilham  W.  Moss,  was  appointed 
on  December  11,  1983.  Formerly  the  chief  archivist  of  the  John  F. 
Kennedy  Library  in  Boston,  he  brings  to  the  position  fifteen  years' 
experience  with  the  National  Archives.  A  past  president  of  the 
Oral  History  Association,  he  is  also  the  Society  of  American 
Archivists'  liaison  with  the  Chinese  Archives  Association  of  the 
People's  Republic  of  China. 

Museum  administrators  and  curators  throughout  the  United 
States  will  become  better  acquainted  with  opportunities  and  proce- 


Museum  Programs  I  265 


dures  for  improving  archives  and  records  management  through  a 
new  manual.  Museum  Archives:  An  Introduction,  written  by 
Deputy  Archivist  William  A.  Deiss  and  published  by  the  Society 
of  American  Archivists.  Sia's  Guide  to  the  Smithsonian  Archives, 
1983,  was  cited  in  May  1984  for  "excellence  in  archival  finding 
aids/'  and  an  award  to  that  effect  was  presented  by  the  Mid- 
Atlantic  Regional  Archives  Conference.  For  the  1984  meeting  of 
the  Society  of  American  Archivists  in  Washington,  D.C.,  sia 
coordinated  and  directed  the  publication  of  a  new  brochure, 
Smithsonian  Institution  Archival,  Manuscript,  and  Special  Collec- 
tion Resources.  It  describes  the  holdings  and  operations  of  the 
Archives  of  American  Art,  the  Archives  Center  of  the  National 
Museum  of  American  History,  the  Catalog  of  American  Portraits 
at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  the  Collection  Archive  of  the 
Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden,  the  Human  Studies 
Film  Archives  of  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the 
National  Aerospace  Reference  Collection  of  the  National  Air  and 
Space  Museum,  the  National  Anthropological  Archives  of  the 
National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the  Office  of  Printing  and 
Photographic  Services,  the  Office  of  Research  Support  of  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  American  Art,  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
Archives,  and  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries.  The  brochure 
and  a  booth  with  photographic  displays  and  catalogues  of  these 
eleven  centers  were  designed  and  developed  under  the  direction  of 
Associate  Archivist  Alan  Bain  with  contributions  from  staff  mem- 
bers of  all  eleven  offices. 

NEW  PROGRAM  DEVELOPMENTS 

Three  new  projects  were  begun  by  sia  during  fiscal  year  1984. 
In  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Information  Resource  Manage- 
ment and  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries,  Associate  Archivist 
Richard  V.  Szary  developed  and  coordinated  plans  and  procedures 
for  the  application  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Bibliographic 
Information  System  (sibis)  to  the  Smithsonian's  archives  and  manu- 
script collections.  Upon  completion  of  the  project  in  1986,  re- 
searchers will  be  able  to  get  on-line  automated  information  about 
principal  archives  and  manuscript  collections  throughout  the  Insti- 
tution. Implementation  of  sibis  for  archives  should  make  possible 
future  sharing  of  basic  information  with  distant  research  centers 
through  the  Research  Libraries  Group. 

A  second  major  project,  to  survey  and  collect  descriptive  data 
on  photographic  collections  throughout  the  Smithsonian,  was  be- 


266  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


gun  in  March  1984.  The  project,  expected  to  take  a  minimum  of 
two  years  for  the  more  than  ten  milHon  images  estimated  to  be 
at  the  Smithsonian,  will  make  this  information  available  on  a  par 
with  manuscript  and  archives  information  through  the  sibis  net- 
work. A  printed  "finders'  guide"  to  still  photographic  resources 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  is  also  planned  as  a  project  product. 

A  parallel  project  has  been  started  to  survey  and  gather  data  on 
collections  of  scientific  illustrations  and  drawings  in  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History.  In  addition  to  gathering  basic  descrip- 
tive information  on  location,  contents,  and  conditions,  consulta- 
tions are  being  held  with  scientists  and  illustrators  to  develop 
criteria  for  appraising  the  scientific,  artistic,  and  historical  value  of 
the  collections. 

These  three  projects,  when  completed,  will  go  far  toward  ful- 
filling a  goal  expressed  in  Smithsonian  Year  for  1969,  which  called 
for  a  "central  information  bank  on  manuscript  and  photographic 
materials  in  the  Smithsonian"  and  a  "computerized  information- 
retrieval  system/' 

BASIC  ARCHIVAL  PROGRAM 

The  basic  archival  program  promotes  and  facilitates  systematic 
and  continuing  identification,  appraisal,  and  appropriate  disposi- 
tion of  official  records  of  the  Institution  generated  and  assembled 
by  offices  throughout  the  Smithsonian.  The  basic  archival  pro- 
gram also  includes  acquisition  of  professional  career  files  of  prin- 
cipal staff  members. 

In  1984,  siA  developed  general  disposition  schedules  for  six 
major  classes  of  Smithsonian  records.  Offices  of  record,  responsible 
for  keeping  master  sets  of  each  class  of  record,  are  designated  in 
the  schedules,  and  guidance  is  given  on  the  proper  disposition  of 
redundant  copies  no  longer  needed  by  other  offices.  This  is  the 
first  time  that  this  basic  records  management  device  has  been 
developed  for  application  on  an  Institution-wide  basis. 

On-site  records  surveys  and  appraisals  and  design  of  specific 
records  disposition  schedules  for  individual  offices  and  divisions 
were  continued  in  1984.  Surveys  were  conducted  in  the  Smith- 
sonian Environmental  Research  Center;  the  departments  of  Verte- 
brate Zoology,  Invertebrate  Zoology,  Paleobiology,  and  the  Smith- 
sonian Oceanographic  Sorting  Center  of  the  National  Museum  of 
Natural  History;  the  National  Zoological  Park;  the  National  Por- 
trait Gallery;  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art;  the  Renwick  Gallery;  the 
Office  of  Plant  Services;  Smithsonian  magazine;  and  in  the  Ex- 


Museum  Programs  I  267 


hibits  Division,  Office  of  Public  Affairs,  and  Department  of  Space 
Science  and  Exploration  of  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum. 

Accessions  of  records  of  professional  societies  and  personal 
papers  in  1984  included  records  of  the  Chesapeake  Research  Con- 
sortium and  the  Estuarine  Research  Foundation,  the  papers  of 
geologist  Ellis  L.  Yochelson,  historian  Margaret  B.  Klapthor,  and 
astrophysicist  Riccardo  Giacconi.  Also  of  particular  interest  was 
the  accession  of  a  "Book  of  Dates"  compiled  by  Elliott  Coues, 
honorary  head  of  the  Department  of  Mammals,  1880-83,  meticu- 
lously detailing  world  and  national  events  that  occurred  through- 
out his  life  and  family  history. 

Security  preservation  microfilming  of  deteriorating  and  vital 
records  continued  in  1984,  with  sixty-three  thousand  images  put 
on  microfilm.  Notable  among  these  were  the  specimen  and  acces- 
sion record  catalogues  of  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum;  outgoing 
letterpress  correspondence  of  Secretary  Samuel  P.  Langley,  1877- 
1907;  and  outgoing  letterpress  correspondence  of  directors  of  the 
National  Zoological  Park,  1889-1927. 

ORAL  HISTORY 

Oral  history  interviewing  with  significant  Smithsonian  figures  con- 
tinued in  fiscal  year  1984,  and  interviews  completed  and  transcribed 
during  the  year  brought  the  collection  total  to  more  than  two 
hundred  hours  of  recording  accompanied  by  more  than  thirty- 
eight  hundred  pages  of  typewritten  transcript.  A  significant  by- 
product of  the  oral  history  project  in  1984  was  the  scripting  of 
narrations  for  films  of  Smithsonian  expeditions  to  Panama,  based 
on  the  recollections  of  Watson  M.  Perrygo,  late  taxidermist,  field 
collector,  and  exhibits  specialist  of  the  Smithsonian.  Assistance 
and  advice  were  provided  to  other  Smithsonian  bureaus,  notably 
to  the  Archives  Center  of  the  National  Museum  of  American 
History  and  to  the  National  Gallery  of  Art,  on  the  initiation  of 
new  oral  history  projects.  Plans  are  underway  to  develop  a  video- 
taping capability  to  augment  the  present  audiotaping  mode  of 
recording  employed  by  the  oral  history  project. 

CONFERENCES  AND  SEMINARS 

Smithsonian  Archives  presented  eight  lectures  in  1984  based  on 
research  in  progress  using  the  Archives.  Topics  included  "Objec- 
tivity and  Bias  in  Science:  The  Controversies  over  Phenetics  and 
Cladistics,"  by  David  L.  Hull  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  at 


268  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Milwaukee,  "Artistic  Sources  for  John  Abbot's  Watercolor  Draw- 
ings of  American  Birds/'  by  Marcus  B.  Simpson  of  the  Duke 
University  School  of  Medicine,  and  "Predator  Control  or  Predator 
Extermination:  Attitudes  and  Policy,  1880-1980,"  by  Thomas  R. 
Dunlap  of  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute  and  State  University. 
Sia's  historian,  Pamela  M.  Henson,  cohosted  the  1984  Joint  Atlantic 
Seminar  in  the  History  of  Biology,  held  on  April  13-14  in  the 
Presidential  Reception  Suite  of  the  American  History  Building. 

REFERENCE  SERVICE 

More  than  fourteen  hundred  research  inquiries  were  directed  to 
the  siA  and  more  than  sixteen  thousand  reference  service  trans- 
actions were  accomplished  by  sia  during  fiscal  year  1984,  a  25 
percent  increase  over  1983.  Previous  research  using  Smithsonian 
Archives  sources  resulted  in  a  number  of  publications  during  1984, 
among  them  Edward  P.  Alexander's  Museum  Masters,  Their  Mu- 
seums and  Their  Influence  (Nashville:  American  Association  for 
State  and  Local  History,  1983),  Kenneth  Hafertepe's  America's 
Castle:  The  Evolution  of  the  Smithsonian  Building  and  Its  Institu- 
tion, 1840-1878  (Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press, 
1984),  and  Gerald  Killan's  David  Boyle:  From  Artisan  to  Archaeol- 
ogist (Toronto:  University  of  Toronto  Press,  1983).  In  1984  several 
researchers  concentrated  their  studies  on  materials  relating  to  the 
U.S.  Exploring  Expedition,  1838-42  (the  Wilkes  Expedition),  some 
of  which  will  be  used  in  a  major  exhibition  on  that  expedition  at 
the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  1985.  Other  topics  of 
note  included  North  American  Arctic  exploration,  1818-20,  and 
the  employment  of  science  in  that  exploration,  a  biography  of 
Jeffries  Wyman,  the  early  history  of  the  museum  movement  in  the 
United  States,  1773-1870,  and  a  biography  of  N.  Gist  Gee,  includ- 
ing comparisons  of  biological  typologies  employed  by  American 
and  Chinese  scientists.  Research  was  also  done  on  the  history  of 
the  Natural  History  Building  of  the  Smithsonian,  in  preparation  for 
the  seventy-fifth  anniversary  in  1986  of  its  completion. 


Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 

The  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  (sil)  embodies  and  continues 
a  tradition  of  library  service  provided  for  in  the  Foundation  Charter 

Museum  Programs  I  269 


of  1846.  In  the  mid-1960s  Secretary  Ripley  recognized  the  Smith- 
sonian's need  for  orderly,  speedy  access  to  information  and  orga- 
nized most  quasi-independent  library  units  and  collections  into  an 
institution-wide  system — the  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  (sil) 
— under  the  leadership  of  one  director. 

The  SIL  is  a  member  of  the  American  Association  of  Research 
Libraries  and  is  organized  on  the  model  common  in  major  North 
American  universities,  effecting  the  economies  of  centralized  ad- 
ministration, collections  processing,  and  systems  planning.  In  1984, 
branches  of  the  sil  operated  in  thirty-five  locations,  including  the 
Washington,  D.C.,  area.  New  York  City,  the  Republic  of  Panama, 
and  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  To  meet  growing  research  needs, 
a  new  sil  branch  opened  at  the  Museum  Support  Center  in  Silver 
Hill,  Maryland,  in  October  1983  and  plans  are  being  formulated  to 
establish  a  new  branch  in  the  Office  of  Horticulture. 

The  libraries  at  the  Smithsonian  Marine  Station  at  Link  Port, 
the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art,  the  Joseph  Henry  Papers,  the  Hirshhorn 
Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden,  and  the  National  Museum  of 
American  Art/National  Portrait  Gallery — representing  about  20 
percent  of  the  Institution's  library  expenditures — are  not  part  of 
SIL  organizationally,  and  are  discussed  elsewhere.  However,  the  sil 
assists  these  libraries  in  many  ways  and  devotes  approximately  5 
percent  of  its  budget  to  their  direct  support. 

The  SIL  is  organized  in  three  operational  divisions:  Bibliographic 
Systems,  concerned  with  standard  descriptions  and  automated  con- 
trol of  all  SIL  collections;  Collections  Management,  responsible  for 
collection  development  policies,  budgeting  and  selection  for  acquisi- 
tions, preservation,  and  housing  of  library  collections  essential  to 
Smithsonian  work;  and  Research  Services,  charged  with  direct, 
personal  assistance  to  and  interpretation  for  the  scholarly  clientele 
of  the  Libraries.  Each  division  reports  to  a  manager  who  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  SIL  executive  staff.  The  sil,  led  by  the  director  and  asso- 
ciate director,  is  also  assisted  by  staff  for  planning  and  administra- 
tion and  for  publications. 

RESOURCES 

The  SIL  is  financed  chiefly  from  the  federal  budget  granted  by 
Congress;  in  fiscal  year  1984  these  federal  monies  were  about 
$3,678,000,  or  93  percent  of  sil  funding.  The  remaining  7  percent, 
or  $290,000,  came  from  Smithsonian  Institution  trust  funds.  The 
siL  budgets  represent  2  percent  of  all  Smithsonian  expenditures, 
federal  and  trust. 


270  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


During  fiscal  year  1984,  the  Libraries  received  a  grar\t  of 
$300,000  in  special  foreign  currencies  from  the  Office  of  Fellow- 
ships and  Grants  to  support  its  Translation  Publishing  Program. 
The  siL  also  obtained  two  grants  from  the  Atherton  Seidell  En- 
dowment Fund:  one  of  $31,500  for  the  retrospective  conversion  of 
library  records  and  the  second  of  $12,500  for  the  purchase  of 
scientific  serials  on  microfilm.  The  Women's  Committee  provided 
a  grant  of  $3,000  to  assist  with  cataloguing  manuscripts  in  the 
Dibner  collection  and  $6,000  was  donated  by  the  Dibner  Fund, 
Inc.,  of  Norwalk,  Connecticut,  to  assist  with  the  publication  of  a 
guide  to  the  manuscripts  in  that  collection.  In  addition,  $45,000 
was  allocated  from  trust  funds  for  the  purchase  of  the  Echols 
collection. 

As  part  of  the  Libraries'  concern  with  future  needs,  the  sil 
engaged  the  New  York  City  firm  of  Mitchell-Giurgola  Architects 
to  begin  studies  of  sil's  requirements  for  an  enhanced  research 
library  by  the  year  2000  and  of  models  for  an  ideal  branch  library. 
On  the  issue  of  preservation  needs  in  the  Libraries,  Pamela  W. 
Darling,  Special  Consultant  to  the  Library  of  Congress  National 
Preservation  Program,  reviewed  the  condition  of  the  Libraries' 
general  collections.  John  Thomas,  a  consultant  for  the  Office  of 
Protection  Services,  produced  a  security  management  survey  on 
physical  security  in  the  sil. 

Dr.  Margaret  S.  Child,  Manager  of  sil's  Research  Services,  began 
serving  as  consultant  to  the  Council  on  Library  Resources  in  May 
1984  to  assist  in  developing  a  national  strategy  for  the  preservation 
of  documentary  resources.  Dr.  Robert  Maloy,  Director  of  the  sil, 
spoke  on  "The  Book,  Computers,  and  Futures  for  Humans"  at  a 
seminar  on  "Computers  and  Human  Learning"  in  Baird  Auditori- 
um, in  December  1983.  Silvio  A.  Bedini  presented  the  keynote 
address  at  the  annual  convention  of  the  American  Congress  of 
Surveyors  and  Society  of  Photogrammetry  in  September  1983.  Mr. 
Bedini  also  was  instrumental  in  preparing  for  the  exhibition  "The 
Naming  of  America,"  which  opened  in  the  Museum  of  American 
History  in  October  1983.  Dr.  Enayateur  Rahim,  another  member 
of  the  SIL  staff,  is  currently  on  leave  of  absence  to  work  on  a  hand- 
book, The  Smithsonian  Focus  in  India,  1985.  In  the  first  months  of 
1984,  Phyllis  Meltzer  conducted  research  and  compiled  material 
which  will  be  used  for  a  history  of  the  sil.  Jean  Chandler  Smith 
was  the  Libraries'  Research  Associate  in  1984.  In  the  summer  of 
1984,  the  SIL  welcomed  Dr.  Ivan  Rebernik  of  the  Vatican  Library 
School,  who  came  as  a  Visiting  Professional  to  observe  the  admin- 


Museum  Programs  I  271 


istration  of  an  automated  library.  The  sil  also  had  ten  interns  and 
participated  in  the  Stay-in-School  employment  project. 

The  SIL  was  authorized  ninety-eight  work  years  in  1984.  In  addi- 
tion to  federally  funded  positions,  the  sil  supports  nine  employees 
with  Smithsonian  trust  funds.  Strenuous  recruitment  and  increased 
involvement  in  minority  recruiting  resulted  in  improved  staffing 
in  both  the  branches  and  centralized  services. 

The  ability  of  the  sil  to  provide  a  basic  level  of  service  and  also 
to  initiate  and  continue  special  projects  is  due  in  large  measure  to 
the  dedication  and  constant,  hard  work  of  the  sil  staff  and  the 
forty-eight  sil  volunteers. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC  SYSTEMS  DIVISION 

In  addition  to  continuing  to  provide  bibliographic  services  to  the 
Institution,  the  Bibliographic  Systems  Division  has  devoted  time 
this  year  to  preparations  for  and  the  implementation  of  an  inte- 
grated automated  library  system  for  all  library  functions.  In  the 
autumn  of  1983  after  several  years  of  planning,  the  sil  selected  a 
system  provided  by  geac  Computers  International,  an  international 
library  automation  company.  Shortly  before  the  vendor  was  chosen, 
plans  for  a  wider  application  of  the  automated  system  were  made 
in  cooperation  with  other  bureaus  of  the  Institution  and  the  system 
evolved  into  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Bibliographic  Information 
System  (sibis).  The  sibis  system  offers  an  automated  authority 
control,  the  design  of  which  was  pioneered  by  sil  staff  working 
with  the  staff  of  other  major  research  libraries  who  are  geac  cus- 
tomers. The  development  included  the  design  of  standards,  dis- 
plays, and  formats  for  a  fully  automated  authority  control  of  name, 
subject,  and  series  headings  in  the  bibliographic  records. 

The  automated  library  system  began  to  be  installed  in  stages. 
Thomas  Garnett,  a  systems  administrator,  joined  the  staff  when 
the  implementation  process  began.  The  initial  step  was  to  create 
the  sil  data  base  by  loading  into  the  system  records  which  already 
existed  in  a  machine-readable  format.  Additionally,  efforts  con- 
tinued to  convert  those  records  which  had  been  kept  on  traditional 
catalogue  cards.  These  processes  required  revisions  of  sil  standards 
and  procedures  for  the  efficient  operation  of  the  new  system.  All 
Bibliographic  Systems  staff  has  been  involved  in  in-depth  analyz- 
ing of  the  existing  manual  procedures  and  efforts  to  translate  them 
into  the  automated  system.  Extensive  testing  and  revision  of  the 
SIBIS  system  consumed  hours  of  staff  time  and  many  problems 
relating  to  loading  older  data  into  the  system  have  now  been  re- 


272  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


solved.  These  efforts  have  resulted  in  an  updated  work  flow  and 
a  new  procedure  manual.  Members  of  the  sil  staff  were  trained  to 
use  those  modules  which  they  will  be  using  in  their  work. 

On-line  cataloguing,  functional  in  the  fall  of  1984,  continues 
to  be  linked  with  a  national  bibliographic  utility.  Online  Com- 
puter Library  Center  (oclc),  and  is  now  also  used  for  direct  data 
input  and  manipulation. 

Since  the  automated  library  system  will  not  be  fully  effective 
until  all  siL  records  are  included  in  the  data  base,  manual  records 
are  converted  on  a  continuing  schedule  as  funding  permits.  This 
year  it  was  possible  to  convert  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  branch 
library's  records  as  well  as  the  records  of  older  serials,  the  latter 
conversion  accompHshed  with  the  aid  of  a  grant  from  the  Atherton 
Seidell  Endowment  Fund.  For  many  titles,  the  conversion  includes 
changing  the  classification  from  the  Dewey  decimal  system  to  that 
of  the  Library  of  Congress  system,  a  process  that  has  required 
extensive  work  in  record  changing  and  labeling.  Future  plans  in- 
clude reshelving  the  affected  works,  a  move  which  will  bring  the 
collections  into  proper  sequence  as  a  convenience  to  users. 

With  the  assistance  of  grants  from  the  Dibner  Fund  and  the 
Women's  Committee,  1,612  manuscripts  were  catalogued,  input 
into  OCLC,  and  indexed  for  a  forthcoming  illustrated  pubHcation. 

The  indexing  of  trade  literature  continues,  with  the  index  added 
to  sil's  data  base  on  sibis.  The  collections  of  the  W.  Atlee  Burpee 
and  the  Warshaw  companies  are  among  the  trade  catalogues  that 
have  been  indexed  and  protected  in  acid-neutral  covers.  Most  of 
the  work  is  performed  by  sil  volunteers. 

The  productivity  of  the  division  continues  to  increase,  allowing 
more  time  for  sil  staff  to  begin  to  process  previously  uncatalogued 
collections. 

The  on-line  public  access  catalogue,  accessible  from  terminals 
placed  in  all  sil  locations,  became  available  in  the  fall  of  1984. 

The  beginning  of  fiscal  year  1985  will  mark  the  implementation 
of  the  fully  automated  acquisitions  system.  In  preparation  for  this 
change,  sil  staff  conducted  thorough  studies  of  existing  procedures 
and  systems,  placing  particular  emphasis  upon  the  areas  of  finan- 
cial controls  and  management  reporting  from  the  acquisitions 
system. 

COLLECTIONS  MANAGEMENT  DIVISION 

A  change  in  leadership,  substantial  increases  in  specialized  collec- 
tions, continued  emphasis  on  collections  security,  and  exploration 


Museum  Programs  I  273 


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Terminal  screen  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries'  automated  library 
system.  Processing  on  the  system  began  on  June  20,  1984,  and  terminals  were 
soon  installed  in  Central  Reference  and  some  of  the  branch  libraries. 


of  new  preservation  technologies  were  highlights  of  a  busy  year 
in  the  Collections  Management  Division.  Jack  Goodwin,  division 
manager  and  twenty-five-year  employee  of  the  sil,  retired  in  Oc- 
tober 1983.  The  position  was  reorganized  and,  in  April  1984,  Nancy 
E.  Gwinn  joined  the  staff  as  Assistant  Director  for  Collections 
Management.  Ms.  Gwinn  previously  served  as  Associate  Director 
for  Program  Coordination  of  the  Research  Libraries  Group  (rlg) 
of  Stanford,  California,  where  she  was  responsible  for  developing 
multi-institutional,  cooperative  programs  in  collection  development 
and  preservation. 

The  Institution  purchased  three  collections  for  the  libraries, 
adding  richness  and  depth  in  several  areas.  The  first  was  a  private 
collection  that  had  been  assembled  by  the  late  Professor  John 
Echols,  a  distinguished  linguist,  lexicographer,  and  bibliographer 
at  Cornell  University.  Nearly  half  of  the  material  in  this  Southeast 
Asian  collection  is  Indonesian  and  the  materials  in  this  purchase 
will  support  programs  of  the  new  Smithsonian  Center  for  African, 
Near  Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures,  now  under  construction. 

The  second  collection,  purchased  for  the  sil  by  the  National  Air 
and  Space  Museum,  consists  of  records  pertaining  to  French  aero- 
nautical history  which  were  assembled  by  a  Frenchman,  Georges 
Naudet,  who  died  in  1983. 

Finally,  the  James  Smithson  Society  provided  funds  through  the 
Office  of  Horticulture  for  a  collection  of  158  books  illustrating  the 
history  of  nineteenth-century  landscape  gardening.  These  volumes 
were  pubhshed  between  1799  and  1938. 

Several  items  of  note  appear  among  the  gifts  and  purchases  for 
the  SIL  Special  Collections  branch.  Secretary  Ripley  donated  a  copy 
of  John  Withering's  The  Orders,  Lawes  and  Ancient  Customes  of 
Sivanns  (London  1631),  a  rare  work  describing  the  marking  and 
management  of  swans  on  the  Thames.  A  private  fund  supported 
the  purchase  of  Galileo  Galilei's  Trattato  delta  Sfera  (Rome  1656), 
a  posthumous  edition  of  Galileo's  lectures  in  Padua. 

Trust  Fund  purchases  included  rare  books  on  the  topics  of  math- 
ematics and  entomology,  and  on  Newton's  discoveries.  J.  Loir's 
Theorie  du  Tissages  des  Etoffes  de  Sole  may  be  the  only  complete 
copy  in  the  United  States  of  this  monumental  five-volume  set  of 
design  charts  and  swatches  from  one  of  the  traditional  textile 
centers  of  the  world.  Leonardo  da  Vinci's  studies  of  optics  is  the 
central  theme  of  G.  B.  Venturi's  Essai  sur  Les  Ouvrages  Phisico- 
Mathematiques  de  Leonardo  da  Vinci  (Paris  1797). 


Museum  Programs  I  275 


As  the  year  drew  to  a  close,  the  chiefs  of  the  fourteen  sil 
branches  began  to  develop  new  collection  policies. 

The  SIL  Book  Conservation  Laboratory  moved  into  its  seventh 
year  of  work  to  restore  valuable  but  deteriorating  materials  in  sil 
collections.  By  the  third  quarter  the  conservators  had  treated  nearly 
250  rare  volumes  and  had  constructed  over  1,800  protective  en- 
closures and  boxes.  The  laboratory  also  published  and  distributed 
a  handsome  brown  and  yellow  poster  outlining  emergency  water- 
damage  procedures,  a  cautionary  step  taken  in  reaction  to  several 
minor  floods  in  the  Libraries.  A  professional  visitor,  Anthony 
Zammit,  conservator  with  the  State  Library  of  South  Australia, 
completed  a  two-month  internship  under  the  guidance  of  Johannes 
Hyltoft,  sil's  Chief  Conservator. 

Preservation  of  library  materials  involves  numerous  techniques, 
ranging  from  full  restoration  of  bound  volumes  to  rescue  of  a 
book's  intellectual  content  through  microfilming  or  photocopying. 
In  June,  the  sil  formed  an  Optical  Disk  Working  Group  to  explore 
the  possibility  of  using  this  new  technology.  The  method  under 
study,  which  combines  storage  on  optical  digital  disk  and  access 
through  high-resolution  terminals  and  printers,  has  potential  for 
increasing  access  to  library  materials  as  well  as  preserving  their 
contents. 

RESEARCH  SERVICES  DIVISION 

The  Research  Services  Division  of  the  sil  provides  reference  sup- 
port to  Smithsonian  scientists,  curators,  and  other  staff  as  well  as 
to  a  broad  range  of  users  from  outside  the  Institution.  The  division 
is  organized  in  fourteen  branches  dispersed  over  thirty-five  separate 
locations  around  the  Mall  and  throughout  the  Washington,  D.C., 
area,  and  in  New  York  City,  Panama,  and  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. 

The  division  continued  to  expand  its  provision  of  core  services, 
such  as  on-line  searching  of  bibliographic  data  bases,  the  prepara- 
tion of  special-subject  bibliographies,  and  tracking  down  in  re- 
positories throughout  this  country  and  abroad  documentation  need- 
ed by  its  patrons.  Communication  and  the  rapid  dissemination  of 
information  was  facilitated  by  the  installation  of  telefacsimile  ma- 
chines in  the  branch  libraries  of  the  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
the  Museum  of  American  History,  and  the  Museum  Support  Cen- 
ter. The  installation  of  an  ibm  pc  at  the  stri  branch  library  has 
made  it  possible  to  search  dialog  and  other  on-line  bibliographic 
data  bases  in  the  United  States. 


276  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


One  highlight  of  the  year  was  a  massive  effort  to  eliminate  the 
backlog  of  overdue  loans  from  the  Library  of  Congress.  As  of  mid- 
August  1984,  only  forty  books  remained  outstanding  on  the  current 
list  of  overdue  volumes,  and  the  backlog  of  some  two  thousand 
old  loans,  some  dating  back  to  the  1960s,  had  been  reduced  by  half, 
exclusive  of  Smithsonian  Deposit  volumes. 

A  review  of  the  activities  of  the  division  during  the  past  year 
underlined  the  increasingly  prominent  role  which  several  sil 
branches  are  coming  to  play  as  national  resources  in  their  respec- 
tive fields.  The  branch  at  the  Museum  of  African  Art  distributes 
its  monthly  acquisitions  list  to  about  170  libraries  in  this  country 
as  well  as  to  eighty  abroad,  including  libraries  located  in  Eastern 
Europe,  Africa,  and  Australia.  The  branch  librarian,  Janet  Stanley, 
completed  for  publication  the  manuscript  of  African  Art:  A  Biblio- 
graphic Guide,  received  the  published  version  of  an  earlier  bibliog- 
raphy, Ife,  the  Holy  City  of  the  Yoruha,  prepared  in  collaboration 
with  Richard  Olaniyan,  and  wrote  four  articles  and  three  reviews. 
In  addition,  she  has  been  serving  as  the  consultant  on  African  Art 
terminology  to  the  Getty  Trust's  Art  and  Architecture  Thesaurus 
Project.  The  Trust  has  made  two  grants  to  the  sil  during  the  past 
year  to  cover  the  costs  of  Ms.  Stanley's  participation  in  that  project. 

The  librarian  at  the  National  Zoological  Park  branch  library, 
Kay  Kenyon,  continued  her  efforts  to  organize  the  librarians  of 
zoos  throughout  the  country.  She  led  roundtable  discussions  at  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  American  Association  of  Zoological  Parks 
and  Aquariums  and  continued  to  write  and  edit  issues  of  Library 
News  for  Zoos  and  Aquariums  which  now  has  a  mailing  list  of  over 
170  interested  readers  throughout  the  United  States,  Canada,  and 
abroad.  She  also  published  an  article  on  "Zoological  Libraries"  in 
Sci-Tech  News  and  produced  a  bibliography,  "Why  Zoos?"  which 
commanded  a  wide  readership. 

The  Museum  Reference  Center  (mrc)  serves  as  the  primary 
source  of  information  about  every  aspect  of  museum  administra- 
tion for  museum  professionals,  researchers,  and  students.  Five 
hundred  visitors  from  outside  the  Smithsonian  used  the  Center's 
unique  collections  and  another  1,300  inquiries  were  received  by 
mail  and  telephone  from  around  the  world.  Forty-eight  foreign 
countries  were  represented  in  these  visits  and  queries. 

The  vertical  files  of  the  mrc  branch  library  are  the  heart  of  the 
Center's  resource  materials.  The  collection  was  greatly  enriched  by 
the  addition  of  a  profusion  of  educational  materials,  brochures, 
programs,  and  announcements  sent  in  response  to  a  request  from 


Museum  Programs  I  277 


Paul  Perrot,  former  Assistant  Secretary  of  Museum  Programs,  to 
thousands  of  museums  throughout  the  country.  In  addition  to  over- 
seeing the  organization  of  this  flood  of  material  and  dealing  with 
the  constant  heavy  reference  use  of  the  Center,  its  librarian,  Cath- 
erine Scott,  aided  by  a  half-time  technician,  Edward  Johnson,  and 
three  loyal  volunteers,  Renata  Rutledge,  Carolyn  Shugars,  and 
Barbara  Bowen,  compiled  eight  new  bibliographies  and  revised  and 
updated  ten  others.  Finally,  the  mrc  branch  launched  a  quarterly 
list  of  new  acquisitions  as  a  service  for  museum  professionals 
within  the  Smithsonian  and  for  those  outside  who  use  the  Center. 
The  Museum  Support  Center  (msc)  branch  library  which  sup- 
ports the  Institution's  Conservation  Analytical  Laboratory  is  also 
becoming  more  well  known  nationally  and  internationally  as  a 
source  of  information  for  specialists.  Although  its  constituency  has 
a  more  restricted  field  of  specialization  than  some  other  branches, 
the  MSC  branch  received  seventy-five  mail  and  telephone  inquiries 
on  conservation  issues  from  scientists  outside  the  Institution,  a 
quarter  of  them  from  overseas.  Of  the  two  dozen  on-site  research- 
ers who  visited  the  library,  a  third  were  foreign  visitors.  The  staff 
of  the  MSC  branch  conducted  detailed,  in-depth  literature  searches 
and  produced  reading  lists  on  the  topics  in  question  for  all  these 
inquiries.  The  appointment  of  the  msc  branch  librarian,  Karen 
Preslock,  as  publications  editor  of  the  Newsletter  of  the  American 
Institute  for  Conservation  of  Historic  and  Artistic  Works  was  an 
acknowledgement  of  the  growing  role  of  the  msc  branch  in  support- 
ing research  in  conservation  outside  as  well  as  within  the  Smith- 
sonian. 

PUBLIC  PROGRAMS 

The  siL  supports  a  number  of  scholarly  outreach  programs.  During 
1984  these  included  seminars  and  lectures,  exhibitions,  and  publica- 
tions. 

The  siL  Seminars  and  Lectures  Series  opened  its  1984  program 
on  November  1,  1983,  with  a  seminar  on  "Bibliography:  Its  Use, 
Abuse  and  Future."  Speakers  from  the  National  Endowment  for 
the  Humanities,  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the  National  Air 
and  Space  Museum,  and  Lehigh  University  were  featured  in  a 
panel  discussion  on  the  changing  role  of  bibliography  in  scholar- 
ship. 

The  Research  Libraries  and  New  Technologies  Annual  Lecture 
was  held  on  January  25,  1984.  Ellen  Hahn  of  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress Optical  Disk  Pilot  Program  and  Dana  Bell  of  the  National 


278  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Air  and  Space  Museum  Aviation  History  Archival  Disks  Manage- 
ment Office  spoke  on  "Optical  Disk  Technology  and  Its  Research 
Applications." 

A  third  program  in  the  Seminars  and  Lectures  Series,  "sil  Collec- 
tions and  Preservation:  Can  We  Save  the  Nineteenth  Century?" 
was  held  on  September  25,  1984,  in  the  main  auditorium  of  the 
Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden.  A  panel  moderated  by 
Nancy  E.  Gwinn,  sil  Assistant  Director  for  Collections  Manage- 
ment, featured  as  speakers  Pamela  W.  Darling,  Special  Consultant 
to  the  Library  of  Congress  National  Preservation  Program,  Caro- 
lyn Clark  Morrow,  Conservation  Librarian  of  Southern  Illinois 
University  and  Project  Director  of  the  Midwest  Cooperative  Con- 
servation Program,  and  Dr.  Margaret  S.  Child,  sil  Assistant  Direc- 
tor for  Research  Services  and  Consultant  to  the  Council  on  Library 
Resources. 

The  SIL  held  an  Open  House  in  several  of  its  branches  on  June 
11,  1984,  for  members  of  the  American  Association  of  Museums 
who  were  in  town  for  their  annual  meeting. 

Of  the  seven  sil  exhibitions  this  year,  the  five  held  in  the  Dibner 
Library  were:  "History  of  Pharmacy,  From  the  Fifteenth  to  the 
Nineteenth  Century:  Sources  from  the  Squibb  Deposit";  "Donor 
Exhibition:  Gifts  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries,  1982"; 
"Binding:  Styles  and  Conservation  Practices";  "Sources  for  the 
History  of  Biology:  An  Exhibit";  and  "Astronomy:  Men  and 
Letters."  The  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  branch  presented 
an  exhibition  on  "Naval  Aviation"  in  the  spring  of  1984  and  the 
National  Zoological  Park  branch  featured  "Animals  in  Color 
Plates:  G.  H.  von  Schubert's  Naturgeschichte  des  Thierreichs 
(1897)"  through  1984. 

Under  the  Publications  Program,  the  sil  announced  a  new  cycle 
in  its  Translation  Publishing  Program  in  June  1984.  This  program 
to  translate  and  publish  scholarly  works  of  enduring  value  was 
made  possible  by  a  sfcp  grant  of  $300,000.  The  Libraries  solicited 
from  departments  throughout  the  Institution  proposals  which  will 
be  evaluated  by  a  Translation  Publishing  Review  Committee. 
Members  were  chosen  from  nominations  submitted  by  the  Assis- 
tant Secretaries  for  Science  and  for  History  and  Art. 

The  SIL  Publications  Program  also  continued  to  administer  the 
operation  of  the  translation-publishing  program  which  began  in 
1959.  Publications  completed  in  fiscal  year  1984  include  N.  N. 
Tsvelev's  Grasses  of  the  Soviet  Union  (2  volumes,  1983);  A.  I. 
Tolmachev's  The  Arctic  Ocean  and  Its  Coast  in  the  Cenozoic  Era 


Museum  Programs  I  279 


(1982);  and  G.  A.  Mchedlidze's  Main  Features  of  Paleobiological 
Features  of  Cetacea  (1982).  Further,  four  volumes  of  completed 
translations  were  received  by  the  sil  for  technical  editing  prior  to 
final  editing  for  publication. 

The  SIL  appointed  Dr.  Nancy  L.  Matthews  as  its  Publications 
Specialist  in  May  1984.  Dr.  Matthews  has  worked  with  two  docu- 
mentary publishing  projects  and  has  taught  at  local  universities. 

Sil  publications  in  fiscal  year  1984  included  the  The  Aerospace 
Periodical  Index  1973-1982,  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  Re- 
search Guide  Number  3  (G.  K.  Hall,  1983),  compiled  by  the  staff 
of  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  branch  library.  A  library 
guide  brochure  for  the  new  Museum  Support  Center  branch  was 
published,  as  was  a  Loan  Policy  Brochure,  the  latter  designed  to 
provide  information  to  users  on  the  sil's  uniform  loan  policies.  A 
catalogue  for  the  Donor  Exhibition  was  also  published. 

GENERAL  ADMINISTRATION 

The  Planning  and  Administration  Office  (pao)  was  reorganized 
in  June,  and  Mary  A.  Rosenfeld  was  appointed  pao  Manager  in 
August.  Ms.  Rosenfeld  also  held  the  responsibility  for  the  over- 
sight of  renovations  which  began  in  Central  Reference,  in  acquisi- 
tions and  binding,  and  in  supply  services.  The  first  phase  of  the 
planned  renovation  required  the  temporary  storage  of  nearly 
40,000  volumes  in  a  hall  loaned  by  the  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory. The  books  and  journals  placed  there  will  remain  fully  acces- 
sible to  scholars.  Future  plans  include  a  space  reorganization 
which  will  place  many  centralized  functions  of  the  sil  in  one  sec- 
tion of  the  Natural  History  Building  and  will  more  than  double 
the  capacity  of  the  Natural  History  branch  library. 

The  PAO  provides  support  for  all  sil  programs  and  units  through 
fiscal  monitoring,  management  of  supply  services,  personnel  assis- 
tance, provision  of  travel  and  training  information,  and  system- 
wide  delivery.  New  adjustments  this  year  included  streamlined 
procedures  and  the  development  of  specialized  functions  among 
staff  members. 


Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service 

The  August  11,  1984,  opening  of  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  at  the  Edinburgh  International  Festival  in  Scotland 
capped  an  unusually  productive  year  for  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 


280  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service's  The  Art  of  Cameroon 
began  its  tour  at  the  Evans  Gallery,  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  in 
February  1984.  Featured  in  this  photograph  in  the  foreground  is  a  memorial 
grave  figure,  the  only  freestanding  life-size  beaded  figure  known  from  Bamum. 


tion  Traveling  Exhibition  Service  (sites).  Thirty  new  exhibitions 
opened,  among  them  four  of  the  most  complex  exhibitions  ever 
organized  by  sites:  The  Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures  from 
the  Czechoslovak  State  Collections;  The  Art  of  Cameroon;  Yester- 
day's Tomorrows:  Past  Visions  of  the  American  Future;  and 
Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Sites  was  asked  to  organize  the  Smithsonian's  special  exhibition 
for  the  Edinburgh  Festival  and  decided  on  the  theme  presented  in 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press's  magnificent  book  Treasures 
from  the  Smithsonian.  Sites  worked  closely  with  numerous  Smith- 
sonian bureaus  to  orchestrate  the  exhibition  and  its  associated 
events.  The  exhibition  was  the  largest  ever  mounted  by  the  Smith- 
sonian for  tour  abroad  and  the  first  to  combine  materials  from  all 
of  the  constituent  museums — 260  objects  in  all. 

The  opening  at  the  Evans  Gallery  in  November  1983  of  The 
Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures  from  the  Czechoslovak  State 
Collections  marked  the  culmination  of  lengthy  international  nego- 
tiations with  Czechoslovakia  and  displayed  shared  scholarship 
and  resources  with  museum  colleagues  in  Prague.  Sites  worked 
closely  with  Project  Judaica  and  with  national  corporate  sponsor 
Philip  Morris  Incorporated;  published  a  major  catalogue,  a  chil- 
dren's book,  four  exhibition  posters;  and  collaborated  with  the 
Smithsonian  Museum  Shops  in  their  development  of  replicas  and 
reproductions.  During  its  seven- week  showing  at  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  The  Precious  Legacy  was  viewed  by 
105,000  visitors. 

The  Art  of  Cameroon  began  its  United  States  tour  at  the  Evans 
Gallery  in  January  1984.  This  first  major  exhibition  of  works  from 
the  Cameroon  grasslands  was  sponsored  by  Mobil  Oil  Corpora- 
tion. Sites  published  the  extensive  catalogue  and  a  brochure,  and 
produced  a  30-second  television  public  service  announcement. 

Yesterday's  Tomorrows:  Past  Visions  of  the  American  Future 
opened  in  August  1984  at  the  National  Museum  of  American 
History.  Jointly  organized  by  sites  and  the  nmah,  the  exhibition 
was  sponsored  by  Champion  International  Corporation.  Sites  co- 
published  the  exhibition  book  with  Summit  Books,  and  invented 
and  produced  a  card  game — "Futurevision" — to  accompany  the 
exhibition. 

With  funding  support  from  the  James  Smithson  Society,  sites 
organized  a  special  participatory  exhibition.  Sculpture:  Exploring  3 
Dimensions.  A  number  of  sites  exhibitions  were  developed  jointly 
with  other  Smithsonian  bureaus:  with  the  National  Museum  of 


282  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


American  History,  In  Touch:  Printing  and  Writing  for  the  BUnd 
in  the  19th  Century,  Marconi,  and  Building  Brooklyn  Bridge;  with 
the  Renwick  Gallery,  Threads;  with  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum, 
Matchsafes;  with  the  Folklife  Program,  Family  Folklore  and  South- 
eastern Potteries;  and  with  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum, 
25  Years  of  Manned  Space  Flight. 

Other  art  exhibitions  for  fiscal  year  1984  included  Master  Euro- 
pean Drawings  from  the  Collection  of  the  National  Gallery  of 
Ireland;  The  Biblical  Paintings  of  J.  James  Tissot;  and  Edgar 
Chahine:  La  Vie  Parisienne.  Science  and  natural  history  exhibi- 
tions included  A  Flowering  of  Science;  Native  Harvests;  People 
of  the  Forest;  Early  Flight;  South  of  Winter;  and  Unfamiliar  Fauna 
of  the  Open  Sea. 

Two  SITES  exhibitions  toured  exclusively  overseas.  American 
Porcelain  was  shown  in  four  countries  in  the  Far  East  and  also  in 
India.  Threads  was  shown  in  five  countries  in  the  Middle  East. 
Both  tours  were  organized  jointly  by  the  Renwick  Gallery,  sites, 
and  the  U.S.  Information  Agency. 

Among  future  major  exhibitions  in  various  stages  of  develop- 
ment were  Hollywood:  Legend  and  Reality,  for  which  sites  re- 
ceived substantial  corporate  support  from  Time,  Inc.;  From  Ebla 
to  Damascus,  a  collection  of  archeological  treasures  from  Syria; 
and  Renaissance  Bronzes  from  the  Kunsthistorische  Museum, 
Vienna,  which  will  begin  its  United  States  tour  in  1986  at  the 
National  Gallery  of  Art. 

TOURS  FOR  PERIOD  OCTOBER  1,  1983,  THROUGH 
SEPTEMBER  30,  1984 

Number  of  bookings 419 

Number  of  states  served 

(including  Washington,  D.C.)    47 

Estimated  audience    7.5  million 

Exhibitions  listed  in  last  Update 

(catalogue  of  sites  exhibitions)   117 

Exhibitions  produced  for  tour  during  the  year  ....  31 

EXHIBITIONS  BEGINNING  TOURS  OCTOBER  1,  1983,  THROUGH 
SEPTEMBER  30,  1984 

An  Age  of  Gold:  Three  Centuries  of  Paintings  from  Old  Ecuador 
America's  City  Halls 
The  Art  of  Cameroon 


Museum  Programs  I  283 


Arte/Objeto:  Sculpture  from  the  Tane  Silversmiths  Collection 

The  Artist  and  the  Space  Shuttle 

Beaumont  Newhall:  A  Retrospective 

The  Biblical  Paintings  of].  James  Tissot 

Building  Brooklyn  Bridge 

Early  Flight 

Edgar  Chahine:  La  Vie  Parisienne 

Family  Folklore 

A   Flowering   of  Science:   Plants   from   Captain   Cook's   Voyage, 

1768-71 
In  Touch:  Printing  and  Writing  for  the  Blind  in  the  19th  Century 
Jacquard  Textiles 

The  Long  Road  Up  the  Hill:  Blacks  in  Congress,  1870-1983 
Marconi 
Master  European  Drawings  from  the  Collection  of  the  National 

Gallery  of  Ireland 
Matchsafes:  Striking  Designs 
Native  Harvests:  Plants  in  American  Indian  Life 
People    of   the    Forest:    Photographs    of    the    Chiapas   Maya    by 

Gertrude  Blom 
The  Precious   Legacy:   Judaic   Treasures   from   the   Czechoslovak 

State  Collections 
Radiance  and  Virtue:  The  R.  N orris  Shreve  Collection  of  Chinese 

Jades 
Sculpture:  Exploring  3  Dimensions 
South  of  Winter:  Scenes  from  Aransas  Wildlife  Refuge 
Threads:   Seven   American   Artists   and   Their  Miniature   Textile 

Pictures 
Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
25  Years  of  Manned  Space  Flight 
Unfamiliar  Fauna  of  the  Open  Sea 
World  Print  IV 
Yesterday's  Tomorrows:  Past  Visions  of  the  American  Future 

PAPER  PANEL  EXHIBITION  PRODUCED  FOR  PURCHASE 
Getting  the  Picture:  The  Growth  of  Television  in  America 


284  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Dolly  Spencer,  an  Inupiaq  Eskimo  dollmaker  from  Homer,  Alaska,  displays 
three  of  her  dolls  at  the  1984  Festival  of  American  Folklife.  She  often  fashions 
her  dolls  after  people  she  admires. 


Office  of  Telecommunications  producer  Ann  Carroll  and  cameraman  John  Hiller 
capture  a  behind-the-scenes  moment  in  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory's Discovery  Room  for  "Here  at  the  Smithsonian  .  .  .,"  the  office's  series  of 
short  features  for  television. 


Smithsonian  Year  .  1P84 
PUBLIC  SERVICE 


RALPH  C.  RINZLER, 
ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  FOR  PUBLIC  SERVICE 


International  Center 

Secretary  Ripley  established  the  International  Center  as  the  or- 
ganizing unit  of  the  Quadrangle  in  October  1983.  Throughout 
the  year,  numerous  individuals  within  and  outside  the  Institution 
were  consulted  on  both  the  philosophy  behind  the  International 
Center  and  the  possibility  of  undertaking  collaborative  research 
projects  involving  Smithsonian  staff,  other  scholars  and  scientists, 
and  experts  from  around  the  world.  Foremost  in  all  plans  for  the 
Center  has  been  an  interest  in  identifying  and  determining  ways 
in  which  the  Center  may  facilitate  and  enhance  the  research  of 
Smithsonian  scholars  and  scientists.  It  is  anticipated  that  such 
research  will  lead  to  symposia,  exhibitions,  and  various  types  of 
public  programs  which  the  Center  will  coordinate. 


Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education 

A  firm  belief  in  the  power  of  museum  objects  as  educational  re- 
sources is  the  guiding  principle  behind  the  activities  and  programs 
of  the  Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education  (oese).  With 
the  conviction  that  it  is  equally  important  for  students  to  learn  to 


287 


use  works  of  art,  natural  history  specimens,  historical  artifacts, 
and  other  museum  objects  as  research  tools,  as  it  is  for  them  to 
learn  to  use  words  and  numbers,  oese  continues  to  serve  the 
Smithsonian's  education  offices  while  working  to  meet  a  solid 
commitment  to  foster  the  educational  uses  of  museums  in  the 
Washington,  D.C.,  area  and  throughout  the  nation. 

For  several  years  oese  has  offered  a  number  of  programs  and 
publications  to  help  teachers  use  museums  and  other  community 
resources  with  their  students.  Oese  continues  to  offer  these  ser- 
vices, proven  successful  by  those  who  use  them.  Let's  Co  to  the 
Smithsonian,  a  newsletter,  informs  local  teachers  of  the  ever- 
growing variety  of  Smithsonian  services  available  to  teachers  and 
students.  Multiple  copies  are  sent  free-of-charge  to  approximately 
twelve  hundred  schools  in  the  Washington,  D.C.,  area.  Through 
Looking  to  Learning:  The  Museum  Adventure  serves  as  a  guide- 
book for  teachers  to  the  various  Smithsonian  museums.  Copies 
are  sent  free  to  all  schools  in  the  Washington  metropolitan  area 
as  well  as  to  any  other  schools  planning  a  trip  to  Washington. 

For  teachers  nationally.  Art  to  Zoo,  a  free,  six-page  publication 
to  promote  the  use  of  community  resources,  reaches  approximately 
fifty-five  thousand  classrooms.  The  Museum  Idea,  a  slide/tape 
curriculum  kit,  helps  fifth-  and  sixth-graders  learn  what  museums 
are  and  what  the  students  can  do  themselves  to  make  a  classroom 
museum.  Of  Kayaks  and  Ulus,  a  curriculum  kit  for  high  school 
students  developed  in  conjunction  with  the  Department  of  Anthro- 
pology, teaches  young  people  how  to  use  primary  and  secondary 
research  materials  while  at  the  same  time  learning  about  the  cul- 
ture of  the  Bering  Sea  Eskimo  of  one  hundred  years  ago.  These 
materials,  all  giving  students  the  opportunity  for  first-hand  learn- 
ing, have  proven  very  popular.  For  example,  one  teacher  com- 
mented about  her  use  of  Of  Kayaks  and  Ulus,  "It  can  be  quite 
difficult  to  teach  students  to  form  good  research  habits  (and  to 
steer  them  away  from  copying  out  of  encyclopedias!),  but  1  think 
the  organization  and  activities  of  this  unit  went  a  long  way  toward 
building  such  skills." 

Because  of  the  popularity  of  these  materials,  oese  is  now  pre- 
paring two  new  curriculum  kits  for  teachers  to  use  with  students 
in  grades  five  and  six — one  on  using  museums  to  teach  critical  and 
creative  thinking  skills  and  the  other  on  using  objects  to  teach 
writing.  Similarly,  in  fiscal  year  1984  oese  in  collaboration  with  the 
Office  of  Public  Affairs  developed  a  new  publication  to  be  piloted 
in  1985:  Smithsonian  Journeys  is  designed  to  bring  the  Institution, 


288  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


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Stationed  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Greenhouse,  Melissa  Pilant  learned 
about  careers  in  horticulture  during  the  summer  internship  program  offered  by 
the  Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education.   (Photograph  by  Jon  Dicus) 


its  work,  and  its  excitement  to  junior  high  school  students  across 
the  United  States. 

Special  events  during  the  year  introduce  school  teachers  and 
administrators  to  the  educational  possibilities  of  museums.  For 
example,  in  December  a  conference  on  "Computers  and  Human 
Learning"  was  attended  by  more  than  three  hundred  school  ad- 
ministrators. Cosponsored  by  the  Office  of  Symposia  and  Sem- 
inars, this  event  explored  the  impact  of  computer  technology  on 
education.  A  videotape  based  on  conference  materials  is  now  avail- 
able to  help  schools  around  the  country  better  address  ways  of 
making  computers  useful  in  the  classroom.  Also  in  December  oese 
again  conducted  a  Holiday  Reception  for  teachers,  where  partici- 
pants learned  about  the  origin  and  meaning  of  the  Afro-American 
harvest  celebration,  Kwanzaa,  and  about  behind-the-scenes  plan- 
ning for  the  Institution's  annual  Trees  of  Christmas  exhibition. 
Then  in  April  a  special  presentation  in  the  Discovery  Theater 
showed  how  the  dramatic  arts  can  be  used  to  teach  many  disci- 
plines, including  science  and  social  studies. 

From  June  25  through  August  3,  a  series  of  five-day  seminars 
provided  professional  training  for  Washington,  D.C.,  area  educa- 
tors. Close  to  two  hundred  teachers  chose  from  one-  and  two-week 
courses  on  subjects  such  as  "19th-century  Architecture,"  "Rocks, 
Fossils,  and  Geologic  Time,"  and  "Insects  in  the  Classroom."  In 
addition,  a  three-credit  graduate  course  on  "Using  Museums  to 
Teach  Writing"  was  offered  to  teachers  from  across  the  nation. 
Given  in  cooperation  with  the  University  of  Virginia,  this  seminar 
brought  teachers  from  as  far  away  as  Florida  and  Oregon  to  the 
Smithsonian  to  develop  a  variety  of  writing  assignments  that  they 
could  use  with  their  own  students.  As  a  final  project,  the  teachers 
were  required  to  develop  curriculum  units  based  on  the  resources 
of  their  own  communities.  Comments  from  teachers  attest  to  the 
value  of  oese's  workshops,  both  local  and  national;  as  one  of  the 
participants  wrote,  the  national  seminar  "has  changed  my  life.  I 
was  considering  leaving  teaching  because  of  the  curriculum  ruts 
one  gets  into,  personally,  as  well  as  the  terrible  ruts  created  by 
department  chairmen  and  administrators.  Now  I  see  that  what  I 
know  instinctively  about  teaching  writing  and  other  things  is  really 
true.  My  students  and  I  are  going  to  have  a  marvelously  good  time 
learning  this  year!" 

Because  of  its  commitment  to  assist  teachers  in  the  teaching  of 
writing,  oese  this  year  became  an  affiliate  member  of  the  National 
Capital  Area  Writing  Project.  The  project — based  on  the  model  of 


290  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


the  National  Writing  Project — is  a  nonprofit  organization  of  local 
educational  institutions  committed  to  the  cooperative  sharing  of 
resources  in  an  effort  to  improve  vyriting  instruction  and  student 
writing  in  all  subject  areas  and  at  all  grade  levels  (kindergarten 
through  university). 

To  assist  school  teachers  and  museum  educators,  oese  has  estab- 
hshed  a  Regional  Workshop  Program,  providing  Smithsonian  sup- 
port and  assistance  to  communities  throughout  the  nation.  At  the 
invitation  of  a  community's  museums,  oese  will  set  up  and  help 
coordinate  a  one-day  special  event  that  will  bring  the  community's 
teachers  and  museum  people  together,  enabling  them  to  find  ways 
to  work  with  each  other  productively  long  after  the  original  pro- 
gram is  over.  In  the  first  of  its  two  pilot  years,  the  Regional  Work- 
shop Program  held  two  events,  serving  a  total  of  over  eight  hun- 
dred teachers — one  in  Tidewater  Virginia  (in  October  1983)  and 
the  second  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana  (in  March  1984).  Regional 
Workshop  programs  have  been  scheduled  for  additional  communi- 
ties for  fiscal  year  1985:  Oakland,  Cahfornia  (in  November  1984), 
Charleston,  South  Carolina  (in  November  1984),  and  Oak  Ridge, 
Tennessee  (in  March  1985). 

In  addition,  oese  continued  its  progress  in  making  Smithsonian 
programs  accessible  to  disabled  visitors.  The  Office's  Special  Edu- 
cation Program  maintained  such  services  as  providing  sign  lan- 
guage and  oral  interpreters  for  special  events  and  regular  program 
offerings,  as  well  as  giving  sign  language  courses  and  "disability 
awareness"  sessions  to  Smithsonian  staff  and  volunteers. 

In  addition,  the  program  published  a  curriculum  kit.  Museums 
as  Storytellers.  Funded  by  a  grant  from  the  Women's  Committee 
of  the  Smithsonian  Associates,  the  kit  will  help  teachers  of  hear- 
ing or  deaf  youngsters  improve  their  students'  language  skills. 

The  program  also  held  two  special  events  to  assist  disabled  peo- 
ple. "To  Photograph  Is  To  See,"  cosponsored  with  the  Polaroid 
Corporation,  introduced  visually  impaired  persons  to  photography 
as  a  tool  for  sight.  As  one  participant  wrote,  "The  presentations 
were  interesting,  the  workshop  materials  useful  and  well  done,  and 
the  experience  was  a  very  positive  one.  It's  always  nice  to  partici- 
pate in  a  program  which  emphasizes  what  visually  impaired  peo- 
ple CAN  do,  instead  of  CAN'T  do."  The  other  program,  "Orien- 
teering: A  New  Route  to  Travel  Skills,"  was  offered  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  National  Park  Service  and  the  Administration  of 
Developmental  DisabiUties  of  the  U.S.  Department  of  Health  and 
Human   Services.   The   workshop    taught   parents,   teachers,    and 


Public  Service  I  291 


school  administrators  how  to  translate  skills  from  the  sport  of 
orienteering  to  provide  mentally  retarded  individuals  with  an 
enjoyable  way  to  find  their  way  around  Washington  and  the 
Smithsonian  museums. 

During  the  1983-84  school  year,  oese  expanded  its  programs 
that  bring  young  people  to  the  Institution.  The  Office's  new  Career 
Awareness  Program  (cap)  worked  with  three  District  of  Columbia 
public  high  schools  to  develop  and  teach  a  series  of  programs  intro- 
ducing minority  young  people  to  career  opportunities  at  the  Smith- 
sonian. This  school  year,  participants  worked  with  staff  members 
from  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden,  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  the  National  Museum  of  Ameri- 
can History.  In  the  museums,  the  students  participated  in  a  number 
of  activities,  including  behind-the-scenes  tours,  career  workshops, 
and  special  projects.  The  cap  is  directed  to  ninth-  and  tenth-graders, 
because  most  young  people  at  these  grade  levels  have  not  yet 
locked  themselves  into  the  kinds  of  curriculum  decisions  that  ulti- 
mately determine  career  options  and  choices.  To  maintain  the 
students'  interest  in  museum  careers,  the  cap  follows  up  on  its 
graduates,  encouraging  their  continued  planning  for  museum- 
related  careers. 

"Exploring  the  Smithsonian,"  a  program  for  seventh-  and  eighth- 
grade  teachers  and  students  in  the  District  of  Columbia  public 
schools,  brought  more  than  thirty-five  hundred  youngsters  to  spe- 
cially developed,  curriculum-related  lessons  in  the  Smithsonian 
museums.  In  addition,  oese's  annual  high  school  summer  internship 
program  was  opened  to  students  from  all  fifty  states  and  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  The  thirty-four  interns  selected  to  participate 
this  summer  worked  under  the  guidance  of  curatorial  and  technical 
staff  members  in  various  parts  of  the  Institution,  discovering  new 
directions  for  collegiate  study  and  for  possible  careers.  As  one 
intern  wrote,  "I'm  so  glad  that  I  have  been  able  to  have  such  an 
experience.  It  has  helped  me  in  making  a  definite  career  choice  and 
I  now  see  all  the  opportunities  that  are  here  and  the  many  univer- 
sities I  will  be  able  to  attend.  The  program  has  helped  me  in  making 
some  major  decisions  that  will  affect  my  future.  I  loved  it!" 

Through  participation  in  national  and  regional  conferences  and 
workshops,  oese  staff  members  have  helped  expand  the  scope  and 
understanding  of  teachers  and  professional  museum  educators. 
Oese  staff  members  also  helped  to  plan  and  teach  seminars  on 
museum  /  school  relations  and  on  museum  interpretation  offered 
by  the  Smithsonian's  Office  of  Museum  Programs. 


292  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Office  of  Folklife  Programs 

Most  Americans  would  agree  that  the  richness  of  the  nation's 
culture  lies  in  the  impressive  diversity  of  its  people  and  in  their 
creative  responses  to  historical  conditions.  Research,  presentation, 
and  preservation  of  this  cultural  wealth  is  the  goal  of  the  Office 
of  Folklife  Programs,  an  effort  that  entails,  among  other  activities, 
the  presentation  of  living  folk  traditions  in  the  context  of  the 
national  museum.  Since  its  inception,  the  Office  of  Folklife  Pro- 
grams has  directed  its  attention  to  the  identification  and  study  of 
folk  traditions  and  to  the  development  of  methods  for  presenting 
them  in  a  national  setting  to  general  audiences.  The  Office  of  Folk- 
life  Programs  also  cooperates  with  other  Smithsonian  bureaus  in 
research  and  exhibit  production;  it  publishes  documentary  and 
analytic  studies;  its  staff  undertakes  both  exhibition-oriented  and 
publication-oriented  research  and  may  engage  in  teaching  at  Wash- 
ington area  universities. 

FESTIVAL  OF  AMERICAN  FOLKLIFE 

The  Office  of  Folklife  Programs  planned  and  produced  the  eigh- 
teenth annual  Festival  of  American  Folklife  in  fiscal  year  1984.  The 
festival  was  held  on  its  original  site  on  the  National  Mall  outside 
the  museums  of  American  History  and  Natural  History.  It  took 
place  over  a  two-week  period,  June  27-July  1  and  July  4-8,  1984. 
Alaskan  folklife,  the  folklore  of  America's  older  generation,  expres- 
sive traditional  culture  of  urban  Blacks  from  Philadelphia,  and 
traditional  foodways  were  all  featured  at  this  festival. 

On  the  occasion  of  Alaska's  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  state- 
hood, ninety  representatives  of  the  state's  ethnic,  regional,  and 
occupational  communities  brought  their  music,  culinary  traditions, 
work  skills,  dance,  crafts,  and  lore  to  the  National  Mall.  Native 
Alaskan  basketry  and  doll  making,  wood  and  ivory  carving,  gold 
mining,  logging,  music,  and  dance  were  among  the  traditions  from 
Alaska  that  were  presented. 

"The  Grand  Generation:  Folklore  and  Aging"  program  explored 
the  role  that  older  generations  play  in  preserving  and  perpetuating 
America's  traditional  culture  and  identity.  Among  the  traditions  of 
the  sixty  participants  were  Hawaiian  hula  dancing,  African-Ameri- 
can hymns,  spirituals  and  work  songs,  quilting,  hide  tanning,  and 
stone  carving.  A  Learning  Center  provided  thematic  focus  for  the 
program  with  photo-text  panels,  elders'  life  review  projects,  and 
an  oral  history  collecting  project. 


Public  Service  I  293 


The  program  on  "Black  Urban  Expressive  Culture  from  Phila- 
delphia" presented  performance  traditions  that  demonstrated  un- 
derlying aesthetic  unities  in  several  genres  of  Black  American 
traditional  cultural  expression.  Performances  of  the  nearly  sixty 
participants  included  tap  and  break  dancing,  collegiate  stepping, 
street  drills,  blues,  gospel  and  do-wop  singing,  rapping,  and  DJ 
"scratching"  skills. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  festival's  history,  traditional  foodways 
were  presented  in  a  unified  program  with  a  structured  approach 
to  research  in  and  presentations  of  culinary  traditions  in  the  three 
festival  areas.  Demonstrations  included  Alaskan  fish  smoking, 
fishing  boat  cookery,  and  uses  of  seaweed  and  sourdough;  tra- 
ditional ethnic  recipes  that  have  been  passed  down  through  gen- 
erations, such  as  Armenian  stuffed  grape  leaves  and  fruit  leathers; 
and  Black  American  cuisine,  which  included  fried  chicken,  biscuits, 
greens,  and  sweet  potato  pie.  Food  concession  stands  located  ad- 
jacent to  each  demonstration  area  sold  food  prepared  according  to 
participants'  recipes. 

The  festival  was  cosponsored  by  the  National  Park  Service,  and 
the  Smithsonian  received  funding  support  from  the  Music  Per- 
formance Trust  Funds,  the  American  Association  of  Retired  Per- 
sons, the  Atlantic  Richfield  Foundation,  the  National  Institute  on 
Aging,  the  National  Institutes  of  Health,  the  State  of  Alaska  De- 
partment of  Commerce  and  Economic  Development  through  its 
Division  of  Tourism  and  the  Alaska  Seafood  Institute,  and  other 
private  and  corporate  donations  from  Alaska. 

SPECIAL  PROJECTS 

In  cooperation  with  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibi- 
tion Service  (sites),  the  Office  of  Folklife  Programs  developed  a 
traveling  exhibition  on  the  surviving  traditional  potteries  in  the 
southeastern  United  States  entitled  Southeastern  Potteries.  The  re- 
search for  this  project  was  sponsored  by  the  Office  of  Folklife  Pro- 
grams and  was  conducted  according  to  a  model  developed  in  previ- 
ous pottery  research  by  the  Office.  The  exhibition,  which  was 
mounted  in  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History  from  June  27 
through  August  18,  was  accompanied  by  the  publication  of  a  book. 
Raised  in  Clay:  The  Southern  Pottery  Tradition,  by  Nancy  Sweezy, 
a  researcher  for  the  Office  and  guest  curator  for  the  exhibition. 
Smithsonian  Institution  Press  published  the  book,  which  serves 
also  as  a  catalogue  for  the  exhibition. 


294  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Collaborative  work  with  the  American  Folklife  Center  at  the 
Library  of  Congress  began  in  the  summer  of  1979  on  a  project  to 
preserve  more  than  thirty-five  hundred  wax-cylinder  recordings 
principally  held  by  the  Library  of  Congress.  These  contain  Native 
American  songs  and  stories  recorded  prior  to  1930.  The  project 
involved  the  transfer  of  fragile  cylinder  recordings  to  magnetic 
tape,  the  preparation  of  accompanying  written  material,  and  the 
development  of  suitable  means  for  the  dissemination  of  these 
historical  cultural  documents.  The  project  is  nearing  completion 
with  the  Library's  publication  in  fiscal  year  1984  of  two  of  the  ten 
volumes,  entitled  The  Federal  Cylinder  Project:  A  Guide  to  Field 
Cylinder  Collections  in  Federal  Agencies. 

Research  and  programming  has  also  reached  an  advanced  stage 
for  an  exhibition  from  India  depicting  an  individual's  cycle  of  life, 
with  two  thousand  objects  and  forty  traditional  craftsmen  and 
performing  artists.  The  exhibition,  entitled  Aditi:  A  Celebration  of 
Life,  will  be  mounted  in  the  Evans  Gallery  of  the  National  Museum 
of  Natural  History  from  June  4  to  July  28,  1985. 

RESEARCH 

Research,  writing,  and  production  have  continued  on  five  mono- 
graphs and  accompanying  films  included  in  the  Smithsonian  Folk- 
life  Studies  Series.  This  series  was  established  in  1978  to  document, 
through  monographs  and  films,  folkways  still  practiced  or  still 
within  living  memory  in  a  variety  of  traditional  cultures.  Drawing 
on  more  than  a  decade  of  research  accruing  from  fieldwork  con- 
ducted for  the  Office's  annual  Festival  of  American  Folklife,  the 
studies  are  unique  in  that  each  consists  of  a  monograph  and  a  film, 
conceived  to  complement  each  other.  In  fiscal  year  1984,  the  docu- 
mentary film  At  Laskiainen:  In  Palo  Everyone  Is  a  Finn  was  com- 
pleted. This  film  grew  out  of  research  for  a  program  held  at  the 
fourteenth  annual  Festival  of  American  Folklife  and  documents  a 
Finnish-American  midwinter  festival  in  Palo,  Minnesota. 

In  addition  to  the  series,  a  film  about  the  traditional  craft  of 
stone  carving  was  completed  during  this  past  year.  Entitled  The 
Stone  Carvers,  the  film  had  its  genesis  in  a  program  organized  for 
the  1978  and  1979  Festivals  of  American  Folklife  and  was  spon- 
sored by  the  Washington  Area  Film  and  Video  League  and  was 
produced  in  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Folklife  Programs.  The 
film  documents  stone  carving  as  practiced  by  the  carvers  at  the 
Washington  Cathedral,  some  of  the  last  remaining  stone  carvers 
in  America. 


Public  Service  I  295 


Office  of  International  Activities 

From  the  earliest  years,  the  Smithsonian  Institution  has  followed 
the  spirit  of  James  Smithson,  who  was  quoted  by  Founding  Secre- 
tary Joseph  Henry  as  having  said  of  the  man  of  science,  "The  world 
is  his  country — all  men,  his  countrymen."  Particularly  in  the  sci- 
ences, but  in  important  ways  in  the  arts  and  cultural  history,  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  has  traditionally  carried  its  scholarly  inter- 
ests to  the  whole  world  and  beyond.  The  Office  of  International 
Activities  (oia)  was  established  almost  twenty  years  ago  to  assist 
all  levels  of  Smithsonian  staff  in  the  pursuit  of  international  inter- 
ests. Oia  does  so  by  advising  program  managers;  by  maintaining 
liaison  with  the  United  States  and  foreign  governments,  with  pri- 
vate institutions  around  the  world,  and  with  international  organiza- 
tions; and  by  providing  certain  passport,  visa,  communications, 
information,  and  reception  services. 

With  the  resignation  of  Assistant  Secretary  Perrot  on  January 
25,  1984,  OIA  was  transferred  from  Museum  Programs  to  Public 
Service.  This  reflected  the  placement  of  responsibility  for  the  de- 
velopment of  the  International  Center,  as  part  of  the  Quadrangle 
project,  with  Assistant  Secretary  Rinzler.  For  1984,  much  of  the 
energies  of  oia  were  turned  to  the  assistance  of  those  members  of 
the  Smithsonian  senior  staff  who  were  most  concerned  with  the 
garnering  of  international  support  for  the  International  Center, 
especially  Secretary  Ripley,  Assistant  Secretaries  Perrot  and  Rinz- 
ler, and  Membership  and  Development  Director  Symington. 

In  1984,  oia  has  been  compiling  a  profile  of  the  Smithsonian's 
international  activities.  Preliminary  data  shows  the  Smithsonian 
active  in  120  countries  in  the  past  two  years,  or  something  over 
two-thirds  of  the  countries  carried  in  our  files.  On  the  basis  of 
numbers  of  Smithsonian  contacts  with  these  countries,  our  inter- 
ests have  in  recent  years  been  (in  descending  order)  highest  in 
Great  Britain,  Panama,  West  Germany,  France,  India,  Australia, 
Italy,  Japan,  and  Mexico.  Subjects  of  Smithsonian  interest  have 
been  quite  diverse,  but  natural  history  dominates  activities  with 
Australia,  Mexico,  and  Panama  (site  of  the  Smithsonian's  major 
tropical  research  facility,  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Insti- 
tute), and  astrophysics  is  the  major  interest  in  Italy.  Other  interests 
include  art  and  cultural  history  research,  exchanges  of  museum 
objects,  and  exchanges  of  scholars.  Major  activities  in  Great  Britain 


296  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


I 


and  West  Germany  were  associated,  respectively,  with  the  Edin- 
burgh Festival  and  the  German-American  Tricentennial. 

In  April  1984,  oia  organized  and  coordinated,  in  collaboration 
with  the  United  Nations  Educational,  Scientific,  and  Cultural  Orga- 
nization (uNESco)  and  the  National  Trust  for  Historic  Preservation, 
an  international  conference  at  the  Smithsonian  on  historic  preser- 
vation, "Why  Preserve  the  Past?"  The  conference  featured  panel 
participants  and  speakers  from  many  countries,  and  included  the 
Director-General  of  unesco.  The  Proceedings  will  be  published 
jointly  by  the  Smithsonian  and  unesco  through  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  Press. 

The  office  arranged  major  revisions  in  the  Smithsonian  exchange 
program  to  include  certain  categories  of  performing  arts  and  to 
permit  Smithsonian  sponsorship  of  foreign  exchange  visits  to  other 
museums  and  similar  institutions  when  Smithsonian  interests  are 
served. 

Oia  services  to  Smithsonian  bureaus  during  1984  included  ob- 
taining 95  official  passports,  and  923  foreign  visas  (this  latter  figure 
including  considerable  travel  sponsored  by  the  Smithsonian  Foreign 
Currency  Program).  Oia  handled  87  foreign  students  and  exchange 
visitors  during  the  year.  Also  during  the  year,  oia  performed  an 
additional  estimated  400  liaison  services  that  included  the  facilita- 
tion of  Smithsonian  overseas  research  and  exchanges,  liaison  with 
foreign  affairs  agencies,  immigration  problems,  and  the  reception 
of  foreign  official  visitors  to  the  Smithsonian,  for  an  overall  total 
of  1,500  services  of  all  types.  This  is  almost  double  the  figure  for 
1983. 

Among  the  many  distinguished  visitors  received  by  oia  during 
the  year  were  the  Dalai  Lama  and  the  President  of  Austria,  who 
visited  the  Smithsonian  and  participated  in  Resident  Associate 
programs  on  their  respective  cultures;  and  the  Indonesian  Minister 
of  Culture,  who  signed  a  cooperation  protocol  with  the  Smith- 
sonian. 


Office  of  Smithsonian  Symposia  and  Seminars 

The  Smithsonian's  eighth  international  symposium,  "The  Road 
After  1984:  High  Technology  and  Human  Freedom,"  dominated 
the  year  for  the  Office  of  Smithsonian  Symposia  and  Seminars. 


Public  Service  I  297 


Scheduled  for  December  1983  in  anticipation  of  the  OrwelHan 
Year,  the  symposium's  design  touched  on  warnings  of  Big  Brother, 
totahtarian  techniques,  mind  control,  doublespeak,  and  other  of 
the  novel's  forebodings.  Attention,  however,  centered  on  the 
acceleration  in  scientific  advancements  revolutionizing  technology 
and  communications. 

Organized  in  cooperation  with  Wake  Forest  University  on  the 
occasion  of  its  150th  anniversary  and  with  the  Center  for  the 
Humanities,  University  of  Southern  California,  the  meetings  probed 
the  overall  social  and  political  dynamics  now  at  work  in  the  world 
and  attempted  to  identify  both  the  blessings  and  the  dangers  in- 
herent in  our  new  "high  tech"  society.  An  official  activity  of  the 
World  Communications  Year,  the  calendar's  activities  were  made 
possible  by  the  financial  support  and  participation  of  more  than 
twenty-five  American  and  foreign  corporations  and  professional 
associations.  Nearly  one  hundred  scholars,  government  officials, 
and  business  representatives  donned  academic  dress  for  a  tradi- 
tional procession  from  the  Castle  across  the  Mall  to  the  formal 
opening  ceremony  in  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
Against  a  musical  background  of  the  Ditchley  Bells  ringing  from 
the  Old  Post  Office  tower,  bagpipe  peals  en  marche  provided  by 
the  Washington  Scottish  Pipe  Band,  and  an  interlude  played  by 
the  Century  Brass,  the  Honorable  J.  William  Fulbright,  Regent 
Emeritus  of  the  Smithsonian,  welcomed  symposium  contributors, 
sponsors,  official  guests,  and  the  public  audience  in  Baird  Audi- 
torium. Acting  Secretary  Phillip  S.  Hughes  introduced  the  sym- 
posium's honorary  chairman,  T.  R.  Fyvel,  close  friend  to  Orwell 
and  author  of  George  Orwell:  A  Personal  Memoir  (New  York, 
1982)  and  other  distinguished  participants. 

Included  among  the  four-day  program  segments  were:  "Com- 
puters and  Human  Learning,"  "Significance  of  1984  as  a  Universal 
Metaphor,"  "American  Law  and  the  Effects  of  Technology  on 
Privacy,"  "Loose  and  Tight  Controls:  Techniques  of  Governance," 
"Learning  the  Responsibilities  of  Citizenship  in  an  Open  Society," 
"Can  the  Mass  Media  Control  our  Thoughts?"  and  "Can  High 
Technology  Be  Managed  for  Human  Freedom?"  Wilton  S.  Dillon, 
director  of  Smithsonian  symposia  and  seminars,  and  Eliot  D. 
Chappie,  a  pioneer  in  anthropological  studies  of  business,  industry, 
and  hospitals,  and  former  editor  of  Human  Organizations,  journal 
of  the  Society  for  Applied  Anthropology,  were  chief  architects  of 
the  project.  Lewis  Lapham,  editor  of  Harper's,  is  editor  of  the 

298  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Clare  Boothe  Luce  raises  a  point  during  the  Smithsonian's  eighth  international 
symposium,  "The  Road  After  1984:  High  Technology  and  Human  Freedom." 
Looking  on  is  T.  R.  Fyvel,  honorary  chairman  of  the  symposium  organized  by 
the  Office  of  Smithsonian  Symposia  and  Seminars. 


volume  to  be  published  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  in 
1985. 

On  December  29,  1983,  the  office  received  the  first  deposit  into 
the  Barrick  W.  Groom  Endowment  Fund  established  to  support  its 
interdisciplinary  activities.  In  accepting  the  $50,000  check  on  behalf 
of  the  Institution,  Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration  John 
Jameson  expressed  sincere  appreciation  for  Mr.  Groom's  long- 
standing contributions  of  time  and  energy,  as  well  as  for  his  gen- 
erous financial  assistance.  The  Domestic  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson 
(Charlottesville,  1979)— Groom  is  descended  from  Jefferson  by 
marriage — was  presented  to  him  in  return,  along  with  a  quill  pen 
with  which  to  write  future  checks,  as  whimsically  noted  by  director 
Wilton  Dillon.  Mr.  Groom,  who  has  been  associated  with  the 
Smithsonian  for  a  number  of  years,  lives  in  Upperville,  Virginia. 

"Smithsonian's  Prestige  Boosts  Durham  Festival"  headlined  the 
May  1,  1984,  Durham  Morning  Herald  lead  editorial.  Cosponsored 
by  the  Smithsonian  and  the  North  Carolina  Department  of  Cultural 
Resources,  the  British  American  Festival  marked  the  400th  anni- 
versary of  the  arrival  of  the  first  British  expedition  to  North  Amer- 
ica, at  what  is  now  Roanoke  Island,  North  Carolina.  Celebrating 
the  occasion  with  folklife  programs,  sports  events,  concerts,  exhibi- 
tions, and  a  series  of  symposia  held  in  Durham  June  2  through 
June  16,  attended  by  some  75,000  people,  the  festival  also  explored 
persisting  cultural  links  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.  Office  of  Smithsonian  Symposia  and  Seminars  associate 
director  Carla  Borden  represented  the  Institution  at  the  project's 
planning  meetings,  identified  Smithsonian  scholars  and  others  who 
could  contribute  to  the  development  of  the  festival,  and  served  as 
liaison  between  the  festival  staff  and  concerned  Smithsonian  bu- 
reaus. As  noted  by  Secretary  Ripley  in  the  official  program,  the 
commemoration  provided  an  "occasion  through  which  we  come  to 
a  deeper  understanding  of  our  evolving  traditions  and  our  shared 
concerns  for  the  future." 

The  Edinburgh  Festival  of  1984  included  director  Dillon's  chair- 
ing and  speaking  at  several  sessions  of  an  international  conference 
on  "Art  and  the  Human  Environment,"  at  which  he  drew  upon 
earlier  Smithsonian  symposia  related  to  the  theme.  Dillon  carried 
the  Smithsonian  mace  in  a  procession  from  Edinburgh's  City 
Chamber  of  St.  Giles's  Church  at  a  ceremony  opening  the  Edin- 
burgh Festival,  and  later  met  with  officials  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  and  the  University  of  Glasgow  to  discuss  long-term 
ways  and  means  of  encouraging  scholarly  cooperation  between  the 


300  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Smithsonian  and  Scottish  universities  and  research  centers.  Such 
cooperation  would  include  research  on  the  Scottish  Enlightenment 
as  it  related  to  the  intellectual  roots  of  the  United  States  Constitu- 
tion and  Bill  of  Rights,  their  200th  anniversary  to  be  marked 
beginning  in  1987.  Liaison  also  was  established  with  the  University 
of  Strathclyde,  Glasgow,  where  important  research  is  under  way 
on  artificial  intelligence.  Other  areas  of  cooperation  were  explored, 
such  as  the  centennial  of  the  birth  of  James  Audubon  (whose  folios 
were  published  in  Edinburgh)  and  Scottish  participation  in  future 
seminars  on  Patrick  Geddes,  naturalist  and  town  planner  (whose 
ideas  have  much  influenced  Lewis  Mumford's  work  on  urban 
civilization). 

As  part  of  the  Festival  of  India,  the  office  will  present  on  June 
21-25,  1985,  an  examination  of  "The  Canvas  of  Culture:  Redis- 
covery of  the  Past  as  Adaptation  for  the  Future."  This  symposium 
will  reflect  concern  with  both  natural  and  cultural  conservation  of 
scope  corresponding  to  India's  size  and  complexity,  especially  in 
relation  to  the  Smithsonian's  multifaceted  activities  in  India  rang- 
ing from  the  physical  and  natural  sciences  to  the  arts  and  humani- 
ties. The  passing  of  time,  migration  of  people,  and  variations  in 
ecosystems  affected  by  social  change  and  developing  technology 
have  left  indelible  marks  on  traditional  Indian  cultures.  Have  some 
aspects  been  forgotten  and  lost  entirely?  Or  are  they  latent  and 
renewable  in  a  contemporary  context?  Or  are  they  replaced  com- 
pletely? And  if  so,  in  what  forms?  Why  is  this  re-creation  process 
important  and  to  what  uses  are  its  results  put?  Modern  India's 
significant  historical  and  current  experience  with  such  "amnesia," 
reacquisition,  and  adaptation  offers  a  rich  opportunity  for  analysis 
and  speculation  about  her  future  civilization  and  identity.  Cochair- 
ing  the  symposium  are  S.  Dillon  Ripley,  also  chairman  of  the 
American  Committee  for  the  Festival  of  India,  and  Pupul  Jayakar, 
also  chairman  of  the  Indian  Advisory  Committee  for  the  Festival. 

The  office  also  regularly  provides  resource  services  to  other 
Smithsonian  bureaus  and  units  and  to  outside  specialists  in  plan- 
ning symposia  and  seminar  programs.  Its  educational  outreach 
helps  link  the  humanities  and  sciences  through  interdisciplinary 
activities  both  in  Washington  and  elsewhere.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Institution  awarded  Carla  Borden  a  Fluid  Research  grant  to  study 
the  experience  of  European  refugee  scholars  who  came  to  the 
United  States  and  taught  at  black  colleges  in  the  1930s  and  1940s, 
an  unexplored  chapter  of  new  dimension  in  our  history.  As  a  pan- 
Institution  center,  the  office  is  working  closely  with  others  on  the 


Public  Service  I  301 


1985  tricentennial  of  the  births  of  Bach,  Handel,  and  Scarlatti  and 
on  further  cultural  exchange  of  foreign  scholars  and  artists,  e.g., 
Eduardo  Marturet,  prominent  Venezuelan  composer  and  orchestral 
conductor.  Emphasis  is  being  given  to  the  forthcoming  Bicentennial 
of  the  Constitution  and  Bill  of  Rights;  the  office  is  designing  a 
citizenship  education  program  culminating  in  1987  in  the  Smith- 
sonian's ninth  international  symposium  tentatively  titled  "Our 
Constitutional  Roots." 

The  office  had  the  benefit  for  nearly  sixth  months  of  two  recent 
college  graduates  who  served  as  consultants  on  a  range  of  projects: 
Andrew  Langhoff,  Tufts  University,  and  Craig  Myers,  Oberlin 
College,  before  pursuing  graduate  work  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and  Oxford  University,  respectively. 

Certificates  of  appreciation  signed  by  the  Secretary  were  pre- 
sented to  staff  members  Dorothy  Richardson,  Carla  M.  Borden, 
and  Helen  F.  Leavitt  in  recognition  of  service  to  the  Institution. 
Director  Wilton  S.  Dillon  was  awarded  the  "Chevalier  de  I'ordre 
des  Arts  et  des  Lettres"  by  the  French  government  for  personal 
contributions  to  Franco-American  relations  and  for  the  office's 
work  in  bringing  public  attention  to  the  Bicentennial  of  the  Battle 
of  Yorktown  and  the  subsequent  Peace  of  Paris  formally  ending  the 
Revolutionary  War, 


Office  of  Telecommunications 

The  Office  of  Telecommunications  (ore)  extends  the  Institution's 
reach  nationwide  and  abroad  by  bringing  the  museums  to  people 
through  films,  radio,  and  television  programs.  During  fiscal  year 
1984,  the  OTC  expanded  its  role  in  reaching  greater  audiences 
through  involvement  in  new  broadcast  and  film  ventures,  through 
the  significant  growth  of  its  ongoing  programs,  and  through  ser- 
vices to  Smithsonian  bureaus. 

This  year,  the  ore  broke  new  ground  with  a  special  four-part 
radio  miniseries,  "American  Stories."  Inspired,  in  part,  by  a  Smith- 
sonian book.  Celebration  of  American  Folklife,  this  miniseries  fea- 
tures true  tales  and  tall  tales  from  across  America.  Funded  by  the 
James  Smithson  Society,  "American  Stories"  was  the  first  radio 
series  of  this  magnitude  produced  by  the  office.  For  nearly  a  year, 
the  producers  traveled  from  Maine   to   California  recording   the 


302  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


personal  stories  and  remembrances  of  people  they  met  along  the 
way.  From  movie  cowboy  Gene  Autry  to  the  family  around  the 
corner,  the  stories  told  represent  a  cross  section  of  American  ex- 
periences and  ideas.  Production  was  completed  in  September  1984 
and  the  programs  are  being  made  available  to  all  radio  stations 
throughout  the  country  as  well  as  to  schools  and  libraries. 

Ore's  film  producers  were  found  working  extensively  in  the  field 
in  Europe  and  in  the  Caribbean.  Major  shooting  for  The  Work  of 
Peace,  a  half-hour  film  which  tells  the  story  of  the  signing  of  the 
1783  Treaty  of  Paris,  occurred  on  location  at  historic  settings  in 
Paris  and  London.  This  film  is  a  follow-up  on  otc's  productions 
relating  to  the  Bicentennial  of  the  United  States.  The  Work  of 
Peace  premiered  in  Washington,  D.C.,  on  June  7,  1984,  and  will 
be  distributed  to  high  schools  across  the  country.  Plans  are  under- 
way for  a  nationwide  telecast  on  pbs.  Filming  for  The  Sea:  A  Quest 
For  Our  Future,  a  one-hour  documentary  on  the  complex  ecosys- 
tems of  tropical  coral  reefs,  took  place  throughout  the  Caribbean 
including  the  Virgin  Islands,  the  Bahamas,  the  British  Colony  of 
Turks  and  Caicos,  and  Belize.  The  film  focuses  on  research  projects 
conducted  by  the  Smithsonian's  Marine  Systems  Laboratory.  The 
Sea:  A  Quest  For  Our  Future  was  completed  in  September  1984.  It 
is  the  first  hour-long  film  produced  by  the  oxc  for  pbs  broadcast. 
We  are  working  closely  with  commercial  film  distributors  in  order 
to  market  these  films  actively  to  educational  and  cultural  institu- 
tions. 

Still  advancing  in  new  directions,  the  oxc  received  a  $23,000 
grant  from  the  James  Smithson  Society  to  produce  a  pilot  program 
of  a  potential  television  series  geared  for  children  aged  nine  to 
twelve.  Going  behind  the  public  areas  of  the  museums,  the  half- 
hour  pilot  will  feature  Smithsonian  curators,  scientists,  or  histori- 
ans sharing  their  areas  of  expertise.  Based  on  a  recent  report  which 
concludes  that  the  electronic  media  are  the  "most  important  me- 
dium of  informal  learning  today,"  this  project  has  the  potential  to 
stimulate  children  and  awaken  an  interest  in  science,  art,  and  our 
heritage. 

The  office's  ongoing  programs  experienced  unprecedented  growth 
during  1984.  "Radio  Smithsonian,"  the  nationally  broadcast  30- 
minute  weekly  radio  series,  added  eighteen  new  subscribing  sta- 
tions to  its  roster,  bringing  the  total  to  seventy-five  radio  stations 
throughout  the  country,  including  eight  in  the  top  ten  markets.  Its 
companion,  "Smithsonian  Galaxy,"  a  series  of  2*/2-minute  radio 
features  designed  for  commercial  stations,  celebrated  its  fifth  anni- 


Public  Service  I  303 


versary  on  the  air.  This  popular  series  continues  to  be  broadcast 
on  230  stations  in  forty-eight  states,  Canada,  New  Zealand,  and 
the  Virgin  Islands.  The  newest  series  is  "Here  at  the  Smithsoni- 
an .  .  .,"  an  award-winning  series  of  2-minute  features  for  televi- 
sion. After  completing  its  third  season,  "Here  at  the  Smithsoni- 
an .  .  ."  boasts  an  impressive  roster  of  seventy  subscribing  televi- 
sion stations  here  and  abroad.  These  rapidly  growing  programs 
offer  an  effective  and  practical  way  of  reaching  millions  of  people. 

The  office's  standard  of  excellence  and  its  commitment  to  quality 
broadcasts  and  films  is  evident  not  only  from  the  comments  and 
responses  of  stations,  listeners,  and  viewers,  but  also  from  the 
broadcasting  and  filming  industries.  "Radio  Smithsonian"  and 
"Smithsonian  Galaxy"  each  clinched  a  Gold  Screen  Award  for 
excellence  in  the  electronic  media  category  from  the  National 
Association  of  Government  Communicators  in  May  1984.  "Here 
at  the  Smithsonian  .  .  ."  received  a  Gold  Award  for  excellence  in 
the  television  series  category  from  the  Houston  International  Film 
Festival  also  in  May  1984.  American  Picture  Palaces,  ore's  22- 
minute  film  on  the  "golden  age"  of  movie  theaters  of  the  1920s  and 
1930s,  continued  to  receive  major  film  awards  during  1984,  bring- 
ing the  total  to  fourteen,  including  a  Gold  Award  from  the  Inter- 
national Film  and  TV  Festival  of  New  York  and  a  cine  Golden 
Eagle. 

To  strengthen  the  coordination  and  effectiveness  of  film  and 
video  activities  within  the  Institution,  the  otc  provides  regular 
support  services  to  all  bureaus.  During  1984,  the  otc  created  many 
productions  for  other  units,  including  a  film  to  accompany  an 
Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum's  exhibition  on  Lou  Stovall,  a 
Smithsonian  orientation  film  for  the  Visitor  Information  and  Asso- 
ciates' Reception  Center,  an  introductory  film  for  the  Museum 
Support  Center,  and  a  film  to  accompany  a  Smithsonian  Institution 
Traveling  Exhibition  on  the  future. 


Smithsonian  Institution  Press 

The  past  year  has  been  an  important  one  in  the  growth  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  Press  (sip)  as  a  major  publisher  of  both 
scholarly  and  popular  books  and  records  that  reflect  on  a  lasting 
basis  the  research  interests,  collections,  and  activities  of  the  Insti- 
tution.  Publishing   activity   continues   to   increase   in   quality   and 


304  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Vincent  MacDonnell,  Nancy  Mottershaw,  and  Gail  Grella  set  up  the  Smithson- 
ian Institution  Press  display  booth  at  the  Washington  Convention  Center  in 
preparation  for  the  May  1984  American  Booksellers'  Association  convention. 


quantity  as  the  three  principal  divisions  of  the  Press  meld  into  a 
unified  and  complementing  organization. 

Production  during  the  year  reached  a  total  of  300  "jobs" — 192 
of  these  federally  funded — including  catalogs,  journals,  scholarly 
monographs,  brochures,  museum  and  exhibition  guides,  the  annual 
report  of  the  Institution,  and  miscellaneous  productions.  The  bal- 
ance of  108  works  were  published  with  nongovernment  funds — 
books,  records,  newsletters,  annual  reports,  and  smaller  publica- 
tions. The  high  quality  of  the  Press's  publishing  effort  was  evident 
in  the  sixteen  awards  for  editorial  and  design  excellence  received 
during  the  year  from  six  different  organizations  (ranging  from  the 
Blue  Pencil  Competition  of  the  National  Association  of  Govern- 
ment Communicators  to  the  publications  competition  of  the  Avia- 
tion/Space Writers  Association)  as  well  as  a  continuing  series  of 
highly  favorable  book  reviews  in  leading  literary  and  scholarly 
magazines  and  journals. 

Further  evidence  of  the  Press's  continued  growth  in  publishing 
and  marketing  important  books  was  demonstrated  by  sales  figures 
for  the  year.  Gross  sales  totaled  $7.5  million  compared  to  less  than 
$6  million  in  fiscal  year  1983  and  $4  million  the  previous  year. 
The  most  noteworthy  productions  were  Smithsonian  Books'  Trea- 
sures of  the  Smithsonian,  which  is  being  reprinted  after  the  entire 
first  printing  of  70,000  copies  sold  out,  and  the  Recordings  divi- 
sion's album  Big  Band  Jazz:  From  the  Beginnings  to  the  Fifties, 
sales  of  which  have  also  exceeded  70,000  in  its  first  year.  (The 
performance  of  the  Recordings  division  in  the  marketing  area  was 
especially  impressive,  net  sales  for  the  year  having  exceeded 
$3,500,000.)  While  scholarly  books  never  reach  comparable  mar- 
kets, sales  of  University  Press  division  books  totaled  over  100,000 
copies  during  the  year,  achieving  a  record  gross  sales  income  figure 
in  excess  of  $1  million. 

A  major  highlight  of  the  Press's  year  occurred  in  the  production 
area  with  increasing  use  of  automatic  data  processing  techniques 
and  equipment  in  manuscript  preparation.  Word  processing  ter- 
minals have  been  installed  at  the  Press  for  editorial  use  with  suit- 
able manuscripts.  Each  of  the  Series  Publications  editors  has  had 
an  opportunity  to  learn  the  process  of  editing  on  these  terminals, 
and  the  contract  typesetter  for  Series  Publications  has  been  refining 
its  programming  of  the  manuscripts  produced  this  way.  Results 
have  been  so  satisfactory  in  terms  of  both  time  and  costs  of  pro- 
duction that  the  Press  is  now  strongly  encouraging  all  Institution 
authors  to  prepare  their  manuscripts  for  the  Contributions  and 


306  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Studies  series  for  this  process.  In  addition  to  the  Press's  advances 
in  practical  use  of  automatic  data  processing.  Series  Pubhcations 
Supervisor,  Barbara  Spann,  and  Production  Manager,  Lawrence 
Long,  have  coauthored  a  manual,  SI  Press  Instructions  for  Word 
Processing  to  Typesetting,  which  has  been  widely  distributed  both 
within  and  outside  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  throughout 
the  year  they  conducted  seminars  on  this  procedure  for  authors, 
publications  coordinators,  and  support  staffs  at  a  number  of  Smith- 
sonian museums. 

The  three  publishing  divisions  of  the  Press  were  fully  integrated 
during  the  year  under  centralized  direction,  business  and  adminis- 
trative management,  production,  and  marketing.  The  Press  has 
functioned  smoothly  despite  the  challenge  early  in  the  year  of 
having  to  move  principal  operations  from  the  Arts  and  Industries 
Building  to  new  quarters  in  L'Enfant  Plaza  while  former  offices 
undergo  major  restoration.  There  are  still  a  few  rough  spots  in  the 
areas  of  warehousing,  order  fulfillment,  and  control  of  the  three 
widely  separated  inventories  of  popular  books  (17  titles  with  an 
inventory  of  148,746  copies),  scholarly  books  (332  titles  with 
306,248  copies  in  inventory),  and  records  (50  titles  with  a  stock 
of  over  35,000  records  and  cassettes),  but  these  areas  are  receiving 
priority  attention.  An  additional  challenge  to  management  stems 
from  the  fact  that  the  new  quarters  are  not  large  enough  to  accom- 
modate either  the  editorial  and  design  staffs  of  Smithsonian  Books 
division  or  the  distribution  and  order  fufillment  division. 

Finally,  the  Press  took  on  a  new  role  commensurate  with  its 
growing  image  and  reputation  when  it  organized  and  acted  as  host, 
representative  of  all  book-publishing  elements  of  the  Institution, 
at  a  Smithsonian  Institution  booth  at  the  American  Booksellers 
Association  convention  in  the  Washington  Convention  Center  in 
May.  In  addition,  the  Press  was  selected  by  the  Association  of 
American  University  Presses  to  act  as  host  and  program  organizer 
for  the  annual  regional  meeting  of  the  aaup  held  in  Washington 
from  September  29  through  October  2. 


Smithsonian  Magazine 

Fiscal  year  1984  was  a  very  successful  year  for  Smithsonian  maga- 
zine. During  the  year  the  magazine  exceeded  2,000,000  in  circu- 
lation. Advertising  was  better  than  in  1983  and  along  with  in- 


Public  Service  I  307 


creased  membership  contributed  to  the  greatest  surplus  in  the 
magazine's  history.  Once  again  the  magazine  made  a  significant 
contribution  to  the  unrestricted  funds  of  the  Institution. 

During  this  growth  the  magazine  passed  on  to  other  divisions, 
by  the  transfer  process,  members  who  became  Contributing  Mem- 
bers, Resident  Associates,  and  Cooper-Hewitt  Associates.  The  sys- 
tem works  well:  it  introduces  people  to  Smithsonian  membership 
through  the  National  Associates,  then  for  the  course  of  their 
National  Associates  membership  tells  them  about  other  member- 
ship opportunities  within  the  Smithsonian. 

The  Smithsonian  is  an  institution  of  marvelous  variety:  Smith- 
sonian magazine  is  a  generalist  publication  which  reflects,  for  the 
layman,  that  variety.  But  nearly  every  person  has  a  special  interest 
also,  and  the  Smithsonian  can  satisfy  those  special  interests  as  well 
as  the  general  interests  of  the  educated  lay  person. 

The  Resident  Associates  Program  affords  Washington  area  resi- 
dents the  chance  to  participate  in  programs  of  the  Smithsonian 
itself;  the  Cooper-Hewitt  offers  the  same  opportunities  for  New 
Yorkers.  The  Contributing  Membership  Program,  geared  to  a 
nationwide  constituency,  enables  a  person  to  have  a  deeper  connec- 
tion with  the  Smithsonian.  Whatever  decision  an  individual  makes, 
Smithsonian  magazine  goes  to  all  members  and  it  is  through 
Smithsonian  magazine  that  the  initial  contact  is  made  with  the 
Smithsonian  Institution. 

Among  the  year's  editorial  highlights  was  a  two-part  series  on 
Antarctica  with  special  emphasis  on  scientific  research  and  re- 
sources. The  author,  Michael  Parfit,  spent  more  than  four  months 
on  the  continent,  not  only  visiting  McMurdo  Sound  and  the  South 
Pole  station,  but  also  visiting  American  and  foreign  bases  on  the 
Palmer  Peninsula,  and  traveling  the  offshore  waters  on  American 
research  vessels.  Also  in  1984,  a  major  effort  from  the  previous 
year — James  Trefil's  two-part  series  on  the  universe — was  recog- 
nized with  the  A.A.A.S.-Westinghouse  award  for  science  journal- 
ism. 


Visitor  Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center 

This  was  an  exceedingly  busy  and  productive  year  for  the  Visitor 
Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center  (viarc).  Newer  pro- 
grams  made   significant  progress   toward   project   goals,  while   a 


308  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


number  of  enhancements  enabled  established  activities  more  fully 
to  serve  the  needs  of  the  public.  Associate  members,  and  Smith- 
sonian staff,  volunteers,  and  interns. 

A  limited  amount  of  additional  office  space  eased  crowded  work- 
ing conditions  for  several  viarc  units  while  displacement  from  the 
South  Tower  Room  due  to  construction  projects  posed  an  unantici- 
pated challenge  for  others.  Thanks,  to  the  cooperation  and  effi- 
ciency of  the  Institution's  Communications  and  Transportation 
Services  Division,  the  relocation  of  the  Seven-Day  Information 
Units'  Telephone  Information  Program  to  temporary  accommoda- 
tions in  the  west  range  of  the  Castle  was  accomplished  without 
missing  a  call.  This  program  gained  twelve  new  telephone  volun- 
teers and  a  weekend  program  assistant  to  aid  in  the  task  of  re- 
sponding to  some  320,000  phone  inquiries.  Telephone  traffic  esca- 
lated to  an  all-time  high  during  The  Precious  Legacy  exhibition 
when  a  record  1,300  calls  were  received  on  December  26.  As  in 
the  past,  the  Washington  Craft  Show,  the  Festival  of  American 
Folklife,  and  nasm  special  events  also  generated  considerable  tele- 
phone inquiries. 

The  Museum  Information  Desk  Program,  serving  fourteen  desks 
in  eight  museums,  added  fifty-seven  new  volunteers  to  the  Infor- 
mation Specialist  corps;  extended  desk  services  to  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery  for  the  duration  of  the  exhibition  Masterpieces 
from  Versailles:  Three  Centuries  of  Portraiture;  aided  in  the  de- 
sign and  implementation  of  a  crowd  control  system  at  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History  for  The  Precious  Legacy  exhibition; 
staffed  the  National  Air  and  Space  information  desk  for  fourteen 
hours  during  a  day-long  symposium  and  the  "Lunar  Landing 
Party"  which  followed  it.  Information  Specialists  were  also  called 
upon  to  greet  and  direct  guests  at  the  installation  ceremony  of  the 
Institution's  Secretary  Robert  McCormick  Adams. 

Achievements  of  viarc's  Information  Outreach  Program,  estab- 
lished in  fiscal  year  1983  to  increase  the  Institution's  capability  to 
inform  and  orient  prospective  visitors  and  to  promote  Associate 
membership,  were  perhaps  the  most  broadly  based.  Participation 
in  local,  national,  and  international  tour  and  travel  industry 
marketplaces,  including  World  Travel  Market,  provided  an  oppor- 
tunity to  disseminate  trip  planning  information  and  to  identify 
the  Institution  as  a  complex  of  museums  rather  than  a  single 
museum  on  the  Mall,  for  some  twenty  thousand  journalists,  travel 
writers,  and  tour  trade  representatives.  The  booklet  Planning  a 
Smithsonian  Visit:  A  Guide  for  Croups  was  produced  specifically 


Public  Service  I  309 


Summer  visitors  get  a  head  start  on  planning  their  day  at  the  Smithsonian  by 
attending  a  9:30  a.m.  slide/lecture  orientation  presented  by  the  Visitor  Informa- 
tion and  Associates'  Reception  Center.  Some  6,000  visitors  were  able  to  attend 
the  early  morning  sessions  after  temporary  space  was  assigned  in  the  Great  Hall 
of  the  Castle  for  such  presentations. 


to  meet  the  needs  of  group  travel  planners.  With  the  permission  of 
Smithsonian  Books,  the  colorful  graphics  on  the  dust  jacket  for 
The  Smithsonian  Experience  were  incorporated  into  the  design  of 
a  collapsible  display  unit  and  presentation  folder  used  at  travel 
industry  functions.  An  orientation  videocassette  was  produced  in 
cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Telecommunications  for  use  at 
tourist  sites,  including  four  Mall  museums,  and  travel  market- 
places. Other  cooperative  ventures  included  participation  in  the 
Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education's  Regional  Events 
programs  to  promote  previsit  trip  planning  and  the  use  of  Smith- 
sonian magazine  as  a  classroom  resource,  and,  with  Smithsonian 
magazine,  the  design  of  a  tote  bag  embellished  with  a  montage  of 
magazine  covers,  for  use  as  a  membership  marketing  tool.  A  cam- 
paign to  promote  the  sale  of  National  Associate  memberships 
throughout  the  Institution  resulted  in  a  600  percent  increase  in 
these  sales,  primarily  in  the  Museum  Shops. 

Another  important  accomplishment  under  the  aegis  of  the  Infor- 
mation Outreach  Program  was  completion  of  a  design  study  by 
the  George  Washington  University  Department  of  Urban  and 
Regional  Planning.  Titled  The  Smithsonian:  Enhancing  the  Visi- 
tor's Experience,  the  study  made  recommendations  for  an  exterior 
graphic  information  system  to  assist  visitors  in  locating  the  Smith- 
sonian, understanding  its  scope,  and  making  informed  use  of  their 
time  in  the  museums. 

A  tremendous  boost  was  given  Group  Information  Services, 
another  component  of  the  Information  Outreach  Unit,  with  the 
temporary  assignment  of  much  needed  public  orientation  space 
in  the  Great  Hall  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Building.  For  the 
first  time  the  Castle  was  opened  at  9:15  a.m.  to  admit  some  six 
thousand  visitors  to  the  early  morning  presentations.  Regular 
access  to  this  space  netted  an  overall  75  percent  increase  in  visitor 
attendance  at  the  daily  30-minute  slide/lecture  overviews  of  the 
Institution.  A  20-minute  variation  of  this  presentation  for  young 
visitors  was  inaugurated  in  the  fall.  The  Castle  Docent  Program 
conducted  112  behind-the-scenes  tours  for  National  Associates 
participating  in  the  "Washington  Anytime  Weekend,"  and  addi- 
tional tours  for  participants  of  other  special  programs.  The  Mobile 
Information  Program's  units  were  redesigned  to  make  them  easier 
to  maneuver  on  the  walkways  outside  Mall  museums.  Operating 
during  the  peak  visitation  period  between  Memorial  Day  and 
Labor  Day,  their  assistance  to  visitors  complemented  viarc  Infor- 
mation Desk  services  within  the  museums. 


Public  Service  I  311 


The  Staff/Volunteer/Intern  Service  Unit  (svis),  another  princi- 
pal viARC  component,  undertook  a  major  new  responsibihty  with 
the  initiation  of  the  Intern  Information/Registration  Program.  In 
its  first  year  of  operation,  the  Program  compiled  a  central  registry 
of  379  interns,  26  of  whom  began  their  internships  prior  to  the 
beginning  of  the  fiscal  year.  An  analysis  of  year-end  figures 
showed  that  310  interns  were  United  States  citizens  while  43  were 
foreign-born;  241  were  females  and  112  were  males;  the  largest 
contingent  of  interns,  55  percent,  was  in  residence  from  June  to 
August.  In  addition,  the  Program  produced  new  printed  materials, 
including  a  Handbook  for  Smithsonian  Interns  and  Housing  Infor- 
mation for  Interns  and  Fellows. 

One  of  svis's  established  programs,  the  Independent  Volunteer 
Placement  Service  (ivps),  registered  an  all-time  high  of  964  behind- 
the-scenes  volunteers,  a  14  percent  increase  over  fiscal  year  1983, 
and  responded  to  184  staff  requests  for  qualified  volunteers  to 
assist  in  curatorial  and  technical  projects.  In  answer  to  an  increas- 
ing demand  for  foreign  language  proficiency,  a  Translation  Ser- 
vices group  was  formed.  During  the  annual  reception  honoring 
behind-the-scenes  volunteers,  twenty-four  individuals  were  recog- 
nized for  ten  or  more  years  of  continuous  service. 

The  annual  Institution-wide  survey  of  volunteer  involvement, 
also  a  svis  responsibility,  showed  that  5,648  individuals  contrib- 
uted 449,933  hours. 

An  additional  svis  function,  the  Special  Magazine  Files — the  cen- 
tral fulfillment  center  for  reduced-rate  staff  and  volunteer  National 
Associate  memberships — included  the  processing  of  1,496  appli- 
cations, and  conversion  of  the  Courtesy  Mailing  List,  consisting 
of  885  records,  to  an  automated  system. 

The  Public  Inquiry  Mail  Service  (pims),  vi arc's  central  research, 
response,  and  referral  point  for  the  Institution's  unsolicited  mail, 
handled  more  than  42,000  letters,  an  increase  of  13.5  percent  over 
last  year.  In  cooperation  with  other  bureaus  and  offices,  pims  pro- 
duced 172  new  and  updated  fact  sheets,  bibliographies,  and  pre- 
printed pieces  to  aid  in  responding  to  mail  inquiries.  Pims  was 
designated  as  the  clearinghouse  for  the  mail  resulting  from  the 
"Smithsonian  World"  television  series  and  prepared,  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  series  research  staff,  nineteen  bibliographies  for  these 
mail  inquiries  alone.  This  viarc  unit  again  conducted  an  Institu- 
tion-wide mail  survey  and  continued  to  update  regularly  and  pro- 
duce a  master  Institution-wide  reference  list  of  sales  merchandise. 

ViARc's  Information  Resources  Division  continued  to  compile 


312  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


the  variety  of  reference  and  information  aids  used  by  museum  and 
telephone  Information  Specialists  in  answering  questions  about 
the  Smithsonian.  In  addition.  Guide  to  the  Nation's  Capital  and 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  was  updated  and  reprinted  in  coopera- 
tion with  Smithsonian  magazine.  Two  new  maps  were  created: 
one,  in  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs,  shows  the 
location  of  Smithsonian  museums  in  Washington,  and  the  other, 
a  regional  map,  indicates  major  highway  arteries  into  the  capital. 
The  addition  of  a  Metrorail  subway  map  in  color  was  among  the 
refinements  made  in  a  new  edition  of  Planning  Your  Smithsonian 
Visit,  one  of  the  numerous  brochures  and  flyers  produced  by  the 
division  to  support  viarc  programs. 

No  summary  of  the  year  would  be  complete  without  mention 
of  the  involvement  of  viarc  in  the  1984  annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Association  of  Museums  in  Washington,  D.C.  The  des- 
ignation of  viARc's  director  as  Volunteer/Hospitality  Chairman 
saw  the  enlistment  of  several  viarc  and  other  Smithsonian  staff 
members  to  work  with  museums  and  cultural  institutions  city- 
wide  to  coordinate  the  recruitment,  training,  and  scheduling  of 
some  six  hundred  volunteers  for  assistance  at  special  events  and 
regular  sessions  of  the  four-day  gathering. 


Public  Service  I  313 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 
ADMINISTRATION 


The  administrative,  technical,  and  other  central  support  services 
work  behind  the  scenes  to  help  assure  the  effectiveness  and  effi- 
ciency of  the  Institution's  research,  collections  management,  and 
public  programs.  These  organization  units  include  accounting  and 
financial  services,  audits,  congressional  liaison,  contracts,  equal 
opportunity,  facilities  services,  grants  and  risk  management,  infor- 
mation resource  management,  general  counsel,  management  anal- 
ysis, personnel  administration,  printing  and  photographic  services, 
programming  and  budget,  special  events,  supply  services,  and 
travel  services.  The  costs  of  these  central  services  are  controlled 
tightly  and  consequently  amount  in  total  to  only  about  8  percent 
of  the  Institution's  total  operating  expenditures  exclusive  of  the 
expenses  of  maintenance,  operation,  and  protection  of  facilities. 

As  described  in  greater  detail  in  the  following  sections,  progress 
in  administrative  support  was  made  in  a  number  of  areas.  Com- 
puter and  word  processing  technology  were  increasingly  extended 
to  bibliographic,  collections  management,  financial  management, 
and  office  automation  applications.  Important  progress  was  made 
on  construction  projects,  energy  conservation,  communications 
management,  security,  and  employee  health  services.  Affirmative 
action  efforts  showed  results.  Internal  controls  were  assessed  and 
photographic  services  programs  were  strengthened. 

The  International  Exchange  Service  continued  to  serve  as  a 
transshipment  point  for  books  and  journals  being  sent  by  United 
States  educational  and  cultural  organizations  to  foreign  institu- 
tions and  for  similar  materials  coming  to  institutions  in  this  coun- 
try from  abroad. 


315 


Administrative  and  Support  Activities 

JOHN  F.  JAMESON,  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  FOR  ADMINISTRATION 

Planning  and  budgeting  activities  continued  to  receive  much  atten- 
tion during  the  year  in  a  coordinated  effort  to  identify,  present, 
and  meet  the  Institution's  goals  and  objectives.  The  Five-Year 
Prospectus,  FY  1985-1989,  was  approved  by  the  Board  of  Regents 
at  its  January  23,  1984,  meeting.  This  planning  document  pre- 
sented future  year  building  requirements  and  described  directions 
in  research,  education,  and  other  public  service  activities  as  well  as 
requirements  to  improve  information  handling,  security,  and  main- 
tenance of  collections  and  facilities.  Preparation  of  the  plan  in- 
volved staff  in  all  areas  of  the  Institution.  Subsequent  to  Regents' 
approval,  work  started  on  the  next  cycle  of  preparation  resulting 
in  a  draft  prospectus  for  fiscal  years  1986-1990  submitted  for 
Regents'  review  at  the  September  17,  1984,  meeting.  The  Office 
of  Programming  and  Budget  (opb)  concentrated  on  expanding  the 
application  of  automated  systems  to  the  budget  process,  both  in 
budget  analysis  and  monitoring  and  in  budget  presentation.  In 
addition,  the  opb  improved  its  capability  to  transmit  federal  budget 
schedule  data  directly  into  the  Office  of  Management  and  Budget's 
computer  system.  The  fourth  Budget  Formulation  Workshop,  held 
in  December  1983,  attended  by  over  fifty  Smithsonian  staff  at 
the  middle  management  level,  addressed  the  budget  formulation 
process  from  the  submission  of  bureau  requests  through  the  dy- 
namics of  the  congressional  hearing.  Other  workshops  sponsored 
by  the  office  provided  bureaus  with  a  better  understanding  of  trust 
fund  budget  procedures  and  federal  budget  execution.  Work  con- 
tinued on  the  development  and  preparation  of  a  Smithsonian 
budget  procedures  handbook. 

The  Office  of  Information  Resource  Management  (oirm)  began 
to  implement  elements  of  its  forward  plan  aimed  at  improving 
access  to  information  systems,  services,  and  sources.  The  existing 
computer  communications  network  was  extended,  a  new  broad- 
band network  capable  of  carrying  data,  images,  and  voice  was 
introduced,  and  plans  were  made  for  the  extension  of  these  net- 
works through  an  Institution-wide  communications  pathway  over 
the  next  five  years.  A  new  mainframe  computer  was  selected  on 
the  basis  of  requirements  for  user  access  to  Institution  data  bases. 
An  information  center  was  established  to  provide  support  and 
training   to   staff   throughout   the   Institution   who   were  making 


316  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


direct  use  of  microcomputer-based  systems  and  lir\kages  to  the 
mainframe  to  support  program  objectives.  Institutional  licenses 
were  negotiated  to  some  widely  utilized  microcomputer  software 
packages  and  on-line  tutorial  and  video  courses  were  acquired  to 
train  staff  in  the  use  of  this  and  other  software. 

OiRM  initiated  a  program  to  support  integration  of  specialized 
systems  to  meet  the  particular  requirements  of  the  Institution's 
research  and  collections  inventory  management.  A  workstation  to 
satisfy  a  wide  range  of  scientific  automation  requirements,  includ- 
ing automated  acquisition  and  analysis  of  data,  was  introduced. 
Funds  were  provided  to  assist  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum 
in  the  development  of  an  optical  digital  videodisc  system  for  arch- 
ival recording  and  retrieval  of  texts  and  images.  Technical  assis- 
tance was  provided  to  test  and  implement  an  automated  security 
system. 

The  first  major  Institution-wide  Bibliographic  Information  Sys- 
tem was  installed  to  support  access  to  and  control  over  information 
in  libraries,  archives,  and  research  files  throughout  the  Institution. 
During  the  first  several  months  of  its  operation,  the  system  held 
over  300,000  records  with  on-line  access  from  over  one  hundred 
terminals.  Work  continued  on  definition  of  a  Collections  Informa- 
tion System  to  provide  access  to  information  about  the  Institution's 
object  collections  and  the  exhibitions,  tours,  courses,  and  public 
programs  which  interpret  them.  Some  of  the  software  integral  to 
the  Collections  Information  System  was  acquired,  including  an 
institutional  data  dictionary/directory  package.  The  full  system, 
which  will  become  operational  in  1985,  ultimately  will  provide 
potential  access  to  over  100  million  artifacts  and  specimens  in  the 
Institution  and  make  possible  staff  and  public  exploration  of  the 
vast  holdings  of  the  Smithsonian. 

OiRM  provided  guidance  to  offices  throughout  the  Institution  in 
the  selection  and  acquisition  of  automated  equipment.  It  set  direc- 
tions for  office  automation  and  microcomputer  systems'  integration 
predicated  on  integration  with  the  new  mainframe  hardware.  It 
established  a  plan  and  a  schedule  for  transition  to  the  new  main- 
frame which  will  result  in  converting  and  upgrading  all  in-house 
developed  software  over  the  next  two  years. 

In  a  statement  of  its  mission,  oirm  placed  an  equal  emphasis  on 
its  policy  development,  planning,  data  administration,  and  informa- 
tion services  roles  alongside  its  traditional  systems  development 
and  computer  operations  function.  A  reorganization  of  the  office 
was  initiated  to  achieve  the  stated  balance. 


Administration  /  317 


Highlights  for  the  Office  of  FaciHties  Services  and  its  com- 
ponents included  planning  and  development  of  a  major  food  fa- 
cility at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  (where  construction 
is  projected  to  start  in  early  fiscal  year  1985),  and  completing  of 
the  exterior  foundation  wall,  excavation,  and  mat  foundation  on 
the  Smithsonian  Quadrangle  project.  Construction  of  the  Quad- 
rangle is  expected  to  be  completed  in  early  1986.  Other  activity 
during  the  year,  under  the  direction  of  the  Office  of  Design  and 
Construction,  included  continuation  of  major  exterior  restoration 
of  the  Arts  and  Industries  Building  and  of  the  Renwick  Gallery 
facade.  Work  also  continued  on  major  fire  protection  projects  in 
the  Museums  of  American  History  and  Natural  History.  In  addi- 
tion, work  started  on  master  facilities  plans  for  the  Smithsonian 
Tropical  Research  Institute  and  the  Smithsonian  Environmental 
Research  Center.  Major  energy  improvements  were  also  made  in 
the  heating,  ventilating,  and  air  conditioning  systems  at  the  Mu- 
seum of  American  History.  Also  at  the  Museum  of  American  His- 
tory, other  major  construction  activity  during  the  year  included 
the  completion  and  opening  of  the  ice  cream  parlor  and  the  mu- 
seum shop  /  bookstore. 

Major  activity  in  the  Office  of  Plant  Services  included  a  reorga- 
nization of  the  Crafts  Service  Division  to  strengthen  internal 
management  controls,  and  initiation  of  a  program  that  combined 
physical  plant  inspections  with  gathering  Smithsonian  real  property 
data  for  over  three  hundred  and  fifty  buildings  and  structures. 
Energy  conservation  efforts  this  year  focused  on  greater  controls 
over  the  use  of  lighting  throughout  the  buildings.  Efforts  in  reduc- 
ing long-distance  telephone  calls  continued  to  be  successful,  as 
evidenced  by  usage  reductions  of  about  16  percent  during  the  year. 
Further  savings  in  communications  expenses  will  be  realized  in 
1985  and  beyond  through  the  purchase  of  telephone  equipment. 
The  office  has  also  developed  a  pilot  vehicle-replacement  program 
that  when  fully  implemented  will  provide  for  planned,  phased 
replacement  of  over  three  hundred  Smithsonian  vehicles. 

Significant  progress  was  made  in  the  Office  of  Protection  Services 
during  the  past  year.  As  part  of  the  comprehensive  occupational 
health  services  program  for  the  staff,  employee  assistance  counsel- 
ing was  expanded  to  a  full-time  basis.  Health  Services  Division 
has  assumed  full  responsibility  for  health  programs  at  the  National 
Zoo,  expanding  the  number  of  services  available  to  Zoo  employees. 
To  allow  nurses  to  concentrate  on  occupational  health  programs, 
emergency  medical  technicians  have  been  appointed   to  provide 


318  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


first  aid  services.  Employee  medical  records  are  now  being  auto- 
mated along  with  safety  and  industrial  hygiene  records. 

The  Safety  Division  continued  its  phased  program  to  control  or 
abate  asbestos  throughout  the  Institution's  facilities  and  learned 
through  an  independent  study  that  its  program  was  one  of  the  best 
of  its  type  in  the  country.  Safety  committees  have  been  established 
wherever  required  to  keep  employees  involved  in  the  effort  to 
maintain  safe  and  healthy  work  places.  A  major  program  to  train 
supervisors  and  managers  in  occupational  safety  and  health  re- 
quirements has  begun,  and  presentation  of  the  first  classes  is 
expected  in  mid-1985.  Development  of  fire  protection  master  plans 
concentrated  on  the  installation  of  automatic  sprinkler  protection 
and  smoke  detection  in  nine  facilities. 

The  security  system  designed  for  the  Institution  was  placed  into 
operation  at  the  Museum  Support  Center  and  at  the  central  control 
station  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Building.  The  system  will 
next  be  extended  to  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden, 
with  work  expected  to  begin  in  June  1985.  More  than  sixty  projects 
to  upgrade  security  devices  throughout  the  Institution  were  begun, 
and  twenty-six  projects  were  programmed  for  fiscal  year  1984  in 
an  upgrade  program  that  is  projected  for  completion  in  fiscal  year 
1987.  As  always,  the  Smithsonian's  guard  force  continued  its  effec- 
tive service  to  the  visiting  public  and  to  the  security  of  buildings 
and  collections. 

Other  administrative  services  continued  their  strong  support  for 
the  Institution's  programs.  The  Office  of  Personnel  Administration 
took  a  number  of  steps  to  strengthen  its  recruitment  efforts  espe- 
cially for  minority  persons.  Information  on  employment  opportuni- 
ties was  presented  at  twelve  job  fairs  and  the  office  completed  work 
on  a  number  of  pamphlets  describing  particular  categories  of 
employment.  Efforts  at  community  contacts  and  networking  with 
the  historically  Black  colleges  and  universities  continued.  In  order 
to  achieve  improved  control  and  reduce  costs  to  the  Institution,  the 
personnel  office  contracted  for  the  management  of  unemployment 
insurance  claims.  The  labor  relations  program  was  active  with  the 
renewal  of  a  contract  with  the  National  Maritime  Union  and  the 
initiation  of  negotiations  with  the  United  Food  and  Commercial 
Workers  Union. 

The  Office  of  Equal  Opportunity  emphasized  special  recruitment 
of  minority  professional  candidates  with  some  improvements  in  the 
representation  of  minority  persons  and  women  in  professional  jobs 
and  in  upper  grades.  Program  and  facility  accessibility  for  disabled 


Administration  I  319 


persons  continues  to  improve.  Accessibility  self-assessment  surveys 
were  completed  by  the  bureaus  and  evaluated  by  the  Equal  Oppor- 
tunity staff.  Preliminary  analysis  of  the  data  showed  many  com- 
pleted and  ongoing  program  and  facility  accessibility  projects. 
Nevertheless,  data  was  further  developed  into  four  major  areas  of 
concern:  publicity  and  publications;  exhibitions,  programs,  and 
activities;  Smithsonian  staff  education;  and  exhibit  labels.  Next, 
task  forces  composed  of  bureau  personnel  were  established  to  make 
recommendations  in  their  respective  area  of  concern.  Outreach 
efforts  to  minority  and  women's  organizations  and  communities 
continued  with  equal  opportunity  exhibition  displays  at  conferences 
held  by  the  National  Council  of  Negro  Women,  National  Associ- 
ation for  Equal  Opportunities  in  Higher  Education,  Federally  Em- 
ployed Women,  LaRaza,  and  the  President's  Committee  on  Employ- 
ment of  the  Handicapped.  In  addition  equal  employment  messages 
were  placed  with  four  major  minority  and  women's  publications 
that  reach  an  audience  of  approximately  one  million  people. 

During  1984  key  projects  in  the  Office  of  Printing  and  Photo- 
graphic Services  centered  on  archival  storage  of  photographs, 
expanding  and  improving  services,  sponsoring  photographic  edu- 
cation programs  and  exhibitions,  and  supporting  the  continuing 
collections  management  priorities  of  the  Institution. 

The  office's  cold  storage  room  for  processed  film  was  improved 
with  backup  systems  for  both  cooling  and  humidity  control.  The 
office's  35mm  color  slides  from  1977  to  1984  were  placed  on  video- 
disc for  reference  use.  This  disc  also  contains  test  subjects  from 
black  and  white  files  and  a  variety  of  files  from  other  Smithsonian 
bureaus.  During  the  year  a  new  branch  office  was  opened  at  the 
Museum  Support  Center  and  a  new  office  was  established  and 
staffed  at  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute.  The  office 
cosponsored  for  the  sixth  year  a  free  photographic  seminar  for 
students  with  the  White  House  News  Photographers  Association. 
The  office  also  conducted  a  training  program  for  museum  profes- 
sionals through  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs.  In  addition,  for 
the  first  time  the  office  proposed  the  development  of  a  photo 
exhibition  based  on  its  photodocumentary  work.  The  exhibition, 
covering  twenty  years  of  activities  on  the  Mall,  opened  in  August. 
The  office  also  continued  the  management  of  the  photodocumentary 
project  in  Numismatics,  and  also  continued  support  of  inventory 
projects  in  several  bureaus. 

The  Management  Analysis  Office  (mao)  continued  its  program  of 
regularly  scheduled  and  special  reviews  and  analyses  of  manage- 


320  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


ment  and  organization  problems.  It  also  continued  its  program, 
begun  in  1979,  of  bringing  to  the  Smithsonian  for  the  summer 
small  numbers  of  carefully  selected  students  in  graduate  schools  of 
business  administration  to  work  on  management  projects  of  inter- 
est to  Smithsonian  offices  for  which  an  education  in  business 
administration  is  particularly  appropriate.  In  1984  three  such 
graduate  students  worked  in  the  Office  of  Audits,  the  Office  of 
Fellowships  and  Grants,  and  the  Museum  Shops  bringing  the  total 
since  1979  to  twenty-four.  The  Office  of  Audits  played  a  key  role 
in  the  planning,  development,  training,  and  implementation  of  an 
internal  control  assessment  program  spanning  all  organization 
units  and  their  functions  and  involving  managers  at  all  levels. 
Oversight  of  the  program  was  made  the  responsibility  of  the  mao 
and  results  of  the  assessment  and  a  plan  for  necessary  strengthen- 
ing actions  was  prepared  for  the  management  of  the  Institution  and 
for  Board  of  Regents'  review. 

The  Office  of  Supply  Services  took  prompt  action  to  implement 
the  new  Federal  Acquisition  Regulations  which  govern  federal 
fund  purchases  and  contracts.  This  office  also  exceeded  its  high 
goals  for  procurement  and  contracts  with  small  and  minority  busi- 
ness. The  Travel  Services  Office  provided  an  unusual  level  of 
support  for  programs  including  arrangements  for  Folklife  Festival 
participants  from  remote  areas  of  Alaska  and  for  the  Institution's 
scholarly,  exhibition,  and  performance  programs  at  the  Edinburgh 
Festival. 


Financial  Management  Activities 

On  November  23,  1983,  Mr.  Christian  C.  Hohenlohe  resigned  as 
Treasurer,  having  directed  the  Institution's  investment,  accounting, 
and  business  management  activities  with  thoughtfulness  and  out- 
standing achievement  for  over  five  years.  Mr.  John  F.  Jameson, 
the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration,  served  additionally  as 
Acting  Treasurer  until  the  Board  of  Regents'  appointment  of 
Ms.  Ann  R.  Leven.  Formerly  an  officer  of  the  Chase  Manhattan 
Bank  and  Treasurer  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  Ms.  Leven  joined 
the  Smithsonian  staff  on  August  1,  1984. 

The  expanded  use  of  computers  and  related  equipment  during 
the  past  year  has  enabled  major  progress  in  the  management  and 
analysis  of  the  Institution's  financial  resources.  Through  develop- 


Administration  I  321 


ment  of  an  innovative  software  and  communications  systems 
design,  the  Accounting  Office  can  update  financial  files  on  a  daily 
basis  and  disseminate  information  electronically  to  selected  other 
offices.  Introduction  of  microcomputers  into  the  Office  of  Account- 
ing and  Financial  Services,  along  with  an  intensive  training  pro- 
gram on  their  use  and  capabilities,  has  resulted  in  improved 
financial  reports  and  the  elimination  of  much  manual  preparation. 
Cash  forecasts  are  now  more  comprehensive  and  timely  owing  to 
the  use  of  the  microcomputer  in  tracking  and  analyzing  cash  flow 
and  investments;  electronic  monitoring  of  banking  transactions  has 
contributed  to  an  increase  in  current  fund  investments  income. 

A  new  training  course  was  developed  on  accounting  policies  and 
procedures  for  secretarial,  administrative,  and  clerical  personnel. 
Courses  were  also  given  jointly  with  the  Travel  Services  Office  on 
travel  regulations  and  requirements.  These  courses  were  designed 
to  enhance  staff  understanding  of  the  financial  management  system 
and  to  improve  the  processing  of  related  financial  documents. 

Staff  training  was  also  a  focus  of  the  Office  of  Grants  and  Risk 
Management,  which  continued  its  efforts  to  improve  grant  adminis- 
tration with  the  development  of  a  new  seminar  format  and  creation 
of  a  grants  administration  handbook.  Efforts  to  increase  awareness 
of  risk  management  concepts  by  Smithsonian  staff,  as  well  as  the 
museum  community,  continued  as  a  priority.  Reviews  of  con- 
tractual requirements  such  as  loan  agreements  and  vehicle  leasing 
resulted  in  eliminating  or  reducing  risks  and  administrative  burden. 

Following  a  comprehensive  study  and  management  review,  the 
Smithsonian-managed  food  service  operations  in  the  National  Air 
and  Space  Museum  building  and  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculp- 
ture Garden  were  restored  to  concession  management,  effective  in 
October  1983.  During  the  past  year,  a  proposal  to  improve  sig- 
nificantly the  quality  of  all  Smithsonian  food  services  was  devel- 
oped. Approval  of  plans  to  construct  a  new  restaurant  at  the  east 
end  of  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  was  requested  and 
received  from  the  National  Capital  Planning  Commission  and  the 
Commission  of  Fine  Arts.  Work  was  also  initiated  on  plans  to 
renovate  and  upgrade  other  Smithsonian  restaurant  facilities. 

Sales  in  the  museum  shops  and  through  the  mail  order  catalogues 
were  exceptionally  strong  this  past  year,  reflecting  wide  acceptance 
of  Smithsonian  merchandise.  A  greatly  expanded  and  modernized 
museum  shop  was  opened  in  the  Museum  of  American  History. 
The  shop  in  the  Museum  of  American  Art  was  renovated  as  were 
the  theater  and  spacearium  shops  in  the  Air  and  Space  Museum. 


322  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


New  electronic  cash  registers  were  installed  in  all  shops,  greatly 
facilitating  inventory  and  cash  control.  Major  improvements  were 
made  in  the  mail  order  fulfillment  facilities  to  expedite  the  delivery 
of  merchandise.  Increased  emphasis  on  extending  the  Institution's 
outreach  through  the  licensing  of  reproductions  and  other  products 
closely  related  to  the  Smithsonian's  collections  led  to  new  agree- 
ments with  several  manufacturers.  Revised  parking  guidelines  and 
administration  resulted  in  improved  parking  availability  for  both 
the  public  and  employees. 


Smithsonian  Institution  Women's  Council 

SUSAN    KALCIK,    CHAIRPERSON 

The  newly  elected  Council  began  its  two-year  term  in  October, 
1983,  and  continued  efforts  to  identify  and  study  the  concerns  of 
employees,  serve  as  an  advisory  group  on  women's  issues  to  the 
Secretary  and  administration,  and  work  for  the  general  advance- 
ment and  improvement  of  conditions  for  employees. 

The  Council's  standing  committees  reflect  its  major  areas  of 
concern:  Day  Care  (Katherine  Sprague,  chairperson).  Newsletter 
(Susan  Jewett),  Information  Processing  (Victoria  Hershiser),  Ser- 
vices and  Benefits  (Susanne  Owens  Koenig),  and  Training  (Mar- 
gery Gordon).  The  Training  Committee  sponsored  its  annual 
two-part  tax  preparation  seminar  for  employees.  The  Day  Care 
Committee  focused  its  efforts  on  the  location  of  an  appropriate 
space  for  a  center.  The  4  Star  newsletter  adopted  a  quarterly  for- 
mat. Its  issues  on  professionalism  among  museum  support  staff 
and  the  M*A*S*H  exhibition  received  the  most  positive  and 
supportive  responses. 

The  Council  reviewed  and  organized  the  Council's  papers  and 
materials  presently  housed  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Archives. 
A  senior  advisory  group  of  eight  women  in  upper  management 
was  formed  to  advise  the  Council  on  special  issues.  In  a  departure 
from  its  annual  Women's  Week  in  September,  the  Council  is  recog- 
nizing March  as  Women's  History  Month  at  the  Smithsonian.  It 
will  publicize  exhibitions  and  activities  presented  throughout  the 
Institution  in  conjunction  with  this  theme.  The  Council  is  also 
working  on  plans  for  a  two-day  conference  about  women  in 
museums  to  be  cosponsored  with  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs. 


Administration  I  323 


Mary  Ripley,  Barbara  Bush,  and  Jane  Hart,  chairman  1983-84  of  the  Women's 
Committee  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates,  are  shown  at  a  coffee  at  the  Vice- 
President's  Residence  honoring  Mrs.  Ripley  as  founder  of  the  committee. 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 


MEMBERSHIP  AND  DEVELOPMENT 


JAMES  MCK.  SYMINGTON, 
DIRECTOR 


Office  of  Development 

The  capital  campaign  to  raise  $37.5  million  for  the  Quadrangle's 
construction  was  successfully  completed  June  30,  1984.  Major 
credit  for  this  achievement  can  be  ascribed  to  the  National  Board 
of  the  Smithsonian  Associates  and,  in  particular,  to  William  S. 
Anderson,  former  board  chairman,  who  served  as  chairman  of  the 
Quadrangle  Campaign.  Directly,  through  members'  individual 
contributions,  and  indirectly,  through  members'  corporate  relation- 
ships, nearly  $4  million  in  contributions  is  to  be  attributed  to  the 
National  Board  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates  with  the  able  leader- 
ship of  Mr.  Anderson  and  Board  Chairman  W.  L.  Hadley  Griffin. 
Mr.  Anderson,  in  addition  to  his  capable  management  of  the 
Quadrangle  Campaign,  generously  made  available  the  NCR  Cor- 
poration's Tokyo  office  as  headquarters  for  the  Friends  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  in  Japan  Committee,  which  generated 
sizable  contributions  to  the  Quadrangle  from  corporations  and 
foundations  in  Japan. 

With  the  construction  of  the  Quadrangle  now  assured,  and  in 
recognition  of  ever  more  competition  in  the  philanthropic  field,  the 
Development  Office  staff  is  being  increased  in  size  and  restructured 
so  as  to  provide  closer  and  more  effective  cooperation  with  the 
bureaus  and  offices  of  the  Institution.  Individual  development  offi- 
cers have  been  assigned  to  specific  Smithsonian  units,  to  work 
more  intimately  with  their  respective  directors,  curators,  and 
scientists.  A  third  research  associate  has  joined  the  staff,  and 
Ilene  Rubin  has  been  appointed  development  officer  at  the  Archives 


325 


of  American  Art  in  New  York  City.  Yet  another  development 
officer  is  soon  to  be  added  to  the  Washington  staff,  together  with 
a  fourth  secretary  for  the  office. 

A  new  development  brochure  is  about  to  be  published,  and 
this,  together  with  the  outstanding  brochure  on  Smithsonian 
science  activities  produced  by  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs,  will  be 
especially  useful  in  generating  private  support  for  the  Institution. 

With  the  enlargement  of  the  development  staff,  there  is  now  an 
opportunity  to  place  new  emphasis  on  such  deferred  giving  pro- 
grams as  the  Smithsonian  Pooled  Income  Fund,  Unitrusts  and 
Annuity  Trusts.  Additional  efforts  will  be  made  to  encourage 
friends  of  the  Smithsonian  to  consider  bequests  and  gifts  of  life 
insurance  to  the  Institution. 

The  new  museums  of  the  Quadrangle  can  be  expected  to  require 
substantial  funds  to  support  their  exhibition  programs  in  the 
years  ahead,  adding  to  like  needs  of  the  Evans  Gallery  of  the 
National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  temporary  exhibitions  of 
the  other  Smithsonian  museums,  and  sites's  traveling  exhibitions. 
Corporate  sponsorship  of  such  programs  is  essential.  At  the  same 
time,  the  demands  upon  corporate  contributions  committees  have 
intensified,  especially  from  human  services  organizations  in  their 
own  headquarters  and  plant  communities.  Recognizing  these  new 
developments,  the  Smithsonian  has  created  a  Major  Exhibitions 
Fund,  from  which  financial  support  can  be  drawn,  in  whole  or  in 
part,  for  specially  selected  exhibitions.  This  will  be  of  the  greatest 
assistance  to  the  Development  Office  as  it  seeks  corporate  spon- 
sorships, making  possible  appeals  for  corporate  contributions  to 
match  the  Smithsonian's  own  funds  and  permitting  such  sponsor- 
ships at  lower  corporate  expenditures. 

As  international  educational  and  research  activities  of  the  Smith- 
sonian take  form  and  substance,  it  is  expected  that  they  will  be 
attractive  to  leading  national  foundations.  New  focus  on  world 
peace  by  the  Council  on  Foundations  suggests  that  this  is  a  strong 
possibility,  and  appropriate  measures  are  planned  for  1985  and 
beyond,  under  the  leadership  of  Secretary  Adams. 


National  Board  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates 

This  board  remained  under  the  able  leadership  of  W.  L.  Hadley 
Griffin,  in  his  final  year  as  chairman.  Board  members'  interest  in 


326  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


the  Institution  and  most  especially  in  the  Associate  programs  con- 
tinues strong. 

The  close  association  between  the  National  Associate  Board  and 
the  Board  of  Regents  continues  with  Chairman  Griffin  having 
attended  the  Regents'  meetings. 

New  members  elected  to  the  board  in  1984  were  Frank  Cary, 
Charles  Dickey,  Jr.,  Mrs.  Robert  Donner,  Jr.,  Howard  Love,  Alex- 
ander McLanahan,  and  Charles  Murphy,  Jr. 

The  board  met  in  St.  Louis  in  spring  1984  and,  as  usual,  in 
Washington  in  the  autumn  of  1984.  The  board  at  its  autumn 
meeting  elected  Seymour  Knox  to  assume  the  chairmanship  as  of 
January  1, 1985.  The  Executive  Committee  of  the  board,  subsequent 
to  the  meeting,  proposed  they  meet  with  Secretary  Adams  in 
October  to  explore  areas  in  which  the  board  could  help  the 
Institution. 


Women's  Committee  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates 

The  Women's  Committee  supports  a  major  objective  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Associates  by  assisting  the  Smithsonian  Institution  through 
volunteer  service.  The  committee  was  able  to  award  $70,414  to 
twenty-five  different  programs  throughout  the  Institution  as  a 
result  of  the  extremely  successful  1984  Washington  Craft  Show 
and  the  1984  Christmas  Dance.  From  these  two  fundraisers,  the 
committee  provided  funds  in  amounts  varying  from  $1500  to 
$6000  for  the  following:  five  anthropological  films  of  Ivory  Coast 
tribes  for  the  National  Museum  of  African  Art's  education  pro- 
gram; seed  money  for  satellite  photographs  of  the  Niger  Delta  for 
the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum;  2,000  slides  of  works  by 
American  artists  for  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art; 
"America  on  Film:  A  Free  Film  Theater"  which  is  coordinated  with 
the  National  Museum  of  American  History;  the  reprinting  of 
Space  for  Women  for  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory; 
the  producing  of  video  documentaries  on  the  Maser  atomic  clock 
from  the  outtakes  of  the  television  program.  Here  at  the  Smith- 
sonian .  .  .;  the  complete  microfiche  archive  of  Christie's  Auction 
Catalogues  for  the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  of  Decorative  Arts 
and  Design;  kits  of  Museums  as  Storytellers  for  the  Office  of 


Membership  and  Development  I  327 


Elementary  and  Secondary  Education;  the  producing  of  a  slide 
show,  brochures,  and  signs  for  the  Discovery  Trail  at  the  Smith- 
sonian Environmental  Research  Center;  the  developing  of  a 
prototype  educational  packet  on  India  entitled:  Aditi — A  Celebra- 
tion of  Life;  the  cataloguing  of  scientific  manuscripts  and  entering 
of  data  into  computerized  library  files  for  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Libraries;  exhibition  and  slide  show  on  conservation  of  con- 
temporary works  of  art  at  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture 
Garden;  the  developing  of  an  exhibition  on  the  Golden  Age  of 
Radio  at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery;  the  conserving  of  thirty-six 
paintings  of  outstanding  Black  Americans  for  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service  exhibition.  Portraits  in 
Black;  the  producing  of  a  deforestation  poster  in  Panama  for  the 
Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute;  a  set  of  color  transparen- 
cies for  the  Visitor  Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center's 
introduction  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution;  and  the  assisting  of 
the  Wilson  Center  to  obtain  a  collection  of  four  hundred  Russian 
books  written  in  English  from  1669  to  1917. 

Additionally,  funding  was  provided  to  the  National  Museum  of 
Natural  History  for  entering  taxonomic  information  on  recent  and 
fossilized  remains  in  its  computer  system,  completion  of  a  research 
project  on  riffle  beetles,  purchase  of  the  Whirligig  beetle  collection 
and  Australian  and  New  Zealand  beetle  collection,  and  underwater 
artwork  and  illustrations  for  ecological  study  of  coral  reef  and 
mangrove  islands  in  Belize.  The  National  Zoological  Park  received 
funds  to  purchase  a  spotting  scope  to  be  used  for  the  study  of 
Californian  sea  otters,  equipment  to  establish  a  bird  hand-rearing 
lab,  development  of  a  bibliography  of  zoological  films,  and  stipends 
for  three  research  students  to  study  reproduction  in  zoological 
animals. 

The  second  annual  Washington  Craft  Show  was  held  April  27- 
29,  1984,  in  the  Departmental  Auditorium.  One  hundred  craft 
artists  were  chosen  by  a  distinguished  jury  composed  of  Michael 
Monroe,  curator  at  the  Renwick  Gallery;  Ed  Rossbach,  Professor 
Emeritus  of  Design  at  the  University  of  California  at  Berkeley; 
Gerry  Williams,  potter  and  editor  of  Studio  Potter;  James  Carpen- 
ter, glass  artist  from  New  York  City;  and  Jackie  Chalkley,  ceramist 
and  gallery  owner.  Nearly  10,000  people  attended  the  exhibition 
and  sale  during  the  three-day  event  which  is  now  recognized  as  one 
of  the  finest  craft  shows  in  the  nation.  In  addition  to  a  fundraising 
preview  party,  a  Young  Collectors  Evening  and  a  Designers  Lunch- 


328  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


eon  were  held.  "Crafts  Today- — The  1984  National  Forun\  on  20th 
Century  American  Glass/'  held  concurrently,  was  sponsored  by 
the  National  Associates  Travel  Program,  the  Resident  Associate 
Program,  and  the  James  Renwick  Collectors  Alliance.  The  forum 
offered  three  days  of  lectures,  tours  of  galleries,  studios,  and 
private  collections  in  addition  to  the  Craft  Show  preview  party. 

In  the  spring,  members  of  the  Women's  Committee  extended 
the  hospitahty  of  their  homes  with  dinner  parties  for  a  special 
Contributing  Members  weekend  in  Washington. 

In  December,  Mrs.  George  Bush  held  a  coffee  at  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent's residence  for  the  Women's  Committee  membership  to  honor 
Mrs.  Ripley  as  founder  of  the  Women's  Committee  by  giving 
recognition  to  her  active  interest  and  gracious  support  of  the 
committee  and  conferring  on  her  the  title  of  honorary  life  member. 

The  year  ended  with  a  tribute  from  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ripley  to  the 
Women's  Committee,  at  the  Fourth  of  July  celebration  held  on  the 
rooftop  of  the  National  Museum  of  American  History,  acknowledg- 
ing the  committee's  hard  work  and  successful  support  of  the  Insti- 
tution over  the  past  eighteen  years. 


James  Smithson  Society 

Since  the  inception  of  the  James  Smithson  Society  in  1977  as  the 
highest  level  of  the  Contributing  Membership  of  the  Smithsonian 
Associates,  the  society  has  granted  more  than  $1,300,000  in  sup- 
port of  Smithsonian  projects  and  acquisitions.  This  year,  through 
the  contributions  of  Annual  Members,  the  society  made  the  follow- 
ing awards:  To  the  Archives  of  American  Art  in  support  of  the 
republication  of  From  Reliable  Sources;  to  the  National  Museum 
of  African  Art  for  the  acquisition  of  a  "Mwadi"  headdress  by  the 
Tetela  Peoples  of  Zaire;  to  the  National  Zoological  Park,  in  coop- 
eration with  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  toward  the 
publication  of  a  book  on  discovery  rooms  and  learning  labs;  to  the 
National  Anthropological  Archives  for  an  adjunct  symposium  on 
the  Wilkes  Expedition;  to  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research 
Institute  for  the  project  Management  of  the  Green  Iguana:  Alterna- 
tives to  Destruction;  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling 
Exhibition  Service  for  the  proposed  educational  publication.  Move 


Membership  and  Development  I  329 


It!;  to  the  Office  of  Telecommunications  to  create  a  pilot  program 
for  a  Smithsonian  television  series  targeted  at  children;  and  finally, 
to  the  Office  of  Horticulture  to  purchase  a  book  collection  on 
American  Landscape  Architecture.  The  Smithsonian  Institution 
gratefully  acknowledges  the  generous  support  of  the  James  Smith- 
son  Society. 

The  annual  weekend  for  members  of  the  society,  held  every 
year  in  conjunction  with  the  autumn  meeting  of  the  National  Board 
of  the  Smithsonian  Associates,  was  scheduled  September  15-16 
this  year  in  order  to  honor  Secretary  Ripley  prior  to  his  retirement 
on  September  17.  At  a  formal  dinner  held  at  the  National  Museum 
of  American  History,  National  Board  Chairman  W.  L.  Hadley 
Griffin  announced  the  1984  Smithson  Society  grants.  The  next 
morning,  a  behind-the-scenes  tour  of  the  National  Air  and  Space 
Museum  offered  members  a  private  showing  of  unedited  imax  film 
footage  photographed  by  astronauts  for  the  upcoming  film  The 
Dream  Is  Alive;  a  preview  of  the  exhibition  The  Art  of  Robert 
McCall;  and  demonstrations  of  innovative  computer  technology 
designed  by  nasm  staff.  Following  the  tour.  Ambassador  and 
Lady  Wright  of  Great  Britain  invited  Smithson  Society  and  Na- 
tional Board  members  to  a  luncheon  in  their  honor  at  the  British 
Embassy  residence. 


Smithsonian  National  Associate  Program 

The  Smithsonian  National  Associate  Program  (snap)  was  estab- 
lished in  1970  in  conjunction  with  Smithsonian  magazine.  The 
program  provides  educational  and  cultural  activities  for  Smith- 
sonian Associates  across  the  nation  and  around  the  world  through 
seminars,  workshops,  films,  and  lectures  in  the  arts,  sciences,  and 
humanities — both  live  and  through  cable  television.  Domestic  and 
international  study  tours  are  arranged  with  premier  educators  on 
all  continents.  In  addition,  the  program's  fundraising  activities 
have  resulted  in  a  significant  source  of  revenue  for  the  Institution's 
unrestricted  funds. 

CONTRIBUTING  MEMBERSHIP 

The  Contributing  Membership  of  the  National  Associate  Program 
provides  unrestricted  funds  for  Smithsonian  research  and  educa- 


330  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Contributing  members  of  the  National  Associates  study  archeological  treasures 
at  the  opening  of  Ban  Chiang:  Discovery  of  a  Lost  Bronze  Age  at  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  November  1,  1984. 


tion  programs  through  six  levels  of  annual  memberships:  Sup- 
porting ($50),  available  only  to  members  living  outside  the  greater 
Washington,  D.C.,  metropolitan  area;  Donor  ($100);  Sponsoring 
($250);  Sustaining  ($500);  Patron  ($1,000);  and  the  James  Smith- 
son  Society  ($1,500). 

Membership  in  the  program  continues  its  steady  expansion.  The 
20  percent  growth  experienced  in  fiscal  year  1984  brought  to  over 
27,500  the  total  number  of  Contributing  Members  participating  in 
and  encouraging  the  work  of  the  Smithsonian.  Income  from  these 
members  amounted  to  $2,700,000  in  1984,  a  25  percent  increase 
over  fiscal  year  1983.  This  total  includes  more  than  $225,000  from 
members  who  responded  to  special  appeals  from  Secretary  Ripley 
for  additional  contributions,  over  and  above  their  annual  mem- 
bership dues.  Also  included  are  corporate  matching  gifts,  which 
increased  25  percent  over  last  year,  to  $50,000. 

Eleven  complimentary  special  events  were  offered  as  benefits  for 
Contributing  Members  during  the  year.  These  included  an  opening 
night  reception  and  visit  to  the  Golden  Age  of  Flight  Gallery  at 
the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum;  an  after-hours  visit  to  the 
National  Zoological  Park  for  a  picnic  and  special  demonstrations  of 
animal  training;  and  an  exclusive  evening  viewing  of  the  new 
exhibition  James  McNeill  Whistler  at  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art  and 
an  elegant  courtyard  reception.  An  exhibition  of  eighteenth- 
century  painted  French  fans  at  the  Renwick  Gallery  provided  the 
theme  for  the  annual  membership  ball.  French  Ambassador  and 
Mrs.  Vernier-Pailliez  served  with  Secretary  and  Mrs.  Ripley  as 
cohosts  of  the  gala  evening. 

For  the  first  time.  Contributing  Membership  worked  with  the 
Associates  Travel  Program  to  plan  a  special  behind-the-scenes 
weekend  at  the  Smithsonian  exclusively  for  Contributing  Members. 
The  tour  offered  a  unique  series  of  special  experiences:  candlelit 
dinner  in  the  Commons,  with  Secretary  Ripley  and  Edwards  Park 
welcoming  members  to  the  Smithsonian;  after-hours  tours  of  and 
dinners  in  the  Air  and  Space  Museum  and  National  Portrait  Gal- 
lery; and  access  to  other  areas  of  museums  normally  off-limits  to 
visitors.  Enthusiastic  participant  response  suggests  that  this  tour 
will  become  an  annual  event,  enforcing  even  more  these  members' 
special  relationship  with  the  Institution. 

Through  careful  selection  of  other  benefits  for  Contributing 
Members,  the  program  works  to  assist  other  Smithsonian  bureaus. 
The  commitment  to  purchase  catalogues  of  the  traveling  exhibition 
Treasures  from  the  Shanghai  Museum:  6,000  Years  of  Chinese  Art 


332  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


proved  a  significant  element  in  the  funding  for  that  show,  which 
concluded  its  successful  United  States  tour  at  the  National  Museum 
of  Natural  History.  Members  within  the  Washington  metropolitan 
area  are  automatically  enrolled  in  the  Resident  Associate  Program, 
supporting  its  monthly  newsletter  and  classes.  Those  outside  the 
area  receive  "Research  Reports/'  published  three  times  a  year  by 
the  Office  of  Public  Affairs  to  highlight  special  research  and  educa- 
tional projects  underway  throughout  the  Institution. 

Contributing  Members  have  for  some  years  received  priority  in 
registering  when  Regional  Events  Programs  visit  their  home  com- 
munities. In  1984,  Contributing  Members  were  offered  compli- 
mentary tickets  to  one  lecture  and  an  invitation  to  an  informal 
gathering  planned  in  conjunction  with  the  lecture.  Such  special 
treatment  reinforces  the  message  that  these  members  are  important 
to  the  Smithsonian,  and  increases  their  participation  in  the  Regional 
Events  offerings. 

REGIONAL  EVENTS 

Since  1975  the  Regional  Events  Program  has  served  Associates  and 
the  American  public  living  beyond  the  Washington,  D.C.,  area  by 
presenting  lectures,  seminars,  and  performances  in  their  home 
communities.  In  1984  Smithsonian  curators  and  scientists  discussed 
their  current  research  activities  in  Princeton,  Trenton,  Hopewell, 
Roanoke,  Salt  Lake  City,  San  Antonio,  Midland,  Winston-Salem, 
Spokane,  Fargo,  Moorehead,  Rapid  City,  Sioux  Falls,  Albuquerque, 
Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Pullman.  Nearly  two  hun- 
dred events  were  offered  to  approximately  300,000  Associates  and 
members  of  106  cosponsoring  groups. 

Examples  of  recent  programs  include:  "Adventurous  Pursuits: 
Americans  and  the  China  Trade"  with  Margaret  Christman,  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery  (npg);  "The  Golden  Age  of  Flight"  presented 
by  Claudia  Oakes,  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  (nasm),  which 
highlighted  the  museum's  newest  exhibition  gallery  that  opened 
in  April  1984;  Richard  Fiske,  National  Museum  of  Natural  History 
(nmnh),  described  the  cataclysmic  eruption  of  Krakatau  in  an 
illustrated  lecture;  Mark  and  Diane  Littler  (nmnh)  offered  seminars 
on  marine  plant  communities  of  the  tropics;  Charles  Millard, 
Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden  (hmsg),  presented  an 
in-depth  seminar  on  the  paintings  of  Friedel  Dzubas. 

During  the  past  year,  the  Regional  Events  Program  has  continued 
to  expand  its  audience  by  working  with  national  cosponsors  who 


Membership  and  Development  I  333 


invite  their  chapter  members  to  participate  in  the  program.  In  1984 
the  World  Wildlife  Fund-U.S.  and  Sigma  Xi,  the  Scientific  Research 
Society,  joined  as  national  cosponsors.  Several  corporations — 
United  Airlines,  Piedmont  Airlines,  the  Kroger  Company,  the 
Hertz  Corporation,  and  Hilton  Hotels — demonstrated  their  con- 
cern for  public  education  by  assisting  the  program  with  in-kind 
services. 

College  and  universities  continue  to  play  a  major  role  in  the 
cosponsorship  of  the  Regional  Events  Program.  The  University  of 
Texas  Institute  of  Texan  Culture  at  San  Antonio,  Wake  Forest 
University  (Winston-Salem),  Case  Western  Reserve  University 
(Cleveland),  and  Washington  State  University  (Pullman)  served 
as  primary  cosponsors  for  the  programs  held  in  their  communities. 

The  Regional  Events  Program  drew  salutatory  notice  from  the 
press  with  more  than  120  feature  articles.  Speakers  were  also  in- 
vited to  describe  their  research  interests  on  sixty-seven  television 
and  radio  broadcasts. 

Over  the  past  nine  years  the  Regional  Events  Program  has  re- 
ceived many  invitations  to  return  to  host  cities.  In  1984  the  pro- 
gram returned  to  five  cities:  San  Antonio,  Spokane,  Cincinnati, 
Cleveland,  and  Columbus.  New  topics  were  introduced  during  each 
return  visit  and  for  the  first  time,  the  program  offered  extended 
seminars  which  were  fully  subscribed. 

SELECTED  STUDIES 

Selected  Studies,  an  intensive  education  program  of  snap,  conduct- 
ed fifteen  week-long  seminars  in  fiscal  year  1984.  Drawing  upon 
the  collections  and  expert  staff  of  the  Smithsonian,  as  well  as  visit- 
ing scholars  and  scientific  and  cultural  authorities,  the  programs 
combined  illustrated  lectures,  films,  special  behind-the-scenes  tours, 
and  field  trips  to  offer  National  Associates  comprehensive  courses 
on  a  wide  variety  of  topics  in  the  arts,  humanities,  and  sciences. 

Responding  to  demand  and  the  necessity  of  limiting  enrollment 
to  assure  a  personal  seminar  atmosphere,  some  seminars  were  re- 
peated. Among  these  were  "Genealogical  Research:  How  To" 
taught  by  leading  genealogists,  and  "Aircraft  Restoration:  How 
To"  which  featured  hands-on  workshops  with  the  master  crafts- 
men who  restore  pieces  for  the  outstanding  collection  of  the  Na- 
tional Air  and  Space  Museum.  In  the  seminar  "Connoisseurship  of 
American  Antique  Furniture,  1650-1840,"  participants  learned 
through  direct  contact  with  the  collection  of  the  National  Museum 


334  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


of  American  History.  The  "Masterpieces  of  American  Painting" 
seminare  was  developed  to  use  the  Corcoran  Gallery  of  Art  exhibi- 
tion of  that  title  while  "French  Impressionist  Painting"  was  linked 
with  the  collection  at  the  National  Gallery  of  Art. 

Two  sessions  of  "The  New  Astronomies"  were  held  at  the  Smith- 
sonian's Whipple  Observatory  in  Tucson,  Arizona,  where  partici- 
pants toured  the  world's  greatest  concentration  of  observatories 
with  the  directors  and  scientists  who  shared  their  latest  research. 

Lectures  and  creative  workshops  enabled  Associates  to  learn 
the  "secrets  of  success"  from  Edwards  Park  in  a  new  course,  "Irre- 
sistible Magazine  Writing."  Other  new  courses  included  "Lost 
America:  Myth  and  Reality"  which  featured  the  American  anthro- 
pological exhibitions  at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
and  "Connoisseurship  of  Rugs"  cosponsored  with  the  Textile  Mu- 
seum, The  special  summer  exhibition  at  the  National  Gallery  of 
Art,  which  brought  many  of  Watteau's  famous  paintings  to  the 
United  States  for  the  first  time,  was  the  focus  of  the  unique  pro- 
gram, "18th  Century  French  Art:  Age  of  Extravagance"  taught  by 
William  Kloss. 

In  late  1984,  the  Selected  Studies  seminars  and  the  Regional 
Events  Program  were  combined  to  form  the  National  Associates 
Lecture  and  Seminar  Program. 

ASSOCIATES  TRAVEL  PROGRAM 

The  Associates  Travel  Program  presents  educational  study  tours 
that  mirror  the  interests  and  concerns  of  the  Institution.  Tours  are 
designed  for  members  who  are  particularly  interested  in  the  work 
of  the  national  museum  and  the  subjects  in  Smithsonian  magazine. 
The  educational  content  of  both  foreign  and  domestic  tours  is 
enhanced  by  study  leaders;  each  trip  is  led  by  one  or  more  Smith- 
sonian staff.  Since  1975,  more  than  47,000  Associates  have  partici- 
pated in  study  tours  throughout  the  world;  in  1984,  3,600  members 
traveled  on  one  hundred  tours. 

In  1984,  Associates  chose  from  forty-six  Domestic  Study  Tours — 
to  all  parts  of  the  United  States — to  experience  first-hand  the 
natural  wonders  and  regional  heritage  of  America.  The  Colorado 
Rockies  was  the  setting  for  a  week-long  program  on  geology. 
David  Steadman  (nmnh)  led  two  camping  trips  to  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  where  he  was  conducting  research  on  bird  fossils.  In  Cortez, 
Colorado,  Associates  joined  archeologists  in  the  field  to  dig  for 
artifacts  at  an  Anasazi  Indian  site.  Other  Associates  visited  the 


Membership  and  Development  I  335 


Hopi  and  Navajo  reservations  to  see  traditional  dances.  The  Crow 
and  Sioux  Indian  tribes  were  featured  on  a  trip  led  by  Herman 
Viola,  Director  of  the  National  Anthropological  Archives. 

Tours  in  private  homes  of  the  period  were  offered  on  trips  fea- 
turing architecture  and  decorative  arts  in  Charleston  and  Savannah, 
Philadelphia,  and  Boston.  Out  west.  Associates  relived  the  excite- 
ment of  the  gold  rush  era  en  route  from  San  Francisco  to  Sacra- 
mento. Railroad  buffs  traveled  to  Colorado  to  ride  the  historic 
steam  trains  with  local  historians  who  related  the  history  of  Colo- 
rado's silver  mines. 

Special  programs  were  also  offered  for  Associates  at  the  Smith- 
sonian. The  twelfth  annual  Christmas  weekend  featured  the  trim- 
ming of  the  Associates'  Christmas  tree  and  children  ages  7  to  14 
attended  a  special  family  weekend.  A  glass  seminar  was  planned 
in  conjunction  with  the  second  annual  Washington  Craft  Show, 
and  for  the  first  time,  a  program  was  designed  especially  for  Con- 
tributing Members  to  visit  with  museum  directors  and  curators. 

Foreign  Study  Tours  included  a  variety  of  activities  and  a  num- 
ber of  new  destinations.  The  residential  countryside  program  was 
expanded  to  include  Lenk,  Switzerland,  as  well  as  the  towns  in 
Austria,  France,  and  England.  Tours  were  based  on  art  history  and 
museums  in  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands  and  on  churches  and 
castles  along  the  Rhine  River.  Associates  lived  in  a  villa  and 
monastery  while  studying  the  art  and  history  of  Florence.  Others 
returned  to  England  for  our  sixth  annual  Oxford/Smithsonian 
Seminar.  Donald  Lopez  (nasm)  led  aviation  enthusiasts  on  a  study 
tour  of  airfields  and  air  museums  in  England,  Germany,  and  Swit- 
zerland. 

The  China  series  expanded  with  a  tour  studying  decorative  arts 
led  by  Julia  Murray  (fga),  and  an  overland  journey  traveling  to 
China's  more  remote  areas  by  train.  Train  buffs  also  enjoyed 
traveling  east  to  west  across  the  Soviet  Union  on  the  Trans-Si- 
berian Express.  Associates  studied  archeological  sites  in  and  around 
Mexico  City  and  El  Tajin  on  a  new  program  in  the  Mexico  series, 
and  learned  about  geology  and  indigenous  plant  and  animal  life 
in  Iceland.  They  photographed  animal  migrations  in  Kenya  and 
visited  Berber  villages  in  Morocco. 

Study  voyages  allowed  Associates  to  visit  archeological  sites 
along  the  Nile,  to  study  the  countries  bordering  the  Baltic  Sea, 
and  to  circumnavigate  the  British  lies.  Clyde  Roper  (nmnh)  led  a 
group  of  adventurous  sailors  on  a  two-week  Atlantic  Crossing, 
studying  marine  biology  and  maritime  history  while  sailing  from 


336  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Spain  to  the  Caribbean  aboard  the  tall  ship  Sea  Cloud.  Members 
visited  sites  of  historical  importance  in  Egypt,  Jordan,  Israel,  and 
Greece,  and  participated  in  the  Smithsonian's  first  India  and  Sri 
Lanka  study  voyage.  In  New  Delhi,  the  late  Prime  Minister  Indira 
Gandhi  welcomed  the  group  to  her  home  and  led  a  discussion  of 
India's  current  politics  and  economics. 

More  than  3,400  Associates  participated  in  the  "Washington 
Anytime  Weekend,"  designed  to  give  members  an  opportunity  to 
visit  the  nation's  capital  and  the  Smithsonian  any  weekend  during 
the  year.  The  program  is  executed  in  cooperation  with  the  Visitors 
Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center,  which  provides  a 
behind-the-scenes  tour  of  the  Castle  and  is  available  for  informa- 
tion and  guidance  during  the  weekend. 


Smithsonian  Resident  Associate  Program 

The  Smithsonian  Resident  Associate  Program — the  private,  cul- 
tural, continuing  education,  membership,  and  outreach  arm  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  for  metropolitan  Washington,  D.C. — is 
considered  a  model  for  museum  membership  and  educational  pro- 
grams both  nationally  and  internationally.  Established  in  1965  by 
Secretary  Ripley  to  provide  opportunities  for  residents  of  the 
Washington  area  to  participate  actively  in  the  life  of  the  Smith- 
sonian, the  program  offers  an  extensive  range  of  innovative,  high 
quality,  and  timely  activities  that  complement  and  enhance  the 
exhibitions,  collections,  and  research  of  the  Institution. 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  (rap)  draws  its  membership 
from  the  District  of  Columbia,  Northern  Virginia,  and  Maryland. 
Membership  has  grown  from  8,000  with  a  retention  rate  of  about 
50  percent  in  1972  to  56,000  (up  1,000  from  1983)  in  1984,  with 
a  retention  rate  of  81  percent  in  fiscal  year  1984  (up  2  percent  from 
1983).  During  fiscal  year  1984,  the  more  than  2,000  on-site  activi- 
ties offered — many  with  multiple  sections — were  attended  by  more 
than  272,300  persons,  a  substantial  increase  in  number  of  both 
events  and  participants  from  the  previous  year.  Many  hundreds 
of  thousands  more  persons  heard  and/or  saw  courses  through 
audio-bridge  or  television  broadcasts  of  lectures. 

Self-supporting,  except  for  Discovery  Theater  and  performing 
arts,  with  occasional  small  grants  to  help  fund  special  outreach 
events,  the  program  reimburses  the  Institution  for  office  space 


Membership  and  Development  I  337 


rental,  computer  and  audiovisual  support,  labor  and  guard  service, 
and  administrative  support. 

In  fiscal  year  1984,  the  Resident  Associate  Program  instituted 
or  assimilated  seven  new  programs:  pan-Smithsonian  ticketed  per- 
forming arts;  Discovery  Theater;  Discover  Graphics;  foreign  lan- 
guage courses;  Tuesday  Mornings  at  the  Smithsonian;  "The  Cut- 
ting Edge  of  Science";  computer  courses;  and  telecommunication 
outreach.  These  new  projects,  combined  with  the  ongoing  scholar- 
ships for  inner-city  children  and  adults,  the  collaboration  with  area 
national  and  international  cultural  and  educational  institutions,  and 
the  commissioning  of  works  of  art  have  broadened  the  Resident 
Associate  Program's  mission  considerably.  While  membership  con- 
tinues to  be  a  vital  component,  service  to  the  community  and  en- 
abling new  audiences  to  enjoy  Smithsonian  resources  are  equally 
strong  commitments. 

COOPERATION  WITH  SMITHSONIAN  BUREAUS 

A  primary  focus  of  the  program  continues  to  be  planning  activi- 
ties that  enhance  popular  appreciation  of  Smithsonian  exhibitions, 
collections,  and  curatorial  research.  This  year's  collaborations  with 
the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden  included  the  Octo- 
ber "Anniversary!"  lecture  by  art  critic  Frank  Getlein,  organized 
as  a  preliminary  event  for  the  museum's  tenth  anniversary.  The 
extraordinary  conceptual  artist  Christo  attracted  a  sell-out  audience 
in  May,  marking  the  conclusion  of  the  exhibition  Drawings  1974- 
1984,  and  inaugurating  the  anniversary  festivities.  Accenting  the 
German  Expressionist  Sculpture  exhibition,  the  noted  Brecht/Weill 
singer  Martha  Schlamme's  "Cabaret-Concert"  was  also  a  sell-out. 
In  connection  with  the  Resident  Associate  course,  "Italy  Today 
and  Tomorrow,"  an  exhibition  was  organized  by  Hirshhorn  Direc- 
tor Abram  Lerner,  Art  from  Italy:  A  Selection  from  the  Museum's 
Collection.  Students  in  the  course  attended  the  exhibition  opening, 
which  was  also  attended  by  His  Excellency  Rinaldo  Petrignani, 
Ambassador  of  Italy,  and  Secretary  Ripley.  The  Resident  Associate 
Program  joined  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden  in 
presenting  one  of  the  country's  leading  interpreters  of  contempo- 
rary music,  the  Twentieth  Century  Consort,  in  a  series  of  four 
concerts. 

Among  the  many  courses,  lectures,  seminars,  and  special  events 
organized  in  cooperation  with  the  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History  was  the  gala  celebration  in  April  of  the  one-hundredth 


338  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


anniversary  of  the  National  Gem  Collection,  "Baubles,  Bangles, 
and  Beads!",  featuring  a  concert,  reception,  and  viewing  of  the 
collection,  and  an  all-day  seminar,  "Gemstones  and  Jewels:  Mas- 
terpieces of  the  Mineral  World,"  introduced  by  nmnh  Director 
Fiske.  The  exhibition  at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History 
honoring  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Roger  Tory  Peterson's  A  Field 
Guide  to  the  Birds  was  marked  by  the  program's  sold-out  lecture 
by  Peterson,  cosponsored  with  the  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  the  Audubon  Naturalist  Society,  and  Friends  of  the  Na- 
tional Zoo.  Popular  Young  Associate  classes,  such  as  "Mammal 
Lab"  and  "Summer  Nature  Diaries,"  were  conducted  in  the  Nat- 
uralist Center,  as  were  a  number  of  adult  courses,  including 
"Everything  You  Wanted  to  Know  about  Trilobites"  and  "Collect- 
ing Rocks  and  Minerals."  A  seminar  on  evolution  in  March  and  a 
series  of  lectures  by  National  Museum  of  Natural  History  curators 
on  research  conducted  with  the  scanning  electron  microscope 
drew  an  enthusiastic  audience  in  April,  May,  and  June.  Lectures,  a 
gala  opening,  a  concert,  studio  art  classes,  and  courses  were  or- 
ganized by  the  Resident  Associate  Program  to  complement  the 
National  Museum  of  Natural  History's  Treasures  from  the  Shang- 
hai Museum:  6,000  Years  of  Chinese  Art. 

Guest  curator  Rene  Bravmann  drew  a  sizable,  enthusiastic  audi- 
ence to  his  lecture,  "African  Islam,"  cosponsored  with  the  National 
Museum  of  African  Art.  Newly  reinstalled  exhibition  halls  at  the 
National  Museum  of  American  Art  were  discussed  in  a  fine  slide- 
illustrated  lecture  in  July  by  Director  Charles  Eldredge.  An  all-day 
seminar,  "Glorious  Glass,"  tracing  the  history  of  twentieth-century 
American  glass,  was  organized  this  spring  in  conjunction  with  the 
James  Renwick  Collectors  Alliance,  the  Smithsonian  National  As- 
sociate Program,  and  the  Women's  Committee  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution. 

The  Smithsonian  Chamber  Orchestra,  led  by  renowned  Dutch 
violinist  Jaap  Schroeder,  performing  on  authentic  instruments  from 
the  National  Museum  of  American  History  collections,  and  the 
Smithsonian  Chamber  Players  series  held  in  the  museum's  Hall  of 
Musical  Instruments  were  cosponsored  by  the  program  and  the 
National  Museum  of  American  History.  "Portraits  in  Motion 
Showcase"  and  "Portraits  in  Song,"  cosponsored  with  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery,  included  virtuoso  performances  of  "An  Inde- 
pendent Woman"  by  gifted  actress  Peggy  Cowles  and  "Clarence 
Darrow  Lives!"  by  David  Fendrick. 

Many  cooperative  programs  were  held  with  the  National  Air 


Membership  and  Development  I  339 


and  Space  Museum  during  the  year  and  included  a  tour  of  the 
Golden  Age  of  Flight  in  a  new  exhibition  gallery  in  April,  "Space 
Shuttle  Flight  Films"  augmented  by  a  slide  lecture  by  Gregory 
Kennedy,  Assistant  Curator,  and  two  lectures  by  prolific  author 
and  NASM  Director  Walter  Boyne.  This  year,  rap  and  nasm  began 
an  ongoing  cosponsorship  of  a  series  of  concerts  in  the  Albert 
Einstein  Sky  Theater. 

Among  the  several  events  planned  in  conjunction  with  the 
National  Zoological  Park  were  "Last  of  the  Giants:  Saving  the 
Elephants,"  an  engrossing  lecture  by  Curator  of  Mammals  Edwin 
Gould,  and  art  classes  and  projects  conducted  on  site  at  the  zoo 
for  studio  arts  and  Young  Associate  Summer  Camp  participants. 
Each  summer  several  thousand  Resident  Associates  enjoy  "Sum- 
mer Evenings  at  the  Zoo,"  featuring  live  music  and  an  opportunity 
to  view  the  animals  at  sunset. 

Enhancing  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art  exhibition  of  James  McNeill 
Whistler's  work,  curator  of  the  exhibition  David  Park  Curry  lec- 
tured on  the  artist's  achievements  and  association  with  Charles 
Lang  Freer.  The  course,  "James  McNeill  Whistler  and  the  Expa- 
triates," presented  in  a  series  of  distinguished  lectures,  attracted  a 
sizable  group  of  students  in  July.  Freer  Gallery  of  Art  Director 
Thomas  Lawton  lectured  for  "Tuesday  Mornings  at  the  Smith- 
sonian" on  "Beginnings  of  Western  Connoisseurship  of  Chinese 
Art"  in  September. 

Programs  organized  in  cooperation  with  the  Woodrow  Wilson 
International  Center  for  Scholars'  Kennan  Institute  for  Advanced 
Russian  Studies  included  "Russia  After  Andropov:  The  Future  of 
U.S.-Soviet  Relations"  and  "Recent  Russian  Films."  In  coopera- 
tion with  the  center's  Latin  American  Program,  experts  discussed 
"The  United  States  and  the  Crises  in  Latin  America  and  the 
Caribbean"  in  a  stimulating  fall  course.  Thomas  A.  Sebeok,  Re- 
gents Fellow  and  Woodrow  Wilson  International  Center  for 
Scholars  Fellow  as  well,  taught  "Introduction  to  Semiotics:  The 
Science  of  Signs  and  Symbols"  in  the  spring. 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  responded  to  the  Smithsonian's 
request  to  participate  in  the  celebration  of  the  Harry  S  Truman 
Centennial  with  many  activities — all  very  popular  and  well  re- 
ceived— including  a  video  portrayal  of  Truman  by  consummate 
character  actor  James  Whitmore,  an  all-day  seminar  with  dis- 
tinguished Truman  scholars,  a  film  series,  a  course,  performances 
featuring  music  of  the  Truman  years,  and  The  Buck  Stops  Here!, 
an  original  musical  based  on  the  life  of  Harry  S  Truman,  first  pro- 


340  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


duced  in  New  York,  which  drew  capacity  crowds  to  five  perfor- 
mances in  September  and  received  critical  acclaim. 

Twice  each  year  the  Resident  Associate  Program  offers  its  mem- 
bers private  viewings  of  major  exhibitions.  In  November,  approxi- 
mately 6,000  members  enjoyed  Masterpieces  from  Versailles: 
Three  Centuries  of  French  Portraiture  at  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery  and  The  Capital  Image:  Painters  in  Washington,  1800- 
1915  at  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art,  In  August,  ap- 
proximately 9,000  members  attended  six  gala  openings  of  Trea- 
sures from  the  Shanghai  Museum:  6,000  Years  of  Chinese  Art 
at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

The  program  conducted  its  tenth  annual  photography  contest 
for  Resident  Associates,  young  and  old.  Subjects  of  the  entries  are 
Smithsonian-related  (museum  buildings,  objects  in  the  collections, 
or  people  at  the  Smithsonian),  and  the  winning  photographs  are 
displayed  in  the  Associates  Court  and  published  in  the  Associate 
newsletter. 

The  program  continued  to  commission  original  works  of  art  to 
commemorate  Smithsonian  events.  The  latest  work,  commissioned 
in  the  fall,  is  a  panoramic  view  of  Smithsonian  museums  on  the 
Mall  by  the  well-known  New  York  artist  Richard  Haas,  whose 
work  will  be  featured  in  the  new  Quadrangle. 

OUTREACH 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  works  closely  with  civic,  cul- 
tural, and  educational  institutions  in  the  Washington  area  to  offer 
activities  that  are  open  to  the  public  as  well  as  to  members,  and, 
through  scholarships  and  special  interest  projects,  seeks  to  expand 
its  accessibility  to  all  segments  of  the  public.  The  objective  is  to 
reach  the  community  at  large  and  to  increase  public  awareness  of 
both  the  quantity  and  the  quality  of  programming. 

Discover  Graphics 

Discover  Graphics  is  a  free  program  providing  talented  high  school 
students  and  their  teachers  opportunities  to  study  etching  and 
lithography.  A  master  printmaker  conducts  student  and  teacher 
workshops  at  the  Union  Printmakers  Atelier  in  the  Lansburgh 
Cultural  Center. 

During  the  first  full  year  of  operation  under  the  aegis  of  the 
Resident  Associate  Program,  over  150  secondary  school  students 
and  their  art  teachers  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  Maryland, 
and  Virginia  received  studio  and  seminar  training  in  this  lively 


Membership  and  Development  I  341 


program,  and  several  have  been  awarded  major  art  school  scholar- 
ships and  national  prizes,  based  on  their  portfolios  assembled  in 
Discover  Graphics.  A  student  exhibition  of  selected  prints,  juried 
by  curators  from  three  Smithsonian  museums,  was  held  at  the 
National  Museum  of  American  History  May  12  through  July  5. 
A  new  term  began  in  fall  1984,  and  is  fully  subscribed. 

Scholarships 

For  the  twelfth  consecutive  year,  tuition-free  scholarships  to 
Young  Associate  courses  were  awarded  to  inner-city  youngsters  in 
the  District  of  Columbia  schools.  Adults  also  received  scholarships 
through  the  District  of  Columbia  public  schools,  as  well  as  high 
school  students  attending  the  Ellington  School  for  the  Arts,  the 
Gifted  and  Talented  Program,  and  the  School  Without  Walls,  for 
adult  courses.  This  year  154  adult  scholarships  were  awarded,  and 
in  addition,  in  fall  1983,  thirteen  teachers  from  the  District  of 
Columbia  public  schools  received  scholarships  to  attend  the  spe- 
cial course  "Basic  Computer  Literacy."  Fifty-eight  scholarship  stu- 
dents from  the  District  of  Columbia  public  schools  attended  Young 
Associate  classes  in  1983-84. 

The  Cutting  Edge  of  Science 

This  lecture  series,  conducted  by  eminent  Smithsonian  and  uni- 
versity scholars,  was  offered  free  to  area  high  school  students 
proficient  in  science  who  were  recommended  by  their  science 
teachers.  The  series  attracted  over  3,000  students  for  five  monthly 
lectures  on  such  current  and  controversial  topics  as  "Life  in  the 
Universe,"  "Genetic  Engineering,"  and  "The  Continental  Puzzle," 
This  kind  of  outreach  will  be  repeated. 

Smithsonian  Kite  Festival 

The  eighteenth  annual  festival  open  to  members  and  the  general 
public  took  place  in  April  with  hundreds  of  participants  entering 
colorful  kites  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  and  representing  countries 
from  as  far  away  as  New  Zealand — and  thousands  of  interested 
spectators. 

Tuesday  Mornings  at  the  Smithsonian 

This  inexpensive  ticket  fee  series  of  twelve  weekly  lectures,  sched- 
uled three  times  a  year — spring,  summer,  and  fall — is  presented 


342  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Performers  of  the  Central  Traditional  Orchestra  of  China 
presented  a  rare  evening  of  Chinese  classical  and  folk  music 
in  a  program  to  complement  the  exhibition  Treasures  from 
the  Shanghai  Museum:  6,000  Years  of  Chinese  Art,  in  the 
Evans  Gallery,  National  Museum  of  Natural  History.  The 
troupe  was  the  first  traditional  orchestra  to  visit  the  United 
States  from  the  People's  Republic  of  China.  (Photograph  by 
Robert  de  Milt) 


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A  local  high  school  student  listens  to  the  answer  to  his  ques- 
tion at  a  lecture  on  space  technology  delivered  by  Kerry  Joels, 
of  the  Office  of  Research  Support,  National  Air  and  Space 
Museum.  The  lecture  was  part  of  "The  Cutting  Edge  of  Sci- 
ence," a  free  series  open  to  highly  motivated  area  students 
recommended  by  their  high  school  science  teachers.  (Photo- 
graph by  Lillian  O'Connell) 


by  Smithsonian  scholars,  and  preceded  by  comphmentary  coffee, 
tea,  and  rolls.  Specifically  designed  to  engage  the  interest  of  older 
citizens  during  daytime  hours,  the  series  is  planned  for  all  who  are 
interested  in  learning  more  about  art,  science,  history,  foreign  cul- 
tures, and  politics.  The  lectures  each  attract  between  250  and 
400  people.  This  year  a  total  of  11,600  attended. 

Minority  Focus 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  observed  Black  History  Month 
by  presenting  "Langston  Lives!,"  a  program  honoring  poet  Lang- 
ston  Hughes,  specially  assembled  by  the  Rod  Rogers  Dance  Com- 
pany and  guest  artists  and  cosponsored  by  the  Office  of  the  Mayor 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  D.C.  Commission  on  the  Arts 
and  Humanities.  Geoffrey  Holder  (described  below)  also  per- 
formed. Discovery  Theater  opened  its  fall  season  with  bilingual 
productions  of  Journey  to  Dodoland,  presented  in  Spanish  and 
English  to  accommodate  Washington's  population  of  Hispanic  stu- 
dents. Discovery  Theater  also  offered  two  productions  to  com- 
memorate Black  History  Month:  Boley,  a  new  play  by  D.C.  play- 
wright Karen  L.  B.  Evans,  and  Critter  Chat,  an  enchanting  per- 
formance of  animal  tales  from  Africa,  the  West  Indies,  and  black 
America. 

Performances 

The  Smithsonian  Educational  Outreach  Program  contributed  fund- 
ing to  performances  by  Samul-Nori,  Korean  dance-drummers; 
Kapelye,  a  revivalist  klezmer  band  specializing  in  East  European 
music  (in  conjunction  with  Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures  from 
the  Czechoslovak  State  Collections  mounted  at  the  National  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History);  and  "Bamboo  and  Silk:  The  Music  of 
China,"  a  concert  by  the  Central  Traditional  Orchestra  of  China 
and  introduced  by  the  Deputy  Chief  of  Mission  to  the  Chinese 
Embassy,  with  a  welcome  and  greetings  from  President  Reagan 
conveyed  by  the  Ambassador-at-Large  for  Cultural  Affairs,  Daniel 
James  Terra.  This  concert,  a  Washington  premiere,  attracted  a 
capacity  audience  with  a  sizable  number  from  the  Washington 
Chinese-American  community. 

Collaboration  with  Community  and  Regional  Organizations 

For  the  second  year,  a  five-evening  subscription  to  the  Folger 
Theatre's  season  of  fine  plays,  embellished  by  special  pre-  and 


344  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


post-performance  events,  was  arranged  for  Resident  Associates. 
Folger  Shakespeare  Library  Director  O.  B.  Hardison  inaugurated 
the  season  with  a  distinguished  lecture  on  Shakespeare  as  person 
and  artist. 

For  the  eleventh  consecutive  year,  the  Resident  Associate  Pro- 
gram cosponsored  the  nine  monthly  Audubon  Lecture  series  with 
the  Audubon  NaturaUst  Society  and  the  Friends  of  the  National 
Zoo.  This  year's  series  attracted  more  than  615  subscribers  and 
over  7,200  persons  for  all  the  lectures. 

Architectural  Design  Seminars 

In  March,  the  Washington  Chapter  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects,  the  Resident  Associate  Program,  and  the  Virginia  Poly- 
technic Institute  and  State  University's  Washington-Alexandria 
Center  of  the  College  of  Architecture  and  Urban  Studies  joined  to 
present  the  third  in  an  annual  series  of  architectural  design  sem- 
inars. These  provide  a  forum  for  the  study  and  application  of 
basic  design  principles  for  professionals  and  students  of  a  specific 
site  in  the  Washington  area.  This  year's  focus  was  the  "Portal" 
area,  located  at  the  14th  Street  Bridge  entrance  to  the  city.  Among 
the  guest  lecturers  were  eminent  architects  Kevin  Lynch  and 
Peter  Cook. 

Telecommunications 

In  an  innovative  outreach  effort,  "The  Telecommunications  Revo- 
lution" fall  course  was  linked  by  audio-bridge  to  several  campuses 
of  the  California  State  University  system  each  week  for  the  dura- 
tion of  the  course.  The  audio-bridge  enabled  the  students  to  inter- 
act directly  with  instructors  and  students  in  Washington.  A  spec- 
tacular highlight  of  the  summer  term,  "Toward  2001:  Visions  of 
America's  Future,"  in  collaboration  with  the  American  Society  for 
Personnel  Administration,  was  broadcast  nationwide  almost  in  its 
entirety  by  the  C-Span  television  network,  and  this  exposure  re- 
sulted in  hundreds  of  requests  for  transcripts  and  videotapes  of 
individual  lectures  by  such  experts  as  Jeffrey  Hallet  and  S.  Norman 
Feingold. 

AWARDS 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  received  two  awards  from  the 
National  University  Continuing  Education  Association,  Region 
II,  for  its  fiscal  year  1984  programs  "Architectural  Design  Sem- 


Membership  and  Development  I  345 


inar:  The  Portal"  and  "The  Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures 
from  the  Czechoslovak  State  Collections."  The  latter  included  a 
course,  lecture,  performance,  and  exhibition  tours. 

INTERNATIONAL  ACTIVITIES 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  was  active  in  a  variety  of  interna- 
tional arenas  during  the  year.  The  President  of  Austria  spoke  at  a 
reception  during  the  course,  "Vienna  at  the  Turn  of  the  Century" 
in  February.  As  part  of  the  Institution-wide  celebration  of  the 
two-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris 
in  1783,  the  course  "The  American  Revolution:  New  Insights  and 
Revisions"  was  offered  in  the  fall,  as  was  "Britain's  Best,"  a  six- 
week  series  of  double-feature  films  of  the  past  fifty  years;  a  sem- 
inar; free  film;  and  a  concert.  The  Treaty  of  Paris  commemorative 
poster  was  made  available  for  purchase  to  Resident  Associate 
members. 

The  Resident  Associate  Program  hosted  an  "Oktoberfest"  eve- 
ning of  music  and  dance  at  the  Embassy  of  the  Federal  Republic 
of  Germany  as  the  final  element  of  its  celebration  of  the  German- 
American  Tricentennial.  Director  Janet  Solinger  received  the  Offi- 
cer's Cross  of  the  Order  of  Merit  from  the  government  of  the 
Federal  Republic  of  Germany  in  February.  In  September,  His  Holi- 
ness the  fourteenth  Dalai  Lama,  spiritual  and  temporal  leader  of 
the  Tibetan  people,  inaugurated  the  course  "Tibetan  Buddhism: 
Living  Heart  of  the  Land  of  Snow"  in  a  special  evening  lecture;  he 
was  welcomed  and  introduced  by  Secretary  Adams. 

Thirty  courses,  lectures,  seminars,  films,  and  film  series  were 
cosponsored  with  embassies  or  the  Woodrow  Wilson  International 
Center  for  Scholars  and/or  featured  international  speakers.  Six 
performances  starred  international  performing  artists  or  troupes. 

COURSES 

The  lively  and  provocative  curriculum  of  arts,  sciences,  humani- 
ties, and  studio  arts  for  educated  adults — offered  four  terms  per 
year — provides  opportunities  for  serious  study  with  Smithsonian 
and  visiting  scholars  during  evenings,  noontimes,  mornings,  and 
weekends.  In  1983-84,  173  lecture  courses  were  offered,  and  at- 
tendance reached  57,100. 

Among  the  best  attended  fall  courses  were  "The  Listener's  Art," 
which  focused  on  guided  interpretations  of  classical  music;  "The 
Precious  Legacy:  Jewish  Life  and  Art  in  Czechoslovakia,"  held  in 


346  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


conjunction  with  the  exhibition  installed  at  the  Evans  Gallery  of 
the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  organized  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service.  "Frank  Lloyd 
Wright:  America's  Master  Builder,"  a  course  in  which  many 
schools  of  architecture  cooperated,  featured  noted  guest  lecturer 
Bruce  Brooks  Pfeiffer,  Director  of  the  Archives  of  the  Frank  Lloyd 
Wright  Foundation,  and  Roger  Kennedy,  Director  of  the  National 
Museum  of  American  History,  and  drew  accolades  in  the  winter 
term.  Best-selling  author  Paul  Starr  lectured  for  the  course  "The 
Face  of  American  Medicine,"  planned  in  conjunction  with  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  American  History  exhibition  Pain  and  Its  Relief. 
The  year's  outstanding  guest  lecturers  included  world-class  photog- 
raphers Jay  Maisel  and  Barry  Seidman;  philosopher  and  author 
John  Searle;  Truman  scholars  Robert  Donovan,  Walter  LaFeber, 
and  Harold  Saunders;  and  noted  constitutional  authorities  Max 
Isenbergh  and  Joseph  L.  Rauh,  Jr.  New  courses  explored  facets  of 
computer  literacy  and  computer  animation.  A  Foreign  Language 
Program  was  launched,  featuring  classes  in  Spanish,  French,  and 
Italian. 

STUDIO  ARTS 

The  studio  arts  program  seeks  to  enhance  appreciation  of  age-old 
crafts,  keeping  alive  techniques  now  rapidly  disappearing  from 
the  modern  world,  as  well  as  introducing  contemporary  arts  and 
crafts.  Courses  and  intensive  workshops  in  such  areas  as  draw- 
ing, sculpture,  photography,  and  needlework  were  offered  seven 
days  a  week,  morning,  noon,  and  evening.  The  program  was  the 
recipient  of  assistance  from  the  Hechinger  Foundation  given  for 
the  purpose  of  enriching  the  studio  arts  curriculum  in  the  area  of 
fine  carpentry  and  woodworking. 

An  expanded  selection  of  workshops  and  courses  were  offered 
in  fiscal  year  1984,  including  sessions  on  bookbinding,  using  a 
newly  acquired  turn-of-the-century  bookbinding  press;  archival 
matting  and  framing,  a  highly  specialized  area  of  archival  studies 
taught  by  the  head  of  exhibition  matting  and  framing  at  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  of  Art;  the  art  of  perfumery;  Ikebana,  Japanese 
flower  arranging;  and  several  open  studio  classes  in  etching  and 
figure  drawing. 

A  special  lecture/demonstration  by  master  jewelry  designers 
in  October,  cosponsored  with  the  Embassy  of  Belgium  and  aug- 
mented by  a  private  viewing  of  the  exhibition,  Belgium  Jewels 


Membership  and  Development  I  347 


Today  at  the  Inter-American  Development  Bank,  filled  quickly. 
Another  successful  workshop,  "The  Quick  Self  Portrait,"  was 
offered  in  March  in  conjunction  with  the  National  Portrait  Gallery 
exhibition.  Artists  By  Themselves.  In  all,  220  programs  were  pre- 
sented throughout  the  year,  with  an  attendance  of  13,500. 

LECTURES,  SEMINARS,  SYMPOSIA,  FILMS 

Single  lectures,  intensive  one-  and  two-day  seminars,  and  schol- 
arly symposia  led  by  distinguished  authorities  addressed  a  wide 
range  of  cultural  topics  during  the  year.  Individual  films  and  film 
series  featuring  foreign  cultures,  saluting  well-known  artists,  or 
highlighting  different  techniques  were  an  expanding  feature  of 
the  program. 

Lectures 

Notable  speakers  and  guest  artists  included  computer  animation 
expert  Judson  Rosebush;  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Seychelles  Islands  Foundation  Maxime  Ferrari;  author  and  ad- 
venturer Arlene  Blum;  Professor  of  the  Year  Peter  Beidler  (co- 
sponsored  by  the  Council  for  Advancement  and  Support  of  Edu- 
cation); Director  of  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History 
Richard  Fiske;  and  choreographer,  artist,  designer,  and  actor  Geof- 
frey Holder.  "A  Video  Visit  with  Dumas  Malone  and  Thomas 
Jefferson"  was  the  occasion  for  the  Resident  Associate  Program's 
first  public  use  of  the  new  Novabeam  video  projector.  More  than 
28,600  persons  attended  106  Resident  Associate  Program  lectures 
in  fiscal  year  1984. 

Seminars  and  Symposia 

Nineteen  intensive  seminars  and  symposia  enabled  2,200  partici- 
pants to  examine  a  rich  selection  of  subjects  in  depth.  Eminent 
scholars  and  professionals  discussed  the  history  of  the  Roman 
emperors,  fashion  design,  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Aztecs,  the  social 
and  scientific  implications  of  advances  in  artificial  intelligence,  the 
genetics  revolution,  gemstones  and  jewels,  and  Harry  S  Truman: 
"The  Man  and  His  Years." 

Films 

Berlin  Alexander platz,  a  two-day  film  marathon,  was  screened  for 
a  sell-out  audience  in  December  and  received  critical  accolades  as 


348  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Washington  film  coup  of  the  year.  Memories  of  Old  Beijing,  a 
Chinese-produced  international  award  winner,  was  also  extremely 
well  received.  The  Washington  premiere  of  the  new  opera  film, 
Parsifal,  was  introduced  to  a  full  house  by  former  Washington  Post 
music  critic  Octavio  Roco.  A  riveting  Australian  documentary 
about  a  remote  highland  area  in  New  Guinea  in  the  1930s,  First 
Contact,  was  introduced  by  the  filmmakers.  January  audiences 
enjoyed  a  double  booking  of  an  eloquent  film  tribute  to  Marc 
Chagall,  Homage  to  Chagall.  Nadine  Gordimer's  South  Africa,  the 
Washington  premiere  of  seven  new  films  based  on  Gordimer's 
stories,  attracted  capacity  crowds.  Mel  Blanc,  creator  of  Bugs 
Bunny's  voice,  drew  over  1,200  participants  to  the  Departmental 
Auditorium,  as  he  reminisced  about  his  fifty-year  career;  Blanc's 
appearance  was  included  in  a  "Smithsonian  World"  feature  aired 
in  fall  1984.  In  the  spring,  actor  William  Powell  was  commemorat- 
ed in  a  series  of  classic  films  in  which  he  starred.  In  conjunction 
with  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  Alaska's  statehood,  a  new 
documentary  on  Alaska's  Denali  National  Park,  where  Mt.  Mc- 
Kinley  looms  above  the  wilderness,  was  screened.  Simone  de 
Beauvoir,  a  cine-portrait,  provided  a  fascinating  glimpse  into  the 
mind  and  thoughts  of  the  famous  author  and  philosopher.  Films 
shot  from  the  space  shuttle  thrilled  December  audiences.  Amadeus, 
the  spectacular  film  version  of  the  stage  hit,  was  screened  in  70mm 
on  the  iMAX  screen  at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  in  a 
benefit  premiere  in  September.  Over  eighty  film  showings  attracted 
22,500  people — members  and  the  general  public. 

PERFORMING  ARTS 

An  outstanding  season  of  theater,  music,  and  dance  was  presented 
in  the  first  year  the  Resident  Associate  Program  took  over  the 
majority  of  Smithsonian  performing  arts  events  requiring  tickets. 
Many  were  held  in  conjunction  with  Smithsonian  museums;  others 
were  selected  for  special  quality  and  popular  appeal.  The  noho 
Theatre  Group  of  Japan  appeared  in  March,  cosponsored  with  the 
Japan-American  Society  of  Washington,  and  the  Gewandhaus  Bach 
Orchestra  of  Leipzig,  a  virtuoso  ensemble  drawn  from  the  ranks 
of  the  famous  Gewandhaus  Orchestra  in  its  first  North  American 
visit,  appeared  in  February. 

The  Emerson  String  Quartet  played  to  full  houses  in  a  series  of 
memorable  concerts  held  in  the  Grand  Salon,  Renwick  Gallery, 
the  first  season  under  the  aegis  of  the  Resident  Associate  Program. 


Membership  and  Development  I  349 


Smithsonian  Salutes  Washington  Dance,  a  series  of  performances 
celebrating  the  vitality  of  the  Washington  dance  scene,  culminated 
in  "Dancers'  Choice,"  in  which  established  stars  selected  the  new 
dancers. 

Summer  outdoor  concerts  in  the  courtyard  of  the  National  Mu- 
seum of  American  Art  /  National  Portrait  Gallery  featured  out- 
standing jazz,  classical,  bluegrass,  and  ragtime  music  and  attracted 
capacity  audiences,  as  did  fall  and  winter  brunch  concerts  held  in 
the  National  Museum  of  American  History.  John  Eaton  performed 
the  compositions  of  Porter,  Arlen,  Gershwin,  and  Ellington  in  eight 
informative  and  entertaining  concerts,  his  sixth  season  of  jazz 
piano  for  the  Resident  Associate  Program.  In  the  1983-84  season, 
S9  performances  were  presented,  with  more  than  26,000  members 
and  the  general  public  in  attendance. 

TOURS 

On-site  learning  experiences  are  organized  for  small  groups  in  the 
fields  of  art,  architecture,  archeology,  history,  industry,  and  science, 
lasting  from  one  hour  to  three  days.  Tours  are  designed  to  appeal 
to  a  wide  variety  of  age  groups,  financial  circumstances,  and  inter- 
ests, and  range  in  content  from  Virginia  winemaking  to  the  Balti- 
more Museum  of  Art's  fall  session,  to  Tall  Ship  cruises  on  the 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Art  and  architecture  continue  to  be  among  the 
most  popular  subjects,  with  specialized  science  tours  gaining 
steadily. 

For  the  first  time,  members  attended  the  Spoleto  Festival  in 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  a  tour  featuring  concerts,  lectures, 
and  local  history.  An  overnight  art  study  tour  to  New  York's  Soho 
and  Wall  Street  and  one  tour  led  by  six  architects  commenting  at 
the  sites  of  their  own  work  were  filled.  Tours  to  historic  areas 
included  a  survey  of  Baltimore  markets,  regional  counties,  and 
Civil  War  sites.  An  enthusiastic  group  attended  "Visually  Impaired 
in  the  Seeing  World"  led  by  the  Washington  Ear  Radio  Reading 
Service.  In  a  joint  venture  with  the  National  Air  and  Space  Mu- 
seum, the  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  and  the  Space  Telescope 
Science  Institute  at  Johns  Hopkins  University,  space  telescope 
facilities  were  toured,  and,  on  a  rare  occasion,  participants — led  by 
National  Air  and  Space  Museum  staff— traveled  to  southern  Vir- 
ginia to  witness  the  solar  eclipse  in  May.  Natural  history  tours, 
especially  those  on  birding  and  botany,  were  quite  popular.  Free 


350  /  Smithsonian  "Year  1984 


tours,  most  led  by  museum  docents,  attracted  over  6,500  partici- 
pants during  the  year.  In  1983-84,  724  tours  took  place,  with  total 
attendance  by  more  than  27,300  people. 


YOUNG  ASSOCIATE  AND  FAMILY  ACTIVITIES 

Through  Young  Associate  and  Family  Activities,  the  Smithsonian's 
resources  are  enhanced  for  young  people,  ages  four  to  fifteen,  and 
their  parents.  Classes,  workshops,  monthly  free  films  for  families, 
tours,  and  performances  exploring  history,  art,  science,  and  studio 
arts  are  tailored  to  their  ages  and  interests.  Innovative  parent-child 
classes  and  workshops  enable  parents  and  children  to  work  to- 
gether on  projects  of  mutual  interest,  as  in  the  class  "Urban  Nature 
Study"  held  on  the  Mall;  "Geology  Close-Up,"  taught  by  a  geolo- 
gist in  the  Naturalist  Center  of  the  National  Museum  of  Natural 
History;  and  "Scissor  Art,"  a  workshop  in  producing  paper-cut  art 
for  Hanukkah. 

In  November,  the  first  Resident  Associate  Program  event  exclu- 
sively for  teens  was  well  received — "Science  Fiction  Writers  Tell 
All:  Meet  the  Authors,"  and  the  first  grandparent-child  event, 
"Granny's  Kitchen,"  also  drew  enthusiastic  participation.  "Renais- 
sance Sampler,"  a  parent-child  tour  planned  in  collaboration  with 
the  Folger  Shakespeare  Library,  incorporated  history,  drama,  dance/ 
movement,  and  music  into  a  behind-the-scenes  theater  class. 

For  the  second  season.  Summer  Camp  classes  met  all  morning, 
every  weekday  for  one,  two,  or  three  weeks,  in  July  and  August. 
Classes  were  team  taught,  combining  the  talents  of  teachers  of 
different  disciplines.  One  outstanding  example  was  "TV  Smith- 
sonian: The  Quad,"  in  which  a  video  production  expert  and  a 
painter/designer/sculptor  teamed  for  a  class  mural  painting  project. 
The  mural  was  painted  on  the  construction  barricade  surrounding 
the  Quadrangle's  future  Center  for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and 
Asian  Cultures,  the  process  being  filmed  by  class  members.  The 
story  of  the  completed  project  was  aired  on  a  Metromedia  television 
news  program.  In  1984,  over  180  Young  Associate  and  Family 
programs  attracted  an  attendance  of  more  than  12,900  individuals. 


Discovery  Theater 

Discovery  Theater,  presenting  entertainment  and  educational  ex- 
periences for  young  people  and  their  families,  conducted  its  first 


Membership  and  Development  I  351 


full  season  under  the  auspices  of  the  Resident  Associate  Program 
from  October  through  June.  Two  performances  a  day  were  present- 
ed, Wednesday  through  Sunday.  The  series  theme  for  1983-84 
was  "Myths,  Fables,  Legends,  and  Tales."  Ten  performing  groups 
demonstrated  the  full  spectrum  of  theatrical  styles,  including  mime, 
puppetry,  dance,  music,  storytelling,  and  original  plays.  Among 
the  highlights  were  a  live  stage  performance  by  the  local  Children's 
Radio  Theatre,  a  marionette  version  of  Hansel  and  Gretel  by  David 
Syrotiak's  National  Marionette  Theatre,  and  performances  by  two 
acclaimed  Canadian  companies — Kaleidoscope  Theatre  and  Theatre 
Beyond  Words.  In  order  to  facilitate  an  educational  as  well  as 
entertainment  experience  for  young  people.  Learning  Guides,  which 
include  information  about  performances,  suggestions  for  classroom 
activities,  a  listing  of  resources,  and  other  Smithsonian  activities, 
were  produced  by  Smithsonian  staff  and  furnished  free  of  charge 
to  all  leaders  who  brought  groups  to  the  theater.  Over  47,300  indi- 
viduals attended  the  369  performances  during  the  season;  approxi- 
mately 75  percent  consisted  of  groups  from  local  school  systems. 


VOLUNTEERS 

A  total  of  425  volunteers  provided  invaluable  assistance  to  the 
program,  monitoring  films,  special  events,  lectures,  courses,  and 
tours,  and  performing  vital  office  duties.  The  94  volunteer  office 
workers  represent  the  equivalent  of  six  full-time  staff  members, 
and  the  hours  contributed  by  monitor  volunteers  amount  to  the 
work  of  six  full-time  staff  members.  Office  volunteers  were  honored 
at  a  luncheon  on  May  3,  and  all  volunteers  were  feted  at  a  special 
reception  at  the  Arts  and  Industries  Building  Rotunda  on  Septem- 
ber 20. 


SUMMARY 

Fiscal  year  1985  marks  the  Resident  Associate  Program's  twentieth 
anniversary.  During  the  coming  year,  many  observances  are 
planned  that  will  lend  special  enhancement  to  the  program.  In 
addition  the  program  will  continue  to  present  museum-quality 
educational  and  cultural  activities  and  add  new  projects  as  it  is 
able,  with  consideration  of  staff  size,  Smithsonian  facilities,  and 
budget.  The  Resident  Associate  Program  will  continue  to  endeavor 


352  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


to  reach  new  audiences,  to  increase  membership  by  emphasizing 
modest  growth,  keeping  service  to  members  at  a  premium,  and  to 
increase  income  without  sacrificing  quaUty.  The  program  will  also 
continue  its  outreach  activities  for  the  Washington  area  community. 


Membership  and  Development  I  353 


Two  dozen  youngsters,  gathered  around  Uncle  Beazley,  the  popular  dinosaur 
model,  served  as  the  supporting  cast  for  actress  Sandy  Duncan  during  the  film- 
ing of  a  Smithsonian  television  public  service  announcement  produced  by  the 
Office  of  Public  Affairs. 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 


PUBLIC  INFORMATION 


LAWRENCE  E.  TAYLOR, 
COORDINATOR 


Office  of  Public  Affairs 

The  Office  of  Public  Affairs  (opa)  participated  in  and  helped  coor- 
dinate publicity  for  several  historic  events  during  the  year,  includ- 
ing the  announcement  of  Robert  McC.  Adams's  selection  as  the 
Smithsonian's  ninth  Secretary  and  the  subsequent  installation  cere- 
monies, the  observance  of  Secretary  Ripley's  twentieth  anniversary 
at  the  Institution,  the  launching  of  the  Smithsonian's  first  major 
venture  in  public  television,  and  Institution  participation  in  the 
1984  Edinburgh  Festival,  the  world's  oldest  and  largest  annual 
cultural  festival. 

The  Board  of  Regents  unanimously  elected  Dr.  Adams  as  the 
Smithsonian's  ninth  Secretary  on  January  23,  1984.  Following  the 
vote,  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs  organized  a  news  conference, 
which  was  attended  by  representatives  of  the  Board  of  Regents 
and  the  Search  Committee,  Secretary  Ripley,  Secretary-designate 
Adams  and  reporters  and  photographers  from  the  national,  inter- 
national, and  local  media. 

In  February,  Secretary  Ripley  celebrated  his  twentieth  anni- 
versary at  the  Smithsonian  with  a  reception  for  the  entire  Smith- 
sonian staff  at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History.  To  com- 
memorate the  anniversary,  public  affairs  staff  members  produced 
a  special  six-page  supplement  on  the  events  and  accomplishments 
of   the   Ripley   years   for   the   February   issue   of   The    Torch,   the 


355 


monthly  newspaper  for  employees  and  friends  of  the  Smithsonian, 
and  prepared  a  chronology  of  the  Ripley  years  for  the  media. 

The  Office  of  Public  Affairs  planned  and  implemented  a  public 
relations  program  for  the  ceremonies  marking  the  installation  of 
the  ninth  Secretary  September  17  on  the  National  Mall.  The  his- 
toric event  was  given  broad  coverage  in  the  media  and  resulted  as 
well  in  major  articles  in  the  national  press  on  Secretary  Ripley 
and  the  new  Secretary.  In  addition,  the  opa  produced  an  expanded 
issue  of  the  monthly  staff  newspaper  to  commemorate  the  occasion. 

The  Smithsonian's  new  television  series,  "Smithsonian  World," 
coproduced  with  the  Washington,  D.C.,  public  television  station 
WETA-TV  with  a  $3.5  million  grant  from  the  James  S.  McDonnell 
Foundation,  premiered  in  January  to  positive  reviews  from  the 
media  and  the  public.  Public  affairs  staff  members  provided 
"Smithsonian  World"  staff  with  background  materials  and  infor- 
mation and  coordinated  for  the  Institution  the  extensive  publicity 
and  advertising  campaign  that  accompanied  the  series. 

A  major  new  project  began  in  the  opa  with  a  grant  from  the 
Educational  Outreach  Fund  to  encourage  visits  to  the  Smithsonian 
by  members  of  minority  communities.  Emphasizing  the  theme 
"Explore  Your  Heritage,"  the  opa  staff  produced  both  an  illustrated 
brochure  and  a  30-second  public  service  announcement  (psa)  for 
television,  featuring  areas  of  the  Institution  of  particular  signif- 
icance to  members  of  the  Black  community  as  the  first  effort  in 
the  project.  The  brochure  was  distributed  to  schools,  churches,  and 
civic  organizations  in  the  Washington,  D.C.,  metropolitan  area, 
to  tourists  at  the  information  desks  of  the  museums,  and  in  re- 
sponse to  requests  generated  by  the  television  announcement. 
Colonel  Guion  "Guy"  Bluford,  the  first  Black  American  astronaut 
in  space,  appeared  as  narrator  in  the  psa. 

As  part  of  the  outreach  project,  advertisements  were  placed 
throughout  the  year  in  Washington/Baltimore  Afro-American 
newspapers  calling  attention  to  special  exhibitions  and  activities 
related  to  Black  History  Month  and  holiday  seasons  and  to  pro- 
mote a  performance  sponsored  by  the  National  Museum  of  Ameri- 
can Art  to  benefit  a  future  Black  History  Festival.  The  latter  adver- 
tisement also  appeared  in  the  Washington  Post. 

As  part  of  the  office's  continuing  mission  to  encourage  visits  to 
the  Smithsonian,  the  opa  produced  a  television  public  service  an- 
nouncement package  (a  30-second  psa  and  a  20-second  psa)  aimed 
specifically  at  showing  the  Institution's  exhibits  that  children  can 
touch  and  participate  in.  Noted  television  and  stage  actress  Sandy 


356  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Duncan  became  a  real-life  Smithsonian  Peter  Pan  as  forty  children, 
ranging  in  age  from  3  to  17,  followed  her  lead  in  the  filming.  The 
hard-working  cast  labored  from  dawn  to  dusk  just  as  any  Holly- 
wood crew  would  do  to  complete  the  tv  announcements,  which 
were  distributed  to  the  three  hundred  largest  television  stations  in 
the  country,  reaching  every  state. 

Public  affairs  staff  members  also  produced  and  placed  advertise- 
ments in  the  Washington  Post  every  two  weeks  during  the  summer 
calling  attention  to  the  Smithsonian's  extended  summer  hours  and 
encouraging  visitors  to  "Spend  an  Evening"  at  the  Smithsonian 
during  those  relatively  uncrowded  times.  Ads  also  appeared  during 
one  week  of  extended  hours  in  April.  Attendance  at  the  Smith- 
sonian in  April  1984  increased  by  more  than  15  percent  over  1983, 
and  overall  attendance  for  the  year  was  expected  to  break  last 
year's  all-time  record  high. 

The  Office  of  Public  Affairs  is  the  central  Smithsonian  clearing- 
house for  reporters  from  newspapers,  magazines,  television,  and 
radio.  In  fiscal  year  1984,  the  opa  issued  more  than  five  hundred 
news  releases  on  Smithsonian  exhibitions,  events,  and  activities; 
staff  members  answered  hundreds  of  phone  calls  from  members  of 
the  print  and  electronic  media  and  arranged  dozens  of  interviews 
with  Smithsonian  officials,  scholars,  scientists,  and  curators.  The 
office  also  provided  assistance  to  other  Smithsonian  bureaus  and 
offices  in  the  planning  and  implementation  of  major  publicity  pro- 
grams. To  publicize  the  Edinburgh  Festival,  which  included  the 
exhibition  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution  as  well  as 
32  concerts  given  by  nine  performing  groups  and  individual  artists, 
the  Office  of  Public  Affairs  cooperated  with  the  Office  of  the  As- 
sistant Secretary  for  Public  Service  in  a  media  campaign  that 
resulted  in  international  media  coverage  for  the  Smithsonian's 
Edinburgh  programs. 

Articles  covering  Smithsonian  programs  in  Edinburgh  appeared 
in  the  New  York  Times,  the  Washington  Post,  the  Christian  Sci- 
ence Monitor,  the  Times  and  the  Sunday  Times  (London),  the 
Glasgow  Herald,  The  Scotsman  (Edinburgh),  and  the  International 
Herald  Tribune.  Smithsonian  representatives  also  were  interviewed 
on  BBC  radio  and  television  and  on  local  media  outlets  in  Scotland, 
as  well  as  by  the  national  television  and  radio  networks  of  Aus- 
tralia, Ireland,  and  South  Africa. 

In  an  effort  to  reach  a  more  diverse  audience  than  those  at  past 
Edinburgh  Festivals,  the  Smithsonian  participated  in  an  experiment 
that  took  Festival  concerts  to  the  Scottish  city's  housing  projects 


Public  Information  I  2>57 


and  working-class  neighborhoods;  publicity  of  this  effort  by  an 
on-site  opa  staff  nnember  helped  to  offset  criticism  by  the  Edin- 
burgh city  government  that  the  Festival  was  too  "elitist." 

Other  major  publicity  campaigns  planned  and  conducted  by  the 
OPA  in  conjunction  with  other  Smithsonian  bureaus  during  the  year 
focused  on  the  exhibition  James  McNeill  Whistler  at  the  Freer 
Gallery  of  Art,  an  exhibition  organized  in  celebration  of  the  one 
hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Whistler's  birth;  the  Eighteenth 
Annual  Festival  of  American  Folklife;  and  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Traveling  Exhibition  Service  exhibition.  The  Precious  Legacy: 
Judaic  Treasures  from  the  Czechoslovak  State  Collections.  The  of- 
fice also  planned  workshops  on  public  relations  and  organized  and 
helped  coordinate  publicity  for  the  American  Association  of  Mu- 
seums annual  meeting,  which  was  held  in  June  in  Washington,  D.C. 

The  office  assisted  with  the  media  arrangements  for  an  April 
conference  for  North  American  journalists  on  "The  Challenge  to 
Our  Cultural  Heritage:  Why  Preserve  the  Past?"  The  conference 
was  sponsored  by  unesco  and  the  Smithsonian  with  cooperation 
from  the  National  Trust  for  Historic  Preservation  and  the  United 
States  Committee  of  the  International  Council  on  Monuments  and 
Sites.  The  conference  was  covered  widely  by  the  media,  including 
the  Christian  Science  Monitor,  the  Boston  Globe,  Newsweek,  and 
United  Press  International. 

The  Smithsonian  News  Service,  a  free  monthly  feature-story  ser- 
vice produced  by  the  opa  for  daily  and  weekly  newspapers  nation- 
wide, completed  its  fifth  successful  year  of  operation.  In  fiscal  year 
1984,  1,554  newspapers  (808  dailies  and  746  weeklies)  in  all  fifty 
states  and  the  District  of  Columbia  regularly  used  the  News  Ser- 
vice's monthly  articles  covering  Smithsonian  activities  in  the  arts, 
sciences,  and  history.  These  papers  have  a  total  combined  circula- 
tion of  40  million  and  a  potential  readership  of  100  million.  The 
prestigious  Los  Angeles  Times  joined  the  list  of  Smithsonian  News 
Service  subscribers,  as  did  smaller  newspapers  such  as  the  Trouble- 
some Creek  Times  in  Hindman,  Kentucky,  and  a  number  of  major 
newspapers,  such  as  the  St.  Louis  Post  Dispatch,  began  using  color 
artwork  with  the  stories  on  a  regular  basis.  International  usage  of 
the  News  Service  expanded  with  the  addition  to  the  subscriber  list 
of  the  Japan  Times  of  Tokyo.  The  News  Service  continued  to  in- 
crease its  efforts  to  reach  out  to  special  constituencies  in  a  number 
of  ways:  The  Braille  Institute  of  Los  Angeles  began  featuring  News 
Service  stories  in  the  magazine  that  it  distributes  free  of  charge  to 
visually  handicapped  United  States  citizens,  and  stories  on  design 


358  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


for  disabled  individuals  and  on  Black  scientists  highlighted  the 
"Decade  of  Disabled  Persons"  and  Black  History  Month,  respec- 
tively. 

During  the  year,  the  News  Service  distributed  forty-eight  fea- 
tures covering  such  major  newsworthy  and  timely  subjects  as  the 
four-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  first  manned  balloon  flight;  the 
preservation  of  Aldabra,  a  tiny  tropical  island  and  natural  labora- 
tory in  the  Indian  Ocean;  the  space  telescope;  presidential  elections 
and  campaigns;  the  one-hundredth  anniversaries  of  the  birth  of 
Harry  5  Truman  and  of  the  Statue  of  Liberty;  the  Olympic  Games; 
and  American  folk  art. 

Recognizing  the  outstanding  quality  of  the  News  Service,  the 
National  Association  of  Government  Communicators  awarded  the 
first,  second,  and  third  prizes  in  the  "feature"  category  of  its  na- 
tionwide "Blue  Pencil  Contest"  to  News  Service  stories.  The  Smith- 
sonian monthly  staff  newspaper.  The  Torch,  also  received  a  first 
place  in  the  same  contest  in  the  in-house  newspaper  category; 
Research  Reports,  a  three-times-a-year  periodical  describing  Insti- 
tution-related research  in  the  arts,  history,  and  science,  received 
second  place  in  the  newsletter  category.  These  publications,  as  well 
as  others  produced  by  the  opa,  also  won  major  awards  in  writing 
and  design  contests  sponsored  by  the  American  Association  of 
Museums  and  the  Society  for  Technical  Communications. 

In  addition  to  the  new  Explore  Your  Heritage  brochure,  the  office 
produced  a  new  32-page  publication,  titled  Science  at  the  Smith- 
sonian, which  describes  the  process  and  benefits  of  the  Institution's 
scientific  research  programs.  The  Smithsonian's  general  information 
Welcome  brochure  was  revised  in  a  new  format  with  an  easy-to- 
read  map,  and  the  Guide  to  the  Smithsonian  for  Disabled  Visitors 
was  also  updated.  To  aid  journalists  covering  Smithsonian  activi- 
ties, the  office  revised  the  publication  The  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion— Yesterday  and  Today,  a  100-page  general  reference  booklet 
on  the  history,  organization,  and  programs  of  the  Institution. 

As  construction  proceeds  on  the  Center  for  African,  Near  East- 
ern, and  Asian  Cultures,  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs  continues  to 
work  with  other  bureaus  at  the  Institution  to  formulate  public 
relations  programs  and  policies  and  to  publicize  noteworthy  events 
connected  with  the  center. 


Public  Information  I  359 


Art  Buchwald,  the  noted  humorist,  was  master  of  ceremonies  at  festivities  mark- 
ing RIF  (Reading  Is  Fundamental)  Week.  (Photograph  by  Rick  Reinhard) 


I 


Smithsonian  Year  .  1984 


READING  IS  FUNDAMENTAL,  INC. 


MRS.  ELLIOT  RICHARDSON,  CHAIRMAN 
RUTH  GRAVES,  PRESIDENT 


Reading  Is  Fundamental,  Inc.  (rif),  a  private  nonprofit  organiza- 
tion, celebrated  its  eighteenth  anniversary  in  1984  as  the  nation's 
largest  reading  motivation  program.  Since  1966,  when  rif  was 
founded  by  the  late  Mrs.  Robert  McNamara,  this  program  has  put 
more  than  58  million  books  into  the  hands  of  young  people.  Today 
there  are  3,000  rif  programs,  each  staffed  by  volunteers,  in  all 
fifty  states,  the  District  of  Columbia,  Puerto  Rico,  the  Virgin  Is- 
lands, and  Guam. 

Reading  Is  Fundamental  addresses  an  urgent  problem — the  fact 
that  record  numbers  of  young  people  are  not  learning  to  read  and 
that  many  more,  who  can  decipher  words,  simply  do  not  choose 
to  read.  There  is  evidence  that  rif  is  altering  the  reading  habits 
of  America's  children.  In  a  1983  survey  of  rif  projects,  local  project 
leaders  reported  that  the  program  has  significant  long-term  effects 
on  children's  interest  in  reading.  Several  other  benefits  of  the  rif 
program  were  also  reported:  rif  improves  children's  self-image, 
increases  children's  use  of  the  library,  improves  attitudes  toward 
school,  helps  teachers  motivate  children  to  read,  and  increases 
parent  involvement  in  the  school. 

The  rif  Method 

Two  principles  underlie  the  rif  method  of  motivating  youngsters 
to  read.  The  first  is  that  each  child  be  allowed  to  choose  his  own 
book — a  factor  that  inclines  him  to  take  the  pains  to  read  it.  Sec- 
ond, each  child  gets  to  keep  the  book  he  chooses,  to  reread  and 
ponder  and  share  with  family  and  friends.  Book  ownership  has 


361 


multiplied  rif's  impact  by  drawing  the  entire  family  into  the  act 
of  reading.  Study  after  study  has  shown  the  significant  relationship 
between  reading  achievement  and  books  in  the  home. 

In  addition,  rif  relies  on  its  volunteers — some  96,000  at  last 
count — to  lead  children  into  successful  reading  experiences.  These 
local  citizens  volunteer  millions  of  manhours  to  choose  and  order 
those  books  likely  to  appeal  to  local  children,  raise  money  to  pay 
the  project's  operating  expenses  and  some  or  all  of  book  costs,  and 
devise  intriguing  ways  to  tempt  youngsters  to  read  more. 

The  Diversity  of  the  rif  Program 

The  rif  program  is  vitally  heterogeneous.  On  the  plains  of  Kansas, 
rural  schoolchildren  hold  a  rif  young  authors'  conference  where 
they  write,  illustrate,  and  bind  their  own  books.  On  the  floor  of  the 
Grand  Canyon,  the  children  of  the  Havasupai  tribe  hear  a  story- 
teller chant  ancient  legends  of  earth  and  sky,  as  part  of  a  rif  book 
distribution.  In  the  drab,  gray  surroundings  of  Los  Angeles'  Skid 
Row,  youngsters  discover  the  enchantment  of  children's  books 
through  a  rif  project  at  a  child  development  center.  In  an  intensive 
care  unit  of  a  New  York  Medical  Center,  the  mother  of  a  seven- 
year-old  child  finds  what  she  describes  as  "something  active  and 
positive"  to  do  for  her  son — reading  aloud  his  rif  book  while  the 
boy  undergoes  kidney  dialysis. 

Rif  books  are  especially  treasured  by  the  children  of  migrant 
farm  workers.  In  seventy  projects  from  Maine  to  Florida,  some 
71,242  children  carry  their  books  from  town  to  town  as  their 
parents  follow  the  harvest.  An  added  bonus:  semiliterate  mothers 
and  fathers  who  discover  the  magic  world  of  reading  through  their 
children's  rif  books.  In  short,  the  rif  program  serves  children  at 
more  than  10,000  sites — public  and  private  schools,  libraries,  In- 
dian reservations,  hospitals,  schools  for  the  handicapped,  trauma 
centers,  housing  projects,  boys'  ranches,  migrant  worker  camps, 
and  juvenile  detention  centers. 

Rif:  A  Public/Private  Partnership 

The  basis  for  rif's  rapid  growth  over  the  last  eighteen  years  is  the 
broad  support  the  organization  has  received  from  both  public  and 
private  sectors.  In  1976  Congress  created  the  Inexpensive  Book 
Distribution  Program,  modelling  it  on  rif.  Reading  Is  Fundamental 
continues  to  operate  this  program  under  a  grant  from  the  Depart- 
ment of  Education.  Since  the  Ford  Foundation  gave  rif  its  start 
with  a  sizable  grant,  the  private  sector  has  been  generous  to  this 
grassroots  reading  motivation  program.  Today,  some  6,200  busi- 


362  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


nesses  and  organizations  support  rif  projects. 

To  stretch  its  resources  further,  rif  has  formed  partnerships 
with  corporations,  foundations,  the  media,  book  pubHshers,  and 
civic  and  youth  groups.  Over  the  past  thirteen  years,  the  broad- 
cast and  print  media  have  given  more  than  $20  milUon  in  free 
time  and  space  to  rif's  campaign  to  promote  reading.  Many  of 
rif's  pubHcations  for  volunteers  and  parents  have  been  under- 
written by  corporations  and  foundations.  For  example,  rif's  highly 
popular  pamphlet  for  parents  on  how  to  promote  reading  in  the 
home  was  published  under  a  grant  from  a  children's  clothing  man- 
ufacturer. General  Sportwear.  More  than  a  million  parents  have 
used  this  guide  to  lead  their  preschoolers  and  school  children  into 
enjoyable  reading  experiences. 

Recognizing  the  importance  of  rif  in  encouraging  children  to 
read,  some  350  booksellers  and  publishers  give  rif's  local  programs 
the  best  possible  discounts  and  services,  advise  rif  on  trends  in 
juvenile  literature,  and  donate  books  for  special  occasions. 

Rif's  chairman,  president,  and  board  members  regularly  speak 
before  a  variety  of  audiences  on  the  importance  of  creating  a  lit- 
erate citizenry.  On  International  Literacy  Day,  rif  chairman  Mrs. 
Elliot  Richardson  joined  Secretary  of  Education  Terrel  Bell  and 
former  U.S.  Senator  James  Symington  as  keynote  speaker  at  a 
Jefferson  Memorial  ceremony,  where  she  told  listeners:  "We  need 
to  motivate  children  to  want  to  learn.  For  unless  a  child  wants  to 
learn  the  most  adept  teaching  techniques  will  run  into  a  stone 
wall." 

Since  1969  all  U.S.  Commissioners  of  Education  and  a  host  of 
service,  literacy,  education  and  youth  organizations  have  endorsed 
the  RIF  program.  Included  among  those  organizations  are  the 
American  Association  of  School  Administrators,  the  Association 
for  Library  Services  to  Children  of  the  American  Library  Asso- 
ciation, the  National  Catholic  Education  Association,  the  National 
Association  of  Elementary  School  Principals,  and  youth  clubs  such 
as  the  Boy's  Club  of  America,  Girl  Scouts  of  America,  and  Camp- 
fire  Girls,  Inc. 

Highhghts  of  1984 

In  May  1984  rif  held  a  national  celebration  of  reading  called 
"Reading  Is  Fun  Week."  Young  authors'  conferences,  reading  com- 
petitions, book  fairs,  and  many  other  special  events  took  place  in 
local  RIF  projects  across  the  country.  For  their  work  in  promot- 
ing literacy,  thousands  of  local  citizens  and  organizations  were 
honored  with  the  Margaret  McNamara  Certificate  of  Merit,  com- 


Reading  Is  Fundamental,  Inc.  I  363 


memorating  rif's  founder.  To  cap  the  week,  rif  held  a  book  dis- 
tribution for  600  children  at  the  Washington,  D.C.,  convention 
center,  as  part  of  the  American  Booksellers  Association  conven- 
tion, the  largest  English-language  book  convention  in  the  world. 
Art  Buchwald,  humorist  and  syndicated  columnist,  presided  over 
the  event  and  thirty  book  publishers  donated  1,500  books  for  the 
occasion. 

The  children  were  entertained  by  Sesame  Street's  Kermit  Love; 
authors  and  illustrators  Ashley  Bryan,  John  Langstaff,  and  Nor- 
man Bridwell;  a  Ringling  Brothers  clown;  mimes;  and  the  surprise 
of  the  day,  television  star  "Mr.  T.,"  who  urged  the  children  to 
stay  in  school  and  "read,  read,  read." 

In  1984  New  American  Library  (nal)  established  a  donation 
program  with  rif  to  mark  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  nal's 
Signet  Classics  imprint.  For  every  Signet  Classic  sold  in  1984,  one 
cent  was  earmarked  to  rif.  The  publisher  inaugurated  the  program 
with  an  initial  donation  of  $25,000,  presented  to  rif  at  the  Ameri- 
can Booksellers  Association  convention.  Moreover,  nal  encour- 
aged booksellers  to  donate  one  cent  for  every  Signet  Classic  sold 
at  the  retail  level,  and  agreed  to  match  each  penny  with  an  addi- 
tional penny.  Since  more  than  250  Signet  Classic  titles  are  in 
print,  including  George  Orwell's  1984,  this  contribution  is  ex- 
pected to  be  significant. 

During  the  year,  rif  expanded  its  efforts  to  involve  parents  in 
their  children's  learning  and  reading.  This  parent  outreach  fol- 
lowed naturally  from  the  fact  that  some  36  percent  of  rif's  volun- 
teers are  parents. 

A  grant  from  the  MacArthur  Foundation  enabled  rif  to  pubHsh 
a  guide.  Books  to  Crow  On,  tailored  to  meet  needs  cited  by  par- 
ents in  an  earlier  survey  conducted  by  rif.  In  1984,  the  General 
Electric  Foundation  provided  rif  with  funds  to  hold  a  series  of  six 
parent  workshops.  Conducted  by  educators,  authors,  and  chil- 
dren's literature  experts,  these  workshops  are  being  held  in  six 
cities  nationwide  and  address  such  topics  as  how  to  read  aloud 
to  a  child,  reading  activities  for  families  to  share,  and  how  to 
match  books  to  children's  ages  and  interests. 

A  RIF  puppet  show,  produced  by  Sesame  Street's  Kermit  Love 
and  underwritten  by  Lever  Brothers,  toured  three  major  cities — 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  Kansas  City — reaching  nearly  2,000  chil- 
dren. The  show  featured  Love's  latest  creation.  Snuggle  the  Bear, 
a  bear  who  reads  and  cares  about  reading.  Love,  who  also  created 
Sesame  Street  muppets  Big  Bird,  Mr.  Snuffleupagus,  and  Oscar 
the  Grouch,  left  the  children  with  this  message:  "Reading  is  fun 


364  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


and  it's  not  hard.  It's  as  easy  as  making  instant  soup.  All  you  add 
is  imagination." 

At  a  Parents'  Rally  held  at  the  International  Reading  Associa- 
tion's (ira)  annual  convention,  rif  held  a  special  book  distribu- 
tion and  offered  a  workshop  for  parents,  entitled  "The  rif  Experi- 
ence." The  event  culminated  in  a  play  produced  by  youngsters 
from  RIF  projects. 

Last  year,  rif  was  selected  to  receive  the  Valley  Forge  Certifi- 
cate for  Excellence  in  Community  Programs  from  the  Valley  Forge 
Freedoms  Foundation.  During  the  last  eighteen  years,  rif  and 
members  of  its  staff  have  won  dozens  of  private  and  government 
awards,  including  the  highest  civilian  award  made  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  to  rif's  founder,  Margaret  McNamara, 
for  her  work  in  promoting  literacy. 

In  1984,  a  Boston  corporation  started  a  new  kind  of  rif  project. 
The  company — fmr  Corp.,  of  Fidelity  Investments — donated  funds 
to  hold  a  spotlight  distribution  for  the  children  of  its  2,000  em- 
ployees. Corporate  executives  and  Harvard  University  adminis- 
trators viewed  the  event  with  an  eye  to  replicating  it. 

Keeping  America's  Young  People  Reading 

In  1984  RIF  was  featured  in  two  widely  read  pubhcations  and  one 
syndicated  column.  As  a  result,  thousands  of  parents  and  con- 
cerned citizens  from  all  walks  of  life  wrote  rif  headquarters  ask- 
ing how  they  could  ensure  that  their  youngsters  became  avid 
readers.  A  "Frustrated  Mother"  from  Connecticut  had  written  Ann 
Landers  about  her  two  children.  Though  they  were  "bright,"  she 
confided,  "reading  a  book  would  never  occur  to  them."  Landers, 
in  her  reply,  referred  to  rif  as  an  "organization  that  speaks  to 
your  needs  exactly."  Shortly  thereafter,  rif  was  deluged  with  mail 
from  parents  whose  children  had  also  turned  their  backs  on  books. 
Articles  about  rif  in  Parade  magazine  and  the  Mini  Page,  a  news- 
paper insert  for  young  people,  also  resulted  in  a  barrage  of  mail 
from  parents  and  from  groups  seeking  information  on  how  to 
start  reading  motivation  programs. 

Over  the  coming  year,  rif  will  continue  to  forge  new  coalitions 
to  ensure  that  America's  young  people  keep  reading.  As  Ruth 
Graves,  rif  president,  said  in  a  speech  to  the  book  division  of  the 
International  Periodical  Distributors  Association  (ipda):  "Despite 
the  dismal  statistics  on  literacy,  children  are  demonstrating  daily 
that  they  are  interested  in  acquiring  knowledge  and  skills  if  the 
process  is  fun." 


Reading  Is  Fundamental,  Inc.  I  365 


Jimmy  Carter  came  to  the  Wilson  Center  March  5,  1984,  for  an  evening  dialogue 
on  the  modern  presidency.  Shown  here  with  the  former  President  are  Senator 
Mark  Hatfield  (left),  who  moderated  the  discussion,  and  Jack  Walker,  professor 
of  political  science  at  the  University  of  Michigan. 


Smithsonian  Year  .  1984. 


WOODROW  WILSON 

INTERNATIONAL  CENTER 

FOR  SCHOLARS 

JAMES  H.  BILLINGTON,  DIRECTOR 


The  Wilson  Center — with  the  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing 
Arts  and  the  National  Gallery  of  Art — is  one  of  three  institutions 
with  mixed  trust/public  funding  created  by  the  Congress  within 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Washington,  D.C.,  fulfilling  a  na- 
tional mission  under  a  board  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  Wilson  Center  is  an  active  workshop  and 
switchboard  for  scholarship  at  the  highest  levels.  Since  its  opening 
fourteen  years  ago  this  fall,  it  has  gained  widespread  recognition 
for  the  work  of  its  fellows  in  mining  the  scholarly  riches  of  Wash- 
ington, for  its  many  meetings  that  bring  together  the  world  of 
affairs  and  the  world  of  ideas,  and  for  its  democratic  openness  to 
all  comers  through  its  annual  fellowship  competition. 

Each  year,  some  fifty  fellows  are  brought  in  through  open  inter- 
national competition  involving  ever-increasing  numbers  of  appli- 
cants from  a  wide  range  of  backgrounds,  disciplines,  cultures,  and 
nations.  A  broad  spectrum  of  ideas  is,  in  turn,  shared  with  a  non- 
specialized  national  audience  through  The  Wilson  Quarterly,  which 
has  more  subscribers  than  any  other  scholarly  quarterly  journal 
in  the  English-speaking  world. 

The  Wilson  Center  seeks  to  render  a  service  to  the  world  and  to 
the  Washington,  D.C.,  community  by  throwing  open  its  core 
fellowship  program  to  all  interested  individuals.  Fellows  are  selected 
for  the  promise,  importance,  and  appropriateness  of  their  projects 
on  the  recommendation  of  broadly  based  academic  panels  outside 


367 


the  center.  The  fellows  come  for  limited  periods,  not  only  in  the 
broadly  inclusive  program  entitled  History,  Culture,  and  Society, 
but  also  in  special  programs  in  Russian  and  Soviet  studies  (the 
Kennan  Institute),  Latin  American  studies,  international  security 
studies,  Asia  studies,  a  program  in  American  society  and  politics, 
and  a  European  program.  Each  program  is  directed  by  a  scholar 
on  the  staff. 

Following  its  mandate  to  symbolize  and  strengthen  the  fruitful 
relation  between  the  worlds  of  learning  and  of  public  affairs,  the 
center  sponsors  conferences  and  seminars  on  topics  of  special  cur- 
rent interest  to  both  worlds.  In  1984,  for  example,  the  center 
brought  together  scholars  from  many  different  disciplines,  mem- 
bers of  Congress,  representatives  of  the  executive  branch,  busi- 
nessmen, journalists,  military  experts,  writers,  politicians,  educa- 
tors, and  diplomats  to  consider  a  variety  of  issues,  examine  current 
questions,  enjoy  celebrations,  and  participate  in  evaluative  discus- 
sions. 

Increasingly,  people  from  different  regions  of  America  meet  and 
interact  with  foreign  scholars  and  the  growing  intellectual  commu- 
nity of  Washington  itself.  In  January  1984  the  center  sponsored 
a  major  conference  in  cooperation  with  the  Folger  Shakespeare 
Library  on  "The  Treaty  of  Paris  in  a  Changing  States  System." 
Speakers  included  Claude  Fohlen,  professor  of  American  history, 
Sorbonne,  and  former  Wilson  Center  Fellow,  on  "A  French  View 
of  the  Treaty  of  1783";  A.  P.  W.  Malcolmson,  of  the  Public 
Record  office  of  Northern  Ireland  on  "Irish  Responses  to  the 
Treaty";  Peggy  Liss  on  "The  Impact  of  the  Treaty  on  the  Spanish 
Empire";  and  Alison  Olson,  professor  of  history.  University  of 
Maryland,  on  "Later  British  Responses  to  the  Treaty." 

At  an  all-day  workshop  on  "Cinema  and  Society  in  the  Devel- 
oping World,"  organized  by  the  center's  Latin  American  and  His- 
tory Culture  and  Society  programs,  film  critics  considered  the  im- 
pact of  the  popular  cinema  on  national  identity  in  Third  World 
countries  as  well  as  the  powerful  outside  influence  of  Hollywood. 
Speakers  were  Pat  Aufderheide,  freelance  film  critic;  Mbye  Cham, 
professor  of  African-Studies,  Harvard  University;  and  film  critics 
Luis  Francis  and  Chidananda  Das  Gupta,  Wilson  Center  Fellow. 

The  center's  Kennan  Institute  for  Advanced  Russian  Studies 
organized  a  major  conference  on  "U.S.-Soviet  Exchanges,"  assess- 
ing the  variety  of  exchanges  that  have  continued  between  the  two 
countries  despite  continuing  tensions.  Joining  foundations  and 
government  officers  were  administrators  of  scholarly  exchanges,  of 


368  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


bilateral  science  and  technology  exchanges,  of  programs  that  pro- 
mote dialogue  between  United  States  and  Soviet  citizens,  and  of 
Russian  language  programs.  President  Reagan,  speaking  to  the 
group  in  the  White  House,  praised  the  efforts  of  the  conference 
and  supported  the  continuation  of  exchanges  between  the  two 
superpowers. 

One  hundred  specialists  in  Southeast  Asia  met  at  the  center  in 
March  1984  to  evaluate  changes  in  research  over  the  last  decade, 
and  to  make  plans  for  more  practical  results.  Participants  included 
Leonard  Unger,  former  U.S.  ambassador  to  Laos,  Thailand,  and 
Taiwan,  now  professor  of  diplomacy  at  the  Fletcher  School; 
Benedict  Anderson,  associate  director  of  the  Southeast  Asia  Pro- 
gram, Cornell  University;  and  William  Frederick,  professor  of 
history,  Ohio  University. 

A  two-day  conference  on  "Policy  Dialogue  on  the  United  States 
and  Colombia  in  the  1980's"  brought  together  a  cross-section  of 
high-level  opinion  leaders  from  the  United  States  and  Colombia 
including:  Honorable  Alvaro  Gomez  Hurtado,  vice-president  and 
ambassador  of  Colombia;  Rodrigo  Botero  Montoya,  editor  of 
Estrategia;  Howard  Howe,  vice-president,  Wharton  Econometrics; 
Gabriel  Melo  Guevara,  director.  El  Siglio;  Frederick  D.  Seeley, 
senior  vice-president,  J.  Henry  Schroder's  Bank;  Honorable  Viron 
P.  Vaky,  Research  Professor  in  Diplomacy,  Georgetown  Univer- 
sity; Honorable  Michael  D.  Barnes,  United  States  Representative 
from  Maryland;  Fernando  Cepeda  Ulloa,  dean  of  the  Law  Faculty, 
Universidad  de  los  Andes;  Bruce  M.  Bagley,  associate  director, 
Latin  American  Program,  Johns  Hopkins  University;  and  Marco 
Polacios  Rozo,  cultural  adviser.  Banco  Popular. 

As  an  intellectual  contribution  to  the  various  events  celebrating 
the  "Harry  S  Truman  Centennial,"  the  center  held  a  two-day 
symposium  in  cooperation  with  the  National  Museum  of  American 
History.  Among  the  speakers  and  commentators  were  Robert 
Griffith,  professor  of  history.  University  of  Massachusetts;  Alonzo 
L.  Hamby,  professor  of  history,  Ohio  University;  Craufurd  D. 
Goodwin,  dean  of  the  Graduate  School,  Duke  University;  Nelson 
Lichtenstein,  professor  of  history.  Catholic  University;  William 
H.  Chafe,  professor  of  history,  Duke  University;  Paul  Boyer,  pro- 
fessor of  history.  University  of  Wisconsin;  David  Rosenberg,  Na- 
tion Defense  University,  Washington,  D.C.;  Bruce  Kuniholm,  In- 
stitute of  Policy  Studies,  Duke  University;  Robert  McMahon,  pro- 
fessor of  history.  University  of  Florida;  John  Gaddis,  professor  of 
history,  Ohio  University,  Athens;  Charles  Maier,  professor  of  his- 


Woodrow  Wilson  International  Center  for  Scholars  I  369 


tory.  Harvard  University;  John  W.  Dower,  professor  of  history. 
University  of  Wisconsin;  Barton  Bernstein,  professor  of  history, 
Stanford  University;  Clark  CUfford,  former  personal  adviser  to 
President  Truman;  Robert  Donovan,  former  Wilson  Center  Fel- 
low and  author  of  Conflict  and  Crisis  and  Tumultuous  Years,  both 
on  the  Truman  presidency;  and  I.  F.  Stone,  journalist  and  author 
of  The  Truman  Era. 

In  addition  to  these  large  conferences  and  workshops,  the  center 
sponsors  small,  informal  discussions  that  bring  together  states- 
men and  scholars — an  evening  on  "The  Modern  Presidency"  with 
former  President  Jimmy  Carter  and  a  small  dinner  for  the  incom- 
ing president  of  Panama,  Nicolas  Ardito  Barletta,  who  had  previ- 
ously participated  in  many  events  at  the  center. 

The  center's  fellows  continue  to  come  from  all  over  the  world, 
from  many  disciplines,  and  from  many  areas  of  the  United  States. 
Among  its  1984  fellows  and  guest  scholars  were  Persio  Arrida, 
professor  of  economics,  Pontifica  Universidade  Catolica  de  Rio  de 
Janeiro;  Shlomo  Avineri,  Herbert  Samuel  Professor  of  Political 
Science,  Hebrew  University  of  Jerusalem;  Warner  Bement  Bert- 
hoff,  professor  of  English  and  American  literature.  Harvard  Uni- 
versity; Mary  Brown  Bullock,  director  of  the  Committee  on  Schol- 
arly Communication  with  the  People's  Republic  of  China's  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Sciences;  Betsy  Erkkila,  assistant  professor  of 
history.  University  of  Notre  Dame;  Mario  Garcia,  associate  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  Chicano  Studies,  University  of  California, 
Santa  Barbara;  Michael  Howard,  Regius  Professor  of  Modern  His- 
tory, Oxford  University;  Samuel  Huntington,  Frank  G.  Thompson 
Professor  of  Government,  Harvard  University;  Byong-ik  Koh,  pro- 
fessor of  history,  Hanlim  College,  Ch'unch'on,  Korea;  William 
Young  Smith,  usaf  (Ret),  former  deputy  commander  in  chief,  U.S. 
European  Command;  Peter  B.  Reddaway,  senior  lecturer  in  politi- 
cal science,  London  School  of  Economics;  Massimo  Salvadori,  pro- 
fessor of  contemporary  history.  University  of  Torino,  Italy;  and 
Robert  C.  Tucker,  director  of  the  Russian  Studies  Program,  Prince- 
ton University. 

The  result  of  this  broad  and  heterogeneous  mix  of  fellows  is  an 
intellectual  life  greater  than  the  sum  of  its  parts:  the  collegial 
atmosphere  provides  an  opportunity  for  learning  and  communi- 
cation that  transcends  national  and  academic  boundaries  for  the 
benefit  of  all. 


370  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Smiihsonian  Year  •  1984 


JOHN  F.  KENNEDY  CENTER 
FOR  THE  PERFORMING  ARTS 

ROGER  L.  STEVENS,  CHAIRMAN 


The  John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts,  organized 
by  an  Act  of  Congress  in  1958  as  a  self-sustaining  bureau  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  is  both  a  presidential  memorial  under  the 
aegis  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  and  a  performing  arts 
center  directed  by  a  board  of  trustees  whose  citizen  members  are 
appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  Six  members  of 
Congress  and  nine  designated  ex  officio  representatives  of  the 
executive  branch  complete  the  roster  of  forty-five  members.  This 
annual  report  of  the  center's  activities  encompasses  all  the  pro- 
gramming presented  in  its  five  theaters  by  the  National  Symphony 
Orchestra,  the  Washington  Opera,  Washington  Performing  Arts 
Society,  and  American  Film  Institute,  as  well  as  by  the  Kennedy 
Center  itself. 

During  its  1983-84  season,  the  Kennedy  Center  observed  a 
number  of  milestones  in  its  programming,  its  theater  operations, 
and  its  legislative  history.  The  renovation  of  the  Opera  House  was 
completed  at  a  cost  of  $2  million,  raised  entirely  from  private 
sources.  After  thirteen  years  of  continuous  use  by  the  world's 
leading  artists  and  companies,  the  Opera  House  that  had  been 
inaugurated  with  Mass  was  rededicated  by  another  Leonard  Bern- 
stein premiere — A  Quiet  Place  and  Trouble  in  Tahiti.  Immediately 
following  this  American  premiere,  the  brilliant  Vienna  Volksoper 
continued  the  tradition  of  outstanding  companies  from  abroad 
that  have  been  presented  to  America  at  the  Kennedy  Center. 


371 


The  observance  of  the  twentieth  anniversary  of  the  death  of 
President  John  F.  Kennedy  was  marked  by  a  moving  memorial 
concert  on  November  22,  1983.  Not  only  was  the  late  President 
actively  involved  in  fundraising  on  behalf  of  the  National  Cultural 
Center  before  his  death,  but  Congress  also  chose  to  designate  the 
center  as  a  "living  memorial"  in  his  honor.  When  Congress  unani- 
mously voted  in  1964  to  rename  the  center  for  John  F.  Kennedy, 
it  reaffirmed  the  specific  performing  arts  and  public  service  pro- 
gramming mandate  under  which  the  center  continues  to  operate. 

Unlike  other  regional  performing  arts  centers,  the  Kennedy 
Center  is  specifically  directed  by  its  authorizing  legislation  to  pre- 
sent a  broad  array  of  performing  arts  programming,  including 
theater,  music,  opera,  ballet,  and  dance,  and  to  sponsor  educational 
and  public-service  activities  in  order  to  provide  the  broadest  pos- 
sible public  access.  The  center  must,  however,  annually  seek  mil- 
lions of  dollars  in  private  contributions  in  order  to  meet  these 
goals  since  no  direct  federal  appropriations  are  provided  to  fulfill 
this  mandate  of  Congress. 

The  Ninety-Eighth  Congress  enacted  legislation  restructuring 
the  center's  original  construction  debt.  When,  in  1964,  Congress 
created  the  Kennedy  Center,  it  specifically  provided  for  federal 
funding  to  be  comingled  with  voluntary  contributions  to  assist  in 
its  construction.  Ultimately,  the  center's  trustees  raised  $34.5  mil- 
lion from  the  private  sector  and  foreign  governments  to  exceed  the 
the  federal  matching  requirement  of  $23  million.  The  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  was  authorized  to  issue  $20.4  million  in  revenue  bonds 
to  help  complete  the  substructure. 

While  the  principal  of  the  bonds  thus  issued  was  not  due  for 
payment  until  2017-2019,  rapidly  accumulating  federal  compound 
interest  on  them  has  adversely  affected  private  fundraising.  The 
1984  amendments  to  the  Kennedy  Center  Act  waive  past  and 
future  interest  while  requiring  the  center  to  begin  early  repayment 
of  the  principal  beginning  in  1987.  This  important  congressional 
action,  carried  out  with  the  full  support  of  the  executive  branch, 
will  significantly  improve  the  center's  financial  stability  and  enable 
it  to  launch  a  long-delayed  endowment  drive.  Thus  the  center's 
operation  as  a  performing  arts  center  will  continue  to  be  firmly 
rooted  in  private  sector  support.  With  a  total  of  50  million  visitors, 
the  Kennedy  Center  remains  one  of  the  most  popular  tourist  sites 
in  the  Nation's  Capital. 


372  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Performing  Arts  Programming 

The  1983-84  season  at  Kennedy  Center  was  attended  by  1.2  mil- 
lion people  in  the  Eisenhower  and  Terrace  Theaters,  Opera  House, 
and  Concert  Hall.  Programming  highlights  are  described  in  the 
sections  that  follow. 

DRAMA  AND  MUSICAL  THEATER 

The  theatrical  season  at  the  Kennedy  Center  addressed,  as  it  has 
in  previous  seasons,  the  past  as  well  as  the  future.  Twenty  produc- 
tions— revues,  lavish  musicals,  one-person  shows,  farce,  tragedy, 
premieres,  and  revivals — featured  such  diverse  artists  as  Elizabeth 
Ashley,  Lauren  Bacall,  Anthony  Quinn,  Carol  Channing,  Dustin 
Hoffman,  and  Jack  Klugman  in  an  extraordinarily  diverse  array  of 
theatrical  offerings:  Agnes  of  God,  Woman  of  the  Year,  Zorha, 
Jerry's  Girls,  Death  of  a  Salesman,  Lyndon. 

New  plays  were  well  represented:  Arthur  Kopit's  End  of  the 
World,  the  American  premieres  of  Michael  Frayn's  hilarious  com- 
edy Noises  Off,  David  Pownall's  Master  Class,  Vinnette  Carroll's 
When  Hell  Freezes  Over,  I'll  Skate,  and  A.  R.  Gurney,  Jr.'s  The 
Golden  Age,  starring  Irene  Worth. 

Consistent  with  its  efforts  to  assist  mainstream  programming 
reflecting  this  country's  ethnic  diversity,  the  Kennedy  Center's 
National  Committee  on  Cultural  Diversity  provided  significant 
financial  support  for  the  presentation  and  audience  development 
of  When  Hell  Freezes  Over,  I'll  Skate. 

This  past  year  also  marked  box  office  records  for  the  Terrace 
Theater  and  Opera  House.  Anthony  Quinn  in  Zorha  broke  all 
previous  one-week  box  office  totals  in  the  Opera  House,  and  the 
Denver  Center  Theater  Company  production  of  Quilters  set  new 
Terrace  Theater  records  for  attendance  as  well  as  receipts. 

Finally,  on  the  international  scene,  the  Kennedy  Center  land- 
mark revival  of  Rodgers  and  Hart's  On  Your  Toes  began  a  long, 
successful  London  engagement  with  the  production's  original  star 
and  Tony  Award  winner,  ballerina  Natalia  Makarova.  The  ac- 
claimed Vienna  Volksoper,  making  its  premier  American  tour, 
presented  The  Merry  Widow,  The  Gypsy  Princess,  and  Die  Fleder- 
maus,  following  in  the  path  of  earlier  seasons'  enthusiastic  audience 
reception  for  the  Vienna  Staatsoper  and  Vienna  Philharmonic.  The 
Concert  Hall  housed  one  of  its  rare  theatrical  offerings  when  the 
National  Theater  of  Greece  presented  its  contemporary  staging  of 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  373 


Oedipus  Rex,  directly  following  the  company's  appearance  at  the 
Los  Angeles  Olympic  Arts  Festival. 

DANCE 

During  the  1983-84  season,  the  Kennedy  Center  once  again  offered 
a  ballet  and  dance  series  that  brought  outstanding  American  repre- 
sentatives of  this  art  form  to  the  Nation's  Capital.  An  exciting 
first  engagement  by  the  John  Curry  Skating  Company  offered  a 
unique  blend  of  ballet  choreography  and  championship  ice  skating. 

Opening  the  season  was  the  Kennedy  Center  debut  of  one  of 
the  country's  outstanding  regional  companies,  the  Houston  Ballet, 
under  the  artistic  direction  of  Ben  Stevenson;  works  offered  in- 
cluded a  lavish  and  highly  praised  new  full-length  production  of 
Sleeping  Beauty. 

American  Ballet  Theatre  made  its  annual  Kennedy  Center 
appearance  during  the  December  holiday  season.  For  the  first  time 
in  many  years,  the  company  did  not  dance  its  famed  Nutcracker; 
rather,  the  center  offered  abt's  world  premier  of  Mikhail  Baryshni- 
kov's  new  production  of  the  full-length  Prokofiev  ballet  Cinderella, 
choreographed  by  Baryshnikov  and  Peter  Anastos.  The  work  was 
an  immediate  audience  hit — sold  out  for  sixteen  performances — 
and  captured  press  coverage  across  the  country.  Also  widely 
acclaimed  were  the  world  premiere  of  Twyla  Tharp's  Partita,  as 
well  as  appearances  by  Mikhail  Baryshnikov  in  several  Tharp 
works,  including  Sinatra  Suite,  first  danced  in  Washington  at  the 
1983  Kennedy  Center  Honors. 

The  New  York  City  Ballet  offered  a  critically  acclaimed  two- 
week  engagement  beginning  in  February.  It  was  the  company's 
first  Washington  appearance  under  the  leadership  of  its  new 
co-ballet  masters  in  chief,  Peter  Martins  and  Jerome  Robbins, 
following  the  death  of  the  company's  founder,  George  Balanchine. 
Robbins  offered  the  world  premiere  of  his  new  work.  Antique 
Epigraphs,  as  well  as  Washington  premieres  of  his  Glass  Pieces 
and  the  remarkable  I'm  Old  Fashioned,  fusing  a  dance  sequence 
from  an  Astaire-Rogers  film  with  live  dancers.  Also  praised  was 
Peter  Martin's  new  work  A  Schuhertiad.  The  Balanchine  legacy 
was  represented  by  a  large  number  of  works  ranging  from  his  first 
American-created  ballet.  Serenade,  to  one  of  his  last  masterpieces, 
Vienna  Waltzes. 

Dance  Theatre  of  Harlem,  under  the  leadership  of  artistic 
director  Arthur  Mitchell,  made  its  annual  appearance  under  the 


374  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Triple-medal-winner  John  Curry  brought  his  company  of  exceptional  skaters 
and  a  blend  of  ballet  choreography  and  ice  skating  to  the  Kennedy  Center  for 
a  critically  acclaimed  and  sold-out  engagement. 


sponsorship  of  the  Washington  Performing  Arts  Society,  offering 
the  Washington  premiere  of  its  production  of  Agnes  de  Mille's 
study  of  Lizzie  Borden,  Fall  River  Legend,  as  well  as  Sioan  Lake, 
Act  II  and  the  company's  always  popular  production  of  Firebird. 
Also  in  the  repertory  was  Geoffrey  Holder's  intense  "voodoo" 
ballet,  Dougla. 

The  Joffrey  Ballet  closed  the  season  with  a  challenging  and 
exciting  repertory  including  William  Forsythe's  acid  study  of  con- 
temporary male-female  relationships.  Love  Songs;  Gerald  Arpino's 
sunny  Italian  Suite;  and  Jiri  Kylian's  sophisticated  homily  to  folk 
dancing.  Dream  Dances. 

Modern  dance  was  well  represented  in  the  Terrace  Theater, 
with  sold-out  performances  by  the  Joyce  Trisler  Danscompany, 
Crowsnest  and  Elisa  Monte,  all  included  in  the  Dance  America 
series,  which  is  cosponsored  by  Kennedy  Center  and  the  Washing- 
ton Performing  Arts  Society.  The  latter  organization  also  spon- 
sored a  week-long  engagement  of  the  Paul  Taylor  Dance  Company 
in  the  Eisenhower  Theater. 

Many  choreographers  familiar  to  Washington's  ballet  and  dance 
patrons — Twyla  Tharp,  Laura  Dean,  Peter  Martins,  Lar  Lubo- 
vitch — contributed  to  the  astonishing  repertoire  of  the  John  Curry 
Skating  Company.  The  stage  of  the  Opera  House — and  backstage 
areas — were  literally  frozen  to  create  a  vast  surface  for  the  com- 
pany, led  by  triple  medal-winner  John  Curry.  Hailed  as  "the 
supreme  artist  on  ice,"  Curry  led  the  company,  which  featured 
Jo  Jo  Starbuck,  David  Santee,  and  special  guest  artist  Dorothy 
Hamill,  to  enthusiastic  reviews  and  sold-out  performances. 

The  magnificent  Spanish  dancer  Maria  Benitez  and  her  company 
were  presented  in  the  Terrace  Theater  for  two  sold-out  evenings, 
and  the  remarkable  Hungarian  State  Folk  Ensemble  for  an  evening 
in  the  Concert  Hall. 

Finally,  an  unusual  special  attraction  was  offered  for  one  week 
in  the  Opera  House:  the  Antologia  de  la  Zarzuela,  from  Spain. 

MUSIC 

After  its  creation  as  a  "living  memorial"  to  John  F.  Kennedy  in 
1964,  the  Kennedy  Center  opened  its  doors  in  1971  with  Leonard 
Bernstein's  Mass,  a  theatrical  work  with  music  and  dance  com- 
missioned by  the  late  President's  widow. 

The  1984  musical  season  at  Kennedy  Center  paid  heed  to  the 
past,  even  as  it  continued  to  encourage  young  concert  artists  of  the 


376  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


future.  A  moving  musical  tribute  commemorating  the  twentieth 
anniversary  of  the  death  of  President  Kennedy  on  November  22, 
1983,  was  a  gift  to  the  pubhc  from  the  Kennedy  Center  and  the 
Kennedy  family.  Artists  from  all  over  the  world  donated  their 
appearances,  including  soprano  Grace  Bumbry  and  accompanist 
Jonathan  Morris;  the  chamber  trio  of  Eugene  Istomin,  Isaac  Stern, 
and  the  late  Leonard  Rose;  cellist  Mstislav  Rostropovich;  actor 
Cliff  Robertson;  baritone  Stephen  Dickson  and  flutist  Priscilla 
Fritter,  with  the  Norman  Scribner  Choir.  A  capacity  audience  filled 
the  Concert  Hall  and  an  overflow  audience  was  able  to  watch  and 
hear  the  concert  from  the  Grand  Foyer  via  large-screen  sound  and 
video  relay. 

A  new  operatic  work  by  Leonard  Bernstein,  A  Quiet  Place  and 
Trouble  in  Tahiti,  reopened  the  Kennedy  Center  Opera  House 
after  its  extensive  renovation.  Commissioned  jointly  by  the  Ken- 
nedy Center,  the  Houston  Grand  Opera,  and  Milan's  Teatro  alia 
Scala,  the  work  significantly  revised  and  extended  Bernstein's 
one-act  opera  of  the  early  1950s,  Trouble  in  Tahiti.  First  presented 
in  Houston,  the  new  opera  was  then  substantially  reworked  prior 
to  its  triumphant  world  premiere  at  La  Scala.  It  made  its  East  Coast 
debut  at  the  Kennedy  Center  in  July. 

Audiences  for  the  1983-84  Terrace  Concerts  were  larger  than 
ever  before.  Twenty-seven  concerts  were  offered,  including  the 
first  five  concerts  in  the  Fortas  Chamber  Music  Series,  an  endowed 
series  in  memory  of  the  late  Justice  Abe  Fortas,  a  trustee  of  the 
Kennedy  Center  with  a  lifelong  commitment  to  chamber  music. 
Performing  in  the  Fortas  series  were  clarinetist  Richard  Stoltzman; 
Jody  Gatwood  and  Friends;  the  Brandenburg  Ensemble  conducted 
by  Alexander  Schneider,  with  Peter  Serkin;  the  Guarneri  String 
Quartet;  and  Tashi,  featuring  musicians  Richard  Stoltzman,  Ida 
Kavafian,  Fred  Sherry,  Theodore  Arm,  and  Toby  Appel.  There 
were  also  performances  by  pianists  Shura  Cherkassky,  Byron 
Janis,  Paul  Badura-Skoda,  and  Jean  Bernard  Pommier;  chamber 
music  concerts  by  the  Lausanne  Orchestra;  a  Brahms  cycle  of  three 
concerts  by  the  Kalichstein-Laredo-Robinson  Trio;  flutist  Paul 
Robison  and  pianist  Ruth  Laredo;  song  recitals  by  Judith  Blegen, 
Barbara  Hendricks,  Lucia  Popp,  and  Peter  Schreier.  The  American 
Composers  Series  honored  EHiott  Carter,  Morton  Feldman,  Conlon 
Nancarrow,  Laurie  Anderson,  and  Gunther  Schuller. 

For  the  fourth  summer,  the  Kennedy  Center  also  presented  the 
Saint  Paul  Chamber  Orchestra,  under  the  direction  of  Pinchas 
Zukerman,  and  Lincoln  Center's  Mostly  Mozart  Festival.  Appear- 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  2>77 


ing  with  the  Saint  Paul  Chamber  Orchestra  were  soloists  Ralph 
Kirshbaum  (cello),  Kathryn  Greenbank  (oboe),  and  Rudolf  Fir- 
kusny  (piano). 

In  addition,  Zukerman  was  the  viola  soloist  in  Hindemith's 
"Trauermusik"  and  violin  soloist  in  Bach's  Concerto  in  C  Minor  for 
Oboe  and  Violin  and  Vivaldi's  "The  Four  Seasons."  The  Mostly 
Mozart  Festival  Orchestra  performed  five  concerts,  including  five 
preconcert  recitals,  with  soloists  Misha  Dichter  (piano),  Elmar 
Oliveira  (violin),  Young-Uck  Kim  (violin),  Phihppe  Entremont 
(piano),  Richard  Stoltzman  (clarinet),  Lillian  Kallir  (piano),  Mena- 
hem  Pressler  (piano),  and  Janos  Starker  (cello).  Conducting  the 
orchestra  this  year  were  Gerard  Schwarz  and  Eduardo  Mata.  One 
of  the  five  concerts  was  an  entire  program  by  the  Tokyo  String 
Quartet. 

The  Friedheim  Awards,  which  recognize  American  composition 
in  symphonic  and  chamber  music  in  alternating  years,  awarded 
first  prize  for  1983  in  the  category  of  chamber  music  to  Thomas 
Oboe  Lee  for  his  Third  String  Quartet.  Second  place  was  awarded 
to  George  Perle  for  "Sonata  A  Quattro,"  and  third  place  to  Karel 
Husa  for  "Recollections." 

Theater  Chamber  Players,  Young  Concert  Artists,  and  the 
Chamber  Music  Society  of  Lincoln  Center  returned  for  their  annual 
concert  series  in  the  Terrace  Theater  and  Concert  Hall.  The 
Handel  Festival  for  1983  featured  the  Washington  premieres  of 
the  opera  Orlando  and  oratorio  Alexander  Balus  and  the  third 
annual  Hallelujah  Handel  concert.  The  latter  is  one  of  the  season's 
most  popular  music  events  and  this  year  included  an  appearance 
by  the  well-known  soprano  Roberta  Peters. 

The  National  Symphony  Orchestra,  under  music  director  Msti- 
slav  Rostropovich,  presented  a  full  thirty-seven-week  season  in 
1983-84,  with  soloists  and  guest  conductors  and  new  works.  The 
Washington  Opera  season  in  the  Opera  House  and  Terrace  Theater 
offered  seven  productions,  including  Rigoletto,  Cosi  Fan  Tutte,  and 
Semele. 

The  Metropolitan  Opera,  celebrating  its  Centennial  Season, 
returned  for  two  weeks  to  the  Kennedy  Center  for  its  fifth  con- 
secutive engagement.  Highlights  included  Placido  Domingo  and 
Renata  Scotto  in  Tosca  and  Francesca  da  Rimini,  Jon  Vickers  and 
Johanna  Meier  in  Peter  Grimes  and  Die  Walkiire,  Leona  Mitchell, 
Sherrill  Milnes,  and  Ermanno  Mauro  in  Ernani,  Gail  Robinson  and 
David  Rendell  in  The  Abduction  from  the  Seraglio,  and  Marilyn 
Home  and   Benita  Valente  in   Rinaldo.   The   performances   were 


378  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


conducted  by  James  Levine,  David  Atherton,  Mario  Bernardi,  and 
Thomas  Fulton. 

One  of  the  highlights  of  the  annual  Kennedy  Center  Christmas 
Festival  was  a  "kick-off"  celebration  for  the  holidays  during  which 
tickets  to  the  ever-popular  free  "Messiah  Sing-Along"  were 
distributed  to  the  thousands  of  people  who  stand  in  hne  every 
year  to  receive  them.  While  "Sing-Along"  tickets  were  being 
distributed,  entertainment  was  provided,  and  leading  arts  figures 
awarded  additional  tickets  to  other  popular  Holiday  Festival  pro- 
grams. 

As  in  previous  years,  there  were  many  free  public  performances 
in  the  Grand  Foyer,  attended  by  more  than  10,000  people.  There 
were  also  performances  by  the  New  York  String  Orchestra  under 
the  baton  of  Alexander  Schneider.  A  Night  in  Old  Vienna  was 
once  again  a  tremendous  success,  with  waltzing  in  the  Grand  Foyer 
on  New  Year's  Eve  to  the  music  of  Alexander  Schneider  and 
Friends  following  their  customary  holiday  concert  in  the  Concert 
Hall. 

FILM 

Through  a  series  of  national  programs  emanating  from  its  offices 
at  the  Kennedy  Center,  as  well  as  from  its  campus  in  Los  Angeles, 
the  American  Film  Institute  (afi)  serves  as  the  single  national 
institution  devoted  to  the  advancement  and  preservation  of  film, 
television,  and  the  related  media  arts.  Established  as  an  indepen- 
dent, nonprofit  organization  in  1967  by  the  National  Endowment 
for  the  Arts,  the  Film  Institute  strives  to  increase  recognition  and 
understanding  of  the  moving  image  as  an  art  form,  to  assure 
preservation  of  that  art  form,  and  to  identify,  develop,  and  encour- 
age new  talent. 

In  its  224-seat  theater  at  the  Kennedy  Center,  the  American 
Film  Institute  has,  since  1973,  presented  7,500  motion  pictures  to 
a  total  audience  of  more  than  one  million  people.  Classic  films, 
independent  features,  foreign  films,  and  contemporary  video  works 
comprise  the  daily  programming,  often  accompanied  by  guest 
artists  and  lecturers.  The  Exhibition  Services  division  at  AFI  this 
past  year  toured  a  variety  of  special  services  to  selected  sites  around 
the  country,  featuring  such  diverse  programming  as  Arab  films, 
British  independent  features,  and  the  films  of  China. 

In  addition  to  the  afi  Theater,  the  Kennedy  Center  also  houses 
the  offices  of  the  Film  Institute  and  the  AFI  Resource  Center,  one 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  379 


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Scaffolding  filled  the  Kennedy  Center  Opera  House  during  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer of  1984  as  the  hall  underwent  a  $2  million  renovation,  which  was  made 
possible  through  private  fundraising. 


of  the  area's  leading  libraries  and  information  clearinghouses  on 
the  media  arts.  The  afi  staff  in  Washington  publishes  American 
Film:  The  Magazine  of  the  Film  and  Television  Arts,  a  monthly 
magazine  with  a  circulation  of  more  than  140,000,  and  further 
serves  the  national  membership  through  the  Membership  Services 
division,  which  publishes  the  afi  newsletter  Close-Up. 

During  the  past  year,  the  afi  Special  Events  program  hosted  a 
number  of  fundraising  benefits  and  premieres  at  the  Kennedy 
Center  and  elsewhere  in  Washington.  Highlights  included  the 
world  premiere  of  The  Right  Stuff  in  the  Eisenhower  Theater  and 
the  first  annual  afi  ball  last  spring,  honoring  dancer  and  actress 
Ginger  Rogers. 

Professional  conservatory  training  for  film  and  videomakers  is 
provided  at  the  Center  for  Advanced  Film  Studies  on  the  afi 
campus  in  Los  Angeles.  Also  operating  from  its  Los  Angeles 
offices  are  the  institute's  Public  Service  program,  which  conducts 
film  and  video  workshops  and  seminars  across  the  country,  and 
the  Education  Services  program.  The  institute  also  administers 
NEA  funds  for  production  grants  to  independent  filmmakers;  con- 
ducts the  Directing  Workshop  for  Women;  coordinates  an  intern 
placement  program  with  major  film  directors;  and  annually  pre- 
sents the  afi  Life  Achievement  Award  to  an  individual  "whose 
talent  has  in  a  fundamental  way  advanced  the  filmmaking  art  .  .  . 
and  whose  work  has  stood  the  test  of  time."  The  1984  award  was 
presented  in  March  to  pioneer  film  actress  Lillian  Gish  and  was 
televised  nationally  on  CBS. 

Working  with  the  National  Endowment  for  the  Arts,  the  insti- 
tute has  created  the  National  Center  for  Film  and  Video  Preser- 
vation to  preserve  film  and  videotape  and  to  coordinate  a  compre- 
hensive preservation  effort  serving  film  archives  around  the  coun- 
try. Included  in  these  preservation  activities  is  the  continuation  of 
the  AFI  catalog  project,  which,  when  completed,  will  provide  a 
comprehensive  listing  of  American  films  made  since  1893. 


Public-Service  Programming 

The  Kennedy  Center  is  specifically  directed  by  Congress  to  carry 
out  a  broad  range  of  educational  and  public  service  programs,  in 
addition  to  its  principal  performing  arts-programming  responsibil- 
ities. These  congressionally  mandated  broad  social  purposes  remain 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  381 


unfunded  by  the  federal  government,  except  for  partial  Depart- 
ment of  Education  funding  of  three  national  education  programs. 
During  1984,  therefore,  the  board  of  trustees  once  again  raised 
private  contributions  to  fulfill  its  Section  4  mandate  as  stated  in 
the  Kennedy  Center  Act,  to  support  the  national  education  pro- 
grams, cultural  diversity  activities,  and  the  privately  subsidized 
presentation  of  theater,  music,  and  dance.  Five  million  dollars  was 
allocated  from  contributions  by  individuals,  foundations,  and 
corporations  during  1984  for  these  purposes,  including  450  free 
and  low-admission  performances  and  events  enjoyed  by  400,000 
people  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  in  cities  around  the  country. 

SPECIALLY  PRICED  TICKET  PROGRAM 

Since  it  opened  in  September  1971,  the  Kennedy  Center  has  main- 
tained a  Specially  Priced  Ticket  Program  through  which  tickets 
to  center-produced  and  presented  attractions  are  made  available 
at  half  price  to  students,  handicapped  persons,  senior  citizens  over 
sixty-five,  low-income  groups,  and  military  personnel  in  grades 
E-1  through  E-4.  The  attendant  costs,  in  terms  of  reduced  revenue 
potential  and  administrative  overhead,  are  borne  by  the  center 
itself  and  are  viewed  as  a  part  of  its  educational/public  service 
responsibilities. 

During  the  twelve-month  period  ending  September  30,  1984, 
69,167  tickets  for  attractions  produced  and  presented  by  the  center 
were  sold  at  half  price.  The  sale  of  these  tickets  at  full  price  would 
have  resulted  in  additional  gross  income  to  the  center  of  $714,791. 
Independent  producers  are  also  required  to  participate  in  the  pro- 
gram by  making  a  percentage  of  their  tickets  available  for  sale  at 
half  price.  During  the  twelve-month  period  ending  September  30, 
1984,  combined  half-price  tickets  sales  totalled  89,490.  The  sale 
of  these  tickets  at  full  price  would  have  resulted  in  a  total  addi- 
tional gross  income  of  $1,167,790  to  the  center  and  the  inde- 
pendent producers. 


Education  Programming 

Section  4  of  the  Kennedy  Center  Act  directs  the  board  of  trustees 
to  develop  programs  for  children  and  youth  in  the  performing 
arts.  The  center's  Education  Program,  designed  toward  this  end, 
provides  national  leadership  in  arts  education  through  educational 


382  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


networks  across  the  country,  through  cooperative  programming 
with  regional  performing-arts  centers,  and  through  the  presenta- 
tion of  performances  for  young  audiences.  During  1984,  3.5  mil- 
lion students,  their  families,  and  teachers  were  involved  in  the 
three  primary  components  of  the  Education  Program:  the  Ameri- 
can College  Theatre  Festival  (actf).  Programs  for  Children  and 
Youth  (pcy),  and  the  Alliance  for  Arts  Education  (aae). 

The  United  States  Department  of  Education  provided  $675,000 
in  funding  for  national  outreach  components  that  was  matched 
overall  by  $1.6M  in-kind  support.  Additional  matching  contri- 
butions, in  excess  of  the  federal  support  provided,  are  provided 
principally  through  the  Kennedy  Center  Corporate  Fund,  with  ad- 
ditional assistance  from  corporations,  foundations,  and  individuals. 
At  both  the  state  and  national  levels,  the  Kennedy  Center  Educa- 
tion Program  seeks  to  promote  the  incorporation  of  the  arts  into 
the  education  of  every  child  by  identifying  and  supporting  exem- 
plary arts  education  projects.  As  part  of  this  commitment,  the 
Kennedy  Center  works  closely  with  the  National  Committee,  Arts 
with  the  Handicapped,  and  the  National  Information  Center,  Arts 
Education  and  Americans. 

ALLIANCE  FOR  ARTS  EDUCATION 

The  Alliance  for  Arts  Education  (aae)  is  an  information  network 
comprising  fifty-three  state  and  territorial  committees,  funded  in 
part  by  the  Kennedy  Center  Education  Program,  that  attempts  to 
identify,  develop,  promote,  and  maintain  quaUty  arts  education 
programs  throughout  the  nation.  It  is  the  only  such  national  net- 
work that  speaks  for  all  the  arts  for  every  student.  Each  aae  com- 
mittee is  unique,  reflecting  local  conditions.  The  national  aae, 
therefore,  has  allowed  for  flexibility  in  the  structure  and  operation 
of  these  committees,  within  established  guidelines.  On  the  national 
level,  the  aae  serves  as  an  information  exchange;  identifies  and 
spotlights  notable  achievements  of  the  aae  committees  and  exem- 
plary local  arts  programs  and  individuals;  provides  technical  assis- 
tance; develops  arts  education  advocacy  materials  for  use  at  state 
and  local  levels;  oversees  the  management  and  leadership  of  the 
entire  aae  network;  and  develops  and  conducts  programs  of  na- 
tional significance.  Aae  committee  members  are  artists,  educators, 
parents,  and  administrators  affiliated  with  professional  arts  edu- 
cation associations,  state  departments  of  education,  state  and  local 
arts  agencies,  university  and  college  arts  departments,  cultural 
arts  centers,  and  public  school  systems.  A  major  thrust  for  many 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  383 


of  these  state  committees  has  been  the  development  and  implemen- 
tation of  Comprehensive  State  Arts  Curriculum  Plans. 

Through  awards  and  recognition,  the  aae  brings  visibility  to 
outstanding  educators  and  quality  programs  in  arts  education.  The 
Summer  Fellowships  for  Outstanding  Teachers  of  the  Arts  Pro- 
gram is  a  method,  begun  this  year,  of  rewarding  excellence  in 
teaching,  while  allowing  arts  teachers  to  further  pursue  their 
artistic  areas.  Teachers  selected  from  applicants  nationwide  re- 
ceived a  stipend  and  a  three-week  residency  in  Washington,  D.C., 
to  work,  exhibit,  and  perform.  Recognition  awards  are  also  given 
to  elementary  school  principals  and  other  individuals  for  excel- 
lence of  effort  in  fostering  the  arts  in  their  schools.  National  recog- 
nition of  talent  in  youth  is  also  an  important  concern  of  the  aae. 
The  national  office  coproduces,  with  the  annual  Presidential  Schol- 
ars Commission  and  the  National  Foundation  for  Advancement  in 
the  Arts,  the  Presidential  Scholars  in  the  Arts  Showcase  perfor- 
mance in  the  Kennedy  Center  Concert  Hall.  Twenty  outstanding 
high  school  seniors,  representing  dance,  music,  creative  writing, 
and  the  visual  arts,  are  selected  from  throughout  the  nation  and 
are  brought  to  Washington  for  a  week  of  activities,  highlighted 
by  their  performances  at  the  center. 

The  AAE  is  primarily  an  information  exchange  network  with 
various  means  of  distribution.  Interchange  is  a  bimonthly  publica- 
tion— made  available  upon  request,  free  of  charge — that  provides 
information  on  arts  education  activities  and  events  that  may  be  of 
interest  and  assistance  to  various  educators  and  organizations 
across  the  country.  Other  publications  on  a  variety  of  arts  educa- 
tion topics  are  made  available  from  the  national  office  through  the 
National  Information  Center,  located  at  the  Kennedy  Center. 

Town  Meetings  on  Arts  Education  are  produced  twice  a  year 
at  the  Kennedy  Center  by  the  aae.  This  gathering  of  arts  educa- 
tors and  arts  education  association  directors  addresses  topics  of 
mutual  interest  outside  the  educational  framework.  Other  special 
projects  and  services  provided  by  the  aae  include  the  coordina- 
tion and  planning  of  conferences  and  meetings. 

In  short,  the  aae  serves  as  a  bond  between  the  arts  and  arts 
education;  between  government  and  the  private  sector;  between 
arts  associations  and  institutions;  and  between  professional  arts 
education  organizations  and  educational  associations.  It  has  estab- 
lished a  wide  network  of  people  working  toward  the  development 
of  the  arts  and  arts  education  as  basic  to  the  cultural  vitality  of 
their  communities. 


384  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


PROGRAMS  FOR  CHILDREN  AND  YOUTH 

The  commitment  of  the  Education  Program  to  quality  performing- 
arts  programming  for  young  people  is  clearly  expressed  through 
the  work  of  the  Programs  for  Children  and  Youth  (pcy),  which  is 
committed  to  developing  new  performing  works  for  young  people 
and  accompanying  materials  for  teachers  and  others,  to  help  inte- 
grate performance  into  the  student's  overall  education. 

During  the  past  season,  pcy  presented  nearly  500  free  perfor- 
mances and  related  events  to  audiences  of  more  than  400,000  in 
Washington,  D.C.,  and  cities  around  the  country.  An  ongoing 
series  of  programs  for  young  people  are  produced  at  the  Kennedy 
Center  by  pcy,  which  is  resident  in  the  center's  Theater  Lab. 
Events  include  a  Fall  Series  of  performances,  a  special  Holiday 
Show  with  a  cast  of  young  performers,  the  Cultural  Diversity 
Festival,  and — the  highlight  of  each  year — imagination  celebra- 
tion. 

Imagination  celebration,  an  annual  national  children's  arts 
festival  at  the  Kennedy  Center,  is  produced  by  pcy,  and  key  ele- 
ments are  replicated  in  selected  cities  throughout  the  United  States 
in  outreach  imagination  celebration  festivals.  This  program  not 
only  provides  a  model  for  performing-arts  festivals  for  young  peo- 
ple but  enables  the  center  to  contribute  to  the  development  of  new 
works,  to  involve  noted  artists  in  programming  for  young  people, 
and  to  serve  as  a  catalyst  for  the  development  of  programs  for 
young  people  at  performing-arts  centers  throughout  the  country. 

Programs  for  Children  and  Youth  provides  technical  assistance 
and  core  professional  productions  for  each  outreach  festival,  featur- 
ing such  well-known  artists  as  Sarah  Caldwell,  Jacques  d'Amboise, 
Leon  Bibb,  and  Gian  Carlo  Menotti.  Each  year  at  the  imagination 
celebration  Gala  held  at  Kennedy  Center,  an  Award  for  Excel- 
lence is  presented  to  an  outstanding  artist  or  individual  for  his  or 
her  contribution  to  young  people  and  the  arts.  The  recipient  of 
this  year's  award  was  Fred  Rogers  of  the  popular  and  long-running 
public  television  program,  "Mr.  Rogers'  Neighborhood."  Pcy  also 
offers  an  Arts  Education  Workshop  series  to  Washington  area 
elementary  and  secondary  teachers.  The  workshops  are  offered 
annually  in  the  fall  and  spring  and  were  created  to  provide  greater 
awareness  and  appreciation  of  all  art  forms,  thus  enhancing 
teacher  commitment  to  the  arts  in  education.  A  series  of  drama 
classes  for  young  people  is  also  offered.  Children  aged  five  to 
eighteen  may  register  for  classes  taught  by  professional  actor/ 
teachers  on  Saturdays  at  the  Kennedy  Center. 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  385 


Nineteen  eighty-four  marked  the  eighth  programming  year  for 
PCY.  In  that  time  more  than  3,000  performances  have  been  pre- 
sented to  more  than  1.4  milHon  young  people  and  their  famihes. 
There  were  twenty-five  imagination  celebration  festivals  in  nine 
states  and  the  District  of  Columbia  in  1984.  Since  1977,  pcy  has 
commissioned  and/or  produced  sixteen  new  works,  including 
plays,  operas,  and  dance  pieces. 

During  1983-84,  Programs  for  Children  and  Youth  was  sup- 
ported by  the  U.S.  Department  of  Education  and  the  Kennedy 
Center  Corporate  Fund,  with  additional  funds  provided  by  the 
Alvord  Foundation,  Mobil  Corporation,  the  German  Orphan 
Home  Foundation,  and  the  Corina  Higginson  Trust. 

AMERICAN  COLLEGE  THEATRE  FESTIVAL 

The  American  College  Theatre  Festival  (actf)  is  presented  an- 
nually by  the  Kennedy  Center  to  provide  national  recognition  of 
the  efforts  of  college  and  university  theaters  throughout  the  United 
States.  Nearly  13,500  students  and  2,500  faculty  members  from 
460  schools  participated  in  actf-xvi.  Their  productions  across  the 
country  drew  audiences  of  more  than  two  million.  The  festival 
seeks  to  encourage  new  styles  of  theatrical  presentation  and  meth- 
ods of  staging,  innovative  approaches  to  the  classics,  original  plays 
by  young  writers,  and  revivals  of  significant  plays  of  the  past. 
It  emphasizes  excellence  of  total  production,  including  acting, 
directing,  design,  and  writing. 

Nearly  sixty  productions  were  presented  in  twelve  regional  festi- 
vals. Of  these,  seven  were  chosen  for  showcase  presentation  at  the 
two-week  national  festival  in  the  Kennedy  Center  Terrace  The- 
ater: Working,  Illinois  Wesley  an  University,  Bloomington;  Eleven- 
Zulu,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia;  Arrah-Na-Pogue,  State 
University  of  New  York  at  Binghampton;  Angel  City,  University 
of  Puget  Sound,  Tacoma,  Washington;  Mindbender,  Rhode  Island 
College,  Providence;  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  California  State 
University,  Fresno;  and  American  Buffalo,  Clemson  University, 
Clemson,  South  Carolina. 

The  Michael  Kanin  Student  Playwriting  Award  and  other  actf 
awards  and  scholarships  in  acting,  theatrical  design,  theater  criti- 
cism, and  theater  management  offer  students  vital  professional 
experience  and  cash  awards  totaling  more  than  $30,000. 

This  past  summer,  twelve  outstanding  students  from  across  the 
country  were  selected  for  training  at  a  two-week  career-develop- 


386  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


ment  symposium  and  performance  showcase.  The  students  spent 
July  16-28  at  the  Coolfont  Conference  Center,  a  residential  recrea- 
tion and  conference  center  in  Berkeley  Springs,  West  Virginia, 
where  they  were  coached  in  how  to  audition  professionally  and 
received  other  assistance  in  preparing  for  a  career  in  the  theater. 
The  program  culminated  with  a  performance  for  producers  and 
casting  agents  in  the  Theater  Lab  at  the  Kennedy  Center  and  at 
the  Douglas  Fairbanks  Theater  in  New  York  City.  David  Young, 
producing  director  of  the  actf,  served  as  director  for  the  program. 
Marshall  Mason  of  Circle  Repertory  in  New  York  was  artistic 
director.  Nationally  recognized  theater  professionals  served  as 
coaches,  advisers,  and  symposia  leaders. 

The  American  College  Theatre  Festival  is  presented  and  pro- 
duced by  the  John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  in 
cooperation  with  the  University  and  College  Theatre  Association,  a 
division  of  the  American  Theatre  Association,  and  is  supported  in 
part  by  the  Amoco  companies  and  the  Kennedy  Center  Corporate 
Fund. 


Friends  of  the  Kennedy  Center 

The  Friends  of  the  Kennedy  Center  is  a  nationwide  organization 
of  volunteers  and  donor  members  founded  in  1966  to  raise  grass- 
roots support  for  the  building  of  a  National  Cultural  Center. 
Today,  thirteen  years  after  the  doors  of  the  center  first  opened, 
the  Friends  continue  to  promote  its  programs  and  activities. 

As  a  result  of  an  ongoing  effort  to  increase  community  and 
national  involvement  with  the  Kennedy  Center,  Friends  member- 
ship has  grown  from  6,000  to  more  than  26,000  in  the  last  three 
years,  with  members  in  every  state. 

In  the  Washington  metropolitan  area,  350  Friends  volunteers 
contributed  more  than  65,000  hours  of  service  during  the  past 
year  to  provide  visitor  and  information  services  365  days  a  year. 
The  volunteers  staffed  the  Friends  gift  shops,  provided  special 
assistance  to  handicapped  visitors,  and  administered  the  Specially 
Priced  Ticket  Program.  Volunteer  guides  offered  free  tours  every 
day  of  the  year  to  more  than  6,000  people  who  visit  the  Kennedy 
Center  on  an  average  day.  Tours  are  also  conducted  in  several 
foreign  languages  to  accommodate  the  large  numbers  of  visitors 


Tohn  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  2>S7 


from  abroad.  Group  tours,  including  those  arranged  through  mem- 
bers of  Congress,  are  also  offered  on  a  regular  basis.  Other  areas 
of  involvement  for  Friends  volunteers  include  a  Speakers'  Bureau, 
benefit  committees,  and  participation  in  community  outreach 
programs. 

Kennedy  Center  News,  published  bimonthly  by  the  Friends, 
serves  as  the  public  relations  newsletter  for  the  Kennedy  Center 
and  is  received  by  thousands  of  Friends  members,  members  of 
Congress,  arts  organizations,  government  agencies,  and  libraries 
across  the  country.  Revenues  from  the  Friends  membership,  gift 
shops,  and  fundraising  activities  help  support  such  public  service 
and  national  outreach  programs  of  the  Kennedy  Center  as  the 
American  College  Theatre  Festival;  the  imagination  celebration 
festivals  for  children;  the  National  Very  Special  Arts  Festival  of 
the  National  Committee,  Arts  with  the  Handicapped;  organ  re- 
citals and  an  annual  organ  concert,  free  to  the  public;  arts  career 
workshops  and  special  tours  of  the  center  for  more  than  5,000 
4-H  participants  in  the  annual  summer  Washington,  D.C.,  pro- 
gram; and  the  Specially  Priced  Ticket  Program. 

Members  of  the  National  Council  of  the  Friends  of  the  Kennedy 
Center  are  listed  in  Appendix  I. 


Performing  Arts  Library 

March  of  1984  marked  the  completion  of  five  full  years  of  opera- 
tion for  the  Performing  Arts  Library.  During  its  most  recent  year, 
the  library  served  a  widening  circle  of  readers  interested  in  all 
aspects  of  the  performing  arts.  These  readers  represent  not  only 
professional  artists,  scholars,  writers,  and  administrators,  but  also 
a  broad  cross  section  of  the  general  public,  whose  questions  range 
from  the  casual  to  those  requiring  extensive  research.  As  a  work- 
ing arts  information  center,  with  a  direct  computer  link  to  the 
collections  and  resources  of  the  Library  of  Congress,  the  Perform- 
ing Arts  Library  assists  directors,  designers,  and  artists  on  a  con- 
tinuing basis. 

The  Performing  Arts  Library  was  visited  and  used  by  nearly 
20,000  readers,  while  an  additional  thousand  people  used  the 
library  by  telephone  or  by  letter,  calling  or  writing  from  all  over 
the  country  and  from  several  foreign  nations. 


388  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  major  exhibit  this  year  was  The  Grand  Interpreters:  Per- 
sonalities in  Opera  in  America,  which  opened  on  April  24  and 
remained  on  view  through  the  end  of  the  year.  This  was  the 
product  of  several  experts,  not  only  in  the  Library  of  Congress 
Exhibits  Office,  but  also  at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  and  the 
Metropolitan  Opera.  Donor  Charles  Jahant's  collection  formed  the 
core  of  the  exhibition,  which  featured  costumes,  costume  designs, 
music  manuscripts,  and  Jahant's  incomparable  photographs  among 
its  many  treasures.  An  earlier  exhibition.  All  Singing,  All  Talking, 
All  Dancing,  featured  posters  from  Hollywood  musicals  of  the 
1930s  and  1940s  drawn  from  the  poster  collection  in  the  Prints 
and  Photographs  Division  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 

The  Performing  Arts  Library  participated  in  conferences  and 
meetings  with  a  variety  of  groups  in  the  fields  of  the  arts,  arts 
education,  and  librarianship  from  several  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  from  countries  around  the  world.  Of  particular  note  were  a 
group  of  dance  scholars  from  Mexico,  performing-arts  specialists 
from  the  Society  of  American  Archivists,  and  teacher-fellows  from 
the  Alliance  for  Arts  Education  Summer  Fellowship  Program. 


Kennedy  Center  Honors 


The  Kennedy  Center  Honors  were  first  awarded  by  the  board  of 
trustees  in  1978  to  recognize  lifelong  achievements  by  this  nation's 
performing  artists.  An  annual  event,  the  Honors  Gala  is  the  cen- 
ter's most  important  fundraising  benefit;  the  1983  gala  raised 
$600,000  in  net  proceeds  to  support  Kennedy  Center  program- 
ming. The  1983  honorees  were  Katherine  Dunham,  Elia  Kazan, 
Frank  Sinatra,  James  Stewart,  and  Virgil  Thomson.  Preceding  the 
1983  Honors  Gala  in  the  Opera  House  was  a  reception  at  the 
White  House,  hosted  by  President  and  Mrs.  Ronald  Reagan. 
Among  the  performers  who  participated  in  the  evening's  tributes, 
later  broadcast  by  cbs  during  the  holiday  season  to  more  than  30 
million  viewers,  were  Mikhail  Baryshnikov,  Warren  Beatty,  Carol 
Burnett,  Perry  Como,  Geoffrey  Holder,  John  Houseman,  Carmen 
de  Lavallade,  and  Agnes  de  Mille.  This  broadcast  was  awarded  an 
Emmy  as  the  outstanding  variety,  music,  or  comedy  program  for 
the  year. 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  389 


Funding 

The  Kennedy  Center's  operating  budget  for  1984 — from  its  theater 
operations,  concession  income,  and  contributions — was  $31  million. 

During  1984  the  Kennedy  Center  completed  the  first  phase  of 
its  centralized  automation,  made  possible  in  part  by  major  con- 
tributions from  Digital  Equipment  Corporation  for  hardware  and 
American  Digital  Systems  Corporation  for  software.  By  the  end 
of  the  year  marketing,  membership,  and  development  as  well  as 
the  financial  payroll  and  accounting  were  on  line.  Automation  of 
the  center's  box  office  operations,  the  second  phase,  will  be  under- 
taken in  later  years. 

The  National  Park  Service  is  responsible  for  much  of  the  main- 
tenance and  for  ensuring  the  security  of  the  Kennedy  Center, 
which,  as  a  presidential  memorial,  is  open  to  the  public  without 
charge  every  day  of  the  year.  The  center,  however,  must  reimburse 
the  National  Park  Service  a  23.8  percent  pro  rata  share  of 
maintenance,  utility,  and  housekeeping  expenses  allocated  to  its 
operation  as  a  performing  arts  center.  Beyond  its  1984  reimburse- 
ment to  the  National  Park  Service  of  more  than  $1  million,  the 
center  additionally  bears  the  complete  cost  of  maintaining  its  five 
theaters  and  extensive  backstage  and  office  facilities,  for  which 
more  than  $1.4  million  in  privately  raised  funds  were  expended 
during  fiscal  year  1984  for  the  Opera  House  and  other  theater 
renovation. 

A  total  of  $2  million  in  private  gifts  were  raised  by  the  Kennedy 
Center  for  renovation  of  its  2,318-seat  Opera  House.  Included  in 
this  much-needed  facelift  were  replacement  of  the  wall  fabric, 
carpeting,  and  seat  cushions;  improvement  of  the  sound  and  light- 
ing systems;  installation  of  a  portable  ballet  floor;  repair  of  the 
pit  lift;  and  automation  of  stage  curtain  machinery.  Donations 
included  $670,000  from  the  Robert  Wood  Johnson  Jr.  Charitable 
Trust;  $400,000  from  the  Kresge  Foundation;  $150,000  from  the 
Pew  Memorial  Trust;  $100,000  from  the  Atlantic  Richfield  Foun- 
dation; and  $25,000  from  both  the  James  G.  Hanes  Memorial 
Fund/Foundation  and  the  William  Randolph  Hearst  Foundation. 
A  special  benefit  featuring  Placido  Domingo  netted  an  additional 
$200,000  for  the  project  and  nearly  $100,000  was  raised  from  a 
benefit  with  Wayne  Newton,  sponsored  by  the  President's  Ad- 
visory Committee.  Proceeds  from  the  Kennedy  Center's  1983 
Honors  Gala  provided  the  remaining  funds  needed  to  complete 
the  project. 


390  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Since  the  Kennedy  Center  opened  in  1971,  foundations,  cor- 
porations, and  individuals  have  contributed  more  than  $31  milHon 
to  its  support.  A  major  portion  of  the  private  support  has  been 
provided  by  the  Kennedy  Center  Corporate  Fund,  which  was 
organized  in  1977  by  the  principal  officers  of  thirty-six  major 
American  corporations.  It  currently  represents  more  than  300  cor- 
porations committed  to  the  support  of  the  national  cultural  center. 
Funds  contributed  to  the  Corporate  Fund  enable  the  Kennedy 
Center  to  extend  its  national  outreach  through  programming  and 
public  service  activities,  to  foster  new  works,  and  to  offer  per- 
forming arts  programming  at  reduced  prices  or,  in  many  instances, 
at  no  admission  charge  whatsoever. 

Participation  in  the  Corporate  Fund  is  open  to  any  corporation 
that  contributes  to  the  Kennedy  Center.  Roger  B.  Smith,  chairman 
of  General  Motors  Corporation,  served  as  chairman  of  the  1984 
Corporate  Fund.  The  members  of  the  board  of  governors  and  a 
listing  of  fund  contributions  received  during  the  past  year  can  be 
found  in  Appendix  8. 


Board  of  Trustees 

The  Kennedy  Center  is  independently  administered  as  a  bureau 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  a  board  of  trustees,  thirty  of 
whose  members  are  citizens  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States  for  ten-year  overlapping  terms.  The  remaining 
fifteen  members  are  legislatively  designed  ex  officio  representa- 
tives of  the  legislative  branch  and  executive  departments  of  the 
federal  government.  Members  of  the  Kennedy  Center  Board  of 
Trustees  are  listed  in  Appendix  1. 


The  President's  Advisory  Committee  on  the  Arts 

Established  by  the  1958  Act  of  Congress  that  created  the  National 
Cultural  Center,  the  President's  Advisory  Committee  on  the  Arts 
is  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  serve  during 
his  term  of  office.  Its  objectives  are  to  support  and  promote  the 
Kennedy  Center.  Representing  membership  from  forty-four  states, 
the  committee  during  the  past  year  attended  four  meetings  at  the 
center;  its  members  concentrated  their  discussions  on  private  fund- 
raising  and  national  outreach  programs. 


John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts  I  391 


Smithsonian  Year  .  1984 


NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  ART 


J.  CARTER  BROWN,  DIRECTOR 


The  National  Gallery  of  Art,  although  formally  established  as  a 
bureau  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  is  an  autonomous  and  sep- 
arately administered  organization.  It  is  governed  by  its  own  board 
of  trustees,  the  ex  officio  members  of  which  are  the  Chief  Justice 
of  the  United  States,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Of  the 
five  general  trustees,  Paul  Mellon  continued  to  serve  as  chairman 
of  the  board,  with  John  R.  Stevenson  and  Carlisle  H.  Humelsine 
as  president  and  vice-president,  respectively.  Also  continuing  on 
the  board  were  Dr.  Franklin  D.  Murphy  and  Ruth  Carter  Stevenson. 

During  the  year,  visitors  entering  both  of  the  National  Gallery's 
buildings  numbered  4,859,172.  Two  new  galleries  were  opened  on 
the  main  floor  to  permit  expanded  and  more  flexible  display  of 
eighteenth-century  Italian  paintings. 

The  Photographic  Services  Department  moved  into  its  long- 
awaited  new  suite  of  offices  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  West  Build- 
ing, making  it  convenient  to  members  of  the  public  who  wish  to 
purchase  black-and-white  photographs  or  get  permission  to  use 
tripods  for  photography  in  the  galleries,  and  for  others  who  may 
wish  to  borrow  transparencies  for  publications. 

Outside  these  offices,  in  the  ground  floor  lobby,  construction 
barriers  were  removed  to  reveal  a  wonderful  architectural  feature 
that  had  been  conceived  for  the  enhancement  of  the  visitors'  intro- 
duction to  the  Gallery  at  that  level  as  well  as  for  those  above.  A 
large  oculus  in  the  ceiling  of  the  lobby,  nineteen-and-a-half  feet 
in  diameter  and  surrounded  by  a  marble  parapet,  now  allows  light 


393 


to  enter  from  the  windows  on  the  main  floor  above  it  and,  more 
importantly,  offers  visitors  a  dramatic  view  of  the  huge  green 
marble  columns  of  the  grand  rotunda. 

For  the  first  time,  the  Extension  Program  audience  exceeded  100 
million.  Of  the  114,534,980  persons  estimated  to  have  viewed  the 
programs  during  fiscal  year  1984,  the  great  majority  was  reached 
through  public  and  educational  television,  with  an  increase  of 
more  than  fourteen  million  over  the  television  audience  of  the 
previous  year. 

A  further  reason  for  the  increased  audience  was  the  addition  of 
sixty-one  agencies  to  the  Extended  Loan  Program,  participants  in 
which  act  as  affiliate  distributors  of  Gallery  extension  program 
materials. 

A  laser  optical  videodisc  containing  1,645  individual  images 
from  the  National  Gallery's  collections  was  produced  during  the 
year.  The  first  of  its  kind  on  a  museum,  the  videodisc  also  con- 
tains two  thirty-minute  programs  on  the  Gallery's  history,  collec- 
tions, and  programs,  narrated  by  the  director. 

Awards  received  for  Gallery  programs  included  the  CINE  Golden 
Eagle  for  the  film  David  Smith;  a  nomination  for  a  Golden  Eagle 
for  the  film  on  the  Peto  exhibition.  Important  Information  Inside: 
John  F.  Peto  and  the  Idea  of  Still-Life  Painting;  and  the  selection 
of  the  film  Pemme/ Woman:  A  Tapestry  by  Joan  Miro  as  a  finalist 
in  the  American  Craft  Council/ American  Craft  Museum  Interna- 
tional Craft  Film  Festival. 

The  Gallery  received  a  number  of  outstanding  contemporary 
works  during  the  year.  The  highlight  was  the  announcement  of 
the  presentation  by  the  Mark  Rothko  Foundation  of  177  oil  paint- 
ings and  108  works  on  paper  by  this  very  important  twentieth- 
century  artist,  bringing  to  an  end  the  uncertainty  about  the  desti- 
nation of  this  great  body  of  works  that  had  been  in  Rothko's  pos- 
session when  he  committed  suicide  in  1970.  The  gift  established 
the  National  Gallery  as  the  central  repository  for  Rothko's  work 
and  a  leading  center  for  the  study  of  modern  American  art,  posing 
new  opportunities  and  challenges  for  art  historians. 

Several  of  the  works  added  to  the  collection  were  by  artists  not 
previously  represented:  a  Franz  Marc  painting  titled  Siberian 
Sheepdogs  in  the  Snow,  Cobalt  Blue  by  Lee  Krasner,  a  sculpture  of 
a  four-figure  group  of  dancers  by  George  Segal,  and  a  large  paint- 
ing titled  Organization  of  Graphic  Motifs  II  by  Frantisek  Kupka, 
one  of  the  earliest  purely  abstract  artists.  A  black  and  white  paint- 

394  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


ing  by  Jackson  Pollock,  Untitled  #7  in  the  artist's  figural  style 
of  the  early  1950s,  joined  Lavender  Mist,  already  in  the  collection, 
to  illustrate  two  important  aspects  of  Pollock's  oeuvre. 

Of  the  handsome  American  portraits  donated  to  the  Gallery, 
the  most  important  is  Charles  Willson  Peale's  sympathetic  and 
insightful  painting  of  a  close  family  friend,  John  Beale  Bordley. 
A  large,  full-length  portrait  of  Martha  Eliza  Stevens  Edgar  Paschall 
is  a  sensitive  and  individualized  likeness  of  the  young  subject. 
Olivia,  a  1911  portrait  by  Lydia  Field  Emmett,  is  a  fine  example 
of  the  artist's  work,  having  won  an  Honorable  Mention  in  the 
1912  Carnegie  International  in  Pittsburgh. 

The  Gallery's  collection  of  works  by  the  Renaissance  artist 
Veronese  was  substantially  upgraded  by  the  purchase  of  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  his  late  works.  The  Martyrdom  and  Last 
Communion  of  Saint  Lucy.  The  Gallery  also  purchased  The 
Martyrdom  of  Saint  Margaret  by  Giuseppe  Cesari,  called  Cavalier 
d'Arpino,  a  Roman  artist  of  the  late  sixteenth  to  early  seventeenth 
centuries. 

One  of  the  finest  English  medals  relating  to  America,  the  seven- 
teenth-century "Maryland  Medal"  representing  Cecil  Calvert,  Lord 
Baltimore,  founder  of  the  colony  of  Maryland,  with  his  wife,  Anne 
Arundell,  was  acquired  at  auction,  setting  a  world  record  price  for 
a  medal  sold  at  auction. 

Among  the  acquisitions  of  graphics  were  four  major  groups. 
One  of  the  finest  private  collections  of  rare  illustrated  books  and 
suites  of  prints  on  European  architectural  theory  and  practice, 
views  and  topography,  design  and  ornament  from  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century  to  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the 
Mark  Millard  Architectural  Collection  will  be  given  to  the  Gallery 
over  a  number  of  years,  the  first  third  coming  this  year  by  dona- 
tion and  purchase.  A  group  of  131  American  drawings  from  the 
John  Davis  Hatch  Collection,  from  the  late  eighteenth  century 
through  the  1950s,  was  added  to  the  collector's  previous  gifts, 
solidifying  the  Gallery's  survey  of  the  history  of  American  draw- 
ing. The  extensive  collection  of  works  by  the  Dutch  artist  M.  C. 
Escher  was  further  enhanced  by  donations  of  115  prints,  five 
illustrated  books,  and  twenty-two  volumes  of  original  and  docu- 
mentary materials.  A  major  gift  of  prints  produced  by  the 
Tamarind  Lithography  Workshop  during  its  important  initial  phase 
from  1960  to  1970,  added  to  previous  donations,  provides  the 
Gallery  with  a  complete  set  of  the  early  Tamarind  prints  showing 
the  wide  variety  of  artists  who  worked  there,  from  the  formalism 


National  Gallery  of  Art  I  395 


of  Albers  and  Nevelson  to  the  pop  sensibility  of  Ruscha  and 
Allen  Jones. 

Further  acquisitions  of  drawings  were  led  by  the  donation  of 
Le  Modele  Honnete  by  Pierre-Antoine  Baudouin.  Other  notable 
gifts  included  the  earhest  known  self-portrait  by  Sir  Peter  Lely, 
two  drawings  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benjamin  Fisher  attributed  to  Gil- 
bert Stuart,  and  a  charming  version  of  Diana  and  her  Nymphs 
Bathing  by  Rowlandson. 

Purchases  of  drawings  included  one  of  Vanvitelli's  masterpieces. 
The  Waterfall  and  Town  of  Tivoli;  the  Gallery's  first  seventeenth- 
century  English  drawing.  Meadow  with  Cattle  and  Deer  by  Francis 
Barlow;  and  one  of  Kirchner's  finest  drawings,  the  monumental 
Bather  Lying  on  the  Beach,  done  in  1912. 

Purchases  of  prints  were  distinguished  by  three  extraordinary 
Renaissance  works :  the  finest  Mantegna  engraving  in  any  museum 
outside  Europe,  Battle  of  the  Sea  Gods;  an  early  sixteenth-century 
North  Italian  woodcut,  Christ  Carrying  the  Cross;  and  Erhard 
Altdorfer's  early  sixteenth-century  etching  Mountain  Landscape, 
one  of  the  earliest  pure  landscapes  in  Western  art. 

Selections  from  these  acquisitions  and  from  the  graphics  already 
in  the  collections — particularly  the  drawings  recently  acquired 
from  the  Julius  Held  and  the  John  Davis  Hatch  collections — have 
been  shown  on  a  rotating  basis  in  a  continuing  historical  survey 
of  major  artists'  prints  in  the  new  graphics  galleries  that  were 
opened  on  the  ground  floor  last  year. 

Of  the  nineteen  temporary  exhibitions  during  the  year,  three 
presented  drawings  by  important  eighteenth-century  artists :  Gains- 
borough, Piazzetta,  and  Watteau.  In  the  first  U.S.  exhibition  of 
drawings  by  the  British  painter  Thomas  Gainsborough,  ninety-one 
works  illustrated  the  artist's  development  and  included  pastoral 
landscapes,  figure  studies,  and  costume  sketches.  An  exhibition 
of  106  drawings,  prints,  and  illustrated  books  by  the  Venetian 
artist  Giovanni  Battista  Piazzetta,  lent  from  the  collections  of  Her 
Majesty  Queen  Elizabeth  II  and  numerous  European  and  American 
public  museums  and  private  collectors  and  on  view  in  the  United 
States  for  the  first  time,  marked  the  300th  anniversary  of  the 
artist's  birth.  The  exhibition  of  ninety-eight  drawings  and  forty- 
four  paintings  by  Jean  Antoine  Watteau,  also  celebrating  the 
300th  anniversary  of  the  artist's  birth,  was  the  first  major  exhibi- 
tion anywhere  devoted  solely  to  the  work  of  this  great  French 
artist.  It  was  organized  jointly  with  the  Reunion  des  musees 
nationaux,  Paris,  and  the  Verwaltung  der  Staatlichen  Schlosser 


396  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


und  Garten,  Berlin,  and  included  three  of  Watteau's  most  impor- 
tant paintings:  Pierrot  (called  Gilles),  from  the  Louvre;  and  The 
Embarkation  for  Cythera  and  Gersaint's  Shopsign  from  Berlin. 

Four  exhibitions  were  devoted  to  the  works  of  major  twentieth- 
century  artists — the  Spanish  cubist  Juan  Gris,  the  Italian  painter 
and  sculptor  Amedeo  Modigliani,  and  the  American  abstract  artists 
Mark  Tobey  and  Mark  Rothko. 

Two  major  graphics  collections  were  represented.  Seventy-seven 
Old  Master  and  modern  drawings,  from  the  fourteenth  to  the 
twentieth  century,  were  lent  by  New  York  collector  Ian  Woodner, 
and  the  renowned  library  in  Milan,  the  Biblioteca  Ambrosiana, 
lent  eighty-seven  drawings  by  the  finest  masters  from  the  late 
fourteenth  to  the  early  seventeenth  century. 

The  first  survey  in  this  country  of  sixteenth-century  Emilian 
drawings  traced  the  influence  of  the  great  Renaissance  master 
Antonio  Allegri,  called  Correggio,  on  the  work  of  thirty-one  artists 
of  that  period. 

Early  German  Drawings  from  a  Private  Collection,  from  the 
early  fifteenth  century  to  the  eighteenth  century,  presented  draw- 
ings by  such  early  German  masters  as  Albrecht  Diirer,  Hans 
Baldung  Gaien,  Martin  Schongauer,  and  Lucas  Cranach  the  Elder. 

The  Folding  Image:  Screens  by  Western  Artists  of  the  19th  and 
20th  Centuries,  an  exhibition  of  more  than  forty  folding  screens 
executed  since  c.  1870,  illustrated  the  impact  of  the  Japanese  art 
form,  which  suddenly  became  available  to  European  artists  such 
as  Bonnard,  Vuillard,  Klee,  and  Balla  when  Japan  was  opened  to 
the  West  in  the  nineteenth  century.  It  has  continued  to  the  present 
day  to  influence  such  diverse  artists  as  Lucas  Samaras,  Jack  Beal, 
and  David  Hockney.  Other  highlights  of  the  exhibition  were 
screens  by  William  Morris,  Louis  Comfort  Tiffany,  Antonio  Gaudi, 
and  Ansel  Adams. 

The  Orientalists:  Delacroix  to  Matisse — The  Allure  of  North 
Africa  and  the  Near  East  chronicled  the  fascination  with  the  area 
of  the  world  known  in  Europe  as  the  "Orient"  that  brought  artists 
from  Europe  and  America  to  the  Near  East  between  1798  and  the 
onset  of  the  First  World  War.  The  artists'  individual  reactions  to 
the  strange  and  the  exotic  were  revealed  in  a  complex  variety  of 
styles,  from  the  grand-scale  Delacroix  Sultan  of  Morocco,  and  the 
vignettes  from  Arab  life  by  Gerome,  to  the  modern  distillations 
of  the  brilliant  landscape  and  village  scenes  by  Matisse  and 
Kandinsky. 

The  centerpiece  of  the  exhibition  Leonardo's  Last  Supper:  Be- 


National  Gallery  of  Art  I  397 


fore  and  After  was  a  display  of  a  full-scale  Polaroid  photomural, 
mounted  on  thirty-six  panels,  of  the  mural  in  its  current  state  of 
restoration.  Accompanying  the  photomural  was  a  scholarly  exhibi- 
tion consisting  of  the  artist's  preparatory  studies,  selected  from 
the  collection  of  Her  Majesty  Queen  Elizabeth  II  and  organized 
by  the  Royal  Library  at  Windsor,  and  a  number  of  works  in 
various  media  illustrating  the  mural's  impact  on  later  European 
masters. 

During  the  Lenten  and  Easter  seasons  the  Gallery  was  privileged 
to  be  able  to  display  the  monumental  painting  of  The  Deposition 
by  Caravaggio,  on  loan  from  the  Vatican  Collections. 

The  Education  Department  continued  to  provide  the  high-quality 
educational  programs  and  interpretive  materials  that  enhance  the 
visitor's  enjoyment  and  understanding  of  the  collections  and  spe- 
cial exhibitions.  A  new  course  for  adults  titled  "The  Language  of 
Art"  was  well  attended  during  the  evenings  in  July  and  August. 
Attendance  by  elementary  school  groups  on  tours  guided  by 
gallery-trained  volunteers  dramatically  increased.  Introductory  ma- 
terials, including  a  slide  program,  were  produced  to  prepare  chil- 
dren for  their  visit  to  the  exhibition  Art  of  Aztec  Mexico:  Trea- 
sures of  Tenochtitlan,  which  continued  from  the  previous  year. 
Labels  and  recorded  tours  were  prepared  for  the  Watteau,  "Folding 
Image,"  and  Orientalism  exhibitions. 

Among  scholars  who  lectured  during  the  year  were  Philippe  M. 
Verdier,  1983-1984  Kress  Professor,  National  Gallery  of  Art; 
Professor  Egbert  Haverkamp-Begemann  of  the  Institute  of  Fine 
Arts,  New  York  University;  John  Hayes,  director  of  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery  in  London;  Professor  George  Knox  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  British  Columbia;  Professor  Terisio  Pignatti  of  the 
University  of  Venice;  Edmund  P.  Pillsbury,  director  of  the  Kimbell 
Art  Museum,  Fort  Worth;  Donald  Posner,  Ailsa  Mellon  Bruce  Pro- 
fessor of  Fine  Arts,  Institute  of  Fine  Arts,  New  York  University; 
Eugene  Thaw,  author  and  art  dealer;  and  Christopher  White, 
director  of  studies.  The  Paul  Mellon  Centre  for  Studies  in  British 
Art,  London. 


398  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


TEMPORARY  EXHIBITIONS 


The  John  Hay  Whitney  Collection, 
continued  from  the  previous  fiscal 
year.  May  26-November  27,  1983, 
coordinated  by  John  Rewald  and 
Florence  E.  Coman. 

Night  Prints,  continued  from  the 
previous  fiscal  year,  June  5-Octo- 
ber  9,  1983,  coordinated  by  Ruth 
Benedict. 

Jean  Arp:  The  Dada  Reliefs,  con- 
tinued from  the  previous  fiscal  year, 
July  3-October  30, 1983,  coordinated 
by  E.  A.  Carmean,  Jr. 

Art  of  Aztec  Mexico:  The  Trea- 
sures of  Tenochtitlan,  continued 
from  the  previous  fiscal  year  to 
April  1,  1984,  coordinated  by  Eliza- 
beth Boone,  Dumbarton  Oaks,  and 
H.  B.  Nicholson,  University  of  Cali- 
fornia at  Los  Angeles,  supported  by 
GTE  Corporation  and  the  Federal 
Council  on  the  Arts  and  Humani- 
ties. 

Gainsborough  Drawings,  October 
2-December  4,  1983,  coordinated 
by  the  International  Exhibitions 
Foundation  and  Virginia  Tuttle. 

Juan  Gris,  October  16-December 
31,  1983,  coordinated  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  California,  Berkeley,  and 
E.  A.  Carmean,  Jr.,  supported  in 
part  by  a  grant  from  the  National 
Endowment  for  the  Arts,  and  by 
grants  from  the  Paul  L.  and  Phyllis 
J.  Watts  Foundation,  and  the  Uni- 
versity Art  Museum  Council. 

Piazzetta:  A  Terecentenary  Exhibi- 
tion— Drawings,  Prints  and  Illus- 
trated Books,  November  20,  1983- 
March  4,  1984,  coordinated  by 
George  Knox,  University  of  British 
Columbia,  and  H.  Diane  Russell, 
supported  by  the  Federal  Council 
on  the  Arts  and  Humanities. 

Modigliani:  An  Anniversary  Exhi- 
bition, December  11,  1983-April  22, 


1984,  coordinated  by  Eliza  Rath- 
bone. 

Master  Drawings  from  the  Wood- 
ner  Collection,  December  18,  1983- 
May  6,  1984,  coordinated  by  The 
J.  P.  Getty  Museum,  Malibu,  Cali- 
fornia, and  Andrew  Robison. 

Leonardo's  Last  Supper:  Before  and 
After,  December  18,  1983-March  4, 
1984,  coordinated  by  Windsor  Cas- 
tle, Olivetti  Corporation,  and  David 
Brown,  supported  by  Olivetti  Cor- 
poration. 

Caravaggio's  Deposition,  March  4- 
April  29,  1984,  coordinated  by  Syd- 
ney J.  Freedberg. 

The  Folding  Image:  Screens  by 
Western  Artists  of  the  19th  and 
20th  Centuries,  March  4-Septem- 
ber  3,  1984,  coordinated  by  Michael 
Komanecky,  Virginia  Butera,  Yale 
University,  and  Linda  Ayres,  sup- 
ported by  Bankers  Trust  Company, 
and  by  Goldman,  Sachs  &  Co. 

Mark  Tobey:  The  City  Paintings, 
March  11-June  17,  1984,  coordi- 
nated by  Eliza  Rathbone. 

The  Legacy,  of  Correggio:  Sixteenth- 
Century  Emilian  Drawings,  March 
11-May  13,  1984,  coordinated  by 
Diane  DeGrazia,  supported  by  a 
grant  from  Cassa  di  Risparmio  di 
Parma. 

Mark  Rothko:  Works  on  Paper, 
May  6-August  5,  1984,  coordinated 
by  American  Federation  of  the  Arts 
and  E.  A.  Carmean,  Jr.,  supported 
by  Warner  Communications. 

Early  German  Drawings  from  a 
Private  Collection,  May  27-July  8, 
1984,  coordinated  by  Andrew  Robi- 


Watteau:   1684-1721,  June  17-Sep- 
tember    23,    1984,    coordinated    by 


National  Gallery  of  Art  I  399 


Margaret  Morgan  Grasselli. 

The  Orientalists:  Delacroix  to  Ma- 
tisse— The  Allure  of  North  Africa 
and  the  Near  East,  July  l-October 
28,  1984,  coordinated  by  Mary  Anne 
Stevens,  Royal  Academy  of  Arts, 
Florence  E.  Coman,  and  D.  Dodge 
Thompson. 


Renaissance  Drawings  from  the 
Ambrosiana,  1370-1600,  July  29- 
September  9,  1984,  coordinated  by 
The  Medieval  Institute,  University 
of  Notre  Dame,  and  Diane  De- 
Grazia,  supported  by  The  Samuel 
H.  Kress  Foundation  and  The  Fed- 
eral Council  on  the  Arts  and  Hu- 
manities. 


400  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 
CHRONOLOGY 


The  following  is  a  representative  selection  of  Smithsonian  events  during  the 
fiscal  year.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  make  this  a  complete  compilation  of 
the  Institution's  activities. 


October 

Awards:  Five  of  the  first  Federal  Awards  for  Design  Excellence  were  pre- 
sented to  Smithsonian  bureaus  by  the  National  Endowment  for  the  Arts.  This 
government-wide  Presidential  Design  Awards  Program  was  established  by 
President  Reagan  in  December  1983. 

October 

Gift:  A  contribution  from  Millicent  Monks  enabled  the  Kennedy  Center's 
Alliance  for  Arts  Education  to  establish  an  education  program  in  the  public 
schools  in  Lewiston,  Auburn,  and  Portland,  Maine,  this  year. 

October 

Workshop  Series:  The  Office  of  Museum  Programs,  in  cooperation  with  the 
Virginia  Association  of  Museums,  held  a  series  of  four  museum  management 
on-site  workshops  in  Virginia  from  October  to  May. 

October  1 

Extemships:  During  the  year,  thirty-two  students  from  ten  countries,  attend- 
ing the  Multicultural  Bilingual  High  School,  Washington,  D.C.,  were  given  the 
opportunity  for  one-week  work  experiences  by  the  Office  of  Museum  Pro- 
grams in  various  Smithsonian  offices. 

October  1 

Workshop:  Under  the  sponsorship  of  the  Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary 
Education,  the  first  Regional  Workshop  was  held  in  Newport  News,  Virginia, 
bringing  more  than  300  teachers  to  work  with  local  museum  educators.  The 
second  workshop  was  held  in  New  Orleans  in  March. 

October  1 

Appointment:  John  H.  Falk  was  named  director  of  the  newly  created  Smith- 
sonian Office  of  Education  Research  under  the  Office  of  the  Assistant  Secre- 
tary for  Science. 


401 


October  3 

New  Facility:  The  Museum  Support  Center  Branch  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution Libraries  opened  in  Silver  Hill,  Maryland. 

October  4 

Award:  Paul  J.  Robert,  student  employee,  received  second  place  in  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Agricultural  Engineers'  North  Atlantic  Region  Student  Paper 
Design  Contest  for  a  paper  on  "The  Design  and  Implementation  of  a  Com- 
puter System  to  Control  and  Monitor  Environmental  Growth  Chambers"  at 
the  Smithsonian's  Environmental  Research  Center  Rockville  facility. 

October  5 

Milestone:  Opening  of  the  1983-84  season  of  Discovery  Theater,  under  the 
aegis  of  the  Resident  Associate  Program. 

October  7 

Publication:  Treasures  of  the  Smithsonian,  written  by  Edwards  Park  and  illus- 
trated with  550  color  photographs,  was  published  by  Smithsonian  Books,  pre- 
senting well-known,  little-known,  and  research  treasures  of  the  Institution. 

October  7-8 

Symposium:  The  Archives  of  American  Art  and  the  Detroit  Institute  of  Arts 
cosponsored  "The  Quest  for  Unity:  American  Art  between  World's  Fairs, 
1876-1893." 

October  9 

Award:  The  American  Garden  at  the  IV  International  Horticultural  Exhibition 
(IGA  83),  Munich,  West  Germany,  designed  and  installed  by  James  R.  Buckler 
and  Kathryn  Meehan  of  the  Office  of  Horticulture,  was  awarded  a  silver 
medal  by  the  German  Association  of  Landscape  Architects. 

October  14 

Exhibition:  Pain  and  Its  Relief,  an  examination  of  mankind's  attempts  to 
understand,  combat,  and  alleviate  pain,  opened  at  the  Natural  Museum  of 
American  History. 

October  17 

Milestone:  The  Resident  Associate  Program  produced  its  first  electronic  out- 
reach course,  "The  Telecommunications  Revolution,"  broadcast  through  an 
interactive  audio-bridge  network  to  campuses  of  the  California  State  Univer- 
sity system. 

October  17-November  14 

Special  Program:  The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  and  the  United  States  In- 
formation Agency  cosponsored  a  new  project.  Museum  Administration,  for 
museum  professionals  from  Europe  to  study  current  practices  and  problems 
of  museum  administration  at  the  Smithsonian  and  other  museums  throughout 
the  United  States. 

October  19 

Exhibition:  The  Capital  Image:  Painters  in  Washington,  1800-1915  opened  at 
the  National  Museum  of  American  Art  with  250  paintings,  prints,  photo- 
graphs, and  sculptures  on  the  early  cultural  life  of  the  city. 

October  19 

Presidential  Visit:  President  Reagan  was  present  at  the  twenty-fifth  anniver- 

402  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


sary  celebration  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  that 
took  place  at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum. 

October  19 

Research:  Biologists  at  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute  (STRI) 
described  in  Science  magazine  an  epidemic  that  killed  millions  of  the  eco- 
logically important  black  sea  urchin,  Diadema  antillarum,  the  worst  epidemic 
ever  documented  among  marine  invertebrates. 

October  20 

Seminar:  In  commemoration  of  the  Bicentennial  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  "The 
Great  Garden  Exchange"  was  arranged  by  the  Office  of  Horticulture  for  the 
Smithsonian  Resident  Associate  Program,  exploring  garden  traditions  and 
plant  experiments  from  1750-1830  in  the  United  States,  England,  and  France. 

October  20 

Special  Event:  Opening  night  of  "The  Smithsonian  Salutes  Washington  Jazz." 
The  series  of  four  concerts  presented  from  October  to  March  featured  noted 
Washington  jazz  artists — Ronnie  Wells,  John  Eaton,  Marc  Cohen,  Mike 
Grotty,  and  Buck  Hill — and  was  sponsored  by  the  Resident  Associate  Program. 

October  20 

Exhibition:  Robert  Cornelius:  Portraits  from  the  Dawn  of  Photography  open- 
ed at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  devoted  to  the  work  of  this  pioneering 
daguerreotypist,  Robert  Cornelius. 

October  25 

Exhibition:  The  National  Museum  of  American  History  opened  The  Naming 
of  America,  an  exhibition  that  displayed  the  world  map  of  Martin  Waldsee- 
muller,  thought  to  be  the  first  map  on  which  the  name  "America"  was  used. 

October  26 

Special  Event:  The  National  Portrait  Gallery  presented  a  self-portrait  program 
with  foreign  correspondent  and  author  William  L.  Shirer. 

October  27 

Meeting:  Opening  session  of  the  Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Educa- 
tion's Career  Awareness  Program,  bringing  thirty-two  ninth-graders  from 
Ballou  Senior  Public  High  School  to  learn  about  museum  careers  from  staff 
members  at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

October  27-29 

Meeting:  The  "Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars  Stellar  Systems  and 
the  Sun,"  held  at  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  (SAO),  attracted 
over  100  scientists  from  the  United  States  and  abroad  for  three  days  of  invited 
and  contributed  papers  on  the  evolution  and  structure  of  cool  stars. 

October  31 

Milestone:  After  more  than  a  quarter-century  of  satellite  tracking  by  both 
cameras,  and  lasers,  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  transferred 
all  responsibility  for  the  operation  of  its  worldwide  tracking  network  to  the 
Bendix  Corporation. 

October  31 

Award:  Dr.  G.  Arthur  Cooper,  Museum  of  Natural  History  paleobiologist 
emeritus,  received  the  Penrose  Medal,  the  highest  honor  given  to  American 
geologists,  at  the  Geological  Society  meetings  in  Indianapolis. 


Chronology  I  403 


November 

Exhibition:  Ban  Chiang:  Discovery  of  a  Lost  Bronze  Age,  an  exhibition  orga- 
nized jointly  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service 
(SITES)  and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  opened  at  the  Museum  of  Natu- 
ral History,  exhibiting  archeological  discoveries  that  have  changed  the  pre- 
vailing view  of  Southeast  Asia's  role  in  the  development  of  civilization. 

November 

Workshop  Series:  The  Office  of  Museum  Programs,  in  cooperation  with  the 
Southern  Arts  Federation,  held  two  on-site  workshops  in  November  and 
March  in  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  and  Pensacola,  Florida. 

November  1 

Exhibition:  The  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum  opened  Amsterdam  School,  marking 
the  first  time  this  subject,  with  an  English  catalogue,  was  exhibited  in  this 
country. 

November  9 

Exhibition:  The  Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures  from  the  Czechoslovak 
State  Collections,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  Judaica  collections  in 
the  world,  opened  at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  circulated  by 
the  Smithsonian  Traveling  Exhibition  Service.  In  its  seven-week  booking,  this 
exhibition  was  viewed  by  105,000  people.  The  exhibition  catalogue  was  sub- 
sequently honored  with  the  Kenneth  B.  Smilen/Present  Tense  Literary  Award 
for  best  general  nonfiction  Jewish  book  of  1983. 

November  11 

Exhibition:  Masterpieces  from  Versailles:  Three  Centuries  of  French  Portrai- 
ture, a  major  loan  exhibition  from  the  Museum  of  the  Chateau  of  Versailles, 
opened  at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

November  12-13 

Symposium:  The  Third  National  Zoological  Park  Symposium  for  the  Public, 
"Perceptions  of  Animals  in  American  Culture,"  featured  ten  specialists  who 
gave  presentations  on  the  anthropomorphisms  at  the  core  of  many  human 
perceptions  of  animals. 

November  17 

Milestone:  The  Archives  of  American  Art  began  its  thirtieth  year.  The  Ar- 
chives was  founded  in  Detroit  in  1954  and  became  a  bureau  of  the  Smith- 
sonian in  1970. 

November  18 

Research:  The  death  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  square  kilometers  of  reef 
coral  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Caribbean  Sea,  one  of  the  most  widespread 
reef  devastations  of  the  past  several  hundred  years,  was  documented  by  scien- 
tists of  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute  and  described  in  Science 
magazine. 

November  21 

Anniversary  Celebration:  The  200th  anniversary  of  manned  flight  was  cele- 
brated at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  with  the  opening  of  a  multi- 
media presentation,  "The  Oldest  Dream:  A  Celebration  of  Flight,"  and  an 
exhibition,  Dr.  Franklin's  Window:  American  Witnesses  to  the  Birth  of  Flight. 
A  book.  The  Eagle  Aloft:  Two  Centuries  of  the  Balloon  in  America,  was  also 
written  for  the  occasion. 


404  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


November  30 

Lecture:  Dr.  Rene  Bravmann,  guest  curator  of  the  exhibition  African  Islam 
and  professor  of  art  history.  University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  presented  an 
illustrated  lecture  on  "African  Islam:  The  Artistry  and  Character  of  Belief," 
in  conjunction  with  the  opening  of  the  exhibition  at  the  National  Museum  of 
African  Art. 

December 

Awards:  Smithsonian  staff  members  won  fifteen  awards,  including  best  in 
show,  in  the  1983  publications  competition  of  the  Washington,  D.C.,  chapter 
of  the  Society  for  Technical  Communications.  Winning  entries  included  a 
brochure  on  tropical  research  produced  by  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs,  OPA 
Smithsonian  News  Service  stories.  The  Torch,  Research  Reports,  stories  in 
Research  Reports,  and  publications  from  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum. 

December 

Anniversary:  "Smithsonian  Galaxy,"  a  series  of  two-minute  features  for  radio 
produced  by  the  Office  of  Telecommunications  and  heard  on  230  radio  stations 
in  this  country  and  abroad,  celebrated  its  fifth  anniversary  on  the  air. 

December 

Research:  Museum  of  Natural  History  geologist  Dr.  Robert  Fudali  joined  a 
National  Science  Foundation-funded  research  team  in  a  search  for  meteorites 
on  the  plateau  west  of  the  Transantarctic  Mountains  that  resulted  in  the  dis- 
covery of  some  300  meteorites  which  were  sent  back  to  the  museum  for  study. 

December 

Workshop  Series:  The  Kellogg  Project,  Office  of  Museum  Programs,  held  a 
series  of  six  regional  workshops  from  December  to  March  on  "Museums  as 
Learning  Resources"  in  Charlotte,  North  Carolina;  San  Antonio,  Texas;  Port- 
land, Oregon;  Toledo,  Ohio;  Boston;  and  New  York. 

December 

Publication:  The  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  Research  Guide  Number  3, 
The  Aerospace  Periodical  Index  1973-1982,  was  published  by  G.  K.  Hall. 

December 

Research:  New  limits  on  how  much  the  gravitational  constant  G  may  vary 
with  time  were  established  by  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  scien- 
tists Robert  Babcock,  John  Chandler,  Robert  Reasenberg,  and  Irwin  Shapiro 
using  radar-ranging  data  from  a  Viking  lander  on  Mars. 

December  1 
Exhibition:  Sawtooths  and  Other  Ranges  of  Imagination:  Contemporary  Art 
from  Idaho  opened  at  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art  with  forty-one 
works  by  twenty-eight  artists  documenting  the  fine  arts  in  Idaho.  Five  of  these 
Idaho  artists  participated  in  a  related  panel  discussion. 

December  3  and  4 

Special  Event:  Berlin  Alexanderplatz,  a  two-day  marathon  screening  of  Rainer 
Werner  Fassbinder's  film  epic,  was  sponsored  by  the  Resident  Associate 
Program. 

December  5 

Regent:  The  nomination  of  Samuel  Curtis  Johnson,  chairman  and  chief  execu- 
tive officer  of  S.  C.  Johnson  &  Son  Inc.,  as  a  citizen  member  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Board  of  Regents  was  signed  into  law  by  President  Reagan. 


Chronology  I  405 


December  7 

Seminar:  "Computers  and  Human  Learning,"  a  conference  cosponsored  by  the 
Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education  and  the  Office  of  Symposia 
and  Seminars,  brought  more  than  300  local  school  administrators  to  learn 
about  the  impact  of  computer  technology  on  education. 

December  7-9 

Conference:  Dr.  William  H.  Klein  and  Dr.  David  L.  Correll  of  the  Smithsonian 
Environmental  Research  Center  attended  the  Tristate  Conference  on  "Choices 
for  the  Chesapeake  Bay"  held  at  George  Mason  University  in  Fairfax,  Virginia. 

December  7-10 

Symposium:  "The  Road  After  1984:  High  Technology  and  Human  Freedom," 
the  Smithsonian's  eighth  international  symposium,  examined  the  contempo- 
rary revolution  in  technology  and  communications. 

December  8 

Exhibition:  Dreams  and  Nightmares:  Utopian  Visions  in  Modern  Art,  an  exhi- 
bition of  136  works  by  62  American  and  European  artists  of  the  twentieth 
century,  opened  at  the  Hirshhorn  Museum. 

December  9 

Special  Event:  The  Smithsonian  Women's  Committee  held  its  thirteenth  an- 
nual Christmas  fundraiser  dinner-dance,  "A  Dickens'  Christmas,"  in  the 
National  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

December  9 

Royal  Visit:  A  reception  was  held  at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  for 
King  Birendra  and  Queen  Aishwarya  of  Nepal. 

December  9-11 

Milestone:  The  National  Associates  Travel  Program  celebrated  its  twelfth 
annual  Christmas  at  the  Smithsonian  Weekend  for  Smithsonian  Associates. 
The  program  was  highlighted  by  a  festive  dinner  and  tree-trimming  party  in 
the  Castle. 

December  11 

Appointment:  William  W.  Moss  was  appointed  Smithsonian  Archivist. 

December  14 

Exhibition:  The  seventh  annual  Trees  of  Christmas  exhibition  opened  at  the 
National  Museum  of  American  History  and  included  twelve  trees  decorated 
to  display  the  ethnic,  artistic,  and  cultural  use  of  the  Christmas  tree.  The 
exhibit  was  prepared  by  the  Office  of  Horticulture. 

December  14-16 

New  Program:  The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  sponsored  a  new  workshop 
on  "The  Video  Revolution:  Museum  Audiovisuals,  Videotape  Production 
Techniques,  Video  Disks,  and  Teleconferencing"  and  their  application  in 
museums. 

December  15 

Acquisitions:  Twenty-three  works  by  twentieth-century  modernist  Man  Ray, 
a  gift  from  artist's  widow,  were  accessioned  by  the  National  Museum  of 
American  Art. 


406  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


December  15 

New  Project:  The  loading  of  record  unit  data  from  the  Smithsonian  Archives 
into  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Bibliographic  Information  System  began. 

December  16 

Gift:  The  kingdom  of  Saudi  Arabia  pledged  $5  million  toward  the  construc- 
tion and  development  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution's  International  Center, 
one  of  the  major  components  of  the  Center  for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and 
Asian  Cultures. 

December  16 

Special  Event:  A  coffee  was  held  by  Mrs.  George  Bush  at  the  Vice-President's 
Residence  to  honor  Mrs.  Dillon  Ripley  as  founder  of  the  Smithsonian  Wom- 
en's Committee  and  to  confer  the  title  of  honorary  life  member. 

December  16 

Symposium:  "The  Wright  Flyer:  An  Engineering  Perspective,"  a  National 
Air  and  Space  Museum  program  marking  the  eightieth  anniversary  of  the 
first  flight  of  the  Wright  brothers,  brought  together  engineers  and  scholars 
to  examine  the  technical  achievements  embodied  in  the  1903  Wright  Flyer. 
One  of  the  original  propellers  was  presented  to  the  museum  by  Wilkinson 
Wright,  a  grandnephew  of  the  Wright  brothers. 

December  17 

Exhibition:  'O,  Write  My  Name':  American  Portraits,  Harlem  Heroes,  photo- 
graphs of  black  Americans  by  Carl  Van  Vechten,  opened  at  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery. 

December  27 

Acquisitions:  The  Archives  of  American  Art  received  as  a  gift  the  papers  of 
Jackson  Pollock,  major  abstract  expressionist  artist. 

December  31 

Record  Set:  Visitors  toured  the  Smithsonian  museums  in  ever-increasing  num- 
bers in  1983  with  a  record-setting  25.8  million  visits,  an  increase  of  1.1  million 
over  the  previous  high  in  1978. 

January 

Foundation:  A  foundation  to  assist  the  Smithsonian  with  its  collection  of 
patent  models  was  created  as  a  result  of  an  exhibition  on  patent  models  and 
its  award-winning  catalogue. 

January 

Research:  Museum  of  Natural  History  botanists  discovered  red  algae  growing 
at  a  depth  of  880  feet  on  an  uncharted  seamount  off  the  Bahamas,  a  new 
maximum  depth  record  for  photosynthetic  plant  life  on  earth. 

January 

Grants  Review:  The  Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants  convened  advisory 
councils  to  approve  Smithsonian  Foreign  Currency  Program  grants. 

January 

Milestone:  Membership  in  the  Smithsonian  National  Associate  Program  ex- 
ceeded two  million  for  the  first  time. 


Chronology  I  407 


January  3 

New  Project:  Work  began  on  a  two-year  project  to  survey  and  describe  still- 
photograph  collections  throughout  the  Smithsonian. 

January  12 

Milestone:  James  T.  Demetrion,  director  of  the  Des  Moines  Art  Center,  was 
selected  to  be  director  of  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden  to 
succeed  founding  director  Abram  Lerner. 

January  18 

TV  Show:  "Smithsonian  World/'  a  new  seven-part  television  series,  premiered 
over  Public  Broadcasting  stations,  with  author  and  historian  David  McCul- 
lough  as  host.  The  hour-long  programs,  coproduced  by  WETA  (Washington, 
D.C.)  and  the  Smithsonian,  focused  on  Smithsonian-related  science,  art,  and 
history,  and  were  made  possible  by  a  grant  from  the  James  S.  McDonnell 
Foundation. 

January  21 

Film  Premiere:  Free  Show  Tonite,  a  film  documenting  a  reunion  of  retired 
medicine  show  performers  in  Bailey,  North  Carolina,  premiered  at  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  American  History.  The  film  was  produced  in  cooperation 
with  the  Office  of  Folklife  Programs. 

January  23 

Ninth  Secretary:  The  Board  of  Regents  announced  the  appointment  of  Robert 
McCormick  Adams,  distinguished  anthropologist  and  archeologist  and  Pro- 
vost of  the  University  of  Chicago,  to  be  the  ninth  Secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  effective  September  17,  1984. 

January  23 

New  Project:  Work  began  on  a  survey  of  scientific  illustrations  and  drawings 
throughout  the  Smithsonian. 

January  23 

Outreach:  Dr.  Robert  Stuckenrath  presented  a  course  on  "Radiocarbon  Dating 
and  Interpretation"  to  graduate  students  and  upper-level  undergraduate  stu- 
dents in  anthropology  and  geology  at  the  University  of  Pittsburgh. 

January  28 

Lecture:  "White  Dwarfs  or  Black  Holes:  How  Will  a  Star  End  Its  Life?"  First 
in  the  series  of  five  monthly  lectures.  The  Cutting  Edge  of  Science,  presented 
free  of  charge  for  science-oriented  high  school  students  by  the  Resident  Asso- 
ciate Program. 

January  31 

Appointment:  Dr.  Michael  H.  Robinson,  deputy  director  of  the  Smithsonian 
Tropical  Research  Institute,  was  appointed  director  of  the  National  Zoological 
Park. 

February 

Black  History  Month:  Activities  were  scheduled  throughout  the  Institution  to 
mark  Black  History  Month.  Among  the  highlights  were  a  two-day  colloquium, 
presented  by  the  Black  American  Culture  Program,  on  the  evolution  of  the 
spiritual,   a   film   series   on   the   beginnings   and   growth   of   Harlem,   and   an 


408  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


evening  with  actor  Geoffrey  Holder.  Exhibits,  concerts,  tours,  children's 
theater,  dance,  lectures,  and  poetry  readings  were  also  presented  by  the  Resi- 
dent Associate  Program,  the  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum,  and  the  Mu- 
seums of  American  History,  African  Art,  American  Art,  and  Natural  History. 

February 

Milestone:  The  Multiple  Mirror  Telescope  was  used  to  make  the  first  measure- 
ments of  possible  proto-galaxy-sized  gas  clouds  seen  at  cosmological  dis- 
tances. The  international  team  of  scientists,  including  Smithsonian  Astro- 
physical  Observatory  researcher  Fred  Chaffee,  used  an  observational  tech- 
nique employing  a  natural  gravitational  lens  in  space. 

February 

Exhibition:  The  Art  of  Cameroon.,  an  exhibition  organized  by  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service  to  survey  the  significance  and  splen- 
dor of  one  of  Africa's  major  art  traditions,  began  its  United  States  tour  at  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History. 

February 

Fieldwork:  Museum  of  Natural  History  scientists  began  participation  in  an 
international  interdisciplinary  biological  investigation  of  Cerro  de  la  Neblina, 
one  of  the  largest  and  highest  of  the  unexplored  mesas  (tepuis)  in  southern 
Venezuela's  "Lost  World"  wilderness  region. 

February 

Lecture:  The  Smithsonian  Office  of  Educational  Research  director,  John  Falk, 
delivered  five  lectures  in  Recife,  Brazil,  on  "Museums  as  a  Community  Learn- 
ing Resource."  The  lectures,  cosponsored  by  the  Universidade  Federal  de 
Pernambuco  and  the  LJ.S.  Information  Agency,  were  addressed  to  museum 
professionals  of  northeastern  Brazil. 

February  1 

Milestone:  The  Smithsonian  marked  the  twentieth  anniversary  of  S.  Dillon 
Ripley  as  eighth  Secretary  of  the  Institution  with  a  staff  reception  attended 
by  Vice-President  George  Bush  and  regents  Carl  Humelsine  and  Jeannine 
Clark.  Mr.  Ripley's  tenure  was  marked  by  the  establishment  of  eight  mu- 
seums, the  Associate  programs,  the  Smithsonian  magazine,  the  Festival  of 
American  Folklife,  many  research  and  educational  programs,  and  the  launch- 
ing of  the  Smithsonian's  Center  for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures. 

February  7 

Film  Premiere:  In  Palo  at  Laskiainen,  Everyone  is  a  Finn,  a  film  produced  by 
the  Office  of  Folklife  Programs  as  part  of  the  Smithsonian  Folklife  Studies 
Series  and  documenting  a  Finnish-American  mid-winter  festival  in  Palo,  Min- 
nesota, premiered  in  Palo. 

February  7 

Grants  Award:  The  second  year's  James  E.  Webb  Fellows  were  announced. 
February  10-11 

Workshop:  "Collections  Management:  Preventive  Care,  Conservation,  Han- 
dling and  Storage,"  an  on-site  workshop  sponsored  by  the  Office  of  Museum 
Programs,  was  held  at  the  Historic  Columbia  Foundation  in  cooperation  with 
the  South  Carolina  State  Museum  and  the  South  Carolina  Federation  of 
Museums. 


Chronology  I  409 


February  14-16 

Special  Event:  Noted  composer  Virgil  Thomson  shared  his  reminiscences  of 
Natalie  Barney's  Paris  salon  of  the  1920s  at  a  musical  program  held  at  Barney 
Studio  House. 

February  14-March  3 

Research:  Ecologists  James  Lynch,  Dennis  Whigham,  and  Eugene  Morton,  in 
cooperation  with  Mexican  scientists,  assessed  the  effects  of  several  agricul- 
tural techniques  on  migratory  and  resident  bird  populations  in  the  Yucatan 
Peninsula. 

February  21 

New  Programs:  The  Archives  of  American  Art  established  a  regional  office  in 
the  Los  Angeles  area  at  the  Huntington  Library  and  Art  Gallery.  Stella  Paul 
was  appointed  area  collector. 

February  21 

Lecture:  Dr.  Thurston  Shaw,  former  professor  of  archeology.  University  of 
Ibadan,  Nigeria,  presented  an  illustrated  lecture  on  "Archeology  and  History 
in  Africa." 

February  23 

Exhibition:  The  inflight  suit  of  astronaut  Guion  S.  Bluford,  Jr.,  America's  first 
black  astronaut  in  space,  went  on  display. 

February  23 

Performance:  The  Gewandhaus  Birch  Orchestra  of  Leipzig,  in  its  first  North 
American  tour,  presented  a  concert  of  Bach,  Haydn,  and  Shostakovitch,  spon- 
sored by  the  Resident  Associate  Program. 

February  23 

International  Protocol:  An  agreement  was  signed  with  the  University  of  Cul- 
ture of  Tunisia  to  promote  exchanges  in  chronological  history,  conservation, 
and  research. 

February  28 

Special  Event:  The  president  of  Austria,  Rudolf  Kirchschlaeger,  addressed 
students  enrolled  in  the  Resident  Associate  Program  course,  "Vienna  at  the 
Turn  of  the  Century,"  during  his  first  state  visit  to  the  United  States. 

February  28 

Appointment:  Milo  Cleveland  Beach,  chairman  of  the  department  of  art  at 
Williams  College,  was  named  to  head  the  Arthur  M.  Sackler  Gallery,  a  com- 
ponent of  the  Smithsonian's  Center  for  African,  Near  Eastern,  and  Asian 
Cultures. 

March 

Award:  Janet  W.  Solinger,  director  of  the  Resident  Associate  Program,  was 
presented  the  Officer's  Cross  of  the  Order  of  Merit  by  the  government  of  the 
Federal  Republic  of  Germany  for  her  contributions  to  the  celebration  of  the 
German-American  Tricentennial,  commemorating  the  first  arrival  of  German 
immigrants  to  America  in  1683. 


410  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


March 

Audio-visual  Project:  In  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Telecommunications, 
the  Visitor  Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center  produced  a  video- 
cassette  for  use  at  travel-industry  market  places  and  tourist  sites. 

March 

Exhibition:  The  Museum  of  Natural  History  opened  Exploring  Microspace,  an 
exhibition  tracing  the  evolution  of  the  microscope  from  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury to  the  electronic  age. 

March 

Publication:  The  Card  Catalog  of  the  Oral  History  Collections  of  the  Archives 
of  American  Art  was  published  by  Scholarly  Resources,  Inc. 

March 

Conference:  Members  of  the  Smithsonian  Office  of  Educational  Research  par- 
ticipated in  the  Groves  Conference  on  Marriage  and  the  Family  held  in  Pine- 
hurst,  North  Carolina,  with  presentations  addressing  the  family  as  an  edu- 
cational unit. 

March  9-April  10 

New  Program:  The  first  graduate  field  course  in  tropical  ecology  was  con- 
ducted in  conjunction  with  the  University  of  Panama. 

March  15 

Exhibition:  In  the  first  of  a  series  of  exhibitions  celebrating  its  tenth  anniver- 
sary, the  Hirshhorn  Museum  opened  Drawings:  1974-1984  with  148  drawings 
by  30  artists.  Artist  Christo  lectured  on  May  13. 

March  16 

Exhibition:  'Adventurous  Pursuits':  Americans  and  the  China  Trade,  1784- 
1844,  a  celebration  of  the  200th  anniversary  of  the  opening  of  trade  between 
America  and  China,  opened  at  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

March  28 

Special  Event:  "What's  Up,  Doc?  An  Anniversary  Evening  with  Mel  Blanc," 
creator  of  the  voice  of  Bugs  Bunny,  celebrating  his  fifty  years  in  show  busi- 
ness. Sponsored  by  the  Resident  Associate  Program. 

March  28 

New  Program:  The  Archives  of  American  Art  began  a  special  project  of  col- 
lecting in  Philadelphia,  where  the  Archives'  first  project  was  located  in  1954. 

March  30 

Special  Event:  The  Contributing  Membership  Annual  Ball  was  held  in  the 
Grand  Salon  of  the  Renwick  Gallery.  The  Office  of  Horticulture  mounted  a 
display  of  hundreds  of  cymbidium  orchids  and  other  spring  flowers. 

April 

Grant:  The  National  Endowment  for  the  Arts  awarded  the  Theater  Historical 
Society  of  America  a  $30,000  grant  for  the  Office  of  Telecommunications  to 
produce  an  expanded  version  of  the  exhibition  film  American  Picture  Palaces, 
creating  a  half-hour  program.  The  exhibition  film  has  received  fourteen  major 
awards  during  fiscal  year  1984,  including  a  Gold  Award  from  the  Interna- 
tional Film  and  TV  Festival  of  New  York  and  a  CINE  Golden  Eagle. 


Chronology  I  411 


April 

Milestone:  A  method  to  artificially  incubate  and  hatch  eggs  of  the  green 
iguana,  developed  by  scientists  at  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Insti- 
tute, was  used  to  hatch  700  green  iguanas,  the  first  to  be  hatched  in  captivity 
with  virtually  100  percent  success.  This  achievement  is  a  breakthrough  toward 
the  goal  of  commercial  production  of  iguanas  as  a  food  source  in  Latin 
America. 

April 

Exhibition:  Roger  Tory  Peterson  at  the  Smithsonian,  a  retrospective  exhibi- 
tion of  Peterson's  bird  art  marking  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  publication 
of  his  influential  book  A  Field  Guide  to  the  Birds,  opened  at  the  National 
Museum  of  Natural  History.  Peterson  was  awarded  the  James  Smithson 
Bicentennial  Medal. 

April 

Exhibition:  The  National  Museum  of  Natural  History  celebrated  the  100th 
Anniversary  of  the  National  Gem  Collection.  Associated  events  included  a 
Smithsonian  Associate  lecture  and  an  all-day  seminar.  Two  major  new  addi- 
tions to  the  gem  collection  were  placed  on  long-term  display:  a  182-carat 
sapphire  and  a  318-carat  black  opal. 

April 

Findings:  Analysis  of  Einstein  Observatory  data  by  Smithsonian  Astrophysi- 
cal  Observatory  scientists  Fred  Seward  and  Rick  Harnden  and  a  colleague  at 
Columbia  University  revealed  the  presence  of  a  rapidly  spinning  X-ray  pulsar 
in  the  Large  Magellanic  Cloud,  only  the  second  example  found  outside  our 
galaxy. 

April 
Publication:  The  Smithsonian  Office  of  Educational  Research  announced  pub- 
lication of  The  Smithsonian  Family  Learning  Project  1985  Science  Calendar, 
which  features,  in  poster  format,  one  brightly  illustrated  science  activity  per 
month.  The  calendar  is  intended  to  promote  enjoyment  of  learning  science  at 
home  as  a  family  endeavor. 

April  1 

Exhibition:  Black  Wings,  a  SITES  exhibition  supplemented  with  selected  arti- 
facts and  memorabilia,  opened  at  the  Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum,  fo- 
cusing attention  on  American  black  pioneers  in  aviation  whose  historic 
role  helped  shape  the  growth  and  development  of  modern  aviation. 

April  4 

Exhibition:  German  Expressionist  Sculpture,  with  more  than  120  examples  by 
33  artists,  opened  at  the  Hirshhorn  Museum. 

April  5 

Exhibition:  Golden  Age  of  Flight,  a  major  exhibition  gallery  devoted  to  avi- 
ation from  1919  to  1939,  opened  at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Museum. 

April  5 

Research:  The  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory's  one-meter  infrared 
telescope,  equipped  with  a  photometer  prepared  by  the  Naval  Research  Lab- 
oratory, was  carried  to  an  altitude  of  95,000  feet  by  a  balloon  launched  from 
Texas.  The  nine-hour  flight  of  the  instrument — its  eighteenth — resulted  in  the 
successful  mapping  of  seven  regions  of  suspected  star  formation. 


412  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


April  7 

Concert:  Djiome  Kouyate,  from  Senegal,  presented  a  "Program  of  Music, 
Dance  and  Folklore"  illustrating  the  influence  of  Islamic  culture  and  belief  on 
the  performing  arts  of  sub-Saharan  Africa. 

April  8 

International  Conference:  A  UNESCO/Smithsonian-sponsored  conference 
convened  at  the  Smithsonian  in  Washington,  D.C.,  to  promote  general  aware- 
ness in  the  North  American  news  media  of  international  activities  related  to 
historic  preservation. 

April  10 

Research:  A  small,  helium-cooled,  infrared  telescope  scheduled  for  launch 
aboard  a  Space  Shuttle  in  March  1985  successfully  completed  its  testing  and 
was  shipped  to  Cape  Kennedy  for  integration  with  the  twelve  other  instru- 
ments that  will  make  up  the  Spacelab  2  experiment  package.  The  telescope  is 
a  joint  project  of  SAO,  the  University  of  Arizona,  and  NASA's  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center. 

April  15 

Grants:  The  Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants  designated  1984-85  fellowship 
recipients. 

April  16 

Milestone:  First  on-line  bibliographic  search  from  Smithsonian  Tropical  Re- 
search Institute  Library  in  Panama  with  Dialog  Program  in  Palo  Alto,  Cali- 
fornia. 

April  17 

Exhibition:  His  Highness  Sayyid  Faisal  bin  Ali  Al-Said,  minister  of  National 
Heritage  and  Culture  of  Oman,  formally  opened  an  exhibit  of  cultural  trea- 
sures of  his  country,  one  of  the  oldest  political  entities  in  the  Arabian 
Peninsula. 

April  20 

International  Protocol:  An  agreement  was  signed  with  the  University  of  Cul- 
ture, Sports,  and  Tourism  of  Pakistan  to  further  cooperation  in  universal  and 
cultural  history  and  conservation. 
April  21 

Special  Event:  The  Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education's  Teachers' 
Day,  held  in  the  Discovery  Theater,  featured  presentations  by  Native  Ameri- 
can students  from  Deep  Branch  Elementary  School  (Robeson  County,  North 
Carolina),  showing  teachers  how  to  use  art  and  dramatics  to  teach  a  variety 
of  subjects. 

April  27-29 

Special  Event:  The  second  annual  Washington  Craft  Show,  a  fundraising 
event  sponsored  by  the  Smithsonian  Women's  Committee,  included  100  crafts- 
people selected  to  exhibit  and  sell  their  work  at  the  Departmental  Auditorium, 
presenting  crafts  as  fine  art. 

April  30 

Major  Acquisition:  Mary  Cassatt,  a  portrait  by  Edgar  Degas,  was  purchased 
with  funds  from  the  Morris  and  Gwendolyn  Cafritz  Foundation  and  the 
Smithsonian. 


Chronology  I  413 


May 

Award:  The  Office  of  Telecommunications  received  a  Gold  Screen  Award 
from  the  National  Association  of  Government  Communicators  for  its  nation- 
ally broadcast  radio  series,  "Radio  Smithsonian"  and  "Smithsonian  Galaxy." 

May 

Publication:  A  new  edition  of  Guide  to  the  Nation's  Capital  and  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  was  produced  by  the  Visitor  Information  and  Associates' 
Reception  Center  in  cooperation  with  Smithsonian  magazine. 

May 

Study:  "The  Smithsonian:  Enhancing  the  Visitor's  Experience,"  a  design  study 
completed  by  George  Washington  University's  Department  of  Urban  and  Re- 
gional Planning  for  the  Visitor  Information  and  Associates'  Reception  Center, 
recommended  the  adoption  of  an  Institution-wide  exterior  graphic  informa- 
tion system. 

May 

Grant:  The  Smithsonian  Office  of  Educational  Research  received  funding  from 
the  National  Science  Foundation  to  initiate  a  pilot  project  in  community- 
based  science  education  that  will  include  business  and  industry,  university 
and  government  research  laboratories,  educators  and  families,  who  will  de- 
velop a  strategy  for  sharing  science  education  responsibilities  and  benefits. 

May 

Award:  The  Office  of  Telecommunications  received  a  Gold  Award  from  the 
Houston  International  Film  Festival  for  its  nationally  distributed  video  series, 
"Here  at  the  Smithsonian.  .  .  ." 

May 

Truman  Centennial:  The  Smithsonian  joined  in  a  tribute  to  the  centennial  of 
the  birth  of  Harry  S  Truman,  thirty-third  President  of  the  United  States, 
with  tours,  films,  exhibits,  a  musical  revue,  seminar,  and  a  six-week  course  on 
Truman  and  his  presidential  decisions. 

May  3 

Special  Event:  A  country  music  gala,  "Salute  to  Roy  Acuff,"  was  held  to 
benefit  the  Kennedy  Center. 

May  3 

Award:  Guide  to  the  Smithsonian  Archives,  1983,  received  the  Mid-Atlantic 
Regional  Archives  Conference  award  for  excellence  in  archival  finding  aids. 

May  4 

Special  Event:  The  Museum  of  American  History  opened  the  Palm  Court, 
which  encompasses  a  reading/relaxing  area,  informal  concerts,  an  ice  cream 
parlor,  and  two  exhibit  areas. 

May  9 

Awards:  Secretary  S.  Dillon  Ripley  was  named  corecipient  of  the  "OLYMPIA" 
Prize  1983  by  the  Alexander  S.  Onassis  Public  Benefit  Foundation.  The  award 
was  presented  in  Athens  by  Constantine  Karamanlis,  president  of  Greece. 

May  10-13 

Special  Event:  The  Friends  of  the  National  Zoo  organized  and  coordinated 
the  construction  of  outdoor  exercise  structures  in  the  panda  yards. 


414  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


May  11 

Exhibition:  Honoring  the  150th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  James  McNeill 
Whistler,  the  Freer  Gallery  opened  an  exhibit  of  all  of  its  oils,  watercolors, 
pastels,  and  drawings — some  300  works — by  Whistler,  as  well  as  his  only 
surviving  architectural  scheme,  the  Peacock  Room.  Freer  Gallery  attendance 
during  the  exhibit  increased  50  percent  over  the  comparable  1983  period. 

May  12 

Dedication:  An  Amateur  Astronomy  Vista,  constructed  with  a  grant  from  the 
Smithson  Society,  was  officially  opened  by  SAO's  Whipple  Observatory  for 
the  use  of  Southern  Arizona  amateur  astronomers. 

May  12-June  14 

Special  Program:  The  Office  of  Museum  Programs  and  the  U.S.  Information 
Agency  cosponsored  the  fifth  annual  "Education  in  Museums"  project  for 
thirteen  museum  professionals  from  nine  foreign  countries  to  study  museum 
education  techniques  at  the  Smithsonian  and  other  museums  throughout  the 
United  States. 

May  14-16 

Conference:  National  Zoo's  Office  of  Education  conducted  a  Zoo  Educators 
Conference  to  discuss  current  and  future  goals  of  zoo  education  efforts. 

May  14-16 

Workshop:  Environmental  chemist  David  Correll  participated  in  a  workshop 
at  Lake  Itasca,  Minnesota,  on  long-term  ecological  research  and  presented  a 
paper,  "Application  of  a  Long-Term  Mass-Balance  Approach  to  the  Analysis 
of  Nutrient  Dynamics  in  Complex  Land/Water  Landscapes." 

May  14-18 

Symposium:  The  24th  Annual  International  Archaeometry  Symposium,  orga- 
nized by  Jacqueline  Olin  and  James  Blackman  of  the  Conservation  Analytical 
Laboratory,  was  held  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  with  approximately 
200  attendants  from  sixteen  countries. 

May  15 

Fellowship:  Designer  George  Nelson  was  appointed  a  Regents  Fellow  at  the 
Cooper-Hewitt  Museum. 

May  15 

Symposium:  "Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Helicopter,"  National  Air  and 
Space  Museum,  included  aviation  pioneers  and  presentations  on  vertical  flight. 

May  17 

Special  Events:  The  Friends  of  the  National  Zoo  conducted  "Zoofari,"  a  dinner 
party  designed  to  be  a  major  fundraising  activity  for  the  newly  established 
Theodore  H.  Reed  Animal  Acquisition  Fund. 

May  18 

Acquisition:  Viking  Lander  I  was  officially  transferred  from  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  to  the  collection  of  the  National  Air 
and  Space  Museum.  This  museum  is  now  the  only  one  in  the  world  to  possess 
an  object  on  another  planet — the  Viking  Lander  I  is  located  on  the  surface 
of  Mars. 


Chronology  I  415 


May  18 

Milestone:  Graduation  of  the  first  class  of  the  master's  degree  program  in 
European  decorative  arts,  a  project  undertaken  jointly  with  the  Cooper-Hewitt 
Museum  and  the  Parsons  School  of  Design. 

May  19 

Film  Premiere:  The  Stone  Carvers,  a  documentary  film  about  the  traditional 
stone  carvers  at  the  Washington  Cathedral,  premiered  at  the  Museum  of 
Natural  History.  It  was  produced  in  cooperation  with  the  Office  of  Folklife 
Programs. 

May  21 

Seminar:  Dr.  Charles  Cleland  presented  a  series  of  seminars  on  "The  Hor- 
monal Control  of  Flowering"  to  the  Universities  of  Poznan,  Prague,  and 
Liblice,  Czechoslovakia,  and  the  Czechoslovokia  Academy  of  Science  in 
Prague,  as  well  as  the  University  of  Freiburg,  West  Germany. 

May  22 

Special  Event:  An  Evening  with  Edward  L.  Bernays,  the  "father  of  public 
relations,"  was  part  of  the  self-portrait  series  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

May  23 

Exhibition:  Ethiopia:  The  Christian  Art  of  an  African  Nation  opened  at  the 
National  Museum  of  African  Art. 

May  24 

Milestone:  The  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  welcomed  its  75  millionth 
visitor  since  the  opening  of  the  building,  July  1,  1976. 

May  28 

Film:  Lou  Stovall,  a  documentary  film  showing  the  artist's  techniques  of  fine 
silk-screen  printing,  was  shown  at  the  Educational  Film  Industry  Associa- 
tion's 26th  American  Film  Festival  in  New  York  City.  The  film  was  produced 
by  exhibit  designer  Sharon  Reinckens  and  photographer  Chris  Capilongo, 
Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum. 

May  30-June  3 

Special  Event:  The  National  Associates  Travel  Program  sponsored  the  first 
weekend  program  designed  especially  for  Contributing  Members  to  visit  with 
directors  and  curators  at  selected  museums. 

June 

Awards:  The  first  recipients  of  the  recently  created  Order  of  James  Smithson 
were  announced:  Enid  A.  Haupt,  who  has  pledged  $3  million  for  a  garden  to 
be  created  in  the  Quadrangle  area,  and  Arthur  M.  Sackler,  who  has  pledged 
$4  million  toward  the  construction  of  a  museum  to  house  the  1,000  master- 
pieces of  art  he  also  has  donated. 

June 

Acquisition:  The  Freer  Gallery  acquired,  through  gift  and  purchase,  a  signifi- 
cant collection  of  twenty-nine  ancient  Chinese  ceramic  objects,  including  three 
pieces  that  have  survived  more  than  3,000  years  in  perfect  condition.  This 
acquisition  gives  the  Freer  the  finest  collection  of  early  Chinese  ceramics  in 
the  United  States. 


416  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


June 

Acquisition:  The  Sara  Roby  Foundation  of  New  York  City  donated  169  paint- 
ings, sculptures,  and  drawings — an  extraordinary  collection  of  twentieth-cen- 
tury realistic  art — to  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art. 

June 

Special  Event:  An  honors  ceremony  was  held  for  1983-84  Smithsonian  Fel- 
lows. 

June 

Awards:  Several  dozen  Smithsonian  staff  members  won  awards  this  month  in 
the  field  of  communication  for  outstanding  photography,  publications,  radio 
and  television  productions,  films,  feature  stories,  and  posters.  The  awards 
were  sponsored  by  the  Professional  Photographers  of  America/Eastman 
Kodak,  the  National  Association  of  Government  Communicators,  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Museums,  the  Houston  International  Film  Festival,  and  the 
Society  for  Technical  Communication. 

June 

Award:  Remembrance  of  Lilacs — John  Robinson,  a  documentary  slide/audio 
show  produced  by  Sharon  Reinckens  and  Chris  Capilongo,  Anacostia  Neigh- 
borhood Museum,  won  the  National  Association  of  Government  Communi- 
cators (NAGC)  Gold  Screen  Award  for  outstanding  audio-visual  production. 

June 

Public  Service  Announcement:  Astronaut  Guion  "Guy"  Bluford  donated  his 
time  to  appear  as  narrator  in  a  thirty-second  television  public  service  an- 
nouncement produced  by  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs.  The  announcement 
emphasized  the  theme  "Explore  Your  Heritage"  and  was  aimed  at  encouraging 
visits  to  the  Smithsonian  by  members  of  the  black  community. 

June 

Film  Premiere:  The  Work  of  Peace,  a  film  produced  by  the  Office  of  Telecom- 
munications to  commemorate  the  200th  anniversary  of  the  signing  of  the  1783 
Treaty  of  Paris,  premiered  in  Washington,  D.C.  The  film  will  be  distributed 
to  high  schools  throughout  the  country. 

June 

Outreach:  Special  Education  Outreach  funds  received  by  the  Smithsonian 
Office  of  Educational  Research  supported  the  development  of  a  SAIL  (Science 
Activities  for  Informal  Learning)  Teacher's  Guide  and  an  Evaluation  Strategy, 
which  summarizes  the  guide's  effectiveness  based  upon  training  experience  in 
two  Maryland  counties. 

June  2-5 

Special  Event:  Summerfest  '84,  a  four-day,  park-wide  celebration  of  music, 
dance,  and  mime,  took  place  at  ten  different  locations  around  the  National 
Zoo. 

June  2-16 

Special  Event:  A  British-American  Festival  marking  the  400th  anniversary  of 
the  arrival  of  the  first  British  expedition  to  North  America  at  Roanoke  Island, 
North  Carolina,  was  cosponsored  by  the  Smithsonian  Office  of  Symposia  and 
Seminars. 


Chronology  I  417 


June  4 

Grants:  The  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  received  two  grants  from  the 
Atherton  Seidell  Endowment  Fund,  one  for  the  retrospective  conversion  of  its 
catalogue  and  the  second  for  the  purchase  of  scientific  serials  on  microfilm. 

June  8 

Exhibition:  Erastus  Salisbury  Field,  1805-1900,  the  first  comprehensive  exhi- 
bition of  works  by  this  American  folk  artist,  organized  by  the  Springfield 
(Massachusetts)  Museum  of  Art,  opened  jointly  at  the  National  Portrait  Gal- 
lery and  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art. 

June  9 

Exhibition:  Artistic  Collaboration  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  with  more  than 
100  works  created  by  some  seventy  teams  of  artists  between  1913  and  1984, 
opened  at  the  Hirshhorn  Museum. 

June  10-14 

Conference:  The  American  Association  of  Museums  hosted  two  panel  discus- 
sions, with  director  John  Kinard  as  moderator,  that  considered  possible  fund- 
ing strategies  for  minority  museums,  giving  Third  World  and  traditional 
museum  professionals  a  chance  to  talk  with  representatives  from  foundations 
and  the  corporate  world. 

June  11 

Acquisitions:  The  National  Museum  of  American  Art  announced  the  gift  of 
169  twentieth-century  paintings  and  sculptures  from  the  Sara  Roby  Founda- 
tion of  New  York. 

June  11 

Reinstallation:  The  National  Museum  of  American  Art  opened  its  refurbished 
and  reinstalled  public  exhibition  galleries,  presenting  chronologically  250 
years  of  American  art — the  first  complete  reinstallation  since  1968. 

June  11 

Internships:  The  first  session  of  "Intern  '84"  began — the  Office  of  Elementary 
and  Secondary  Education's  high  school  intern  program,  which  brought  thirty- 
four  students  to  Washington,  D.C.,  from  as  far  away  as  California,  Washing- 
ton state,  and  Maine  to  participate  in  a  learning/ service  program. 

June  12 

Gift:  Jayathu,  an  eighteen-month-old  Asiatic  elephant,  a  gift  from  J.  R. 
Jayewardene  of  Sri  Lanka  to  President  Reagan,  arrived  at  the  National  Zoo. 
Jayathu  subsequently  suffered  from  an  apparent  allergic  reaction  to  her  infant 
formula  and  died  on  August  30. 

June  14-22 

Research:  Ecologist  Dennis  Whigham  participated  in  organizing  a  symposium 
for  the  second  International  Wetlands  Conference,  Trebon,  Czechoslovakia. 

June  20 

Milestone:  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  started  processing  on  its  auto- 
mated library  system. 

June  23 
Summer  Program:  The  Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education's  sum- 


418  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


mer  seminar  program  for  teachers  began,  offering  ten  different  courses  in  the 
arts,  sciences,  and  history. 

June  23 

Special  Event:  A  "Festival  of  African  Games"  was  held  at  the  Museum  of 
African  Art  and  included  the  making  of  African  mankala  gameboards, 
methods  of  playing  Africa's  most  popular  board  game,  and  a  variety  of  tra- 
ditional African  children's  games. 

June  27- July  1;  July  4-8 

Folklife  Festival:  The  eighteenth  annual  Festival  of  American  Folklife  fea- 
tured Alaskan  folklife,  the  folklore  of  America's  older  generation,  traditional 
culture  of  urban  blacks  from  Philadelphia,  and  traditional  foodways. 

June  27 

Exhibition:  Southeastern  Potteries,  organized  by  the  Office  of  Folklife  Pro- 
grams for  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service  and  fea- 
turing works  from  the  thirty-five  traditional  potteries  still  operating  in  the 
southern  United  States,  opened  at  the  National  Museum  of  American  History. 

June  29 

Special  Event:  The  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  announced  the  inaugu- 
ration of  a  new  sequence  in  its  Translation  Publishing  Program. 

June  30 

Fundraising:  A  campaign  to  raise  $37.5  million  of  private  support  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Quadrangle  was  successfully  concluded  through  contributions 
from  individuals,  corporations,  and  foundations,  both  foreign  and  don\estic, 
and  from  Smithsonian  trust  funds. 

July 

Grant:  The  Rockefeller  Foundation  Residency  Program  in  the  Humanities 
awarded  the  Smithsonian  Institution  a  grant  for  postdoctoral  fellowships  at 
the  National  Museum  of  African  Art  and  the  Center  for  Asian  Art. 

July 

Grant:  The  James  Smithson  Society  awarded  a  $23,000  grant  to  the  Office  of 
Telecommunications  for  the  production  of  a  pilot  program  of  a  potential  tele- 
vision series  for  children  aged  nine  to  twelve. 

July 

Research:  Archeological  discoveries  made  in  Labrador  by  Dr.  William  G. 
Fitzhugh  provide  a  clearer  picture  of  how  early  Maritime  Archaic  peoples 
lived.  Early  single-family  round  or  oval  pithouses  dug  into  boulder  beaches 
were  found  and  excavated  on  islands  off  the  Labrador  coast. 

July 

Contract:  A  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  proposal  for  a  "Wide- 
field  and  Diffraction-limited  Array  Camera"  was  accepted  by  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  for  inclusion  in  the  "definition  study 
phase"  of  the  planned  Space  Infrared  Telescope  Facility. 

July 

TV  Spot:  Stage  and  television  actress  Sandy  Duncan  donated  her  time  and 
talents  to  narrate  a  package  of  television  public  service  announcements  aimed 
at  showing  the  Institution's  attraction  for  children.  The  package  will  be  dis- 


Chronology  I  419 


tributed  for  the  1985  tourist  season  to  the  300  largest  television  stations  in 
the  country,  reaching  every  state. 

Julyl 

Publication:  The  Phenomenon  of  Change,  edited  by  Lisa  Taylor,  director  of 
the  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  was  published. 

July  4 

Special  Event:  A  concert  and  reading  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  cele- 
brated the  installation  of  a  nineteenth-century  bandstand  on  the  grounds  of 
the  National  Museum  of  American  History. 

July  9 

Milestone:  The  Resident  Associate  course,  "Toward  2001:  Visions  of  Amer- 
ica's Future,"  was  broadcast  nationwide  by  C-Span  cable  television,  resulting 
in  hundreds  of  requests  for  video  tapes  and/or  transcripts. 

July  13 

Appointment:  Ann  R.  Leven  was  named  Treasurer  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, effective  August  1984. 

July  17 

Awards:  James  Smithson  Society  grants,  totaling  $220,000,  were  awarded  to 
nine  Smithsonian  units  for  publications,  acquisitions,  research,  film  and  TV 
projects. 

July  20 

Symposium:  "The  Apollo  Legacy,"  held  at  the  National  Air  and  Space  Mu- 
seum to  mark  the  fifteenth  anniversary  of  the  Apollo  11  lunar  landing, 
brought  together  five  scientists  and  four  former  Apollo  astronauts  to  review 
the  scientific  impact  of  the  Apollo  missions. 

July  25 

Reintroduction:  Eight  U.S. -born  golden  lion  tamarins  were  released  into  the 
wilds  of  Brazil's  Poco  das  Antas  Biological  Preserve.  Fifteen  animals  had  been 
sent  to  Brazil  in  November  1983  as  part  of  a  reintroduction  program,  and  nine 
of  them  had  been  introduced  to  a  half-way  cage  located  in  the  wilds  on 
May  2,  1984. 

August 

Acquisition:  The  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  acquired  a  collection  of 
materials  on  Indonesia  and  other  parts  of  Southeast  Asia  that  had  been  as- 
sembled by  the  late  Professor  John  Echols  of  Cornell  University. 

August 

Exhibition:  Treasures  from  the  Shanghai  Museum:  6,000  Years  of  Chinese  Art, 
the  most  comprehensive  major  Chinese  art  exhibition  ever  to  tour  the  United 
States,  opened  at  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  featuring  232 
masterpieces  from  one  of  China's  leading  museums,  organized  by  the  Asian 
Art  Museum  of  San  Francisco  in  cooperation  with  the  Shanghai  Museum. 

August 

TV  Show:  The  James  S.  McDonnell  Foundation  renewed  its  underwriting 
commitment  to  the  Smithsonian  World  television  series  with  a  grant  of  $3.5 
million,  making  possible  a  second  season  to  consist  of  five  one-hour  specials 
airing  in  1985  and  1986. 


420  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


August  5 

Birth:  A  giant  panda  cub  was  stillborn.  The  mother,  Ling-Ling,  had  suffered 
a  kidney  infection  during  December  and  January,  but  two  natural  matings 
occurred  on  March  19,  1984,  resulting  in  pregnancy. 

August  6-10 
Conference:  A  conference  on  "Genetic  Management  of  Captive  Populations," 
held  at  the  National  Zoo's  Conservation  and  Research  Center,  sought  to  es- 
tablish goals  and  methods  for  long-term  management  of  captive  populations. 

August  9 

Exhibition:  Yesterday's  Tomorrow:  Past  Visions  of  America's  Future  opened 
in  the  National  Museum  of  American  History's  new  temporary  exhibition 
hall.  Produced  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service, 
the  exhibition  displayed  more  than  300  objects  to  show  how  people  in  the 
past  have  predicted  the  future. 

August  9 

Dedication:  A  feeder  tree  for  Smokey  bear,  funded  by  the  Forest  Service,  was 
designed  and  constructed  by  the  Zoo  staff.  The  tree  dispenses  food  pellets 
and  honey  automatically  at  random  times  or  upon  radio-controlled  command. 

August  11 

Exhibition:  Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution  opened  at  the  Royal 
Scottish  Museum  in  conjunction  with  the  thirty-eighth  annual  Edinburgh 
International  Festival.  The  exhibition  was  organized  by  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  designed  and  produced  by  the  Office  of 
Exhibits  Central,  and  coordinated  by  the  Office  of  Public  Service.  Symposia 
and  musical  performances  were  also  presented  in  conjunction  with  the  exhi- 
bition. 

August  22 

Cultural  Accord:  A  cultural  exchange  agreement  between  the  Smithsonian 
and  the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  signed  earlier  this  year,  was  observed  by  Secre- 
tary Ripley,  the  Moroccan  Ambassador  to  the  United  States,  and  the  United 
States  Ambassador  to  Morocco. 

August  27 

Acquisition:  A  168-carat  emerald,  a  bequest  of  Anna  Cast  Mackay  to  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  National  Gem  Collection,  was  placed  on  permanent 
display  in  the  National  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

September 

Film:  The  Sea:  A  Quest  For  Our  Future,  a  one-hour  documentary  produced  by 
the  Office  of  Telecommunications  on  Smithsonian  research  on  tropical  coral 
reefs,  was  completed. 

September  5 

Special  Event:  An  evening  of  special  animal  training  demonstrations  at  the 
National  Zoological  Park  was  offered  to  Contributing  Members  at  the  Spon- 
soring level  and  above. 

September  12 

Special  Event:  "A  Centenary  Tribute  to  Eleanor  Roosevelt,"  the  first  of  the 
1984-85  Frank  Nelson  Doubleday  Lectures  of  the  National  Museum  of  Amer- 


Chronology  I  421 


ican  History,  featured  an  examination  of  the  life  of  Eleanor  Roosevelt  by 
radio  commentator  Susan  Stamberg  and  actress  Jean  Stapleton. 

September  13 

Exhibition:  Eleanor  Roosevelt:  First  Person  Singular,  a  tribute  marking  the 
centennial  of  her  birth,  opened  at  the  National  Museum  of  American  History. 

September  14 

Lecture:  Smithsonian  Associates  participating  in  the  sixth  annual  Smith- 
sonian/Oxford Seminar  attended  a  convocation  and  reception  in  the  Castle 
before  departing  for  England. 

September  14 

International  Protocol:  An  agreement  was  signed  with  the  University  of  Cul- 
ture of  the  Republic  of  Indonesia  to  develop  cooperation  in  national  and  cul- 
tural history  and  conservation. 

September  15-16 

Special  Event:  The  annual  weekend  for  members  of  the  James  Smithson 
Society  was  held.  It  included  a  formal  dinner  at  the  National  Museum  of 
American  History  to  honor  members  of  the  society  and  the  National  Board 
of  the  Smithsonian  Associates  and  to  honor  Secretary  Ripley  upon  his  retire- 
ment. 

September  16 

Awards:  The  Board  of  Regents  conferred  the  Order  of  James  Smithson  on 
Secretary  S.  Dillon  Ripley,  citing  "his  singularly  outstanding  service,"  and 
the  Joseph  Henry  Medal  to  Mary  Livingston  Ripley,  the  first  woman  to  receive 
this  award,  for  her  work  on  behalf  of  the  orchid  and  entomology  collections 
and  in  establishing  the  Smithsonian  Women's  Committee. 

September  17 

Installation:  Public  ceremonies  installing  Robert  McC.  Adams  as  ninth  Secre- 
tary of  the  Institution  were  held  on  the  Mall  in  front  of  the  original  Institu- 
tion Building.  Ceremonies  included  presentation  of  the  key  to  the  Smith- 
sonian to  Mr.  Adams  by  Chief  Justice  Burger  as  Chancellor  of  the  Institution, 
remarks  by  the  Chief  Justice,  Mr.  Ripley,  and  Mr.  Adams,  and  music  by  the 
U.S.  Naval  Ceremonial  Band. 

September  18 

Benefit  Premiere:  Amadeus,  Washington  film  premiere  with  a  costumed  Vien- 
nese concert/cafe,  was  held  for  the  benefit  of  Discover  Graphics,  the  first 
benefit  sponsored  by  the  Resident  Associate  Program. 

September  19 

Organization:  The  establishment  of  a  Directorate  of  International  Activities 
was  announced  by  Secretary  Adams,  effective  October  1.  John  E.  Reinhardt, 
assistant  secretary  for  history  and  art,  was  named  director,  with  responsibility 
for  the  International  Center,  a  component  of  the  Center  for  African,  Near 
Eastern,  and  Asian  Cultures,  the  Office  of  International  Activities,  and  the 
International  Exchange  Service. 

September  20 

Special  Event:  His  Holiness,  the  Dalai  Lama,  presented  a  lecture  titled  "The 
Unique  Tibetan  Culture,"  the  opening  event  of  a  Resident  Associate  Program 


422  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


course  on  Tibetan  Buddhism.  He  was  welcomed  and  introduced  by  Secretary 
Adams. 

September  25 

Seminar:  The  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  (SIL)  presented  a  seminar  on 
"SIL  Collections  and  Preservation:  Can  We  Save  the  Nineteenth  Century?" 

September  25-28 

Performance:  Seona  McDowell,  an  Australian  folk  singer,  presented  free  con- 
certs and  student  workshops  at  the  Kennedy  Center,  tracing  the  parallel  social 
and  historical  development  of  Australia  and  the  United  States.  Educational 
materials  from  this  project  are  being  developed  for  classroom  use. 

September  27-28 

Meeting:  The  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  served  as  host  for  a 
"Neighborhood  Workshop  on  Supernovae  as  Distance  Indicators"  that  re- 
viewed methods  of  determining  cosmic  distances  via  supernovae  observations. 

September  30 

Milestone:  The  Smithsonian  News  Service,  a  monthly  feature-story  service  of 
the  Office  of  Public  Affairs,  completed  five  years.  More  than  800  daily  papers 
and  750  weeklies  are  regular  users  of  the  service,  which  reaches  all  states  with 
a  combined  circulation  of  40  million. 


Chronology  I  423 


Smithsonian  Year  •  1984 
APPENDICES 


Organization  Chart  page  426-7 

1.  Members  of  the  Smithsonian  Council,  Boards  and 
Commissions,  September  30,  1984  428 

2.  Smithsonian  Special  Foreign  Currency  Program  Awards 

Made  October  1,  1983,  through  September  30,  1984  436 

3.  National  Museum  Act  Grants  Awarded  in  Fiscal  Year  1984  440 

4.  Academic,  Research  Training,  and  Internship 

Appointments  in  Fiscal  Year  1984  443 

5.  Publications  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  in 

Fiscal  Year  1984  473 

6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 

and  Its  Subsidiaries  in  Fiscal  Year  1984  483 

7.  The  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries, 

September  30,  1984  567 

8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Fiscal  Year  1984  601 

9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in 

Fiscal  Year  1984  671 

10.    Visitors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Fiscal  Year  1984  694 


425 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 


Under  Separate  Boards  of  Trustees 


JOHN  F    KENNEDY  CENTER 
FOR  THE  PERFORMING  ARTS 


NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  ART 

WOODROW  WILSON 

INTERNATIONAL  CENTER 

FOR  SCHOLARS 


BOARD  OF  REGENTS 
THE  SECRETARY* 
UNDER  SECRETARY* 


GENERAL  COUNSEL' 


Office  of  Accounting  and 

Financial  Services 
Office  of  Grants  and  Risk 

Management 
Business  Management  Office 

Concessions 

Mail  Order  Division 

Smitfisonian  Museum  Shops 


/ 


Atthtant  Secralary 

tor 

SCIENCE* 


Atttolant  Secretary 

tor 
HISTORY  a  ART* 


Mational  Air  and  Space  Museum 
National  Museum  of  Natural  History/ 
National  Museum  of  Man 
National  Zoological  Park 
Office  of  Educational  Researcfi 
Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants 
Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory 
Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Center 
Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute 


Anacostia  Neighborhood  Museum 
Archives  of  American  Art 
Center  for  Asian  Art 

Freer  Gallery  of  Art 

Sackler  Gallery  of  Art 
Cooper-Hewitt  Museum 
Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture 

Garden 
Joseph  Henry  Papers 
National  Museum  of  African  Art 
National  Museum  of  American  An 

Renwick  Gallery 
National  Museum  of  American 

History 
National  Portrait  Gallery 
Office  of  American  Studies 


"Secretary  s 
Executive  Cor 


BOARDS  AND  COMMISSIONS 


Archives  of  American  Art 
Board  of  Trustees 

Board  of  Fellowships  and  Grants 

Cooper-Hewitt  Museum 
Advisory  Council 

Folklife  Advisory  Council 

Freer  Visiting  Committee 

Hirshhorn  Museum  and 
Sculpture  Garden 
Board  of  Trustees 

Horticultural  Advisory  Committee 

Joint  Sponsoring  Committee  for 
the  Papers  of  Joseph  Henry 

National  Air  and  Space  Museum 
Advisory  Board 


National  Armed  Forces 
Museum  Advisory  Board 


National  Board  of  the 
Smithsonian  Associates 


National  Museum  Act 
Advisory  Council 


National  Museum  of  African  Art 
Commission 


National  Museum  of  American  Art 
Commission 


National  Portrait  Gallery 
Commission 


Smithsonian  Council 


Women's  Committee  of  the 
Smithsonian  Associates 


Coordinator 

ol 

PUBLIC  INFORMATION* 


Diracior 

ol 

MEMBERSHIP  AND  DEVELOPMENT* 


Office  of  Congressional  Liaison 
Office  of  Public  Affairs 
Office  of  Special  Events 


Development  Office 
Smithsonian  National  Associate 

Program 
Smithsonian  Resident  Associate 

Program 


Attlatont  Secraiary 

for 
PUBLIC  SERVICE- 


Atalatant  Sacratary 

lor 

MUSEUM  PROGRAMS' 


Asalttant  Sacretary 

for 
ADMINISTRATION* 


The  International  Center 

Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary 

Education 
Office  of  Folklife  Programs 
Office  of  International  Activities 
Office  of  Smithsonian  Symposia  and 

Seminars 
Office  of  Telecommunications 
Smithsonian  Institution  Press 
Smithsonian  Magazine 
Visitor  Information  and  Associates' 

Reception  Center 


Conservation  Analytical  Laboratory 
National  Museum  Act 
Office  of  Exhibits  Central 
Office  of  Horticulture 
Office  of  Museum  Programs 
Office  of  the  Registrar 
Smithsonian  Institution  Archives 
Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 
Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling 
Exhibition  Service 


Contracts  Office 
International  Exchange  Service 
Management  Analysis  Office 
Office  of  Equal  Opportunity 
Office  of  Facilities  Services 

Office  of  Design  and  Construction 

Office  ol  Plant  Services 

Office  ol  Protection  Services 
Office  of  Information  Resource 

Management 
Office  of  Personnel  Administration 
Office  of  Printing  and  Photographic 

Services 
Office  of  Programming  and  Budget 
Office  of  Supply  Services 
Travel  Services  Office 


APPENDIX  1.    Members  of  the  Smithsonian  Council,  Boards, 
and  Commissions,  September  30, 1984 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  BOARD  OF  REGENTS 

Warren  E.  Burger,  The  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio,  Chancellor 
George  H.  Bush,  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio 

Edwin  J.  (Jake)  Gam,  Senator  from  Utah 
Barry  Goldwater,  Senator  from  Arizona 
James  R.  Sasser,  Senator  from  Tennessee 

Edward  P.  Boland,  Representative  from  Massachusetts 
Silvio  O.  Conte,  Representative  from  Massachusetts 
Norman  Y.  Mineta,  Representative  from  California 

David  C.  Acheson,  citizen  of  the  District  of  Columbia 

Anne  L.  Armstrong,  citizen  of  Texas 

William  G.  Bowen,  citizen  of  New  Jersey 

William  A.  M.  Burden,  citizen  of  New  York 

Jeannine  Smith  Clark,  citizen  of  the  District  of  Columbia 

Murray  Gell-Mann,  citizen  of  California 

A.  Leon  Higginbotham,  Jr.,  citizen  of  Pennsylvania 

Carlisle  H.  Humelsine,  citizen  of  Virginia 

Samuel  C.  Johnson,  citizen  of  Wisconsin 


SMITHSONIAN  COUNCIL 


Gordon  N.  Ray, 

Chairman 
Dore  Ashton 
Milton  W.  Brown 
A.  Hunter  Dupree 
Frank  B.  Golley 
Stephen  Jay  Gould 
Neil  Harris 
Christian  C.  Hohenlohe 


Thomas  P.  Hughes 
Ada  Louise  Huxtable 
Alice  S.  Ilchman 
Oliver  O.  Jensen 
Bennetta  Jules-Rosette 
Sherman  E.  Lee 
Thomas  E.  Lovejoy 
Peter  Marler 
Frederick  W.  Mote 


David  F.  Musto 
Frank  Oppenheimer 
Jaroslav  Pelikan 
Vera  C.  Rubin 
Carl  E.  Schorske 
Gunther  SchuUer 
Barbara  W.  Tuchman 
Emily  D.  T.  Vermuele 


ARCHIVES  OF  AMERICAN  ART  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 

Mrs.  Otto  L.  Spaeth,  Chairman 
Mr.  A.  Alfred  Taubman,  President 
Mrs.  Nancy  B.  Negley,  Vice-President 
Mrs.  Robert  F.  Shapiro,  Vice-President 
Mr.  Irvin  A.  Levy,  Vice-President/Treasurer 
Mrs.  Dana  M.  Raymond,  Secretary 

Miss  Caroline  R.  Alexander     Mrs.  Henry  C.  Johnson        Mr.  Alexander  R.  Mehran 


Mrs.  Eli  Broad 
Mrs.  Francis  deMarneffe 
Mrs.  George  C.  Dillon 
Mr.  Joel  S.  Ehrenkranz 
Mrs.  Ahmet  M.  Ertegun 
Mrs.  Walter  B.  Ford  II 


Mrs.  Dwight  Kendall 
Mrs.  Charles  Kessler 
Mr.  Gilbert  H.  Kinney 
Mr.  Howard  W.  Lipman 
Mrs.  Sam  Maddux 
Mr.  Richard  Manoogian 


Mrs.  William  L.  Mitchell 
Mrs.  Muriel  Kallis  Newman 
Mrs.  John  Rosekrans 
Mr.  C.  Bagley  Wright 


428 


FOUNDING   TRUSTEES 

Mr.  Lawrence  A.  Fleischman 


Mr.  Edgar  P.  Richardson 


HONORARY   TRUSTEES 

Dr.  Irving  F.  Burton 
Mr.  Harold  O.  Love 


EX   OFFICIO 

S.  Dillon  Ripley 


Mr.  Russell  Lynes 


John  E.  Reinhardt 


Mrs.  William  L.  Richards 


ARCHIVES  OF  AMERICAN  ART  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 

NORTHERN    CALIFORNIA 


Donald  Stover, 

Chairman 
Whitney  Chadwick 
Wesley  Chamberlin 
Herschel  Chipp 

SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA 

Constance  W.  Glenn, 

Chairman 
E.  Maurice  Bloch 
Ruth  Bowman 
Beatrice  Farwell 

WASHINGTON,   D.C. 

Bernard  Mergen, 

Chairman 
Marjory  Balge 
Michael  Botwinick 
Lorraine  Brown 
David  Driskell 


Wanda  Corn 
James  Elliott 
Albert  Elsen 
Henry  Hopkins 
Harvey  Jones 


Burton  Fredericksen 
Grant  Holcomb 
Richard  Koshalek 
Susan  C.  Larsen 
Earl  A.  Powell  III 


Charles  Eldredge 
Alan  Fern 
Lois  Fink 
Henry  Glassie 
William  Homer 
Charles  Hummel 


Margaretta  Lovell 
Christina  Orr-Cahall 
Peter  Selz 
Ian  McKibbin  White 


Moira  Roth 
Josine  lanco  Starrels 
Maurice  Tuchman 
Robert  R.  Wark 


AI  Lerner 
Marc  Pachter 
Phoebe  Stanton 
John  Vlach 
John  Wilmerding 


NEW   ENGLAND 

Harley  B.  Holden, 

Chairman 
Winslow  Ames 
Mr.  and  Mrs. 

George  H.  Bumgardner 
Carl  Chiarenza 
Charles  Ferguson 
Wolfgang  M.  Freitag 
Tom  Froeudenheim 

NEW   YORK 

Milton  Brown,  Lloyd  Goodrich 

Chairman  Eugene  Gossen 
Thomas  N.  Armstrong  III  John  Howat 

John  Baur  James  Humphrey  III 

Anne  d'Harnoncourt  John  A.  Kouwenhoven 

John  Dobkin  Abram  Lerner 

William  Gerdts  Russell  Lynes 


Hugh  Gourley 
Elton  W.  Hall 
Johnathan  P.  Harding 
Patricia  Hills 
Sinclair  Hitchings 
John  Kirk 
William  Lipke 
Kenworth  Moffett 
Elliott  Offner 


James  O'Gorman 

Stephen  Riley 

David  Ross 

Theodore  Stebbins 

Richard  Teitz 

Peter  Wick 

Margret  Craver  Withers 


Barbara  Novak 
Clive  Phillpot 
Jules  D.  Prown 
Joseph  T.  Rankin 
William  B.  Walker 


Appendix  1.  Smithsonian  Council,  Boards,  and  Commissions  I  429 


NORTHWEST    ORAL    HISTORY    PROJECT 


Pauline  Eyerly 
Don  Foster 
Rachael  Griffin 
Bruce  Guenther 


LaMar  Harrington 
Marshall  Hatch 
Martha  Kingsbury 
Arlene  Schnitzer 


Harvey  West 
Virginia  Wright 


John  Biggers 
William  Camfield 
Linda  Cathcart 
Dominique  de  Menil 
Louise  Ferrari 
Eleanor  Freed 


Carolyn  Farb 
Mimi  Kilgore 
Caroline  Law 
Betty  B.  Marcus 
Peter  C.  Marzio 
Margaret  McDermott 


Lupe  Murchison 
Bill  Robinson 
Joan  Seeman  Robinson 
David  Warren 


COOPER-HEWITT  MUSEUM  ADVISORY  COUNCIL 


August  Heckscher, 

Chairman 
Karen  Johnson  Boyd 
Amanda  Burden 
Rosemary  Corroon 
Joan  K.  Davidson 


Joanne  du  Font 
Harmon  Goldstone 
Russell  Lynes 
Gilbert  C.  Maurer 
Kenneth  Miller 
Arthur  Ross 


Robert  Sarnoff 
Marietta  Tree 
S.  Dillon  Ripley, 

ex  officio 
John  Reinhardt, 

ex  officio 


FOLKLIFE  ADVISORY  COUNCIL 


Wilcomb  E.  Washburn, 

Chairman 
Roger  Abrahams 
Richard  Ahlborn 


William  Fitzhugh 
Lloyd  Herman 
Robert  Laughlin 
Scott  Odell 


Ralph  Rinzler 
Peter  Seitel 
Thomas  Vennum,  Jr. 


FREER  VISITING  COMMITTEE 


Norman  Y.  Mineta, 

Chairman 
Laurence  Sickman, 

Vice-Chairman 
Mrs.  Jackson  Burke 


Kwang-chih  Chang 
Marvin  Eisenberg 
Katharine  Graham 
Porter  McCray 
John  M.  Rosenfield 


Hugh  Scott 
Priscilla  P.  Soucek 
Richard  Weatherhead 


HIRSHHORN  MUSEUM  AND  SCULPTURE  GARDEN 
BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 


Daniel  P.  Moynihan, 

Chairman 
Sydney  Lewis, 

Vice-Chairman 


Charles  Blitzer 
Anne  d'Harnoncourt 
Thomas  M.  Evans 
Jerome  Greene 


A.  James  Speyer 
Leonard  C.  Yaseen 


Warren  E.  Burger,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio 
S.  Dillon  Ripley,  Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution,  ex  officio 

(Retired  9/17/84) 
Robert  McCormick  Adams,  Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution,  ex  officio 

(Appointed  9/17/84) 


430  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


HORTICULTURE  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 


James  R.  Buckler, 
Chairman 

ORCHID    SUBCOMMITTEE 

Edward  S.  Ayensu 
James  R.  Buckler 
Paul  E.  Desautels 


Jimmie  L.  Crowe 

(Deceased  June  1984) 


Belva  Jensen 
Carlton  Lees 


Paul  N.  Perrot  Mary  Ripley 

(Resigned  January  1984) 


JOINT  SPONSORING  COMMITTEE  FOR  THE 
PAPERS  OF  JOSEPH  HENRY 


Frederick  Seitz, 

Chairman 
Whitfield  J.  Bell,  Jr. 


John  E.  Reinhardt 
S.  Dillon  Ripley 


Jean  R.  St.  Clair 
Henry  D.  Smyth 


NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM  ADVISORY  BOARD 


S.  Dillon  Ripley, 

Chairman 
Phillip  E.  Culbertson 
Lt.  Gen.  William  H.  Fitch,  USMC 
Gen.  Charles  A.  Gabriel,  USAF 
Richard  H.  Jones 


Donald  M.  KoU 

Lt.  Gen.  James  H.  Merryman,  USA 

James  E.  Murdock  III 

Jacqueline  Ponder 

Vice  Adm.  Robert  F.  Schoultz,  USN 

Vice  Adm.  Benedict  L.  Stabile,  USCG 


NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM  RESEARCH 
ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 


Dr.  Daniel  J.  Boorstin 
Professor  James  Van  Allen 
Dr.  Glenn  Seaborg 
Professor  Charles  Gillispie 
Professor  A.  Hunter  Dupree 


Mr.  Gerald  D.  Griffin 
Dr.  Robert  Frosch 
Dr.  John  Bradamas 
Professor  Luis  Alvarez 
Dr.  Lew  Allen 


ADVISORY  COUNCIL  FOR  THE  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  ACT 


William  N.  Richards 
James  H.  Duff 
Edmund  B.  Gaither 
Donald  V.  Hague 


Perry  C.  Huston 
Paul  H.  Knappenberger 
Thomas  W.  Leavitt 
Roger  Mandle 


Joyce  H.  Stoner 
Bret  Waller 
Jean  M.  Weber 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AFRICAN  ART  COMMISSION 


Frank  E.  Moss, 

Chairman 
Frances  Humphrey 

Howard 
David  Driskell 
John  A.  Friede 
Colbert  I.  King 


Richard  Long 

John  Loughran 

Helen  Neufeld 

Robert  Nooter 

Mrs.  Milton  F.  Rosenthal 

Mrs.  Susan  Samuels 

Gustave  Schindler 


Michael  Sonnenreich 
Robert  Farris  Thompson 
Walter  Washington 
John  E.  Reinhardt, 

ex  officio 
S.  Dillon  Ripley, 

ex  officio 


Appendix  1.  Smithsonian  Council,  Boards,  and  Commissions  I  431 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  ART  COMMISSION 


Mrs.  Nan  Tucker  McEvoy, 

Chairman 
Thomas  S.  Buechner, 

Vice-Chairman 
S.  Dillon  Ripley, 

Secretary,  ex  officio 
Donald  Anderson 
Mrs.  Hampton  Barnes 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Brooke  Blake 
Gene  B.  Davis 
Mrs.  Johnson  Garrett 


Walker  Hancock 
R.  Philip  Hanes,  Jr. 
Bartlett  H.  Hayes,  Jr. 
August  Heckscher 
Thomas  C.  Howe 
Mrs.  Jaquelin  H.  Hume 
Richard  L.  Hunt 
R.  Crosby  Kemper 
David  Lloyd  Kreeger 
Abram  Lerner, 
ex  officio 


Charles  Parkhurst 

Philip  Pearlstein 

David  S.  Purvis 

Mrs.  Oliver  Seth 

Mrs.  John  Farr  Simmons 

Mrs.  Otto  L.  Spaeth 

Mrs.  Charles  Bagley  Wright 

Lloyd  Goodrich, 

Commissioner  Emeritus 


HONORARY    MEMBERS 

Martin  Friedman 
Henry  P.  Mcllhenny 


Paul  Mellon 

Edgar  P.  Richardson 


Charles  H.  Sawyer 
Andrew  Wyeth 


NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY  COMMISSION 


Senator  Jake  Garn, 

Chairman 
Robert  O.  Anderson 
Barry  Bingham,  Sr. 


Thomas  Mellon  Evans         Barbara  Novak 
Katie  Louchheim  Frank  Stanton 

Robert  L.  McNeil,  Jr.  Barbara  Tuchman 

Senator  Robert  H.  Morgan      (Resigned  5/26/84) 


J.  Carter  Brown,  Director,  National  Gallery  of  Art,  ex  officio 
Warren  E.  Burger,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio 
S.  Dillon  Ripley,  Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution,  ex  officio 


OFFICE  OF  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

NATIONAL  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE, 

W.  K.  KELLOGG  FOUNDATION  PROJECT 

Paul  N.  Perrot, 

Chairman  (through  January  1984) 
William  N.  Richards, 

Chairman  (from  February  1984) 
Jane  R.  Glaser,  Richard  Fiske 

ex  officio  J.  O.  Grantham 

Janet  Solinger,  Neil  Harris 

ex  officio  Philip  S.  Humphrey 


Watson  Laetsch 
Abram  Lerner 
William  F.  McSweeny 
Richard  H.  Randall,  Jr. 
Adelle  Robertson 
Susan  Stitt 
Michael  Templeton 


WOODROW  WILSON  INTERNATIONAL  CENTER  FOR  SCHOLARS 
BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 


William  J.  Baroody,  Jr., 

Chairman 
Robert  A.  Mosbacher, 

Vice-Chairman 
Robert  McCormick  Adams 
James  A.  Baker  III 


Theodore  C.  Barreaux 
William  J.  Bennett 
Daniel  J.  Boorstin 
Kenneth  B.  Clark 
Stuart  E.  Eizenstat 
Margaret  M.  Heckler 


Max  M.  Kampelman 
Jesse  H.  Oppenheimer 
Anne  Firor  Scott 
George  P.  Shultz 
Robert  M.  Warner 
Charles  Z.  Wick 


432  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


JOHN  F.  KENNEDY  CENTER  FOR  THE  PERFORMING  ARTS 
BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 


Honorary  Chairmen 

Mrs.  Ronald  Reagan 
Mrs.  Jimmy  Carter 
Mrs.  Gerald  Ford 


Mrs.  Richard  M.  Nixon 
Mrs.  Lyndon  B.  Johnson 
Mrs.  Aristotle  Onassis 


Officers 

Roger  L.  Stevens, 

Chairman 
Senator  Charles  H.  Percy, 

Vice-Chairman 
Henry  Strong, 

Vice-Chairman 
Frank  Ikard, 

Secretary 
Charlotte  Woolard, 

Assistant  Secretary 
VV.  Jarvis  Moody, 

Treasurer 


Harry  C.  McPherson,  Jr., 

General  Counsel 
William  Becker, 

Associate  Counsel 
James  F.  Rogers, 

Assistant  Treasurer 
Henry  Strong, 

Assistant  Treasurer 
Walter  W.  Vaughan, 

Assistant  Treasurer 


Members  Appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States 


Mrs.  Howard  H.  Baker,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Edward  T.  Breathitt 

Marshall  B.  Coyne 

Richmond  D.  Crinkley 

June  Oppen  Degnan 

Peter  H.  B.  Frelinghuysen 

J.  William  Fulbright 

Cary  Grant 

Mrs.  William  Lee  Hanley,  Jr. 

Orval  Hansen 

Charlton  Heston 

Frank  Ikard 

Mrs.  Earle  Jorgensen 

Melvin  R.  Laird 

Marjorie  M.  Lawson 


Mrs.  J.  Willard  Marriott 

Dina  Merrill 

Joan  Mondale 

Donna  Stone  Pesch 

Gerald  M.  Rafshoon 

Mrs.  Abraham  Ribicoff 

Jean  Kennedy  Smith 

John  G.  Spatuzza 

Roger  L.  Stevens 

Mrs.  Theodore  H.  Strauss 

Henry  Strong 

Jack  Valenti 

Lew  R.  Wasserman 

Mrs.  Jack  Wrather 


Members  Ex  Officio  Designated  by  Act  of  Congress 


Margaret  M.  Heckler,  Secretary  of 
Health  and  Human  Services 

T.  H.  Bell,  Secretary  of  Education 

Charles  Z.  Wick,  Director, 

United  States  Information  Agency 

Senator  James  A.  McClure 

Senator  Edward  M.  Kennedy 

Senator  Charles  H.  Percy 

Representative  Joseph  M.  McDade 

Representative  Charles  Wilson 

Representative  Sidney  R.  Yates 

Marion  S.  Barry,  Mayor, 
District  of  Columbia 


Robert  McCormick  Adams, 

Secretary,  Smithsonian 

Institution 
Daniel  J.  Boorstin,  Librarian 

of  Congress 
J.  Carter  Brown,  Chairman  of  the 

Commission  of  Fine  Arts 
Russell  E.  Dickenson,  Director, 

National  Park  Service 
F.  Alexis  H.  Roberson,  Director, 

District  of  Columbia  Department 

of  Recreation 


Appendix  1.  Smithsonian  Council,  Boards,  and  Commissions  I  433 


Honorary  Trustees 

Mrs.  George  A.  Garrett 
Ralph  E.  Becker 
Mrs.  Albert  Lasker 


Mrs.  Jouett  Shouse 
Mrs.  Clifford  Folger 


President's  Advisory  Committee  on  the  Arts 


Herbert  L.  Hutner,  Chairman 

Los  Angeles,  California 
Margaret  Archambault 

Chicago,  Illinois 
Robert  D.  Bain 

Bismarck,  North  Dakota 
Joy  S.  Burris 

Englewood,  Colorado 
Charles  A.  Camalier,  Jr. 

Potomac  Trails,  Maryland 
Claire  Chambers 

Bloomfield  Hills,  Michigan 
Margot  Denny 

Anchorage,  Alaska 
William  M.  Fine 

New  York,  New  York 
Richard  A.  Gallun 

Fox  Point,  Wisconsin 
Beverly  Gosnell 

Charleston,  South  Carolina 
Carl  Halvorson 

Lake  Oswego,  Oregon 
Leota  Hayes 

Jackson,  Mississippi 
T.  David  Higgins 

South  Charleston,  West  Virginia 
Martin  Hoffman 

Needham,  Massachusetts 
Stephen  Jernigan 

Oklahoma  City,  Oklahoma 
Peggy  Mallick 

Casper,  Wyoming 
Alyne  Massey 

Nashville,  Tennessee 
Julia  M.  McCabe 

Wilmington,  Delaware 
Virginia  McCann 

Short  Hills,  New  Jersey 
Millicent  L.  Monks 

Cape  Elizabeth,  Maine 
Julie  P.  Montgomery 

Atlanta,  Georgia 
Lindsay  J.  Morgenthaler 

Cleveland,  Ohio 


Jim  Nelson 

Rapid  City,  South  Dakota 
Jeanette  Nichols 

Shawnee  Mission,  Kansas 
Betty  Noe 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana 
Ann  S.  Penberthy 

Paradise  Valley,  Arizona 
John  Piercey 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 
Millie  Pogna 

Albuquerque,  New  Mexico 
Gladys  Prescott 

West  Palm  Beach,  Florida 
Chesley  Pruet 

El  Dorado,  Arkansas 
Ann  Rydalch 

Idaho  Falls,  Idaho 
Hugh  K.  Schilling 

Minneapolis,  Minnesota 
William  Siems 

Billings,  Montana 
Harriet  Slaybaugh 

Montpelier,  Vermont 
Eileen  Slocum 

Newport,  Rhode  Island 
Charles  C.  Spalding 

Honolulu,  Hawaii 
Richard  Taylor 

Potomac  Falls,  Maryland 
Dr.  Paul  Tessier 

New  Castle,  New  Hampshire 
James  Thompson 

Louisville,  Kentucky 
Judith  Thompson 

Birmingham,  Alabama 
Diane  Ushinski 

Shavertown,  Pennsylvania 
Dorothy  Vannerson 

Sugar  Land,  Texas 
Joseph  Vetrano 

Bristol,  Connecticut 
Judith  Woods 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 


434  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


FRIENDS  OF  THE  KENNEDY  CENTER 


Annette  G.  Strauss, 
Chairman 


Thomas  J.  Mader, 
Executive  Director 


NATIONAL    COUNCIL 

Alexander  Armstrong 
Mrs.  Howard  H.  Baker,  Jr. 
Robert  Charles 
Anne  H.  Freeman 
Mrs.  Gilbert  Greenway 
Jeanne  Wade  Heningburg 
Thomas  R.  Kendrick 
William  Martin 


Dina  Merrill 
Michael  X.  Morrell 
Gayle  Perkins 
Le  Rowell 
Roger  L.  Stevens 
Henry  Strong 
Joy  Carter  Sundlun 
Togo  D.  West,  Jr. 


NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  ART  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 


Paul  Mellon, 
Chairman 


John  R.  Stevenson 
Carlisle  H.  Humelsine 


Ruth  Carter  Stevenson 
Franklin  D.  Murphy 


Warren  E.  Burger,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  ex  officio 

George  P.  Shultz,  Secretary  of  State,  ex  officio 

Donald  T.  Regan,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  ex  officio 

Robert  McCormick  Adams,  Secretary,  Smithsonian  Institution,  ex  officio 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  WOMEN'S  COUNCIL 


Susan  Kalcik, 

Chairperson 
Carolyn  Thompson, 

Vice-Chairperson 
Marge  D'Urso, 

Secretary 

Sherrill  Berger 
Delores  Brown 
Betty  Beuck  Derbyshire 
Frances  Dulay 
Matou  Goodwin 
Margery  Gordon 
Victoria  Hershiser 
Julie  Hoover 


Ruby  Davis, 
Treasurer 

Roberta  Geier, 
Historian 


Susan  Jewett 
Susanne  Owens  Koenig 
Christine  Eason  Louton 
Margaret  Santiago 
Joanna  Scherer 
Katherine  Sprague 
Miriam  Weissman 


Appendix  1.  Smithsonian  Council,  Boards,  and  Commissions  I  435 


APPENDIX  2.    Smithsonian  Special  Foreign  Currency  Program 
Awards  Made  October  1,  1983,  through 
September  30,  1984 


ARCHEOLOGY  AND  RELATED  DISCIPLINES 
(INCLUDING  ANTHROPOLOGY) 

American  Institute  of  Indian  Studies,  Chicago,  Illinois.  Continued  support  for 
administration;  research  fellowships;  Center  for  Art  and  Archeology;  Center 
for  Ethnomusicology;  Gujarat  prehistoric  project  II;  conference  on  ethnomusi- 
cology;  translations  fellowships;  Third  World  Hindi  Conference  and  Urdu 
Conference  on  Mir. 

American  Research  Center  in  Egypt,  Princeton,  New  Jersey.  Operation  of  Cen- 
ter in  Cairo;  fellowship  program  in  the  study  of  archeology  and  related  disci- 
plines in  Egypt;  continuation  of  the  architectural  and  epigraphic  survey  of 
Egypt;  archeological  investigations  of  Qasr  Ibrim;  archeological  investigations 
of  Wadi  Tumilat. 

American  University,  Washington,  D.C.  Vaishnava  literature  microfilm  proj- 
ect (India). 

Baltimore  Museum  of  Art,  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Ritual  arts  of  the  Baga 
(Guinea). 

Boston  University,  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Women's  education,  employment, 

and  family  life  (India). 

Case  Western  Reserve  University,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Tibetan  modern  history: 
1933-50  (India). 

Duke  University,  Durham,  North  Carolina.  Land-use  vegetation  changes  in 
south  and  southeastern  Asia,  1800-1980  (India). 

Indo-U.S.  Subcommission  on  Education  and  Culture,  New  York,  New  York. 
Indo-American  fellowship  program. 

Northeastern  University,  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Contemporary  architecture 
in  India. 

Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Islamic  architecture  of  Kerala  State 
(India). 

Southern  Methodist  University,  Dallas,  Texas.  Prehistory  of  Egypt. 

State  University  of  New  York,  Binghamton,  New  York.  Effects  of  Roman 
Colonial  system  in  Serbia,  Yugoslavia. 

University  of  Arizona,  Tuscon,  Arizona.  Changes  in  the  population  and  ma- 
terial culture  of  a  north  Indian  village:  1953-1983;  late  quaternary  geochro- 
nology  (Egypt). 

University  of  California,  Berkeley,  California.  Excavations  at  Opovo-Bajbuk 
(Yugoslavia);  shell  manufacturing  industry  at  Moenjodaro  (Pakistan);  arche- 
ological explorations  at  Balakot  (Pakistan). 


436 


University  of  California,  Irvine,  California.  The  pyrotechnology  and  environ- 
mental impact  of  ancient  copper  oxide  on  smelting  at  Kumbariya  and  Amgaji, 
Gujarat,  India. 

University  of  Colorado,  Boulder,  Colorado.  Excavations  at  Ghazi  Shah  (Paki- 
stan). 
University  of  Hawaii,  Honolulu,  Hawaii.  Burmese  prehistory. 

University  of  Houston,  Houston,  Texas.  Restudy  of  the  Village  Khalapur  in 
North  India. 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan.  Research  and  photography  of 
Ajanta  Caves  (India). 

University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota.  Architectural  plans:  No- 
landa  and  the  Lodi-Mughal  transition  (India). 

University  of  New  Mexico,  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico.  Urban  space  in  medi- 
eval Hindu  imperial  capital  (India). 

University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  Status,  class,  and 
dominance  patterns  of  politico-economic  change  in  modern  India;  excavation 
at  Rojdi  (India). 

University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Washington.  Preparation  of  an  English 
dictionary  of  the  Tamil  verb  (India). 

University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wisconsin.  Contemporary  South  Asian 
civilization  film  project  (India). 

Wesleyan  University,  Middleton,  Connecticut.  Ethnographic  research  in  Paki- 
stan for  a  collaborative  project  on  social  anthropology. 

SYSTEMATIC  AND  ENVIRONMENTAL  BIOLOGY 
(INCLUDING  PALEOBIOLOGY) 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  New  York.  Phylogenetic, 
behavioral,  and  ecological  investigations  on  the  native  bees  of  Pakistan. 

Boston  University,  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Analysis  of  growth  rates  of  tropi- 
cal trees  in  the  Western  Ghats  of  Karnataka  State  (India). 

California  Academy  of  Sciences,  Los  Angeles,  California.  Collection  of  fresh- 
water fishes  for  systematic  study  in  the  Western  Ghats  of  India. 

Carnegie  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania.  Approach  to 
herpetofauna  of  Southern  India. 

Duke  University,  Durham,  North  Carolina.  Behavior  of  the  slender  loris  in 
South  India;  anthropological  and  paleontological  research  into  the  fossil 
anthropoid  sites  of  the  Egyptian  Oligocene. 

Florida  A&M  University,  Tallahassee,  Florida.  A  taxonomic  revision  of  the 
aquatic  weevil  genus  bagous  in  India  and  Pakistan. 

Harvard   University,    Cambridge,    Massachusetts.    Later   Miocene    hominoids 

(Pakistan). 

Howard  University,  Washington,  D.C.  Cenozoic  mammals  of  Pakistan. 

Idaho  State  University,  Pocatello,  Idaho.  River  continum  concept  in  Indian 
streams. 

International  Crane  Foundation,  Chicago,  Illinois.  Ecology  of  crane  reproduc- 
tive behavior  as  it  relates  to  the  conservation  of  the  species  (India). 


Appendix  2.  Special  Foreign  Currency  Program  Awards  I  437 


Iowa  State  University,  Ames,  Iowa.  International  Workshop  of  the  Council 
for  the  Biosphere;  ecology  of  a  semitropical  monsoonal  wetland  in  India 
(Bharatpur). 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  The  deep 
structure  and  active  tectonics  of  the  Himalayas  (India). 

National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Washington,  D.C.  Aquatic  coleoptera 
of  Hutovo  Blato  (Yugoslavia);  recovery  of  putative  Neanderthal  remains 
(Egypt);  systematics  of  the  echuira/sipuncula  of  India;  bird  population  survey 
of  the  Eastern  Ghats,  India;  pictorial  guide  to  the  birds  of  the  Indian  sub- 
continent; faunal  assemblages  and  population  ecology  of  Pakistan  amphibians 
and  reptiles. 

New  York  University,  New  York,  New  York.  A  preliminary  investigation  of 
the  snakes  of  Burma. 

Oakland  University,  Rochester,  Michigan.  Research  on  the  subtropical  forests 
of  south  India. 

Ohio  State  University,  Columbus,  Ohio.  Systematics  of  Indian  telenominae 
and  perilampidae. 

Pennsylvania  State  University,  University  Park,  Pennsylvania.  A  comparative 
study  on  the  old  world  and  new  world  tiger  beetle  community  structure 
(India). 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.C.  U.S.  participation  in  the  Centenary 
Symposium  of  the  Bombay  Natural  History  Society,  Bombay  (India). 

Texas  A&M  University,  College  Station,  Texas.  Systematics  and  biology  of 
tephritidae  and  braconidae  in  India  with  special  emphasis  on  fruit  flies  and 
their  natural  enemies. 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan.  A  systematic  study  of  the  bur- 
rowing amphibians  (Gymnophiona)  of  India;  plumage  patterns  and  speciation 
in  the  avion  genus  phylloscopus  (India). 

University  of  Minnesota,  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  An  exchange  of  scientific  data 
on  tigers  and  demonstration  of  a  tiger  monitoring  system  (India). 

University  of  North  Dakota,  Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota.  Reproductive  biol- 
ogy of  the  mugger  crocodile  (India). 

University  of  Vermont,  Burlington,  Vermont.  Genetic  variability  and  genetic 
differentiation  among  mainland  populations  of  the  small  Indian  mongoose. 

University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Washington.  International  symposium  on 
environment  and  hormones,  Srinigar,  Garhwal,  India. 


ASTROPHYSICS  AND  EARTH  SCIENCES 

George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.C.  US-India  workshop  on  arid 
zone  research — Jodhpur,  India. 

University  of  Maryland,  College  Park.  Second  Indo-U.S.  workshop  on  solar/ 
terrestrial  physics. 

University  of  Nebraska,  Lincoln,  Nebraska.  A  reconnaissance  trip  of  the  late- 
cenozoic  intermontane  basins  of  North  Pakistan. 

University  of  Southern  California,  University  Park,  California.  Evolutionary 
models  of  interstellar  clouds — chemical  and  thermal  properties  (India). 


438  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Washington  University  School  of  Medicine,  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  Paleontology 
and  stratigraphy  of  neogene  deposits  in  Himachel  Pradesh  and  Uttar  Pradesh, 
India. 

MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

Indo-U.S.  Subcommission  on  Education  and  Culture,  New  York,  New  York. 
Joint  Indo-U.S.  programs. 

Smithsonian  Office  of  Folklife  Programs,  Washington,  D.C.  Organization  of 
India  program  for  Festival  of  American  Folklife  (1985)  and  traveling  exhibi- 
tion seeing  India  through  children's  eyes. 


Appendix  2.  Special  Foreign  Currency  Program  Awards  I  439 


APPENDIX  3.    National  Museum  Act  Grants  Awarded 
in  fiscal  Year  1984 


GRADUATE/PROFESSIONAL  EDUCATION  AND  TRAINING 

Columbia  University,  New  York,  New  York 

New  York  State  Historical  Association,  Cooperstown,  New  York 

New  York  University,  New  York,  New  York 

University  of  Delaware,  Newark,  Delaware 

University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 

University  of  Southern  California,  Los  Angeles,  California 

MUSEUM  INTERNSHIPS 

Bronx  Zoo,  Bronx,  New  York 

Historic  Deerfield,  Deerfield,  Massachusetts 

Intermuseum  Conservation  Association,  Oberlin,  Ohio 

Los  Angeles  County  Museum  of  Art,  Los  Angeles,  California 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York,  New  York 

Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 

Museums  at  Stony  Brook,  Stony  Brook,  New  York 

New  York  Botanical  Garden,  Bronx,  New  York 

Panhandle-Plains  Historical  Museum,  Canyon,  Texas 

Philadelphia  Museum  of  Art,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia  Zoo,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Rochester  Museum  and  Science  Center,  Rochester,  New  York 

St.  Louis  Zoological  Park,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 

University  of  California,  Los  Angeles,  California 

Walker  Art  Center,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota 

Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Connecticut 

STIPENDS  TO  INDIVIDUALS  FOR 
CONSERVATION  STUDIES 

John  Barrow,  United  States/International  Council  on  Monuments  and  Sites, 

Washington,  D.C. 

Vicki  Cassman,  University  of  Delaware,  Newark,  Delaware 


440 


Ann  Craddock,  Museum  of  Modern  Art,  New  York,  New  York 

Beatriz  del  Cueto,  United  States/International  Council  on  Monuments  and 

Sites,  Washington,  D.C. 
Antoinette  Dwan,  Winterthur  Museum,  Winterthur,  Delaware 

Kathleen  Francis,  Merrimack  Valley  Textile  Museum,  North  Andover, 
Massachusetts 

Sarah  Gates,  Textile  Conservation  Centre,  Surrey,  England 

Marian  Kaminitz,  Bishop  Museum,  Honolulu,  Hawaii 

Jane  Ketcham,  Textile  Conservation  Workshop,  South  Salem,  New  York 

Lucy  Kinsolving,  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York,  New  York 

Andrea  Pitsch,  Solomon  Guggenheim  Museum,  New  York,  New  York 

Ann  Schelpert,  Queen's  University,  Ontario,  Canada 

Eleanore  Stewart,  Columbia  University,  New  York,  New  York 

Gwen  Tauber,  Los  Angeles  County  Museum,  Los  Angeles,  California 

Susan  Jia-sun  Tsang,  University  of  Delaware,  Newark,  Delaware 

Zahira  Veliz,  Cleveland  Museum  of  Art,  Cleveland,  Ohio 

Faye  Wrubel,  Art  Institute  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  Illinois 


SEMINARS 

African  American  Museums  Association,  Washington,  D.C. 
Association  of  Science-Technology  Centers,  Washington,  D.C. 
Intermuseum  Conservation  Association,  Oberlin,  Ohio 
National  Trust  for  Historic  Preservation,  Washington,  D.C. 
Northeast  Document  Conservation  Center,  Andover,  Massachusetts 
Regional  Conference  of  Historical  Agencies,  Manlius,  New  York 
Ringling  Museum  of  Art,  Sarasota,  Florida 
Suquamish  Tribal  Cultural  Center,  Suquamish,  Washington 
Washington  Conservation  Guild,  Washington,  D.C. 


SPECIAL  STUDIES  AND  RESEARCH 

Carnegie  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York,  New  York 
New  York  State  Historical  Association,  Cooperstown,  New  York 
North  Carolina  State  University,  Raleigh,  North  Carolina 
Pennsylvania  State  University,  University  Park,  Pennsylvania 
Philadelphia  Museum  of  Art,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Rochester  Institute  of  Technology,  Rochester,  New  York 

Appendix  3.  National  Museum  Act  Grants  Awarded  I  441 


SERVICES  TO  THE  FIELD 

American  Association  for  State  and  Local  History,  Nashville,  Tennessee 

American  Association  of  Museums,  Washington,  D.C. 

Center  for  Occupational  Hazards,  New  York,  New  York 

Minnesota  Zoological  Garden,  Apple  Valley,  Minnesota 

National  Institute  for  the  Conservation  of  Cultural  Property,  Washington,  D.C. 

Society  for  the  Preservation  of  New  England  Antiquities,  Boston, 
Massachusetts 


442  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


APPENDIX  4.    Academic,  Research  Training,  and  Internship 
Appointments  in  Fiscal  Year  1984 


ACADEMIC  AND  RESEARCH  TRAINING  APPOINTMENTS 

The  Smithsonian  offers,  through  the  Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants,  research 
and  study  appointments  to  visiting  scientists,  scholars,  and  students.  These 
appointees  are  provided  access  to  the  Institution's  facilities,  staff  specialties, 
and  reference  resources.  The  persons — listed  by  bureau,  office,  or  division — in 
this  Appendix  began  their  residencies  between  October  1,  1983,  and  Septem- 
ber 30,  1984.  Predoctoral  and  Postdoctoral  fellows,  graduate  student  fellows. 
Visiting  Scientists,  Scholars,  and  Students,  holders  of  special  awards  and  par- 
ticipants in  special  programs  are  so  listed.  The  institution  where  each  Fellow 
received,  or  expects  to  receive,  the  degree,  or  the  home  university  or  institu- 
tion of  Visiting  Scientists  or  Scholars,  and  other  special  appointees  is  listed. 
A  brief  description  of  the  project  to  be  undertaken  at  the  Smithsonian  is  in- 
cluded where  appropriate.  The  fellow's  or  visitor's  host  bureau  or  office  and 
the  Smithsonian  adviser  are  also  listed. 

ARCHIVES  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

William  Agee,  Senior  Visiting  Scholar.  Past  Director  of  the  Museum  of  Fine 
Arts,  Houston.  American  art,  1910  to  1945  with  emphasis  on  continuing  tradi- 
tions of  modern  American  art  and  its  relation  to  art  internationally,  with 
Richard  Murray,  from  January  1  through  December  31,  1984. 

CONSERVATION  ANALYTICAL  LABORATORY 

Suzanne  Abel-Vidor,  Visiting  Student,  Brown  University.  Costa  Rican  ceramic 
traditions,  with  Dr.  Ronald  Bishop,  from  May  21  through  July  27,  1984. 
Marilyn  P.  Beaudry,  Ph.D.,  Postdoctoral  fellow  in  materials  analysis,  Miner- 
alogical,  chemical,  and  technological  investigation  of  a  pigment  tentatively 
identified  as  Specular  Hematite  and  used  in  pre-firing  decoration  of  Meso- 
american  ceramics,  with  Ronald  Bishop  and  James  Blackman,  Department  of 
Archaeometry,  and  William  Melson,  Department  of  Mineral  Sciences,  Na- 
tional Museum  of  Natural  History,  from  September  1,  1984,  to  August  31, 
1985. 

Maria  Ligeza,  Visiting  Scholar,  Fulbright-Hays  Research  Fellowship.  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts,  Krakow,  Poland.  Physical-chemical  methods  of  examination  of 
works  of  art,  with  Jacqueline  Olin,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  June  1, 
1985. 

Emlen  Myers,  Postdoctoral  fellow  in  materials  analysis.  State  University  of 
New  York  at  Binghamton.  Provenience  analysis  of  Hispano-moresque  pottery, 
with  Jacqueline  Olin,  from  October  1,  1983,  through  September  30,  1984. 

TREER  GALLERY  OF  ART 

Timothy  Clark,  Harold  P.  Stern  Memorial  Fund  Fellow.  Ph.D.  candidate.  Har- 
vard University.  Ukiyo-e  Painting  in  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art,  with  Dr. 
Yoshiaki  Shimizu  and  Ann  Yonemura,  from  June  18  through  July  6,  1984. 


443 


Toshi  Kihara,  Fulbright  Fellow,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Osaka  University.  Japanese 
Momoyama  and  Edo  Period  Screen  and  Sliding  Door  Paintings,  with  Dr. 
Yoshiaki  Shimizu  and  Ann  Yonemura,  June  1  through  July  9,  1984. 
David  Pollack,  Postdoctoral  fellow.  University  of  California,  Berkeley.  Theo- 
retical and  practical  aspects  of  relationship  between  paintings  and  their  poetic 
inscriptions  in  medieval  Japan,  with  Dr.  Yoshiaki  Shimizu,  from  September 
1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Tadashi  Kobayashi,  Harold  P.  Stern  Memorial  Fund  Fellow,  Gakushuin  Uni- 
versity, Tokyo.  Japanese  Genre  Paintings  and  Ukiyo-e  Paintings,  with  Dr. 
Yoshiaki  Shimizu  and  Ann  Yonemura,  June  15  through  August  11,  1984. 

HIR5HHORN  MUSEUM  AND  SCULPTURE  GARDEN 

Susan  Sterling,  Predoctoral  fellow,  Princeton  University.  Kenneth  Noland  and 
the  modern  aesthetic,  with  Dr.  Charles  Millard,  Department  of  Painting  and 
Sculpture,  from  January  17,  1984,  through  January  16,  1985. 

NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM 

Jack  M.  Bruce,  the  Charles  A.  Lindbergh  Chair.  Manufacturing  of  British 
World  War  I  aircraft  in  the  United  States,  with  Walter  J.  Boyne  and  staff, 
from  September  1,  1983,  through  January  31,  1984. 

Peter  M.   Grosz,  Alfred   Verville   Fellow.    The    development   of  Austro-Hun- 
garian  aircraft  during  1914-1918,  with  E.  T.  Wooldridge,  Department  of  Aero- 
nautics, from  September  1,  1983,  through  August  31,  1984. 
Adam  L.  Gruen,  Guggenheim  Predoctoral  Fellow.  United  States  civilian  space 
station  concepts:  a  case  study  of  the  nature  of  technological  change,  1958- 

1983,  with  Dr.  Paul  Hanle,  Department  of  Space  Science  and  Exploration, 
from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Richard  K.  Smith,  Alfred  Verville  Fellow.  The  new  American  airplane  of  1934, 
with  Mr.  R.  E.  G.  Davies,  Department  of  Aeronautics,  from  September  17, 

1984,  through  September  16,  1985. 

Joseph  N.  Tatarewicz,  Guggenheim  Postdoctoral  Fellow.  The  role  of  planetary 
astronomers  in  developing  the  Space  Telescope,  with  Dr.  Paul  Hanle,  Depart- 
ment of  Space  Science  and  Exploration,  from  December  15,  1983,  through 
December  14,  1984. 

William  L.  Teng,  Smithsonian  Postdoctoral  Fellow.  Remote  sensing  for  land- 
forms  and  soils  in  the  arid  southwest  United  States,  with  Dr.  Ted  Maxwell, 
Center  for  Earth  and  Planetary  Studies,  from  October  3,  1983,  through  Sep- 
tember 30,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AFRICAN  ART 

Frances  Connelly,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Pittsburgh,  Influences  of 
African  art  on  eighteenth-  and  nineteenth-century  Western  art,  from  June  9 
to  July  15,  1984. 

Ekpo  Eye,  Smithsonian  Institution  Regents  Fellow.  Director-General,  National 
Commission  for  Museums  and  Monuments,  Nigeria.  Work  on  manuscripts  on 
archaeological  excavations  at  Ife  and  Owo  and  an  illustrated  history  of 
Nigeria  from  the  Stone  Age  to  the  nineteenth  century,  with  Sylvia  Williams, 
from  June  15  through  August  14,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

Nancy  Anderson,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Delaware.  Albert  Bierstadt 
and  the  California  Landscape  Painters  of  the  1870s,  with  Dr.  William  Truett- 
ner.  Office  of  Painting  and  Sculpture,  from  October  1,  1983,  through  December 
14,  1984. 


444  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Sarah  Boehm,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Bryn  Mawr  College.  Seth  Eastman's  illustra- 
tions for  Henry  Schoolcraft's  "History  and  Statistical  Information  Respecting 
the  History,  Condition,  and  Prospects  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United 
States,"  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships,  from  Septem- 
ber 1,  1983,  through  September,  1985. 

Ralph  T.  Coe,  Visiting  Scholar,  past  president  of  the  Association  of  Art 
Museum  Directors  and  former  director  of  the  Nelson  Gallery  of  Art,  Kansas 
City.  The  Survival  of  traditional  Indian  crafts,  with  Dr.  Charles  C.  Eldredge, 
Director,  from  November  1982,  through  October  1983. 

Tina  Dunkley,  Smithsonian  Fellow,  Atlanta  University.  Afro-American  art 
and  museum  studies,  with  Merry  Foresta  and  Lynda  Hartigan,  Department  of 
Twentieth-Century  Painting  and  Sculpture,  from  May  1  through  September 
30,  1984. 

Betsy  Fahlman,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Old  Dominion  University.  The  art  of 
John  Ferguson  Weir,  1841-1926,  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and 
Fellowships,  from  September  1,  1983,  through  August  1984. 
Richard  Gruber,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Kansas.  Thomas  Hart  Benton: 
The  Teacher  and  His  Students,  with  Dr.  Charles  C.  Eldredge,  Director,  from 
September  1983,  through  December  1983. 

Lisa  Koenigsberg,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Yale  University.  Professionalizing  do- 
mesticity; American  women  writers  on  architecture,  1865-1917 ,  with  Dr.  Lil- 
lian Miller,  Charles  Willson  Peale  Papers,  National  Portrait  Gallery,  Edith 
Mayo,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  National  Museum  of 
American  History,  and  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships, 
from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Sandra  Langer,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  New  York  University.  Tohn  Frederick 
Kensett,  a  critical  study  of  his  life  and  art,  with  Dr.  William  Truettner,  De- 
partment of  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth-Century  Painting  and  Sculpture, 
from  June  1  through  November  30,  1984. 

Richard  Masteller,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Minnesota.  Satiric  form 
in  the  1930s;  dissident  voices,  dissident  visions,  with  Drs.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of 
Research  and  Fellowships,  and  Virginia  Mecklenberg,  Department  of  Twen- 
tieth-Century Painting  and  Sculpture,  from  September  10,  1984,  through 
September  9,  1985. 

Dennis  Montagna,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Delaware.  The  Grant  Me- 
morial Sculpture,  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships,  from 
October  1,  1983,  through  September  14,  1984. 

Regenia  Perry,  Ford  Foundation  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Virginia  Commonwealth 
University.  History  of  Black  American  art,  1650-1984,  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink, 
Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships,  from  August  1,  1984,  through  July  31, 
1985. 

Susan  Rather,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Delaware.  Paul  Manship  and 
archaism  in  American  sculpture,  1900-1930,  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of 
Research  and  Fellowships,  from  January  1  through  December  31,  1984. 
J.  Gray  Sweeney,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Indiana  University.  A  study  of  Thomas 
Cole's  iconographic  and  stylistic  influence  over  mid-nineteenth-century  Ameri- 
can painting,  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships,  from 
September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Elizabeth  Tebow,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Maryland.  The  mythical 
imagination  in  American  painting  of  the  late-nineteenth  century,  with  Dr. 
Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships,  from  July  1,  1983,  through 
September  14,  1984. 

Elizabeth  Turner,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Virginia.  American  artists 
in  Paris,  1920-1929,  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships, 
from  October  1,  1983,  through  December  14,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  445 


Jerry  Waters,  Visiting  Student,  Yale  University.  Religious  paintings  of  Henry 
Ossawa  Tanner,  with  Dr.  Lois  Fink,  Office  of  Research  and  Fellowships,  from 
June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 

Cecile  Whiting,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Stanford  University.  The  American  paint- 
ers' response  to  Facism,  1933-1945,  with  Dr.  Virginia  Mecklenberg,  Depart- 
ment of  Twentieth-Century  Painting  and  Sculpture,  from  June  15,  1984, 
through  June  14,  1985. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Catherine  Beeker,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  Maryland.  Men's 
clothing  design  and  development  of  design,  1920's  to  1940's,  with  Claudia 
Kidwell,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from  June  11  through 
August  17,  1984. 

Gail  Cooper,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Santa  Bar- 
bara. The  history  of  air  conditioning  in  America,  1906-1979,  with  Robert 
Vogel,  Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology,  from  July  30 
through  October  5,  1984. 

Michelangelo  DeMaria,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Rome.  History  of 
cosmic  ray  physics  in  the  United  States  in  the  1930's,  with  Dr.  Paul  Forman, 
Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology,  from  November  1, 

1983,  through  October  31,  1984. 

Vicky  Dula,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Ohio  State  University.  Racism  and  the 
commercial  city  residential  land-use  structure  in  Cincinnati,  1802-1840,  with 
Dr.  James  Horton,  Afro-American  Communities  Project,  from  June  11  through 
August  17,  1984. 

Deborah  Dwork,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  College,  London.  Urban  and 
rural  preventive  maternal  and  child  care,  1880-1945,  with  Dr.  Ramunas  Kon- 
dratas.  Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology,  from  March  1, 

1984,  through  February  28,  1985. 

Bruce  Hunt,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Telegraphic 
problems  and  the  development  of  electromagnetic  theory  in  the  second  half 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  with  Dr.  Bernard  Finn,  Department  of  the  History 
of  Science  and  Technology,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 
Lily  Kay,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Johns  Hopkins  University.  The  technology  of 
ideas;  laboratory  practices  and  the  growth  of  molecular  biology,  1933-1953, 
with  Drs.  Jon  Eklund  and  Ramunas  Kondratas,  Department  of  the  History  of 
Science  and  Technology,  from  August  15,  1984,  through  August  14,  1985. 
Robert  Korstad,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  North  Carolina.  The  world 
of  the  tobacco  manufacturing  worker,  with  Dr.  Pete  Daniel,  Department  of 
the  History  of  Science  and  Technology,  from  September  1,  1984,  through 
August  31,  1985. 

Peter  Kuznick,  George  Mason  University/Smithsonian  Institution  Fellow, 
Rutgers  University.  Science  and  the  Common  Man  in  1930's  America,  with 
Dr.  Arthur  Molella,  Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology, 
from  September  1,  1984,  through  June  30,  1985. 

J.  Bartholomew  Landry,  Faculty  Fellow,  Columbia  University.  Study  of  the 
Black  middle  class  family  in  historical  and  societal  contexts,  with  Dr.  Spencer 
Crew,  Archives  Center,  and  Dr.  James  Horton,  Afro-American  Communities 
Project,  from  June  1  through  August  31,  1984. 

Gerald    MacDonald,    Graduate    Student    Fellow,    Johns    Hopkins    University. 
Baltimore    and    Ohio    Railroad    engineering    diagrams    from    the    nineteenth 
century,    with    Robert    Vogel,    Department    of    the    History    of    Science    and 
Technology,  from  June  4   through   August  20,  1984. 
Melissa  McLoud,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  George  Washington  University.  Build- 


446  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


ers  in  Waphington,  D.C.,  1870-1900;  changes  in  house  design  and  construc- 
tion, with  Susan  Myers  and  Keith  Melder,  Department  of  Social  and 
Cultural  History,  from  June  1,  1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 
David  Martinez,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  Michigan.  An  ap- 
proach to  the  study  of  keyboard  instruments,  their  origin  and  authenticity, 
with  John  Fesperman,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from 
May  7  through  July  14,  1984. 

Portia  Maultsby,  Ford  Foundation  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin. Popular  music  of  Black  America,  with  Dr.  Bernice  Reagon,  Department 
of  Public  Programs,  from  August  1,  1984,  through  July  31,  1985. 
Marian  Moore,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Bowling  Green  State  University.  Black 
images  in  advertising,  analysis  of  the  Warshaio  collection,  1840-1940,  with 
Dr.  Spencer  Crew,  Archives  Center,  from  June  1,  1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 
David  Rhees,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Pennsylvania.  The  chemists' 
crusade;  the  popularization  of  science  in  America,  1914-1940,  with  Drs.  Jon 
Eklund  and  Arthur  Molella,  Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and 
Technology,  from  September  1  through  August  31,  1984. 
Matt  Sale,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  State  University  of  New  York  at  Binghamton. 
Gypsy  cultures  of  the  United  States  in  historical  perspective,  with  Richard 
Ahlborn,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from  Sepember  1,  1984, 
through  August  31,  1985. 

Sheila  Sale,  Visiting  Scholar,  Western  Reserve  University.  Co-researcher  on 
Gypsy  cultures  of  the  United  States  in  historical  perspective,  with  Richard 
Ahlborn,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from  September  1,  1984, 
through  August  31,  1985. 

Dorothee  Schneider,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Munich.  New  York's 
furniture  makers  and  their  industry,  1850-1900,  with  Dr.  Gary  Kulik, 
Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from  March  1,  1984,  through 
February  28,  1985. 

Merritt  Roe  Smith,  Regents  Fellow,  Professor  of  the  History  of  Technology 
at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  An  interpretive  history  of  the 
mechanization  of  United  States  industry  in  the  antebellum  period,  with 
Roger  Kennedy,  from  June  1,  1984,  through  January  31,  1985. 
Robert  Snyder,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  New  York  University.  Vaudeville  and  the 
birth  of  mass  culture  in  the  neighborhoods  of  New  York  City,  1890-1930, 
with  Carl  Scheele,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from  June  1, 
1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 

Valerie  Steele,  First  Ladies'  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Yale  University.  Images  of 
the  Ideal  Self,  with  Claudia  Kidwell,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  His- 
tory, from  January  1  through  December  31,  1984. 

Sally  Stein,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Yale  University.  The  rhetoric  of  the  colorful 
and  the  colorless  in  the  photographic  culture  of  the  1930's,  with  Dr.  Pete 
Daniel,  Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology,  from  Septem- 
ber 1,  1984,  through  April  30,  1985. 

Henry  Taylor,  Faculty  Fellow,  State  University  of  New  York  at  Buffalo. 
Black  residential  patterns  and  the  city,  Cincinnati,  1802-1850,  with  Dr. 
Spencer  Crew,  Archives  Center,  and  Dr.  James  Horton,  Afro-American  Com- 
munities Project,  from  June  15  through  October  15,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Gillian  Bentley,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Chicago.  Dental  morph- 
ology, genetic  traits,  family,  and  social  composition  of  the  Bab  edh-Dhra' 
early  Bronze  lA  population,  with  Dr.  Donald  Ortner,  Department  of  Anthro- 
pology, from  March  1,  1984,  through  February  28,  1985. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  447 


Ava  Berinstein-Swados,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Los 
Angeles.  Folklore  of  Alta  Verapaz,  with  Dr.  Robert  Laughlin,  Department  of 
Anthropology,  from  March  1,  1984,  through  February  28, 1985. 
Niel  Bruce,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Queensland.  Taxonomic  revi- 
sion of  the  Cymothoid  isopod  genera  Mothocya  Costa,  1951  and  Glossobius 
Schioedte  and  Meinert,  1883,  with  Dr.  Thomas  Bowman,  Department  of  In- 
vertebrate Zoology,  from  November  1  through  October  31,  1984. 
Silvana  Campello,  Visiting  Student,  George  Washington  University.  Effects 
of  environmental  changes,  biomass  energy  production,  and  other  phases  of 
applied  mariculture  on  marine  organisms,  with  Dr.  Walter  Adey,  Department 
of  Paleobiology,  Marine  Systems  Laboratory,  from  March  1,  1984,  through 
February  28,  1985. 

Hsien  Yu  Cheng,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Tulane  University.  Systematics  and 
evolution  of  Sphaerodactylus  Wagler  in  Hispaniola,  with  Dr.  George  Zug, 
Department  of  Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  June  1,  1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 
Elizabeth  Chornesky,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Texas.  The  applica- 
tion of  biological  characters  to  the  taxonomy  of  reef  corals,  with  Dr.  Klaus 
Ruetzler,  Department  of  Invertebrate  Zoology,  from  September  15,  1984, 
through  September  14,  1985. 

Charles  Cobb,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Southern  Illinois  University.  An- 
alysis of  the  Hale  site  mortuary  collections,  with  Dr.  Bruce  Smith,  Depart- 
ment of  Anthropology,  from  June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 
G.  Kent  Colbath,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Oregon.  Durability  and 
functional  morphology  of  polychaete  jaws,  the  fossil  record,  with  Dr.  Kristian 
Fauchald,  Department  of  Invertebrate  Zoology,  from  October  1,  1983, 
through  September  30,  1984. 

Paul  Delaney,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  Southern  California. 
A  study  of  the  phylogeny,  evolution,  and  biogeography  of  the  marine  isopod 
family  Corallanidae  Hansen,  1890,  with  Dr.  Thomas  Bowman,  Department  of 
Invertebrate  Zoology,  from  June  25  through  August  31, 1984. 
Andrzej  Elzanowski,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Warsaw.  Jaw  ap- 
paratus of  terrestrial  omnivorous  birds,  with  Dr.  Richard  Zusi,  Department 
of  Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  October  1,  1983,  through  September  30,  1984. 
Joseph  Ewan,  Regents  Fellow,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Botany,  Tulane  Univer- 
sity. A  biographical  bibliography  of  trail  narratives  of  naturalists  in  South 
America,  with  Drs.  Richard  Fiske  and  Mark  Littler,  Department  of  Botany, 
from  April  1,  1984,  through  March  31,  1985. 

Brian  Farrell,  Visiting  Student,  University  of  Maryland.  Distribution  of  Peru- 
vian beetle  among  tree  species  and  seasons,  with  Dr.  Terry  Erwin,  Depart- 
ment of  Entomology,  from  July  23  through  September  14,  1984. 
J.  Whitfield  Gibbons,  Visiting  Scientist,  Savannah  River  Ecology  Laboratory. 
Review  and  summary  of  literature  on  turtle  ecology,  with  Dr.  George  Zug, 
Department  of  Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  May  31, 
1985. 

Gary  Graves,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Florida  State  University.  Zoogeography 
and  speciation  of  northern  Andean  birds,  with  Dr.  Richard  Zusi,  Department 
of  Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 
Elizabeth  Greene,  James  E.  Webb  Fellow,  Department  of  Mineral  Sciences. 
Candidate  for  Master  of  Arts  in  Museum  Studies,  George  Washington  Uni- 
versity, 1984-1985. 

James  Griffin,  Regents  Fellow,  Senior  Research  Scientist,  Department  of 
Anthropology,  University  of  Michigan.  Hopewell  burial  mound  cultures  of 
the  upper  midwestern  United  States,  with  Dr.  Richard  Fiske,  Director,  from 
January  1  through  December  15,  1984. 


448  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


John  Hackney,  Visiting  Scientist,  Georgetown  University,  factors  controlling 
the  productivity  of  algal  turf  communities,  with  Dr.  Walter  Adey,  Depart- 
ment of  Paleobiology,  Marine  Systems  Laboratory,  from  March  1  through 
October  31,  1984. 

Sidney  Halsor,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Michigan  Technological  University.  Min- 
eral chemistry  of  modern  Guatemalan  andesites,  insight  into  combined  frac- 
tionation, assimilation,  and  mixing,  with  Drs.  William  Melson  and  Thomas 
Simkin,  Department  of  Mineral  Sciences,  from  September  1,  1984,  through 
February  28,  1985. 

Ana  Harada,  Visiting  Student,  University  of  Maryland.  Tropical  rain  forest 
ant  ecology,  with  Dr.  Terry  Erwin,  Department  of  Entomology,  from  July  23 
through  September  14,  1984. 

Mark  Hershkovitz,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Davis. 
A  survey  of  Caryphyllid  leaves,  with  Dr.  Joan  Nowicke,  Department  of 
Botany,  from  June  9  through  September  14,  1984. 

John  Heyning,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Los  An- 
geles. Cranial  variation  in  the  beaked  whale  Ziphius  cavirostris,  with  Dr. 
James  Mead,  Department  of  Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  July  2  through  Sep- 
tember 7,  1984. 

Peter  Houde,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Michigan.  Phylogenetics  of 
early  Tertiary  paleognathous  birds,  with  Dr.  Storrs  Olson,  Department  of 
Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  June  1,  1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 
H.  Edwin  Jackson,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Michigan.  The  prehis- 
toric subsistence  culture  of  the  Poverty  Point  Culture  in  the  lower  Mississippi 
valley,  with  Dr.  Bruce  Smith,  Department  of  Anthropology,  from  Septem- 
ber 1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Jonathan  Kelafant,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  George  Washington  University. 
Determination  of  the  paleosalinity  of  the  Burgess  Shale  Formation,  with  Dr. 
Kenneth  Towe,  Department  of  Paleobiology,  from  June  4  through  August  10, 
1984. 

Clara  Kidwell,  Faculty  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Berkeley.  A  history 
of  the  Choctaw  tribe  in  Mississippi,  with  Drs.  William  Sturtevant,  Depart- 
ment of  Anthropology,  and  Wilcomb  Washburn,  Office  of  American  Studies, 
from  January  1  through  February  28,  1984. 

Kishor  Kumar,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Punjab  University.  Marine  and  terrestrial 
Eocene  mammalian  assemblages  from  India  with  reference  to  dental  ultra- 
structure,  with  Dr.  Clayton  Ray,  Department  of  Paleobiology,  from  Octo- 
ber 1, 1983,  through  September  30,  1984. 

Steven  Leipertz,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  Washington.  A  phy- 
letic  study  of  the  Pleuronectinae,  with  Dr.  Richard  Vari,  Department  of 
Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  September  17  through  November  23,  1984. 
Rafael  Lemaitre,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  Miami.  The  syste- 
matics  of  the  genus  Parapagurus  with  a  revision  of  the  Western  Atlantic 
species,  with  Dr.  Raymond  Manning,  Department  of  Invertebrate  Zoology, 
from  June  11  through  August  17,  1984. 

Nancy  Levoy,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy. Metallurgy  in  ancient  Ecuador  and  its  role  in  New  World  metallurgical 
developments,  with  Dr.  Betty  Meggers,  Department  of  Anthropology,  from 
September  17  through  November  23,  1984. 

Danielle  Lucid,  Visiting  Student,  University  of  Maryland.  The  role  of  nutri- 
ents and  the  corresponding  effect  it  has  on  algal  productivity  and  community 
structure,  with  Dr.  Walter  Adey,  Department  of  Paleobiology,  Marine  Sys- 
tems Laboratory,  from  February  15,  1984,  through  February  14,  1985. 
John  Malinky,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Iowa.  Taxonomic  and  bio- 
stratigraphic  reassessment  of  hyolitha  (Mollusca)  from  the  Lower  Paleozoic, 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  449 


with  Dr.  Richard  Grant,  Department  of  Paleobiology,  from  July  1,  1984, 
through  June  30,  1985. 

Philip  Millener,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Auckland  University.  A  study  of  Lower 
Tertiary  penguins,  with  Dr.  Storrs  Olson,  Department  of  Vertebrate  Zoology, 
from  March  15, 1984,  through  March  14,  1985. 

Scott  Miller,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Harvard  University.  Generic  revision 
of  the  Neotropical  moth  family  Dalceridae,  with  Donald  Davis,  Department 
of  Entomology,  from  August  6  through  October  12,  1984. 

Rand  Miyashiro,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Berkeley. 
Comparative  morphometries  of  hominoids  and  Old  World  monkeys,  with  Dr. 
Ortner,  Department  of  Anthropology,  from  June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 
Patricia  Moguel,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Mexico.  Ethnohistory  and 
ecology  of  the  Totonacapon  region.  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  with  Dr.  Betty 
Meggers,  Department  of  Anthropology,  from  May  1,  1984,  through  Febru- 
ary 28,  1985. 

Jill  Neitzel,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Arizona  State  University.  A  stylistic  analysis 
of  Smithsonian  collections  of  black-on-white  pottery  from  Chaco  Canyon, 
with  Dr.  Dennis  Stanford,  Department  of  Anthropology,  from  August  1, 
1984,  through  July  31,  1985. 

Stephen  Nichols,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Cornell  University.  Systematics,  clado- 
geny,  and  zoogeography  of  Ardistomis  and  Semiardistomis,  with  Dr.  Terry 
Erwin,  Department  of  Entomology,  from  January  1  through  July  31,  1984. 
Michael  Pogue,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Minnesota.  A  generic  revi- 
sion of  the  Cochylidae  (Lepidoptera)  of  North  America,  with  Dr.  Donald 
Davis,  Department  of  Entomology,  from  June  1,  1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 
Harry  Savage,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Florida  State  University.  Systematic  stu- 
dies on  the  Oswaldoi  subgroup  of  Anopholes  with  emphasis  on  the  reliable 
identification  of  malarial  vectors,  with  Dr.  Bruce  Harrison,  Department  of 
Entomology,  from  August  1,  1984,  through  July  31,  1985. 

Enrico  Savazzi,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Uppsala  University,  Sweden.  Functional 
morphology  and  evolution  of  sculptural  patterns  in  invertebrates,  with  Dr. 
Thomas  Waller,  Department  of  Paleobiology,  from  June  1,  1984,  through 
May  31,  1985. 

Miriam  Smyth,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Maryland.  Interactions  be- 
tween boring  organisms,  snail  sheels,  and  coralline  algae,  with  Dr.  Klaus 
Ruetzler,  Department  of  Invertebrate  Zoology,  from  December  1,  1983, 
through  November  30,  1984. 

Elizabeth  Strasser,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  City  University  of  New  York.  Multiple 
pathways  to  terrestriality,  a  cercopithecid  model  for  human  evolution,  with 
Dr.  Richard  Thorington,  Department  of  Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  Septem- 
ber 1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Christopher  Tanner,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  British  Columbia. 
Morphological  variation  on  selected  tropical  brown  algae,  phenotypic  plas- 
ticity or  genetic  differentiation,  with  Dr.  James  Norris,  Department  of 
Botany,  from  August  1, 1984,  through  July  31,  1985. 

Lawrence  Todd,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  New  Mexico.  Taphonomic 
analysis  of  Paleoindian  bison  kill  sites,  with  Dr.  Dennis  Sanford,  Depart- 
ment of  Anthropology,  from  January  1  through  December  31,  1984. 
Elizabeth  Tudor,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Rice  University.  Cocciodmycosis 
in  a  southwestern  Indian  population,  with  Dr.  Donald  Ortner,  Department 
of  Anthropology,  from  September  10  through  November  16,  1984. 
Robert  Voss,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Michigan.  Geographic  pat- 
terns morphological  variation  in  Zygodontomys,  with  Dr.  Michael  Carleton, 
Department  of  Vertebrate  Zoology,  from  November  15,  1983,  through  No- 
vember 14,  1984. 


450  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Visiting  Scholars 

Giaocchino  Bonaduce,  Walter  Rathbone  Bacon  Scholar,  Naples  Zoological  Sta- 
tion. Pliocene  fauna  of  the  Outer  Iberian  Portal,  with  Dr.  Richard  Benson, 
Department  of  Paleobiology,  1984-1985. 

Joan  Ferraris,  Walter  Rathbone  Bacon  Scholar,  Mount  Desert  Island  Biologi- 
cal Laboratory.  Physiological  properties  affecting  mangrove  soft  bottom  com- 
munity structure,  with  Drs.  Kristian  Fauchald  and  Brian  Kensley,  Department 
of  Invertebrate  Zoology,  1984-1985. 

David  Young,  Walter  Rathbone  Bacon  Scholar,  United  States  Navy  Biological 
and  Chemical  Oceanography  Branch.  Benthic  invertebrates/ sediment  relation- 
ship on  lagoon  bottoms  near  Carrie  Bow  Bay,  Belize,  with  Dr.  Klaus  Ruetz- 
ler.  Department  of  Invertebrate  Zoology,  1984-1985. 

NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY 

Maria  lacullo.  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Columbia  University.  Public  demand 

and  the  rise  of  an  art-historical  establishment,  with  Dr.  Lillian  Miller,  Charles 

Willson  Peale  Papers,  from  June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 

Susan  Moeller,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Harvard  University.  Photography  as 

public  image,  with  Dr.  Alan  Fern,  Director,  and  William  Stapp,  Curatorial 

Department,  from  June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 

Jeffrey  Stewart,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Yale  University.  A  biography  of  Alain 

Locke,  with  Marc  Pachter,  Department  of  History,  and  Dr.  Virginia  Mecklen- 

berg.    Department   of    Twentieth-Century   Painting    and   Sculpture,    National 

Museum  of  American  Art,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Tara  Tappert,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  George  Washington  University.  Social  and 

cultural  biography  of  Cecilia  Beaux,  1855-1942,  Philadelphia-born  artist,  with 

Dr.  Lillian  Miller,  Charles  Willson  Peale  Papers,  from  June  15,  1984,  through 

June  14,  1985. 

Deobrah  Van  Buren,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  George  Washington  University.  The 

Cornish  Colony,  1885-1905,  a  summer  artists'  colony,  with  Dr.  Lillian  Miller, 

Charles  Willson  Peale  Papers,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31, 

1985. 

Kenneth  Yellis,  James  E.  Webb  Fellow,  Department  of  Education.  Candidate 

for  Master  of  Public  Administration,  George  Washington  University,  1984- 

1985. 

NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK 

Cathy  Blohowiak,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute  and 
State  University.  Mate  choice  and  inbreeding  of  black  ducks,  with  Drs. 
Eugene  Morton  and  Katherine  Ralls,  Department  of  Zoological  Research, 
from  August  1,  1984,  through  July  31,  1985. 

Eric  Dinerstein,  Visiting  Scientist,  University  of  Washington.  Effects  of  fire 
and  herbivory  on  forest  community  structure  in  Chitawan  National  Park, 
Nepal,  with  Dr.  Christen  Wemmer,  Conservation  and  Research  Center,  from 
May  1,  1984,  through  April  30,  1985. 

Eyal  Shy,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Wayne  State  University.  The  function  of  song 
in  birds;  testing  the  ranging  hypothesis,  with  Dr.  Eugene  Morton,  Depart- 
ment of  Zoological  Research,  from  March  1,  1984,  through  February  28,  1985. 
Nancy  Solomon,  Gradute  Student  Fellow,  University  of  Illinois.  Mother/young 
relationships  in  marsupials,  with  Dr.  Devra  Kleiman,  Department  of  Zoologi- 
cal Research,  from  June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 

Steven  Thompson,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Irvine.  Ener- 
getics of  reproduction  in  eutherian  and  marsupial  mammals,  with  Dr.  Devra 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research.  Training  Appointments  I  451 


Kleiman,  Department  of  Zoological  Research,  from  August  1,  1984,  through 
July  31,  1985. 

Visiting  Scholar 

Wolfgang  Dittus,  Walter  Rathbone  Bacori  Scholar,  University  of  Maryland. 
Social  behavior  and  population  dynamics  of  the  Toque  monkey  in  Sri  Lanka, 
with  Dr.  Devra  Kleiman,  Department  of  Zoological  Research,  1984-1985. 

OFFICE  OF  FOLKLIFE  PROGRAMS 

Michael  Licht,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Texas,  Austin.  The  role  of  the 
harmonica  in  traditional  American  music,  with  Dr.  Thomas  Vennum,  Jr., 
from  June  1982,  through  June  1984. 

Nicolas  Schidlovsky,  Ph.  D.,  Princeton  University.  Music  of  the  Old  Believers; 
oral  traditions  of  ancient  Russia  in  the  U.S.  today,  with  Dr.  Thomas  Ven- 
num, Jr.,  from  March  1,  1983,  through  February  28,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSERVATORY 

I.  J.  Danziger,  Visiting  Scientist,  European  Southern  Observatory.  Optical 
identification  of  Einstein  Survey  Sources,  interpretation  of  supernova  remnant 
spectra,  and  interpretation  of  emission  lines  from  neutral  atoms  from  plane- 
tary nebulae  and  Herbig-Haro  objects,  with  Drs.  Paul  Gorenstein,  Fred 
Seward,  and  Alex  Dalgarno,  from  May  21  through  June  21,  1984,  and  Sep- 
tember 1  through  September  30,  1984. 

Margaret  Graff,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Oregon.  Photodissoctation 
of  CH  and  OH  application  to  molecular  formation  and  destruction  in  the 
interstellar  medium,  with  Dr.  Irwin  Shapiro,  Director,  and  staff,  from  Sep- 
tember 1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

John  Hughes,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Columbia  University.  Experimental  and 
theoretical  studies  of  high-energy  astrophysics,  with  Dr.  Irwin  Shapiro,  Direc- 
tor, and  staff,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1986. 
Scott  Kenyon,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Illinois.  Study  of  symbolics 
and  simple  M  stars  in  the  IR  and  optical,  with  Dr.  Irwin  Shapiro,  Director, 
and  staff,  from  September  1,  1984,  through  August  31, 1985. 
David  Lumb,  Visiting  Scientist,  University  of  Leicester.  A  collaborative  re- 
search, with  Dr.  Irwin  Shapiro,  Director,  and  staff,  from  April  15,  1984, 
through  February  14,  1985. 

Piotr  Majer,  Visiting  Scientist,  Astronomical  Observatory,  Wroclaw  Univer- 
sity. Analysis  of  Einstein  data  especially  in  the  area  of  x-ray  emission  from 
stars  and  solar  chromospheres,  with  Drs.  L.  Golub  and  Robert  Rosner,  from 
August  1  through  September  30,  1984. 

Robert  Mathieu,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Berkeley.  The 
stellar  kinematics  of  star-forming  regions,  with  Dr.  David  Latham  from 
October  1,  1983,  through  September  30,  1985. 

Jose  Torrelles,  Visiting  Scientist,  Universidad  Nacional  Autonoma  de  Mexico. 
Observations  of  ammonia  toward  regions  of  star  formation  using  the  VLA 
and  Haystack  radio  telescopes,  with  Dr.  James  Moran,  from  March  19 
through  October  15,  1984. 

Jean  Turner,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Berkeley.  Observa- 
tion of  normal  galactic  nuclei,  the  nuclear  environment,  and  its  relation  to 
nuclear  sources,  with  Dr.  Irwin  Shapiro,  Director,  and  staff,  from  Septem- 
ber 1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Wei  Shen,  Visiting  Scientist,  Shaanxi  Astrophysical  Observatory.  Fundamen- 
tal aspects  of  the  cold  maser,  with  Dr.  Irwin  Shapiro,  Director,  and  staff, 
from  December  12,  1983,  through  December  11,  1984. 


452  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


SMITHSONIAN  ENVIRONMENTAL  RESEARCH  CENTER 

Silvia  Frosch,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Freiburg,  Germany.  Leaf 
gradients  and  circadian  rhythms  in  photosynthetic  capacity  in  relation  to 
photoperiodic  induction  in  long-day  plants,  with  Dr.  Gerald  Deitzer,  from 
September  1,  1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Bin  Goo  Kang,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Michigan.  Hormonal  con- 
trol of  senescence  in  Lemna,  with  Dr.  Charles  Cleland,  from  September  1, 
1984,  through  August  31,  1985. 

Michael  Krones,  Visiting  Student,  University  of  Maryland.  Automatic  control 
systems  testing  the  effects  of  dynamic  changes  in  light  quality  on  plant 
growth,  with  Dr.  John  Sager,  from  August  1,  1984,  through  July  31,  1985. 
Romuald  Lipcius,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  Florida  State  University.  Blue  crab  reg- 
ulation of  benthic  community  structure  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  with  Dr. 
Anson  Hines,  from  August  15,  1984,  through  August  14, 1985. 
Henry  McKellar,  Visiting  Scientist,  University  of  Florida.  Comparative  eco- 
systems analysis  of  the  North  Inlet,  South  Carolina,  and  the  Rhode  River 
coastal  wetlands,  with  Dr.  David  Correll,  from  August  15,  1984,  through 
August  14,  1985. 

Timothy  Spira,  Visiting  Scholar,  University  of  California,  Berkeley.  The  eco- 
logical significance  of  cleistogamy  in  Lamium  amplexicaule,  with  Dr.  Dennis 
Whigham,  from  May  29  through  September  15,  1984. 

Lisa  Wagner,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Berkeley.  The  re- 
productive success  of  Poa  annua,  Poa  pratensis,  and  Poa  bulbosa  in  dis- 
turbed habitats,  with  Dr.  Dennis  Whigham,  from  March  1,  1984,  through 
February  28,  1985. 

SMITHSONIAN  OFFICE  OF  EDUCATIONAL  RESEARCH 

Doris  McNeely  Johnson,  Faculty  Fellow,  University  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. Attitudes  and  awareness  of  parents  on  the  role  of  toys  and  play  in  the 
development  of  children,  with  Dr.  John  Balling  from  September  1  through 
December  31,  1984. 

Mara  Miller,  Graduate  Student  Fellow,  Yale  University.  The  relationship  be- 
tween applied  environmental  psychology  and  garden  design,  with  Drs.  John 
Balling  and  John  Falk,  from  June  4  through  August  17,   1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  OFFICE  OF  FACILITIES  SERVICES 

Catherine  Ross,  James  W.  Webb  Fellow,  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Cost 
benefit  analysis  of  renting  versus  building  office  space,  with  Thomas  L.  Pey- 
ton, from  July  2  through  August  31,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  OFFICE  OF  FOLKLIFE  PROGRAMS 

Elizabeth  Beuck  Derbyshire,  James  E.  Webb  Fellow.  Candidate  for  Master  of 
Public   Administration,   George    Washington   University,    1984-1985. 

SMITHSONIAN  TROPICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE 

Eldridge  Adams  III,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  California,  Berkeley. 

Regulation  of  foraging  territories  of  aboreal  ants,  with  Dr.  David  Roubik, 
from  October  1,  1983,  through  September  30,  1984. 

Hugh  Caffey,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Sydney,  Australia.  Regional 
patterns  of  settlement  and  early  survival  of  intertidal  barnacles,  with  Dr.  Ross 
Robertson,  from  August  1,  1984,  through  July  31,  1985. 

Greg  deNevers,  Visiting  Student,  University  of  Missouri.  A  phenological  as- 
sessment  of   the   forest    and    chemical   analysis    of   flavonoids    in    the    plant 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  453 


family  Melastomataceae,  with  Dr.  Robert  Dressier,  from  August  1,  1984, 
through  June  14,  1985. 

Ola  M.  Fincke,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Iowa.  Sexual  Selection  in  a  Neotropical 
Pseudostigmatid  Damselfly:  A  Test  of  the  Relative  Importance  of  Genetic 
Versus  Environmental  Influences  on  a  Male  Fitness  Trail,  with  Dr.  Hindrik 
Wolda,  from  October  1,  1983,  through  September  30,  1984. 
Rachel  Levin,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  Cornell  University.  The  adaptive  signifi- 
cance of  antiphonal  song  in  Thyrothorus  nigricapillus,  with  Dr.  Neal  Smith, 
from  January  1  through  December  31,  1984. 

Dianna  Padilla,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Alberta,  Canada.  Structural 
defenses  of  marine  algae,  with  Dr.  John  Cubit,  from  September  1,  1984, 
through  January  15,  1985,  and  from  May  1  through  July  31,  1985. 
Robert  Richmond,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  State  University  of  New  York  at  Stony 
Brook.  The  population  biology  of  Pocillopora  damicornis  in  the  eastern 
Pacific,  with  Drs.  Harilaos  Lessios  and  Ross  Robertson,  from  February  1, 
1984,  through  January  31,  1985. 

Eugene  Schupp,  Predoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Iowa.  Consequences  of  vari- 
able reproduction  in  Faramea  occidentalis  with  Dr.  Egbert  Leigh,  from 
June  1,  1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 

James  Weinberg,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Connecticut.  An  investi- 
gation of  speciation  in  Panamanian  populations  of  a  marine  isopod,  with 
Dr.  Harilaos  Lessios,  from  June  1,  1984,  through  May  31,  1985. 
Marina  Wong,  Postdoctoral  Fellow,  University  of  Michigan.  Plant  phenology 
foliage /arthropod  abundance  and  the  trophic  organization  of  birds  in 
Panamanian  forest  understory,  with  Dr.  Joseph  Wright,  from  June  1,  1984, 
through  May  31,  1985. 

INTERNSHIP  AND  OTHER  STUDENT  APPOINTMENTS 

The  Smithsonian  offers  internship  appointments  to  visiting  graduate  and 
undergraduate  students.  The  persons — listed  by  bureau,  office,  or  division — 
in  this  Appendix  began  their  appointments  between  October  1,  1983,  and 
September  30,  1984.  Holders  of  special  awards  and  participants  in  special 
programs  are  so  listed.  The  institutions  attended,  the  title  or  a  brief 
description  of  the  project  undertaken,  where  appropriate,  and  the  name  of 
the  Smithsonian  supervisor  are  given  for  each  intern. 

ANACOSTIA  NEIGHBORHOOD  MUSEUM 

Joseph  Rodriguez,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  California,  Berkeley.  Work 
and  study  in  the  assigned  department,  with  Zora  Felton,  Education  Depart- 
ment, from  June  4  through  August  24,  1984. 

ARCHIVES  OF  AMERICAN  ART— NEW  ENGLAND  AREA  CENTER 

Dana  Comi,  B.A.  candidate,  Boston  University.  Processing,  cataloging,  and 
arranging  for  preservation  collections  of  manuscript  material  related  to 
American  visual  arts,  with  Robert  Brown  from  September  18  through 
December  18,  1984. 

CONSERVATION  ANALYTICAL  LABORATORY 

Deborah  Delauney,  M.A.,  Yale  University,  M.A.,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

On-site  measurement  of  moisture  movement  in  walls  at  Renwick  Gallery  by 
electronically  logging  temperature  and  water  vapor  pressure,  with  Timothy 
Padfield,  from  July  30,  1984,  through  January  31,  1985. 


454  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


John  Frieman,  M.A.  candidate.  New  York  University.  Measurement  of  mois- 
ture and  salt  movement  in  the  fabric  of  historic  buildings,  with  Timothy 
Padfield,  from  January  30  through  November  30,  1984. 

Camille  Juliana,  M.A.  candidate,  George  Washington  University.  Pottery  anal- 
ysis including  neutron  activation  analysis  and  multivariate  statistical  anal- 
ysis, with  Dr.  James  Blackman,  from  August  1  through  December  31,  1984. 

COOPER-HEWITT  MUSEUM 

Laura  Agoston,  Sidney  and  CeUa  Siegel  Fellow,  B.A.  candidate,  Yale  College. 
Work  and  study  in  the  Library  department,  with  Katherine  Martinez,  from 
June  11  through  August  17,  1984. 

John  Bacon,  B.A.  candidate,  Yale  University.  Work  and  study  in  the  Decora- 
tive Arts  Department,  with  David  McFadden,  from  June  11  through  August 
17,  1984. 

Louise  Bell,  B.A.,  University  of  Minnesota.  Work  and  study  in  the  Decorative 
Arts  Department,  with  David  McFadden,  from  June  11  through  August  17, 
1984. 

Rebecca  Billings,  Textile  Conservation  Intern,  Diploma  in  Art  History,  Uni- 
versity of  British  Columbia.  Work  and  study  in  the  Textiles  Department, 
with  Lucy  Commoner,  from  February  15  through  September  30,  1984. 
Somi  Kim,  Sidney  and  Celia  Siegel  Fellow,  B.A.,  Harvard  College.  Work  and 
study  in  the  Wall  Coverings  Department,  with  Ann  Dorfsman,  from  June  11 
through  August  17,  1984. 

Abigail  Kreuger,  B.A.  candidate,  Barnard  College.  Work  and  study  in  the 
Decorative  Arts  Department,  with  David  McFadden,  from  June  11  through 
August  17,  1984. 

Julie  Stein,  B.A.,  University  of  Virginia.  Work  and  study  in  Public  Informa- 
tion, with  Isabelle  Silverman,  and  Work  and  study  in  Special  Events,  with 
Eileen  White,  from  June  11  through  August  17,  1984. 

Robin  Tomlinson,  B.A.  candidate,  Princeton  University.  Work  and  study  in 
the  Library  Department,  with  Kathy  Martinez,  from  June  11  through  August 
17,  1984. 

Maria  Vicens,  Sidney  and  Celia  Siegel  Fellow,  B.A.,  Bryn  Mawr  College. 
Work  and  study  in  the  Decorative  Arts  Department,  with  David  McFadden, 
from  June  11  through  August  17,  1984. 

Jennifer  Watson,  B.A.  candidate,  Salem  College.  Work  and  study  in  the  De- 
velopment Office,  with  Eileen  White,  from  June  11  through  August  17,  1984. 
Robert  Wojtowicz,  Sidney  and  Celia  Siegel  Fellow,  M.A.  candidate,  Columbia 
University.  Work  and  study  in  the  Drawings  and  Prints  Department,  with 
Elaine  Dee,  from  June  11   through  August  17,  1984. 

Alexandra  Sapirstein,  The  Hotchkiss  School.  Work  and  study  in  the  Library 
Department,  with  Kathy  Martinez,  from  July  2  through  August  10,  1984. 
Hanna  Loesser,  B.A.  candidate,  Marymount  Manhattan  College.   Work  and 
study  with  the  programs  coordinator,  Susan  Yelavich,  from  July  9  through 
August  31,  1984. 

HIRSHHORN  MUSEUM  AND  SCULPTURE  GARDEN 

Jacques  Benovil,  Sophomore,  Ellington  School  of  the  Arts.  Work  and  study  in 
the  Photography  Laboratory,  with  Morris  Stalsworth,  from  July  2  through 
August  31,  1984. 

Andrew  Connors,  B.A.  candidate,  Yale  University.  Work  and  study  in  the 
Exhibits  and  Design  Department,  with  Joseph  Shannon,  from  June  11 
through  August  17,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  455 


Ann  Gaylin,  B.A.,  Brandeis  University.  Work  and  study  in  the  Painting  and 

Sculpture  Department,  with  Valerie  Fletcher,  from  June  11   through  August 

17,  1984. 

Nancy  Purinton,  M.S.  candidate.  University  of  Delaware.   Work  and  study 

in  the  Conservation  Laboratory,  with  Antoinette  Owen,  from  June  4  through 

August  10,  1984. 

Karen  Siatris,  B.A.  candidate,  Middlebury  College.  Work  and  study  in  the 

Education  Department,  with  Edward  Lawson,  from  June  11  through  August 

17,  1984. 

Julie  Vanek,  B.A.  candidate.  Smith  College.  Work  and  study  in  the  Painting 

and  Sculpture  Department,  with  Dr.  Judith  Zilczer,   from   June   11   through 

August  17,  1984. 

Other  Interns 

Diane  Eliasoph,  M.A.T.  Program,  George  Washington  University.  Research 
and  study  in  the  Department  of  Education,  with  Teresia  Bush,  from  Jan- 
uary 16  through  May  4,  1984. 

Nancy  Purinton,  B.F.A.,  Tufts  University;  M.A.  candidate.  University  of 
Texas  at  Austin;  M.S.  candidate,  Winterthur/University  of  Delaware. 
Research  and  study  in  the  Department  of  Conservation,  with  Antoinette 
Owen,  from  June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 

Susan  B.  Wein,  B.A.  candidate.  University  of  Michigan.  Research  and  study 
in  the  Department  of  Exhibits  and  Design,  with  Joseph  Shannon,  from 
May  24  through  July  13,  1984. 

JOSEPH  HENRY  PAPERS 

Helen  LaFave,  Smith  College/Smithsonian  Institution  American  Studies  In- 
tern, B.A.  candidate.  Smith  College.  American  perceptions  of  European  sci- 
ence, 1820  to  1860,  with  Dr.  Paul  Theerman,  from  September  4  through 
December  31,  1984. 

NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM 

Christopher    Belting,    B.A.    candidate,    Kalamazoo    College,    with    Dr.    Allan 

Needell,    Department    of    Space    Science    and    Exploration,    from    March    26 

through  June  7,  1984. 

Robert  CuUen,  High  Point  Senior  High  School,  with  Mr.  Dana  Bell,  Records 

Management  Division,  from  July  17  through  August  31,  1984. 

Kurt  Descheemaeker,  Wakefield  High  School,  with  Mr.  Dana  Bell,  Records 

Management  Division,  from  June  25  through  August  31,  1984. 

Susan  Gould,  B.A.  candidate.  Harvard  University,  Radcliffe  College,  with  Dr. 

David  DeVorkin,  Department  of  Space  Science  and  Exploration,  from  June  6 

througli  July  17,  1984. 

David  Hallam,  Australian  War  Memorial,  with  Walter  Roderick,  Preservation 

and  Restoration  Operations,  Paul  E.  Garber  Facility,  from  June  28  through 

December  24,  1984. 

Helen  Harvey,  B.A.  candidate,  Stanford  University,  with  Mr.  Dale  Hrabak, 

Photography  Office,  from  March  22  through  May  18,  1984. 

Kathleen  Hogan,  B.S.  candidate.  Trinity  College,  with  Dr.  David  DeVorkin, 

Department   of    Space    Science    and    Exploration,    from    January    26    through 

May  31,  1984. 

Donald  Hooper  Jr.,  B.S.  candidate.  University  of  Missouri  at  Rolla,  with  Dr. 

Ted  Maxwell,  Center  for  Earth  and  Planetary  Studies,  from  June  5  through 

July  27,  1984. 


456  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Michael  Krall,  La  Plata  High  School,  with  Mr.  Dana  Bell,  Records  Manage- 
ment Division,  from  February  7  through  May  15,  1984. 

Michael  Lee,  St.  Albans  School,  with  Mr.  Dana  Bell,  Records  Management 
Division,  from  June  18  through  August  27,  1984. 

Jon  Marsh,  Thomas  S.  Wootton  High  School,  with  Mr.  Dana  Bell,  Records 
Management  Division,   from  June  31   through   August   31,   1984. 
Neal  Parker,  B.A.  candidate.  University  of  Virginia,  with  Dr.  Kerry  Joels, 
Office  of  Research  Support,  from  June  5  through  July  27,  1984. 
Deborah  Perry,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Indiana  University,  with  Lou  Lomax,  Exhib- 
its and  Presentations  Division,  from  June  4  through  August  15,  1984. 
Karen  Jan  Radel,  B.A.  candidate,  Stanford  University,  with  Mr.  Dale  Hrabak, 
Photography  Office,  from  April  1  through  June  15,  1984. 

George  Rees,  B.S.  candidate,  Purdue  University,  with  Walter  Roderick,  Pres- 
ervation and  Restoration  Operations,  Paul  E.  Garber  Facility,  from  June  4 
through  July  27,  1984. 

Mary  Alexander  Sarros,  Washington  and  Lee  High  School,  with  Mary 
Valdivia,  Exhibits  and  Presentations  Division,  from  January  24  through 
May  18,  1983. 

William  Shackelford,  B.A.  Middlebury  College.  Work  and  research  on  the 
Aviation  History  Project,  with  Dr.  Von  Hardesty,  Department  of  Aeronau- 
tics, from  September  10  through  December  21,  1984. 

Frances  Silcox,  M.A.  candidate,  George  Washington  University,  with  Mary 
Valdivia,  Exhibits  and  Presentations  Division,  from  December  7,  1983, 
through  March  31,  1984. 

Peter  Trippi,  B.A.  candidate.  College  of  William  and  Mary.  Work  on  a  public 
relations  project  including  compiling  a  weekly  digest,  with  Holly  Haynes, 
Office  of  Public  Affairs,  from  September  10  through  December  14,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AFRICAN  ART 

Eve  Furguson,  Cooperative  Education  Program  Student,  M.A.  candidate, 
Howard  University.  Work  on  public  dissemination  of  information  regarding 
all  activities  of  the  Museum,  with  Margaret  Bertin,  from  October  7,  1983, 
through  July  27,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

Shelby  Baker,  Pennsylvania   State  University.   Special  project  in   the  Office 
of  Museum   Programs,  from   September  12   through   December   6,   1983. 
Gwen   Hill,   Stanford  University.   Special   project   in   the   Office   of  Museum 
Programs,  from  February  8  through  April  27,  1984. 

Amy  Gearin,  The  American  University.  Special  project  at  the  Renwick 
Gallery,  from  September  12,  1982,  through  April  27,  1984. 
Michael  Grauer,  The  University  of  Kansas.  Special  project  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Design  and  Production,  from  February  1  through  May  15,  1984. 
Keith  Nemlich,  Cornell  University.  Special  project  in  the  Archives  of  Ameri- 
can Art  and  the  Department  of  Graphic  Arts,  from  September  12  through 
December  6,  1983. 

Michele  Oakley,  The  American  University.  Special  project  in  the  Office  of 
the  Director,  from  September  12,  1983,  through  April  27,  1984. 
Louise  Thorlin,  The  University  of  Virginia.  Special  project  in  the  Department 
of  Painting  and  Sculpture,  from  September  12,  1983,  through  April  27,  1984. 
Ruthann  Uithol,  The  American  University.  Special  project  in  the  Office  of  the 
Registrar,  from  September  12,  1983,  through  April  27,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  A57 


Other  Interns 

Jessica  Dobrin,  Philadelphia  College  of  Art.  Special  project  done  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Department  of  Design  and  Production. 

Patty  Murphy,  Philadelphia  College  of  Art.  Special  project  done  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Department  of  Design  and  Production. 

Summer  Interns 

Thomas  Donovan,  Golden  Gate  University.  Work  and  study  in  the  Office  of 
Museum  Programs,  from  June  1  through  August  3,  1984. 
Alan  Hanson,  University  of  Maryland.  Work  and  study  in  the  Office  of  the 
Chief  Curator,  from  June  1  through  August  3,  1984. 

Carol  Hughes,  University  of  Virginia.  Work  and  study  in  the  Office  of  Re- 
search Support,  from  June  1  through  August  3,  1984. 

Pamela  Kurtz,  Middlebury  College.   Work  and  study  in   the  Department  of 
Painting  and  Sculpture,  from  June  1  through  August  3,  1984. 
Reid  Miles,  Claremont  McKenna  College.  Work  and  study  in  the  Department 
of  Design  and  Production,  from  June  1  through  August  3,  1984. 
Jenni  Schlossman,  University  of  Delaware.  Work  and  study  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Painting  and  Sculpture,  from  June  1  through  August  3,  1984. 

High  School  Summer  Interns 

Lance   Christian,   John   Marshall   High   School,   Oklahoma   City,   Oklahoma. 

Work  and  study  in  the  Office  of  the  Registrar,  from  June  10  through  July  13, 

1984. 

Ani  Esther  Rubin,  Oldfields  School,  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Work  and  study 

in  the  Department  of  Design  and  Production,  from  May  5  through  May  25, 

1984. 

Elizabeth   Boyte   Wilson,  Oldfields   School,  Baltimore,  Maryland.   Work  and 

study  in  the  Department  of  Design   and  Production,  from  May   5   through 

May  25,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Daphne  Barbour,  M.A.  candidate.  New  York  University.  Examination  and 
treatment  of  paper  projects  including  solvent  tests,  fiber  analysis,  and  photo- 
graphic documentation,  with  Scott  Odell,  Division  of  Conservation,  from 
August  1  through  August  31,  1984. 

Melanie  Blanding,  B.S.  candidate,  Fisk  University.  Political  history  project, 
with  Edith  Mayo,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from  June  4 
through  August  24,  1984. 

Kathleen  Campisano,  M.A.  candidate.  University  of  South  Carolina.  Architec- 
tural and  physical  history  of  the  Patent  Office  Building,  with  Douglas  Evelyn, 
from  May  16  through  August  12,  1984. 

Susan  Collins,  Smith  College/Smithsonian  Institution  American  Studies  In- 
tern, B.A.  candidate.  Smith  College.  Work  on  the  "Field  to  Factory"  project, 
with  Dr.  Spencer  Crew,  Archives  Center,  from  September  1  through  Decem- 
ber 31,  1984. 

Fuabeh  Fonge,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Howard  University.  Work  and  study  in  the 
Archives  Center,  with  Dr.  Spencer  Crew  and  John  Fleckner,  from  June  4 
through  August  24,  1984. 

Julie  Goldman,  M.A.  candidate.  Queens  University,  Canada.  Survey  and 
research  in  the  National  Philatelic  Collection  and  the  Warshaw  Collection  of 
Business  Americana,  with  Dianne  van  der  Reyden,  Division  of  Conservation, 
from  May  29  through  July  30,  1984. 


458  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Frederick  Hocker,  B.A.  candidate,  Middlebury  College.  Research  on  wooden 
ship  construction,  organizing  the  Cropley  Collection,  and  developing  half- 
model  lines,  with  John  Stine  and  Dr.  William  Withuhn,  Department  of  the 
History  of  Science  and  Technology,  from  June  4  through  August  31,  1984. 
Jacqueline  Jackson,  M.A.  candidate,  Sangamon  State  University.  Conceptual 
planning  for  the  Palm  Court  and  Bandstand  performance  programs,  logistical 
and  administrative  support  for  the  Philadelphia  outreach  program,  and  pro- 
duction assistant  for  the  Chamber  Music  Programs,  with  Dr.  Bernice  Reagon, 
Department  of  Public  Programs,  and  James  Weaver,  Department  of  Social 
and  Cultural  History,  from  February  20  through  May  11,  1984. 
Ibrahim  Kargbo,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Howard  University.  Black  urban  communi- 
ties in  the  antebellum  period,  with  Dr.  James  Horton,  Afro-American  Com- 
munities Project,  from  June  4  through  August  24,  1984. 
Nora  Kennedy,  M.S.  candidate.  University  of  Delaware.  Work  and  research 
in  the  Paper  Conservation  Laboratory,  with  Scott  Odell,  Division  of  Conser- 
vation, from  July  2  through  August  24,  1984. 

Margaret  Miller,  M.A.  candidate.  University  of  California,  Los  Angeles. 
Development  of  a  program  focusing  on  contemporary  American  Indian  art, 
with  Dr.  Rayna  Green,  American  Indian  Studies  Program,  from  Septem- 
ber 17  through  December  7,  1984. 

Pauline  Nunez  Morales,  Ph.D.  candidate.  Catholic  University  of  America. 
Organization  of  an  index  to  material  culture  of  late  colonial  New  Mexico 
and  studies  on  the  role  of  the  Californian  missions  in  American  history, 
with  Richard  Ahlborn,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from 
June  4  through  August  24,  1984. 

Jennifer  Morin,  Smith  College/Smithsonian  Institution  American  Studies  In- 
tern, B.A.  candidate.  Smith  College.  Work  on  the  Collection  of  Business 
Americana  promotional  campaign,  with  Dr.  Spencer  Crew  and  John  Fleckner, 
Archives  Center,  from  September  4  through  December  31,  1984. 
Paul  Rabin,  M.S.  candidate.  Queens  University,  Canada.  Work  and  research 
in  the  Paper  Conservation  Laboratory,  with  Dianne  van  der  Reyden  and 
Nikki  Horton,  Division  of  Conservation,  from  November  1  through  July  31, 
1984. 

Dana  Sadarananda,  Ph.D.  candidate.  Temple  University.  Research  pertaining 
to  an  exhibition  on  Japanese-Americans  and  the  442nd  Regimental  Combat 
Team,  with  Dr.  Edward  Ezell,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History, 
from  September  4  through  November  23,  1984. 

Anne  Sheridan,  Smith  College/Smithsonian  Institution  American  Studies 
Intern,  B.A.  candidate.  Smith  College.  Nineteenth-century  "Life  in  America" 
project,  with  Keith  Melder,  Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History,  from 
September  4  through  December  31,  1984. 

Mumia  Shimaka-Mbasu,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Howard  University.  Processing  and 
arranging  manuscript  material  into  useful  finding  aids,  with  Dr.  Spencer 
Crew  and  Robert  Harding,  Archives  Center,  from  September  17  through 
December  17,  1984. 

Linda  Stiber,  B.F.A.,  Maryland  Institute  College  of  Art.  Work  and  study  in 
the  Warshaw  Collection  of  Business  Americana,  with  Scott  Odell,  Division 
of  Conservation,  from  May  21  through  July  13,  1984. 

Camellia  Taiwo,  Cooperative  Education  Program  Student,  Ph.D.  candidate. 
University  of  Maryland.  Research  and  study  in  the  Archives  Center,  with 
Dr.  Spencer  Crew,  from  January  23  through  July  20,  1984,  and  Coordination 
of  public  information,  with  Josiah  Hatch,  Department  of  Public  Programs, 
from  July  23  through  December  31,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  459 


Kathleen  Willoughby,  Montgomery  College.  Work  and  study  in  the  Warshaw 
Collection  of  Business  Americana,  with  Dianne  van  der  Reyden,  Division  of 
Conservation,  from  July  30  through  August  24,  1984. 

Susan  White,  M.S.  candidate.  University  of  Delaware.  Research  and  study  in 
the  Objects  Laboratory,  with  Scott  Odell,  Division  of  Conservation,  from 
June  14  through  August  3,  1984. 

Joseph  Windham,  Cooperative  Education  Program  Student,  Ph.D.  candidate, 
Howard  University.  Basic  biographical,  interpretive,  or  classification  research 
study,  with  Dr.  Spencer  Crew,  Archives  Center,  from  June  11  through  Sep- 
tember 21,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Deborah  Macanic  Jones,  M.A.  candidate,  Howard  University.  Compilation  of 
a  list  of  prominent  portraits  from  1783-1865  on  view,  and  a  bibliography  on 
the  artists,  with  Harry  Jackson,  Department  of  Education,  from  September 
24,  through  December  14,  1984. 

Stella  Kao,  B.A.,  Hampshire  College.  Study  of  conservation  of  Asian  artifacts, 
with  Carolyn  Rose  and  Dr.  Priscilla  Linn,  Anthropology  Conservation  Lab- 
oratory, from  June  4  through  August  24,  1984. 

Michael  Lambert,  B.A.,  College  of  William  and  Mary.  Gathering  data  on  bio- 
logical specimen  identification  and  analyzing  resources  on  the  cultural  ecol- 
ogy of  the  Moluccas,  with  Dr.  Paul  Taylor,  Department  of  Anthropology, 
from  June  18  through  August  20,  1984. 

James  Lorand  Matory,  A.B.,  Harvard  University.  Research  and  study  on 
Yoruba,  West  Africa,  culture  and  religion,  with  Dr.  Ivan  Karp,  Department 
of  Anthropology,  from  June  25  through  August  24,  1984. 

Ricardo  Soto,  M.S.,  University  of  Puerto  Rico.  Biosystematics  of  the  marine 
algae  of  Costa  Rica,  with  Dr.  James  Norris,  Department  of  Botany,  from 
June  4  through  August  24,  1984. 

NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY 

Maya  Aral,  Graduate  Student,  Syracuse  University.  Biographical  research  for 
upcoming  exhibit  on  broadcast  pioneers  in  America,  with  Amy  Henderson, 
Historian's  Office,  from  June  2  through  August  7,  1984. 

Amanda  Barrett,  Undergraduate  Student,  Barnard  College.  Update  of  perma- 
nent collection  checklist  data,  incorporating  recent  acquisitions  and  photos, 
editing  for  style,  and  retyping  list  of  illustrations  by  Miguel  Covarrubias  for 
forthcoming  exhibition,  with  Frances  Wein,  from  May  21  through  August  24, 
1984. 

Audrey  Paulette  Davis,  Undergraduate  Student,  University  of  Virginia. 
Work  on  the  second  advance  of  the  Charles  Willson  Peale  Papers,  with  Dr. 
Lillian  Miller,  from  July  4  through  August  3,  1984. 

McNeill  Eaton,  Smith  College/Smithsonian  Institution  American  Studies  In- 
tern, B.A.  candidate.  Smith  College.  Research  on  and  editing  of  Peale  Papers, 
with  Dr.  Lillian  Miller,  Charles  Willson  Peale  Papers,  from  September  4 
through  December  31,  1984. 

Julia  Hoke  Edwards,  Undergraduate  Student,  Northern  Virginia  Community 
College.  Update  of  living  portrait  artists  file,  with  Susan  Gurney,  Library, 
from  January  24  through  March  30,  1984. 

Denise  Ann  Ellis,  Undergraduate  Student,  Spelman  College.  Assistance  with 
coordinating  material,  identifying  photographs,  checking  artists,  and  assembl- 
ing biographical  material  for  a  nationwide  survey,  with  Mona  Dearborn  and 
Linda  Neumaier,  Catalog  of  American  Portraits,  from  June  2  through  August 
23,  1984. 


460  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Paul  Ganz,  Graduate  Student,  George  Washington  University.  Development 
of  public  programs  for  two  opening  exhibits,  with  Ken  Yellis,  Education  De- 
partment, from  June  9  through  August  23,  1984. 

Jonathan  G.  Gillison,  High  School  Student,  School  Without  Walls.  Develop- 
ment of  general  tour  of  collection  and  observation  and  participation  in 
school/adult  outreach  programs,  with  Harry  Jackson,  Education  Department, 
from  March  1  through  June  30,  1984. 

Susan  Gindlin,  Smith  College/Smithsonian  Institution  American  Studies  In- 
tern, B.A.  candidate.  Smith  College.  Research  and  curatorial  aid  for  painting 
exhibition,  with  Dr.  Carolyn  Carr,  from  September  4,  1984,  through  Decem- 
ber 31,  1985. 

Adrienne  Griffin,  Cooperative  Education  Program  Student,  M.B.A.  candidate, 
Hn"'-ird  Un'ver<;itv.  Coordination  and  planning  for  the  acquisition  of  a  new 
building,  with  Barbara  Hart,  from  January  26  through  August  23,  1984. 
Janet  hornreich.  Undergraduate  Student,  American  University.  Filing  of 
catalog  and  artist  descriptions,  with  Cecilia  Chin,  Library,  from  June  5 
through  September  7,  1984. 

Peter  Inman,  Undergraduate  Student,  University  of  California.  Cataloging 
associative  decorative  arts  collection,  with  Robert  Stewart,  Office  of  the 
Curator,  from  July  2  through  August  3,  1984. 

Ellen  Caroline  Marks,  Undergraduate  Student,  Smith  College.  Labeling  and 
organizing  photos,  slides,  and  negatives,  with  Suzanne  Embree,  Photo  Sales, 
from  January  4  through  January  24,  1984. 

Wendy  Neuman,  High  School  Student,  School  Without  Walls.  Development 
of  general  tour  of  collection  and  observation  and  participation  in  school/ 
adult  outreach  programs,  with  Harry  Jackson,  Education  Department,  from 
February  9  through  June  30,  1984. 

Bettina  Marsh  Niner,  Undergraduate  Student,  Yale  University.  Work  at 
reception  desk  and  research  on  portraits  of  presidents,  with  Leni  Buff,  Edu- 
cation Department,  from  May  2  through  August  15,  1984. 

Regina  M.  Niner,  Undergraduate  Student,  Trinity  College.  Work  at  reception 
desk  and  research  on  portraits  of  presidents,  with  Leni  Buff,  Education  De- 
partment, from  May  2  through  August  15,  1984. 

Charlotte  Perrine,  Undergraduate  Student,  Smith  College.  Research  on  carica- 
ture and  inventory  on  prints,  with  Wendy  Wick  Reaves,  Curator  of  Prints, 
from  June  4  through  August  24,  1984. 

Julia  Rose,  M.A.,  George  Washington  University.  Research  and  development 
of  four  brochures  for  'Portraits  in  Motion'  series.  Also,  development  and 
writing  of  proposal  for  "Learning  in  the  Museum:  A  Teaching  Methods 
Workshop"  for  student  teachers,  with  Ken  Yellis,  Education  Department, 
from  January  16  through  April  20,  1984. 

Lisa  Sommers,  M.A.,  George  Washington  University.  Development  of  Walt 
Disney  kit  for  existing  Education  Department  outreach  program,  with  Leni 
Buff,  Education  Department,  from  January  18  through  May  30,  1984. 
Ivelia  Stredel,  M.A.,  George  Washington  University.  Assistance  in  developing 
an  outreach  program  and  tour  for  Spanish-speaking  audiences,  with  Harry 
Jackson,  Education  Department,  from  January  16  through  April  12,  1984. 
Carol  Wyrick,  B.F.A.,  Texas  Christian  University.  Development  of  artistic 
emphasis  training  packet  for  ongoing  Education  Department  outreach  pro- 
grams/tours, with  Harry  Jackson,  Education  Department,  from  June  13 
through  August  23,  1984. 

OFFICE  OF  THE  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY  FOR  ADMINISTRATION 
David  Reeves,  B.S.,  Bowling  Green  State  University.  Administrative  tech- 
niques and  procedures  projects,  with  John  Jameson,  from  June  4  through 
August  10,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  461 


OFFICE  OF  FOLKLIFE  PROGRAMS 

Sheila  Jackson,  B.S.  candidate.  University  of  Virginia,  with  Dr.  Peter  Seitel, 
from  June  23  through  July  4;  July  18  through  September  2;  and  September 
12  through  December  23,  1983. 

Tanya  Jackson,  B.A.  candidate,  Lafayette  College,  Pennsylvania,  with  Dr. 
Kazadi  wa  Mukuna,  from  June  4  through  August  24,  1984. 

Other  Interns 

Susan  Evans,  American  University. 

Daniel  Metzel,  Davidson  College,  North  Carolina. 

OFFICE  OF  PROTECTION  SERVICES 

Patricia  Welcome,  B.A.,  University  of  Saskatchewan.  Preparation  of  a  publi- 
cation for  museums  in  developing  countries  for  the  International  Council  of 
Museums,  with  Robert  Burke,  from  January  16  through  May  16,  1984. 

OFFICE  OF  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 

Barbara  Graham,  Cooperative  Education  Program  Student,  M.A.  candidate. 
University  of  Maryland.  Work  and  study  in  the  Assistant  Director's  Office, 
with  Madeleine  Jacobs,  from  May  14  through  August  31,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  ARCHIVES 

Monique  Bourque,  B.A.,  Montana  State  University.  Survey  of  scientific  illu- 
strations to  develop  appraisal  guidelines  to  provide  for  the  preservation  of 
illustrations  of  permanent  value,  with  William  Deiss,  from  June  4  through 
August  6,  1984. 

Nancy  Austin  MoUer,  M.A.  candidate,  Portland  State  University.  Analysis 
and  design  work  to  identify  the  Archives'  needs,  and  to  prepare  the  proce- 
dures and  policies  for  the  use  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Bibliographic 
Information  System  (SIBIS),  with  Richard  Szary,  from  August  13  through 
October  26,  1984. 

Dan  Sherburne,  B.A.  candidate,  Portland  State  University.  Archival  work  on 
the  papers  of  Charles  Lewis  Cazin,  with  William  Deiss,  from  October 
through  December  7,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  ENVIRONMENTAL  RESEARCH  CENTER 

Cynthia  Campisano,  Work/Learn  Student,  M.S.  candidate.  University  of  New 

Hampshire.  Response  of  a  tidal  marsh  to  nutrient  enrichment  of  tidal  waters, 
with  Dr.  Thomas  Jordan,  from  May  28  through  August  17,  1984. 
David  Cramer,  Work/Learn  Student,  B.A.  candidate.  University  of  California, 
San  Diego.  Study  of  estuarine  fish  biology,  with  Dr.  Anson  Hines,  from  June 
25  through  September  14,  1984. 

Elizabeth  Farnesworth,  Work/Learn  Student,  B.A.,  Brown  University.  Upland 
plant  ecology  project,  with  Dr.  Dennis  Whigham,  from  June  4  through  Sep- 
tember 14,  1984. 

Marguerite  Hiatt,  Work/Learn  Student,  Anne  Arundel  Community  College. 
Liaison  between  the  Smithsonian  Environmental  Research  Center  and  the  Bay 
Savers  at  Shady  Side,  with  Dr.  David  Correll,  from  July  9  through  August  17, 
1984. 

Linda  Jones,  B.S.  candidate,  Vanderbilt  University.  Determination  of  polypep- 
tide composition  of  chloroplast  ribisome  small  subunits,  with  Dr.  Maurice 
Margulies,  from  May  29,  1983,  through  August  3,  1984. 


462  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Sahle  Melles,  M.S.  candidate,  Howard  University.  Development  of  a  purifica- 
tion procedure  for  the  enzyme  farnesyl  pyrophosphate  synthetase  extracted 
from  the  fungus  Neurospora  crassa,  with  Dr.  Roy  Harding,  from  June  4 
through  August  31,  1984. 

Devin  Reese,  Work/Learn  Student,  B.S.  candidate.  Harvard  University.  Study 
of  the  structure  and  function  of  ant  communities,  with  Dr.  James  Lynch, 
from  July  9  through  December  14,  1984. 

Christine  Ross,  Work  /Learn  Student,  B.S.  candidate,  Stockton  State  College. 
Study  of  the  community  structure  and  population  biology  of  benthic  inver- 
tebrates in  an  estuary,  with  Dr.  Anson  Hines,  from  May  27  through  August 
24,  1984. 

Lynn  Sagramoso,  Work/Learn  Student,  B.S.  candidate,  Washington  Univer- 
sity. Habitat  utilization  by  migratory  warblers,  with  Dr.  James  Lynch,  from 
May  21  through  August  17,  1984. 

Anatole  Sucher,  Work/Learn  Student,  B.S.  candidate.  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, Santa  Cruz.  Light  availability  effects  upon  the  structure  and  function 
of  plankton  communities,  with  Dr.  Maria  Faust,  from  June  18  through  Sep- 
tember 14,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  TRAVELING  EXHIBITION  SERVICE 

Cherie  Faini,  B.A.,  Pennsylvania  State  University.  Exhibition  and  education 
assistance  to  Donald  McClelland,  Martha  Cappelletti,  Julia  Shepherd,  and 
Marjorie  Share,  from  September  1983,  through  January  1984. 
Sharon  Fivel,  M.A.  candidate.  University  of  Maryland.  Refurbishing  of  the 
exhibition.  We'll  Never  Turn  Back,  with  Betty  Teller,  from  June  through 
August  1984. 

Deborah  Klochko,  M.A.T.  candidate,  George  Washington  University.  Devel- 
opment of  education  materials  for  Sculpture:  Exploring  3  Dimensions,  with 
Julia  Shepherd,  from  January  through  May  1984. 

Lucinda  Leach,  M.A.,  George  Washington  University.  Research  and  imple- 
mentation of  marketing  plan  for  paper  panel  exhibitions,  and  research  and 
writing  of  educational  materials,  with  Marjorie  Share  and  Susan  Schreiber, 
from  May  through  July  1984. 

Elizabeth  Shapiro,  B.A.,  University  of  Michigan.  Development  of  interpretive 
materials,  with  Julia  Shepherd  and  Martha  Cappelletti,  from  August  1983, 
through  January  1984. 

Tracey  Soulges,  M.A.  candidate,  George  Washington  University.  Organization 
of  two  revised  versions  of  The  Shopping  Bag:  Portable  Graphic  Art  exhibi- 
tion, and  administrative  assistance,  with  Betty  Teller,  from  May  through 
December  1983. 

Eliza  Wong,  M.A.  candidate.  University  of  Toronto.  Exhibition,  publicity  and 
registration  assistance  to  Matou  Goodwin,  Marjorie  Share,  and  Mary  Jane 
Clark,  from  June  through  August  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  OFFICE  OF  EDUCATIONAL  RESEARCH 

Elissa  Hozore,  B.S.,  Yale  College.  Development  and  testing  of  abstract  and 
concrete  informational  orientations  for  families  visiting  the  small  mammal 
house,  with  Dr.  John  Falk,  from  June  18  through  August  17,  1984. 
Rebecca  Paravidni,  B.A.  candidate.  Trinity  College.  Work  and  study  in  the 
assigned  department,  with  Dr.  John  Falk,  from  June  4  through  August  10, 
1984. 

Eric  Schmidt,  B.A.,  Earlham  College.  Prototype  analyses  of  learning  situ- 
ations, with  Drs.  John  Balling  and  John  Falk,  from  March  5  through  May  25, 
1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  463 


SMITHSONIAN  TROPICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE 

Short-Term  Fellowships  in  Tropical  Biology 

Jacqueline  Belwood,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Florida.  The  effect  of 
predation  on  the  evolution  and  mating  behavior  in  Neotropical  Katydids, 
with  Dr.  Hindrik  Wolda,  from  September  1  through  December  15,  1984. 
Leo  Fleishman,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Cornell  University.  The  function  of  agonistic 
displays  in  Anolis  limifrons,  with  Dr.  A.  Stanley  Rand,  from  May  31  through 
August  31,  1984. 

Patricia  Hansel!,  Ph.D.  candidate.  Temple  University.  Social-economic  change 
in  prehistoric  central  Panama:  A  Case  Study,  with  Dr.  Richard  Cooke,  from 
February  15  through  May  16,  1984. 

Diana  K.  Hews,  M.S.  candidate,  Oregon  State  University.  Differential  sus- 
ceptibility of  Anuran  Larvae  to  fish  predation,  with  Dr.  A.  Stanley  Rand, 
from  May  15  through  August  15,  1984. 

Kevin  Hogan,  Smithsonian  Visiting  Graduate  Student,  Ph.D.  candidate.  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois.  Comparative  analysis  of  growth  form  in  two  palm  species, 
with  Dr.  Egbert  Leigh,  from  June  4  through  August  10,  1984. 
Richard  Lowell,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Alberta.  Effects  of  Unpre- 
dictability on  the  Structural  Strength  of  Limpet  Shells,  with  Dr.  Harilaos 
Lessios  from  December  12,  1983  through  March  13,  1984. 

Lucille  McCook,  Ph.D.  candidate,  Michigan  State  University.  Systematics  of 
Pragmipedium  (Orchidaceae;  Cypripedioideae),  with  Dr.  Robert  Dressier, 
from  May  21  through  July  21,  1984. 

Anthony  McGuire,  Ph.D.  candidate,  University  of  Alaska.  Shared  pollinator 
foraging  behavior  in  sympatric  species  of  Delachampia,  with  Dr.  David 
Roubik,  from  April  1  through  June  30,  1984. 

Christopher  Petersen,  University  of  Arizona.  Gender  allocation  in  simultan- 
eous hermaphroditic  animals,  with  Dr.  Ross  Robertson,  from  September  1 
through  December  15,  1984. 

Anne  Richards,  University  of  Rhode  Island.  Effects  of  fishing  on  population 
structure  of  spiny  lobsters,  with  Dr.  John  Cubit,  from  September  24  through 
December  15,  1984. 

Paul  Spitzer,  Ph.D.,  Cornell  University.  Ecology  and  behavior  of  Ospreys, 
Pandium  haliaetus.  Wintering  in  Panama,  with  Dr.  Neal  G.  Smith,  from 
February  1  through  March  31,  1984. 

J.  Evan  Ward,  M.S.  candidate.  University  of  Delaware.  Distributional  ecology, 
feeding  behavior,  and  degree  of  host  specificity  of  an  Ectoparasitic  snail  in 
the  Genus  Odostomia  in  the  Bay  of  Panama  Region,  with  Drs.  Harilaos 
Lessios  and  John  Christy,  from  September  1  through  November  30,  1984. 
Jess  K.  Zimmerman,  Ph.D.  candidate.  University  of  Utah.  An  Examination  of 
Sex  Choice  in  Catasetum  viridiflavum,  with  Dr.  Alan  P.  Smith,  from  July  1 
through  September  30,  1984. 

EXXON  Fellowship  Program 

Azucena  Bonadies  and  Marta  Moreno,  Undergraduate  students.  University  of 

Panama.  Estudio  sobre  fiacion  de  larvas  y  como  el  alimento  (fitoplancton) 

afecta  el  crecimiento  y  el  estado  gonadal  de  los  adultos  en  la  ostra,  Ostrea 

columbiensis,  with  Prof.  Janzel  Villalaz  and  Dr.  Harilaos  Lessios,  from  August 

1984,  through  January  1985. 

Vania  da  Silva,  Graduate  student.  University  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil.  Mating 

system  and  male  mating  success  in  Smilisca  sila,  with  Dr.  A.  Stanley  Rand, 

from  January  24  through  April  27,  1984. 

Argentina  de  Turner,  M.S.  candidate.  University  of  Panama.  Estudio  de  la 

Biologia  de  Panstrongylus  humeralis  y  determinacion  de  condiciones  de  creci- 


464  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


miento  en  el  laboratorio,  with  Drs.  Octavio  Sousa  and  Hindrik  Wolda,  from 
February  1  through  July  31,  1984. 

Franklin  Guardia,  Undergraduate  student.  University  of  Panama.  Estudio  his- 
tologico  de  los  cambios  en  la  morfologia  de  las  gonadas  de  Ostrea  columbien- 
sis,  with  Prof.  Janzel  Villalaz  and  Dr.  Harilaos  Lessios,  from  October  1984, 
through  January  1985. 

Jorge  Laguna,  M.S.  candidate,  Scripps  Institute  of  Oceanography,  University 
of  California  at  San  Diego.  Studies  of  barnacles  (Crustacea;  Cirripedia;  Tho- 
racia)  from  both  coasts  of  Panama,  with  Dr.  John  Christy,  from  July  1 
through  September  5,  1984. 

Marta  Lucia  Martinez,  Graduate  student,  Universidad  del  Valle,  Cali,  Colom- 
bia. Parental  care  versus  mortality  of  young  in  Pelecanus  occidentalis  in  the 
Bay  of  Panama,  with  Dr.  Gene  Montgomery. 

Angel  Modes,  Undergraduate  student.  University  of  Panama.  Estudio  sobre  la 
eficacia  de  diferentes  dietas  en  el  crecimiento  del  langostino,  Peneaus  styli- 
rostris,  with  Drs.  Rafael  Vasquez  and  John  Christy,  from  February  1  through 
July  31,  1984. 

Dora  Isabel  Quiros,  M.S.  candidate.  University  of  Panama.  Contribucion  al 
estudio  de  los  afidos  (Homoptera:  Aphididae)  de  Panama,  con  enfasis  a  es- 
pecies  asociadas  a  los  cultivos  de  importancia  agricola,  with  Drs.  Orencio 
Fernandez,  Cesar  Polanco,  and  Hindrik  Wolda,  from  February  1  through 
July  31,  1984. 

Antonio  Telesca  and  Ileana  Visuetti,  Undergraduate  students.  University  of 
Panama.  Estudio  de  Desarrollo  Larvario,  Migracion  y  Crecimiento  de  Protot- 
haca  asperrima,  with  Prof.  Janzel  Villalaz  and  Dr.  Harilaos  Lessios,  from 
November  1,  1983,  through  June  30,  1984. 

Wilson  Valerio,  Undergraduate  student.  University  of  Costa  Rica.  El  Abrigo 
de  Carabali:  un  analisis  estratigrafico  y  funcional,  with  Dr.  Richard  Cooke, 
from  January  1  through  July  31,  1984. 

Visiting  Scholars 

Paul  Colinvaux,  Ohio  State  University. 
Stephen  Emien,  Cornell  University. 
Judith  T.  Irvine,  Brandeis  University. 
I.  J.  Priede,  University  of  Aberdeen. 
Robert  Read,  San  Jose  State  University. 
Thomas  Sebeok,  Indiana  University. 

INTERNS  PLACED  BY  OFFICE  OF  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 
CONSERVATION  ANALYTICAL  LABORATORY 

Deborah  Dulauney,  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Conservation  project  related  to 
scientific  analysis,  with  Tim  Padfield,  from  July  30  through  September  28, 
1984. 

COOPER-HEWITT  MUSEUM 

Sixtine  de  Naurois,  Ecole  du  Louvre.  Research  in  the  area  of  decorative  prints 
and  drawings,  with  Elaine  Dee,  from  August  1  through  September  4,  1984. 

HIRSHHORN  MUSEUM  AND  SCULPTURE  GARDEN 

Julie  Vanek,  Smith  College.  Development  of  special  outreach  programming  as 
related  to  the  teaching  of  art,  with  Edward  Lawson,  from  June  11  through 
August  10,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  465 


MUSEUM  SHOPS 

Elizabeth  Clemens,  Elmira  College.  Special  project  related  to  inventory  con- 
trol and  purchases,  with  Sam  Greenberg,  from  January  3  through  March  2, 
1984. 

Robert  Stewart,  Emory  University.  Generate  a  report  of  1983  and  1984  sales 
tc  date  of  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  posters,  with  Samuel  Greenberg, 
from  June  26  through  August  17,  1984. 

Ivy  Whitlatch,  University  of  Maryland.  Analysis  of  budgetary  management, 
with  Samuel  Greenberg,  from  October  15,  1983,  to  December  4,  1984. 

NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM 

Helen  Lucy  Harvey,  Dartmouth  College.  Research  project  for  the  Division  of 
Aeronautics,  with  Tom  Crouch,  from  March  22  through  December  14,  1984. 
Karen  Jane  Radel,  Stanford  University.  Assisting  with  several  on-going  proj- 
ects, and  learning  to  use  specialized  laboratory  equipment,  with  Dale  Hrabak, 
from  April  2  through  June  5,  1984. 

NATIONAL  CAPITAL  CHILDREN'S  MUSEUM 

Marian  Tijmes,  Graduate  student  from  The  Netherlands.  Outreach  program- 
ming as  related  to  children,  from  October  15,  1983,  to  May  4,  1984. 


THE  OFFICE  OF  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Kim  Abbott,  American  University.  Research  in  the  Office  of  Public  Affairs, 
with  Mary  Dyer,  from  February  3  through  April  6,  1984. 

April  Adelson,  Sweet  Briar  College.  Curatorial  research  in  the  Division  of 
Community  Life,  with  Ellen  Hughes,  from  January  9  through  January  27,  1984. 
Monica  Anderson,  Howard  University.  Research  in  the  Office  of  Public 
Affairs,  with  Mary  Dyer,  from  February  2  through  May  31,  1984. 
Peter  Beck,  George  Washington  University.  Development  of  updated  bibliog- 
raphies for  public  distribution  and  cataloguing  of  a  major  part  of  the  Moore 
Ammunition  Collection,  with  Edward  Ezell,  from  October  1,  1983,  through 
July  31,  1984. 

Marc  Courtney  Bellassai,  Oberlin  Conservatory.  Assistance  in  keyboard  dem- 
onstrations and  in  preparations  for  chamber  music  concerts  within  the  Divi- 
sion of  Public  Programs,  with  C.  Hoover  and  J.  Weaver,  from  January  5 
through  March  30,  1984. 

Katherine  C.  Blow,  Yale  University.  Study  of  men's  and  women's  appearance 
and  behavior  through  a  reading  of  eighteenth-century  diaries  describing 
Miaryland,  and  through  portraits  of  eighteenth-century  Marylanders,  with 
Shelly  Foote,  from  June  11  through  August  10,  1984. 

Crystal  Brumme,  Holy  Cross  Academy.  Research  in  the  Office  of  Public  Af- 
fairs, with  Mary  Dyer,  from  May  7  through  July  9,  1984. 

D'Anne  Evans,  George  Mason  University.  Preparatory  work  for  "Men  and 
Women"  exhibition,  with  Shelly  Foote,  from  September  4  through  November 
2,  1984. 

Michael  J.  Ettema,  University  of  Delaware.  Examination  and  analysis  of  fur- 
nishings and  trade  literature  as  related  to  domestic  life  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, with  Rodris  Roth,  from  September  4,  1984,  through  September  6,  1985. 
Jodene  K.  Evans,  Luther  College.  Special  project  in  the  Division  of  Ceramics 
and  Glass,  with  Susan  Myers,  from  April  13  through  June  15,  1984. 


466  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Tina  Gilbo,  George  Mason  University.  Research  on  men's  etiquette  manuals 
to  find  information  pertaining  to  the  proposed  "Men  and  Women"  exhibition, 
with  Shelly  Foote,  from  September  4  through  November  2,  1984. 
Sophie  Gluck,  Sorbonne.  Research  project  relating  to  special  exhibition  of 
"Men  and  Women,"  with  Shelly  Foote,  from  September  4  through  November 
6,  1984. 

Frederick  Martin  Hocker,  Middlebury  College.  Organization  of  Cropley  Col- 
lection, development  of  half-model  lines,  and  preparation  of  bibliography  of 
wooden  ship  construction,  with  William  L.  Withuhn  and  John  N.  Stine,  from 
June  4  through  September  1,  1984. 

Jane  Horrocks,  University  of  Maryland.  Research  project  relating  to  the  Divi- 
sion of  Community  Life,  with  Ellen  Hughes,  from  June  11  through  August  3, 
1984. 

Wan  Zakaria  Wan  Ismail,  University  of  Sains,  Malaysia.  Research  project 
within  the  Office  of  Public  Programs,  with  Josiah  Hatch,  from  February  2 
through  April  6,  1984. 

Mary  Linda  Jefferson,  University  of  Maryland.  Assist  with  design  and  pro- 
duction of  special  proposed  exhibition,  with  Walter  Lewis,  from  February  2 
through  May  2,  1984. 

Edna  Joann  Johnston,  Guilford  College.  Research  for  Afro-American  Com- 
munities Project,  with  James  O.  Horton,  from  September  15  through  Decem- 
ber 15,  1984. 

Catherine  J.  Kidman,  Smith  College.  Research  for  the  1830-1890  portion  of 
the  "Men  and  Women"  exhibition,  with  Shelly  Foote,  from  May  30  through 
August  24,  1984. 

Kim  Kittlsby,  Mount  Vernon  College.  Writing  project  related  to  the  American 
Visions  Magazine,  with  Madeline  Bonsignore,  from  June  2  through  Septem- 
ber 4,  1984. 

Mary  Jo  Lazun,  University  of  Maryland.  Research  for  special  project  in  the 
Division  of  Community  Life,  with  Ellen  Hughes,  from  January  9  through 
April  6,  1984. 

Molly  LeGath,  Alverno  College.  Research  for  special  project  in  the  Office  of 
Public  Affairs,  with  Mary  Dyer,  from  May  25  through  July  27,  1984. 
Jennifer  Locke,  George  Washington  University.  Work  with  all  phases  of  day- 
to-day  operations  of  the  Division  of  Military  History  with  emphasis  on  cata- 
loguing and  registration  procedures,  with  Donald  Kloster,  from  February  2 
through  May  4,  1984. 

Amy  A.  Loveless,  George  Mason  University.  Research  for  exhibit  on  gender 
in  costumes/history  of  costumes,  with  Shelly  Foote,  from  February  9  through 
April  27,  1984. 

Nancy  Ann  McLaughlin,  Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  Coordinate  media  cover- 
age of  special  exhibitions,  with  Mary  Dyer,  from  March  26  through  June  1, 
1984. 

Janet  Anne  Mesrobian,  Jackson  College,  Tufts  University.  Research  project  in 
the  Office  of  Public  Affairs,  with  Mary  Dyer,  from  June  11  through  August 
10,  1984. 

Gabrielle  Michalek,  State  University  College  at  Buffalo.  Publicizing  and  eval- 
uating two  self-guiding  brochures  entitled  "go"  and  "Fitting  In,"  with  Betty 
Sharpe,  from  September  10  through  November  9,  1984. 

Marian  Mitchell,  Bryn  Mawr.  Research  project  for  the  Office  of  Public  Af- 
fairs, with  Mary  Dyer,  from  July  16  through  August  17,  1984. 
John  B.  Morgan,  California  State  University.  Development  of  special  project 
related  to  the  Smithsonian  Collection  of  Warship  Plans,  with  Philip  Lunds- 
burg,  from  November  1  through  June  1,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  ^67 


Jeananne  Morrison,  American  University.  Research  in  the  Office  of  Public  Af- 
fairs, with  Mary  Dyer,  from  September  17  through  November  16,  1984. 
Susan  Moses,  Goucher  College.  Process  oral  history  tapes;  assist  the  project 
coordinator  in  the  development  of  an  archival  system  for  storage,  retrieval, 
and  description,  with  Spencer  Crew  and  Carol  Dreyfus,  from  June  1  through 
August  31,  1984. 

Christine  L.  Nichols.  Provide  assistance  with  special  exhibition  relating  to  cos- 
tuming of  men  and  women  of  the  nineteenth  century,  with  Shelly  Foote,  from 
September  4  through  November  6,  1984. 

Elizabeth  Noone,   University   of   Virginia.   Assistance   with    Festival   of  India 
project,  with  Shirley  Cherkasky,  from  May  6  through  July  27,  1984. 
Mark  Parascondola,  Ohio  State  University.  Research  in  the  Division  of  Medi- 
cal Sciences,  with  Michael  Harris,  from  June  25  through  August  27,  1984. 
Audrine  V.  Piasecki,  George  Mason  University.  Research  project  relating  to 
men's  and  women's  apparel  of  the  nineteenth  century  for  a  special  exhibition, 
with  Shelly  Foote,  from  September  4  through  November  6,  1984. 
Donald  P.  Rinaldi,  George  Washington  University.  Assisting  with   research 
and  describing  firearms  on  display,  as  well  as  assisting  in  the  preparation  of 
brochure  to   be  distributed  to   the  public,  with   Ed   Ezell,   from   February   24 
through  April  20,  1984. 

Diane  Rodolitz,  Harvard  University.  Assisting  with  preparation  of  the  tempo- 
rary exhibit,  "At  Home  on  the  Road:  Autocamping,  Motels,  and  the  Redis- 
covery of  America,"  with  Roger  White,  from  June  4  through  August  17,  1984. 
Lisa  Royce,  University  of  Maryland.  Research  project  within  the  Division  of 
Ceramics  and  Glass,  with  Sheila  Alexander,  from  October  15,  1983,  to  May  4, 
1984. 

Pamela  Rypkema,  Iowa  State  University.  Assist  in  organizing  the  photograph 
collections  in  the  Division  of  Extractive  Industries,  with  Peter  Daniel,  from 
June  1  through  August  31,  1984. 

Anne  Elizabeth  Sachs,  Ursuline  College.  Research  related  to  "Godey's  Lady's 
Book"  and  "The  American  Ladies  Magazine,"  with  Shelly  Foote,  from  June  25 
through  July  27,  1984. 

Kathy  Sanborn,  Kenyon  College.  Specialized  project  requiring  some  research 
in  the  Division  of  Community  Life,  with  Ellen  R.  Hughes,  from  June  25 
through  September  21,  1984. 

Rebecca  Schoener,  Marlboro  College.  Work  on  a  three-part  internship  con- 
cerning specific  projects  within  the  Division  of  Ceramics  and  Glass,  with 
Regina  Blaszczyk,  from  June  1  through  August  31,  1984. 

Calvert  Seyboldt,  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Special  research  within  the  Division 
of  Graphic  Arts,  with  Helena  Wright,  from  July  23  through  September  21, 
1984. 

Rebecca  Skidmore,  Kenyon  College.  Research  on  special  exhibition  relating  to 
costuming  of  the  1830-1890  period,  with  Shelly  Foote,  from  May  14  through 
August  10,  1984. 

Vivian  Lea  Stevens,  George  Washington  University.  Research  project  in  the 
Division  of  Military  History,  with  Donald  Kloster,  from  February  9  through 
April  27,  1984. 

Kathryn  Sullivan,  Mohegan  College.  Administrative  work  related  to  perform- 
ing arts  management,  with  Shirley  Cherkasky,  from  February  13  through 
June  30,  1984. 

Maureen  R.  Torgerson,  University  of  Maryland.  Special  project  within  the 
Division  of  Ceramics  and  Glass,  with  Susan  Myers,  from  July  1  through 
September  4,  1984. 


468  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Alden  Tullis,  Barnard  College/Columbia  University.  Project  relating  to  Nine- 
teenth-century costumes  of  men  and  women,  with  Shelly  Foote,  from  June  18 
through  August  24,  1984. 

Teresa  Wallace,  Boston  University.  Special  project  relating  to  Political  History 
Division  involving  women's  and  immigrants'  history,  with  Edith  Mayo,  from 
October  20,  1983,  to  January  30,  1984. 

Louise  Wehrle,  University  of  Maryland.  Develop  packet  of  information  for 
use  in  proposed  exhibition,  with  Karen  Harris,  from  February  1  through 
May  4,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Sophie  Allington,  Middlesex  Polytechnic  Institute,  London.  Study  of  scientific 
illustration  as  related  to  entomology,  with  George  Venable,  from  April  16 
through  July  16,  1984. 

Nancy  Bridges,  Lindenwood  College.  Exploration  of  exhibit  design  and  pro- 
duction techniques,  with  Carl  Alexander,  from  September  10  through  No- 
vember 9, 1984. 

Lisa  Cox,  University  of  Maryland.  Graphic  arts  project  related  to  a  specific 
exhibition,  with  Carl  Alexander,  from  September  5  through  December  17, 
1984. 

Kathleen  Egan,  Virginia  Institute  of  Technology.  Research  relating  to  syste- 
matics,  comparative  anatomy,  and  evolution  of  fishes,  with  David  Johnson, 
from  June  11  through  September  7,  1984. 

Christopher  Hale  Hays,  George  Washington  University.  Exploration  of  graph- 
ics techniques  as  related  to  design  and  production  of  exhibitions,  with  Carl 
Alexander,  from  September  10  through  December  14,  1984. 
Alison  Hilton,  University  of  Texas.  Organizing  photographs  and  archival  ma- 
terial for  the  Handbook  of  North  American  Indians,  with  Lorraine  Jacoby, 
from  September  17  through  November  16,  1984. 

Des  Tatana  Kahotea,  University  of  Aukland,  New  Zealand.  Research  within 
the  Division  of  Anthropology  as  related  to  American  Indians  and  other  spe- 
cial cultures,  with  Adrienne  Kaeppler,  from  February  3  through  August  3, 
1984. 

Margaret  Millet,  University  of  Colorado.  Assisting  with  operation  of  the  Nat- 
uralist Center,  and  helping  with  special  programming  for  school  groups,  with 
Richard  Efthim,  from  January  16  through  August  10,  1984. 

David  Muha,  Georgetown  University.  Study  of  museum  exhibit  design  and 
production  methods,  with  Carl  Alexander,  from  March  26  through  May  18, 
1984. 

Heather  Register,  Wake  Forest  University.  Assisting  with  archiving  past  il- 
lustration materials  for  the  Handbook  of  North  American  Indians,  with  Doug 
Ubelaker,  from  May  22  through  August  10,  1984. 

Daniel  Robbins,  Sexton  High  School.  Specialized  projects  relating  to  exhibits 
design  and  production  (graphics),  with  Carl  Alexander,  from  June  26  through 
August  27,  1984. 

James  Snead,  Beloit  College.  Curatorial  research  on  anthropological  projects, 
with  Pricilla  Linn,  from  September  1,  1984,  to  April  30,  1985. 
Carolyn  Stacy  Sterling,  College  of  William  and  Mary.  Development  of  educa- 
tional packet  for  United  States  Exploring  Expedition  exhibition,  with  Herman 
Viola,  from  April  9  through  May  23,  1984. 

Emily  Stern,  Yale  University.  Silkscreening,  mounting  displays,  repairs,  and 
maintenance  of  graphics,  with  Carl  Alexander,  from  May  21  through  August 
3,  1984. 

Elizabeth  StoUer,  Smith  College.  Research  for  the  Division  of  Birds,  with 
George  Watson,  from  June  28  through  August  24,  1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  469 


Tim  Thompson,  University  of  Maryland.  Special  projects  to  gain  better  under- 
standing of  the  various  functions  of  the  Smithsonian  Libraries,  with  Victoria 
Avera,  from  November  1,  1983,  to  February  8,  1984. 

NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY 

Maya  Arai,  Saracuse  University.  Biographical  research  for  upcoming  exhibits 
at  National  Portrait  Gallery  on  broadcast  pioneers  in  America,  with  Amy 
Henderson,  from  June  12  through  August  17,  1984. 

Amanda  Barrett,  Barnard  College/Columbia  University.  Inventory  project  re- 
lating to  the  permanent  checklist  of  the  museum's  holdings,  with  Frances 
Wein,  from  June  4  through  August  3,  1984. 

Barbara  Erikson,  University  of  Kansas.  Special  cataloguing  project  relating  to 
exhibition  catalogues,  with  Cecilia  Chin,  from  February  3  through  April  6, 
1984. 

Paul  Ganz,  George  Washington  University.  Research  relating  to  educational 
outreach  programming,  with  Ken  Yellis,  from  June  20  through  August  24, 
1984. 

Gwen  Hill,  Stanford  University  of  Art.  Special  project  involving  registration 
of  photographic  materials,  with  Suzanne  Embry,  from  February  6  through 
April  27,  1984. 

Jana  L,  Hollingsworth,  Carleton  College.  Research  project  relating  to  the  cata- 
loguing of  art  reference  books,  with  Susan  Gurney,  from  June  11  through 
September  1,  1984. 

Peter  Inman,  University  of  California  at  Santa  Barbara.  Curatorial  research 
and  cataloguing  of  associative  decorative  objects,  including  furniture,  with 
Robert  G.  Stewart,  from  July  2  through  September  4,  1984. 

Katherine  L.  Ormand,  University  of  Arizona.  Research  in  the  Office  of  Edu- 
cation, with  Harry  Jackson,  from  September  4  through  November  2,  1984. 

NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK 

Paul  Martinovich,  University  of  Toronto.  Evaluation  of  small  mammal  house 
brochure  and  revision  based  on  results  of  evaluation,  with  Robert  Mulcahy, 
from  May  29  through  August  17,  1984. 

OFFICE  OF  EXHIBITS  CENTRAL 

Joy  Comstock,  Montana  State  University.  In-depth  study  of  graphics  design 
and  production,  with  James  Mahoney,  from  April  3  through  July  3,  1984. 
Caitlin  McQuade,  Yale  University.  Special  project  relating  to  exhibit  design 
and  production,  with  James  Mahoney,  from  September  1  through  November 
1,  1984. 

Margo  Reeves,  George  Washington  University.  Assistance  with  graphics  de- 
sign project,  with  James  Mahoney,  from  September  13  through  November  9, 
1984. 

Russell  Tromley,  University  of  Puget  Sound.  Graphics  research  relating  to 
exhibit  design  and  production,  with  James  Mahoney,  from  January  3  through 
April  6,  1984. 

Patrick  Wetzel,  University  of  Maryland.  Examination  of  graphic  arts  tech- 
niques as  related  to  exhibition  production,  with  James  Mahoney,  from  Janu- 
ary 30  through  May  11,  1984. 

OFFICE  OF  INTERNATIONAL  ACTIVITIES 

Christine  Rood,  Ecole  du  Louvre.  Special  projects  within  the  Office  of  Inter- 
national Activities,  with  Brian  LeMay,  from  September  4  through  Novem- 
ber 2,  1984. 


470  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


OFFICE  OF  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

Susan  Flinn,  Bryn  Mawr  College.  Inventory  of  all  edited  and  unedited  audio 
visual  holdings  of  the  Conservation  Information  Program,  with  Laura 
Schneider,  June  1  through  August  20,  1984. 

Dorothy  Ann  Foster,  University  of  New  Mexico.  Cataloguing  information  for 
the  Kellogg  Project,  with  Phillip  Speiss,  from  June  4  through  August  3,  1984. 
Holly  J.  Hopkins,  Hartwick  College.  Museum  administration  project  relating 
to  educational  outreach,  international  affairs,  public  relations,  and  other 
activities  of  the  Office  of  Museum  Programs,  with  Raymond  Branham,  from 
January  3  through  January  31,  1984. 

Karol  Keuper,  New  Brunswick  Department  of  Historical  and  Cultural  Re- 
search, Canada.  Independent  scholarly  research  related  to  the  preparation, 
publication,  and  dissimination  of  a  bibliography  of  museum  programs'  evalu- 
ation data,  with  Nancy  Fuller,  from  April  4  through  December  14,  1984. 
Steven  William  Levicki,  University  of  Michigan.  Assisting  with  production  of 
Native  American  portion  of  the  Office  of  Museum  Program's  audiovisual 
presentation,  and  producing  a  newsletter  for  the  Native  American  Program, 
with  Nancy  Fuller,  from  May  1  through  July  7,  1984. 

Adrienne  C.  Morris,  Georgetown  University.  Special  assistance  with  interna- 
tional museum  administration  project,  with  Mary  Lynn  Perry,  from  Septem- 
ber 5  through  December  10,  1984. 

Laura  Pope,  University  of  New  Hampshire.  Special  research  project  relating 
to  Native  Americans,  with  Nancy  Fuller,  from  February  13  through  Febru- 
ary 17,  1984. 

Norma  Kemper  Rein,  University  of  Virginia.  Special  assistance  with  the  "Ad- 
ministration in  Museum"  Project,  sponsored  by  the  United  States  Informa- 
tion Agency  and  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  with  Mary  Lynn  Perry,  from 
September  5  through  November  2,  1984. 

Donald  R.  Reinecker,  George  Washington  University.  Special  assistance  with 
Museum  Administration  Project  for  international  museum  professionals,  with 
Raymond  Branham,  from  January  3  through  April  30,  1984. 
Dawn  Scher,  Beliot  College.  Cataloguing  information  from  education  depart- 
ments from  various  museums  around  the  U.S.  as  part  of  the  Kellogg/Museum 
Reference  Center  Project,  with  Catherine  Scott,  from  May  21  through 
August  10,  1984. 

George  D.  Seghers,  University  of  Missouri.  Revising,  editing,  and  retyping  the 
"Interns  and  Visiting  Professionals  Guide  to  Washington,  D.C.,"  with  Ray- 
mond Branham,  from  January  30  through  April  27,  1984. 

Maria  Isabel-Tan,  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Coordination  of  Museum  Ca- 
reers Seminars,  with  Raymond  Branham,  from  June  25  through  August  24, 
1984. 

Anne  Wheeler,  Wilson  College.  Cataloguing  and  research  within  the  Museum 
Reference  Center,  with  Catherine  Scott,  from  January  30  through  May  11, 
1984. 

OFFICE  OF  PROTECTION  SERVICES 

Patricia  Welcome,  Graduate  student  from  the  Virgin  Islands.  Assistance  with 
video  production  within  the  Office  of  Protective  Services,  with  Robert  Burke, 
from  January  2  through  March  2,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  TRAVELING  EXHIBITION  SERVICE 

Elizabeth  Drury,  American  University.  Special  project  organizing  information 
on  past  exhibitions,  with  Ann  Singer,  from  September  18  through  Novem- 
ber 16, 1984. 


Appendix  4.  Academic  and  Research  Training  Appointments  I  471 


Eliza  Wong,  Hong  Kong  Museum  of  Art.  Assistance  with  development  and 
coordination  of  traveling  exhibits,  with  Marjorie  Share,  from  May  29  through 
August  17,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  LIBRARIES 

Anthony  Zammit,  State  Library  of  South  Australia.  Conservation  project  re- 
lating to  book  binding,  with  Johannes  Hyltof,  from  April  2  through  June  1, 
1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  NATIONAL  ASSOCIATES  PROGRAM 

Leslie  Sayet,  University  of  Kansas.  Assisting  with  the  travel  program  opera- 
tions of  the  National  Associates  Program,  with  Prudence  Clendenning,  from 
March  1  through  May  1,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  RESIDENT  ASSOCIATES  PROGRAM 

Laura  Jane  Murray,  Towson  State  University.  Special  project  within  the  Office 
of  Public  Relations,  with  Joan  Cole,  from  July  30  through  September  28, 
1984. 

Adrienne  T.  Scott,  Indiana  University  at  Bloomington.  Preparation  of  pub- 
licity and  information  on  all  RAP  events  in  the  performing  arts,  educational, 
and  cultural  areas,  with  John  Cole,  from  May  14  through  September  14,  1984. 
Katherine  Smurr,  University  of  Puget  Sound.  Assisting  with  public  relations 
project  in  the  Office  of  Public  Relations,  with  Joan  Cole,  from  February  2 
through  April  6,  1984. 

Tracy  Warren,  University  of  Virginia.  Assistance  with  day-to-day  operations 
of  the  Office  of  Public  Relations  while  completing  specific  writing  assign- 
ments for  dissimination,  with  Joan  Cole,  from  September  4  through  Novem- 
ber 2,  1984. 


472  /  Smithsotiian  Year  1984 


APPENDIX  5.     Publications  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Press 
in  Fiscal  Year  1984 


GENERAL  PUBLICATIONS 

TRADE  PUBLICATIONS 

Mary  Anglemyer  and  Eleanor  R.  Seagraves,  compilers.  The  Natural  Environ- 
ment: An  Annotated  Bibliography  on  Attitudes  and  Values.  268  pages.  Sep- 
tember 15,  1984.  Cloth:  $25.00. 

Pieter  Bleeker.  Atlas  Ichtyologique  des  Indes  Orientales  Neerlandaises:  Plates 
for  Tomes  XI-XIV.  188  pages,  150  color  and  2  black-and-white  plates.  Janu- 
ary 24,  1984.  Cloth:  $250.00. 

Walter  J.  Boyne.  De  Havilland  DH-4:  From  Flaming  Coffin  to  Living  Legend. 
120  pages,  3  color  and  125  black-and-white  illustrations.  June  15,  1984.  Paper: 
$8.95. 

Walter  J.  Boyne  and  Donald  S.  Lopez.  Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Heli- 
copter. 272  pages,  216  black-and-white  illustrations,  28  figures.  June  29,  1984. 
Paper:  $10.95. 

Rene  Bravmann.  African  Islam.  120  pages,  4  color  and  94  black-and-white 
illustrations.  December  1,  1983.  Cloth:  $25.00;  paper:  $15.00. 

Milton  W.  Brown.  One  Hundred  Masterpieces  of  American  Painting  From 
Public  Collections  in  Washington,  D.C.  240  pages,  100  color  and  6  black-and- 
white  illustrations.  November  7,  1983.  Cloth:  $45.00;  paper,  $24.95. 

Peter  F.  Copeland.  Mammals:  A  Smithsonian  Coloring  Book.  30  pages,  29 
black-and-white  illustrations.  September  14,  1984.  Paper:  $2.50. 

Peter  F.  Copeland.  Sports:  A  Smithsonian  Coloring  Book.  30  pages,  29  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  September  17,  1984.  Paper:  $2.50. 

Andrew  J.  Cosentino  and  Henry  Glassie.  The  Capital  Image:  Painters  in 
Washington,  1800-1915.  280  pages,  6  color  and  167  black-and-white  illustra- 
tions. November  1,  1983.  Cloth:  $39.50;  paper:  $22.50. 

Tom  Crouch.  The  Eagle  Aloft:  Two  Centuries  of  the  Balloon  in  America.  770 
pages,  140  black-and-white  illustrations.   December  18,  1983.   Cloth:   $49.50. 

R.  E.  G.  Davies.  Airlines  of  Latin  America  since  1919.  704  pages,  400  black- 
and-white  illustrations,  85  maps  and  charts,  30  tables.  April  30,  1984.  Cloth: 

$47.50. 

Rodolphe  Meyer  De  Schauensee.  The  Birds  of  China.  602  pages,  38  color 
plates  and  39  black-and-white  illustrations,  2  maps.  April  30,  1984.  Cloth: 
$45.00;  paper:  $29.95. 

Howard  Ensign  Evans  and  Mary  Alice  Evans.  Australia:  A  Natural  History. 
208  pages,  24  color  and  75  black-and-white  illustrations.  December  31,  1983. 
Cloth:  $39.95;  paper:  $19.95. 


473 


Valerie  J.  Fletcher.  Dreams  and  Nightmares:  Utopian  Visions  in  Modern  Art. 
208  pages,  32  color  and  122  black-and-white  illustrations.  December  30,  1983. 
Cloth:  $42.50. 

Howard  N.  Fox,  Miranda  McCIintic,  and  Phyllis  Rosenzweig.  Content:  A  Con- 
temporary Focus  1974-1984.  184  pages,  84  color  and  75  black-and-white  illus- 
trations. September  28,  1984.  Cloth:  $29.95;  paper:  $17.50. 

Steven  A.  Grant.  Scholars'  Guide  to  Washington,  D.C.:  Russian /Soviet 
Studies.  430  pages.  December  1,  1983.  Cloth:  $29.95;  paper:  $15.00. 

Kenneth  Hafertepe.  America's  Castle:  The  Evolution  of  the  Smithsonian 
Building  and  Its  Institution,  1840-1878.  208  pages,  39  black-and-white  illus- 
trations. May  21,  1984.  Cloth:  $19.95. 

Gregory  Kennedy.  Rockets,  Missiles,  and  Spacecraft  of  the  National  Air  and 
Space  Museum.  165  pages,  116  black-and-white  illustrations.  October  10,  1983. 
Paper:  $6.50. 

Cynthia  Jaffe  McCabe.  Artistic  Collaboration  in  the  Twentieth  Century.  224 
pages,  32  color  and  127  black-and-white  illustrations.  August  1,  1984.  Cloth: 
$40.00;  paper:  $19.95. 

Jeffrey  A.  McNeely  and  Kenton  R.  Miller,  editors.  National  Parks,  Conserva- 
tion, and  Development:  The  Role  of  Protected  Areas  in  Sustaining  Society. 
844  pages,  180  black-and-white  illustrations,  50  tables,  41  maps,  19  figures. 
September  28,  1984.  Paper:  $25.00. 

Edwin  M.  Martin.  A  Beginner's  Guide  to  Wildflowers  of  the  C&O  Towpath. 
72  pages,  120  color  and  15  black-and-white  illustrations,  1  map.  May  31,  1984. 
Paper:  $8.95. 

Christine  Minter-Dowd.  Finder's  Guide  to  Decorative  Arts  in  the  Smithsonian 
Institution.  212  pages,  40  black-and-white  illustrations.  March  15,  1984.  Cloth: 
$25.00;  paper:  $15.00. 

Allan  Needell,  editor.  The  First  25  Years  in  Space:  A  Symposium.  165  pages, 
5  black-and-white  illustrations.  November  14,  1983.  Cloth:  $12.50. 

Robert  W.  Nero.  Redwings.  160  pages,  10  color  and  60  black-and-white  illus- 
trations. February  1,  1984.  Cloth:  $22.50;  paper:  $10.95. 

Louis  A.  Pitschmann.  Scholars'  Guide  to  Washington,  D.C.:  Northwest  Euro- 
pean Studies.  452  pages.  September  28,  1984.  Cloth:  $29.95;  paper:  $15.00. 

John  J.  Protopappas  and  Lin  Brown,  editors.  Washington  on  Foot.  224  pages, 
95  black-and-white  illustrations,  26  maps.  May  31,  1984.  Paper:  $4.95. 

Werner  Rauh.  The  Wonderful  World  of  Succulents:  Cultivation  and  Descrip- 
tion of  Selected  Succulent  Plants  Other  Than  Cacti.  164  pages,  62  color  and 
627  black-and-white  illustrations,  2  maps.  September  19,  1984.  Cloth:  $49.50. 

Tom  Simkin  and  Richard  S.  Fiske.  Krakatau  1883:  The  Volcanic  Eruption  and 
Its  Effects.  464  pages,  49  color  and  139  black-and-white  illustrations.  Decem- 
ber 31.  1983.  Cloth:  $25.00;  paper:  $19.95. 

C.  G.  Sweeting.  Combat  Flying  Clothing:  Army  Air  Forces  Clothing  During 
World  War  II.  240  pages,  158  black-and-white  illustrations.  March  30,  1984. 
Cloth:  $29.50. 

Nancy  Sweezy.  Raised  in  Clay:  The  Southern  Pottery  Tradition.  280  pages, 
107  line  drawings,  201  black-and-white  photographs,  8  color  plates,  1  map. 
August  1,  1984.  Cloth:  $39.95;  paper:  $19.95. 


474  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mary  Henderson  Valdivia.  At  Home  in  the  Sky:  The  Aviation  Art  of  Frank 
Wootton.  76  pages,  16  color  and  15  black-and-white  illustrations.  August  31, 
1984.  Paper:  $9.95. 

James  A.  Van  Allen.  Origins  of  Magnetospheric  Physics.  144  pages.  Novem- 
ber 25,  1983.  Cloth:  $19.95. 

Charles  Van  Ravenswaay.  Drawn  From  Nature:  The  Botanical  Art  of  Joseph 
Prestele  and  His  Sons.  360  pages,  95  color  plates,  43  black-and-white  illustra- 
tions. September  28,  1984.  Cloth:  $45.00. 

Austin  B.  Williams.  Shrimps,  Lobsters,  and  Crabs  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the 
Eastern  United  States,  Maine  to  Florida.  568  pages,  380  black-and-white  illus- 
trations. February  16,  1984.  Cloth:  $40.00. 

Hans  Wirz  and  Richard  Striner.  Washington  Deco:  Art  Deco  Design  in  the 
Nation's  Capital.  112  pages,  15  color  and  85  black-and-white  illustrations. 
September  17,  1984.  Cloth:  $25.00. 

E.  T.  Wooldridge,  Jr.  Winged  Wonders:  The  Story  of  the  Flying  Wings.  230 
pages,  224  black-and-white  illustrations.  December  15,  1983.  Cloth:  $25.00; 
paper:  $14.95. 

TRADE  REPRINTS 

R.  E.  C.  Davies.  Airlines  of  the  U.S.  since  1914.  760  pages,  511  black-and- 
white  illustrations,  29  maps,  27  tables.  April,  1984.  Cloth:  $39.95. 

Von  Hardesty  and  Dominick  Pisano.  Black  Wings:  The  American  Black  in 
Aviation.  80  pages,  6  color  and  200  black-and-white  illustrations.  April,  1984. 
Paper:  $6.95. 

Gregory  P.  Kennedy.  Vengeance  Weapon  2:  The  V-2  Guided  Missile.  88 
pages,  113  black-and-white  illustrations.  July,  1984.  Paper:  $9.95. 

Robert  J.  List.  Smithsonian  Meteorological  Tables.  540  pages.  August,  1984. 
Cloth:  $22.50. 

Otto  Mayr  and  Robert  C.  Post,  editors.  Yankee  Enterprise:  The  Rise  of  the 
American  System  of  Manufactures.  236  pages,  48  black-and-white  illustra- 
tions. July,  1984.  Cloth:  $19.95;  paper:  $9.95. 

Edward  Nelson.  The  Eskimo  About  Bering  Strait.  520  pages,  117  black-and- 
white  illustrations,  165  figures.  December,  1983.  Paper:  $25.00. 

Jisaburo  Ohwi.  Flora  of  Japan.  1,068  pages,  26  black-and-white  photographs, 
17  figures,  2  maps.  April,  1984.  Cloth:  $49.50. 

John  R.  Swanton.  Indians  of  the  Southeastern  United  States.  1,068  pages,  157 
black-and-white  illustrations.  August,  1984.  Paper:  $25.00. 

Victor  Turner,  editor.  Celebration:  Studies  in  Festivity  and  Ritual.  320  pages, 
118  black-and-white  illustrations.  January,  1984.  Cloth:  $25.00;  paper:  $9.95. 

Edwin  N.  Wilmsen  and  Frank  H.  H.  Roberts,  Jr.  Lindenmeier,  1934-1974.  204 
pages,  166  black-and-white  illustrations.  March,  1984.  Paper:  $27.50. 

DIRECT-MAIL  PUBLICATIONS 

Edward  S.  Ayensu,  Vernon  H.  Heywood,  and  Grenville  L.  Lucas.  Our  Green 
and  Living  World.  256  pages,  240  color  and  14  black-and-white  illustrations. 
September  15,  1984.  Associates:  $19.95;  Non-Associates:  $21.96;  Trade: 
$25.00. 


Appendix  5.  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  Publications  I  A75 


Stanley  M.  Minasian,  Kenneth  C.  Balcomb,  III,  and  Larry  Foster.  The  World's 
Whales:  The  Complete  Illustrated  Guide.  224  pages,  230  color  and  105  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  September  29,  1984.  Associates:  $21.96;  Non-Asso- 
ciates: $23.97;  Trade:  $27.50. 

Edwards  Park.  Treasures  of  the  Smithsonian.  496  pages,  400  color  and  25 
black-and-white  illustrations.  October  5,  1983.  Associates:  $34.96;  Non-Asso- 
ciates: $38.96;  Trade:  $60.00. 

Robert  C.  Post,  editor.  Every  Four  Years:  The  American  Presidency.  228 
pages,  116  color  and  115  black-and-white  illustrations.  July  11,  1984.  Asso- 
ciates: $16.98;  Non-Associates:  $18.96;  Trade:  $21.95. 

RECORDINGS 

James  R.  Morris,  J.  R.  Taylor,  and  Dwight  Blocker  Bowers.  American  Popular 
Song:  Six  Decades  of  Songwriters  and  Singers.  152  pages,  103  illustrations. 
Accompanies  7  LPs  or  4  cassettes  of  110  archival  recordings.  September  28, 
1984.  $42.96. 

ANNUAL  REPORTS 

American  Historical  Association  Annual  Report,  1982.  175  pages.  November, 
1983. 

Report  of  the  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute  October  1,  1982, 
through  September  30,  1983.  34  pages,  3  black-and-white  illustrations.  Sep- 
tember, 1984. 

Smithsonian  Year  1983.  666  pages,  78  black-and-white  illustrations.  May, 
1984. 

BOOKS 

William  F.  Foshag.  Mineralogical  Studies  on  Guatemalen  Jade.  68  pages,  8 
black-and-white  illustrations.  February  15,  1984. 

Marie  Helene-Sachet.  Atoll  Research  Bulletin  260-272.  356  pages,  71  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  November  15,  1983. 

BOOKLETS 

Freer  Gallery  of  Art 

James  McNeill  Whistler  at  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art.  12  pages,  7  color  and  1 
black-and-white  illustration,  1  map.  May  1984. 

James  Smithson  Society 

James  Smithson  Society  Eighth  Annual  Dinner  Program.  24  pages.  Septem- 
ber 1984. 

National  Museum  of  American  Art 

Nineteenth-Century  Washington:  A  City-Wide  Celebration.  20  pages,  2  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  October  1983. 

General  Information.  10  pages,  8  black-and-white  illustrations.  June  1984. 

National  Museum  of  Natural  History 

Windows  on  the  World:  The  Department  of  Invertebrate  Zoology.  20  pages, 
17  color  and  11  black-and-white  illustrations.  August  1984. 


476  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Office  of  Contributing  Membership 
The  Smithsonian  Mace  and  Its  Symbolism.  44  pages,  1  color  and  8  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  September  1984. 

Office  of  Museum  Programs 
National  Museum  Act  Guidelines  for  1985  Grant  Programs.  28  pages.  June 
1984. 

Office  of  Personnel  Administration 
Employment  at  the  Smithsonian.  16  pages,  8  black-and-white  illustrations. 
September  1984. 

Office  of  Public  Affairs 
The  Smithsonian.  10  pages,  22  black-and-white  illustrations.  January  1984. 

A  Guide  to  the  Smithsonian  for  Disabled  Visitors.  27  pages.  January  1984. 
Science  at  the  Smithsonian.  30  pages,  18  color  and  41  black-and-white  illus- 
trations. August  1984. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Archives 
Smithsonian   Institution    Archival,   Manuscript,    and  Special    Collection    Re- 
sources. 12  pages.  August  1984. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 
Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  Loan  Policies.  6  pages,  1  black-and-white 
illustration.  May  1984. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Press 
SI  Press  Instructions  for  Word  Processing  to  Typesetting.  40  pages.  February 
1984. 

EXHIBITION  CATALOGS 

Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden 

Valerie  J.  Fletcher.  Utopian  Visions  in  Modern  Art.  208  pages,  32  color  and 
122  black-and-white  ilustrations.  December  1983. 

Howard  N.  Fox,  Miranda  McClintic,  and  Phyllis  Rosenzweig.  Content:  A 
Contemporary  Focus,  1974-1984.  784  pages,  84  color  and  75  black-and-white 
illustrations.  September  1984. 

Cynthia  Jaffe  McCabe.  Artistic  Collaboration  in  the  Twentieth  Century.  224 
pages,  32  color  and  127  black-and-white  illustrations.  August  1984. 

Virginia  Wageman.  Drawings  1974-1984.  256  pages,  21  color  and  127  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  March  1984. 

National  Museum  of  American  Art 

Janet  A.  Flint.  Charles  W.  Hawthorne:  The  Late  Watercolors.  28  pages,  5 
color  and  15  black-and-white  illustrations.  November  1983. 

.  Provincetown  Printers:  A  Woodcut  Tradition.  56  pages,  3  color  and 

28  black-and-white  illustrations.  December  1983. 

Merry  Amanda  Foresta.  Exposed  and  Developed:  Photography  Sponsored  by 
the  National  Endowment  for  the  Arts.  144  pages,  6  color  and  58  black-and- 
white  illustrations.  May  1984. 

Virginia  Mecklenberg.  Wood  Works:  Constructions  by  Robert  Indiana.  64 
pages,  4  color  and  49  black-and-white  illustrations.  June  1984. 


Appendix  5.  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  Publications  I  477 


Martina  Roudabush  Norelli.  Werner  Drewes:  Sixty-five  Years  of  Printmaking. 
58  pages,  3  color  and  30  black-and-white  illustrations.  August  1984. 

National  Portrait  Gallery 

Margaret  C.  S.  Christman.  Adventurous  Pursuits:  Americans  and  the  China 
Trade  1784-1894.  171  pages,  11  color  and  67  black-and-white  illustrations, 
1  map.  March  1984. 

William  F.  Stapp.  Robert  Cornelius:  Portraits  from  the  Dawn  of  Photography. 
152  pages,  53  black-and-white  illustrations.  December  1983. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 

Ellen  Wells.  Donor  Exhibition:  Gifts  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 
1982.  15  pages,  4  black-and-white  illustrations.  November  1983. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service 

Edwards  Park.  Treasures  of  the  Smithsonian.  80  pages,  80  color  illustrations. 
August  1984. 

EXHIBITION  CHECKLISTS 

National  Museum  of  American  Art 

Fanfare:  Fans  of  the  18th  and  19th  Centuries.  6  pages,  1  color  and  3  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  January  1984. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service 
Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  10  pages.  August  1984. 

FLYERS 

Freer  Gallery  of  Art 
Chinese  Ceramics.  2  pages.  October  1983. 
Chinese  Bronze  Mirrors.  2  pages.  April  1984. 
Japanese  Screens.  2  pages.  September  1984. 
The  Peacock  and  the  Princess  from  the  Land  of  Porcelain.  2  pages.  May  1984. 

National  Air  and  Space  Museum 

NASM  Education  Division  Information  Flyer.  6  pages,  1  black-and-white 
illustration.  April  1984. 

National  Museum  of  African  Art 
African  Mankala.  4  pages.  May  1984. 
National  Museum  of  African  Art.  8  pages.  July  1984. 

National  Museum  of  American  Art 

Harvey  K.  Littleton.  4  pages,  1  black-and-white  illustration.  February  1984. 

Renwick  Gallery  of  the  National  Museum  of  American  Art.  6  pages,  2  color 
and  9  black-and-white  illustrations.  February  1984. 

Wood  Works:  Constructions  by  Robert  Indiana.  6  pages,  2  black-and-white 
illustrations.  April  1984. 


478  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


National  Museum  of  Natural  History 

Visiting  the  Natural  History  Museum  with  School  Groups.  4  pages,  8  black- 
and-white  illustrations.  October  1983. 

FOLDERS 

National  Museum  of  African  Art 

Praise  Poems:  The  Katherine  White  Collection.  12  pages,  6  black-and-white 
illustrations.  September  1984. 

National  Museum  of  American  History 

Harry  S  Truman  Centennial.  12  pages,  3  black-and-white  illustrations.  March 
1984. 

Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants 

American  Scholarly  Research  Board:  Council  of  American  Overseas  Research 
Centers.  12  pages.  December  1983. 

Office  of  Horticulture 

The  Trees  of  Christmas.  6  pages,  1  black-and-white  illustration.  December 
1984. 

Office  of  Personnel  Administration 
Employment  Orientation  Folder.  November  1983. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Archives 

Smithsonian  Institution  Archives.   8  pages,  4  black-and-white   illustrations. 
November  1983. 

Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 
Museum  Support  Center  Library.  6  pages,  1  line  drawing.  September  1984. 

INVITATIONS 

Freer  Gallery  of  Art 

James  McNeill  Whistler  at  the  Freer  Gallery  of  Art.  4  pages,  1  envelope,  1 
color  illustration.  April  1984. 

National  Museum  of  American  Art 

Sawtooths  and  Other  Ranges  of  Imagination:  Contemporary  Art  from  Idaho. 
4  pages,  1  color  illustration.  November  1983. 

Contemporary  Australian  Ceramics.  2  pages.  November  1983. 

Harvey  K.  Littleton:  Glass  Sculptures  and  Ceramics.  March  1984. 

An  Evening  with  Ossie  Davis  and  Ruby  Dee.  To  Benefit  Continuing  Tradi- 
tions: A  Festival  of  Afro-American  Arts.  8  pages,  2  envelopes.  April  1984. 

Exposed  and  Developed:  Photography  Sponsored  by  the  National  Endowment 
for  the  Arts.  6  pages,  2  black-and-white  illustrations.  April  1984. 

Werner  Drewes:  Sixty-five  Years  of  Printmaking.  4  pages,  2  black-and-white 
illustrations.  August  1984. 

Chicago  Furniture:  Art,  Craft,  and  Industry.  6  pages,  3  black-and-white  illus- 
trations. September  1984. 


Appendix  5.  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  Publications  I  479 


Newcomb  Pottery:  An  Enterprise  for  Southern  Women  1895-1940.  6  pages,  1 
black-and-white  illustration.  September  1984. 

Office  of  Contributing  Membership 
Contributing  Members'  Evening  at  the  Freer.  March  1984. 
Fanfare:  Contributing  Members'  Ball  at  the  Renwick.  March  1984. 

Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education 
Through  Looking  to  Learning.  October  1983. 
Computers  and  Human  Learning.  November  1983. 
Holiday  Reception  for  Teachers.  November  1983. 
Teacher's  Day.  March  1984. 

Smithsonian  National  Associates  Program 

Treasures  from  the  Shanghai  Museum:  6,000  Years  of  Chinese  Art.  8  pages, 
3  color  illustrations.  September  1984. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education 

Art  to  Zoo. 

Let's  Go  to  the  Smithsonian. 

Smithsonian  Journeys.  14  pages,  17  color  and  29  black-and-white  illustrations. 
September  1984. 

Smithsonian  Journeys  Teachers'  Guide  to  Issue  1.  6  pages.  September  1984. 

Office  of  Special  Events 

Smithsonian   Institution   Diplomatic   Dinner,    (menu   and   program)    4    pages, 
1  black-and-white  illustration.  March  1984. 

POSTERS 

National  Museum  of  American  Art 

The  Capital  Image:  Painters  in  Washington.  October  1983. 

Sawtooths  and  Other  Ranges  of  Imagination:  Contemporary  Art  from  Idaho. 
November  1983. 

Freer  Gallery  of  Art 
James  McNeill  Whistler  at  the  Freer.  March  1984. 

National  Museum  of  Natural  History 
Common  Winterberries  of  the  Northeast.  November  1983. 
Roger  Tory  Peterson:  American  Warblers-1.  June  1984. 

Office  of  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education 
Intern  '84.  November  1983. 

Office  of  Fellowships  and  Grants 
Fellowships  in  Residence  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  August  1984. 


480  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries 
Emergency  Water  Damage  Procedures.  November  1983, 

Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service 

Treasures  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum, 
Edinburgh.  August  1984. 

SERIES  PUBLICATIONS 

SMITHSONIAN  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  EARTH  SCIENCES 

26.  Ursula  B.  Marvin  and  Brian  Mason,  editors.  "Field  and  Laboratory  In- 
vestigations of  Meteorites  from  Victoria  Land,  Antarctica."  134  pages,  fron- 
tispiece, 79  figures,  11  tables.  June  8,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  MARINE  SCIENCES 

21.  Ernani  G.  Mefiez,  Ronald  C.  Phillips,  and  Hilconida  P.  Calumpong.  "Sea- 
grasses  from  the  Philippines."  40  pages,  26  figures.  December  1,  1983. 

22.  Craig  W.  Schneider.  "The  Red  Algal  Genus  Audouinella  Bory  (Nemali- 
ales:  Acrochaetiaceae)  from  North  Carolina."  25  pages,  3  figures.  December 
21,  1983. 

23.  Maurice  Gennesseaux  and  Daniel  Jean  Stanley.  "Neogene  to  Recent  Dis- 
placement and  Contact  of  Sardinian  and  Tunisian  Margins,  Central  Mediter- 
ranean." 21  pages,  9  figures.  December  14,  1983. 

SMITHSONIAN  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  PALEOBIOLOGY 

50.  G.  Arthur  Cooper.  "The  Terabratulacea  (Brachiopoda)  Triassic  to  Recent: 
A  Study  of  the  Brachidia  (Loops)."  445  pages,  17  figures,  77  plates,  86  tables. 
October  3,  1983. 

54.  Jessica  A.  Harrison.  "The  Carnivora  of  the  Edson  Local  Fauna  (Late 
Hemphillian),  Kansas."  42  pages,  18  figures.  November  16,  1983. 

55.  Porter  M.  Kier.  "The  Fossil  Spatangoid  Echinoids  of  Cuba."  336  pages, 
frontispiece,  45  figures,  90  pages.  March  21,  1984. 

56.  Porter  M.  Kier.  "Echinoids  from  the  Triassic  (St.  Cassian)  of  Italy,  Their 
Lantern  Supports  and  a  Revised  Phylogeny  of  Triassic  Echinoids."  41  pages, 
4  figures,  14  plates.  June  8,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  ZOOLOGY 

382.  Thomas  E.  Bowman  and  Inam  U.  Tareen.  "Cymothoidae  from  Fishes  of 
Kuwait  (Arabian  Gulf)  (Crustacea:  Isopoda)."  30  pages,  20  figures,  2  tables. 
October  13,  1983. 

383.  Louis  S.  Kornicker.  "New  Species  of  Dantya  from  the  Indian  Ocean 
(Ostracoda:  Sarsiellidae:  Dantyinae)."  18  pages,  10  figures.  October  5,  1983. 

384.  Fenner  A.  Chace,  Jr.  "The  Afya-like  Shrimps  of  the  Indo-Pacific  Region 
(Decapoda:  Atyidae)."  54  pages,  24  figures.  October  13,  1983. 

385.  Richard  L.  Zusi  and  Gregory  D.  Bentz.  "Myology  of  the  Purple-throated 
Carib  (Eulampis  jugularis)  and  Other  Hummingbirds  (Aves:  Trochilidae)." 
70  pages,  20  figures.  March  9,  1984. 

386.  Koichiro  Nakamura  and  C.  Allan  Child.  "Shallow-Water  Pycnogonida 
from  the  Izu  Peninsula,  Japan."  71  pages,  21  figures.  November  23,  1983. 


Appendix  5.  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  Publications  I  481 


387.  Karl  V.  Krombein.  "Biosystematic  Studies  of  Ceylonese  Wasps,  XII:  Be- 
havioral and  Life  History  Notes  on  Some  Sphecidae  (Hymenoptera:  Sphe- 
coidea)."  30  pages,  5  figures.  March  1,  1984. 

388.  Karl  V.  Krombein.  "Biosystematic  Studies  of  Ceylonese  Wasps,  XIII: 
A  Monograph  of  the  Stizinae  (Hymenoptera:  Sphecoidea,  Nyssonidae)."  37 
pages,  30  figures.  February  15,  1984. 

389.  Roger  Cressey.  "Parasitic  Copepods  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Carib- 
bean Sea,  II:  Bomolochidae."  35  pages,  119  figures.  November  4,  1983. 

390.  Victor  G.  Springer.  "Tyson  belos,  New  Genus  and  Species  of  Western 
Pacific  Fish  (Gobiidai,  Xenisthminae),  with  Discussions  of  Gobioid  Osteology 
and  Classification."  40  pages,  19  figures.  December  21,  1983. 

391.  Reinhardt  Mobjerg  Kristensen  and  Robert  P.  Higgins.  "Revision  of 
Styraconyx  (Tardigrada:  Halechiniscidae),  with  Descriptions  of  Two  New 
Species  from  Disko  Bay,  West  Greenland."  40  pages,  51  figures,  1  map,  5 
tables.  January  13,  1984. 

392.  James  M.  Dietz.  "Ecology  and  Social  Organization  of  the  Maned  Wolf 
(Chrysocyon  brachyurus)."  51  pages,  24  figures,  21  tables.  May  4,  1984. 

393.  Louis  S.  Kornicker.  "Philomedidae  of  the  Continental  Shelf  of  Eastern 
North  America  and  Northern  Gulf  of  Mexico  (Ostracoda:  Myodocopina)." 
78  pages,  45  figures,  3  maps,  1  table.  April  18,  1984. 

394.  Brian  Kensley.  "New  Records  of  Bresiliid  Shrimp  from  Australia,  South 
Africa,  Caribbean,  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  (Decapoda:  Natantia:  Caridea)."  31 
pages,  22  figures,  1  table.  December  21,  1983. 

395.  Richard  L.  Zusi.  "A  Functional  and  Evolutionary  Analysis  of  Rhyncho- 
kinesis  in  Birds."  40  pages,  20  figures,  2  tables.  June  29,  1984. 

397.  Fenner  A.  Chace,  Jr.  "The  Caridean  Shrimps  (Crustacea:  Decopoda)  of 
the  Albatross  Philippine  Expedition,  1907-1910,  Part  2:  Families  Glypho- 
crangonidae  and  Crangonidae."  63  pages,  24  figures.  June  20,  1984. 

398.  Oliver  S.  Flint,  Jr.  "The  Genus  Brachycentrus  in  North  America,  with  a 
Proposed  Phylogeny  of  the  Genera  of  Brachycentridae  (Trichoptera)."  58 
pages,  104  figures.  September  26,  1984. 

400.  Richard  P.  Vari.  "Systematics  of  the  Neotropical  Characiform  Genus 
Potamorhina  (Pisces:  Characiformes)."  36  pages,  17  figures.  August  29,  1984. 

401.  Louis  S.  Kornicker.  "Cypridinidae  of  the  Continental  Shelves  of  South- 
eastern North  America,  the  Northern  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  West  Indies 
(Ostracoda:  Myodocopina)."  37  pages,  17  figures,  2  maps,  1  table.  June  13, 
1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  STUDIES  IN  AIR  AND  SPACE 

5.  Kathleen  L.  Brooks-Pazmany.  "United  States  Women  in  Aviation,  1919- 
1929."  57  pages,  79  figures.  December  9,  1983. 

SMITHSONIAN  STUDIES  IN  HISTORY  AND  TECHNOLOGY 

44.  Nancy  Groce.  "The  Hammered  Dulcimer  in  America."  93  pages,  40  fig- 
ures. December  30,  1983. 

45.  Sharon  Gibbs  with  George  Saliba.  "Planispheric  Astrolabes  from  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  American  History."  231  pages,  130  figures,  23  tables.  June 
14,  1984. 


482  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


APPENDIX  6.     Publications  of  the  Staff  of  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution and  Its  Subsidiaries  in  Fiscal  Year  1984 


SCIENCE 

NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM 

Office  of  the  Director 

Boyne,  Walter  J.  de  Havilland  DH-4:  From  Flaming  Coffin  to  Living  Legend. 
Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

.  "Historical   Aircraft   Preservation — The   View   from   NASM."   Aero- 
space Historian  (Spring  1984). 

"Curtiss-Wright   Courtney  Amphibian   CA-1."  Air  Line  Pilot  52(9) 


(1983). 

.  "Huff-Daland  Pehcan."  Air  Line  Pilot  52(10)  (1983). 

.  "The  Martin  Model  139-WH3."  Air  Line  Pilot  52(11)  (1983). 

.  "Zeppelin  Staaken  E.  4/20."  Air  Line  Pilot  52(12)  (1983). 

.  "Vought  XF5U-1,  Flying  Flapjack."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(1)  (1984). 

.  "Harlow  PC-5."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(2)  (1984). 

.  "Various  Airplanes."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(3)  (1984). 

.  "Charles  Healy  Day's  Errant  Biplane."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(4)  (1984). 

.  "Curtiss  R3C2."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(5)  (1984). 

.  "Merrill  Safety-Plane  'Decalage'."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(6)  (1984). 

.  "Vanderbilt  Air  Yacht."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(7)  (1984). 

.  "Mercury  S-1  Special."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(8)  (August  1984). 

.  "Day ton- Wright  RB  Racer."  Air  Line  Pilot  53(9)  (September  1984). 

"The  Evolution  of  Jet  Fighters:  A  New  Point  of  View."  Air  Univer- 


sity Review  (January-February  1984). 

.  "The  Postwar  Role  of  the  DH-4."  Air  World  36(1)  (1984). 

.  "Macho  Masochism."  AOPA  Pilot  26(10)  (1983). 

.  "Sopwiths  and  Sunfish."  AOPA  Pilot  26(11)  (1983). 

.  "Stuff  and  Nonsense."  AOPA  Pilot  26(12)  (1983). 

.  "Natural  Pilots."  AOPA  Pilot  27(1)  (1984). 

.  "No  Sale."  AOPA  Pilot  27(3)  (1984). 

.  "Speed  Bills."  AOPA  Pilot  27(4)  (1984). 

.  "Racing  Renaissance."  AOPA  Pilot  27(6)  (1984). 

.  "Oshkosh  Pilgrimage."  AOPA  Pilot  27(7)  (1984). 

.  "Further  Lessons  from  Detroit."  AOPA  Pilot  27(8)  (August  1984). 

.  "Dog  Tails."  AOPA  Pilot  27(9)  (1984). 

"National   Air   &   Space   Museum — Plans    for   the   Future."   Aviation 


Space  (Summer  1984). 

.  "Testing  the  Waters."  1984  Water  Flying  Annual  (June  1984). 

.  "The  Dulles  Wing  of  NASM."  Sport  Aviation  33(8)  (August  1984). 


Boyne,  Walter  J.  and  Lopez,  Donald  S.,  eds.  "Uplifting  Experiences:  The 
Helpful  Helicopters."  pp.  101-15  in  Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the 
Helicopter.    Washington,   D.C:   Smithsonian    Institution   Press,   1984. 


483 


.  Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Helicopter.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Press,  1984. 

Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Helicopter.  1984.  Reprint.  Washing- 


ton, D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

Office  of  the  Deputy  Director 

Lopez,  Donald  S.  "Spitfire:  A  Test  Pilot's  Story."  Air  Force  Magazine  67(5) 
(1984). 

.  "Harrier:  Ski  Jump  to  Victory."  Air  Force  Magazine  67(9) (1984). 

Lopez,  Donald  S.,  and  Boyne,  Walter  J.,  eds.  "Uplifting  Experiences:  The 
Helpful  Helicopters."  pp.  101-15  in  Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Heli- 
copter. Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

.  Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Helicopter.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Press,  1984. 

Office  of  External  Affairs 

Cipalla,  Rita;  Dubro,  Linda  S.;  McMahon,  Helen  Claire;  Oakes,  Claudia;  and 
Owens,  Edna.  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  Style  Manual.  Washington, 
D.C. :  National  Air  and  Space  Museum,  1984. 

van  der  Linden,  F.  Robert.  Samuel  P.  Langley  Theater:  National  Air  and 
Space  Museum.  Washington,  D.C:  National  Air  and  Space  Museum,  1984. 

Center  for  Earth  and  Planetary  Studies 

Andre,  C.  G.;  Blodget,  H.  W.;  and  Minor,  T.  B.  [Abstract]  "Lithologic  Investi- 
gations Using  Multiband/Multisensor  Middle  Infrared  Data  from  Space." 
EOS  65(1984)  :301. 

Blodget,  H.  W.;  Witt,  R.  G.;  Andre,  C.  G.;  Marcell,  R.;  and  Minors,  T. 
[Summary]  "Multispectral  Thermal  Infrared  Satellite  Data  for  Geologic 
Applications."  In  International  Symposium  on  Remote  Sensing  of  Environ- 
ment, Third  Thematic  Conference:  Remote  Sensing  for  Exploration  Geol- 
ogy. Colorado  Springs:  April  16-19,  1984. 

Hubbard,  N.,  and  Andre,  C.  G.  "Magma  Genesis  in  a  Battered  Moon:  Effects 
of  Basin-Forming  Impacts."  The  Moon  and  the  Planets  29(1983)  :15-37. 

Jacobberger,  P.  A.;  Arvidson,  R.  E.;  and  Rashka,  D.  L.  "Application  of  Land- 
sat  MSS  Data  and  Sediment  Spectral  Reflectance  Measurements  to  Map- 
ping of  the  Meatiq  Dome,  Egypt."  Geology  11(1983)  :587-91. 

Jacobberger,  P.  A.  [Summary]  "Enhanced  Discriminability  Within  Landsat 
MSS  Images  Using  Pre-determined  Spectral  Data  Subsets  for  Principal 
Component  Analysis:  An  Example  over  the  Inland  Niger  Delta,  Mali."  In 
International  Symposium  on  Remote  Sensing  of  Environment,  Third  The- 
matic Conference:  Remote  Sensing  for  Exploration  Geology.  Colorado 
Springs:  April  16-19,  1984. 

Jacobberger,  P.  A.,  and  Maxwell,  T.  A.  [Summary]  "Sediment  Provenance 
Determinations  as  a  Means  of  Mapping  Lithologies  in  the  Southern  Sinai, 
Egypt."  In  International  Symposium  on  Remote  Sensing  of  Environment, 
Third  Thematic  Conference:  Remote  Sensing  for  Exploration  Geology. 
Colorado  Springs:  April  16-19,  1984. 

Maxwell,  T.  A.,  and  Barnett,  S.  J.  [Abstract]  "Structure  and  Morphology  of 
the  Ancient  Cratered  Terrain — Smooth  Plains  Boundary  Zone  in  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere  of  Mars."  In  Lunar  and  Planetary  Science  XV,  pp.  521- 
22.  Houston:  The  Lunar  and  Planetary  Institute,  1984. 

Maxwell,  T.  A.  and  Avery,  V.  F.  [Abstract]  "Morphometry  of  Buried  Craters: 
Lava  Thickness  Estimates  by  Simulated  Flooding."  In  Reports  of  Plane- 
tary Geology  Program— 1983,  pp.  107-9.  NASA  TM-86246,  1984. 


484  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Walters,  T.  R.  [Abstract]  "Gravity  Induced  Compressive  Stress  in  the  Tharsis 

Region  of  Mars."  In  Lunar  and  Planetary  Science  XV,  pp.  898-99.  Houston: 

The  Lunar  and  Planetary  Institute,  1984. 
Watters,  T.  R.,  and  Maxwell,  T.  A.  "Cross-Cutting  Relations  and  Relative 

Ages  of  Ridges  and  Faults  in  the  Tharsis  Region  of  Mars."  Icarus  56(1983): 

278-98. 
.  [Abstract]  "Compressional  Features  in  the  Tharsis  Region  of  Mars: 

I.  Geographic  Extent  of  Deformation."  In  Reports   of  Planetary  Geology 

Program— 1983,  pp.  301-03.  NASA  TM-86426,  1984. 

[Abstract]  "Compressional  Features  in  the  Tharsis  Region  of  Mars: 


II.  Orientations  and  Timing  of  Deformation."  In  Reports  of  Planetary 
Geology  Program— 1983,  pp.  304-06.  NASA  TM-86426,  1984. 
Wynn,  J.  C;  Waitzeneger,  B.;  Watters,  T.  R.;  Mirzai-Pouinak,  H.;  and 
Gardner,  A.  "Aeromagnetic  Survey  and  Interpretive  Maps  of  the  San 
Simon  15'  Quadrangle  Arizona  and  New  Mexico."  U.S.  Geological  Survey 
Open-File  Report  83-631. 

Department  of  Aeronautics 

Brooks-Pazmany,  Kathleen.  "United  States  Women  in  Aviation  1920-1929." 
Smithsonian  Studies  in  Air  and  Space,  no.  5.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Press,  1983. 

Crouch,  Tom  D.  The  Eagle  Aloft:  Two  Centuries  of  the  Balloon  in  America. 
Washington,   D.C.:    Smithsonian   Institution   Press,   1983. 

.  "Ecker  Flying  Boat."  World  War  I  Aeronautics  (99) (1984). 

.  "Dr.  Franklin's  Window:  Americans  View  the  Birth  of  Flight."  The 

Museologist  46(167) (1984). 

.  "Some  Thoughts  on  John  Montgomery."  Bungee  Cord  (Fall) (1984). 

-.  "Fair  Voyagers:  Intrepid  Women  in  American  Ballooning."  Balloon- 


ing 18(2)  (1984). 
.  "Report  of  SHOT  Annual  Meeting  Session  on  Early  Aeronautics." 

Technology  and  Culture  25(4) (1984). 
Davies,  R.  E.  G.  Airlines  of  Latin  America  since  1919.  London:  Putnam,  1984, 

and  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 
.  "Merrill   Riddick — First   FAM-3   Contractor."   Airpost   Journal   55(3) 

(1983). 

.  "The  First  F.  A.  M.  Routes,  1920-1928."  Airpost  Journal  55 (6)  (1983). 

.  "Air  Transportation  in   the  Air   and   Space  Museum."   Washington 

Metrorail  (Summer)  (1984). 

-.  Continental  Airlines — The  First  Fifty  Years.  Houston:  Pioneer  Publi- 


cations, Inc.,  1984. 

"The  Brazilian  Regionals."  Exxon  Air  World  (Summer)  (1984). 


Hardesty,   Von   D.   and   Pisano,   Dominick   A.   Black   Wings:    The   American 

Black  in  Aviation.  1983.  Reprint.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution 

Press,  1984. 
Hardesty,  Von  D.,  and  Greenwood,  John  T.   "Soviet  Air   Forces   in   World 

War  II."  The  Soviet  Air  Forces,  Paul  J.  Murphy,  ed.  Jefferson,  N.C.  and 

London:  McFarland  &  Co.,  Inc.,  1984. 
Mikesh,   Robert   C.   "Recognition   Models — the   Government-Issue   Miniature 

Air  Force."  Fine  Scale  Modeler  2(4) (1984). 
Pisano,  Dominick  A.,  and  Hardesty,  Von.  Black  Wings:  The  American  Black 

in    Aviation.    1983.    Reprint.    Washington,    D.C.:    Smithsonian    Institution 

Press,  1984. 
Pisano,  Dominick  A.  "The  Helicopter:  A  Selective  Bibliography  and  Research 

Guide."  pp.  251-57.  In  Vertical  Flight:  The  Age  of  the  Helicopter,  Walter  J. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  485 


Boyne  and  Donald  S.  Lopez,  eds.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Press,  1984. 

Schneide,  Karl.  "The  Great  War."  Wings  13(6) (1984). 

Spenser,  Jay  P.  Moskito:  The  Focke-Wulf  Ta  154.  Boylston,  Mass.:  Mono- 
gram Aviation  Publications,  1983. 

.  "Narrow  Margin:  The  Reed  Project."  Airpower  14(1) (1984). 

.  "Gray  Eminence:  The  Focke-Wulf  FW  190  F-9."  Wings  14(1) (1984). 

Sweeting,  C.  G.  Combat  Flying  Clothing:  Army  Air  Forces  Clothing  During 
World  War  II.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

van  der  Linden,  F.  Robert,  and  Winter,  Frank  H.  [Monthly  column],  "Out 
of  the  Past — An  Aerospace  Chronology."  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics. 
21(1983),  retitled  Aerospace  America  22(1984). 

Wooldridge,  E.  T.  Winged  Wonders:  The  Story  of  the  Flying  Wings.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

Department  of  Space  Science  and  Exploration 

DeVorkin,  David  H.  "Stellar  Evolution  and  the  Origins  of  the  Hertzsprung- 
Russell  Diagram  in  Early  Astrophysics."  Chapter  6  in  Astrophysics  and 
Twentieth-Century  Astronomy  to  1950.  (Volume  4  of  the  General  History 
of  Astronomy,  M.  A.  Hoskin  and  O.  Gingerich,  eds.)..  New  York,  N.Y.: 
Cambridge  University  Press,  1984. 

.  "The  Supernova  of  A.D.  1006."  The  Astronomy  Quarterly  17  (Sum- 
mer 1984). 

-.  "The   Harvard   Summer    School    in   Astronomy."    Physics    Today   37 


(July  1984). 

DeVorkin,  David  H.,  and  Kenat,  Ralph.  "Quantum  Physics  and  the  Stars 
(II) :  The  Abundances  of  the  Elements  in  the  Atmospheres  of  the  Sun  and 
Stars."  Journal  for  the  History  of  Astronomy  14  (October  1983). 

Kennedy,  Gregory  P.  "Reaping  the  Harvest:  Post  War  V-2  Rocket  Research 
in  the  United  States."  Essay  for  1984  National  Space  Club  Goddard  His- 
torical Essay  contest. 

.  "Jet  Shoes  and  Rocket  Packs."  Space  World  (September  1984). 

.  Vengeance  Weapon  2:  The  V-2  Guided  Missile.  1983.  Reprint.  Wash- 
ington, D.C. :   Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

Needell,  Allan  A.,  ed.  The  First  25  Years  in  Space.  1983.  Reprint.  Washington, 
D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

.  "Nuclear     Reactors     and     the     Founding     of     Brookhaven     National 

Laboratory."  Historical  Studies  in  the  Physical  Sciences  14  (1984). 

-.  "The  History  of  NPL."  [Review]   The  National  Physical  Laboratory: 


A  History,  by  Edward  Pyatt.  Interdisciplinary  Science  Reviews  9  (1984). 

[Review]  Glimpsing  an  Invisible  Universe:  The  Emergence  of  X-Ray 


Astronomy,  by  Richard  F.  Hirsh.  British  Journal  for  the  History  of  Science. 

In  press. 
Winter,    Frank    H.    "The    Formative    Years    of    the    BIS — From    Liverpool    to 

London."  Spaceflight  25  (1983). 
.  Prelude   to   the  Space   Age:    The   Rocket   Societies    1924-1940.    1983. 

Reprint.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

"The   Strange   Case   of  Madame   Guzman   and   the  Mars  Mystique." 


Griffith  Observer  2  (1984). 
Winter,   Frank   H.,   and   Ordway,   Frederick   I.,    III.    "Pioneering   Commercial 

Rocketry  in  the  United  States  of  America,  Reaction  Motors,  Inc.  1941-1958, 

Part  1:  Corporate  History."  Journal  of  the  British  Interplanetary  Society 

36  (1983). 
Winter,  Frank  H.,  and  van  der  Linden,  F.  Robert.  [Monthly  column]  "Out  of 


486  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


the  Past — An  Aerospace  Chronology."  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics  21 
(1983),  retitled  Aerospace  America  22  (1984). 

Division  of  Exhibits  and  Presentations 

Valdivia,  Mary  H.  At  Home  in  the  Sky:  The  Aviation  Art  of  Frank  Wootton. 
Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY/ 
NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  MAN 

Department  of  Anthropology 

Adovasio,  J.  M.  "Textiles."  In  Prehistoric  Archaeology  Along  the  Zagros 
Flanks,  ed.  R.  J.  Braidwood.  Oriental  Institute  Publication  105,  1983. 

.  "Artifacts  and  Ethnicity:   Basketry  as  an  Indicator  of  Territoriality 

and  Population  Movements  in  the  Prehistoric  Great  Basin."  In  Anthropol- 
ogy of  the  Desert  West:  Essays  in  Honor  of  Jesse  D.  Jennings,  eds.  C.  Stout 
and  D.  D.  Fowler.  University  of  Utah  Press,  Salt  Lake  City,  1984. 

Adovasio,  J.  M.,  and  Andrews,  R.  L.  "Persishables  from  Gatecliff  Shelter."  In 
The  Archaeology  of  the  Monitor  Valley:  2.  The  Archaeology  of  Gatecliff 
Shelter,  ed.  D.  H.  Thomas.  The  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New 
York,  1984. 

Adovasio,  J.  M.,  and  Carlisle,  R.  C.  "An  Indian  Hunter's  Camp  for  20,000 
Years."  Scientific  American  250(5)  (1984)  :130-36. 

Adovasio,  J.  M.;  Donahue,  J.;  Carlisle,  R.  C;  Cushman,  K.;  Stuckenrath,  R.; 
and  Wiegman,  P.  "Meadowcroft  Rockshelter  and  the  Pleistocene/Holocene 
Transition  in  Southwestern  Pennsylvania."  In  Contributions  in  Quaternary 
Vertebrate  Paleontology:  A  Volume  in  Memorial  to  John  E.  Cuilday,  eds. 
H.  Genoways  and  M.  L.  Dawson.  Carnegie  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
1984. 

Adovasio,  J.  M.;  Donahue,  J.;  Cushman,  K.;  Carlisle,  R.  C;  Stuckenrath,  R.; 
Gunn,  J.  D.;  and  Johnson,  W.  C.  "Evidence  from  Meadowcroft  Rock- 
shelter."  In  Early  Man  in  the  New  World,  ed.  R.  S.  Shutler,  Jr.,  pp.  163-90. 
Sage  Publications,  Beverly  Hills,  California,  1983. 

Angel,  J.  Lawrence.  "Health  as  a  Crucial  Factor  in  the  Changes  from  Hunting 
to  Developed  Farming  in  the  Eastern  Mediterranean.  In  Paleopathology  at 
the  Origins  of  Agriculture,  eds.  Marc  Cohen  and  George  Armelagos.  New 
York:  Academic  Press,  Inc.,  1984. 

.  Comments   on   Beals,   K.   L.,   C.   L.    Smith,   and   S.    M.   Dodd.   Brain 

Size,  Cranial  Morphology,  Climate,  and  Time  Machines.  Current  Anthro- 
pology. 25:301-330,  June  1984. 

Angel,  J.  Lawrence,  and  Caldwell,  Peggy  C.  "Death  by  Strangulation."  In 
Human  Identification,  eds.  T.  A.  Rathbun  and  J.  Builstra.  Charles  C. 
Thomas,  Springfield,  Illinois,  1984. 

Banks,  Larry  D.  "Lithic  Resources  and  Quarries."  In  Prehistory  of  Oklahoma, 
ed.  Robert  E.  Bell;  pp.  65-95.  New  York:  Academic  Press,  Inc.,  1984. 

.  "Phehistoric  Engineering  Along  a  Meandering  River:  An  Hypothe- 
sis." In  River  Meandering.  Proceedings  of  the  Conference  Rivers  '83,  ed. 
Charles  Elliott,  pp.  191-203.  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  New 
York,  New  York,  1984. 

-.  "Lithic  Resources,"  pp.  135-54;  "Appendix  II:  Major  Chert  Sources 


in  the  Jackfork  and  Brushy  Creek  Basins,"  pp.  335-65;  and  "Appendix  IV: 
An  Interpretation  of  the  Role  of  Lithic  Raw  Materials  at  Bug  Hill,"  pp. 
390-92.  In  Bug  Hill:  Excavation  of  a  Multi-Component  Midden  Mound  in 
the  Jackfork  Valley  Southeast  Oklahoma,  ed.  Jeffrey  H.  Altschul.  New 
World  Research  Report  of  Investigation  No.  81-1,  1983. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  487 


Berinstein,  Ava.  "Absolutive  Extractions:  Evidence  for  Clause-Internal  Multi- 
attachment  in  K'ekchi."  Cornell  Working  Papers  in  Linguistics,  No.  5 
(Spring  1984)  :l-65. 

Brooks,  Alison  S.  "!Kung  in  the  1980s."  Anthro-Notes  5(3):5-7.  1983. 

.  "San  Land-use  Patterns,  Past  and  Present:  Implications  for  Southern 

African  Prehistory."  Paper  presented  at  the  Southern  African  Association 
of  Archaeologists  biennial  meeting,  Gaborone,  Botswana,  July  4-6,  1983. 

Crocker,  William  H.  "Canela  Marriage:  Factors  in  Change."  In  Marriage 
Practices  in  Lowland  South  America,  ed.  Kenneth  M.  Kensinger.  Illinois 
Studies  in  Anthropology,  14.63:98.  Urbana  and  Chicago:  University  of 
Illinois  Press.  1984. 

East,  T.;  Adovasio,  J.  M.;  and  Donahue,  J.  Phase  I/Phase  II  Archaeological 
Examination  of  a  Texas  Eastern  Gas  Pipeline  Right-of-Way  in  Somerset 
and  Milford  Townships,  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  Report  Pre- 
pared for  Texas  Eastern  Gas  Pipeline  Company,  Houston,  Texas,  100  pages, 
1983. 

East,  T.;  Adovasio,  J.  M.;  Donahue,  J.;  Carlisle,  R.  C;  Jorstad,  T.;  Dirkmaat, 
D.;  Schneller,  R.;  and  Shaunessy,  K.  Archaelogical  Investigations  on  Lone 
Butte,  McKenzie  County,  North  Dakota.  A  report  submitted  to  the  U.S. 
Forest  Service,  Custer  National  Forest,  in  fulfillment  of  Work  Order  No. 
1-65449-CA  and  a  Letter  of  Agreement  of  September  23,  1981,  209  pages, 
1983. 

East,  T.;  Adovasio,  J.  M.;  Donahue,  J.;  Jorstad,  T.;  and  Carlisle,  R.  C. 
"Identification  and  Evaluation  of  Some  Archaeological  Sites  in  Parts  of 
McKenzie,  Billings  and  Golden  Valley  Counties,  North  Dakota."  North 
Dakota  History  50(2)  (1983)  :23-31. 

East,  T.;  Adovasio,  J.  M.;  Donahue,  J.;  and  Hamilton,  N.  D.  Archaeological 
Testing  at  the  Gallipolis  Locks  and  Dam,  Mason  County,  West  Virginia.  A 
report  submitted  to  the  U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers,  Huntington,  Dis- 
trict, in  fulfillment  of  Contract  No.  DACW69-79-C-0062,  410  pages,  1983. 

East,  T.;  Adovasio,  J.  M.;  Donahue,  J.;  Jorstad,  T.;  Schneller,  R.;  and  Carlisle, 
R.  C.  The  Identification  and  Evaluation  of  Archaeological  Resources  on 
Selected  State-Owned  Properties  in  the  Badlands  of  the  Little  Missouri 
River,  North  Dakota.  A  report  prepared  for  the  State  Historical  Society  of 
North  Dakota,  North  Dakota  Heritage  Center,  254  pages,  1983. 

Ewers,  John  C.  "A  Half  Century  of  Change  in  the  Study  of  Plains  Indian  Art 
and  Material  Culture."  Papers  in  Anthropology  24,  no.  2  (Fall  1983):  97- 
112.  Department  of  Anthropology,  University  of  Oklahoma. 

.  "An  Appreciation  of  Karl  Bodmer's  Pictures  of  Indians."  In  Views  of 

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Fitzhugh,  William.  "Images  from  the  Past:  Thoughts  on  Bering  Sea  Eskimo 
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Hamilton,  N.  D.;  Adovasio,  J.  M.;  and  Donahue,  J.  An  Archaelogical  Recon- 
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Helgren,  D.  M.,  and  Brooks,  Alison  S.  "Geoarchaeology  at  ^^Gi,  a  Middle 
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Houchins,  Chang-su.  "Buraun  gimban  no  nazo  [In  search  of  Brown's  Japan 
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Kaupp,  P.  Ann.  "Angel  Brings  Bones  to  Life."  Anthro-Notes  5(3),  Fall  1983. 

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Ledergerber,  Paulina.  "The  Need  For  and  a  Proposed  Approach  to  Further 
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Marino,  Cesare  R.,  and  Harris,  LaDonna.  "Indian  Tribal  Governments:  Prob- 
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Meggers,  Betty  J.  "Aplicacion  del  modelo  biologico  de  diversification  a  las 
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Ortner,   Donald   J.   "Preface."   In  Mummies,   Disease   and  Ancient   Cultures, 

eds.   Aidan  and  Eve  Cockburn.  New  York:  Cambridge   University  Press. 

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Ortner,  Donald  J.,  and  Putschar,  Walter  G.  J.  "Problems  in  the  diagnosis  of 

dry  bone  tumors."  (Abstract  of  paper.)  Paleopathology  Association  Elev- 
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Potter,   Stephen   R.   "The   Indians  of   Seventeenth-Century   Fairfax."   Fairfax 

Chronicles  7(2)  (1984)  :1,  3-4. 
.  "Low  Budget  and  Low  Altitudes:  Aerial  Photography  and  Archeo- 

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People   of  Accokeek  Creek,   Robert  L.   Stephenson,  pp.   36-40.   Accokeek, 
Maryland:  Alice  Ferguson  Foundation,  1984. 

Rose,  Carolyn  L.,  and  Von  Endt,  David  W.,  eds.  "Protein  Chemistry  for  Con- 
servators." American  Institute  for  Conservation,  Washington,  D.C.  1984. 

Schmidt,  Robert  G.  "High-Alumina  Alteration  Systems  in  Volcanic  Rocks  and 
Their  Significance  to  Mineral  Prospecting  in  the  Carolina  Slate  Belt."  U.S. 
Geological  Survey  Open  File  Report  of  83-793  (1983)  46  pages. 

Schwarz,  Shirley  J.  "Nine  Etruscan  Black  Figure  Vases  in  the  National  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History."  Deutsches  Archaeologisches  Instituts,  Abtei- 
lungen  Rom,  Mitfeilungen  91  {19 8i) -.47-77. 

.  "Pre-Roman  Trade  Between  Orvieto  and  Spina."  Collegium  Antro- 

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Sebeok,  Thomas  A.  A  muveszet  elozmenyei.  (Volume  in  the  series  Korunk 
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14. 

.  "Animal  Anomalies:  Merry  Tailor."  Animals  116:3(June  1983)  :31. 

"Animal  Anomalies:  The  Bird  That  Eats  Wax."  Animals  116:4(Au- 


gust  1983):  33. 

.  "Animal  Anomalies:  Tricky  Tick."  Animals  116:5(October  1983) :19. 

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116:6  (December  1983)  :34. 

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Bloomington:  Eurolingua.  pp.  17-26,  1983. 

-,  ed.  with  Umberto  Ecco.  "The  Sign  of  Three:  Holmes,  Dupin,  Peirce. 


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Smith,  Bruce  D.  "Middle  Mississippi  Exploitation  of  Animal  Populations."  In 

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Taylor,  Paul  Michael.  "Plant  and  Animal  Nomenclature  in  the  Tobelorese 
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Ubelaker,  Douglas  H.  "Prehistoric  Demography  of  Coastal  Ecuador."  National 
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Umiker-Sebeok,  Jean  with  Sebeok,  Thomas  A.  "Amplification."  Journal  of 
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Van  Beek,  Cus  W.,  with  Melson,  William  J.  "Properties,  Cultural  Selection, 
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Viola,  Herman  J.  "Capturing  the  Spirit  of  the  National  Archives:  Historian's 
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Webb,  S.  David;  Milanich,  Jerald  T.;  Alexon,  R.;  and  Dunbar,  J.  "An  Ex- 
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Wedel,  Mildred  Mott.  "The  Indian  They  Called  Turco."  In  Pathways  to 
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Wedel,  Waldo  R.  "Further  Notes  on  Puebloan-Central  Plains  Contacts  in 
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C.  B.  Schultz,  and  T.  M.  Stout,  pp.  93-110.   Transactions,  vol.  11,  Special 
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Zeder,  M.  A.  "The  Faunal  Remains."  In  Oaks  II:  An  Archaelogical  Investi- 
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(1983)  :1180-81. 

Bohlmann,  F.;  Banerjee;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Additional  germa- 

cranolides  from  Euptaorium  serotinum."  Phytochemistry  23(5)  (1984)  :1189- 

90. 
Bohlmann,  P.;  Gerke,  T.;  Ahmed,  M.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Neue 

N-Isobutylamide  aus  Heliop sis- Axten."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1983): 

1202-06. 
Bohlmann,    F.;    Gerke,   T.;    Jakupovic,   J.;    King,    R.    M.;    and   Robinson,    H. 

"Cadina-4,ll-diene    from    Viguiera    oblongi  folia."    Phytochemistry    23(5) 

(1984)  :1183-84. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  493 


Bohlmann,   F.;   Gerke,   T.;   Jakupovic,   J.;   Borthakur,   N.;   King,   R.   M.;    and 

Robinson,  H.  "Diterpene  lactones  and  other  constituents  from  Wedelia  and 

Aspilia  species."  Phytochemistry  23(8)  (1984)  :1673-76. 
Bohlmann,   F.;   Jakupovic,   J.;   Ates    (Goren),   N.;    Schuster,   A.;   Pickardt,  J.; 

King,   R.    M.;    and   Robinson,   H.   "Steiractinolide,   eine   neue   Gruppe   von 

Sesquiterpenlactonen."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1983)  :962-73. 
Bohlmann,   F.;   Jakupovic,  J.;   Schuster,   A.;   King,  R.   M.;   and  Robinson,   H. 

"Eudesmanolides  and  costic  acid  derivatives  from  Flourensia  macrophylla," 

Phytochemistry  23(7)  (1984)  :1445-48. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Ludwig,  G-W.;  Jakupovic,  J.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H. 

"Neue    Spirosesquiterpenlactone,   Germacranolide   und   Eudesmanolide    aus 

Wunderlichia  mirabilis."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1984)  :228-39. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Misra,  L.  N.;  Jakupovic,  J.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H. 

"Further    eudesmanolides    from    Dimerostemma    species."    Phytochemistry 

23(8)  (1984)  :1802-04. 
Bohlmann,    F.;    Mohammadi,    D.;    Mohammadi,    P.    S.;    Jakupovic,   J.;    King, 

R.  M.;   and  Robinson,  H.   "Germacranolides   related  to   Chapliatrin  from 

Galea  harleyi."  Phytochemistry  23(5)  (1984)  :1095-97. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Scheidges,  C.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Five  labdane 

derivatives  from  Koanophyllon  conglobatum."  Phytochemistry  23(5)(1984): 

1190-92. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Scheidges,  C.;  Zdero,  C.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Ent- 

labdanes  from  Baccharis  sternbergiana."  Phytochemistry  23(5)  (1984)  :1109- 

11. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Tsankova,  E.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Five  mikanolide 

derivatives  from  Mikania  cynanchifolia  and  their  biogenetic  relationships." 

Phytochemistry  23(5)  (1984)  :1099-1101. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Umemoto,  K.;  Jakupovic,  J.;  King,  R.  M.;   and  Robinson,  H. 

"Seven  sesquiterpene  lactones  from  Ferreyanthus  species."  Phytochemistry 

23(8)  (1984)  :1669-72. 
.  "Sesquiterpenes    from    Liabum    florihundum."    Phytochemistry   23(8) 

(1984)  :1800-02. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Wallmeyer,  M.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "2-Oxo-labda- 

8(17),13-dien-15-ol  from  Ophryosporus  chilca."  Phytochemistry  23(7) (1984): 

1513-14. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Zdero,  C.;  Jakupovic,  J.;  Ates  (Goren),  N.;  King,  R.  M.;  and 

Robinson,    H.    "Steractinolide    aus    Aspilia-und    Wedelia- Alien."    Liebigs 

Annalen  der  Chemie  (1983)  :1257-66. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Zdero,  C.;  Gerke,  T.;  Wallmeyer,  M.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robin- 
son,  H.   "Neue   Sequiterpenlactone   und   Rosan-Derivate    aus    Trichogonia- 

Arten."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1984)  :162-185. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Zdero,  C.;  Jakupovic,  J.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Diter- 

penes  from  Acritopappus  confertus."  Phytochemistry  22(10)  (1983)  :2243-52. 

Bohlmann,  F.;  Zdero,  C.;  King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "8B-Tigloylguaia- 
grazielolide  from  Campovassouria  bupleurifolia."  Phytochemistry  22(12) 
(1983)  :2860-62. 

.  "Further  hirsutinolides   from   Vernonia  polyanthes."  Phytochemistry 

22(12)  (1983)  :2863-64. 

-.  "Ein   neuer  Typ   von   Sesquiterpenlactonen   aus    Lychnophora   salici- 


folia."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1983)  :1455-58. 

"Ein  weiteres  Germacranolide  mit  B-Lactonring  aus  Crazielia  serrata.' 


Liebigs  Annales  der  Chemie  (1983)  :2045-48. 

-.  "Neue  Labdan-Derivate  aus  Aristegueitia  pseudarborea."  Liebigs  An- 


nalen der  Chemie  (1983)  :2127-34. 
494  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "Germacranolide  und  Eudesmanolide  aus  Galea  szyszylowiczii."  Lie- 
bigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1983)  :2227-46. 

'Prenylated  p-Coumarates  from  Werneria  stuebelii."  Phy  to  chemistry 


23(5)  (1984)  :1135-37. 

-.  "4a,15-dihydroencelin    and    related    sesquiterpene    acids    from   Pery- 


menium  featherstonei."  Phytochemistry  23(5)  (1984)  :1185-87. 

'2-acetoxy-3a,4a-epoxy-3,4-dihydrokauniolide  from  Crosvenoria  coe- 


locaulis."  Phytochemistry  23(5)  (1984)  :1187-88. 

"Heliangolides    and    bejaranolides    from    Conocliniopsis    prasifolia/ 


Phytochemistry  23(7)  (1984)  .-1509-11. 

"Kingdiol,  a  kolavane  derivative  from  Baccharis  kingii."  Phytochemis- 


try 23(7)  (1984)  :1511-12. 

-.  "Neue    Germacranolide,    Heliangolide    und    Elemanolide    aus    Cron- 


quistianthus  chachapoyensis."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1984)  :240-49. 

.  "Epoxycannabinolid    und    Diterpene    mit    neuem    Kohlenstoffgeriist 

aus  Villanova  titicacensis."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1984)  :250— 58. 
'Pseudoguajanolide    und    andere    Sesquiterpene    aus   Monactis    mac- 


hridei."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie.  (1984)  :503-ll. 

'A  hydroxygermacrene  and  other  constituents  from  PseudobrickelUa 


brasiliensis."  Phytochemistry  23(8)  (1984)  :1798-99. 
Bohlmann,  F.;  Zdero,  C;  Schmeda-Hirschmann,  G.;  Jakupovic,  J.;  Castro,  V.; 

King,  R.  M.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Heliangolide,  Trachyloban-  und  Villanovan- 

Derivate  aus  VigMiera-Arten."  Liebigs  Annalen  der  Chemie  (1984)  :495-502. 
Culberson,  Chicita  F.;  Hale,  Mason  E.;  Tonsberg,  Tors;  and  Johnson,  Anita. 

"New  Depsides  from  the  Lichens  Dimelaena  oreina  and  Fuscidea  viridis." 

Mycologia  76(1) (1984)  :148-60. 
Faden,  R.  B.  "Commelinaceae."  In  Flowering  Plants  in  Australia,  eds.  B.  D. 

Morley  and  H.  R.  Toelken,  pp.  368-69.  Adelaide:  Rigby,  1983. 
.  "Phytogeography  of  African  Commelinaceae."  Bothalia  14(3-4)  (1983) : 

553-57. 

"Isolating  Mechanisms  Among  Five  Sympatric  Species  of  Aneilema 


R.  Br.  (Commelinaceae)  in  Kenya."  Bothalia  14(3-4) (1983)  :997-1002. 

Fosberg,  F.   R.  "Two  New  Species  of  Psychotria  from  the  Society  Islands." 
Candollea  38(1983)  :455-58. 

.  "A  Possible  New  Pathogen  Affecting  Metrosideros  in  Hawaii."  News- 
letter Hawaiian  Botanical  Society  22(1983)  :13-16. 

'Natural    History    of    Cousin   Island."   Atoll   Research    Bulletin   273 


(1984)  :7-38. 
Fosberg,  F.  R.,  and  Sachet,  M.-H.  "The  Identification  of  Desmodium  purpur- 

eum  (Roxburgh)  Hooker  &  Arnott."  Micronesica  18(2)  (1984)  :195-96. 
.  "Micronesian  Poaceae:  Critical  and  Distribution  Notes."  Micronesica 

18(2)  (1984)  :45-102. 

"Identification  and  Typification  of  Ruellia  triflora  Roxb.  and  difformis 


L.  F.  (Acanthaceae)."  Baileya:  22(3) (1984)  :138-40. 
.  "Henderson    Island    Threatened."    Environmental    Conservation    10 


(1983)  :171-73. 

Fosberg,  F.  R.;  Sachet,  M.-H.;  and  Stoddart,  D.  R.  "Henderson  Island  (South- 
eastern Polynesia)  Summary  of  Current  Knowledge."  Atoll  Research  Bul- 
letin 272(1983)  :l-47,  pis.  1-12. 

.  "List  of  the  Vascular  Flora  of  Agalega."  Atoll  Research  Bulletin  173 

(1984)  :109-42. 

Friis,  I.;  Hepper,  F.;  Jeffrey,  C;  Taylor,  N.;  Verdcourt,  B.;  Howard,  R.;  and 
Nicolson,  Dan  H.  "Validity  of  Names  Published  by  Forsskaal  and  Aublet." 
Taxon  33(3)  (1984)  :495-96. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  495 


Funk,  V.  A.  "Phylogenetic  Systematics :  Problems  and  Perspectives."  In  Fun- 
gus Insect  Relationships:  Perspectives  in  Ecology  and  Evolution,  eds. 
Q.  Wheeler  and  M.  Blackwell,  pp.  54-63.  New  York:  Columbia  University 
Press,  1984. 

.  "The  Value  of  Natural  Classification."  In  Numerical  Taxonomy,  ed. 

J.  Felsenstein,  pp.  18-22.  Berlin:  Springer- Verlag,  1983. 

Hale,  Mason  E.,  Jr.  "Control  of  Biological  Growths  of  the  Mayan  Archeologi- 
cal  Ruins  of  Quirigua,  Guatemala."  University  Museum  Monographs  49 
(1983)  :102-09. 

.  "Control  of  Biological  Growths  on  Mayan  Archeological   Ruins   in 

Guatemala  and  Honduras."  National  Geographic  Society  Research  Reports 
16(1984)  :305-21. 

"New  Species  of  Xanthoparmelia  (Vain.)  Hale  (Ascomycotina:  Par- 


meliaceae)."  Mycotaxon  20(1)(1984)  :73-79. 

"Flavopunctelia    (Krog)    Hale,    A    New   Genus    in    the    Parmeliaceae 


(Ascomycotina)."  Mycotaxon  20(2) (1984)  :681-82. 

Huber,  Otto,  and  Wurdack,  John.  J.  "History  of  Botanical  Exploration  in 
Territorio  Federal  Amazonas,  Venezuela."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to 
Botany  no.  56.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

Humphries,  C.  J.,  and  Funk,  V.  A.  "Cladistic  Methodology."  In  Current  Con- 
cepts in  Plant  Taxonomy,  eds.  V.  H.  Heywood  and  D.  M.  Moore,  pp.  323- 
60.  London:  Academic  Press,  1984. 

Jansen,  R.  K.;  Stuessy,  T.  F.;  Piedrahita,  S.  Diaz;  and  Funk,  V.  A.  "Recuentos 
Cromosomicos  en  Compositae  de  Colombia."  Caldasia  14(1984)  :7-20. 

King,  R.  M.,  and  Robinson,  H.  "Studies  in  the  Eupatorieae  (Asteraceae). 
CCXVII.  Three  new  species  of  Adenostemma."  Phytologia  54(1)  (1983): 
29-35. 

.  "Studies  in  the  Eupatorieae  (Asteraceae).  CCXVI.  Various  new  spe- 
cies from  the  Andes."  Phytologia  54(1) (1983)  :36-51. 

Lamlein,  Jane.  "Threatened  Plants  Newsletter."  Endangered  Species  Technical 
Bulletin  Insert  1(3)(1984)  :2. 

.  "Monitoring  International  Trade."  Endangered  Species  Technical  Bul- 
letin Insert  1(4)  (1984)  :2. 

TUCN  and  Smithsonian  Cooperate  in  Latin  America  Plant  Conser- 


vation Project."  Endangered  Species  Technical  Bulletin  Insert  1(4)(1984)  :3. 
'Botanic    Gardens    Conservation    Coordinating    Body."    Endangered 


Species  Technical  Bulletin  Insert  1(6)(1984)  :3-4. 

"Plants   in   Danger."   Endangered   Species   Technical   Bulletin   Insert 


1(7)  (1984)  :3. 
Lellinger,  David  B.  "Native  Ferns  in  the  Wild  and  in  Our  Gardens."  Bulletin 

of  the  American  Rock  Garden  Society  42(1984)  -.76-86. 
.  "New  Combinations  and  Some  New  Names  in  Ferns."  American  Fern 

Journal  74(1984)  :56-60. 
.  "Notes   on   North   American   Ferns,   II."   American    Fern   Journal   7A 


(1984)  :62-63. 

"Hymenophyllopsidaceae  (Filicales)."  In  "The  Botany  of  the  Guayana 


Highland — Part  XII,"  by  B.  A.  Maguire  and  collaborators.  Memoirs  of  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden  38(1984)  :2-9. 

"Hymenophyllaceae    (Filicales)."    In    "The    Botany    of    the    Guayana 


Highland — Part  XII,"  by  B.  A.  Maguire  and  collaborators.  Memoirs  of  the 

New  York  Botanical  Garden  38(1984)  :9-46. 
Lellinger,  David  B.,  and  Proctor,  G.  R.  "The  Ascriptions  of  Plumier's  Fern 

Plates."  Taxon  32(1983)  :565-71. 
Littler,  M.  M.  "Smithsonian  Institution  Receives  the  Francis  Drouet  Cyano- 

phyta  Collection."  Taxon  33(1)  (1984)  :160. 


496  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Littler,  M.  M.,  and  Kauker,  B.  "Heterotrichy  and  Survival  Strategies  in  the 
Red  Alga  Corallina  officinalis  L."  Botanica  Marina  27(1984)  :37-44. 

Littler,  M.  M.,  and  Littler,  D.  S.  "Heteromorphic  Life  History  Strategies  in  the 
Brown  Alga  Scytosiphon  lomentaria  (Lyngb.)  Link."  Journal  of  Phycology 
19(4)  (1983)  :425-31. 

.  "Relationships    Between    Macroalgal    Functional    Form    Groups    and 

Substrata  Stability  in  a  Subtropical  Rocky-intertidal   System."  Journal  of 
Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecology  73(1984)  :13-34. 

Littler,  M.  M.;  Taylor,  P.  R.;  and  Littler,  D.  S.  "Algal  Resistance  to  Herbivory 
on  a  Caribbean  Barrier  Reef."  Coral  Reefs  2(1983)  :111-18. 

Myers,  N.;  and  Ayensu,  E.  S.  "Reduction  of  Biological  Diversity  and  Species 
Loss."  Ambio  12(2) (1983)  :72-74. 

Nicolson,  Dan  H.  Alphabetical  Index  to  Schott's  Icones  Aroideae  and  Reliq- 
uiae. Zug,  Switzerland:  International  Document  Center,  1984. 

.  "Amorphophallus  konjac  vs.  A.  rivieri  (Araceae)."  Aroideana  7(1984): 

7-8. 

'(737)   Proposal  to  Conserve  6282  Jacquinia  L.   (Theophrastaceae)." 


Taxon  33(1984)  :121-22. 

'Proposal  to  Conserve  764  Stylochiton  Lepr.   (Araceae)."  Taxon  33 


(3)(1984):509-11. 

"Publications  on  Araceae  by  Sodiro."  Huntia  5(1984)  :3-15. 


Nicolson,  Dan  H.;  Greuter,  W.;  Demoulin,  V.;  and  Brummitt,  R.  "On  Changes 
Made  in  Appendix  III  (Sydney  Code)."  Taxon  33(1984)  :310-16. 

Nowicke,  J.  W.,  and  Meselson,  M.  S.  "Yellow  Rain:  A  Palynological  Analy- 
sis." Nature  309(5965)(1984)  :205-06. 

Nowicke,  J.  W.,  and  Skvaria,  J.  J.  "A  Palynological  Study  of  the  Genus  Helle- 
borus  (Ranunculaceae)."  Grana  22(1984)  :129-40. 

.  "Pollen  Morphology  and  the  Relationships  of  Simmondsia  chinensis 

to  the  Order  Euphorbiales."  American  Journal  of  Botany  71(1984)  :210-15. 

Nowicke,  J.  W.;  Skvaria,  J.  J.;  Raven,  P.  H.;  and  Berry,  P.  "A  Palynological 
Study  of  the  Genus  Fuchsia  (Onagraceae)."  Annals  of  Missouri  Botanical 
Garden  71(1984)  :35-101. 

Oliver,  R.  L.,  and  Skog,  L.  E.  "Gesneriaceae."  In  "Chromosome  Number  Re- 
ports LXXXII."  Taxon  33(1984)  :126. 

Praglowski,  J.;  Skvaria,  J.  J.;  Raven,  P.  H.;  and  Nowicke,  J.  W.  "Angiosper- 
mae:  Onagraceae  Juss.,  Fuchsieae  L./Jussiaeeae  L."  World  Pollen  and  Spore 
Flora  12(1984)  :1-41. 

Read,  R.  W.  "Introduction  and  Annotations."  In  Bromeliaceae  Andreanae. 
(American  Edition),  ed.  Michael  Rottenberg,  Berkeley:  Two  Windows  Press, 
1983. 

.  "Greigia  tillettii  and  Puya  silvaebaccae  L.  B.  Smith  &  R.  W.  Read." 

In  "Contribuciones  a  la  Flora,  Venezuela,"  by  S.  S.  Tillett  and  J.  A.  Steyer- 
mark.  Ernestia  17(1983)  :9. 

'The  Evolution  of  a  New  Genus,  LYMANIA  gen.  nov."  Journal  of 


the  Bromeliad  Society  34(4)  (1984)  :200-08. 
Read,  R.  W.,  and  Smith,  L.  B.  "Studies  of  the  Genus  Billbergia."  Journal  of 

the  Bromeliad  Society  33(6)  (1983)  :243-45,  263,  2  figs.  &  cover. 
Robertson,  S.  A.,  and  Fosberg,  F.  R.  "List  of  Plants  Collected  on  Coetivy 

Island,  Seychelles."  Atoll  Research  Bulletin  no.  273(1984)  :143-156. 
.  "List  of  Plants  Collected  on  Platte  Island,  Seychelles."  Atoll  Research 

Bulletin  no.  273(1984)  :156-164. 

'List  of  Plants  of  Poibre  Island,  Amirantes."  Atoll  Research  Bulletin 


no.  273(1984)  :165-176. 
Robertson,  I.  A.  D.;  Robertson,  S.  A.;  and  Fosberg,  F.  R.  "List  of  Plants  Col- 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  497 


lected   on  Alphonse   Island,   Amirantes."   Atoll   Research    Bulletin   no.   273 

(1984)  :177-84. 
Robinson,  H.  "Studies  in  the  Heliantheae  (Asteraceae).  XXX.  Four  new  species 

from  Peru."  Phytologia  54(1)(1983)  :52-61. 
.  "Studies   in  the  Liabeae   (Asteraceae).  XVI.   New  taxa   from  Peru." 

Phytologia  54(1)  (1983)  :62-65. 

-.  "New  species  of  Chionolaena  and  Stenocline  from  Brazil   (Inuleae: 


Asteraceae).  Phytologia  55(3) (1984)  :121-26. 

"Studies    in   the    Heliantheae    (Asteraceae).    XXXII.    New    species    of 


Wedelia  from  Brazil."  Phytologia  55(6) (1984)  :389-414. 

-.  "Studies   in   the   Heliantheae    (Asteraceae).   XXXIII.   New   species   of 


Aspilia  from  South  America."  Phytologia  55(6)(1984)  :415-23. 

"Studies    in   the   Heliantheae    (Asteraceae).    XXXI.    Additions   to    the 


genus  Dimerostemma."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington 
97(3)  (1984)  :618-26. 

'Style  rotation  in  the  Asteraceae."  Taxon  33(3)  (1984)  :400-4. 


Robinson,  H.,  and  Burns-Balogh,  P.  "Re.:  On  a  primitively  epiphytic  habit  in 
Orchidaceae."  Systematic  Botany  9(2)  (1984)  :258. 

Sachet,  M.-H.  "Natural  History  of  Mopelia  Atoll,  Society  Islands."  Atoll  Re- 
search Bulletin  no.  274(1984)  :l-37,  pi.  1-30. 

.  "Botanique  de  I'ile  de  Tupai,  lies  de  la  Societe."  Atoll  Research  Bulle- 
tin no.  276(1984)  :l-26,  pi.  1-18. 

'Takapoto   Atoll,  Tuamotu  Archipelago:   Terrestial   Vegetation   and 


Flora."  Atoll  Research  Bulletin  no.  277(1984)  :1-41,  pi.  1-10. 
Sachet,  M.-H.,  and  Fosberg,  F.  R.  "An  Ecological  Reconnaissance  of  Tetiaroa 

Atoll,  Society  Islands."  Atoll  Research  Bulletin  no.  275(1984)  :l-67,  pi.  1-42. 
Sivadasan,  M.,  and  Nicolson,  Dan  H.  "Araceae."  In  Flora  of  the  Tamilnadu 

Carnatic  vol.   3   by  K.   M.   Matthew,   pp.   1685-1704.   Tiruchirapalli,   India: 

Rapinat  Herbarium,  St.  Joseph's  College,  1984. 
.  "Arisaema  nilamhurense,  A  New  Name  for  a  Threatened  Species  of 

India."  Aroideana  6(1984)  :36-38. 
Skog,  L.  E.  "Identification  of  the  Gesneriaceae  Collected  by  the  Royal  Botani- 
cal Expedition  to   New   Spain   (1787-1803)."   American  Journal   of  Botany 

71(5,  part  2)(1984)  :108. 
.  "Proposal    to    Conserve    4722    Billia    Peyritsch     (Hippocastanaceae) 

Against  Billya  Cassini  (Compositae)."  Taxon  32(1983)  :650-51. 

'Gesneriaceae  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand."  The  Cloxinian  33(6) 


(1983)  :16-22. 
Smith,  L.   B.   "Morren's   Paintings."  Journal  of  the  Bromeliad  Society  34(1) 

(1984)  :4-5,  figs.  1-2. 

.  "Morren's  Paintings."  Journal  of  the  Bromeliad  Society  34(2) (1984): 

52,  53,  figs.  1,  2. 

-.  "New  Bromeliads — 1:  Brocchinia  amazonica."  Journal  of  the  Brome- 


liad Society  34(3)  (1984)  :106,  fig.  4. 

Smith,  L.  B.,  and  Dimmitt,  Mark  A.  "Tillandsia  sonorensis."  Journal  of  the 
Bromeliad  Society  34(4)(1984)  :160,  fig.  5  (p.  161),  fig.  6  (p.  162). 

Smith,  L.  B.;  Steyermark,  J.  A.;  and  Robinson,  H.  "Bromeliaceae."  Acta  Bo- 
tanica  Venezuelica  13(3)  (1984)  :8-15,  30-39,  figs.  105-6. 

Smith,  Lyman  B.,  and  Wasshausen,  Dieter  C.  "Notes  on  Begoniaceae-III." 
Phytologia  54(7)  (1984)  :465-73. 

.  "Notes  on  Begoniaceae-IV."  Phytologia  55(2)(1984)  :112. 

.  "Notes  on  Begoniaceae-V."  Phytologia  56(1)(1984)  :16. 

Soderstrom,  T.  R.  "In  Quest  of  the  Pygmy  Bamboos."  Fairchild  Tropical  Car- 
den  Bulletin  39(1984)  :6-15. 


498  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Timme,  S.  L.,  and  Faden,  R.  B.  "Tradescantia  longipes  Anderson  &  Woodson 

(Commelinaceae)   in  the   Southeastern  United  States."   Castanea  49(1984): 

83-85. 
Wasshausen,    Dieter   C.    "Pranceacanthus    coccineus    (Acanthaceae),    A   New 

Genus  and  Species  from  Amazonian  Brazil."  Brittonia  36(1)  (1984)  :l-7. 
.  "Two  New  Species  of  Habracanthus  (Acanthaceae)  from  Colombia." 

Brittonia  36(1)(1984)  :68-73. 
Wurdack,   J.   J.   "Certamen   Melastomataceis   XXXVII."   Phytologia   55(1984): 

131-47. 
.  "Melastomataceae."  In  "Nuevos  taxa  de  la  Guayana  Venezolona,"  by 

J.  A.  Steyermark,  B.  Maguire,  and  collaborators.  Acta  Botanica  Venezuelica 

14(1984) :23. 

Department  of  Entomology 

Buxton,  G.  M.;  Thomas,  D.  M.;  and  Froeschner,  R.  C.  "Revision  of  the  Spe- 
cies of  the  Sayi-Group  of  Chlorochroa  Stal  (Hemiptera:  Pentatomidae)." 
Occasional  Papers  in  Entomology,  Laboratory  Services,  California  Depart- 
ment of  Food  and  Agriculture  29(1983)  :l-25. 

Chew,  F.  S.,  and  Robbins,  R.  K.  "Egg-laying  in  Butterflies."  In  The  Biology  of 
Butterflies.  Symposium  of  the  Royal  Entomological  Society  of  London  11 
(1984)  :65-79. 

Clarke,  J.  F.  G.  Insects  of  Micronesia,  Microlepidoptera  (Celechioidea)  9(2) 
(1984)  :145-55,  figs.  1-5,  pi.  1. 

Clarke,  J.  F.  G.;  Brown,  Richard  L.;  and  Habek,  Dale  H.  "New  Host  Records 
for  Olethreutinae  (Tortricidae).  Journal  of  the  Lepidopterists'  Society  37(3) 
(1983)  :224-27. 

Coddington,  J.  "A  Temporary  Slide  Mount  Allowing  Precise  Manipulation  of 
Small  Structures."  Abhandlungen  und  Verhandlungen  der  naturwissen- 
schaftlichen  Vereins  in  Hamburg  (NF)  26:(1983)  :291-92. 

Davis,  D.  R.  "A  New  Acanthopteroctetes  from  the  Northwestern  United 
States  (Acanthopteroctetidae).  Journal  of  the  Lepdiopterists'  Society  38(1): 
47-50,  figs.  1-8. 

Erwin,  Terry  L.  "Beetles  and  Other  Arthopods  of  the  Tropical  Forest  Canopies 
at  Manaus,  Brazil,  Sampled  with  Insecticidal  Fogging  Techniques."  In  Trop- 
ical Rain  Forests:  Ecology  and  Management,  eds.  S.  L.  Sutton,  T.  C.  Whit- 
more,  and  A.  C.  Chadwick.  Blackwell  Scientific  Publications.  Oxford,  United 
Kingdom.  (1983)  :59-75. 

.  "Agra,  Arboreal  Beetles  of  Neotropical  Forests:  Palmata  Group  Sys- 

tematics  (Carabidae)."  Systematic  Entomology  9(1984)  :9-48. 

"Studies  of  the  Tribe  Bembidiini  (Coleoptera:  Carabidae):  Lectotype 


Designations  and  Species  Group  Assignments  for  Bembidion  Species  De- 
scribed by  Thomas  L.  Casey,  et  al."  Pan-Pacific  Entomology  60(3)  (1984): 
165-87. 

Farhang-Azad,  A.;  Traub,  R.;  and  Wisseman,  C.  L.,  Jr.  "Rickettsia  mooseri 
Infection  in  the  Fleas  Leptopsylla  segnis  and  Xenopsylla  cheopis.  American 
Journal  of  Tropical  Medicine  and  Hygiene  32(6)  (1983)  :1392-1400,  illus. 

Flint,  Oliver  S.,  Jr.  "Studies  of  Neotropical  Caddisflies,  XXXIV:  The  Genus 
Plectromacronema  (Trichoptera :  Hydropsychidae)."  Proceedings  of  the  Bio- 
logical Society  of  Washington  96(1983)  :225-37. 

Froeschner,  Richard  C.  "Does  the  Old  World  Family  Plataspidae  (Hemiptera) 
Occur  in  North  America?"  Entomological  News  95(1984)  :36. 

.  "Heteroptera  Records  from  the  Grand  Cayman  Island."  Proceedings 

of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Washington  85(1983)  :861. 

Froeschner,  Richard  C,  and  Steiner,  W.  E.,  Jr.  "Second  Record  of  the  South 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  A99 


American  Burrowing  Bug,  Scaptocoris  castaneus  Perty  (Hemiptera ;  Cydni- 
dae)  in  the  United  States."  Entomological  News,  94(1983)  :176. 

Gingras,  Sandra  S.  "Taxonomic  Notes  on  the  Bee  Genus  Hexepeolus  Hyme- 
noptera:  Anthophoridae)."  Wasmann  Journal  of  Biology  41(1-2)1983(1984): 
50-52. 

Krombein,  Karl  V.  "Biosystematic  Studies  of  Ceylonese  Wasps,  X:  Taxonomic 
and  Biological  Notes  on  Some  Oxybelinae  (Hymenoptera:  Sphecoidea, 
Crabronidae)."  International  Journal  of  Entomology  (India)  1(1983)  :31-39. 

.  and  Linsley,  E.  Gorton.  "Paul  David  Kurd,  Jr.,  1921-1982."  Pan- 
Pacific  Entomologist  58(1983)  :262-77. 

"Biosystematic  Studies  of  Ceylonese  Wasps,  XIII:  A  Monograph  of 


the  Stizinae  (Hymenoptera:  Sphecoidae:  Nyssonidae)."  Smithsonian  Con- 
tributions to  Zoology  388,  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  Washington,  D.C., 
1984. 

"Biosystematic  Studies  of  Ceylonese  Wasps,  XII:  Behavioral  and  Life 


History  Notes  on  Some  Sphecidae  (Hymenoptera:  Sphecoidea)."  Smith- 
sonian Contributions  to  Zoology  387,  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  Wash- 
ington, D.C. 1984. 

Levi,  H.  W.,  and  Coddington,  J.  "Progress  Report  on  the  Phylogeny  of  the 
Orb-weaving  Family  Araneidae  and  the  Superfamily  Araneoidea  (Ara- 
chnida:  Araneae)."  Abhandlungen  und  Verhandlungen  der  naturwissen- 
schaftlichen  Vereins  in  Hamburg  (NF)  26(1983)  :151-54. 

Mathis,  Wayne  N.  "A  Revision  of  the  Genus  Dagus  Cresson  (Diptera:  Ephy- 
dridae)."  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Washington  85(4) 
(1983)  :717-26. 

.  "Notes  on  Brachydeutera  Loew   (Diptera:   Ephydridae)   from  North 

America."  Entomological  News  94(3)(1983):177-80. 

-.  "Notes   of   the   Shore   Fly   Genus   Diedrops    (Diptera:    Ephydridae). 


Proceedings    of    the    Entomological    Society    of    Washington    86(2)(1984): 
349-53. 

-.  "A  Revision  of  the  Genus  Asmeringa  Becker  (Diptera:  Ephydridae)." 


Israel  Journal  of  Entomology  17(1984)  -.67-79. 

"A  Revision  of  the  Shore  Fly  Genus  Homalometopus  Becker  (Diptera: 


Ephydridae)."  Proceedings   of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(2) 

(1984):251-62. 
Robbins,  Robert  K.   [Book  Review.]   New  Zealand  Butterflies,  Identification 

and  Natural  History,  by  G.  W.  Gibbs).  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological 

Society  of  Washington  86:244. 
Rolston,  L.  H.;  Hoberlandt,  L.;  and  Froeschner,  R.  C.  "Scotinophara  sicula 

A.  Costa,  a  Mediterranean  Species  in  the  Virgin  Islands  (Hemiptera:  Pen- 

tatomidae:    Podopinae)."    Proceedings    of    the    Entomological    Society    of 

Washington  86(1984)  :266-68. 
Spangler,    Paul    J.    "Immature    Stages    and    Biology    of    Tetraglossa    palpalis 

Champion  (Coleoptera:  Ptilodactylidae)."  Entomological  News  94 (5)  (1983): 

161-75,  23  figures. 
.  "An  Aquatic   Insert  Survey  of  Ecuador."  National  Geographic  So- 
ciety Research  Reports  16(1984)  :611-14. 

-.  and    Steiner,    Warren    E.    "New    Species    of    Water    Beetles    of    the 


Genera  Elmoparnus  and  Pheneps  from  Suriname  (Coleoptera:  Dryopidae: 
Psephenidae)."  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Washington 
85(4) (1983)  :826-39,  25  figures. 
Steiner,  Warren  E.,  Jr.  "A  Review  of  the  Biology  of  Phalacrid  Beetles  (Coleop- 
tera)." In  Fungus-Insect  Relationships;  Perspective  in  Ecology  and  Evolu- 
tion, eds.  Q.  Wheeler  and  M.  Blackwell,  424-445.  Columbia  University 
Press,  New  York,  1984. 


500  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "Notes  on  Centronopus  opacus  LeConte  from  Oklahoma  and  Arkan- 
sas  (Coleoptera:   Tenebrionidae).   Coleopterists   Bulletin  37(1) (1983)  :90-91. 

Tennessen,  K.  J.  and  Louton,  J.  A.  "The  True  Nymph  of  Comphus  (Gomphu- 
rus)  crassus  Hagen  (Odonata:  Gomphidae),  with  Notes  on  Adults."  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Washington  86(1) (1984)  :223-27. 

Yanagihara,  R.;  Gajdusek,  D.  C;  Gibbs,  C.  R.;  and  Traub,  R.  "Prospect  Hill 
Virus:  Serological  Evidence  for  Infection  in  Mammalogists."  (Letter  to  the 
Editor.)  New  England  Journal  of  Medicine  310(20)  (1984)  :1325-26,  refs. 

Department  of  Invertebrate  Zoology 

Barnard,  J.  L.,  and  Clark,  J.  "Redescription  of  Phoxocephalopsis  zimmeri  with 
a  New  Species  and  Establishment  of  the  Family  Phoxocephalopsidae 
(Crustacea,  Amphipoda)  from  Magellanic  South  America."  Journal  of 
Crustacean  Biology  4(1984)  :85-105. 

Barnard,  J.  L.,  and  Drummond,  M.  M.  "Warreyus,  a  New  Genus  of  Exoedi- 
cerotidae  (Crustacea,  Amphipoda)  Based  on  Exoediceros  maculosus  Sheard 
(1936)."  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Victoria  95(1983)  :65-75. 

Barnard,  J.  L.,  and  Thomas,  J.  D.  "A  New  Species  of  Amphilochus  from  the 
Gorgonian,  Pterogorgia  anceps  in  the  Caribbean  Sea."  "Selected  Papers  on 
Crustacea  (1983)  :179-87. 

Bayer,  F.  M.;  Grasshoff,  M.;  and  Verseveldt,  J.,  eds.  Illustrated  Trilingual 
Glossary  of  Morphological  and  Anatomical  Terms  Applied  to  Octocorallia, 
pp.  1-75.  Leiden:  E.  J.  Brill,  1983. 

Bowman,  T.  E.  "Stalking  the  Wild  Crustacean:  The  Significance  of  Sessile 
and  Stalked  Eyes  in  Phylogeny."  Journal  of  Crustacean  Biology  4(1)(1984): 
7-11. 

.  "Invertebrate  Linkages."  Review  of  Crustacean  Phylogeny,  ed.  Fred- 
erick R.  Schram.  Balkema,  Rotterdam.  Science  224:53. 

Bowman,  T.  E.,  and  Tareen,  I.  U.  "Cymothoidae  from  Fishes  of  Kuwait 
(Arabian  Gulf)  (Crustacea:  Isopoda)."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to 
Zoology  296,  i-iii,  1-30.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press, 
1983. 

Bowman,  T.  E.  and  Lewis,  J.  J.  "Caecidotea  rotunda,  a  New  Troglobitic 
Asellid  from  Indiana  and  Ohio  (Crustacea:  Isopoda:  Asellidae)."  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(2)  (1984)  :425-31. 

Brown,  R.  and  Higgins,  R.  P.  "A  New  Species  of  Kinorhynchus  (Homalor- 
hagida,  Pycnophyidae)  from  Australia  with  a  Redescription  and  Range 
Extension  of  other  Kinorhyncha  from  the  South  Pacific."  Zoologica  Scripta 
12(1984)  :161-69. 

Burch,  J.  B.  "The  Limpet  Genus  Brondelia  Among  the  Freshwater  Gastro- 
pods." American  Malacological  Bulletin  2(1984)  :88-89. 

Burch,  J.  B.,  and  Lohachit,  C.  "Snails  of  Medical  Importance  in  Thailand." 
Walker  ana  1(5)  (1983)  :395-98. 

Burch,  J.  B.,  and  Jeong,  K.  "The  Radulae  of  Selected  Planorbidae."  Malaco- 
logical Review  17(1984)  :67-84. 

Burr,  B.  M.,  and  Hobbs,  H.  H.  Jr.  "Additions  to  the  Crayfish  Fauna  of 
Kentucky,  with  New  Locality  Records  for  Cambarellus  shufeldtii."  Trans- 
actions of  the  Kentucky  Academy  of  Sciences  45(1-2) (1984)  :14-18. 

Cairns,  S.  D.  "Pseudocrypthelia,  a  New  Genus  of  Stylasterine  Coral  from  the 
Indonesian  Region."  Beaufortia  33(3)  (1983)  :29-35. 

.  "Observations    on    Species    of    the    Fossil    Genus    Axopora    and    its 

Evolutionary  Significance  to  the  Stylasteridae."  Proceedings  of  the  Bio- 
logical Society  of  Washington  96(4)(1983):758-69. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  501 


Cairns,  S.  D.,  and  Barnard,  J.  L.  "Redescription  of  Janaria  mirabilis,  a  Calci- 
fied Hydroid  from  the  Eastern  Pacific."  Southern  California  Academy  of 
Sciences  Bulletin  83(1)  (1984)  :1-11. 

Child,  C.  A.  "Pycnogonida  of  the  Western  Pacific  Islands  II.  Guam  and  the 
Palau  Islands."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington 
96(4)(1983):698-714. 

Chace,  F.  A.,  Jr.  "The  Atya-like  Shrimps  of  the  Indo-Pacific  Region  (Deca- 
poda:  Atyidae)."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Zoology  384,  i-iii,  1-54. 
Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

.  "The    Caridean    Shrimps    (Crustacea:    Decapoda)    of    the    Albatross 

Philippine  Expedition,  1907-1910,  Part  2:  Families  Glyphocrangonidae  and 
Crangonidae."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Zoology  397,  i-iv,  1-63.  Wash- 
ington, D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

Cooper,  J.  E.;  Jackson,  O.  F.,  and  Harshbarger,  J.  C.  "A  Neurilemmal  Sar- 
coma in  a  Tortoise  (Testudo  hermanni)."  Journal  of  Comparative  Pathology 
93(1983)  :541-45. 

Cressey,  R.  F.  and  Dojiri,  M.  "Bomolochus  paucus,  a  New  Species  of  Para- 
sitic Copepod  from  Scianid  Fishes  from  Southern  California."  Proceedings 
of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(1) (1984)  :221-25. 

Cressey,  R.  F.;  Collette,  B.  B.;  and  Russo,  J.  L.  "Copepods  and  Scombrid 
Fishes:  A  Study  in  Host-Parasite  Relationships."  Fishery  Bulletin  81(2): 
227-63. 

Fleeger,  J.  W.;  Tang,  Z.;  and  Higgins,  R.  P.  "Preliminary  Study  of  the 
Quantitative  Ecology  of  Meiobenthic  Copepoda  and  Kinorhyncha  off  the 
Changjiang  Estuary  and  Adjacent  Waters,  East  China  Sea."  Proceedings  of 
the  Symposium  on  Sedimentation  on  the  Continental  Shelf  of  the  East 
China  Sea  2(1983)  :937-46. 

Harshbarger,  J.  C.  "Pseudoneoplasms  in  Ectothermic  Animals."  National 
Cancer  Institute  Monograph  65(1984)  :251-73. 

Hart,  C.  W.  Jr.,  and  Clark,  J.  "A  New  Commensal  Ostracod  of  the  Genus 
Microsyssitria  from  South  Africa  (Ostracoda:  Entocytheridae:  Microsyssi- 
triinae)."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(1)(1984): 
217-20. 

Hart,  C.  W.  Jr.;  Clark,  J.;  and  Manning,  R.  B.  "Mythology  and  Microcom- 
puters." Curator  26(3)  (1983)  :199-202. 

Hobbs,  H.  H.  Jr.,  "Distocambarus  (Fitzcambarus)  carlsoni,  a  New  Subgenus 
and  Species  of  Crayfish  (Decapoda:  Cambaridae)  from  South  Carolina." 
Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  93(6) (1983)  :429-39. 

.  "On  the  Distribution  of  the  Crayfish  Genus  Procambarus  (Decapoda: 

Cambaridae)."  Journal   of  Crustacean   Biology  4(1) (1984)  :12-24. 

Hobbs,  H.  H.,  Jr.,  and  Carlson,  P.  H.  "Distocambarus  (Decapoda:  Cambari- 
dae) Elevated  to  Generic  Rank,  with  an  Account  of  D.  crockeri,  New 
Species  from  South  Carolina."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of 
Washington  93(6)  (1983)  :429-39. 

Hobbs,  H.  H.,  Jr.,  and  McClure,  A.  C.  "On  a  Small  Collection  of  Entocy- 
therid  Ostracods  with  the  Descriptions  of  Three  New  Species."  Proceedings 
of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  96(4)  (1983)  :770-79. 

Houbrick,  R.  S.  "Going  Collecting?  Look  for  a  Live  Royella  sinon."  Hawaiian 
Shell  News  32(4)  (1984)  :12. 

Jones,  M.  L.  "Pogonophora."  In  McGraw-Hill  Yearbook  of  Science  and  Tech- 
ology,  1984,  pp.  355-57.  McGraw-Hill,  1983. 

.  "Annelida."   In    The   Encyclopedia    of  Earth    Sciences,   vol.    15:    The 

Encyclopedia  of  Beaches  and  Coastal  Environments,  ed.  M.  L.  Schwartz,  pp. 
39-41.  Hutchinson  Ross,  1982. 


502  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Kenk,  R.  "Freshwater  Triclads  (Turbellaria)  of  North  America.  XV.  Two  New 

Subterranean  Species  from  the  Appalachian  Region."  Proceedings   of  the 

Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(1)  (1984)  :209-16. 
Kensley,  B.  "The  Role  of  Isopod  Crustaceans  in  the  Reef  Crest  Community  at 

Carrie  Bow  Cay,  Belize."  Marine  Ecology  5(1) (1984)  :29-44. 
.  "Astacilla    Cordiner,   1793    (Crustacea:    Isopoda) :    Proposed   Nomen- 

clatural  Validation  by  Use  of  Plenary  Powers  Z.N.   (S)2319."  Bulletin   of 

Zoological  Nomenclature  40(3)  (1983)  :163-64. 

'The    South    African    Museum's    Meiring    Naude    Cruises.    Part    15. 


Marine   Isopoda  of  the   1977,   1978,   1979   Cruises."   Annals   of   the   South 
African  Museum  93(4)  (1984)  :213-301. 

'New   Records    of   Bresiliid    Shrimp    from    Australia,    South    Africa, 


Caribbean,  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  (Decapoda:  Natantia:  Caridea)."  Smith- 
sonian Contributions  to  Zoology  394,  i-iii,  1-31.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Press,  1983. 

Kensley,  B.  F.,  and  Schotte,  M.  "Redescription  of  Arcturella  lineata  (Steb- 
bing)  from  South  Africa  (Crustacea:  Isopoda:  Arcturidae)."  Proceedings 
of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(1)  (1984:240-44. 

Kornicker,  L.  S.  "New  Species  of  Dantya  from  the  Indian  Ocean  (Ostracoda: 
Sarsiellidae:  Dantyinae)."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Zoology  383, 
i-iii,   1-18.   Washington,   D.C. :   Smithsonian   Institution   Press,   1983. 

.  "Philomedidae  of  the  Continental  Shelf  of  Eastern  North  America 

and  the  Northern  Gulf  of  Mexico  (Ostracoda:  Myodocopina)."  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Zoology  393,  i-iii,  1-78.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian 
Institution  Press,  1984. 

'Cypridinidae    of   the    Continental    Shelves    of    Southeastern   North 


America,  the  Northern  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  West  Indies  (Ostracoda: 
Myodocopina)."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Zoology  401(1984)  :i-iii, 
1-37.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

'Ostracoda  from  the  West  Coast  of  Central  America   (Mydocopina: 


Cypridinacea)."    Proceedings    of    the    Biological    Society    of    Washington 
97(1)  (1984)  :127-134. 

-,  ed.  "Biology  of  the  Antarctic  Seas  XIV,"  Antarctic  Research  Series, 


1983,  Vol.  39,  367  pp. 

-,  ed.  "Biology  of  the  Antarctic  Seas  XV,"  Antarctic  Research  Series, 


1984,  284  pp. 

Kristensen,  R.,  and  Higgins,  R.  P.  "A  New  Family  of  Arthrotardigrada  (Tardi- 
grada:  Heterotardigrada)  from  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  Florida,  U.S.A." 
Transactions  of  the  American  Microscopical  Society  103(1984)  :295-311. 

Manning,  R.  B.  "Gonodactyloideus  cracens  n.  gen.,  n.  sp.,  a  New  Stomatopod 
Crustacean  from  Western  Australia."  The  Beagle  l(9)(1984):83-86. 

Manning,  R.  B.,  and  Bruce,  A.  J.  "Erythrosquilla  megalops,  a  Remarkable  New 
Stomatopod  from  the  Western  Indian  Ocean."  Journal  of  Crustacean  Biol- 
ogy 4(2) (1984)  :329-32. 

Manning,  R.  B.,  and  Hart,  C  W.  Jr.,  "The  Status  of  the  Hippolytid  Shrimp 
Genera  Barbouria  and  Ligur:  A  Reevaluation."  Proceedings  of  the  Biologi- 
cal Society  of  Washington  97(3)  (1984)  -.657-67. 

Manning,  R.  B.,  and  Holthuis,  L.  B.  "Geryon  fenneri,  a  New  Deep-Water  Crab 
from  Florida  (Crustacea,  Decapoda,  Geryonidae)."  Proceedings  of  the 
Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(3) (1984)  :668-75. 

Millikan,  M.  R.,  and  Williams,  A.  B.  "Synopsis  of  Biological  Data  on  the 
Blue  Crab,  Callinectes  sapidus  Rathbun."  NOAA  Technical  Report  NMF5 
1 :  iv,  4-39  pp. 

Miller,  J.  E.,  and  Pawson,  D.  L.  "Holothurians  (Echinodermata :  Holothuroi- 
dea)."  Memoirs  of  the  Hourglass  Cruises  7(l):l-79. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  503 


Montali,  R.  J.;  Valerio,  M.  G.;  and  Harshbarger,  J.  C.  "Lung  Tumors  in 
Nondomesticated  Animals."  In  Comparative  Respiratory  Tract  Carcino- 
genesis. Vol.  I.  Spontaneous  Respiratory  Tract  Carcinogenesis,  ed.  H.  M. 
Reznik-Schuller,  pp.  219-31.  Fla.:  CRC  Press,  1983. 

.  "Tumors    of    the    Nasal    Cavity    in    Nondomesticated    Animals."    In 

Nasal  Tumors  in  Animals  and  Man.  Vol.  II.  Tumor  Pathology,  eds.  G.  Rez- 
nik  and  S.  F.  Stinson,  pp.  239-54.  Fla.:  CRC  Press,  1983. 

Nakamura,  K.,  and  Child,  C.  A.  "Shallow-water  Pycnogonida  from  the  Izu 
Peninsula,  Japan."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Zoology  386,  i-v,  1-71. 
Washington,  D.C. :   Smithsonian  Institution  Press,   1983. 

Nowell,  A.  R.  M.;  Jumars,  P.  A.;  and  Fauchald,  K.  "The  Foraging  Strategy  of 
a  Subtidal  and  Deep-Sea  Deposit  Feeder."  Limnology  and  Oceanography 
29(3)  :645-49. 

Pawson,  D.  L.  "Ocnus  sacculus  New  Species  (Echinodermata :  Holothuroidea), 
a  Brood-Protecting  Holothurian  from  Southeastern  New  Zealand."  New 
Zealand  Journal  of  Marine  and  Freshwater  Research  17,  227-30,  1983. 

Pawson,  D.  L.,  and  Miller,  J.  E.  "Systematics  and  Ecology  of  the  Sea  Urchin 
Genus  Centrostephanus  (Echinodermata:  Echinoidea)  from  the  Atlantic  and 
Eastern  Pacific  Oceans."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  the  Marine  Sciences 
20,  i-iii,  1-15.   Washington,  D.C:   Smithsonian  Institution   Press,   1983. 

Pettibone,  M.  H.  "A  New  Scale  Worm  (Polychaeta:  Polynoidae)  from  the 
Hydrothermal  Rift  Area  off  Western  Mexico  at  2ldeg.N."  Proceedings  of 
the    Washington   Biological   Society   of   Washington   96(3)  (1983)  :392-99. 

.  "Minusculisquama  Hughesi,  a  New  Genus  and  Species  of  Scale  Worm 

(Polychaeta:    Polynoidae)     from     Eastern    Canada."    Proceedings    of    the 
Biological  Society  of  Washington  96(3) (1983)  :400-6. 

"A   New   Scale-Worm    Commensal   with    Deep-Sea    Mussels    on    the 


Galapagos  Hydrothermal  Vent   (Polychaeta:   Polynoidae)."   Proceedings   of 

the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  97(1)  (1984)  :226-39. 
Reames,  R.  C,  and  Williams,  A.  B.  "The  Mud  Crab  Panopeus  herbstii  H.M. 

Edw.   s.   1.   Populations   in   Alabama,   U.S.A."   Fishery    Bulletin    U.S.    81(4) 

(1984)  :885-90. 
Rehder,  H.  A.  "A  Revised  List  of  the  Marine  Mollusks  of  Henderson  Island." 

Appendix  2  of  "Henderson  Island   (Southeastern  Polynesia) :  Summary  of 

Current  Knowledge."  by  F.  R.  Fosberg,  M.  H.  Sachet,  and  D.  R.  Stoddart. 

Atoll  Research  Bulletin  272(1983)  :34-39. 
.  "Marine  Mollusca."   In  "Natural  History   of  Mopelia   Atoll,  Society 

Islands,"  by  M.  H.  Sachet.  Atoll  Research  Bulletin  274(1983)  :18-20. 

"The  Genus  Brondelia  Bourguignat,  1862,  and  its  Taxonomic  Position 


(Gastropoda:   Siphonariidae)."   The  Nautilus   98(2) (1984)  :83-84. 

'Cypraea  thomasi  Crosse:  A  Valid  Species."  Hawaiian  Shell  News 


32(4)  (1984)  :l-8,  13  fig. 
Rice,  M.  E.;  Piraino,  J.;  and  Reichardt,  H.  F.  "Observations  on  the  Ecology 

and    Reproduction    of    the    Sipunculan    Phascolion    cryptus    in    the    Indian 

River  Lagoon."  Florida  Scientist  46(1983)  :382-96. 
Roper,  C.  F.  E.;  Sweeney,  M.  J.;  and  Nauen,  C.  E.  "FAO  Species  Catalogue, 

vol.  3.,  Cephalopods  of  the  World:  An  Annotated  and  Illustrated  Catalogue 

of  Species  of  Interest  to  Fisheries."  FAO  Fisheries  Synopsis  No.  125,  Vol.  3, 

277  pp.  (1984). 
Rosewater,  J.  "A  Bibliography  and  List  of  the  Taxa  of  Mollusks  Introduced 

by  Joseph  P.   E.   Morrison   (December   17,   1906-December   2,   1983)."   The 

Nautilus  98(1)  (1984)  :l-9. 
■ .  "A  New  Species  of  Leptonacean  Bivalve  from  off  Northwestern  Peru 

(Heterodonta:  Veneroida:  Lasaeidae)."  The  Veliger  27(1) (1984)  :81-89. 
Rutzler,  K.,  and  Santavy,  D.  L.  "The  Black  Band  Disease  of  Atlantic  Reef 


504  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Corals.    I.    Description    of    the    Cyanophyte    Pathogen."    Marine    Ecology 

4(4)  (1983)  :301-19. 
Rutzler,  K.;  Santavy,  D.  L.;  and  Antonius,  A.  "The  Black  Band  Disease  of 

Atlantic  Reef  Corals.  III.  Distribution,  Ecology,  and  Development."  Marine 

Ecology  4(4)  (1983)  :329-58. 
Small,   E.   G.,   and   Jones,  M.   L.   "Ciliates   Associated   with   Zldeg.N   Hydro- 
thermal  Vents."  Journal  of  Protozoology  30{3):24A  (Abstract). 
Sullivan,  B.;  Miller,  K.;  Singleton,   K.;   Scheer,  A.   G.;   and  Williams,   A.   B. 

"The    Mud    Crab    Panopeus    herbstii    H.    M.    Edw.,    s.    1.    Electtophoretic 

Analyses    of   hemocyanins    from    Four    Forms    with    Observations    on    the 

Ecology  of  Form  obesa."  Fishery  Bulletin  U.S.  81(4)(1984)  :883-85. 
Tai,  A.,  and  Manning,  R.  B.  "A  New  Species  of  Potamocypoda  (Brachyura: 

Ocypodidae)    from   Malaysia."    Proceedings    of   the   Biological   Society    of 

Washington  97(3)  (1984)  :617-19. 
Toll,  R.  B.  "The  Lycotheuthid  Genus  Oregoniateuthis  Voss,  1956,  a  synonym 

of  Lycoteuthis  Pfeffer,  1900   (Cephalopoda:  Teuthoides)."  Proceedings   of 

the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  96(3)  (1984)  :365-69. 
.  "Characters  and  Classification — a  Preliminary  Review  of  the  Genera 

in    the    Subfamily    Octopodinae."    American    Malacological    Bulletin    2:89, 

1984  (Abstract). 
Van  Dover,  C.  L.;  Williams,  A.  B.;  and  Factor,  J.  R.  "The  First  Zoeal  Stage 

of   a   Hydrothermal    Vent    Crab    (Decapoda:    Brachyura:    Bythograeidae)." 

Proceedings   of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington   97(2)  (1984)  :413-18. 
van   Soest,   R.    W.   M.;    Stone,   S.   M.;   Boury-Esnault,   N.;    and   Rutzler,   K. 

"Catalogue  of  the  Duchassaing  and  Michelotti   (1864)   Collection  of  West 

Indian    Sponges     (Porifera)."    Bulletin    Zoologisch    Museum    9(21)(1983): 

189-205. 
Williams,  A.  B.  "Shrimps,  Lobsters,  and  Crabs  of  the  Atlantic  Coast  of  the 

Eastern  United  States,  Maine  to  Florida."  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian 

Institution  Press,  1984,  550  pp. 
.  "The   Mud   Crab   Panopeus    herbstii,   s.l.   Partition   into    six   species 

(Decapoda:  Xanthidae)."  Fishery  Bulletin  U.S.  81(4) (1984)  :863-82. 
Williams,  A.  B.,  and  Van  Dover,  C.  L.  "A  New  Species  of  Munidopsis  from 

Marine   Thermal   Vents    of    the    East    Pacific    Rise    at    2ldeg.N    (Anomura 

Galatheidae)."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  96(3) 

(1983)  :481-88. 
Zea,  S.,  and  Rutzler,  K.  "A  New  Species  of  Xestospongia  (Porifera) :  Demo- 

spongea),  from  the  Colombian  Caribbean."   Caldasia  13(65)  (1983)  :817-31. 

Department  of  Mineral  Sciences 

Allmohandis,  A.  A.,  and  Clarke,  R.  S.,  Jr.  "The  Alkhamasin,  Saudi  Arabia, 
Iron  Meteorite."  Meteoritics  (18)  :260. 

Clarke,  R.  S.,  Jr.  "Descriptions  of  Iron  Meteorites  and  Mesosiderites."  In 
Field  and  Laboratory  Investigations  of  Meteorites  from  Victoria  Land, 
Antarctica,  eds.  U.  B.  Marvin  and  B.  Mason,  49-53.  Smithsonian  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Earth  Sciences,  Vol.  26. 

Fiske,  Richard  S.  "Volcanologists,  journalists,  and  the  concerned  local  public: 
A  tale  of  two  crises  in  the  Eastern  Caribbean."  In  Explosive  Volcanism: 
Inception,  Evolution,  and  Hazards,  pp.  170-176.  National  Academy  Press, 
1984. 

.  "Volcano   hazards — lessons    learned   in   the   Eastern   Caribbean."   In 

Resources  for  the   Twenty-First   Century,   U.S.   Geological  Survey  Profes- 
sional Paper  1193,  pp.  256-260,  1984. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  505 


Fleischer,  M.  "Distribution  of  the  lanthanides  and  yttrium  in  apatites  from 
iron  ores  and  its  bearing  on  the  genesis  of  ores  of  the  Kiruna  type." 
Econ.  Ceol.  (78)(1983)  :1007-10. 

.   (Additions  and  Corrections  to)  "Glossary  of  Mineral  Species."  Min- 

eralogical  Record  (15)(1984)  :51-54. 

-.  "Memorial  of  J.  J.  Fahey."  Geological  Society  of  America  Memorial 


(1984) :  4  pp. 

Fredriksson,  K.  "On  Crystallinity,  Recrystallization,  Equilibration,  and  Meta- 
morphism  in  Chondrites."  In  Chondrules  and  Their  Origins,  ed.,  E.  A.  King 
pp.  44-52.  Lunar  &  Planetary  Institute,  Houston,  1983. 

Fredriksson,  K.,  and  Specht,  5.  "Ion  Probe  Analysis  of  Chondrite  Samples." 
Meteoritics  18(4)  (1983)  :298-99. 

.  "Electron  and  Ion  Probe  Determinations  of  Some  Element  Partitions 

in  Individual  Chondrules."  9th  Symp.  on  Antarctic  Meteorites,  Nat.  Inst, 
of  Polar  Res.  Tokyo,  (1984)  :31-33. 

Fudali,  R.  F.;  Kreutzberger,  M.;  Kurat,  G.;  and  Brandstatter.  F.  "Aspects  of 
a  Glassy  Meteorite  from  the  Moon  Bearing  on  Some  Problems  of  Extra- 
terrestrial Glass-Making."  Journal  of  Non-Crystalline  Solids  67(1-3): 
383-96. 

Glass,  B.  P.;  Fredriksson,  K.;  and  Florensky,  P.  V.  "Microirghizites  Recovered 
from  a  Sediment  Sample  from  the  Zhamanshin  Impact  Structure."  In 
Proc.  14th  Lunar  and  Planet.  Sci.  Conf.,  Part  1,  J.  Ceophys.  Res.  Vol.  (88), 
Suppl.,  (1983)  :B319-B330. 

Jarosewich,  E.  "Bulk  Chemical  Analyses  of  Antarctic  Meteorites,  with  Notes 
on  Weathering  Effects  on  FeO,  Fe-metal,  FeS,  H2O  and  C."  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  the  Earth  Sciences  (26)  :111-114. 

Mason,  B.  "The  definition  of  a  howardite."  Meteoritics  (18)(1983)  :245. 

Mason,  B.,  and  Marvin,  U.  B.  "Field  and  Laboratory  Investigations  of  Mete- 
orites from  Victoria  Land,  Antarctica."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  the 
Earth  Sciences  (26)(1984)  :134. 

Mason,  B.,  and  Yanai,  K.  "A  Review  of  the  Yamato-74  Meteorite  Collection." 
Mem.  Natl.  Inst.  Polar  Research  (Toyko),  Special  Issue  no.  30(1984)  :7-28. 

Melson,  W.  G.  "Properties,  Cultural  Selection,  and  Provenance  of  Pumice  from 
Tell  Gemmeh,  Israel."  Society  for  Archaeological  Sciences  Research  Reports 
4(1983)  :3-6. 

.  "Monitoring  the  1980-1982  Eruptions  of  Mount  St.  Helens:  Compo- 
sitions and  Abundances  of  Glass."  Science  221(1983)  :1387-91. 

Natland,  J.  H.;  Melson,  W.  G.;  and  O'Hearn,  T.  "Production  of  uniform  lava 
compositions  of  spreading  Ridges:  result  of  magma  mixing  or  a  Thermal 
Cusp."  EOS  64(1983)  :322.  (Abstract.) 

Natland,  James  H.;  Tarney,  John;  Marsh,  N.  G.;  Melson,  W.  G.;  and  O'Hearn, 
T.  "Compositions,  Stratigraphy,  and  Alteration  of  Pillow  Basalts,  Deep  Sea 
Drilling  Project  Hole  543A,  near  the  Barbados  Ridge.  In  Initial  Reports  of 
the  Deep  Sea  Drilling  Project,  B.  Biju-Duval,  J.  C.  Moore,  et  al.  (78)  :393- 
399.  Washington,  D.C.:  U.S.  Government  Printing  Office,  1984. 

Newhall,  C.  G.,  and  Melson,  W.  G.  "Explosive  Activity  Associated  with  the 
Growth  of  Volcanic  Domes."  Volcanology  and  Geothermal  Research  17 
(1983):111-131. 

Roden,  M.  K.;  Hart,  S.  R.;  Frey,  F.  A.;  and  Melson,  W.  G.  "Sr,  Nd  and  Pb 
Isotopic  and  REE  Geochemistry  of  St.  Paul's  Rocks:  the  Metamorphic  and 
Metasomatic  Development  of  an  Alkali  Basalt  Mantle  Source."  Contrib. 
Mineral.  Petrol.  (85)(1984)  :376-90. 

Rubin,  E.;  Rehfeldt,  A.;  Peterson,  E.;  Keil,  K.;  and  Jarosewich,  E.  "Fragmental 
Breccias  and  the  Collisional  Evolution  of  Ordinary  Parent  Bodies."  Mete- 
oritics (18)(1983):179-96. 


506  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Simkin,  T.  "Geology  of  Galapagos  Islands."  In  Key  Environments  series,  ed. 

R.  Perry.  Galapagos  1984,  pp.  15-41. 
Simkin,  T.  "Geology  of  Galapagos."  Biol.  Journ.  of  Linnean  Soc.  (21) (1984): 

61-75. 
Simkin,  T.,  and  Fiske,  R.  S.  Krakatau  1883:  The  Volcanic  Eruption  and  its 

Effects.  Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983:  464  pp. 
.  "Krakatau  1883:  A  Classic  Geophysical  Event."  EOS  (64)(1983)  :513- 

14. 

'Krakatoa  1883:  A  centennial  retrospective  on  the  eruption  and  its 


atmospheric  effects."  Weatherwise  36(5)  (1983)  :244-54. 
Simkin,  T.,  and  Siebert,  L.  "Explosive  Eruptions  in  Space  and  Time:  Durations, 

Intervals,   and   a   Comparison   of   the   World's   Active   Volcanic   Belts."   In 

Explosive  Volcanism:  Inception,  Evolution,  and  Hazard,  National  Resource 

Council.  Washington,  D.C:  National  Academy  of  Science  Press,  pp.  110- 

121,  1984. 
White,  J.  S.  "Black  Dioptase  from  Tiger,  Arizona."  Mineralogical  Record  (14) 

(1983)  :337. 
.  "The  U.S.   National   Collection   Still   Grows."   Mineralogical   Record 

(15)(1984):165-70. 
Wilke,  H.,   and   White,  J.   S.   "Die  mineralogische   sammlung   des   National 

Museum  of  Natural  History  in  Washington."  Lapis  8(1983)  :51-61. 

Department  of  Paleobiology 

Behrensmeyer,  A.  K.  "The  Bones  of  Amboseli  Park  as  a  Key  to  East  African 
Paleoecology."  In  National  Geographic  Society  Reports,  1975  Projects,  ed. 
Winfield  Swanson — Under  the  Direction  of  the  Committee  for  Research 
and  Exploration,  pp.  91-109.  Washington,  D.C;  National  Geographic 
Society,  1984. 

.  "Non-human  Fracturing  and  Surface  Damage  in  Miocene  Bones  with 

Notes  on  Related  Taphonomic  Experiments."  [Abstract]  Virst  International 
Bone  Modification  Conference,  Carson  City,  Nevada:  Abstract  Volume 
(1984),  page  3. 

-.  "Taphonomy  and  the  Paleoecologic  Reconstruction  of  Hominid  Habi- 


tats in  the   Koobi   Fora  Formation."   In   L' Environment  des   Hominides   au 
Plio-Pleistocene,  ed.  Y.  Coppens,  Paris:  Foundation  Singer-Polinac,  1984. 

Behrensmeyer,  A.  K.,  and  Raza,  S.  M.  "A  Procedure  for  Documenting  Fossil 
Localities  of  Northern  Pakistan."  In  Contribution  to  the  Geology  of  Siwa- 
liks  of  Pakistan,  Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Pakistan,  volume  11, 
ed.  S.  M.  Ibrahim  Shah  and  David  Pilbeam,  pp.  65-69.  Rawalpindi,  Paki- 
stan: The  Army  Press,  1984. 

Benson,  R.  H.  "Biomechanical  Stability  and  Sudden  Change  in  the  Evolution 
of  the  Deep-sea  Ostracode  Poseidonamicus."  Paleobiology,  vol.  9,  no.  4 
(1983)  :398-413. 

.  "The  Phanerozoic  'Crisis'  as  Viewed  from  the  Miocene."  In  Catas- 
trophes and  Earth  History,  eds.  W.  A.  Berggren  and  J.  A.  Van  Couvering, 
pp.  437-46.  Princeton:  Princeton  University  Press,  1984. 

"Perfection,  Continuity,  and  Common  Sense  in  Historical  Geology. 


In  Catastrophes  and  Earth  History,  eds.  by  W.  A.  Berggren  and  J.  A.  Van 
Couvering,  pp.  35-75.  Princeton:  Princeton  University  Press,  1984. 
Benson,  R.  H.,  and  Peypouquet,  J. -P.  "The  Upper  and  Mid-bathyl  Cenozoic 
Ostracode  Faunas  of  the  Rio  Grande  Rise  Found  on  Leg  72  Deep  Sea  Drill- 
ing Project."  In  Initial  Reports  of  the  Deep  Sea  Drilling  Project,  eds.  P.  P. 
Barker,  et  al.,  72:805-18.  Washington,  D.C:  United  States  Government 
Printing  Office,  1983. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  507 


Benson,  R.  H.;  Chapman,  R.  E.;  and  Deck,  L.  T.  "Paleoceanographic  Events 
and  Deep-sea  Ostracodes."  Science  224,  no.  4655(1984)  :1334-36. 

Benson,  R.  H.;  Del  Grosso,  R.  M.;  and  Steineck,  P.  L.  "Ostracode  Distribution 
and  Biofacies,  Newfoundland,  Continental  Slope  and  Rise."  Micropaleon- 
tology  29,  no.  4(1984)  :430-53. 

Boardman,  R.  S.  "Origin  of  the  Post-Triassic  Stenolaemata  (Bryozoa) :  a  Taxo- 
nomic  Oversight."  Journal  of  Paleontology  58,  no.  1(1984)  :19-39. 

Buzas,  M.  A.,  and  Culver,  S.  J.  "Species  Durations  and  Evolution:  Benthic 
Foraminifera  of  the  Atlantic  Continental  Margin  of  North  America."  Sci- 
ence 225,  no.  4664(1984)  :829-30. 

Cheetham,  A.  H.,  and  Hayek,  L.  C.  "Geometric  Consequences  of  Branching 
Growth  in  Adeoniform  Bryozoa."  Paleobiology  9,  no.  3(1983)  :240-60. 

Cooper,  G.  A.  "The  Terebratulacea  (Brachiopoda),  Triassic  to  Recent:  A  Study 

of  the  Brachidia."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Paleobiology,  number  50,  445 
pages.  Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

Emry,  R.  J.  [Review]  "Mammalian  Paleofaunas  of  the  World."  By  D.  E.  Sav- 
age and  D.  E.  Russell.  Journal  of  Vertebrate  Paleontology  3,  no.  3(1984) : 
183-85. 

Emry,  R.  J.,  and  Purdy,  R.  W.  "The  Holotype  and  Would-be  Holotypes  of 
Hyracodon  nebraskensis."  Notulae  Naturae,  number  460(1984)  :1-18. 

Emry,  R.  J.,  and  Schultze,  H.-P.  "Worldwide  Vertebrate  Paleontology  Re- 
viewed." Ceotimes  29,  no.  2(1984)  :14-16. 

Emry,  R.  J.,  and  Thorington,  R.  W.,  Jr.  "The  Tree  Squirrel  Sciurus  (Sciuridae, 
Rodentia)  as  a  Living  Fossil."  In  Living  Fossils,  eds.  Niles  Eldredge  and 
S.  M.  Stanley,  pp.  23-31.  New  York:  Springer- Verlag,  1984. 

Gennesseux,  M.,  and  Stanley,  D.  J.  "Neogene  to  Recent  Displacement  and 
Contact  of  Sardinian  and  Tunisian  Margin,  Central  Mediterranean."  Smith- 
sonian Contributions  to  the  Marine  Sciences,  number  23,  21  pages.  Wash- 
ington, D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

Graus,  R.  R.;  Macintyre,  I.  G.;  and  Herchenroyder,  B.  E.  "Computer  Simula- 
tion of  the  Reef  Zonation  at  Discovery  Bay,  Jamaica:  Hurricane  Disruption 
and  Long-term  Physical  Oceanographic  Controls."  Coral  Reefs  3,  no.  1 
(1984). 

Hueber,  F.  M.  "Fossil  Woods  and  Resin-like  Substances  from  the  Lee  Creek 
Mine."  In  Geology  and  Paleontology  of  the  Lee  Creek  Mine,  North  Caro- 
lina, I;  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  the  Paleobiology,  number  53,  ed.  C.  E. 
Ray,  pp.  269-85.  Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

Kier,  P.  M.  "Upper  Cenozoic  Echinoids  from  the  Lee  Creek  Mine."  In  Geology 
and  Paleontology  of  the  Lee  Creek  Mine,  North  Carolina,  I;  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Paleobiology,  number  53,  ed.  C.  E.  Ray,  pp.  499-508. 
Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

.  "Fossil  Spatangoid  Echinoids  of  Cuba."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to 

Paleobiology,  number  55,  336  pages.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution Press,  1984. 

"Echinoids   from   the   Triassic   (St.   Cassian)    of   Italy,  Their  Lantern 


Supports,   and   a   Revised   Phylogeny   of   Triassic   Echinoids."   Smithsonian 

Contributions   to   Paleobiology,  number  56,   41   pages.   Washington,   D.C: 

Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 
Eighty,  R.  G.;  Macintyre,  I.  G.;  and  Robert  Stuckenrath.  "Holocene  Sea-level 

Curve  for  the  Caribbean  and  Tropical  Western  Atlantic  Based  on   Coral 

Growth  of  Shallow-water  Acropora  palmata  Reef  Framework."  EOS  64,  no. 

52(1983) :1086. 
Macintyre,  I.  G.  "Extensive  Submarine  Lithification  in  a  Cave  in  the  Belize 

Barrier  Reef  Platform."  Journal  of  Sedimentary  Petrology  54,  no.  1(1984): 

221-35. 


508  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


McCoy,  F.,  and  Stanley,  D.  J.  "Recent  Sapropel  Formation  in  the  Eastern 
Mediterranean:  Comments."  Nature  309,  no.  5970(1984)  :727-28. 

Nelsen,  T.  A.,  and  Stanley,  D.  J.  "Variable  Deposition  Rates  on  the  Slopes 
and  Rise  off  the  Mid-Atlantic  States."  Ceo-Marine  Letters  3,  no.  1(1984): 
37-42. 

Neuman,  R.  B.  "Geology  and  Paleontology  of  Islands  in  the  Ordovician  lape- 
tus  Ocean:  Review  and  Implications."  Geological  Society  of  America  Bulle- 
tin 95,  no.  10(1984). 

Fetters,  S.  W.;  El-Nakhal,  H.  A.;  and  Cifelli,  Richard.  "Costellagerina,  a  New 
Late  Cretaceous  Globigerine  Foraminiferal  Genus."  Journal  of  Foraminiferal 
Research  13,  no.  4(1983)  :247-51. 

Ray,  C.  E.,  editor.  Geology  and  Paleontology  of  the  Lee  Creek  Mine,  North 
Carolina,  I;  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Paleobiology,  number  53,  529 
pages.  Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

Stanley,  D.  J.  "Organic-rich  Black  Shales  Resulting  from  Gravity  Transport: 
Examples  in  Deep-sea  Fans."  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
America  Program,  Indianapolis,  Indiana  (1983),  Abstract  number  31776. 

.  "Mud  Redepositional  Processes  as  a  Major  Influence  on  Mediterranean 

Deep-sea  Sedimentation."  In  Research  Conference  on  Fine-grained  Sedi- 
ments, ed.  D.  S.  Gorsline,  pp.  177-80.  San  Jose,  California:  Special  Publica- 
tion of  the  Society  of  Economic  Paleontologists  and  Mineralogists,  1984. 

[Book  Review]  The  Geological  Evolution  of  the  River  Nile,  by  R.  Said. 


Marine  Geology  58(1984)  :451-53. 

'Slide-generated  Turbidity  Currents:  Gres  d'Annot  Submarine  Fans, 


Maritime  Alps — Fossil  Fuels  of  Europe  Conference  and  Exhibition,  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  July  15-18,  1984."  [Abstract]  Bulletin  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Petroleum  Geologists  68,  no.  6(1984)  :799. 

Waller,  T.  R.  "The  Ctenolium  of  Scallop  Shells:  Functional  Morphology  and 
Evolution  of  a  Key  Family-level  Character  in  the  Pectinacea  (Mollusca: 
Bivalvia)."  Malacologia  25,  no.  1(1984)  :203-19. 

Wilson,  D.  E.  "The  Lee  Creek  Enigma,  Mclellania  aenigma,  a  New  Taxon  in 
Fossil  Cirrhipedia."  In  Geology  and  Paleontology  of  the  Lee  Creek  Mine, 
North  Carolina  I;  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Paleobiology,  number  53, 
ed.  C.  E.  Ray,  pp.  483-98..  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press, 
1983. 

Winston,  J.  E.,  and  Cheetham,  A.  H.  "The  Bryozoan  Nellia  tenella  as  a  Living 
Fossil."  In  Living  Fossils,  eds.  Niles  Eldredge  and  S.  M.  Stanley,  pp.  257-65. 
New  York:  Springer- Verlag,  1984. 

Wonderly,  P.  F.,  and  Neuman,  R.  B.  "The  Indian  Bay  Formation:  Fossiliferous 
Early  Ordovician  Volcanogenic  Rocks  in  the  Northern  Gander  Terrane, 
Newfoundland,  and  Their  Regional  Significance."  Canadian  Journal  of 
Earth  Sciences  21,  no.  5(1984)  :525-32. 

Department  of  Vertebrate  Zoology 
Banks,  Richard  C,  and  Watson,  George  E.  "Commentary."  Condor  86(2)  :222. 

1984. 
Carleton,  Michael  D.  "Chapter  9:  Introduction  to  Rodents."  In  Orders  and 

Families  of  Recent  Mammals   of  the   World,  eds.   S.   Anderson   and  J.   K. 

Jones,  pp.  255-65.  New  York:  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1984. 
Carleton,  Michael  D.,  and  Musser,  Guy  G.  "Chapter  11 :  Muroid  Rodents."  In 

Orders  and  Families  of  Recent  Mammals  of  the  World,  eds.  S.  Anderson 

and  J.  K.  Jones,  pp.  289-379.  New  York:  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  1984. 
Crombie,    Ronald    I.,    and    Heyer,    W.    Ronald.    "Leptodactylus    longirostris 

(Anura :    Leptodactylidae) :    Advertisement    Call,    Tadpole,    Ecological    and 

Distributional   Notes."   Revista   Brasileira    de   Biologia   43(3) (1983)  :291-96. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  509 


Crombie,  R.  I.;  Steadman,  D.  W.;  and  Barber,  J.  C.  "A  Preliminary  Survey 
of  the  Vertebrates  of  Cabarita  Island,  St.  Mary  Parish,  Jamaica."  Atoll 
Research  Bulletin  280(1984)  :1-16. 

Emry,  R.  J.,  and  Thorington,  R.  W.,  Jr.  "The  tree  squirrel  Sciurus  (Sciuri- 
dae,  Rodentia)  as  a  living  fossil."  In  Living  Fossils,  eds.  N.  Eldredge  and 
S.  M.  Stanley,  pp.  23-31,  1984. 

Gibbs,  Robert  H.,  Jr.;  Amaoka,  Kunio;  and  Chikakuni,  Haruta.  "Astro- 
nesthes  trifibulatus,  a  New  Indo-Pacific  Stomioid  Fish  (Family  Astronesthi- 
dae)  Related  to  the  Atlantic  A.  similis."  Japanese  Journal  of  Ichthyology 
31(1)  (1984)  :5-14. 

Goodman,  Steven  M.,  and  Watson,  George  E.  "Bird  Specimen  Records  of 
Some  Uncommon  or  Previously  Unrecorded  Forms  in  Egypt."  Bulletin  of 
the  British  Ornithologists'  Club  103(3)  (1983)  :101-06. 

Handley,  Charles  O.,  Jr.  "Christmas  Bird  Count:  Lewisburg,  W.  Va."  Ameri- 
can Birds  37(1983)  :578. 

Heyer,  W.  Ronald.  "Variation  and  Systematics  of  Frogs  of  the  Genus 
Cycloramphus  (Amphibia:  Leptodactylidae)."  Arquivos  de  Zoologia  30(4) 
(1983)  :235-339. 

.  "Notes  on  the  frog  genus  Cycloramphus  (Amphibia:  Leptodactyli- 
dae), with  descriptions  of  two  new  species."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological 
Society  of  Washington  96(3)  (1983)  :548-59. 

Heyer,  W.  Ronald,  and  Maxson,  Linda  R.  "Relationships,  Zoogeography,  and 
Speciation  Mechanisms  of  Frogs  of  the  Genus  Cycloramphus  (Amphibia: 
Leptodactylidae)."  Arquivos  de  Zoologia  30(5) (1983)  :341-73. 

Heyer,  W.  Ronald,  and  Pyburn,  William  F.  "Leptodactylus  riveroi,  a  New 
Frog  Species  from  Amazonia,  South  America  (Anura:  Leptodactylidae)." 
Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  96(3) (1983)  :560-66. 

Jewett,  Susan  L.,  and  Lachner,  Ernest  A.  "Seven  New  Species  of  the  Indo- 
Pacific  Genus  Eviota  (Pisces:  Gobiidae)."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological 
Society  of  Washington  96(4)  (1983)  :780-806. 

Johnson,  G.  David.  "Niphon  spinosus:  a  Primitive  Epinepheline  Serranid,  with 
Comments  on  the  Monophyly  and  Intrarelationships  of  the  Serranidae." 
Copeia  (3)  (1983)  :777-87. 

.  "Percoidei:     Development     and    Relationships."     In     Ontogeny    and 

Systematics  of  Fishes,  eds.  H.  G.  Moser,  et  al.  Special  Publication  No.  1, 
Supplement  to  Copeia,  American  Society  of  Ichthyologists  and  Herpetol- 
ogists  (1984)  :464-98. 

Johnson,  G.  David,  and  Keener,  Paula.  "Aid  to  Identification  of  American 
Grouper  Larvae."   Bulletin   of  Marine   Science   34(1)  (1984)  :106-34. 

Markle,  Douglas  F.;  Williams,  Jeffrey  T.;  and  Olney,  John  E.  "Description  of 
a  new  species  of  Echiodon  (Teleostei:  Carapidae)  from  Antarctic  and 
adjacent  seas."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  96(4) 
(1983)  :645-57. 

Mitchell,  Joseph  C,  and  Zug,  George  R.  "Spermatogenic  cycle  of  Nerodia 
taxispilota  (Serpentes:  Colubridae)  in  South  Central  Virginia."  Herpe- 
tologia  40(2)  (1984)  :200-4. 

Olson,  Storrs  L.  "Fossil  Seabirds  and  Changing  Marine  Environments  in 
the  Late  Tertiary  of  South  Africa."  South  African  Journal  of  Science 
79(10)  (1983)  :399-402. 

.  "Syringeal  Morphology  and  Relationships  of  Chaetops   (Timaliidae) 

and  Certain  South  African  Muscicapidae."  Ostrich  55(1) (1984)  :30-32. 

.  "A    Very    Large    Enigmatic    Owl    (Aves:    Strigidae)    from    the    Late 

Pleistocene  at  Ladds,  Georgia."  in  "Contributions  in  Quaternary  Vertebrate 
Paleontology:  A  Volume  in  Memorial  to  John  E.  Guilday,"  eds.  Hugh  H. 


510  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Genoways  and  Mary  R.  Dawson.   Carnegie  Museum   of  Natural   History 
Special  Publication  8(1984)  :44-46. 

'An  Evaluation  of  the  Fossil  Curlew  Palnumenius  victima  L.  Miller 


(Aves:  Scolopacidae)."  In  "Contributions  in  Quaternary  Vertebrate  Paleon- 
tology: A  Volume  in  Memorial  to  John  E.  Guilday,"  eds.  Hugh  H.  Geno- 
ways and  Mary  R.  Dawson.  Carnegie  Museum  of  Natural  History  Special 
Publication  8(1984)  :53-55. 

Olson,  Storrs,  L.;  Parkes,  Kenneth  C;  Clench,  Mary  H.;  and  Borecky, 
Stephen  H.  "The  Affinities  of  the  New  Zealand  Passerine  Genus  Turnagra." 
Notornis  30(4)  (1983)  :319-36. 

Olson,  Storrs  L.;  and  James,  Helen  F.  "The  Role  of  Polynesians  in  the 
Extinction  of  the  Avifauna  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands."  In  Quaternary 
Extinctions,  eds.  Paul  S.  Martin  and  R.  G.  Klein,  pp.  768-80.  Tucson: 
University  of  Arizona  Press,  1984. 

Ripley,  S.  D.  [Review].  The  Emergence  of  Ornithology  as  a  Scientific  Disci- 
pline: 1760-1850,  by  Paul  Lawrence  Farber.  Annals  of  Science,  40(5)  :522-23. 
September  1983. 

.  "The  subspecific  name  of  the  Common  Paradise  Kingfisher  Tanysip- 

tera  galates  from  Halmahera  Island,  North  Moluccas  (Maluku  Utara), 
Indonesia."  British  Ornithologists'  Club,  103(4)  (1983)  :145-46. 

"Habits   of   the  Bank   Myna,   Acridotheres   ginginianus."   Journal   of 


the  Bombay  Natural  History  Society,  80(1) (1983)  :219. 

"A    record    of    Whitehead's    Swiftlet    Collocalia    whiteheadi    from 


Bougainville   Island."   British    Ornithologists'   Club,   103(3)  (1983)  :82-84. 

Ross,  C.  A.;  and  Alcala,  A.  C.  "Distribution  and  status  of  the  Philippine 
crocodile  (Crocodylus  mindorensis)."  Kalikasan,  Philippine  Journal  of 
Science  12(1-2)  (1983)  :169-173. 

Springer,  Victor  G.  "Tyson  belos.  New  Genus  and  Species  of  Western  Pacific 
Fish  (Gobiidae,  Xenisthminae),  with  Discussions  of  Gobioid  Osteology  and 
Classification."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Zoology  390(1983)  :l-40. 

Steadman,  David  W.;  Pregill,  Gregory  K.;  and  Olson,  Storrs  L.  "Fossil  Verte- 
brates from  Antigua,  Lesser  Antilles:  Evidence  for  Late  Holocene  Human- 
caused  Extinctions  in  the  West  Indies."  Proceedings  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  81(1984)  :4448-51. 

Tallman,  Dan  A.,  and  Zusi,  Richard  L.  "A  Hybrid  Red  Crossbill-Pine  Siskin 
(Loxia  curvirostra  X  Carduelis  pinus)  and  Speculations  on  the  Evolution  of 
Loxia.  Auk  101(1)  (1984)  :155-58. 

Thorington,  R.  W.,  Jr.,  and  Anderson,  S.  "Primates."  In  Orders  and  Families 
of  Recent  Mammals  of  the  World,  eds.  S.  Anderson  and  J.  K.  Jones,  Jr., 
pp.  187-217,  1984. 

Thorington,  R.  W.,  Jr.;  Ruiz,  J.  C;  and  Eisenberg,  J.  F.  "A  study  of  a  black 
howling  monkey  (Alouatta  caraya)  population  in  northern  Argentina." 
American  Journal  of  Primatology  6(1984)  :357-66. 

Vari,  Richard  P.;  Jewett,  Susan  L.;  Taphorn,  Donald  C;  and  Gilbert, 
Carter  R.  "A  New  Catfish  of  the  Genus  Epapterus  (Siluriformes :  Auchenip- 
teridae)  from  the  Orinoco  River  Basin."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological 
Society  of  Washington  97(2)  (1984)  :462-72. 

Weitzman,  Stanley  H.;  and  Fink,  William  L.  "Relationships  of  the  Neon 
Tetras,  a  Group  of  South  American  Freshwater  Fishes  (Teleostei,  Characi- 
dae).  With  Comments  on  the  Phylogeny  of  New  World  Characiforms." 
Bulletin  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Harvard  University, 
150(6)  (1983)  :339-95. 

Williams,  Jeffrey  T.  "Synopsis  of  the  pearlfish  subfamily  Pyramodontidae 
(Pisces:  Carapidae)."  Bulletin  of  Marine  Science  33(4) (1983)  :846-54. 

.  "Synopsis    and    phylogenetic    analysis    of    the    pearlfish    subfamily 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  511 


Carapinae    (Pisces:   Carapidae)."   Bulletin   of  Marine   Science   34(3)(1984): 
386-97. 

-.  "Studies  on  Echiodon  (Pisces:  Carapidae),  with  descriptions  of  two 


new  Indo-Pacific  species."  Copeia  (2)(1984)  :410-22. 
Williams,  Jeffrey  T.;  and  Mauge,  L.  Andre.  "Cirripectes  chelomatus,  a  new 

species  of  salarine  fish   (Pisces:  Blenniidae)."  Bulletin  du  Musee  National 

d'Histoire  Naturelle,  Paris,  4^  serie,  5,  section  A   (4)(1983)  :1139-49. 
WilHams,   Jeffrey    T. ;    and    Smart,    A.    M.    "Redescription    of    the    Brazilian 

labrisomid  fish  Starksia  brasiliensis."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society 

of  Washington  96(4)  (1983)  :638-44. 
Zug,  George  R.  "Natural  History  Notes  on  the  Fijian  Ground  Frog  (Ranidae: 

Platymantis  vitianus)."  Herpetological  Review  14(3)  (1983)  :68-69. 
.  "Bufo    marinus."   In    Costa    Rican    Natural    History,    ed.    D.    Janzen, 

pp.  386-87.  1983. 

[Review].    "Advances    in    Herpetology    and    Evolutionary    Biology. 


Essays  in  Honor  of  Ernest  E.  Williams."  Copeia  (2) (1984)  :554-56. 

Zusi,  Richard  L.  "A  Functional  and  Evolutionary  Analysis  of  Rhynchokinesis 
in  Birds."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Zoology  395(1984)  :l-40. 

.  Roger  Tory  Peterson  at  the  Smithsonian.  Venice,  Florida:  published 

for  the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  Mill  Pond  Press,  Inc.,  1984. 

Zusi,  Richard  L.,  and  Bentz,  Gregory  Dean.  "Myology  of  the  Purple- 
throated  Carib  (Eulampis  jugularis)  and  Other  Hummingbirds  (Aves: 
Trochilidae)."  Smithsonian   Contributions   to   Zoology   385(1984)  :l-70. 

Smithsonian  Oceanographic  Sorting  Center 

Ferrari,  F.,  and  Orsi,  J.  "Oithona  davisae,  new  species,  and  Limnoithona 
sinensis  (Burckhardt,  1912)  (Copepoda:  Oithonidae)  from  the  Sacramento- 
San  Joaquin  estuary,  California."  Journal  of  Crustacean  Biology  4(1)  (1984): 
106-26. 

Hendler,  G.  "The  Association  of  Ophiotrix  lineata  and  Callyspongia  vagi- 
nalis: A  brittlestar-sponge  cleaning  symbiosus?"  P.S.Z.N.I.:Mflrine  Ecol- 
ogy 5(1) (1984)  :9-27. 

Knapp,  Leslie  W.  "Platycephalidae."  In  FAO  Species  Identification  Sheets 
for  Fishery  Purposes.  Western  Indian  Ocean  (Fishing  Area  51).  Rome,  1984. 

.  "Platycephalidae  and  Bambridge."  In  Sea  Fishes  of  Southern  Africa 

by  M.  M.  Smith  and  Philip  Heemstra.  Grahamstown,  1984. 

Smithsonian  Marine  Station  at  Link  Port 

Abbott,  Bernard  C;  Manning,  Raymond  B.;  and  Schiff,  Helga.  "An  attempt 
to  correlate  pseudopupil  sizes  in  stomatopod  crustaceans  with  ambient 
light  conditions  and  behavior  patterns."  Comparative  Biochemistry  and 
Physiology  78A(3)(1984)  :419-26. 

Harasewych,  M.  G.,  and  Petit,  Richard  E.  "Notes  on  the  morphology  of 
Olssonella  smithii  (Gastropoda:  Cancellariidae)."  The  Nautilus  98(1)(1984): 
37-44. 

Hendler,  Gordon,  and  Miller,  John  E.  "Feeding  behavior  of  Asteroporpa 
annulata,  a  gorgonocephalid  brittlestar  with  unbranched  arms."  Bulletin 
of  Marine  Science  34(3)  (1984)  :449-60. 

.  "Ophioderma  devaneyi  and  Ophioderma  ensiferum,  a  new  brittle- 
star  species  from  the  western  Atlantic  (Echinodermata:  Ophiuroidea)." 
Proceedings   of  the   Biological  Society  of  Washington   97(2)  (1984)  :442-61. 

Houbrick,  Richard  S.  "A  new  Strombina  species  (Gastropoda:  Prosobranchia) 
from  the  tropical  Western  Atlantic."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society 
of  Washington  96  (3)  (1983)  :349-54. 


512  /  Smithsoriian  Year  1984 


.  "Revision    of    higher    taxa    in    genus    Cerithidea    (Mesogastropoda: 

Potamididae)    based    on    comparative    morphology    and    biological    data." 
American  Malacological  Bulletin  2(1984)  :l-20. 

'A  new  Metula  species  from  the  Indo-West  Pacific   (Prosobranchia: 


Buccinidae)."  Proceedings   of  the   Biological  Society   of  Washington  97(2) 

(1984)  :420-24. 
Manning,  Raymond  B.  "Crenatosquilla,  a  new  genus  of  stomatopod  crusta- 
cean   from    the    East    Pacific."    Proceedings    of   the    Biological    Society    of 

Washington  97 (1)  (1984) -.191-93. 
Manning,  R.  B.;  Schiff,  H.;  and  Abbott,  B.  C.  "Cornea  shape  and  surface 

structure  in  some  stomatopod  Crustacea."  Journal  of  Crustacean   Biology 

4(3)  (1984)  :502-13. 
Manning,  Raymond  B.;  Schiff,  Helga;  and  Abbott,  Bernard  C.  "Eye  structure 

and  the   classification  of  stomatopod  Crustacea."   Zoological  Scripta  13(1) 

(1984)  :41-44. 
Rosewater,     Joseph.     "Burrowing     activities     of     Periploma     margaritaceum 

(Lamarck,  1801)    (Bilvalvia:  Anomalodesmata:  Periplomatidae)."  American 

Malacological  Bulletin  2(1984)  :35-40. 

NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK 

Office  of  Education 

Barry,  Sharon.  "HERPlab:  Prototype  Materials  for  Families,"  Newsletter, 
International  Association  of  Zoo  Educators,  Number  10,  1983. 

Gaulding,  Melissa.  "HERPlab:  A  Cooperative  Venture,"  AAZPA  Regional 
Conference  Proceedings,  1984. 

Department  of  Animal  Health 

Bush,  M.,  and  D.  Locke.  "Tylosin  aerosol  therapy  in  quail  and  pigeons." 
/.  Zoo.  Anim.  Med.  (Submitted). 

Bush,  M.,  R.  J.  Montali,  L.  G.  Phillips,  S.  B.  Citino,  G.  Boch,  and  E.  J.  Ruley. 
"Anemia  and  uremia  in  a  giant  panda."  J.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.  (Sub- 
mitted). 

Citino,  S.  B.,  M.  Bush,  and  L.  G.  Phillips.  "Dystocia  and  fatal  hyperthermic 
episode  in  a  giraffe."  J.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.   (Submitted). 

Citino,  S.  B.,  R.  J.  Montali,  M.  Bush,  and  L.  G.  Phillips.  "Nutritional  myop- 
athy in  a  captive  California  sea  lion."  J.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.  (Sub- 
mitted). 

Howard,  J.  G.,  M.  Bush,  L.  G.  Simmons,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Comparative 
evaluation  of  ejaculate  characteristics  in  non-domestic  felids  with  emphasis 
on  sperm  morphology."  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Zoo.  Vet.,  Annual  Meeting. 
(Submitted). 

Meuli,  L.  E.,  D.  G.  Kleiman,  and  M.  Bush.  "Evidence  of  early  pregnancy 
factor  in  the  giant  panda  in  conjunction  with  urinary  steriods."  10th  Inter. 
Cong.  Anim.  Reprod.  (In  press). 

Montali,  R.  J.,  F.  Reid,  G.  Sanders,  R.  Freeman,  M.  Bush,  and  J.  Seidensticker. 
"Monitoring  a  rabies  epidemic  from  Northern  Virginia  to  Washington, 
D.C."  Proc.  North  Amer.  Symp.  Rabies  Wildl.,  ed.  Fischman,  H.  R.,  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  1984.  (In  press). 

Montali,  R.  J.,  M.  Roberts,  R.  Freeman,  and  M.  Bush.  "Pathology  survey  of 
the  red  panda  Ailurus  fulgens."  Festschrift,  Springer- Verlag.  (In  press). 

O'Brien,  S.  J.,  D.  Goldman,  J.  Knight,  H.  D.  Moore,  D.  E.  Wildt,  M.  Bush, 
R.  J.  Montali,  and  D.  Kleiman.  "Giant  panda  paternity."  Science  223(1984): 
1127-28. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  513 


Phillips,  L.  P.,  M.  Bush,  K.  Mehren,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Adrenal/gonadal 
response  to  anesthesia/manipulation  in  three  primate  species."  Proc.  Amer- 
Assoc,  Zoo.  Vet.,  Annual  Meeting.  (Submitted). 

Teare,  J.  A.,  and  M.  Bush.  "Toxicity  and  efficacy  of  ivermectin  in  chelon- 
ians."  J.  Amer.  Vet.  Med.  Assoc.  183(1984)  :1195-97. 

Wildt,  D.  E.,  and  M.  Bush.  "Prerequisites  to  artificial  breeding:  Research 
approaches  deserving  high  priority."  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Zoo.  Vet.  Annual 
Meeting.  (Submitted). 

Wildt,  D.  E.,  D.  Meltzer,  P.  K.  Chakraborty,  and  M.  Bush.  "Adrenal- 
testicular-pituitary  relationships  in  the  cheetah  subjected  to  anesthesia/ 
electroejaculation."  Biol.  Reprod.  30(1984)  :665-72. 

Carter,  K.  K.,  P.  K.  Chakraborty,  M.  Bush,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Effects  of 
electroejaculation  and  ketamine-HCL  on  serum  Cortisol,  progesterone  and 
testosterone  in  the  male  cat."  J.  Androl.  (In  press). 

Howard,  J.  G.,  M.  Bush,  V.  de  Vos,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Electroejaculation, 
semen  characteristics  and  testosterone  concentrations  of  free-ranging 
African  elephants  (Loxodonta  africana)."  J.  Reprod.  Fertil.   (In  press). 

Wildt,  D.  E.,  and  D.  F.  Lawler.  "Laparoscopic  sterilization  of  the  bitch  and 
queen  by  uterine  horn  occlusion."  Amer.  J.  Vet.  Res.  (In  press). 

Wildt,  D.  E.,  and  M.  Bush.  "Reproductive  physiology  studies  in  zoological 
species:  Concerns  and  strategies."  Zoo.  Biol.  (In  press). 

Wildt,  D.  E.  "Laparoscopy  for  reproductive  evaluation  in  the  dog  and  cat." 
In  Reproduction  in  the  Dog  and  Cat,  ed.  T.  J.  Burke.  American  Veterinary 
Publications,  Inc.,  Santa  Barbara.   (In  press). 

Wildt,  D.  E.  "Semen,  sperm  metabolism,  collection  and  artificial  insemination 
of  nonhuman  primates."  Comparative  Primate  Biology:  Vol.  V.  Endocrinol- 
ogy, Reproduction  and  Development,  ed.  W.  R.  Dukelow.  Alan  R.  Liss,  Inc., 
New  York.  (In  press). 

Howard,  J.  G.,  M.  Bush,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Semen  collection,  analysis  and 
cryopreservation  in  non-domestic  mammals."  In  Current  Therapy  in  Theri- 
ogenology,  ed.  D.  Morrow.  W.  B.  Saunders  Co.,  Philadelphia.  (In  press). 

Wildt,  D.  E.  "Estrous  cycle  control  in  the  cat:  Induction  and  prevention."  In 
Current  Therapy  in  Theriogenology,  ed.  D.  Morrow.  W.  B.  Saunders  Co., 
Philadelphia.  (In  press). 

Wildt,  D.  E.,  R.  J.  Montali,  and  M.  Bush.  "Strategies  for  reproductive  physi- 
ology studies  at  the  National  Zoological  Park."  Proceedings:  Erkrankungen 
der  Zootiere  26:7-11. 

Howard,  J.  G.,  M.  Bush,  L.  L.  Hall,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Morphological  abnor- 
malities in  spermatozoa  of  28  species  of  non-domestic  felids."  Proceedings: 
Tenth  Inter.  Cong.  Anim.  Reprod.  Artif.  Insem.  2:57-59. 

Schmidt,  P.  M.,  C.  T.  Hansen,  S.  S.  Brown,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Comparative 
observations  on  superovulation  and  embryo  cryopreservation  from  outbred 
and  inbred  mice."  Proceedings:  Tenth  Inter.  Cong.  Anim.  Reprod.  Artif. 
Insem.  2:239-41. 

Schiewe,  M.  C,  P.  M.  Schmidt,  M.  Bush,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Effect  of  ethylene 
oxide  on  in  vitro  embryo  development."  Proceedings:  Tenth  Inter.  Cong. 
Anim.  Reprod.  Artif.  Insem.  2:237-39. 

Diehl,  J.  R.,  L.  D.  Stuart,  K.  L.  Goodrowe,  P.  K.  Chakraborty,  and  D.  E.  Wildt. 
"Effects  of  Altrenogest  alone  or  in  combination  with  PMS  and  HCG  on 
ovulation  rate  and  fertility  in  the  NIH  mini-pig."  Proceedings:  Tenth 
Inter.  Cong.  Anim.  Reprod.  Artif.  Insem.  2(1984)  :315-17. 

Schiewe,  M.  C,  P.  M.  Schmidt,  M.  Bush,  and  D.  E.  Wildt.  "Effect  of  absorbed/ 
retained  ethylene  oxide  in  plastic  cultureware  on  embryo  development 
in  vitro."  Annual  Meeting.  Inter.  Embryo.  Trans.  Soc,  Theriogenology 
21(1984)  :260. 


514  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Wildt,  D.  E.,  J.  G.  Howard,  V.  de  Vos,  P.  K.  Chakraborty,  and  M.  Bush. 
"Ejaculate  characteristics,  comparative  semen  freezing  and  adrenal-testicu- 
lar  relationships  in  free-ranging  African  elephants."  Reprod.  Biol.  Suppl.  1, 
1984. 

Department  of  Pathology 

Nichols,  D.;  Montali,  R.  J.;  Pickett,  C;  and  Bush,  M.  "Rickets  in  double- 
crested  cormorants."  Journal  Zoo   Animal  Medicine,  14(1983)  :115-24. 

Montali,  R.  J.;  Roberts,  M.;  Freeman,  R.  A.;  and  Bush,  M.  "Pathology  survey 
of  the  red  panda  (Ailurus  fulgens).  In  One  Medicine,  eds.  O.  Ryder  and 
M.  Byrd,  pp.  128-40,  Springer-Verlag,  Heidelberg,  1984. 

Gardiner,  C.  H.;  Loomis,  M.  R.;  Britt,  S.  O.;  and  Montali,  R.  J.  "Dermatitis 
caused  by  Filaria  taxidae  in  a  lesser  panda."  Journal  American  Veterinary 
Medical  Association,  183(1983)  :1285-87. 

Montali,  R.  J.;  Bartz,  C.  R.;  Teare,  J.  A.;  Allen,  J.  T.;  Appel,  M.  J.  G.;  and 
Bush,  M.  "Clinical  trials  with  canine  distemper  vaccines  in  exotic  carni- 
vores." Journal  American  Veterinary  Medical  Association,  183(1983): 
1163-67. 

Langenberg,  J.  A.,  and  Montali,  R.  J.  "Avian  neonatal  pathology."  Proc. 
AAZV,  Tampa,  1983. 

Bush,  M.;  Custer,  R.  R.;  Whitla,  J.  C;  and  Montali,  R.  J.  "Hematology  and 
serum  chemistry  values  of  captive  scimitar-homed  oryx  (Oryx  tao): 
Variations  with  age  and  sex."  Journal  Zoo  Animal  Medicine,  14(2)(1983): 
51-55. 

Wildt,  D.  E.;  Montali,  R.  J.;  and  Bush,  M.  "Strategies  for  reproductive 
physiology  studies  of  the  National  Zoological  Park."  Verhandlungsbericht 
des  26  Jnternationalin  Symposiums  uber  die  Krankungen  der  Zootiere, 
Brono,  pp.  7-11,  1984. 

Montali,  R.  J.;  Reid,  F.;  Sanders,  G.;  Freeman,  R.;  and  Bush,  M.  "Monitoring 
a  raccoon  rabies  epizootic  from  Northern  Virginia  to  Washington,  D.C." 
In  Proc.  of  the  North  American  Symposium  on  Rabies  in  Wildlife.  Johns 
Hopkins  University  School  of  Hygiene  and  Public  Health  and  Centers  for 
Disease  Control,  1984.  (In  press). 

Shaw,  M.;  Montali,  R.  J.;  and  Bush,  M.  "Streptococcus  zooempidemicus  in 
small  carnivorous  mammals  fed  uncooked  horse  meat."  Journal  of  Zoo 
Animal  Medicine,  1984.  (In  press.) 

Wells,  M.  Y.,  and  Montali,  R.  J.  "Pasteurellosis  in  southern  potoroos  (Poto- 
rouse  spicalis)."  Journal  of  Zoo  Animal  Medicine,  1984.  (In  press). 

Montali,  R.  J.;  Allen,  G.  P.;  Bryans,  J.  T.;  and  Bush,  M.  "Equine  herpes 
virus  type-1  (EHV-1)  in  exotoc  equidae."  Abstracts/proceedings,  American 
Association  of  Zoo  Veterinarians,  Louisville,  1984.  (In  press). 

Montali,  R.  J.;  Bartz,  C;  Bush,  M.;  and  Grate,  S.  "Viral  diseases  of  non- 
domesticated  carnivores."  In  Viral  Infections  of  Vertebrates,  editor-in- 
chief,  N.  Horzinek.  Elsevier  Scientific  Publishing  Company,  Amsterdam, 
1984/85. 

Conservation 

Ballou,  J.,  and  J.  Seidensticker.  "Demographic  and  genetic  status  of  the 
captive  Sumatran  tigers  (Pantera  tigris  sumatrae)."  In  International  Tiger 
Studbook — 1983,  eds.  5.  Seifert  and  P.  Muller,  pp.  5-39.  Zoologischer  Gar- 
ten, Leipzig,  1983. 

Derrickson,  S.  R.,  and  J.  W.  Carpenter.  "Techniques  for  reintroducing  cranes 
to  the  wild."  Amer.  Assoc,  of  Zoo  Vets.  1983  Ann.  Proc:  148-52. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  515 


Hren,  B.  J.,  and  G.  A.  Greenwell.  "Factors  influencing  reproductive  behavior 
in  the  CRC  crane  population,  especially  C.a.  antigone  and  G.  vipio."  Bird 
World  (6)(1984):5-7,  58,  63-64. 

Seidensticker,  J.  "Predation  by  Panthera  cats  and  measures  of  human  influ- 
ence in  habitats  of  South  Asian  monkeys."  International  Journal  of 
Primatology,  4(3)  (1983)  :323-26. 

Seidensticker,  J.  [Review]  Study  and  Management  of  Large  Mammals  by 
Thane  Riney.  American  Scientist,  71(1983)  :312. 

Seidensticker,  J.,  and  M.  A.  Hai.  "The  Sundarbans  wildlife  management 
plan:  cooperation  in  the  Bangladesh  coastal  zone."  International  Union  for 
the  Conservation  of  Nature  and  Natural  Resources,  Gland.  119  pp.,  1983. 

Seidensticker,  J.  [Review]  Wild  Mammals  of  North  America:  Biology,  Man- 
agement and  Economics,  eds.  J.  A.  Chapman  and  G.  A.  Feldhamer.  Bio- 
Science  33(1983)  :721. 

Seidensticker,  J.,  J.  F.  Eisenberg,  and  R.  Simons.  "The  Tangijiahe,  Wanglang, 
and  Fengtongzhai  giant  panda  reserves  and  biological  conservation  in  the 
People's  Republic  of  China."  Biological  Conservation,  28(1984)  :217-251. 

Seidensticker,  J.  "Management  of  elephant  depredation  in  agricultural  and 
forestry  development  projects."  World  Bank  Technical  Paper,  The  World 
Bank,  Washington,  D.C.,  1983. 

Seidensticker,  J.  "Management  of  white-tailed  deer  Odocoileus  virginianus 
at  the  National  Zoological  Park's  Conservation  and  Research  Center." 
International  Zoo  Yearbook  23,  1984. 

Spicknal,  J.,  and  C.  Pickett.  "Growth  and  development  in  a  hand-reader 
striped   owl   (Phinoptynx   clamator)."  Aviclut.   89(3)(1983)  :153-57. 

Wemmer,  C,  and  T.  P.  Portillo.  "Towards  semen  collection  of  exotic  ungu- 
lates using  non-electric  methods."  Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Zool.  Parks  and 
Aquariums  Ann.  Cons.,  195-202,  1983. 

SMITHSONIAN  ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSERVATORY 

Aikawa,  T.,  and  Whitney,  C.  A.  "Stellar  Acoustics  II.  Pulse  Resonance  in 
Giant  Star  Models."  Astrophysical  Journal  282(1984)  :527. 

Avrett,  E.  H.,  and  Johnson,  H.  R.  "Interpretation  of  the  Observed  Mg  II 
Emission  from  N-Type  Carbon  Stars."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third  Cam- 
bridge Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun,  eds. 
S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  pp.  330-332.  New  York:  Springer-Verlag, 
1984. 

Avrett,  E.  H.,  and  Loeser,  R.  "Line  Transfer  in  Static  and  Expanding  Spherical 
Atmospheres."  In  Methods  in  Radiative  Transfer,  ed.  W.  Kalkofen,  p.  341. 
Cambridge,  England:  Cambridge  University  Press,  1984. 

Baliunas,  S.  L.  "Progress  in  Stellar  Chromospheres  Observed  with  the  Inter- 
national Ultraviolet  Explorer  lUE  Satellite."  Publications  of  the  Astronom- 
ical Society  of  the  Pacific  95(1983)  :532. 

.  "Stellar  Activity  and  Calcium  Emission  Variability."   In  Activity  in 

Red-Dwarf  Stars,   eds.   P.   B.   Byrne   and   M.    Rodono,    p.    195.    Dordrecht, 
Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

"Evolution  of  Rotation  in  Lower  Main  Sequence  Stars."  In  Proceed- 


ings of  the  Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and 
the  Sun,  eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  114.  New  York:  Springer- 
Verlag,  1984. 
Baliunas,  S.  L.,  and  Guinan,  E.  F.  "Four  W  Ursae  Majoris  Contact  Binaries 
in  the  Old  Galactic  Cluster  NGC  188."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third 
Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun,  eds. 
S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  223.  New  York:  Springer-Verlag,  1984. 


516  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Baliunas,  5.  L.;  Guinan,  E.  F.;  and  Dupree,  A.  K.  "Ultraviolet  Flare  on 
Lambda  Andromedae."  Astrophysical  Journal  282(1984)  :733. 

Baliunas,  S.  L.,  and  Hartmann,  L.  (editors).  Proceedings  of  the  Third  Cam- 
bridge Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun.  New  York: 
Springer- Verlag,  1984. 

Baliunas,  S.  L.,  and  Raymond,  J.  "Ultraviolet  and  Visible  Flare  on  EQ  Pegasi 
B."  Astrophysical  Journal  282(1984)  :728. 

Baliunas,  S.  L.;  Vaughan,  A.  H.;  Hartmann,  L.;  Middelkoop,  F.;  Mihalas,  D.; 
Noyes,  R.  W.;  Preston,  G.  W.;  Frazer,  J.;  and  Lanning,  H.  "Stellar  Rotation 
in  Lower  Main-Sequence  Stars  Measured  from  Time  Variations  in  H  and  K 
Emission  Line  Fluxes:  IL  Detailed  analysis  of  the  1980  Observing  Season 
Data."  Astrophysical  Journal  275(1983)  :752. 

Bartel,  N.;  Cappallo,  R.  J.;  Ratner,  M.  L;  Rogers,  A.  E.  E.;  Shapiro,  L  L;  and 
Whitney,  A.  R.  "Mark  III  VLBI  Observations  of  Pulsars."  In  lAU  Sym- 
posium 110,  VLBI  and  Compact  Radio  Sources,  eds.  R.  Fanti,  K.  Kellerman, 
and  G.  Setti,  p.  275.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company, 
1984. 

Bartel,  N.;  Ratner,  M.  I.;  Shapiro,  I.  I.;  Herring,  T.  A.;  and  Corey,  B.  E. 
"Proper  Motion  of  Components  of  the  Quasar  3C345."  In  lAU  Symposium 
110,  VLBI  and  Compact  Radio  Sources,  eds.  R.  Fanti,  K.  I.  Kellerman,  and 
G.  Setti,  p.  113.  Dordrecht;  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

Bartel,  ...;  Shapiro,  I.;  Corey,  B.  E.;  Marcaide,  J.  M.;  Rogers,  A.  E.  E.  Whit- 
ney, A.  R.;  Cappallo,  R.;  Kiihr,  H.;  Graham,  D.  A.;  and  Baath,  L.  "The 
Compact  Radio  Source  2021  +  614:  Simultaneous  2.3  and  8.3  GHz  Mark 
III   VLBI    Observations."   Astrophysical    Journal    279(1984)  :116. 

Bartel,  N.;  Shapiro,  I.;  Huchra,  J.;  and  Kiihr,  H.  "The  Compact  Radio  Source 
2021  +  614:  A  Peculiar  Narrow-Line  Radio  Galaxy  with  Radio  Luminosity 
1  X  10"  ergs  s'\"  Astrophysical  Journal  279(1984)  :112. 

Beall,  J.  H.;  Knight,  F.  K.;  Smith,  H.  A.;  Wood,  K.  S.;  Lebofsky,  M.;  and 
Rieke,  G.  "Infrared  Emission  from  Accretion  Disks:  Detectability  and 
Variability."  Astrophysical  Journal  284(1984)  :745. 

Beers,  T.  C,  and  Geller,  M.  J.  "The  Environment  of  D  and  cD  Galaxies." 
Astrophysical  Journal  274(1983)  :491. 

Beers,  T.;  Geller,  M.;  Huchra,  J.;  Latham,  D.;  and  Davis,  R.  "Seven  Poor 
Clusters   of  Galaxies."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :33. 

Benson,  P.  J.,  and  Myers,  P.  C.  "Dense  Cores  in  Dark  Clouds.  IV.  HCsN 
Observations."  Astrophysical  Journal  270(1983)  :589. 

Benson,  P.  J.;  Myers,  P.  C;  and  Wright,  E.  L..  "Dense  Cores  in  Dark  Clouds: 
Young  Embedded  Stars  at  Two  Micrometers."  Astrophysical  Journal  (Let- 
ters) 279(1984)  :L27. 

Bienstock,  S.;  Dalgarno,  A.;  and  Heil,  T.  G.  "Charge  Transfer  of  N^+  Ions  in 
Collisions  with  Atomic  Hydrogen."  Physical  Review  A  29(1984)  :2239. 

Bienstock,  S.;  Heil,  T.  G.;  and  Dalgarno,  A.  "Distorted- Wave  Theory  of 
Heavy-Particle  Collisions  at  Intermediate  Energies."  Physical  Review  A 
29(1984)  :503. 

Birnbaum,  G.;  Chu,  S.-I.;  Dalgarno,  A.;  Frommhold,  L.;  and  Wright,  E.  L. 
"Theory  of  Collision-Induced  Translation-Rotation  Spectra:  Hz-He."  Physi- 
cal Review  A  29(1984)  :595. 

Black,  J.  H.,  and  Raymond,  J.  C.  "The  Distribution  of  Interstellar  Matter  To- 
ward Tycho's  Supernova  Remnant  and  Its  Relation  to  Distance  Estimates." 
Astronomical  Journal  89(1984)  :411. 

Blair,  W.  P.;  Kirshner,  R.  P.;  Fesen,  R.  A.;  and  Gull,  T.  R.  "An  Optical  Inves- 
tigation of  the  Peculiar  Supernova  Remnant  CTB  80."  Astrophysical  Jour- 
nal 282(1984)  :161. 

Blair,  W.  P.;  Kirshner,  R.  P.;  Winkler,  P.  F.;  Raymond,  J.  C;  Fesen,  R.  A.;  and 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  517 


Gull,  T.  R.  "X-Ray,  Optical  and  UV  Observations  of  the  Young  Supernova 
Remnant  in  the  Irregular  Galaxy  NGC  4449."  In  lAU  Symposium  101, 
Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P. 
Gorenstein,  p.  579.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company, 
1983. 

Blair,  W.  P.;  Raymond,  J.  C.;  Dupree,  A.  K.;  Wu,  C.-C.;  Holm,  A.  V.;  and 
Swank,  J.  H.  "lUE  Observations  of  Centaurus  X-4  During  the  1979  May 
Outburst."  Astrophysical  Journal  278(1984)  :270. 

Blair,  W.  P.;  Raymond,  J.  C.;  Fesen,  R.  A.;  and  Gull,  T.  R.  "Ultraviolet  Ob- 
servations of  the  Peculiar  Supernova  Remnant  in  NGC  4449."  Astrophysi- 
cal Journal  279(1984)  :708. 

Blair,  W.  P.;  Stencel,  R.  E.;  Feibelman,  W.  A.;  and  Michalitsianos,  A.  G. 
"Spectrophotometric  Observations  of  Symbiotic  Stars  and  Related  Objects." 
Astrophysical  Journal  Supplement  Series  53(1983)  :573. 

Bothun,  G.;  Aaronson,  M.;  Schommer,  R.;  Huchra,  J.;  and  Mould,  J.  "The 
Distances  and  Properties  of  a  Sample  of  Sc  I  Galaxies."  Astrophysical 
Journal  278(1984)  :475. 

Bothun,  G.  D.;  Margon,  B.;  and  Balick,  B.  "An  Unsuccessful  Search  for  Very 
Extended  Halos  Around  NGC  1300  and  M61."  Publications  of  the  Astro- 
nomical Society  of  the  Pacific  96(1984)  :583. 

Bothun,  G.  D.;  Romanishin,  W.;  Strom,  S.  E.;  and  Strom,  K.  M.  "A  Possible 
Relationship  Between  Metal  Abundance  and  Luminosity  for  Disk  Galaxies." 
Astronomical  Journal  89(1984)  :1300. 

Bregman,  J.  N.;  Glassgold,  A.  E.;  Huggins,  P.  J.;  Aller,  H.  D.;  Aller,  M.  F.; 
Hodge,  P.  E.;  Rieke,  G.  H.;  Lebofsky,  M.  J.;  Pollock,  J.  T.;  Pica,  A.  J.;  Smith, 
A.  G.;  Webb,  J.;  Balonek,  T.  J.;  Dent,  W.  A.;  Ku,  W.  H.-M.;  Schwartz, 
D.  A.;  Miller,  J.  S.;  Rudy,  R.  J.;  and  LeVan,  P.  D.  "Multifrequency  Obser- 
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Briel,  U.;  Elvis,  M.;  and  Henry,  J.  P.  "An  X-Ray  Jet  in  the  Seyfert  Galaxy 
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Brown,  R.  M.;  Andrews,  H.  R.;  Fireman,  E.  L.;  Ball,  G.  C;  Burn,  N.;  Imahori, 
Y.;  and  Milton,  J.  C.  D.  ""C  Content  of  Ten  Meteorites  Measured  by  Tan- 
dem Accelerator  Mass  Spectrometry."  Earth  and  Planetary  Science  Letters 
67(1984)  :1. 

Burke,  B.  F.;  Roberts,  D.  H.;  Hewitt,  J.  N.;  Greenfield,  P.  E.;  and  Dupree,  A.  K. 
"Gravitational  Lens  Observations."  In  Proceedings  of  the  24th  Liege  Inter- 
national Colloquium,  Quasars  and  Gravitational  Lenses,  p.  203.  Liege, 
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Butler,  S.  E.;  Heil,  T.  G.;  and  Dalgarno,  A.  "Charge  Transfer  of  O**  in  Heli- 
um at  Thermal  Energies."  Journal  of  Chemical  Physics  80(1984)  :4986. 

Canizares,  C.  R.;  Winkler,  P.  F.;  Seward,  F.  D.;  Willingale,  R.;  Rolf,  D.;  and 
Woods,  N.  "High  Resolution  X-Ray  Images  of  Puppis  A  and  IC  443."  In 
lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission,  eds. 
J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  289.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1983. 

Canuto,  V.  M.;  Goldman,  I.;  and  Shapiro,  I.  I.  "Testing  the  Strong  Equiva- 
lence Principle  by  Radio  Ranging."  Astrophysical  Journal  276(1984)  :1. 

Carleton,  N.  P.;  Willner,  S.  P.;  Rudy,  R.  J.;  and  Tokunaga,  A.  T.  "Reddening 
in  the  Broad-Line  Radio  Galaxy  3C234."  Astrophysical  Journal  284(1984): 
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Cawley,  M.  F.;  Clear,  J.;  Fegan,  D.  J.;  Gibbs,  K.;  Gorham,  P.;  Lamb,  R.  C; 
MacRae,  I.;  MacKeown,  P.  K.;  Porter,  N.  A.;  Stenger,  V.  S.;  Turver,  K.  E.; 
and  Weekes,  T.  C.  "Application  of  Two  Dimensional  Imaging  of  Atmo- 


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Proceedings  of  the  18th  International  Cosmic-Ray  Conference,  vol.  1,  p.  118. 
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"A  Search  for  High  Energy  Gamma  Rays  from  PSR  0531  and  PSR 


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tional Cosmic-Ray  Conference,  voL  9,  p.  61.  Bombay,  India:  Tata  Institute 
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Cawley,  M.  F.;  Gibbs,  K.;  and  Weekes,  T.  C.  "Interstellar  Absorption  of  Very 
High  Energy  Gamma  Rays."  In  Proceedings  of  the  18th  International  Cos- 
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Cawley,  M.  F.;  and  Weekes,  T.  C.  "Gamma  Ray  Absorption  and  the  Distance 
to  Cygnus  X-3."  Astronomy  and  Astrophysics  113(1984)  :80. 

Chaffee,  F.  H.,  Jr.  "Optical  and  Ultraviolet  High  Resolution  Spectroscopy  of 
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.  "The  QSO  1156+295:  A  Multifrequency  Study  of  Recent  Activity." 

Astrophysical  Journal  274(1983)  :62  (see  Wills  et  ah,  this  citation,  for  com- 
plete authorship). 

Chaffee,  F.  H.,  and  Abies,  H.  D.  "Radial  Velocities  of  Blue  Stragglers."  Pub- 
lications of  the  Astronomical  Society  of  the  Pacific  95(1983)  :835. 

Chang,  E.  C,  and  Noyes,  R.  W.  "Identification  of  the  Solar  Emission  Lines 
near  12  Microns."  Astrophysical  Journal  (Letters)  275(1983)  :Lll. 

Chang,  E.  S.,  and  Yoshino,  K.  "The  nf  Complexes  in  Molecular  Nitrogen." 
Journal  of  Physics  B  16(1983)  :L581. 

Chappell,  J.  H.,  and  Murray,  S.  S.  "Measured  Efficiencies  and  Physical  Char- 
acteristics that  Determine  the  Quantum  Yield  for  a  Selected  Group  of  Phos- 
phors." Nuclear  Instruments  and  Methods  221(1984)  :159. 

Cheung,  A.  S.-C;  Yoshino,  K.;  Parkinson,  W.  H.;  and  Freeman,  D.  E.  "Herz- 
berg  Continuum  Cross  Section  of  Oxygen  in  the  Wavelength  Region  193.5- 
204.0  nm:  New  Laboratory  Measurements  and  Stratospheric  Implication." 
Geophysical  Research  Letters  11(1984)  :580. 

Chlebowski,  T.;  Seward,  F.  D.;  Swank,  J.;  and  Symkowiak,  A.  "X-Rays  from 
Eta  Carinae."  Astrophysical  Journal  281  (1984)  :665. 

Clear,  J.;  Cowley,  M.  F.;  Fegan,  D.  J.;  Gibbs,  K.;  Lamb,  R.  C;  MacKeown, 
P.  K.;  Porter,  N.  A.;  and  Weekes,  T.  C.  "Observations  of  High  Energy 
Gamma  Rays  from  Cygnus  X-3  and  Other  Sources  with  the  Whipple  Ob- 
servatory Large  Aperture  Camera."  In  Proceedings  of  the  18th  Interna- 
tional Cosmic-Ray  Conference,  vol.  9,  p.  53.  Bombay,  India:  Tata  Institute 
of  Fundamental  Research,  1983. 

Clear,  J.;  Fegan,  D.  J.;  Gibbs,  K.;  MacNeill,  G.  C;  Porter,  N.A.;  and  Weekes, 
T.  C.  "An  Upper  Limit  for  the  Mediation  of  Baryon  Decay  by  Slow  Mag- 
netic Monopoles."  Nature  304(1983)  :606;  also  in  Proceedings  of  the  18th 
International  Cosmic-Ray  Conference,  vol.  5,  p.  74.  Bombay,  India:  Tata 
Institute  of  Fundamental  Research,  1983. 

Cohen,  R.  E.;  Kornacki,  A.  S.;  and  Wood,  J.  A.  "Mineralogy  and  Petrology 
of  Chrondrules  and  Inclusions  in  the  Mokoia  C3(V)  Chrondrite."  Geo- 
chimica  et  Cosmochimica  Acta  47(1983)  :1739. 

Cooper,  D.  L.  "Theoretical  Investigation  of  the  X^S*  and  C^2*  States  of  BeH." 
Journal  of  Chemical  Physics  80(1984)  :1961. 

Crampton,  D.;  Cowley,  A.  P.;  Hutchings,  J.  B.;  Schade,  D.  J.;  and  van  Spey- 
broeck,  L.  P.  "Optical  Counterparts  for  X-Ray  Sources  in  M31."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  284(1984)  :663. 

Cruddace,  R.  G.,  and  Dupree,  A.  K.  "Contact  Binary  Stars:  I.  An  X-Ray 
Survey."  Astrophysical  Journal  277(1984)  :263. 


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Cruz-Gonzalez,  I.,  and  Huchra,  J.  "Continuum  Distributions  of  an  X-Ray 
Observed  Sample  of  BL  Lac  Objects."  Astronomical  Journal  89(1984):  441 

daCosta,  L.  N.;  Pellegrini,  P.  S.;  Nunes,  M.A.;  Willmer,  C;  and  Latham, 
D.  W.  "Redshifts  for  228  Southern  Galaxies."  Astronomical  Journal  89 
(1984)  :1310. 

Dalgarno,  A.  "Cross  Sections  and  Line-Broadening."  In  Highlights  of  Astron- 
omy, ed.  R.  M.  West,  p.  789.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing 
Company,  1983. 

.  "Electron-Ion  and  Proton-Ion  Collisions  in  Astrophysics."  In  Physics 

of  Ion-Ion  and  Electron-Ion  Collisions,  eds.  F.  Brouillard  and  J.  W.  Mc- 
Gowan,  p.  1.  New  York:  Plenum  Publishing  Corporation,  1983. 

Daniel,  R.  R.;  Ghosh,  S.  K.;  Iyengar,  K.  V.  K.;  Patkar,  D.  M.;  Rengarajan, 
T.  N.;  Srinavasan,  K.  S.;  Tandon,  S.  N.;  and  Verma,  R.  P.  "A  75-cm  Bal- 
loon-Borne  Telescope  for  Far-Infrared  Astronomical  Observations."  Journal 
of  Physics  17(1984)  :160. 

Danziger,  J.,  and  Gorenstein,  P.  (editors).  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova 
Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1983. 

Doyle,  J.  G.,  and  Raymond,  J.  C.  "Flare  Parameters  for  the  7  September  1973 
Two-Ribbon  Flare."  Solar  Physics  90(1983)  :97. 

Doyle,  J.  G.;  Raymond,  J.  C;  Noyes,  R.  W.;  and  Kingston,  A.  E.  "The  Inter- 
pretation of  EUV  Spectra  and  Sunspots."  In  Activity  in  Red-Dwarf  Stars, 
eds.  P.  B.  Byrne  and  M.  Rodono,  p.  325.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel 
Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Drechsel,  H.;  Rahe,  J.;  Seward,  F.  D.;  Wang,  Z.  R.;  and  Wargau,  W.  "The 
X-Ray  Emission  of  the  Old  Nova  V603  Aquilae  (1918)."  Astronomy  and 
Astrophysics  126(1983)  :357. 

Dupree,  A.  K.  "Contact  Binary  Stars."  In  Activity  in  Red-Dwarf  Stars,  eds. 
P.  B.  Byrne  and  M.  Rodono,  p.  447.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publish- 
ing Company,  1983. 

.  "Observation  of  Winds  in  Cool  Stars."  In  Solar  Wind  V,  ed.  M.  Neu- 

gebauer,  p.  229.  Baltimore,  Maryland:  NASA  Scientific  and  Technical  In- 
formation Branch,  1983. 

Dupree,  A.  K.;  Hartmann,  L.;  and  Avrett,  E.  H.  "Chromospheres  and  Mass 
Loss  in  Metal  Deficient  Giant  Stars."  Astrophysical  Journal  (Letters)  281 
(1984)  :L37. 

Dupree,  A.  K.;  Hartmann,  L.;  and  Smith,  G.  "Chromospheres  in  Metal  Defi- 
cient Field  Stars."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on 
Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun,  eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hart- 
mann, p.  326.  New  York:  Springer-Verlag,  1984. 

Dupree,  A.  K.,  and  Raymond,  J.  C.  "White  Dwarfs  and  the  Interstellar 
Medium."  Astrophysical  Journal  (Letters)  275(1983)  :L71. 

Elvis,  M.  "One  Step  Closer  to  the  Quasar  Power  Source."  Nature  304(5921) 
(1983)  :19. 

.  "  'Microquasars'  and  the  X-Ray  Background."  In  High  Energy  Astro- 
physics and  Cosmology,  eds.  G.  F.  Bignami  and  R.  A.  Sunyaev,  p.  207. 
Oxford,  England:  Pergamon  Press,  1984. 

'1-20  fjim  Photometry  of  3  CR  Radio  Galaxies."  In  High  Energy  Astro- 


physics and  Cosmology,  eds.  G.  F.  Bignami  and  R.  A.  Sunyaev,  p.  203.  Ox- 
ford, England:  Pergamon  Press,  1984. 

Elvis,  M.,  and  Fabbiano,  G.  "X-Ray  and  UV  Spectra  of  Two  Radio  Bright  Qua- 
sars." Astrophysical  Journal  280(1984)  :91. 

Elvis,  M.;  Soltan,  A.;  and  Keel,  W.  "Very  Low  Luminosity  Active  Galaxies 
and  the  X-Ray  Background."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :479. 

Elvis,  M.;  Willner,  S.  P.;  Fabbiano,  G.;  Carleton,  N.  P.;  Lawrence,  A.;  and 


520  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Ward,  M.  "1-20  Micron  Photometry  of  3CJI  Radio  Galaxies."  Astrophysical 
Journal  280(1984)  :574. 

Estes,  R.  D.,  and  Grossi,  M.D.  "Ionospheric  Electron  Density  Irregularities 
Observed  by  Satellite-to-Satellite,  Dual-Frequency,  Low-Low,  Doppler 
Tracking  Links."  Radio  Science  19(4)  (1984)  :1098. 

Fabbiano,  G.  "An  X-Ray  Survey  of  a  Complete  Sample  of  3CR  Galaxies." 
In  High  Energy  Astrophysics  and  Cosmology,  eds.  G.  F.  Bignami  and  R.  A. 
Sunyaev,  p.  19.  Oxford,  England:  Pergamon  Press,  1984. 

.  "The  X-Ray  Emission  of  Normal  Spiral  Galaxies."  In  High  Energy 

Astrophysics  and  Cosmology,  eds.  G.  F.  Bignami  and  R.  A.  Sunyaev,  p. 
195.  Oxford,  England:  Pergamon  Press,  1984. 

Fabbiano,  G.;  Miller,  L.;  Trinchieri,  G.;  Longair,  M.;  and  Elvis,  M.  "An  X- 
Ray  Survey  of  a  Complete  Sample  of  3CR  Radio  Galaxies  with  the  Ein- 
stein Observatory."  Astrophysical  Journal  277(1984)  :115. 

Fabbiano,  G.;  Trinchieri,  G.;  and  Macdonald,  A.  "X-Ray  Observations  of 
Spiral  Galaxies,  I.  Integrated  Properties."  Astrophysical  Journal  284(1984): 
65. 

Feretti,  I.;  Gioia,  I.  M.;  Giovannini,  G.;  Gregorini,  L.;  and  Padrielli,  L.  "High 
Resolution  Radio  and  X-Ray  Observations  of  3C28  in  All5."  In  Clusters 
and  Croups  of  Galaxies,  eds.  F.  Mardirossian,  G.  Giuricin,  and  M.  Mez- 
zetti,  p.  289.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

Ferrari,  A.;  Habbal,  S.;  Rosner,  R.;  and  Tsinganos,  K.  "A  Wind-Type  Model 
for  the  Generation  of  Astrophysical  Jets."  Astrophysical  Journal  (Letters) 
277(1984)  :L35. 

Fireman,  E.  L.  "Carbon-14  Terrestrial  Ages  of  Antarctic  Meteorites."  Lunar 
and  Planetary  Sciences  XV (1984)  :268. 

.  "Carbon-14  Terrestrial  Ages  of  Antarctic  Meteorites."  In  Proceedings 

of  the  8th  Symposium  on  Antarctic  Meteorites,  ed.  T.  Nagato,  p.  246. 
Japan:  Tokyo  Press,  1983. 

Fla,  T.;  Habbal,  S.  R.;  Holzer,  T.  E.;  and  Leer,  E.  "Fast  Mode  MHD  Waves 
in  Coronal  Holes  and  the  Solar  Wind."  Astrophysical  Journal  280(1984): 
382. 

Foltz,  C.  B.;  Weymann,  R.  J.;  Roser,  H.-J.;  and  Chaffee,  F.  H.  "Improved 
Lower  Limits  on  Lyman  Alpha  Forest  Cloud  Dimensions  and  Additional 
Evidence  Supporting  the  Gravitational  Lens  Nature  of  2345+007A,B." 
Astrophysical  Journal  (Letters)  281(1984)  :Ll. 

Forman,  W.;  Jones,  C;  and  Tucker,  W.  "Clusters  of  Galaxies  as  a  Probe 
of  the  Intergalactic  Medium."  Astrophysical  Journal  277(1984)  :19. 

.  "Hot  Gaseous   Coronae   Around  Early-Type  Galaxies."   In   Clusters 

and  Groups  of  Galaxies,  eds.  F.  Mardirossian,  G.  Giuricin,  and  M.  Mez- 
zetti,  p.  297.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

Fox,  J.  L.,  and  Dalgarno,  A.  "Nitrogen  Escape  from  Mars."  Journal  of  Geo- 
physical Research  88(1983)  :9027. 

Freeman,  D.  E.;  Yoshino,  K.;  Esmond,  J.  R.;  and  Parkinson,  W.  H.  "High 
Resolution  Absorption  Cross  Section  Measurements  of  Ozone  at  195  K 
in  the  Wavelength  Region  240-350  nm."  Planetary  and  Space  Science  32 
(1984)  :239. 

Garcia-Barreto,  J.  A.;  Burke,  B.  F.;  Reid,  M.  J.;  Moran,  J.  M.;  and  Haschick, 
A.  D.  "Magnetic  Field  Structure  of  Star  Forming  Regions:  VLBI  Spectral 
Line  Results."  In  lAU  Symposium  110,  VLBI  and  Compact  Radio  Sources, 
eds.  R.  Fanti,  K.  Kellerman,  and  G.  Setti,  p.  333.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D. 
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Gardner,  L.  D.,  and  Kohl,  J.  L.  "Fast  Neutral  Beam  Measurements  of  Molecu- 
lar Photodissociation."  In  Electronic   and  Atomic  Collisions,   Contributed 


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Papers,  eds.  J.  Eichler,  I.  V.  Hertel,  and  N.  Stolterfoht,  p.  59.  Dordrecht, 

Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 
Gavazzi,  G.,  and  Trinchieri,  G.  "Radio  and  X-Ray  Observations  of  the  Radio 

Halo  Source  in  A1367."  Astrophysical  Journal  270(1983)  :410. 
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World  Books,  Incorporated,  1983. 
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Mardirossian,  G.  Giuricin,  and  M.  Mezzetti,  p.  353.   Dordrecht,  Holland: 

D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

"Research  Frontiers   in  Astronomy."   In  Research  Frontiers  and  the 


National    Agenda,    National   Academy    of    Sciences    Special    Report,    p.    5, 
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"When  Clusters  are  Superclusters."  Comments  on  Astrophysics  X(2) 


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Geller,  M.  J.,  and  Beers,  T.  C.  "Substructure  in  Clusters  of  Galaxies."  In 
lAU  Symposium  104,  Early  Evolution  of  the  Universe  and  Its  Present 
Structure,  eds.  G.  Abell  and  G.  Chincarini,  p.  227.  Dordrecht,  Holland: 
D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Geller,  M.  J.;  Beers,  T.  C;  Bothun,  G.  D.;  and  Huchra,  J.  P.  "A  Redshift 
Survey  of  the  Cluster  A1142."  Astronomical  Journal  89(1984)  :319. 

Geller,  M.  J.,  and  Postman,  M.  "First-Ranked  Galaxies  in  Groups."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  274(1983)  :31. 

Ghosh,  S.  K.;  Iyengar,  K.  V.  K.;  Rengarajan,  T.  N.;  Tandon,  S.  N.;  Verma, 
R.  P.;  and  Daniel,  R.  R.  "JHK  Photometry  of  Unidentified  EIC-1  Sources." 
Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  206(1984)  :611. 

Giampapa,  M.  S.  "Results  from  Optical  and  UV  Stellar  Flare  Spectroscopy." 
In  Activity  in  Red-Dwarf  Stars,  eds.  P.  B.  Byrne  and  M.  Rodono,  p.  223. 
Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Gingerich,  O.  (Astronomical  Scrapbook).  "From  Aristarchus  to  Copernicus." 
Sky  and  Telescope  66(1983)  :410. 

.  (Astronomical  Scrapbook).  "How  Astronomers  Finally  Captured  Mer- 
cury." Sky  and  Telescope  66(1983)  :203. 

(Astronomical  Scrapbook).  "The  Discovery  of  the  Milky  Way's  Spiral 


Arms."  Sky  and  Telescope  68(1984)  :10. 

(Astronomical  Scrapbook).  "The  Origin  of  the  Zodiac."  Sky  and  Tele- 


scope 67(1984)  :218. 

(editor).   General  History  of  Astronomy  4(A).   Cambridge,  England: 


Cambridge  University  Press,  1984. 

"A  Tusi  Couple  from  Schoner's  De  Revolutionibus?"  Journal  of  the 


History  of  Astronomy  15(1984)  :128. 

"Up,    Up     and    Away!"    Harvard    Magazine    86  (January- February) 


(1984)  :6. 

Gingerich,  O.,  and  Welther,  B.  (Astronomical  Scrapbook).  "Some  Puzzles  of 
Ptolemy's  Star  Catalogue."  Sky  and  Telescope  67(1984)  :421. 

Gioia,  I.  M.,  and  Maccacaro,  T.  "The  Einstein  Observatory  Medium  Sensi- 
tivity Survey:  The  Quasar  Sample."  In  Proceedings  of  the  24th  Liege  Inter- 
national Colloquium,  Quasars  and  Gravitational  Lenses,  p.  63.  Liege, 
France:  Institute  d'Astrophysique,  1983. 

.  "The  Euclidian  Slope  of  the  X-Ray  Source  Counts:  A  'Cosmic  Con- 
spiracy'." In  High  Energy  Astrophysics  and  Cosmology,  eds.  G.  F.  Bignami 
and  R.  A.  Sunyaev,  p.  191.  Oxford,  England:  Pergamon  Press,  1984. 

Gioia,  I.  M.;  Maccacaro,  T.;  Schild,  R.  E.;  Stocke,  J.  T.;  Liebert,  J.  W.;  Dan- 
ziger,  I.  J.;  Kunth,  D.;  and  Lub,  J.  "The  Medium  Sensitivity  Survey:  A 
New  Sample  of  X-Ray  Sources  with  Optical  Identifications  and  the  Re- 
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Golub,  L.  "Empirical  Scaling  Laws  for  Coronal  Heating."  In  lAU  Symposium 
102,  Solar  Magnetic  Fields:  Origins  and  Coronal  Effects,  ed.  J.  Stenflo,  p. 
345.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

.  "Quiescent  Coronae  of  Active  Chromosphere  Stars."  In  lAU  Sym- 
posium 97,  Activity  in  Red-Dwarf  Stars,  eds.  P.  J.  Byrne  and  M.  Rodono, 
p.  83.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

.  "Solar  and  Late-Type  Dwarfs."  Advances  in  Space  Research  2(1983): 


215. 

Gorenstein,  M.  V.;  Shapiro,  I.  I.;  Cohen,  N.  L.;  Bonometti,  R.  J.;  Falco,  E.  E.; 
and  Rogers,  A.  E.  E.  "VLBI  Observations  of  the  Gravitational-Lens  Images 
of  Q0957+561."  In  Proceedings  of  the  24th  Liege  International  Colloquium, 
Quasars  and  Gravitational  Lenses,  p.  203.  Liege,  France:  Institute  d' Astro- 
physique,  1983. 

Gorenstein,  M.  V.;  Shapiro,  I.  I.;  Cohen,  N.  L.;  Bonometti,  R.  J.;  Falco,  E.  E.; 
Rogers,  A.  E.  E.;  and  Marcaide,  J.  M.  "VLBI  Observations  of  the  Gravita- 
tional Lens  Images  of  Q0957-f561."  In  lAU  Symposium  110,  VLBI  and 
Compact  Radio  Sources,  eds.  R.  Fanti,  K.  Kellerman,  and  G.  Setti,  p.  243. 
Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

Gorenstein,  P.;  Seward,  F.  D.;  and  Tucker,  W.  "The  Mass  and  Structure  of 
the  Remnant  of  Tycho's  Supernova."  In  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova 
Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein, 
p.  1.  Dordrecht,  Holland:   D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Graff,  M.  M.;  Moseley,  J.  T.;  Durup,  J.;  and  Roueff,  E.  "Predissociation 
Rates  of  the  A  ^11  State  of  CH\"  Journal  of  Chemical  Physics  78(1983): 
2355. 

Graff,  M.  M.;  Moseley,  J.  T.;  and  Roueff,  E.  "Resonant  and  Nonresonant 
Processes  in  the  Formation  of  CH*  by  Radiative  Association."  Astrophysi- 
cal  Journal  269(1983)  :796. 

Grindlay,  J.  E.;  Band,  D.;  Seward,  F.;  Leahy,  D.;  Weisskopf,  M.  C;  and 
Marshall,  F.  "The  Central  X-Ray  Source  in  SS433."  Astrophysical  Journal 
277(1984) :286. 

Grindlay,  J.;  Band,  D.;  Seward,  F.;  Stella,  L.;  and  Watson,  M.  "X-Ray  Studies 
of  SS433."  In  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray 
Emissions,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  459.  Dordrecht,  Holland: 
D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Grindlay,  J.;  Hertz,  P.;  Steiner,  J.  E.;  Murray,  S.  S.;  and  Lightman,  A.  P. 
"Determination  of  Masses  of  Globular  Cluster  X-Ray  Sources."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  (Letters)  282(1984)  :L13. 

Grossi,  M.  D.  "Spaceborne  Long  Vertical  Wire  as  a  Self-Powered  ULF/ELF 
Radiator."  Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronic  Engineers,  Journal  of  Ocean 
Engineering  OE-9(3)(1984)  :211. 

Guinan,  E.  F.,  and  Smith,  G.  H.  "Photometry  of  the  Mg  b  and  Mg  H  Feature 
for  a  Sample  of  Bright  Stars."  Publications  of  the  Astronomical  Society  of 
the  Pacific  96(1984)  :354. 

Guth,  A.  H.  "Phase  Transitions  in  the  Very  Early  Universe."  In  The  Very 
Early  Universe,  eds.  G.  W.  Gibbons,  S.  W.  Hawking,  and  S.  T.  C.  Siklos, 
p.  171.  Cambridge,  England:  Cambridge  University  Press,  1983. 

.  "Reducing  the  Monopole  Abundance."  In  Magnetic  Monopoles,  eds. 

R.  A.  Carrigan,  Jr.  and  W.  P.  Trower,  p.  81.  New  York:  Plenum  Publishing 
Corporation,  1983. 

'The  New  Inflationary  Universe."  Annals  of  the  New  York  Academy 


of  Sciences  422(1984)  :1. 
Guth,   A.   H.,   and   Sher,   M.   "The   Impossibility   of   a  Bouncing  Universe. 


Nflfwre  302(1983)  :505. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  523 


Guth,  A.,  and  Steinhardt,  P.  J.  "The  Inflationary  Universe."  Scientific  Ameri- 
can 250(5)  (1984)  :116. 

Habbal,  S.  R.;  Tsinganos,  K.;  and  Rosner,  R.  "Multiple  Transonic  Solutions 
and  a  New  Class  of  Shock  Transitions  in  Solar  and  Stellar  Winds."  In 
Solar  Wind  V,  ed.  M.  Neugebauer,  p.  213.  Baltimore,  Maryland:  NASA 
Scientific  and  Technical  Information  Branch,  1983. 

Halpern,  J.;  Grindlay,  J.;  Bignami,  G.;  and  Caraveo,  P.  "Position  of  the 
Geminga  Optical  Candidate."  International  Astronomical  Union  Circular 
No.  3907,  1984. 

Harnden,  F.  R.,  Jr.  "X-Ray  Study  of  the  Crab  Nebula  and  the  Crab  and  Vela 
Pulsars."  In  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray 
Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  131.  Dordrecht,  Holland: 
D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Harnden,  F.  R.,  Jr.  and  Seward,  F.  D.  "Einstein  Observations  of  the  Crab 
Nebula  Pulsar."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :279. 

Harris,  D.  E.;  Costain,  C.  H.;  and  Dewdney,  P.  E.  "The  X-Ray  Features  of  a 
Single-Lobed  Radio  Galaxy  in  Abell  754."  Astrophysical  Journal  280(1984): 
532. 

Hartmann,  L.  (Invited  review).  "Stellar  Winds  and  Spindown — Observations." 
In  lAU  Symposium  102,  Solar  and  Stellar  Magnetic  Fields:  Origins  and 
Coronal  Effects,  ed.  J.  O.  Stenflo,  p.  419.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel 
Publishing  Company,  1983. 

.  "Atmospheres  and  Winds  of  T  Tauri  Stars."  In  Proceedings  of  the 

Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun, 
eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  60.  New  York:  Springer- Verlag, 
1984. 

Hartmann,  L.,  and  Avrett,  E.  H.  "On  the  Extended  Chromosphere  of  a 
Orionis."  Astrophysical  Journal  284(1984)  :238. 

Hartmann,  L.  W.;  Baliunas,  S.  L.;  Duncan,  D.  K.;  and  Noyes,  R.  W.  "A 
Study  of  the  Dependence  of  Mg  II  Emission  on  the  Rotational  Periods  of 
Main-Sequence  Stars."  Astrophysical  Journal  279(1984)  :778. 

Hartmann,  L.,  and  Raymond,  J.  C.  "A  High-Resolution  Study  of  Herbig- 
Haro  Objects  1  and  2."  Astrophysical  Journal  276(1984)  :560. 

Hartmann,  L.;  Soderblom,  D.;  Noyes,  R.  W.;  Burnham,  N.;  and  Vaughan, 
A.  H.  "An  Analysis  of  the  Vaughan-Preston  Survey  of  Chromospheric 
Emission."  Astrophysical  Journal  276(1984)  :254. 

Hers,  J.,  and  Marsden,  B.  G.  "Report  of  Meeting  of  Commission  6."  Trans- 
actions of  the  International  Astronomical  Union  XVIII(B)(1983)  :79. 

Hickson,  P.;  Ninkov,  Z.;  Huchra,  J.;  and  Mamon,  G.  "Structure  of  Compact 
Groups  of  Galaxies."  In  Clusters  and  Groups  of  Galaxies,  eds.  F.  Mardiros- 
sian,  G.  Giuricin,  and  M.  Mezzetti,  p.  367.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel 
Publishing  Company,  1984. 

Higgs,  L.  A.;  Landecker,  T.  L.;  and  Seward,  F.  D.  "The  X-Ray  Structure  of 
the  Supernova  Remnant  G78. 2+2.1."  In  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova 
Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger,  and  P.  Gorenstein, 
p.  281.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Home,  J.  H.;  Baliunas,  S.  L.;  Noyes,  R.  W.;  Duncan,  D.  K.;  and  Vaughan, 
A.  H.  "Time  Series  Measurements  of  Chromospheric  Emission  and  Pos- 
sible Evidence  for  Differential  Rotation."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third 
Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun,  eds. 
S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  143.  New  York:  Springer- Verlag,  1984. 

Howe,  S.  K.;  Primini,  F.  A.;  Bautz,  M.  W.;  Lang,  F.  L.;  Levine,  A.  M.;  and 
Lewin,  W.  H.  G.  "HEAO-1  High-Energy  X-Ray  Observations  of  Centaurus 
X-3."  Astrophysical  Journal  272(1983)  :678. 

Huchra,  J.  P.  "Dynamics  of  Large  Systems  of  Galaxies."  In  Physics  News  in 
1983,  ed.  P.  Schewe,  p.  15.  New  York:  American  Institute  of  Physics,  1983. 


524  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Huchra,  J.,  and  Brodie,  J.  "A  Galaxy  Cluster  Behind  M87."  Astrophysical 
Journal  280(1984)  :547. 

Huchra,  J.;  Davis,  R.;  and  Latham,  D.  "The  Core  of  the  Virgo  Cluster."  In 
Clusters  and  Groups  of  Galaxies,  eds.  F.  Mardirossian,  C.  Giuricin,  and 
M.  Mezzetti,  p.  79,  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company, 
1984. 

Huchra,  J.  P.;  Geller,  M.  J.;  Gallagher,  J.;  Hunter,  D.;  Hartmann,  L.;  Fab- 
biano,  G.;  and  Aaronson,  M.  "Star  Formation  in  Blue  Galaxies  I.  UV, 
Optical  and  IR  Observations  in  N4214  and  NGC4670."  Astrophysical 
Journal  274(1983)  :125. 

Jaffe,  P.  T.;  Hildebrand,  R.  H.;  Keene,  J.;  Harper,  D.  A.;  Loewenstein,  R.  F.; 
and  Moran,  J.  M.  "Far-Infrared  Selected  Star  Formation."  Astrophysical 
Journal  281(1984)  :225. 

Janes,  K.  A.,  and  Smith,  G.  H.  "The  Giant  Branch  of  the  Old  Open  Cluster 
M67."  Astronomical  Journal  89(1984)  :487. 

Jones,  C,  and  Forman,  W.  "Einstein  Images  of  Clusters  of  Galaxies:  Galaxy 
Haloes,  the  Intracluster  Medium,  and  the  Intercluster  Gas."  In  Clusters  and 
Groups  of  Galaxies,  eds.  F.  Mardirossian,  G.  Giuricin,  and  M.  Mezzetti, 
p.  319.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

.  "The   Structures   of   Clusters   of   Galaxies   Observed   with   Einstein." 

Astrophysical  Journal  276(1984)  :38. 

Jull,  A.  J.  T.;  Zabel,  T.  H.;  Donahue,  D.  J.;  and  Fireman,  E.  L.  "Accelerator 
Measurements  of  Carbon-14  Ages  of  Antarctic  Meteorites."  Lunar  and 
Planetary  Science  XV(1984)  :421. 

Kahn,  S.  M.,  and  Grindlay,  J.  E.  "Evidence  for  Weak  X-Ray  Burst  Emission 
from  Cygnus  X-2  and  GX  17+2."  Astrophysical  Journal  281(1984)  :826. 

Kahn,  S.  M.;  Seward,  F.  D.;  and  Chlebowski,  T.  "High  Resolution  Soft  X-Ray 
Spectra  of  Scorpius  X-1.  The  Structure  of  Circumsource  Accreting  Mate- 
rial." Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :286. 

Kaler,  J.  B.;  Kenyon,  S.  J.;  and  Hickey,  J.  P.  "Differential  Photometry  and 
Absolute  Spectrophotometry  of  CH  Cygni."  Publications  of  the  Astronomi- 
cal Society  of  the  Pacific  95(1983)  :1006. 

Kalkofen,  W.  "Operator  Perturbation  Methods:  A  Synthesis."  In  Methods  in 
Radiative  Transfer,  ed.  W.  Kalkofen,  p.  427.  Cambridge,  England:  Cam- 
bridge University  Press,  1984. 

.  (editor)  "Preface  and  Introduction."  In  Methods  in  Radiative  Trans- 
fer. Cambridge,  England:  Cambridge  University  Press,  1984. 

Kalkofen,  W.,  and  Ulmschneider,  P.  "Core  Saturation  in  a  Moving  Medium." 
In  Methods  in  Radiative  Transfer,  ed.  W.  Kalkofen,  p.  131.  Cambridge, 
England:  Cambridge  University  Press,  1984. 

Kalkofen,  W.,  and  Wehrse,  R.  "Radiative  Transfer  in  an  Expanding  Spherical 
Medium."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars, 
Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun,  eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  306. 
New  York:  Springer-Verlag,  1984. 

.  "Radiative  Transfer  in  Spherical  Atmospheres."  In  Methods  in  Radia- 
tive Transfer,  ed.  W.  Kalkofen,  p.  307.  Cambridge,  England:  Cambridge 
University  Press,  1984. 

Kennicutt,  R.  C,  Jr.;  Bothun,  G.  D.;  and  Schommer,  R.  A.  "H-Alpha  Ob- 
servations of  Spiral  Galaxies  in  Cancer,  A1367,  and  Coma."  Astronomical 
Journal  89(1984)  :1279. 

Kenyon,  5.  J.,  and  Bateson,  F.  M.  "Periodic  Variability  in  the  Symbiotic  Stars 
SY  Muscae  and  RR  Telescopii."  Publications  of  the  Astronomical  Society 
of  the  Pacific  96(1984)  :321. 

Kenyon,  S.  J.,  and  Truran,  J.  W.  "The  Outbursts  of  Symbiotic  Novae."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  272(1983)  :280. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  525 


Kenyon,  S.  J.,  and  Webbink,  R.  F.  "The  Nature  of  Symbiotic  Stars."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  279(1984)  :252. 

Knoke,  J.  E.;  Partridge,  R.  B.;  Ratner,  M.  I.;  and  Shapiro,  I.  I.  "Limits  on 
Arcsecond-Scale  Fluctuations  in  the  Cosmic  Microwave  Background." 
Astrophysical  Journal  284(1984)  :479. 

Kohl,  J.  L.;  Withbroe,  G.  L.;  Zapata,  C.  A.;  and  Noci,  G.  "Spectroscopic 
Measurements  of  Solar  Wind  Generation."  In  Solar  Wind  V,  ed.  M.  Neuge- 
bauer,  p.  47.  Baltimore,  Maryland:  NASA  Scientific  and  Technical  Infor- 
mation Branch,  1983. 

Kornacki,  A.  S.;  Cohen,  R.  E.;  and  Wood,  J.  A.  "Petrography  and  Classifica- 
tion of  Refractory  Inclusions  in  the  Allende  and  Mokoia  CV3  Chondrites." 
In  Proceedings  of  the  8th  Syrnposium  on  Antarctic  Meteorites,  ed.  T. 
Nagato,  p.  45.  Tokyo,  Japan:  Tokyo  Press,  1983. 

Kornacki,  A.  S.,  and  Wood,  J.  A.  "The  Mineral  Chemistry  and  Origin  of 
Inclusion  Matrix  and  Meteorite  Matrix  in  the  Allende  CV3  Chondrite." 
Geochimica  Cosmochimica  Acta  48  (1984)  :1663. 

.  "Petrography    and    Classification    of    Refractory    Inclusions    in    the 

Allende  CV3  Chondrite."  Journal  of  Geophysical  Research  89(1984)  :B573. 

Kwong,  H.  S.;  Johnson,  B.  C;  Smith,  P.  L.;  and  Parkinson,  W.  H.  "The 
Transition  Probability  of  the  Si  III  189.2  nm  Intersystem  Line."  Physical 
Review  A  27(1983)  :3040. 

Lamb,  D.  Q.  "Physics  of  Gamma-Ray  Bursts."  Annals  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences  422(1983)  :237. 

Lang,  K.  R.;  Bookbinder,  J.;  Golub,  L.;  and  Davis,  M.  M.  "Bright  Rapid 
Highly  Polarized  Radio  Spikes  from  the  M-Dwarf  AD  Leonis."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  (Letters)  272(1983)  :L15. 

Langhoff,  S.  R.;  Jaffe,  R.  L.;  Yee,  J.  H.;  and  Dalgarno,  A.  "The  Surface  Glow 
of  the  Atmosphere  Explorer  C  and  E  Satellites."  Geophysical  Research 
Letters  10(1983)  :896. 

Latham,  D.  W.;  Tonry,  J.;  Bahcall,  J.  N.;  Soneira,  R.  M.;  and  Schechter,  P. 
"Detection  of  Binaries  with  Projected  Separations  as  Large  as  0.1  parsec." 
Astrophysical  Journal  (Letters)  281(1984)  :L41. 

Levine,  A.  M.;  Lang,  F.  L.;  Lewin,  W.  H.  G.;  Primini,  F.  A.;  Dobson,  C.  A.; 
Doty,  J.  P.;  Hoffman,  J.  A.;  Howe,  S.  K.;  Scheepmaker,  A.;  Wheaton, 
W.  A.;  Matteson,  J.  L.;  Baity,  W.  A.;  Gruber,  D.  E.;  Knight,  F.  K.;  Nolan, 
P.  L.;  Pelling,  R.  J.;  Rothschild,  R.  E.;  and  Peterson,  L.  E.  "The  HEAO-1 
A-4  Catalog  of  High-Energy  X-Ray  Sources."  Astrophysical  Journal  Sup- 
plement Series  54(1984)  :581. 

Lightman,  A.  P.  "A  Fundamental  Determination  of  the  Planetary  Day  and 
Year."  American  Journal  of  Physics  52(1984)  :211. 

.  "Fundamental  Processes  in  Pair  Plasmas."  In  Electron-Positron  Pairs 

in  Astrophysics,  eds.  M.  Burns,  A.  Harding,  and  R.  Ramaty,  p.  359.  New 
York:  American  Institute  of  Physics,  1983. 

-.  Time    Travel   and   Papa   Joe's   Pipe.   New   York:   Charles    Scribner's 


Sons,  1984. 

Maccacaro,  T.  "The  Einstein  Observatory  Medium  Sensitivity  Survey:  New 
Extragalactic  Results."  In  High  Energy  Astrophysics  and  Cosmology,  eds. 
G.  F.  Bignami  and  R.  A.  Sunyaev,  p.  149.  Oxford,  England:  Pergamon 
Press,  1984. 

Maccacaro,  T.,  and  Gioia,  I.  "Luminosity  Function  and  Cosmological  Evolu- 
tion of  X-Ray  Selected  Quasars."  In  Proceedings  of  the  24th  Liege  Inter- 
national Colloquium,  Quasars  and  Gravitational  Lenses,  p.  260.  Liege, 
France:  Institute  d'Astrophysique,  1983. 

.  "X-Ray  Sources  of  Cosmological  Relevance."  In  lAU  Symposium  104, 

Early  Evolution  of  the  Universe  and  Its  Present  Structure,  eds.  G.  Abell 

526  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


and  G.  Chincarini,  p.  7.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1983. 

Maccacaro,  T.;  Gioia,  I.;  Maccagni,  D.;  and  Stocke,  J.  T.  "On  the  Surface 
Density  of  X-Ray  Selected  BL  Lacertae  Objects."  Astrophysical  Journal 
(Letters)  284(1984)  :L23. 

Maccacaro,  T.;  Gioia,  I.  M.;  and  Stocke,  J.  "X-Ray  Selected  Quasars  and 
Seyfert  Galaxies:  Cosmological  Evolution,  Luminosity  Function,  and  Con- 
tribution to  the  X-Ray  Background."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :486. 

Maccagni,  D.;  Maccacaro,  T.;  and  Tarenghi,  M.  "X-Ray  Spectra  of  the  BL 
Lac  Objects  PKS  0548-322  and  3C  66A."  Astrophysical  Journal  273(1983): 
70. 

MacKeown,  P.  K.;  Cawley,  M.  F.;  Clear,  J.;  Fegan,  D.  J.;  Lamb,  R.  C;  Turver, 
K.  E.;  and  Weekes,  T.  C.  "Primary  Cosmic  Ray  Spectrum  above  10"  eV 
from  Cerenkov  Light  Images."  In  Proceedings  of  the  18th  International 
Cosmic-Ray  Conference,  vol.  9,  p.  175.  Bombay,  India:  Tata  Institute  of 
Fundamental  Research,  1983. 

Madejski,  G.  M.,  and  Schwartz,  D.  A.  "Studies  of  BL  Lacertae  Objects  with 
the  Einstein  X-Ray  Observatory:  Confrontation  with  the  Synchrotron  Self- 
Compton  Predictions."  Astrophysical  Journal  275(1983)  :467. 

Maltby,  P.;  Albregtsen,  F.;  Kjeldseth  Moe,  O.;  Kurucz,  R.;  and  Avrett,  E. 
"Solar-Cycle  Temperature  Variations  in  Sunspots."  In  Proceedings  of  the 
Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun, 
eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  176.  New  York:  Springer- Verlag, 
1984. 

Marcaide,  J.  M.,  and  Shapiro,  I.  I.  "VLBI  Study  of  1038-|-528  A  and  B:  Dis- 
covery of  Wavelength  Dependence  of  Peak  Brightness  Location."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  276(1984)  :56. 

Marcaide,  J.;  Shapiro,  I.;  Ball,  J.;  Bartel,  N.;  Clark,  T.;  Corey,  B.;  Goren- 
stein,  M.;  Preston,  R.;  Ratner,  M.;  Rogers,  A.;  and  Whitney,  A.  "Nearly 
Microsecond  Precision  Differential  Astrometry."  In  lAU  Symposium  110, 
VLBI  and  Compact  Radio  Sources,  eds.  R.  Fanti,  K.  Kellerman,  and  G. 
Setti,  p.  361.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

Marsden,  B.  G.  "Introduction  to  Comets  (Review)."  Physics  Today  (May) 
(1983)  :75. 

.  (editor  and  contributor).  International  Astronomical  Union  Circular 

Nos.    3873-3904,    1983;    International    Astronomical    Union    Circular    Nos. 
3905-3994,  1984. 

(editor  and  contributor).  Minor  Planet  Circular  Nos.  8183-8322,  1983; 


Minor  Planet  Circular  Nos.  8323-9120,  1984. 

"Annual  Report  of  the  Central  Bureau  for  Astronomical  Telegrams.' 


International  Astronomical  Union  Information  Bulletin  No.  52,  1984. 

"Annual  Report  of  the  Minor  Planet  Center."  International  Astro- 


nomical Union  Information  Bulletin  No.  52,  1984. 

-.  "Magnetic   Tape   of   Observations   of   Minor  Planets    and   Comets. 


Minor  Planet  Center,  322,203  entries,  1984. 
Marshall,    H.    L.;    Avni,   Y.;    Braccesi,   A.;    Huchra,   J.   P.;    Tananbaum,    H.; 

Zamorani,   G.;   and   Zitelli,   V.   "A   Complete   Sample   of   Quasars    at   B  = 

19.80."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :50. 
.  "Quasar  Evolution  from  Faint  Optical  Samples."  In  Proceedings  of 

the  24th  Liege  International  Colloquium,  Quasars  and  Gravitational  Lenses, 

p.  238.  Liege,  France:  Institute  d'Astrophysique,  1983. 
Martin,  P.  G.;  Rogers,  C;  and  Rybicki,  G.  B.  "Half-Range  Moment  Methods 

in  Spherical  Geometry:  II.  Implementation  of  the  Method."  Astrophysical 

Journal  284(1984)  :317. 


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Marvin,  U.  B.   "The  Discovery  and  Initial   Characterization  of  Allan  Hills 

81005:    The    First    Lunar   Meteorite."    Geophysical   Research    Letters    10(9) 

(1983)  :775. 

.  "Meteorites  on  Ice."  The  Planetary  Report  IV(2)(1984)  :12. 

Marvin,  U.  B.,  and  Mason,  B.  "A  Meteorite  from  the  Moon."  Smithsonian 

Contributions  to  the  Earth  Sciences  26(1984)  :95. 
.   (editors).   "Field   and   Laboratory   Investigations   of   Meteorites   from 

Victoria  Land,  Antarctica."  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  the  Earth  Sciences 

26(1984)  :134  pp. 
Marvin,  U.  B.,  and  Walker,  D.  "A  Transient  Heating  Event  in  the  History 

of  a  Highlands  Troctolite  from  Apollo  12  Soil  12033."  Lunar  and  Planetary 

Science  XV(2)(1984)  :513. 
Mathieu,  R.   D.   "The   Structure   and  Dynamics   of  the   Open   Cluster  Mil." 

Astrophysical  Journal  284(1984)  :643. 
McMillan,  S.  L.  W.,  and  Lightman,  A.  P.  "A  Unified  N-Body  and  Statistical 

Treatment    of    Stellar    Dynamics:    II.    Applications    to    Globular    Cluster 

Cores."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :813. 
.  "A  Unified  N-Body  and  Statistical  Treatment  of  Stellar  Dynamics:  I. 

The  Hybrid  Code."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :801. 
Meszaros,  P.  "Physical  Processes  in  the  Strong  Magnetic  Fields  of  Accreting 

Neutron  Stars."  In  High  Energy  Astrophysics  and  Cosmology,  eds.  G.  F. 

Bignami   and   R.  A.   Sunyaev,  p.   279.   Oxford,   England:   Pergamon   Press, 

1984. 
Metzger,   A.   E.;   Gilman,   D.   A.;   Luthey,   J.   L.;   Hurley,   K.    C;    Schnopper, 

H.   W.;   Seward,   F.   D.;    and   Sullivan,   J.   D.   "Detection  of  X-Rays  from 

Jupiter."  Journal  of  Geophysical  Research  88(1983)  :7731. 
Miley,  G.  K.;  Norman,  C;  Silk,  J.;  and  Fabbiano,  G.  "X-Ray  Observations 

of  Radio-Jet  Galaxies."  Astronomy  and  Astrophysics  122(1983)  :330. 
Mundt,  R.,  and  Hartmann,  L.  "HH-1  and  HH-2:  The  Results  of  an  Eruptive 

Event  in  the  Cohen-Schwartz  Star?"  Astrophysical  Journal  268(1983)  :766. 
Murray,  S.  S.  "Extragalactic  Astronomy."  In  Science  Year.  Chicago,  Illinois: 

World  Books,  Inc.,  1983. 
Myers,  P.  C;  Benson,  P.  J.;  and  Wright,  E.  L.  "Infrared  and  Molecular  Line 

Observations  of  Young  Stars  and  Associated  Dense  Gas."  In  Proceedings 

of  the  Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems  and  the 

Sun,  eds.  S.   L.  Baliunas  and  L.   Hartmann,  p.  43.  New  York:   Springer- 

Verlag,  1984. 
Noland,  L.,  and  Tucker,  W.  Heath  Physical  Science.  Lexington,  Mass.:  D.C. 

Heath  and  Company,  1983. 
Norris,  J.,  and  Smith,  G.  H.  "The  Al  I — Cyanogen  Correlation  in  the  Spectra 

of  Globular  Cluster  Red  Giants  and  the  Origin  of  Intracluster  Heavy  Ele- 
ment Variations."  Astrophysical  Journal  272(1983)  :635. 
.  "The   Cyanogen   Distribution   of   the   Giants   in  NGC   2808."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  275(1983)  :120. 
Noyes,  R.  W.;  Hartmann,  L.;  Baliunas,  S.  L.;  Duncan,  D.  K.;  and  Vaughan, 

A.   H.   "Rotation,   Convection,   and   Magnetic   Activity   in  Lower-Main   Se- 
quence Stars."  Astrophysical  Journal  279(1984)  :763. 
Odenwald,  S.  F.,  and  Fazio,  G.  G.  "A  Far-Infrared  Survey  of  the  Galactic 

Center."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :601. 
Owocki,  S.  P.  "Interpreting  the  Solar  Wind  Ionization  State,"  In  Solar  Wind 

V,  ed.  M.  Neugebauer,  p.  623.  Baltimore,  Maryland:  NASA  Scientific  and 

Technical  Information  Branch,  1983. 
Owocki,  S.   P.,   and  Rybicki,  G.  B.   "Instabilities  in  Line-Driven  Winds:   I. 

Dependence  on  Perturbation  Wavelength."  Astrophysical  Journal  284(1984): 

337. 


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Patterson,  J.;  Beuerman,  K.;  Lamb,  D.  Q.;  Fabbiano,  G.;  Raymond,  J.  C; 
Swank,  J.;  and  White,  N.  E.  "VV  Puppis,  the  Soft-X-Ray  Machine."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  279(1984)  :785. 

Petre,  R.;  Canizares,  C.  R.;  Winkler,  P.  F.;  Seward,  F.  D.;  Willingale,  R.; 
Rolf,  D.;  and  Woods,  N.  "High  Resolution  X-Ray  Images  of  Puppis  A  and 
IC443."  In  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray 
Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  289.  Dordrecht,  Holland: 
D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Petro,  L.  D.;  Foukal,  P.  V.;  Rosen,  W.  A.;  Kurucz,  R.  L.;  and  Pierce,  A.  K. 
"A  Study  of  Solar  Photospheric  Limb-Darkening  Variations."  Astrophysi- 
cal  Journal  283(1984)  :426. 

Postman,  M.,  and  Geller,  M.  J.  "The  Morphology-Density  Relation:  The 
Group  Connection."  Astrophysical  Journal  281(1984)  :95. 

Press,  W.  H.,  and  Lightman,  A.  P.  "Dependence  of  Macrophysical  Phenom- 
ena on  the  Values  of  the  Fundamental  Constants."  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society  (London)  A310(1984)  :323. 

Preston,  R.  A.;  Burke,  B.  F.;  Doxsey,  R.;  Jordan,  J.  F.;  Morgan,  S.  H.;  Rob- 
erts, D.  H.;  and  Shapiro,  I.  I.  "The  Future  of  VLBI  Observatories  in 
Space."  In  Proceedings  of  the  CNES  Conference  on  Very-Long-Baseline 
Interferometry  Techniques,  ed.  F.  Biraud,  p.  417.  France:  Cepadeus-Edi- 
tions,  1983. 

Pryor,  C,  and  Geller,  M.  J.  "Constraints  on  the  Anisotropy  of  the  Velocity 
Dispersion  of  the  Coma  Cluster."  Astrophysical  Journal  278(1984)  AS?. 

Pye,  J.  P.;  Becker,  R.  H.;  Seward,  F.  D.;  and  Thomas,  M.  "Radio  and  X-Ray 
Maps  of  the  5NR  W49B."  Monthly  Notices  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  207(1984)  :649. 

Radick,  R.  R.;  Lockwood,  G.  W.;  Thompson,  D.  T.;  Warnock,  A.,  Ill;  Hart- 
mann,  L.  W.;  Mihalas,  D.;  Worden,  S.  P.;  Henry,  G.  W.;  and  Sherlin, 
J.  M.  "The  Photometric  Variability  of  Solar-Type  Stars.  III.  Results  from 
1981-82,  including  Parallel  Observations  of  Thirty-Six  Hyades  Stars." 
Publications  of  the  Astronomical  Society  of  the  Pacific  95(1983)  :621. 

Raymond,  J.  C.  "The  Structure  and  Emission  of  a  Non-Radiative  Shock."  In 
lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission,  eds. 
J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  231.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Pub- 
lishing Company,  1983. 

.  "Observations  of  Supernova  Remnants."  Annual  Reviews  of  Astron- 
omy and  Astrophysics  22(1984)  :75. 

Raymond,  J.  C;  Blair,  W.  P.;  Fesen,  R.  A.;  and  Gull,  T.  R.  "The  Structure 
and  Emission  Spectrum  of  a  Non-Radiative  Shock  Wave  in  the  Cygnus 
Loop."  Astrophysical  Journal  275(1983)  :636. 

Reid,  M.  J.;  Schmitt,  J.  H.  M.  M.;  Wilkinson,  P.  N.;  and  Johnson,  K.  J.  "Sub- 
Luminal  Motions  in  the  Nucleus  of  M87."  In  lAU  Symposium  110,  VLBI 
and  Compact  Radio  Sources,  eds.  R.  Fanti,  K.  Kellerman,  and  G.  Setti, 
p.  145.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1984. 

Rybicki,  G.  B.  "Escape  Probability  Methods."  In  Methods  in  Radiative 
Transfer,  ed.  W.  Kalkofen,  p.  21.  Cambridge,  England:  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press,  1984. 

Rybicki,  G.  B.,  and  Hummer,  D.  G.  "The  Specific  Luminosity  of  a  Three- 
Dimensional  Medium  in  Terms  of  the  Escape  Probability."  Astrophysical 
Journal  274(1983)  -.380. 

Schild,  R.  E.,  and  Weekes,  T.  C.  "CCD  Brightness  Monitoring  of  the  Twin 
QSO  0957+561."  Astrophysical  Journal  277(1984)  :481. 

Schneps,  M.  H.;  Reid,  M.  J.;  Moran,  J.  M.;  Genzel,  R.;  Downes,  D.;  and 
Ronnang,  B.  "Proper  Motions  and  Distances  of  Water  Maser  Complexes." 
In  lAU  Symposium  110,  VLBI  Compact  and  Radio  Sources,  eds.  R.  Fanti, 


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K.  Kellerman,  and  G.  Setti,  p.  335.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publish- 
ing Company,  1984. 

Schutt,  J.;  Cassidy,  W.  A.;  Crozaz,  G.;  Fudali,  R.  F.;  and  Marvin,  U.  B. 
"Results  of  Meteorite  Search  and  Recovery  Activities  in  the  Vicinity  of  the 
Allan  Hills,  Antarctica,  December  1981-January  1982."  In  Antarctic  Earth 
Science,  eds.  R.  L.  Oliver,  P.  R.  James,  and  J.  B.  Jago,  p.  620.  Australia: 
Australian  Academy  of  Science,  1983. 

Seward,  F.  D.  "Supernova  Remnants  with  Central  Pulsars."  In  lAU  Sym- 
posium 101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission,  eds.  J.  Dan- 
ziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  405.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing 
Company,  1983. 

Seward,  F.  D.;  Harnden,  F.  R.,  Jr.;  Murdin,  P.  G.;  and  Clark,  D.  H.  "Super- 
nova Remnants  with  Compact  X-Ray  Sources."  In  lAU  Symposium  101, 
Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X-Ray  Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P. 
Gorenstein,  p.  417.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company, 
1983. 

Seward,  F.  D.;  Harnden,  F.  R.,  Jr.;  Symkowiak,  A.;  and  Swank,  J.  "The 
X-Ray  Nebula  Around  P5R  1509-58."  Astrophysical  Journal  281(1984)  :650. 

Shapiro,  I.  I.  "Use  of  Space  Techniques  for  Geodesy."  In  Proceedings  of  the 
International  School  of  Physics-Enrico  Fermi-Earthquakes:  Observation, 
Theory  and  Interpretation,  ed.  H.  Kanamori,  p.  530.  Amsterdam:  North- 
Holland  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Shields,  G.  A.;  Dalgarno,  A.;  and  Sternberg,  A.  "Line  Emission  from  Charge 
Transfer  with  Atomic  Hydrogen  at  Thermal  Energies."  Physical  Review  A 
28(1983)  :2137. 

Singh,  P.  D.;  van  Dishoeck,  E.  F.;  and  Dalgarno,  A.  "The  Photodissociation 
Lifetimes  of  the  OH  and  OD  Radicals  in  Comets."  Icarus  56(1983)  :184. 

Smith,  G.  H.  "The  Chemical  Inhomogeneity  of  the  Draco  Dwarf  Spheroidal 
Galaxy."  Astronomical  Journal  89(1984)  :801. 

"The  HR  1614  Moving  Group:  Evidence  from  DDO  Photometry  That 

It  Contains  Cyanogen-Rich  Stars."  Astronomical  Journal  88(1983):  1775. 

Smith,  G.  H.,  and  Norris,  J.  "Spectroscopy  of  Clump  Giants  in  NGC  2158." 
Astronomical  Journal  89(1984)  :263. 

.  "Subtle   Differences    in   the   CN   and   CH   Bands    of   Two   M55    Red 

Giants."  Publications  of  the  Astronomical  Society  of  the  Pacific  95(1983): 
635. 

Smith,  P.  L.;  Griesinger,  H.  E.;  Black,  J.  H.;  Yoshino,  K.;  and  Freeman,  D.  E. 
"Interstellar  O2,  II:  VUV  Oscillator  Strengths  and  Prospects  for  Space 
Telescope  Observations."  Astrophysical  Journal  277(1984)  :569. 

Soderblom,  D.  R.  "The  Distribution  of  Chromospheric  Emission  Strengths 
Among  Red  Dwarfs."  In  Activity  in  Red-Dwarf  Stars,  eds.  P.  B.  Byrne  and 
M.  Rodono,  p.  67.  Dordrecht,  Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company, 
1983. 

.  "Spectroscopic  Criteria   for  Isolating  Members   of  Young  Kinematic 

Groups  in  the  Solar  Neighborhood."  In  The  Nearby  Stars  and  the  Stellar 
Luminosity  Function,  eds.  A.  G.  Davis  Philip  and  A.  Upgren,  p.  295.  Sche- 
nectady, New  York:  L.  Davis  Press,  1983. 

"Lithium  Depletion  in  Solar-Type  Stars."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third 


Cambridge   Workshop   on   Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,   and   the  Sun,  eds. 

S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  205.  New  York:  Springer-Verlag,  1984. 
Soderblom,  D.  R.;  Jones,  B.  F.;  and  Walker,  M.  F.  "Rapid  Rotators  Among 

Pleiades  K  Dwarfs."  Astrophysical  Journal  (Letters)  274(1983) -.LS?. 
Stabler,  S.   W.  "The  Birthline  for  Low-Mass   Stars."  Astrophysical  Journal 

274(1983)  :822. 


530  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "The  Cyanopolyynes  as   a  Chemical  Clock  for  Molecular  Clouds." 

Astrophysical  Journal  281(1984)  :209. 

-.  "A  Dynamical  Origin  for  the  Stellar  Birthline."  In  Proceedings  of  the 


Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun, 
eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann,  p.  90.  New  York:  Springer-Verlag, 
1984. 

Stauffer,  J.  R.  "Rotational  Velocities  of  Low  Mass  Stars  in  Intermediate  Age 
Open  Clusters."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third  Cambridge  Workshop  on  Cool 
Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun,  eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and  L.  Hartmann, 
p.  94.  New  York:  Springer-Verlag,  1984. 

Stauffer,  J.;  Hartmann,  L.;  Soderblom,  D.;  and  Burnham,  N.  "Rotational 
Velocities  of  Low  Mass  Stars  in  the  Pleiades."  Astrophysical  Journal  280 
(1984)  :202. 

Steiner,  J.  E.;  Ferrara,  A.;  Garcia,  M.;  Patterson,  J.;  Schwartz,  D.  A.;  War- 
wick, R.  S.;  Watson,  M.  G.;  and  McClintock,  J.  E.  "Identification  of  Two 
Hard  X-Ray  Emitting  Be  Stars  Using  the  HEAO-1  Scanning  Modulation 
Collimator."  Astrophysical  Journal  280(1984)  :688. 

Stella,  L.;  Kahn,  5.;  and  Grindlay,  J.  "Short-Term  X-Ray  Variability  of  the 
Globular  Cluster  Source  4U1820-30  (NGC  6624)."  Astrophysical  Journal 
282(1984)  :713. 

Stewart,  G.  C;  Fabian,  A.  C;  and  Seward,  F.  D.  "An  X-Ray  Halo  Around 
Cassiopeia  A."  In  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their 
X-Ray  Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  59.  Dordrecht, 
Holland:  D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Stier,  M.  T.;  Jaffe,  D.  T.;  Rengarajan,  T.  N.;  Fazio,  G.  G.;  Maxson,  C.  W.; 
McBreen,  B.;  Loughran,  L.;  Serio,  S.;  and  Sciortino,  S.  "Far-Infrared  and 
CO  Observations  of  W33  Complex."  Astrophysical  Journal  283(1984)  :573. 

Stocke,  J.;  Liebert,  J.;  Gioia,  I.  M.;  Griffiths,  R.  E.;  Maccacaro,  T.;  Danziger, 
I.  J.;  Kunth,  D.;  and  Lub,  J.  "The  Einstein  Observatory  Medium  Sensitivity 
Survey:  Optical  Identifications  for  a  Complete  Sample  of  X-Ray  Sources." 
Astrophysical  Journal  273(1983)  :458. 

Stocke,  J.;  Liebert,  J.;  Schild,  R.;  Gioia,  I.  M.;  and  Maccacaro,  T.  "1E0104.2 
+3153:  A  Broad  Absorption  Line  QSO  Viewed  Through  a  Giant  Elliptical 
Galaxy."  Astrophysical  Journal  277(1984)  :43. 

Torrelles,  J.  M.;  Rodriguez,  L.  F.;  Canto,  J.;  Marcaide,  J.;  Moran,  J.  M.;  and 
Ho,  P.  T.  P.  "Interstellar  Toroids  as  the  Focusing  Agent  of  the  Bipolar 
Molecular  Outflows."  Astrophysical  Journal  274(1983)  :214. 

Traub,  W.  A.  "Laboratory  Demonstration  of  Image  Reconstruction  for 
COSMIC."  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Photo-Optical  Instrumentation 
Engineers,  Synthetic  Aperture  Systems  440(1984)  :143. 

Tsinganos,  K.;  Habbal,  S.  R.;  and  Rosner,  R.  "Formation  of  Standing  Shocks 
in  Stellar  Winds  and  Related  Astrophysical  Flows."  In  Solar  Wind  V,  ed. 
M.  Neugebauer,  p.  289.  Baltimore,  Maryland:  NASA  Scientific  and  Tech- 
nical Information  Branch,  1983. 

Tucker,  W.  H.  "The  Relationship  Between  the  X-Ray  and  Optical  Luminosi- 
ties of  QSOs."  Astrophysical  Journal  271(1983)  :531. 

.  The    Star    Splitters:    The    High    Energy    Astronomy    Observatories. 

Washington,  D.C. :  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration,  1984. 

Vaiana,  G.  S.  "Observational  Approach  and  Perspective."  In  Activity  in  Red- 
Dwarf  Stars,  eds.  P.  B.  Byrne  and  M.  Rodono,  p.  651.  Dordrecht,  Holland: 
D.  Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

van  Dishoeck,  E.  F.,  and  Dalgarno,  A.  "Photodissociation  Processes  in  the 
OH  Molecule."  Journal  of  Chemical  Physics  79(1983)  :873. 

.  "Photodissociation  of  OH  in  Interstellar  Clouds."  Astrophysical  Jour- 
nal 277(1984)  :576. 

Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  531 


van  Houten,  C.  J.;  Herget,  P.;  and  Marsden,  B.  G.  "The  Palomar  Survey  of 
Faint  Minor  Planets:  Conclusion."  Icarus  52(1984):!. 

Verma,  R.  P.;  Daniel,  R.  R.;  Ghosh,  S.  K.;  Iyengar,  K.  V.  K.;  Rengarajan, 
T.  N.;  and  Tandon,  S.  N.  "Infrared  Observations  of  Beta  Cephei  and  Delta 
Scuti  Stars."  Astrophysics  and  Space  Science  92(1983)  :173. 

Verma,  R.  P.;  Ghosh,  S.  K.;  Iyengar,  K.  V.  K.;  Rengarajan,  T.  N.;  Tandon, 
S.  N.;  and  Daniel,  R.  R.  "Near  Infrared  Photometry  of  Some  RS  CVn  Sys- 
tems and  Candidates."  Astrophysics  and  Space  Science  97(1983)  :161. 

Verma,  R.  P.;  Ghosh,  S.  K.;  Iyengar,  K.  V.  K.;  Rengarajan,  T.  N.;  Tandon, 
S.  N.;  Daniel,  R.  R.;  and  Sanwal,  N.  B.  "Near  Infrared  Photometry  of 
Some  RS  CVN  Systems."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Third  Cambridge  Work- 
shop on  Cool  Stars,  Stellar  Systems,  and  the  Sun,  eds.  S.  L.  Baliunas  and 
L.  Hartmann,  p.  270.  New  York:  Springer- Verlag,  1984. 

Walter,  F.  M.;  Linsky,  J.  L.;  Simon,  T.;  Golub,  L.;  and  Vaiana,  G.  S.  "Stellar 
Chromospheres  and  Coronae  in  the  Ursa  Major  Cluster  Stars."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  281(1984)  :815. 

Wang,  Z.  R.,  and  Seward,  F.  D.  "X-Rays  from  the  SNR  3C391."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  279(1984)  :705. 

Watson,  M.;  Willingale,  R.;  Grindlay,  J.;  and  Seward,  F.  "The  X-Ray  Lobes 
of  SS433."  Astrophysical  Journal  273(1983)  :688. 

Watson,  M.  G.;  Willingale,  R.;  Pye,  J.  P.;  Rolf,  D.  P.;  Wood,  N.;  Thomas, 
N.;  and  Seward,  F.  D.  "Einstein  Observations  of  the  SNRs  IC443,  W44, 
and  W49B."  In  lAU  Symposium  101,  Supernova  Remnants  and  Their  X- 
Ray  Emission,  eds.  J.  Danziger  and  P.  Gorenstein,  p.  273.  Dordrecht:  D. 
Reidel  Publishing  Company,  1983. 

Weekes,  T.  C.  "A  Review  of  Very  High  Energy  Gamma  Ray  Astronomy 
Circa  1982."  In  Proceedings  of  Workshop  on  Very  High  Energy  Cosmic 
Rays,  January  1983,  ed.  T.  Gaisser,  p.  25.  Delaware:  Bartol  Research 
Foundation,  1983. 

Wehrle,  A.  E.;  Preston,  R.  A.;  Meier,  D.  L.;  Gorenstein,  M.  V.;  Shapiro, 
I.  I.;  Rogers,  A.  E.  E.;  and  Rius,  A.  "A  Search  at  the  Millijansky  Level 
for  Milliarc-second  Cores  in  a  Complete  Sample  of  Radio  Galaxies."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  284(1984)  :519. 

Weitzen,  J.  A.;  Birkemeier,  W.  P.;  and  Grossi,  M.  D.  "An  Estimate  of  the 
Capacity  of  the  Meteor  Burst  Channel."  Institute  of  Electrical  and  Elec- 
tronic Engineering  Transactions  COM-32(8)(1984)  :972. 

Weitzen,  J.  A.;  Grossi,  M.  D.;  and  Birkemeier,  W.  P.  "High  Resolution  Multi- 
path  Measurements  on  the  Meteor  Scatter  Channel."  Radio  Science  19(1) 
(1984)  :375. 

Welther,  B.  L.  "Annie  Jump  Cannon:  Classifier  of  the  Stars."  Mercury  (Jan- 
uary) (1984)  :28. 

.  "Antonia  Maury's  Over-Corrected  Mass-Ratio  for  Beta  Lyrae."  Actes 

du  Colloque,  p.  95.  Congres  Astronomique  1983  a  Quebec,  Canada,  1984. 

"The  World's  Largest  Telescopes,  1850-1950."  In  Appendix  to  Astro- 


physics and  Twentieth-Century  Astronomy  to  1950:  The  General  History 
of  Astronomy,  ed.  O.  Gingerich,  vol.  4(A).  Cambridge,  England:  Cam- 
bridge University  Press,  1984. 

Whitney,  C.  A.  "Stellar  Acoustics.  I.  Adiabatic  Pulse  Propagation  and  Modal 
Resonance  in  Polytropic  Models  of  Bump  Cepheids."  Astrophysical  Journal 
274(1983)  :830. 

.  "Departures  from  Thermal  Equilibrium  in  Expanding  Stars."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  278(1984)  :310. 

Wilkes,  B.  J.  "Studies  of  Broad  Emission  Line  Profiles  in  QSOs:  I.  Compari- 
son of  Observed  Profiles  at  High  Resolution."  Monthly  Notices  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  207(1984)  :73. 


532  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Willner,  S.  P.;  Ward,  M.;  Longmore,  A.;  Lawrence,  A.;  Fabbiano,  G.;  and 
Elvis,  M.  "JHKL  Photometry  of  the  Nuclei  of  Normal  Spiral  Galaxies." 
Publications  of  the  Astronomical  Society  of  the  Pacific  96(1984)  :143. 

Wirth,  A.,  and  Gallagher,  J.  S.  "The  Families  of  Elliptical-Like  Galaxies." 
Astrophysical  Journal  282(1984)  :85. 

Wirth,  A.;  Kenyon,  S.  J.;  and  Hunter,  D.  A.  "NGC  1275:  A  Burgeoning 
Elliptical  Galaxy."  Astrophysical  Journal  269(1983)  :102. 

Withbroe,  G.  L.  "Evidence  for  Temporal  Variations  in  Polar  Plumes."  Solar 
Physics  89(1983)  :77. 

.  (Invited  paper.)  "Solar  Wind  and  Coronal  Structure."  European  Space 

Agency  Journal  7(4)(1983/4)  :341. 

Witt,  A.  N.;  Schild,  R.  E.;  and  Kraiman,  J.  B.  "Photometric  Study  of  NGC 
2023  in  the  3500  A  to  10000  A  Region:  Confirmation  of  a  Near-IR  Emis- 
sion Process  in  Reflection  Nebulae."  Astrophysical  Journal  281(1984)  :708. 

Wood,  J.  A.  "Formation  of  CAI's  and  Chondrules  in  the  Nebular  Shock 
Front."  Lunar  and  Planetary  Science  XIV(1983)  :857. 

Wright,  M.  C.  H.;  Plambeck,  R.  L.;  Vogel,  S.  N.;  Ho,  P.  T.  P.;  and  Welch, 
W.  J.  "Sources  of  the  High  Velocity  Molecular  Flow  in  Orion."  Astro- 
physical  Journal  (Letters)  267(1983)  :L41. 

Yee,  J.  H.,  and  Dalgarno,  A.  "Radiative  Lifetime  Analysis  of  the  Shuttle 
Optical  Glow."  American  Institute  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics  (Shuttle 
Environment  and  Operations  Meeting)  (1983)  :191. 

York,  D.  G.;  Green,  R.  F.;  Bechtold,  J.;  and  Chaffee,  F.  H.  "Splitting  of  C 
IV  Lines  in  a  QSO  Absorption  Line  System."  Astrophysical  Journal  (Let- 
ters) 280(1984)  :L1. 

Yoshino,  K.;  Freeman,  D.  E.;  Esmond,  J.  R.;  and  Parkinson,  W.  H.  "High 
Resolution  Absorption  Cross  Section  Measurements  and  Band  Oscillator 
Strengths  of  the  (1,0)-(12,0)  Schumann-Runge  Bands  of  O2."  Planetary 
and  Space  Sciences  31(1983)  :339. 

Zamorani,  G.;  Giommi,  P.;  Maccacaro,  T.;  and  Tananbaum,  H.  "X-Ray  Vari- 
ability of  Quasars."  Astrophysical  Journal  278(1984)  :28. 

.  "X-Ray   Variability   of  Quasars."   In   Proceedings   of   the  24th   Liege 

International  Colloquium,  Quasars  and  Gravitational  Lenses,  p.  451.  Liege, 
France:  Institute  d'Astrophysique,  1983. 

Zombeck,  M.  V.  Handbook  of  Space  Astronomy  and  Astrophysics.  Cambridge, 
England:  Cambridge  University  Press,  1983. 

SMITHSONIAN  ENVIRONMENTAL  RESEARCH  CENTER 

Chrost,  R.  J.,  and  Faust,  M.  A.  "Organic  Carbon  Release  by  Phytoplankton: 
Its  Composition  and  Utilization  by  Bacterioplankton."  Journal  of  Plankton 
Research  5(1983)  :477-93. 

Clement-Metral,  J.  D.,  and  Gantt,  E.  "Active  02-Evolving  Photosystem  II 
Phycobilisome  Particles  from  Porphyridium  cruentum."  In  Advances  in 
Photosynthesis  Research,  ed.  C.  Sybesma,  Vol.  1,  pp.  453-56.  The  Hague, 
Netherlands:  Martinus  Nijhoff/Dr.  W.  Junk  Publishers,  1984. 

Correll,  D.  L.;  Goff,  N.  M.;  and  Peterjohn,  W.  T.  "Ion  Balances  Between 
Precipitation  Inputs  and  Rhode  River  Watershed  Discharges."  In  Geo- 
logical  Aspects  of  Acid  Precipitation,  ed.  Owen  P.  Bricker,  and  John  I. 
Teasley,  pp.  77-111.  Boston:  Ann  Arbor  Science,  1984. 

Drake,  B.  G.,  and  J.  Gallagher.  "Osmotic  Potential  and  Turgor  Maintenance 
in  Spartina  alterniflora."  Oecologia  62(1984)  :368-75. 

Gantt,  Elisabeth;  Ohki,  K.;  and  Fujita,  Y.  "Trichodesmium  thiebautii;  Struc- 
ture of  a  Nitrogen-Fixing  Marine  Blue-Green  Alga  (Cyanophyta)."  Proto- 
plasma  119(1984)  :188-96. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  533 


Holmes,  M.  G.  "Perception  of  Shade."  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  London,  Series  B  303(1983)  :503-21. 

Jabben,  M.,  and  M.  G.  Holmes.  "Phytochrome  in  Light-grown  Plants."  In 
Encyclopedia  of  Plant  Physiology,  New  Series,  Vol.  16,  Chapter  6,  Photo- 
morphogenesis,  eds.  W.  Shropshire,  and  H.  Mohr,  pp.  704-22,  Berlin, 
Heidelberg,  Germany:  Springer-Verlag,  1983. 

Jordon,  T.  E.;  Correll,  D.  L.;  and  Whigham,  D.  F.  "Nutrient  Flux  in  the 
Rhode  River:  Tidal  Exchange  of  Nutrients  by  Brackish  Marshes."  Estu- 
arine.  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science  17(1983)  :651-67. 

Khanna,  R.;  Graham.;  Myers,  J.;  and  Gantt,  E.  "Phycobilisome  Composition 
and  Relationship  to  Reaction  Centers  in  Anacystis  nidulans."  In  Advances 
in  Photosynthesis  Research,  Vol.  11,  ed.  C.  Sybesma,  pp.  695-98,  The 
Hague:  Martinus  Nijhoff/Dr.  W.  Junk  Publishers,  1984. 

Lynch,  J.  F.;  Wake,  D.  B.;  and  Yang,  S.  Y.  "Genie  and  Morphological  Differ- 
entiation in  Mexican  Pseudoeurycea  (Caudata:  Plethodontidae),  with  a 
Description  of  a  New  Species."  Copeia  4(1984)  :884-94. 

Lunch,  J.  F.,  and  Whigham,  D.  F.  "Effects  of  Forest  Fragmentation  on  Breed- 
ing Bird  Communities  in  Maryland,  USA."  Biological  Conservation  28 
(1984)  :287-324. 

Margulies,  Maurice  M.  "Synthesis  of  Photosynthetic  Membrane  Proteins  Di- 
rected by  RNA  from  Rough  Thylakoids  of  Chlamydomonas  reinhardtii." 
European  Journal  of  Biochemistry  137(1983)  :241-48. 

Margulies,  Maurice  M.,  and  Tiffany,  H.  Lee.  "Importance  of  Sodium  Dodecyl 
Sulfate  Source  to  Electrophoretic  Separations  of  Thylakoid  Polypeptides." 
Analytical  Biochemistry  136(1984)  :309-13. 

Mohr,  H.;  Schafer,  E.;  and  Shropshire,  W.  "Appendix  III:  Description  of 
Light  Fields  Used  in  Research  on  Photomorphogenesis."  In  Encyclopedia  of 
Plant  Physiology,  New  Series,  Vol.  16,  Photomorphogenesis,  ed.  W.  Shrop- 
shire, Jr.,  and  H.  Mohr,  pp.  761-63,  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  New  York,  Tokyo: 
Springer-Verlag,  1983. 

Mohr,  H.,  and  Shropshire,  W.,  Jr.  "An  Introduction  to  Photomorphogenesis 
for  the  General  Reader."  In  Encyclopedia  of  Plant  Physiology,  New  Series, 
Vol.  16,  Chapter  3,  Photomorphogensis,  ed.  W.  Shropshire,  Jr.,  and  H. 
Mohr,  pp.  24-38,  Berlin:  Springer-Verlag,  1983. 

Redlinger,  T.,  and  Gantt,  E.  "Chlorophyll-  and  Heme-Binding  Proteins  in 
Porphyridium  cruentum  Thylakoids."  In  Advances  in  Photosynthesis  Re- 
search, ed.  C.  Sybesma,  Vol.  II,  pp.  61-64,  The  Hague:  Martinue  Nijhoff/ 
Dr.  W.  Junk  Publishers,  1984. 

Redlinger,  Thomas,  and  Gantt,  Elisabeth.  "Photosynthetic  Membranes  of 
Porphyridium  cruentum.  An  Analysis  of  Chlorophyll-Protein  Complexes 
and  Heme-Binding  Proteins."  Plant  Physiology  73(1983)  :36-40. 

Rublee,  P.  A.;  Merkel,  S.  M.;  and  Faust,  M.  A.  "The  Transport  of  Bacteria 
in  Sediments  of  a  Temperate  Marsh."  Estuarine  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science 
16(1983)  :501-9. 

Rublee,  P.  A.;  Merkel,  S.  M.;  and  Faust,  M.  A.  "Nutrient  Flux  in  the 
Rhode   River:   Tidal   Transport  of  Microorganisms   in  Brackish  Marshes." 

Estuarine  Coastal  and  Shelf  Science  17(1984)  :669-80. 

Sager,  J.  "Proceedings  of  the  Third  International  Symposium  on  Energy  in 
Protected  Cultivation."  Acta  Horticulturae  148(1984)  :889-96. 

Schafer,  E.;  Fukshansky,  L.;  and  Shropshire,  W.,  Jr.  "Action  Spectroscopy  of 
Photoreversible  Pigment  Systems."  In  Encyclopedia  of  Plant  Physiology, 
New  Series,  Vol.  16,  Chapter  4,  Photomorphogenesis,  ed.  W.  Shropshire, 
Jr.,  and  H.  Mohr,  pp.  39-68,  Berlin,  Springer-Verlag,  1983. 

Shropshire,  W.,  Jr.  "Biological  Photoresponses  and  Photoreceptors."  In  Molec- 
ular Models  of  Photoresponsiveness,  ed.  G.  Montagnoli,  and  B.  F.  Erlanger. 


534  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Proceedings  of  the  NATO  Advanced  Study  Institute  on  the  Molecular 
Models  of  Photoresponsiveness,  August  29-September  8,  1982,  San  Miniato, 
Italy,  pp.  43-53,  New  York:  Plenum  Press,  1983. 

Smith,  W.  O.  "Phytochrome  as  a  Molecule."  In  Encyclopedia  of  Plant  Physi- 
ology, New  Series,  Vol.  16,  Chapter  27,  Photomorphogenesis,  ed.  W.  Shrop- 
shire, Jr.,  and  H.  Mohr,  pp.  96-118,  Berlin:  Springer- Verlag,  1983. 

Whigham,  D.  F.  "Biomass  and  Nutrient  Allocation  of  Tipularia  discolor 
(Orchidaceae)."  Oikos  42(1983)  :303-13. 

Whigham,  D.  F.  "The  Influence  of  Vines  on  the  Growth  of  Liquidambar 
styraciflua  L.  (Sweetgum)."  Canadian  Journal  of  Forest  Research  14(1984): 
37-39. 

Wu,  T.  L.;  Correll,  D.  L.;  and  Remenapp,  H.  E.  H.  "Herbicide  Runoff  from 
Experimental  Watersheds."  Journal  of  Environmental  Quality  12(1983): 
330-36. 

Ziv,  Meira,  and  Sager,  John  C.  "The  Influence  of  Light  Quality  on  Peanut 
(Arachis  hypogaea  L.)  Gynophore  Pod  and  Embryo  Development  in  vitro." 
Plant  Science  Letters  34(1984)  :211-18. 

SMITHSONIAN  OFFICE  OF  EDUCATIONAL  RESEARCH 

Falk,  J.  H.  "A  Cross-Cultural  Investigation  of  the  Novel  Field  Trip  Phenome- 
non: National  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  Delhi."  Curator  26(4) 
(1984)  :315-23. 

.  "Curriculum   Initiatives    from   the   Smithsonian."   In   Proceedings    of 

the  Annual  Curriculum  Conference,  ed.  R.  Yager,  p.  22.  Iowa  City,  Iowa: 
Science  Education  Center,  University  of  Iowa,  1984. 

-.  "Informal  Science  Education."  In  Proceedings  of  the  Annual  Curricu- 


lum Conference,  ed.  R.  Yager,  pp.  23-25.  Iowa  City,  Iowa:  Science  Educa- 
tion Center,  University  of  Iowa,  1984. 

-.  "Public    Institutions    for    Personal    Learning."    Museologist    46(169) 


(1984)  :18-22. 
.  "Use  of  Time  as  a  Measure  of  Visitor  Behavior  and  Exhibit  Effec- 


tiveness." In  Museum  Education  Anthology,  ed.  S.  K.  Nichols,  pp.  183-90. 
Washington,  D.C. :  Museum  Education  Roundtable,  1984. 

SMITHSONIAN  TROPICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE 

Ackerman,  James  D.  "Specificity  and  mutual  dependency  of  the  orchid- 
euglossine  bee  interaction."  Biological  Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society 
20(3)  (1983)  :301-14. 

Aiello,  Annette.  "Adelpha  (Lepidoptera :  Nymphalidae) :  deception  on  the 
wing."  Psyche  91(1)(1984). 

Angermeier,  Paul  L.,  and  Karr,  James  R.  "Fish  communities  along  environ- 
mental gradients  in  a  system  of  tropical  streams."  Environmental  Biology 
of  Fishes  9(2)  (1983)  :117-35. 

Augspurger,  Carol  K.  "Phenology,  flowering  synchrony,  and  fruit  set  of  six 
neotropical  shrubs."  Biotropica  15(4) (1983)  :257-67. 

.  "Seed  dispersal   of   the  tropical   tree,   Platypodium   elegans,   and   the 

escape  of  its  seedlings  from  fungal  pathogens."  Journal  of  Ecology  71(3) 
(1983)  :759-71. 

Augspurger,  Carol  K.,  and  Hogan,  Kevin  P.  "Wind  dispersal  of  fruits  with 
variable  seed  number  in  a  tropical  tree  (Lonchocarpus  pentaphyllus : 
Leguminosae)."  American  Journal  of  Botany  70(7) (1983)  :1031-37. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  535 


Augspurger,  Carol  K.,  and  Kelly,  Colleen  K.  "Pathogen  mortality  of  tropical 
tree  seedlings:  experimental  studies  of  the  effects  of  dispersal  distance, 
seedlings  density,  and  light  conditions."  Oecologia  61(2)(1984)  :211-17. 

Bartholomew,  George  A.;  Vleck,  Carol  M.;  and  Bucher,  Theresa  L.  "Energy 
metabolism  and  nocturnal  hypothermia  in  two  tropical  passerine  frugi- 
vores,  Manacus  vitellinus  and  Pipra  mentalis."  Physiological  Zoology  56 
(3)(1983):370-79. 

Berkins,  Ilze  K.,  and  Caldwell,  Roy  L.  "The  effect  of  injury  on  the  agonistic 
behavior  of  the  stomatopod,  Gonodactylus  bredini  (Manning)."  Marine 
Behavior  and  Physiology  10(2)  (1983)  :83-96. 

Broadhead,  Edward.  "The  assessment  of  faunal  diversity  and  guild  size  in 
tropical  forests  with  particular  reference  to  the  Psocoptera."  In  Tropical 
Rain  Forest:  Ecology  and  Management,  ed.  S.  L.  Sutton,  T.  C.  Whitmore, 
and  A.  C.  Chadwick,  pp.  107-19.  Oxford,  England:  The  British  Ecological 
Society,  1983. 

Broadhead,  Elcy  C.  "Adaptations  for  fungal  grazing  in  Lauxaniid  flies." 
Journal  of  Natural  History  18:(4)(1984)  :639-49. 

Brown,  Patricia  E.;  Brown,  Timothy  W.;  and  Grinnell,  Alan  D.  "Echolocation, 
development,  and  vocal  communication  in  the  lesser  bulldog  bat,  Noctilio 
albiventris."  Behavioral  Ecology  and  Sociobiology  13(4)  (1983)  :287-98. 

Brooks,  Robert  W.,  and  Roubik,  David  W.  "A  Halictine  bee  with  distinct 
castes:  Halictus  hesperus  (Hymenoptera:  Halictidae)  and  its  bionomics  in 
Central  Panama."  Sociobiology  7(3)  (1983)  :263-82. 

Castillo,  Jose  A.,  and  Eberhard,  William  G.  "Use  of  artificial  webs  to  deter- 
mine prey  available  to  orb  weaving  spiders."  Ecology  64(6)  (1983)  :1655-58. 

Challinor,  David.  "La  biblioteca  especializada  del  Smithsonian  Tropical  Re- 
search Institute."  Discurso  del  Dr.  David  Challinor,  Secretario  de  Ciencias, 
Smithsonian  Institution.  Revista  Loteria  328-29(1983)  :164-67. 

Christy,  John  H.  "Female  choice  in  the  resource-defense  mating  system  of  the 
sand  fiddler  crab,  Uca  pugilator."  Behavioral  Ecology  and  Sociobiology  12 
(1983)  :169-80. 

Coen,  Loren  D.,  and  Heck  Jr.,  Kenneth  L.  "Notes  on  the  biology  of  some  sea- 
grass-dwelling  crustaceans  (Stomatopoda  and  Decapoda)  from  Caribbean 
Panama."  Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of  Washington  96(2)(1983): 
202-24. 

Coley,  Phyllis  D.  "Herbivory  and  defensive  characteristics  of  tree  species  in 
a  lowland  tropical  forest."  Ecological  Monographs  53(2)  (1983)  :209-33. 

.  "Intraspecific  variation   in  herbivory   on   two   tropical   tree   species." 

Ecology  64(3)  (1983)  :426-33. 

Cooke,  Richard.  "El  estudio  de  la  prehistoria  de  Panama:  reflexiones  sobre 
una  politica  de  integracion  educativa."  In  Memoria,  Primer  Encuentro  Na- 
tional de  Politica  Cultural,  pp.  167-78.  Panama,  Instituto  Nacional  de  Cul- 
tura,  1983. 

.   [Book  Review]  Ancient  Panama:  Chiefs  in  Search  of  Power,  by  Mary 

Helms.  Ethnohistory  (1984)  :115-16. 

"Archaeological  research  in  Central  and  Eastern  Panama :   a  review 


of  some  problems."  In  The  Archaeology  of  Lower  Central  America,  ed. 
F.  Lange  and  D.  Stone,  pp.  263-302.  Albuquerque:  University  of  New  Mex- 
ico Press,  1984. 

El  Rescate  Arqueologico  en  Panama:  Historia,  Analisis  y  Recomen- 


daciones.   Coleccion   El   Hombre   y   su   Cultura,   Vol.    2.    Panama,   Instituto 
Nacional  de  Cultura,  1984. 

-.  "Los  psitacidos  en  el  Panama  Precolombino."  Boletin  Harpia  August 


(2)(1984):6-7. 


536  /  Smithsoriian  Year  1984 


Cooke,  Richard  G.,  and  Ranere,  Anthony  J.  "La  Mula-5arigua:  la  aldea  mas 
antigua  de  Panama?"  La  Estrella  de  Panama,  Supp.  EI  Istmo,  June  19, 
(1983)  :12-15. 

Cubit,  John,  and  Williams,  Suelynn.  "The  invertebrates  of  Caleta  Reef  (Carib- 
bean Panama) :  a  species  list  and  bibliography."  Atoll  Research  Bulletin 
260-72(269)  (1983)  :l-45. 

Cubit,  John;  Batista  de  Yee,  Gloria;  Roman,  Argelis;  and  Batista,  Victoria. 
"EI  valor  de  los  manglares  y  de  los  arrecifes  de  franja  como  recurso  na- 
tural en  la  provincia  de  Colon."  Revista  Medica  de  Panama  9(1) (1984): 
56-67. 

Davidar,  Priya.  "Birds  and  neotropical  mistletoes:  effects  on  seedling  re- 
cruitment." Oecologia  60(2)  (1983)  :271-73. 

.  "Similarity  between  flowers  and  fruits  in  some  flowerpecker  polli- 
nated mistletoes."  Biotropica  15(1) (1983)  :32-7. 

Delfinado-Baker,  M.;  Baker,  E.  W.;  and  Roubik,  David  W.  "A  new  genus  and 
species  of  Hypoaspidinae  (Acari:  Laelapidea)  from  nests  of  stingless  bees." 
International  Journal  of  Acarology  9(4)(1983)  :195-203. 

DeLong,  Dwight  M.,  and  Wolda,  Henk.  "New  species  of  Costanana  and 
Acuponana,  Cyponinea  (Homoptera:  Cicadellidae)  from  Central  and  South 
America."  Journal  of  the  Kansas  Entomological  Society  56(4)  (1983)  :466-68. 

DeLong,  Dwight  M.;  Wolda,  Henk;  and  Estribi,  Miguel.  "The  Ponana  (Ho- 
moptera, Cicadellidae)  of  Panama."  Proceedings  of  the  Koninklijke  Neder- 
landse  Akademie  van  Wetenschappen,  Series  C  86(4) (1983)  :455-74. 

Denlinger,  David  L.,  and  Shukia,  Mira.  "Increased  length  and  variability  of 
the  life  cycle  in  tropical  flesh  flies  (Diptera:  Sarcophagidae)  that  lack  pupal 
diapause."  Annals  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  America  77(1) (1984): 
46-49. 

Dressier,  Robert  L.  "Classification  of  the  Orchidaceae  and  their  probable 
origin."  Telopea  2(4)  (1983)  :413-24. 

.  "Die   Gattung   Chondrorhyncha   in   Panama   mit   zwei   neuen   Arten: 

Chondrorhyncha  crassa  und  Chrondrorhyncha  eburnea."  Die  Orchidee  34 
(1983)  :220-26. 

-.  "Dos  Kefersteinia  nuevas   de  Panama."    (Includes   English   version.) 


Orquideologia  16(1)  (1983)  :47-62. 

'Epidanthus  sera  or  no  sera?  Epidanthus  crassus,  una  nueva  especie 


de  Panama."  (Includes  English  version.)  Orquidea  9(1983)  :13-22. 
.  "Eine  charakteristische  neue  Cochleanthes  aus  Panama:  Cochleanthes 


anatona."  Die  Orchidee  34(1983)  :157-69. 
.  "Otra  neuva  Neowilliamsia  de  Panama:  N.   cuneata  Dressier."  Or- 


quidea 9(1983)  :23-30. 

'Palmorchis  in  Panama  mit  einer  neuen  Art,  Palmorchis  nitida,  an 


einem  unerwarteten  Standort."  Die  Orchidee  34(1983)  :25-31. 
Drewry,  George  E.,  and  Rand,  A.   Stanley.   "Characteristics   of  an   acoustic 

community:  Puerto  Rican  frogs  of  the  genus   Eleutherodactylus."   Copeia 

4(1983)  :941-53. 
Drummond,  Hugh.  "Adaptiveness  of  island-sites  of  green  iguanas  and  slider 

turtles."  Copeia  2(1983)  :529-30. 
Drummond,  Hugh,  and  Burghardt,  Gordon  M.  "Nocturnal  and  diurnal  nest 

emergence  in  green  iguanas."  Journal  of  Herpetology  117(3)  (1983)  :290-92. 
Dupont,  Pascal.  "lis  trouvent  I'avenir  dans  la  jungle."  Actuel  Summer  (45- 

46)(1983):50-56,  176. 
Dyrcz,  Andrzej.   "Breeding   biology   of   the   Mangrove   Swallow    Tachycineta 

albilinea  and  the  Grey-breasted  Martin  Progne  chalybea  at  Barro  Colorado 

Island,  Panama."  The  Ibis  126(1) (1984)  :59-66. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  537 


Eberhard,  William  G.  "Predatory  behaviour  of  an  assassin  spider,  Chorizopes 
sp.  (Araneidae),  and  the  defensive  behaviour  of  its  prey."  Journal  of  the 
Bombay  Natural  History  Society  79(3)  (1983)  :522-24. 

Eberhard,  William  G.,  and  Briceno,  L.  Daniel.  "Chivalry  in  pholcid  spiders." 
Behavioral  Ecology  and  Sociohiology  13(3)  (1983)  :189-95. 

Emlet,  Richard  B.  "Locomotion,  drag,  and  the  rigid  skeleton  of  larval  echino- 
derms."  The  Biological  Bulletin  164(3) (1983)  :433-45. 

Felgenhauer,  Bruce  E.,  and  Abele,  Lawrence  G.  "Ultrastructure  and  functional 
morphology  of  feeding  and  associated  appendages  in  the  tropical  fresh- 
water shrimp  Atya  innocous  (Herbst)  with  notes  on  its  ecology."  Journal 
of  Crustacean  Biology  3(3)  (1983)  :336-63. 

Fincke,  Ola  M.  "Sperm  competition  in  the  damselfly  Enallagma  hageni  Walsh 
(Odonata:  Coenagrionidae) :  benefits  of  multiple  mating  to  males  and 
females."  Behavioral  Ecology  and  Sociohiology  14(3) (1984)  :235-40. 

Franks,  Nigel  R.,  and  Bossert,  W.  H.  "The  influence  of  swarm  raiding  army 
ants  on  the  patchiness  and  diversity  of  a  tropical  leaf  litter  and  commu- 
nity." In  Tropical  Rain  Forest:  Ecology  and  Management,  ed.  S.  L.  Sutton, 
T.  C.  Whitmore,  and  A.  C.  Chadwick,  pp.  151-66.  Oxford:  Blackwell  Scien- 
tific Publications,  1983. 

Franks,  Nigel  R.,  and  Fletcher,  Charles  R.  "Spatial  patterns  in  army  ant 
foraging  and  migration:  Eciton  burchelli  on  Barro  Colorado  Island,  Pan- 
ama." Behavioral  Ecology  and  Sociohiology  12(4)  (1983)  :261-70. 

Garrity,  Stephen  D.  "Some  adaptations  of  gastropods  to  physical  stress  on  a 
tropical  rocky  shore."  Ecology  65(2) (1984)  :559-74. 

Garwood,  Nancy  C.  "Seed  germination  in  a  seasonal  tropical  forest  in  Pan- 
ama: a  community  study."  Ecological  Monographs  53(2) (1983)  :159-81. 

Glynn,  Peter  W.  "Extensive  'bleaching'  and  death  of  reef  corals  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  Panama."  Environmental  Conservation  10(2)  (1983)  :149-54. 

Glynn,  Peter  W.;  Druffel,  Ellen  M.;  and  Dunbar,  Robert  B.  "A  dead  Central 
American  coral  reef  tract:  possible  link  with  the  little  Ice  Age."  Journal  of 

Marine  Research  41(3)(1983)  :605-37. 

Glynn,  Peter  W.,  and  Wellington,  Gerald  M.  Corals  and  Coral  Reefs  of  the 
Galapagos  Islands.  Berkeley:  University  of  California  Press,  1983.  330p. 

Gottschlich,  Douglas  E.,  and  Smith,  Alan  P.  "Convective  heat  transfer  char- 
acteristics of  toothed  leaves."  Oecologia  53(3)  (1982)  :418-20. 

Graham,  Jeffrey  B.  "The  transition  to  air  breathing  in  fishes.  II.  Effects  of 
hypoxia  acclimation  on  the  bimodal  gas  exchange  of  Ancistrus  chagresi 
(Loricaridae)."  Journal  of  Experimental  Biology  102(1983)  :157-73. 

Graham,  Jeffrey  B.,  and  Baird,  Troy  A.  "The  transition  to  air  breathing  in 
fishes.  III.  Effects  of  body  size  and  aquatic  hypoxia  on  the  aerial  gas  ex- 
change of  the  swamp  eel  Synbranchus  marmoratus."  Journal  of  Experi- 
mental Biology  108(1984)  :357-75. 

Greenberg,  Russell.  "The  winter  exploitation  systems  of  bay-breasted  and 
chestnut-sided  warblers  in  Panama."  University  of  California  Publications 
in  Zoology  116(1984)  :1-107. 

Greenberg,  Russell,  and  Gradwohl,  Judy.  "Sexual  roles  in  the  Dot-winged 
antwren  (Microrhopias  quixensis),  a  tropical  passerine."  The  Auk  100(4) 
(1983)  :920-25. 

Griffiths,  Thomas  A.  "Comparative  laryngeal  anatomy  of  the  Big  Brown  bat, 
Eptesicus  fuscus,  and  the  Mustached  bat,  Pteronotus  parnellii."  Mammalia 
47(3)  (1983)  :377-94. 

Guerra  Urrutia,  Marcos  A.  "El  estero  rico  a  punto  de  desaparecer."  La  Re- 
publica  July  25,  1982:2-3. 

.  "Produccion  de  sal  en  el  estero  rico."  La  Republica  August  1,  1982: 

24-25. 


538  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "Arborofagos  ponen  en  peligro   el  Parque  Nacional   de  Volcan."   La 

Republica  September  18,  1983:10-B. 

-.  "Contaminacion,   deforestacion   y   caceria:    trilogia   de   la    crisis    am- 


biental."  La  Estrella  de  Panama  November  9,  1983  :A-2. 
.  "Encuentro  nacional  de  estudiantes."  La  Estrella  de  Panama  August 


22,  1983:C4. 

"Peligro  de  adicion  de  sulfate  de  cobre  en  el  Lago  Gatun."  La  Prensa 


July  13,  1983. 

"Protejamos  al  Parque  Nacional  Volcan  Baru."  La  Prensa  September 


27,  1983:23. 

"La  reforestacion  y   el   equilibrio   de   la   fauna   silvestre."   La   Prensa 


July  25,  1983 :9A. 

-.  "La  etica  ecologica.  El  conservacionismo  ecologico  no  admite  dema- 


gogias."  Boletin  Harpia  May  (1)(1984)  :10. 

"El  guardabosques  y  su  funcion  social."  La  Prensa  June  16,  1984:33. 


Hay,  Mark  E.  "Coral  reef  ecology:  have  we  been  putting  all  our  herbivores 

in  one  basket?"  BioScience  34(5)(1984)  :323-24. 
.  "Geographic  differences   in  herbivore   impact:   do   Pacific   herbivores 

prevent  Caribbean  seaweeds  from  colonizing  via  the  Panama  Canal?"  Bio- 

tropica  16(1)  (1984)  :24-30. 

"Patterns  of  fish  and  urchin  grazing  on  Caribbean  coral  reefs:   are 


previous  results  typical?"  Ecology  65(2) (1984)  :446-54. 
Heckadon  Moreno,  Stanley.  Cuando  se  Acaban  los  Monies.  Panama:  Editorial 

Universitaria  and  Smithsonian  Tropical  Research  Institute,  1983.  172p. 
.  Panama's  Expanding  Cattle  Front:  The  Santeno  Campesinos  and  the 

Colonization  of  the  Forests.  Ph.D.  dissertation.  Department  of  Sociology, 

University  of  Essex,  1984.  297p. 
Highsmith,    Raymond;    Lueptow,    Rebekka    L.;    and    Schonberg,    Sandra    C. 

"Growth  and  bioerosion  of  three  massive  corals  on  the  Belize  barrier  reef." 

Marine  Ecology,  Progress  Series  13(2-3)  (1983)  :261-71. 
Hoffman,  Steven  G.,  and  Robertson,  D.  Ross.  "Foraging  and  reproduction  of 

two  Caribbean  reef  toadfishes  (Batrachoididae)."  Bulletin  of  Marine  Science 

33(4)  (1983)  :919-27. 
Howe,  Henry  F.  "Annual  variation  of  a  neotropical  seed-dispersed  system." 

In  Tropical  Rain  Forest:  Ecology  and  Management,  ed.  S.  L.  Sutton,  T.  C. 

Whitmore,  and  A.  C.  Chadwick,  pp.  211-28.  Oxford:  Blackwell   Scientific 

Publications,  1983. 
.  "Ramphastos  swainsonii  (Dios  Tede,  Toucan  de  Swainson,  Chestnut- 

mandibled  toucan)."  In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen, 

pp.  603-4.  Chicago:  The  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 
Hubbell,  Stephen  P.,  and  Foster,  R.  3.  "Diversity  of  canopy  trees  in  a  neo- 
tropical forest  and  implications  for  conservation."  In  Tropical  Rain  Forest: 

Ecology  and  Management,  ed.   S.   L.   Sutton,  T.   C.   Whitmore,   and   A.   C. 

Chadwick,  p.  25-42.  Oxford:  Blackwell  Scientific  Publications,  1983. 
Hubbel,  Stephen  P.;  Howard,  Jerome  J.;   and   Wiemer,  David   F.   "Chemical 

leaf  repellency  to  an  attine  ant:  seasonal  distribution  among  potential  host 

plant  species."  Ecology  64(4) (1984)  :1067-76. 
Janos,  D.   P.  "Tropical   mycorrhizas,  nutrient   cycles   and   plant   growth."   In 

Tropical  Rain  Forest:   Ecology  and  Management,   ed.   S.   L.   Sutton,   T.   C. 

Whitmore,  and  A.  C.  Chadwick,  pp.  327-46.  Oxford:  Blackwell  Scientific 

Publications,  1983. 
Ito,  Yoshiaki.  "Panama's  Tropical  Biological  Institute."  (article  in  Japanese) 

Nature,  Japan  1 :46-51. 
Johnson,  Leslie  K.  "Reproductive  behavior  of  Claeoderes   bivittata   (Coleop- 

tera:  Brentidae)."  Psyche  90(l-2)(1983):135-49. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  539 


Karr,  James  R.  "Avian  Community  Ecology"  (Commentary).  In  Perspectives 
in  Ornithology,  ed.  A.  H.  Brush,  and  G.  A.  Clark,  pp.  403-10.  New  York: 
Cambridge  University  Press,  1983. 

.   [Book  review].  Birds  of  Tropical  America,  by  A.  F.  Skutch.  The  Auk 

100(4)  (1983)  :1014-15. 

[Book  review].  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen. 


The  Auk  101(1984). 

-.  "Population  dynamics  and  extinction  in  a  tropical  forest  avifauna.' 


In  American  Philosophical  Society  Grantees'  Reports,  1982,  pp.  28-29. 
Philadelphia,  1983. 

Karr,  James  R.,  and  Freemark,  Kathryn  E.  "Habitat  selection  and  environment 
gradients:  dynamics  in  the  'stable'  tropics."  Ecology  64(6) (1983)  :1481-94. 

.  "Habitat  selection  in  tropical  birds."  BioScience  34(4) (1984)  :256. 

Karr,  James  R.;  Schlosser,  I.  J.;  and  Angermeier,  P.  L.  "Habitat  structure  and 
fish  communities  of  warmwater  streams."  Research  Brief,  U.S.  Environ- 
mental Protection  Agency,  Corvallis,  Oregon,  1983. 

Kiester,  A.  Ross,  and  Strates,  Elene.  "Social  behaviour  in  a  thrips  from 
Panama."  Journal  of  Natural  History  18(2)  (1984)  :303-14. 

Kilar,  John  A.  "Ecological  and  behavioral  studies  of  the  decorator  crab 
Microphrys  bicornutus  Latreille  (Decapoda:  Brachyura) :  a  test  of  optimum 
foraging  theory."  Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecology 
74(2) (1984)  :157-67. 

Lang,  Gerald  E.,  and  Knight,  Dennis  H.  "Tree  growth,  mortality,  recruitment, 
and  canopy  gap  formation  during  a  10-year  period  in  a  tropical  moist 
forest."  Ecology  64(5) (1983)  :1075-80. 

Lawrence,  John  M.,  and  Glynn,  Peter  W.  "Absorption  of  nutrients  from  the 
coral  Pocillopora  damicornis  (L.)  by  the  echinoid  Eucidaris  thouarsii  (Val.)" 
Comparative  Biochemistry  and  Physiology  77A(1)(1984)  :111-12. 

Leigh,  Jr.,  Egbert  Giles.  [Book  review].  "Costa  Rican  Natural  History."  Sci- 
ence 223(4641)  (1984)  :1171-72. 

Lessios,  Harilaos  A.;  Glynn,  Peter  W.;  and  Robertson,  D.  Ross.  "Mass  mor- 
talities of  coral  reef  organisms."  Science  222(4625)  (1983)  :715. 

Levings,  Sally  C.  "Seasonal,  annual,  and  among-site  variation  in  the  ground 
and  community  of  a  deciduous  tropical  forest:  some  causes  of  patchy 
species  distributions."  Ecological  Monographs  53(4)  (1983)  :435-55. 

Linares,  Olga  F.  "Social,  spatial  and  temporal  relations:  Diola  villages  in 
archaeological  perspective."  In  Prehistoric  Settlement  Patterns:  Essays  in 
Honor  of  Gordon  Willey,  edited  by  Evon  Z.  Vogt,  and  Richard  M.  Leven- 
thal,  pp.  129-63.  Albuquerque:  University  of  New  Mexico  and  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts:  Peabody  Museum,  Harvard,  1983. 

.  "Households   among   the   Diola   of   Senegal:   should   norms   enter   by 

the  front  or  the  back  door?"  In  Households.  Comparative  and  Historical 
Studies  of  the  Domestic  Group,  ed.  Robert  McC.  Netting,  Richard  R.  Wilk, 
and  Eric  J.  Arnould,  pp.  407-45.  Berkeley,  University  of  California  Press, 
1984. 

Lubin,  Yael  D.  "Eating  ants  is  no  picnic."  Natural  History  92(10)  (1983)  :54-59. 

.  "Nasutitermes    (comejen,   hormiga   blanca,   Nasute    termite,   arboreal 

termite)."  In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  743- 
45.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 

.  "Nephila  clavipes  (arana  de  oro,  golden  orb  spider)."  In  Costa  Rican 

Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  745-47.  Chicago:  University  of 
Chicago  Press,  1983. 

"Tamandua    mexicana    (oso   jaceta,   hormiguero,   Tamandua,   Banded 


Anteater,  Lesser  Anteater."  In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H. 
Janzen,  pp.  494-96.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 


540  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Lynch,  John  D.,  and  Myers,  Charles  W.  "Frogs  of  the  Fitzingeri  group  of 
Eleutherodactylus  in  eastern  Panama  and  Chocoan  South  America  (Lepto- 
dactylidae).  Bulletin  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  175(5) 
1983)  :481-572. 

Luchenco,  Jane;  Menge,  Bruce  A.;  Garrity,  Stephen  D.;  Lubchenco,  Peggy 
R.;  Ashkenas,  Linda  R.;  Gaines,  Steven  D.;  Emlet,  Richard;  Lucas,  John; 
and  Strauss,  Sharon.  "Structure,  persistance,  and  role  of  consumers  in  a 
tropical  rocky  intertidal  community  (Taboguilla  Island,  Bay  of  Panama)." 
Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecology  78(l/2)(1984)  :23-73. 

McCullough,  David.  "The  making  of  Smithsonian  World:  a  journey  into  time 
and  space."  Smithsonian  14(11)  (1984)  :67-75. 

McDade,  Lucinda  A.  "Long-tailed  hermit  hummingbird  visits  to  inflorescence 
color  morphs  of  Heliconia  irrasa."  The  Condor  85(4) (1983)  :360-64. 

.  "Pollination  intensity  and  seed   set  in   Trichanthera  gigantea."  Bio- 

tropica  15(2)(1983)  :122-24. 

Manasse,  Robin  S.,  and  Howe,  Henry  F.  "Competition  for  dispersal  agents 
among  tropical  trees:  influences  of  neighbors."  Oecologia  59(2-3) (1983) : 
185-90. 

May,  Michael  L.,  and  Casey,  Timothy  M.  "Thermoregulation  and  exchange 
in  Euglossine  bees."  Physiological  Zoology  56(4)  (1983)  :541-51. 

Menge,  B.  A.;  Ashkenas,  L.  R.;  and  Matson,  A.  "Use  of  artificial  holes  in 
studying  community  development  in  cryptic  marine  habitats  in  a  tropical 
rocky  intertidal  region."  Marine  Biology  77(2)  (1983)  :129-42. 

Montgomery,  G.  Gene.  "Bradypus  variegatus  (perezoso  de  tres  dedos,  three- 
toed  sloth)."  In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp. 
453-56.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 

.  "Cyclopes  didactylus  (tapacara,  serafin  de  platanar,  Silky  Anteater." 

In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  461-63.  Chicago: 
University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 

Moynihan,  Martin.  "Notes  on  the  behavior  of  Euprymna  scolopes  (Cepha- 
lopoda: Sepiolidae)."  Behaviour  85(1-2) (1983)  :25-41. 

.  "Notes  on  the  behavior  of  Idiosepius  pygmaeus  (Cephalopoda:  Idio- 

sepiidae).  Behaviour  (1-2) (1983)  :42-57. 

"Transpositions  of  signals  and  the  persistence  of  releasing  mechan- 


isms." Zeitschrift  fur  Tierpsychologie  64(4)  (1984)  :269-82. 
Piperno,  Dolores  R.   "A  comparison  and   differentation   of   phytoliths   from- 

maize   and   wild   grasses:    use    of    morphological    criteria."    American    An- 
tiquity 49(2) (1984)  :361-83. 
Power,  Mary  E.   "Depth   distributions   of   armored   catfish:   predator-induced 

resource  avoidance?"  Ecology  65(2) (1984)  :523-28. 
.  "The  importance  of  sediment  in  the  grazing  ecology  and  size  class 

interactions    of    an    armored    catfish,    Ancisturs    spinosus."    Environmental 

Biology  of  Fishes  10(3)  (1984)  :173-81. 
Putz,  Francis  E.  "Treefall  pits  and  mounds,  buried  seeds,  and  the  importance 

of  soil  disturbance  to  pioneer  trees  on  Barro  Colorado  Island,  Panama." 

Ecology  64(5)  (1983)  :1069-74. 

.  "How  trees  avoid  and  shed  lianas."  Biotropica  16(1)(1984)  :19-23. 

Putz,   Francis   E.;   Coley,   Phyllis   D.;    Lu,   Karen   Lu;    Montalvo,   Arlee,    and 

Aiello,  Annette.  "Uprooting  and  snapping  of  trees:  structural  determinants 

and  ecological  consequences."  Canadian  Journal  of  Forest  Research  13(5) 

(1983)  :1011-20. 
Rand,  A.  Stanley.  "Physalaemus  pustulosus  (rana,  sapito  tungara,  Foam  toad. 

Mud-puddle  frog)."  In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen, 

pp.  412-15.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  541 


Rand,  A.  Stanley,  and  Dugan,  Beverly.  "Structure  of  complex  iguana  nests." 
Copeia  3(1983)  :705-ll. 

Rand,  A.  Stanley;  Guerrero,  Stella;  and  Andrews,  Robin  M.  "The  ecological 
effects  of  malaria  on  populations  of  the  lizard  Anolis  Umifrons  on  Barro 
Colorado  Island,  Panama."  Advances  in  Herpetology  and  Evolutionary 
Biology,  (1983)  :455-71. 

Richmond,  Robert  H.,  and  Jokiel,  Paul  L.  "Lunar  periodicity  in  larva  release 
in  the  reef  coral  Pocillopora  damicornis  at  Enewetak  and  Hawaii."  Bulletin 
of  Marine  Science  34(2)  (1984)  :280-87. 

Risser,  Paul  G.;  Karr,  James  R.;  and  Forman,  Richard  T.  T.  Landscape  Ecol- 
ogy: Directions  and  Approaches.  Illinois  Natural  History  Survey  Special 
Publication,  Number  2(1984). 

Robertson,  D.  Ross.  "On  the  spawning  behavior  and  spawning  cycles  of 
eight  surgeonfishes  (Acanthuridae)  from  the  Indo-Pacific."  Environmental 
Biology  of  Fishes  9(3/4)  (1983)  :193-223. 

.  "Cohabitation  of  competing  territorial  damselfishes  on  a  Caribbean 

Coral  Reef."  Ecology  65(4)(1984)  :1121-35. 

Roubik,  David  W.  "Experimental  community  studies:  time-series  tests  of 
competition  between  African  and  neotropical  bees."  Ecology  64(5)  (1983): 
971-78. 

.  "Nest    and    colony    characteristics    of    stingless    bees    from    Panama 

(Hymenoptera:    Apidae)."    Journal    of    the    Kansas    Entomological    Society 
56(3)  (1983)  :327-55. 

Roubik,  David  W.,  and  Buchmann,  Stephen  L.  "Nectar  selection  by  Melipona 
and  Apis  mellifera  (Hymenoptera:  Apidae)  and  the  ecology  of  nectar  in- 
take by  bee  colonies  in  a  tropical  forest."  Oecologia  61(1)(1984)  :1-10. 

Rovira,  Beatriz.  "La  arqueologia  en  los  programas  de  restauracion:  la  man- 
sion Arias  Feraud  en  la  ciudad  de  Panama."  Vinculos  7(1-2)  (1983)  :33-51. 

Rovira,  Beatriz,  and  Dayan,  Ariela.  "El  Convento  de  Santo  Domingo:  aportes 
arqueologicos  y  documentales  a  la  historia  de  la  ciudad  de  Panama." 
Revista  Nacional  de  Cultura  20-21(1984)  :57-73. 

Rubinoff,  Ira.  "A  strategy  for  preserving  tropical  rainforests."  Ambio  12(5) 
(1983)  :255-58. 

.  "A  strategy  for  preserving  tropical  forests."  In  Tropical  Rain  Forest: 

Ecology  and  Management,  ed.   S.   L.   Sutton,  T.   C.   Whitmore,   and   A.   C. 
Chadwick,  pp.  465-76.  Oxford,  The  British  Ecological  Society,  1983. 

"If  we  lose  the  tropical  forests,  no  birds  will  sing."  Washington  Post, 


August  5(1984)  :C-1. 

Ryan,  Michael  J.;  Bartholomew,  George  A.;  and  Rand,  A.  Stanley.  "Ener- 
getics of  reproduction  in  a  neotropical  frog,  Physalaemus  pustulosus." 
Ecology  64(6) (1983):  1456-62. 

Ryan,  Michael  J.,  and  Tuttle,  Merlin  D.  "The  ability  of  the  frog-eating  bat  to 
discriminate  among  novel  and  potentially  poisonous  frog  species  using 
acoustic  cues."  Animal  Behaviour  31(3) (1983)  :827-33. 

Schemske,  Douglas  W.,  and  Pautler,  Lynn  P.  "The  effects  of  pollen  composi- 
tion on  fitness  components  in  a  neotropical  herb."  Oecologia  62(1)  (1984): 
31-36. 

Schwartz,  Joshua,  and  Wells,  Kentwood  D.  "The  influence  of  background 
noise  on  the  behavior  of  a  neotropical  treefrog,  Hyla  ebraccata."  Herpeto- 
logica  39(2)  (1983)  :121-29. 

.  "Interspecific  acoustic  interactions   of  the  neotropical   treefrog   Hyla 

ebraccata."  Behavioral  Ecology  and  Sociobiology  14(3) (1984)  :211-24. 

Seymour,  C;  Peralta,  P.  H.;  and  Montgomery,  G.  Gene.  "Serological  evi- 
dence of  natural  togavirus  infection  in  Panamanian  sloths  and  other  verte- 
brates." American  Journal  of  Tropical  Medical  Hygiene  32(1983)  :854-61. 


542  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Shelly,  Todd  E.  "Prey   selection  by   the  neotropical   spider  Alpaida   tuonabo 

with  notes  on  web-site  tenacity."  Psyche  90(1-2)  (1983)  :123-33. 
.  "Comparative  foraging  behavior  of  neotropical  robber  flies."  Oeco- 

logia  62(2) (1984)  :188-95. 
Shulman,  Myra  J.;  Ogden,  John  C;  Ebersole,  John  P.;  McFarland,  William; 

Miller,  Steven  L.;  and  Wolf,  Nancy  G.  "Timing  of  recruitment  and  species 

composition  in  coral  reef  fishes."  BioScience  34(1)  (1984)  :44-45. 
Silberglied,   Robert.   "Anartia    fatima    (cocinera.   White-banded    Fatima)."    In 

Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  682-83.  Chicago: 

University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 
Silberglied,  Robert  E.;  Shepherd,  Julian  G.;  and  Dickinson,  Janis  Lou.  "Eu- 
nuchs: the  role  of  apyrene  sperm  in  lepidoptera?"  The  American  Naturalist 

123(2)  (1984)  :255-65. 
Skinner,  Carol  A.  A  field  study  of  Geoffroy's  tamarin,  Saguinus  geoffroyi,  in 

Panama.  A  Final  Report  to  the  Cleveland  Zoological  Society  and  the  World 

Wildlife  Fund— U.S.,  1984.  51p. 
Smith,  B.  H.,  and  Roubik,  David  W.  "Mandibular  glands  of  stingless   bees 

(Hymenoptera:  Apidae) :  chemical  analysis  of  their  contents  and  biological 

function  in  two  species  of  Melipona."  Journal  of  Chemical  Ecology  9(11) 

(1983)  :1465-72. 
Smith,  Alan  P.,  and  Young,  Truman  P.  "The  cost  of  reproduction  in  Senecio 

keniodendron,  a  giant  rosette  species  of  Mt.  Kenya."  Oecologia  55(2)(1982): 

243-47. 
Smith,  Neal  G.  "  'El  Nino'  weather  conditions  in  Pacific  Ocean."  El  Tropica 

l(l)(1983):28-29. 
.  "Host  plant  toxicity  and  migration  in  the  dayflying  moth   Urania." 

Florida  Entomologist  66(1)(1983)  :76-85. 

.  "Migrant  birds  in  the  Neotropics."  The  Torgos  3(2)  (1983)  :43-61. 

-.  "Urania   fulgens    (Colipato   Verde,   Green   Urania)."   In   Costa   Rican 


Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  775-77.  Chicago:  University  of 
Chicago  Press,  1983. 

'Zarhynchus  wagleri  (Oropendola   cabecicastana,  oropendola,  chest- 


nut-headed oropendola."   In   Costa  Rican   Natural   History,   ed.   Daniel   H. 
Janzen,  pp.  614-16.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press.  1983. 
.  "Comment."  Natural  History  93(9)  (1984)  :6-7. 


Smythe,  Nicholas.  "Dasyprocta  punctata  and  Agouti  paca  (Guatusa,  Cheren- 
ga.  Agouti,  Tepezcuientle,  Paca)."  In  Cosfa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed. 
Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  463-65.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 

.  "The  park  that  protects  the  Panama  Canal."  Oryx  18(1)(1984)  :42-46. 

Suman,  Daniel  Oscar.  "Agricultural  burning  in  Panama  and  Central  America: 
burning  parameters  and  the  coastal  sedimentary  record."  Ph.D.  Disserta- 
tion, University  of  California  at  San  Diego,  1983.  156p. 

.  "Contaminacion  por  sustancias  toxicas — Centroamerica:  campo  ex- 
perimental para  los  productores  de  pesticidas."  Dialogo  Social  158(1983) : 
41-44. 

"Los  peligros   del  oleoducto — Ecologia   panamena   amendazada."   Di- 


alogo Social  164(1984)  :11-14. 
.  "Contaminacion  en  los  ailmentos — sustancias  toxicas  en  la  dieta  del 


panameno."  Dialogo  Social  167(1984) :  24-27. 

"El  problema  de  la  basura  y  el  crematorio."  Dialogo  Social  171(5ep.) 


(1984). 

-.  "The  production  and  transport  of  charcoal  formed  during  agricultural 


burning  in  Central  Panama."  Interciencia  9(Sep.)(1984). 

Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  543 


Sutton,  S.  L.;  Ash,  C.  P.  J.;  and  Grundy,  A.  "The  vertical  distribution  of 
flying  insects  in  lowland  rain-forests  of  Panama,  Papua  New  Guinea  and 
Brunei."  Zoological  Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society  78(3)  (1983)  :287-97. 

Sutton,  S.  L.;  Whitmore,  T.  C.;  and  Chadwick,  A.  C.,  eds.  Tropical  Rain 
Forest:  Ecology  and  Management.  Oxford:  Blackwell  Scientific  Publications, 
1983. 

Taigen,  Theodore  L.,  and  Pough,  F.  Harvey.  "Prey  preference,  foraging  be- 
havior, and  metabolic  characteristics  of  frogs."  The  American  Naturalist 
122(4)  (1983)  :509-20. 

Thorne,  Barbara  L.  Population  and  reproductive  dynamics  of  arboreal  Nasuti- 
termes  (Isoptera:  Termitidae)  in  Panama.  Ph.D.  dissertation.  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, 1983.  252p. 

Trainer,  Jill  M.,  and  Will,  Tom  C.  "Avian  methods  of  feeding  on  Bursera 
simaruha  (Burseraceae)  fruits  in  Panama."  Auk  101(1)(1984)  :193-95. 

Troyer,  Katherine.  "Behavioral  acquisition  of  the  hindgut  fermentation  sys- 
tem by  hatchling  Iguana  iguana."  Behavioral  Ecology  and  Sociobiology 
14(3) (1984)  :189-93. 

.  "Diet  selection  and  digestion  in  Iguana   iguana:   the  importance  of 

age  and  nutrient  requirements."  Oecologia  61(2)  (1984)  :201-7. 

-.  "Microbes,  herbivory  and  the  evolution  of  social  behavior."  Journal 


of  Theoretical  Biology  106(2) (1984)  :157-69. 

'Structure  and  function  of  the  digestive  tract  of  a  herbivorous  lizard 


Iguana  iguana."  Physiological  Zoology  57(1)  (1984)  :l-8. 

Ventocilla,  Jorge  L.  "IX  Congreso  Internacional  de  Aracnologia."  La  Estrella 
de  Panama,  Supp.  El  Istmo,  July  31(1983)  :8-9. 

.  "Ill  Congreso  Mundial  de  Parques  Nacionales."  La  Estrella  de  Pan- 
ama, Supp.  El  Istmo,  January  9(1983)  :24,  21. 

.  "Cria  de  iguanas  en  el  Summit."  Quiho  May  26(1984)  :4. 

'El  Parque  Nacional  Galapagos  y  la  Fundacion  Darwin."  La  Estrella 


de  Panama  Supp.  El  Istmo,  Feb.  26(1984)  :1,  8,  17. 
Ventocilla,  Jorge  L.,  and  Gonzalez,  Alvaro.   "Los  pelicanos   de  Taboga."   La 

Estrella  de  Panama,  July  15(1983)  :C-19. 
.  "Los  pelicanos  de  Taboga."  La  Estrella  de  Panama,  Supp.   El  Istmo 

(1983)  :16-17. 
Warner,   Robert   R.    "Mating    behavior   and    hermaphorditism    in    coral    reef 

fishes."  American  Scientist  72(2)  (1984)  :128-36. 
Wellington,  Gerard  M.,  and  Glynn,  Peter  W.   "Environmental  influences  on 

skeletal    banding   in   eastern    Pacific    (Panama)    corals."    Coral    Reefs    1(4) 

(1983)  :215-22. 

Wells,  Kentwood  D.,  and  Schwartz,  Joshua  J.  "The  effect  of  vegetation  on 
the  propagation  of  calls  in  the  neotropical  frog  Centrolenella  fleischmanni." 
Herpetologica  38(4)  (1982)  :449-55. 

Werner,  Dagmar  I.  "Reproduction  in  the  iguana  Conolophus  subcristatus  on 
Fernandina  Island,  Galapagos:  clutch  size  and  migration  costs."  The  Amer- 
ican Naturalist  121(6)(1983)  :757-75. 

.  "La  iguana   verde:   un  animal   sin  voz."  Boletin   Harpia   August   (2) 

(1984)  :10-11. 

Werner,  Dagmar,  and  Miller,  Tracy.  "Artificial  nests  for  female  green  iguan- 
as." Herp  Review  15(2) (1984)  :57-58. 

West-Eberhard,  Mary  Jane.  "Communication  in  social  wasps:  predicted  and 
observed  patterns,  with  a  note  on  the  significance  of  behavioral  and  onto- 
genetic flexibility  for  theories  of  worker  'altruism.'  "  In  La  Communication 
Chez  Les  Societes  D'Insectes,  Colloque  International  U.I.E.I.S.  Section 
Francaise,  pp.  13-36.  Barcelona:  Bellaterra,  1982. 


544  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "Diversity  of  dominance  displays  in  Polistes  and  its  possible  evolu- 
tionary significance."  In  The  Biology  of  Social  Insects,  ed.  M.  D.  Breed, 
C.  D.  Michener,  and  H.  E.  Evans,  pp.  222-23.  1982. 

-.  "Current  problems  in  sociobiology:  an  adaptationist  review."  Evolu- 


tion 37(6)  (1983)  :1325-26. 

'Polistes    (quita    corazon,    lengua    de    vaca    [name    of    nest]).    Paper 


wasp."  In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.  Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  758-60. 
Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 

"Prologo."  In  Introduccion  a  la  Etologia,  by  A.  de  Haro,  p.V.  Bar- 


celona, Ediciones  Omega,  1983. 
Windsor,  Donald  M.  "Polybia  occidentalis  (cojones  de  toro  [name  of  nest]), 

Paper  wasp."  In  Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed.   Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp. 

760-62.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 
Windsor,   Donald   M.,   and   Massey,   A.   "Calynda    biscupis    (palito    andando, 

juanpalo,  Guanacaste  stick  insect)."  In   Costa  Rican  Natural  History,  ed. 

Daniel  H.  Janzen,  pp.  705-6.  Chicago:  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1983. 
Wolda,  Henk.  "Spatial  and  temporal  variations  in  abundance  of  tropical  ani- 
mals."  In   The   Tropical  Rainforest:   Ecology   and   Management,   ed.    S.    L. 

Sutton,  T.  C.  Whitmore,  and  A.  C.  Chadwick,  pp.  93-105.  Oxford,  U.K.: 

Blackwell  Scientific  Publications,  1983. 
Wolda,  Henk,  and  Denlinger,  David  L.  "Diapause  in  a  large  aggregation  of 

a  tropical  beetle."  Ecological  Entomology  9(2)  (1984)  :217-30. 
Wright,    S.    Joseph.    "The    dispersion    of    eggs    by    a    bruchid    beetle    among 

Scheelea  palm  seeds  and  the  effect  of  distance  to  the  parent  palm."  Ecology 

64(5)  (1983)  :1016-21. 
.  "La  extencion  y  las  reservas  naturales.  Puedon  los  parques  y  reservas 

naturales  prevenir  la  extencion?"  Boletin  Harpia  May  (1)(1984):5,  7. 
Wright,    S.   Joseph,    and   Biehl,   Carl    C.    "Empty    sites    and    the    analysis    of 

presence-absence  data."  The  American  Naturalist  122(6)  (1983)  :833-34. 
Wright,  S.  Joseph,  and  Hubbell,  Stephen  P.  "Stochastic  extinction  and  reserve 

size:  a  focal  species  approach."  Oikos  41(3)(1983)  :466-76. 
Wright,   S.   Joseph;    Kimsey,   Robert;    and   Campbell,    Claudia    J.    "Mortality 

rates   of  insular  Anolis  lizards:   a   systematic   effect   of   island   area."   The 

American  Naturalist  123(1)  (1984)  :134-42. 
Young,  Orrey  P.  "The  distribution  and  ecology  of  Coilodes  castanea  (Coleop- 

tera:  Scarabaeidae:  Hybosorinae)."  The  Coleopterists  Bulletin  37(3)(1983): 

247-53. 
.  "An  example  of  'apparent'  dominance-submission  behavior  between 

adult    male    howler   monkeys    (Alouatta    palliata)."    Primates    24(2) (1983): 

283-87. 
Zucker,  Naida.  "Courtship  variation  in  a  neotropical  fiddler  crab  Uca  deich- 

manni:  another  example  of  female  incitation  to  male  competition?"  Marine 

Behaviour  and  Physiology  10(1)  (1983)  :57-79. 


HISTORY  AND  ART 

ARCHIVES  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

Barrie,  Dennis.  "Regional  Office  Report — Midwest."  Archives  of  American 
Art  Journal  23(1-2). 

Brown,  Robert  F.  "Regional  Office  Report — New  England."  Archives  of 
American  Art  Journal  23(1-4). 

Karlstrom,  Paul  T.  "Regional  Office  Report — West  Coast."  Archives  of  Amer- 
ican Art  Journal  23(1-4). 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  545 


Kirvvin,  Liza.  "Regional  Office  Report — Mid-Atlantic."  Archives  of  American 
Art  Journal  23(1-4). 

Levy,  Sandra  J.  "Regional  Office  Report — Texas  Project."  Archives  of  Ameri- 
can Art  Journal  23(1-4). 

McCoy,  Garnett.  "Introduction."  The  Card  Catalog  of  the  Oral  History  Col- 
lections of  the  Archives  of  American  Art.  Wilmington,  Delaware:  Schol- 
arly Resources,  Inc.,  1984. 

McNaught,  Williani.  "Regional  Office  Report — New  York."  Archives  of  Amer- 
ican Art  Journal  23(1-4). 

Zanke,  Jeanne.  Regional  Office  Report — Midwest."  Archives  of  American  Art 
Journal  23(3-4.) 

COOPER-HEWITT  MUSEUM 

Dee,  Elaine  Evans.  To  Embrace  the  Universe;  The  Drawings  of  Frederic  E. 

Church,  catalogue  for  The  Hudson  River  Museum,  Yonkers,  New  York, 

1984. 
McFadden,  David  Revere.   [Book  review]   The  Wedgwood  Family  Circle,  by 

B.  and  H.  Wedgwood.   The  Eighteenth  Century:  A  Current  Bibliography 

The  American  Society  of  Eighteenth  Century  Studies,  IV:  292:  1980   (not 

published  until  1984). 
.  "Documents  of  Design:   Silver  at  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum."   (Part  I 

of  2  parts.)  The  Magazine  Silver  17,  no.  1  (Jan.-Feb.  1984)  :8-15. 
.  "Historical  Revivals  in  Glass."  Glass  Art  Society  Journal,  1983-1984, 


pp.  11-17. 

'Astrid   Stampe:    An   American  Perspective."    (Article   published   in 


English  and  Swedish.)  In  Astrid  Stampe — svensk  industritextil  (catalogue). 
National-museum  Stockholm,  Sweden,  Feb.-Apr.,  1984. 

"Scandinavian  Modern:  1880-1980."  Catalogue  extract  of  essay  from 


major  publication,  issued  in  Danish  for  the  exhibition  Scandinavian  Mod- 
ern at  Kunstindustrimuseum,  1984. 

'The  design  of  Scandinavian  Modern."  In  Scandinavian  Review  (The 


American  Scandinavian  Foundation)  72,  no.  1  (Spring,  1984) :  3lff. 

Moss,  Gillian.   Embroidered  Samplers.   New  York:   Cooper-Hewitt  Museum, 
1984. 

.  Stitch  Guide.  New  York:  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  1984. 

Taylor,  Lisa.  [Foreword]  The  Amsterdam  School:  Dutch  Expressionist  Archi- 
tecture; 1915-1930.  New  York:  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  1984. 

,  editor.  The  Phenomenon  of  Change.  New  York:  Cooper-Hewitt  Mu- 
seum, 1984. 

[Foreword]  American  Enterprise:  Nineteenth-Century  Patent  Models. 


New  York:  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  1984. 

FREER  GALLERY  OF  ART 

Atil,  Esin.  "Anatolian  Civilizations,"  Hali  6,  no.  2(1984)  :152-54. 

Chase,  W.  Thomas,  III.  "Bronze  Casting  in  China:  A  Short  Technical  His- 
tory." In  The  Great  Bronze  Age  of  China,  A  Symposium,  ed.  George  Ku- 
wayama,  pp.  100-23.  Los  Angeles  County  Museum  of  Art  (University  of 
Washington  Press),  1983. 

Cort,  Louise  A.  "A  Rob  Barnard  Teapot."  Ceramics  Monthly  13,  no.  10  (De- 
cember 1983). 

.  "Shigaraki  Tea  Jars,"  "Shinjiro,"  "Official  Tea  Jars,"  and  "Shingen 

Jars."  Entries  for  Tea  Ceremony  Encyclopedia.  Tokyo:  Kadokawa  Shoten 
(in  Japanese). 


546  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "The  Peters  Valley  Woodfire  Conference."  Studio  Potter  12,  no.  2 

(June  1984). 

"Korean   Influences   in   Japanese   Ceramics."   Orientations   15,   no.   5 


(May  1984). 

Curry,  David  Park.  [Exhibition  Catalogue]  James  McNeill  Whistler  at  the 
Freer  Gallery  of  Art.  New  York  and  London,  1984. 

Fu,  Shen  C.  Y.  "Chang  Chi-chih  and  His  Medium-Sized  Standard  Script, 
Part  II."  (in  Chinese)  National  Palace  Museum  Quarterly,  Second  Series  I, 
no.  2  (Winter  1983)  :ll-26. 

.  Masterpieces  of  Chinese  Calligraphy  in  American  and  European  Col- 
lections, vol.  6  (in  Japanese);  Tokyo,  1983. 

-.  "The  Related  Works  of  Chu  Ta  and  Shih-t'ao."  (in  Chinese)  In  The 


Paintings  and  Calligraphy  of  Pa-ta  and  Shih-t'ao,  pp.  27-33.  National  Mu- 
seum of  History,  Taipei,  Taiwan  (February  1984). 

-.  "A  Letter  by  Teng  Wen-yiian   (1259-1328)   to  Chin-liang."   (in  Chi- 


nese) The  National  Palace  Museum  Monthly  of  Chinese  Art,  no.  12  (March 
(1984)  :56-58. 

'Commentary  on  Various  Theories  of  the  Birth  and  Death  Dates  of 


Shih-t'ao."  (in  Chinese)  Central  Daily  News,  Taipei,  Taiwan  (April  10-12, 
1984). 

"Teng  Wen-yiian's   Son-in-Law   and   His   Painting — Mount   Lu."    (in 


Chinese)   The  National  Palace  Museum  Monthly  of  Chinese  Art,  no.  13 
(April  1984) :  98-100. 

"A  Painting  by  Kung  Hsien  Was  Forged  into  a  Yiian  Painting."  (in 


Chinese)    The  National  Palace  Museum   Monthly  of  Chinese  Art,  no.   14 
(May  1984):35-41. 

'K'un  ts'an  and  Mountain  Huang."  (in  Chinese)  Paper  presented  at 


the    International    Conference    on    Huang   Shan    School    Paintings,    Anhui, 
China,  May  1984. 

-.  "The  Great  T'ang  Calligrapher  Yen  Chen-ch'ing  in  Northern  Sung 


and   the   Establishment   of   His   Historical   Position."    (in   Chinese)    Hsiung 
Shih  Art  Monthly,  Taipei,  Taiwan,  1984.  (Forthcoming.) 

Lawton,  Thomas.  "John  Alexander  Pope  (1906-1982),"  Archives  of  Asian 
Art,  36(1983)  :89-91. 

Shimizu,  Yoshiaki.  "Calligraphy,"  "Josetsu,"  "Kichizan  Mincho,"  "Moku'an 
Rei'en,"  "Tensho  Shubun,"  "Tesshu  Tokusai,"  and  "Toyo  Sesshu."  En- 
tries for  Kodansha  Encyclopedia  of  Japan,  9  vols.,  Tokyo:  Kodansha  In- 
ternational, 1983. 

.  "A  Chinese  Album  Leaf  from  the  Former  Ashikaga  Collection  in  the 

Freer  Gallery  of  Art."  Archives  of  Asian  Art,  37(1984)  :96-108. 

[Exhibition    Catalogue]    Masterpieces    of   Japanese   Calligraphy.   Co- 


authored  with  John  M.  Rosenfield,  Asia  Society  and  Japan  Society,  New 

York,  1984.  (Forthcoming.) 
Winter,  John.  "Natural  Adhesives  in  East  Asian  Paintings."  To  appear  in 

Preprints  of  the  10th  International  Congress  of  the  International  Institute 

for  Conservation,  Paris,  Prance,  September  2-8,  1984. 
.  "Pigments  in  China — A  Preliminary  Bibliography  of  Identifications." 

Paper  submitted  to  the  Seventh  Triennial  Meeting,  ICOM  Committee  for 

Conservation,  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  September  10-14,  1984. 
Yonemura,  Ann.  [Review]  Japanese  Lacquer  Art:  Modern  Masterpieces.  The 

National  Museum  of  Modern  Art,  ed.,  1982.  Monumenta  Nipponica  38,  no. 

4  (December,  1983)  :474-77. 
.  "Choju    giga,"    "Jigoku    zoshi,"    "Fujiwara    Takanobu,"    "Fujiwara 

Nobuzane,"    "Takuma    Eiga,"    "Takuma    Tamenari,"    "Takuma    Tameto," 

"Takuma  Shoga,"  "Toba  Sojo,"  "Gakuo  Zokyu,"  "Sesson  Shukei,"  "Kenko 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  547 


Shokei/'  "Lacquer  Ware,"  "Inro,"  "Maki-e,"  "Rakkan  (seals  and  signa- 
tures)." Entries  for  Kodansha  Encyclopedia  of  Japan,  9  vols.,  Tokyo:  Ko- 
dansha  International,  1983. 

HIRSHHORN  MUSEUM  AND  SCULPTURE  GARDEN 

Fox,  Howard  N.  The  City  as  Collector:  Selections  from  Seattle's  Public  Art 
Collection.  Exhibition  catalog.  Seattle,  Washington:  Seattle  Art  Museum, 
1984. 

.  North  Carolina  Artists  Exhibition  1984.  Exhibition  catalog.  Raleigh, 

North  Carolina:  North  Carolina  Museum  of  Art,  1984. 

Gettings,  Frank.  Genre  Scenes:  Works  on  Paper  from  the  Hirshhorn  Museum 
and  Sculpture  Garden.  Brochure.  Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Lawrence,  Sidney.  "Clean  Machines  at  the  Modern."  Art  in  America  72  (Feb- 
ruary 1984)  :127-4lff. 

Lerner,  Abram.  [Foreword]  Artistic  Collaboration  in  the  20th  Century  by 
Cynthia  Jaffe  McCabe.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press 
for  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculpture  Garden,  1984. 

.   [Foreword]    Drawings    1974-1984    by    Frank    Gettings.    Washington, 

D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press  for  the  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculp- 
ture Garden,  1984. 

McCabe,  Cynthia  Jaffee.  [Preface]  The  Miami  Generation.  Miami,  Florida: 
Cuban  Museum  of  Arts  and  Culture,  1983;  Washington,  D.C:  Meridian 
House  International,  1984. 

Millard,  Charles.  "Julio  Gonzalez."  The  Hudson  Review  (Spring  1984):88-98. 

Shannon,  Joseph.  "Interview  with  Avigdor  Arikha."  Arts  Magazine  58  (Jan- 
uary 1984)  :130-33. 

Weil,  Stephen.  "Breaches  of  Trust,  Remedies  and  Standards  in  the  American 
Private  Art  Museum."  Quaderni  di  Scienze  Criminali:  The  Penal  Protec- 
tion of  Works  of  Art.  Siracusa,  Italy:  Istituto  Superiore  Internazionale  di 
Scienze  Criminali  (International  Institute  of  Higher  Studies  in  Criminal 
Sciences),  1983:245-76. 

.  "Enough  Museum?"  Artnews  82  (December  1983)  :27. 

.  "Vincible    Ignorance:   Museums    and    the    Law."    Museum    News    62 

(February  1984)  :71-74. 

-.  "Art,  Law  and  Utopia:  What  Attorneys  Can  Offer  to  Artists."  Arts 


Washington  7  (March/April)  1984)  :1,  7. 
Zilczer,  Judith.  "The  Eight  on  Tour,  1908-1909."  American  Art  Journal  16, 
no.  3  (Summer  1984)  :20-48. 

JOSEPH  HENRY  PAPERS 

Field,  Cynthia.  "The  McMillan  Commission's  Trip  to  Europe."  Historical 
Perspectives  on  Urban  Design:  Washington,  D.C,  1890-1910.  Washington, 
D.C:  Center  for  Washington  Area  Studies,  1984. 

Stine,  Jeffrey  K.  "United  States  Army  Corps  of  Engineers."  Government 
Agencies,  ed.  Donald  R.  Whitnah.  Westport:  Greenwood  Press,  1983. 

Theerman,  Paul.  "The  Smithsonian  Castle."  Design  Action  2,  No.  5  (Septem- 
ber-October 1983)  :7. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AFRICAN  ART 

Bertin,  Margaret.  [General  museum  brochure]  National  Museum  of  African 
Art.  Washington,  D.C:  National  Museum  of  African  Art,  1983. 


548  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Jennings,  Gretchen.   [Gallery  leaflet]  Adire  Cloth  from  Nigeria.  Washington, 

D.C. :  National  Museum  of  African  Art,  1984. 
Jennings,  Gretchen,  and  Edward  Lifschitz.   [Exhibition  guide]   Ethiopia:  The 

Christian  Art  of  an  African  Nation.  Washington,  D.C.:  National  Museum 

of  African  Art,  1984. 
Lifschitz,    Edward.    [Gallery    leaflet]    Brass    Staff    Finial.    Washington,    D.C.: 

National  Museum  of  African  Art,  1984. 
Lifschitz,   Edward,   and   Alicia   Taylor.    Education    Programs    and    Resources, 

1984-1985.  Washington,  D.C.:  National  Museum  of  African  Art,  1984. 
Saverino,  Joan.  [Teaching  guide]  African  Islam.  Washington,  D.C.:  National 

Museum  of  African  Art,  1983. 
Sieber,  Roy.  [Gallery  leaflet]  Gold  in  Miniature.  Washington,  D.C.:  National 

Museum  of  African  Art,  1984. 
.   [Introduction]  Harrison  Eiteljorg  Collection  of  African  Art  by  Theo- 
dore Celenko.  Indiana:  Indiana  University  Press,  1983. 

-.  [Introduction]  Praise  Poems:  The  Katherine  White  Collection.  Wash- 


ington: Seattle  Art  Museum,  1984. 

[Introduction]    A  Short   History  of  African   Art  by   Werner   Gillon. 


London,  England:  Viking  Press,  1984. 
Walker,   Roslyn    A.    [Exhibition   brochure    and    checklist]    African    Mankala. 
Washington,  D.C.:  National  Museum  of  African  Art,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

Cosentino,   Andrew   J.    The   Capital   Image:   Painters    in   Washington,   1800- 

1915.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 
Flint,   Janet  A.   Provincetown   Printers:   A   Woodcut   Tradition.   Washington, 

D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 
.  "Comments    on    Howard   Cook's    Graphic    Work."    In    The    Graphic 

Work  of  Howard  Cook:  A  Catalogue  Raisonne.  Bethesda,  Maryland:  The 

Bethesda  Art  Gallery,  1984. 
Foresta,  Merry  Amanda.  Exposed  and  Developed:  Photography  Sponsored  by 

the   National   Endowment   for   the   Arts.   Washington,   D.C:    Smithsonian 

Institution  Press,  1984. 
Gershuny,    Lenore    F.    [Checklist]    Fanfare.    Washington,   D.C:    Smithsonian 

Institution  Press,  1984. 
Hartigan,    Lynda    Roscoe.    Sited   Toward   the   Future:    Proposals    for   Public 

Sculpture  in   Arlington   County.   Arlington,   Virginia:   Privately   published, 

1984. 
Herman,   Lloyd  E.    [Essay]    Indoor  Landscape:   A  Statement   on   the   Jervis/ 

Krasnican  Installation.  Arlington,  Virginia:  Privately  published,  1984. 
.  "Wood  Endures  for  Art  and  Utility."  In  A  Show  of  Hands.  Arling- 
ton, Virginia:  Privately  published,  1984. 

Tiber  Artists  Merge  Traditional  Techniques  with  Modern  Imagery." 


In  A  Show  of  Hands.  Arlington,  Virginia:  Privately  published,  1984. 

[Edited  transcript]  "Museum  Practices  in  Collecting."  National  Coun- 


cil on  Education  for  the  Ceramic  Arts  Journal,  Volume  5.  Privately  pub- 
lished, 1984. 

"Five    Visiting    Artists     at    Carnegie-Mellon    University."    For    the 


Artist-in-Residence  Program,  Carnegie-Mellon  University.  Pittsburgh,  Penn- 
sylvania: Carnegie-Mellon  University  Publications,  1984. 
Lewton,   Jean   L.    [Essay]    Alice   Pike   Barney:    Pastel    Portraits    from    Studio 

House.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 
Mecklenburg,   Virginia    M.    Woodworks:    Constructions    by    Robert    Indiana. 

Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  549 


.  "Advancing  American  Art:  A  Controversy  of  Style."  In  Advancing 

American  Art:  Politics  and  Aesthetics  in  the  State  Department  Exhibition, 

1946-1948.  Montgomery:  Montgomery  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  1984. 
Norelli,  Martina  Roudabush.  Werner  Drewes,  Sixty-five  Years  of  Printmahing. 

Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 
Nosanow,   Barbara   Shissler.   Sawtooths   and  Other  Ranges   of  Imagination: 

Contemporary  Art  from  Idaho.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution 

Press,  1983. 
Panzer,  Nora.  Art  and  Literature:  Supplementary  Reading  for  Explorations 

in  American  Art.  Washington,  D.C.:  Privately  published,  1984. 
.  "Fifth   Annual   Family   Arts   Competition   1984:   Chesebrough-Pond's 

Celebrates  the  Family."  Washington,  D.C.:  Privately  published,  1984. 
Rand,  Harry  Z.   [Introduction]   Connecting:   The  Art  of  Beth  Ames  Swartz. 

Arizona:  Northland  Press,  1984. 
.  Louis   Rihak:    The   Late   Paintings.   New   Mexico:   Roswell   Museum, 

1984. 
.  R.  L.  White:  Messianic  Memoirs.  New  Mexico:  Santa  Fe  Museum, 


1984. 

"Where  Does  Excellence  Lie?"  Design  (for  Arts  in  Education),  Janu- 


ary/February 1984. 

-.  "Notes  and  Conversation:  Randy  Lee  White,"  Arts  Magazine,  Sep- 


tember 1984. 

.  "Looking  at  Paul  Manship."  FMR,  Autumn  1984. 

"Jochen  Seidel:  Word  Drawings."  Proceedings  of  VIII  World  Psychi- 


atry Congress  (reprinted  in  English),  Plenum,  England,  1984. 

[Book    review]     "Early    American    Modernist    Painting."    Leonardo, 


Spring  1984. 

[Book  review]  "Beauty  and  the  Beasts."  Leonardo,  Spring  1984. 


Schimmel,  Julie.  The  Art  and  Life  of  W.  Herbert  Dunton,  1878-1936.  Austin, 
Texas:  University  of  Texas  Press  for  the  Stark  Museum  of  Art,  1984. 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History 

Adrosko,  Rita  J.  "The  Jacquard  and  Woven  Silk  Pictures."  In  Ars  Textrina. 
l(1983):9-75. 

.  "Dyewoods."  In  the  Encyclopedia  of  American  Forest  and  Conserva- 
tion History.  New  York:  Macmillian  Publishing  Co.,  1983. 

.  "Anatomy  of  a  Quilted  Counterpane."  The  Weaver's  Journal  3,  no.  4, 


issue  32:42-46. 
Blaszczyk,  Regina  L.  "Ceramics  and  the  Sot- Weed  Factor:  The  China  Market 

in  a  Tobacco  Economy."  Winterthur  Portfolio  19,  no.  1  (1984)  :7-19. 
Fesperman,  John.  Organ  Planning.  New  York:  Church  Hymnal  Corporation, 

1984. 
.  "The   Mexican  Legacy  of  Organs."  Musical   Times.   February   1984: 

107-9. 
Groce,    Nancy.    The    Hammered    Dulcimer    in    America.    Washington,    D.C. : 

Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 
Hoover,   Cynthia    Adams.   "Overture"   to   "The   Beginnings:    Recreating   the 

Eighteenth-Century   American   Musical."   In   Musical   Theater   in   America: 

Papers   and   Proceedings   on   the  Musical   Theater   in   America,  edited   by 

Glenn  Loney,  21-22.  Westport,  Conn.:  Greenwood  Press,  1984. 
.  "Three  Recollections  of  the  Sonneck  Society's   Earliest  Years."  The 

Sonneck  Society  Newsletter  10(spring  1984):9:10. 

550  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Myers,  Susan  H.  "Marketing  American  Pottery:  Maulden  Ferine  in  Balti- 
more." Winterthur  Portfolio  19,  no.  1(1984)  :51-66. 

.  "The  Business   of  Potting,   1780-1840."   In   The  Craftsman   in   Early 

America,  ed.  Ian  M.  G.  Quimby.  New  York:  W.  W.  Norton  &  Co.,  1984. 

Ostroff,  Eugene.  "Photographic  Enlarging:  A  History."  Photographic  Science 
and  Engineering.  March/ April  1984:54-89. 

Roth,  Rodris.  "Recording  a  Room:  The  Kitchen."  In  In  Historic  America: 
Buildings,  Structures  and  Sites,  106-25.  Washington,  D.C. :  The  Library  of 
Congress,  1983. 

Serio,  Anne  Marie.  "The  Dietz  Burner:  The  Earliest  Known  Flat  Wick  Coal 
Oil  Burner  in  America."  The  Rushlight  50(June  1984):8-13. 

Torgerson,  Maureen  R.  "The  Influence  of  Chinese  and  Japanese  Design  on 
European  Porcelain  in  the  Hans  Syz  Collection."  The  29th  Annual  Wash- 
ington Antiques  Show.  51-55. 

Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology 

Daniel,  Pete.  "The  Crossroads  of  Change:  Cotton,  Tobacco,  and  Rice  Cul- 
tures in  the  Twentieth-Century  South."  Journal  of  Southern  History  50 
(August  1984)  :429-56. 

.  "The  New  Deal,  Southern  Agriculture,  and  Economic  Change."  In 

The  New  Deal  and  the  South,  eds.  James  C.  Cobb  and  Michael  Namorato. 
Jackson,  Miss.:  The  University  Press  of  Mississippi,  1984. 

Ezell,  Edward  C.  Small  Arms  of  the  World.  12th  ed.  Harrisburg,  Pa.:  Stack- 
pole  Books,  1983. 

.  Small  Arms   Today:   Latest  Reports   on   the   World's  Weapons   and 

Ammunition.  Harrisburg,  Pa.:  Stackpole  Books,  1984. 

-,  and  Linda  N.  Ezell.  On  Mars:  a  History  of  NASA's  Explorations  of 


the  Red  Planet.  NASA  SP-4212.  Washington,  D.C:  Government  Printing 
Office,  1984. 

Finn,  Bernard.  "The  Incandescent  Electric  Light."  In  Bridge  to  the  Future, 
Annals  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences  424(1984)  :247-63. 

Gibbs,  Sharon,  and  George  Saliba.  Planispheric  Astrolabes  from  the  National 
Museum  of  American  History.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Press,  1984. 

Green,  Rayna.  That's  What  She  Said:  Contemporary  Fiction  and  Poetry  by 
Native  American  Women.  Bloomington:  Indiana  University  Press,  1984. 

•.  "Honoring  the  Vision  of  Changing  Women:  A  Decade  of  American 

Feminism."  In  Sisterhood  Is  Global,  ed.  Robin  Morgan.  New  York:  Double- 
day  and  Co.,  1984. 

Hindle,  Brooke.  "Technology  through  the  3D  Time  Warp."  Technology  and 
Culture  24(1983)  :450-64. 

.  "The  Contriving  Mind."  Science  Digest  90(1983)  :48. 

.  Emulation  and  Invention.  Paperback  reprint  by  W.  W.  Norton  and 

Co.,  1983. 

Jackson,  Melvin  H.,  ed.  The  Historic  American  Merchant  Marine  Survey. 
7  vols.  Salem,  Mass.:  The  Ayer  Co.,  1983. 

Kondratas,  Ramunas.  "Public  Health  Service."  In  Government  Agencies,  ed. 
Donald  R.  Whitnah.  Westport,  Conn.:  Greenwood  Press,  1983. 

Langley,  Harold  D.  "Women  in  the  Navy,  1983."  United  States  Naval  Insti- 
tute Proceedings,  January  1983. 

Melosh,  Barbara.  "History  as  Drama:  The  Constitution  in  the  Federal 
Theatre  Project."  This  Constitution,  spring  1984. 

.  "More  than  The  Physician's  Hand':  Skill  and  Authority  in  Twen- 
tieth-Century Nursing."  In  Women  and  Health  in  America,  ed.  Judith 
Walzer  Leavitt.  Madison,  Wis.:  University  of  Wisconsin  Press,  1984. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  551 


Merzbach,  Uta.  Carl  Friedrich  Gauss:  A  Bibliography.  Wilmington,  Del.: 
Scholarly  Resources,  1984. 

Multhauf,  Robert  P.  The  History  of  Chemical  Technology:  An  Annotated 
Bibliography.  New  York:  Garland,  1984. 

.  "Nachwort."  In  Daz  Salz  by  M.  J.  Schleiden,  1875  (Reprint,  1984). 

.  "Storia  della  Chimica."  Enciclopedia   delta   Chimica   10(1984)  :105-12. 

Noble,  David  F.  Forces  of  Production:  A  Social  History  of  Industrial  Auto- 
mation. New  York:  Alfred  A.  Knopf,  1984. 

Schlebecker,  John  T.  "Agricultural  Journalism  and  the  Diffusion  of  Scientific 
Knowledge  in  Twentieth-Century  America."  In  Twentieth-Century  Agri- 
cultural Science,  127-35.  Beltsville,  Md.:  Associates  of  the  National  Agri- 
cultural Library,  1983. 

.  "Ethics  and  Agribusiness."  Agricultural  Change  and  Human  Values, 

1:226-29.  Gainesville,  Fla.:  University  of  Florida  Press,  1983. 

White,  John  H.,  Jr.  "The  California  State  Railroad  Museum:  A  Louvre  for 
Locomotives."  Technology  and  Culture  24(October  1983)  :44-54. 

.  "American   Locomotives    in   Russia."    Railroad    History    149 (Autumn 

1983):116-17. 

.  "Yankee,  please  come  home!"  Trains  44 (September  1984)  :21-28. 

.  "Who  Was  Ezra  Miller?"  Railroad  History  150(Spring  1984)  :115-17. 

.  "'Once  the  Greatest  Builders':  The  Norris  Locomotive  Works."  Rail- 


road History  150(Spring  1984)17-56,  86. 

Withuhn,  William  L.  "The  Railroad  History  Awards."  Railroad  History  149 
(Autumn  1983)  :7-10. 

.  "Slazburgers  and  Slavery:  A  Problem  of  Mentality."  Georgia  His- 
torical Quarterly  64(Summer  1984):  173-92. 

Department  of  Public  Programs 

"Go."  A  Self-guiding  brochure  for  parents  and  children  visiting  the  Hall 
of  Land  Transportation.  1984. 

"Fitting  In."  A  brochure  for  adolescents  touring  the  Nation  of  Nations  ex- 
hibition. 1984. 

"School  Programs  and  Tours,  1984-85."  Publicizes  school  programs. 

National  Numismatic  Collection 

Clain-Stefanelli,  Elvira.  "The  Medals  Leaving  Our  Hands."  In  American 
Medallic  Sculpture  Exhibition.  New  York:  American  Medallic  Sculpture 
Association,  1983. 

Gillilland,  Cora  Lee.  "The  American  Medallic  Sculpture  Association,  A  Wish 
and  a  Beginning."  The  Medal  September  1984. 

.  "An  Art  Form  Too  Long  Stagnant."  Coin  World  (July  11,  1984)  :4. 

.  "Foreword."  In  The  Resurgent  Art  Medal:  An  International  Selec- 
tion. State  College,  Pa.:  Pennsylvania  State  University,  1984. 

Hebert,  Raymond.  "An  Armenian  Devotional  Medal."  Armenian  Numismatic 
Journal  ser.  1,  vol.  10,  no.  3  (September  1984)  :30-32,  pl.  2. 

.  "The  Lazarev  Institute  Medal."  Armenian  Numismatic  Journal  ser.  1, 

voL  10,  no.  1  (March  1984)  :2-5. 

'The  Megerdich  Sanasarian  Medal."  Armenian  Numismatic  Journal 


ser.  1,  vol.  10,  no.  1  (March  1984)  :6-8,  pl.  1. 

"Three  Coin  Dies  of  Tonk  State."  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Indian 


Numismatics  and  Sigillography.  The  Dr.  S.  V.  Sohoni  Felicitation  Volume, 
4:60-63,  pis.  1-4. 
Vosloh,  Lynn.  "Celebrating  Olympics  with  Silver  Coins."  The  Silver  Institute 
Letter,  July  1984. 


552  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "Gold  Coins   Perpetuating   Olympic   Ideals."    The   Cold  News,   July 

1984. 
.  Modern  Cold  Coinage,  1983.  Washington,  D.C.:  The  Gold  Institute, 


1984. 

National  Philatelic  Collection 

Bruns,   James   H.   "Gravure  Production  of  Small  Business   Envelopes."   The 

United  States  Specialist  55,  no.  5,  May  1984. 
.  "Introduction  of  Highway  Post  Office  Service."  The   United  States 

Specialist  55,  no.  8,  August  1984  and  55,  no.  9,  September  1984. 

Dwight  D.  Eisenhower  Institute  for  Historical  Research 

Wolfe,  Robert,  ed.  Americans  as  Proconsuls:  United  States  Military  Covern- 
ment  in  Cermany  and  Japan,  1944-53.  Carbondale  and  Edwardsville,  111.: 
Southern  Illinois  University  Press,  1983. 

Afro- American  Communities  Project 

Horton,  James  Oliver.  "The  Life  and  Times  of  Edward  Ambush."  In  History 
and  Tradition  in  Afro-American  Culture,  ed.  Gunter  H.  Lenz.  Frankfurt: 
University  of  Frankfurt  Press,  1984. 

.  "Shades  of  Color:  The  Mulatto  in  Three  Antebellum  Northern  Black 

Communities."  Afro-Americans  in  New  York  Life  and  History  8,  no.  2, 
July  1984. 

NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY 

Christman,  Margaret  C.  S.  Adventurous  Pursuits:  Americans  and  the  China 
Trade,  1784-1844.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1984. 

Dearborn,  Mona  L.  "Anson  Dickinson,  Painter  of  Miniatures,"  The  Maga- 
zine Antiques  124(5)  (November  1983)  :1004-10. 

Fern,  Alan.  "The  Image  ...  in  Many  Places,"  Liber  Amicorum  Herman 
Liebaers,  Brussels,  1984. 

.  "Lance  Hidy's  Posters:  Designs  Personal  &  Public,"  In  Lane  Hidy's 

Posters.  Natick,  Massachusetts:  Alphabet  Press,  1983. 

.  "Introspection    and    Imagination:    Portraiture    in    Twentieth-Century 

Prints,"  American  Portrait  Prints:  Proceedings  of  the  Tenth  Annual  Amer- 
ican Print  Conference,  ed.  Wendy  Wick  Reaves.  Charlottesville,  Virginia: 
University  Press  of  Virginia,  for  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1984. 

-,  and  Judith  O'Sullivan.  The  Complete  Prints  of  Leonard  Baskin.  [Cata- 


logue raisonne]  Boston,  Massachusetts:  N.Y.  Graphic  Society/Little,  Brown 
and  Co.,  1984. 

Henderson,  Amy.  [Review]  Westering  Man:  The  Life  of  Joseph  Walker  by 
Gilbert  Bil.  History:  Reviews  of  New  Books  (February  1984)  :89. 

.  "The  Grand  Interpreters:  Personalities  in  Opera  in  America,"  [Check- 
list for  exhibition]  Sponsored  by  the  Library  of  Congress,  April  1984. 

Miles,  Ellen  G.  "Saint-Memin,  Valdenuit,  Lemet:  Federal  Profiles,"  American 
Portrait  Prints:  Proceedings  of  the  Tenth  Annual  American  Print  Confer- 
ence, ed.  Wendy  Wick  Reaves.  Charlottesville,  Virginia:  University  Press 
of  Virginia,  for  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1984. 

.   [Catalogue  entries]  Masterpieces  from  Versailles:  Three  Centuries  of 

French  Portraiture,  by  Alden  R.  Gordon.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian 
Institution  Press,  1983, 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  553 


Miller,  Lillian  B.,  Sidney  Hart,  and  Toby  A.  Appel,  eds..  The  Selected  Papers 
of  Charles  Willson  Peale  and  His  Family.  Vol.  1:  Charles  Willson  Peale: 
Artist  in  Revolutionary  America,  1735-1791.  New  Haven,  Connecticut:  Yale 
University  Press,  1984. 

Pachter,  Marc.  "Lifeline:  The  Evolution  of  Biography."  Humanities  5 (3) (June 
1984)  :l-4. 

Reaves,  Wendy  Wick.  Variations:  Musicians  in  Caricature,  1920-1960.  Wash- 
ington, D.C.:  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1984. 

,  ed.    American    Portrait    Prints:    Proceedings    of    the    Tenth    Annual 

American  Print  Conference.  Charlottesville,  Virginia:  University  Press  of 
Virginia,  for  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1984. 

"Portraits  for  Every  Parlor:  Albert  Newsam  and  American  Portrait 


Lithography,"  American  Portrait  Prints:  Proceedings  of  the  Tenth  Annual 
American  Print  Conference.  Charlottesville,  Virginia:  University  Press  of 
Virginia,  for  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1984. 

Stapp,  William  F.  Robert  Cornelius:  Portraits  from  the  Dawn  of  Photography. 
Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution  Press,  1983. 

Yellis,  Ken,  associate  editor  (with  Susan  Nichols,  editor,  and  Mary  Alexan- 
der, associate  editor).  Museum  Education  Anthology:  Perspectives  on  In- 
formal Learning.  A  Decade  of  Roundtable  Reports.  Museum  Education 
Roundtable,  Washington,  D.C,  1984. 

.  Roundtable  Reports:  The  Journal  of  Museum  Education.  Editor-in- 
chief,  8(5),  9(1-3). 

Yellis,  Ken,  and  Education  Department  Staff.  "Playing  the  Palace."  (Septem- 
ber 1983.) 

.  "Clarence  Darrow."  (October  1983.) 

.  "Muses  in  the  New  World,  Part  IL"  (November  1983.) 

.  "By-line  Ernie  Pyle."  (December  1983.) 

.  "A  Victorian  Christmas."  (December  1983.) 

.  "The  Provincetown  Plays."  (December  1983.) 

.  "Big   as   Life,   Part   I — Tall   Tales   and   Not-So-Tall   Tales."    (January 

1984.) 

'Big  as  Life,  Part  II — Epics,  Fables,  and  Ironies:  Tales  in  the  Oral 


Tradition."  (January  1984.) 

.  "Big  as  Life,  Part  III — Songs  of  American  Heroes."  (January  1984.) 

.  "In  Good  Company."  (January  1984.) 

.  "A  Portrait  Gallery  Valentine."  (February  1984.) 

.  "Despite  the  Odds."  (March  1984.) 

.  "Calamity!  Wild  Woman  of  the  West."  (March  1984.) 

.  "An  Independent  Woman."  (April  1984.) 

.  "Eulogy  for  a  Flapper."  (April  1984.) 

.  "Words  of  Women,  Music  of  Men."  (May  1984.) 

"A  Charles  Ives  Fourth  of  July:  Connecticut  Valley  Lives,  Part  I.' 


(June  1984.) 

"White  Ashes:  Connecticut  Valley  Lives,  Part  II."  (July  1984),  Por- 


traits in  Motion  Program  Notes. 
OFFICE  OF  AMERICAN  STUDIES 

Washburn,  Wilcomb,   E.   "A   Rollback   of   Left   in  Nicaragua   Too?"  Op-Ed 

page.  The  Washington  Times,  December  20,  1983. 
.  "Skins   as   Free   Speech   Defenders."   Op-Ed   page.    The   Washington 

Times,  January  20, 1984. 

'Collecting  Information,  Not  Objects."  Museum  News  62,(3)  (Febru- 


ary 1984)  :5-15. 


554  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


.  "A  Note  on  the  Frontispiece  [William  Fox's  watercolor  sketch  of  the 

City  of  Washington,  1853]."  Records  of  the  Columbia  Historical  Society  of 
Washington,  D.C.,  Vol.  51,  edited  by  J.  Kirkpatrick  Flack  with  the  assis- 
tance of  Madeleine  B.  Furth.  Charlottesville:  Published  for  the  Society 
by  the  University  Press  of  Virginia,  1984,  xv-xvi. 

'Quotas  Are  Tough  if  All  Are  Minorities."  The  Wall  Street  Journal, 


March  22,  1984. 

'A  Fifty-Year  Perspective  on  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act."  Amer- 


ican Anthropologist  86(2)  (June  1984)  :279-89. 

'The  Canary  Islands  and  the  Question  of  the  Prime  Meridian:  The 


Search   for   Precision   in   the   Measurement   of   the   Earth."    The   American 
Neptune  1004(2)  (Spring  1984):77-81. 

'Queuing  Up  for  Quotas  Via  the  Census."  The  Wall  Street  Journal, 


July  26,  1984. 

'The  Fight  for  Social  Justice."  The  Phenomenon  of  CHANGE  pp.  16- 


17.  Cooper-Hewitt  Museum,  New  York,  N.Y.,  1984. 
CONSERVATION  ANALYTICAL  LABORATORY 

Bishop,  R.  L.  "El  analisis  de  activacion  de  neutrones  de  la  ceramica  de  El 
Mirador."  In  Proyecto  de  El  Mirador  de  la  Harvard  University,  edited  by 
A.  Demarest  and  W.  Fowler,  pp.  148-159.  CERMA,  Antigua,  1982-83. 

Blackman,  M.  J.  "Provenance  Studies  of  Middle  Eastern  Obsidian  from 
Sites  in  Highland  Iran."  In  Archaeological  Chemistry  HI,  ACS  Advances 
in  Chemistry  Series  No.  205,  edited  by  Joseph  Lambert,  pp.  19-50.  Ameri- 
can Chemical  Society,  Washington,  D.C.,  1984. 

Erhardt,  D.  "Removal  of  Silicone  Adhesives,"  Journal  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute for  Conservation  22(Fall  1983)  :100. 

Gallagher,  B.  "Ambassador  Breckinridge  Long — A  Bibliography,"  Firehack, 
Quarterly  Newsletter  of  the  Friends  of  Montpellier  Mansion,  4,  no.  3  (Aug. 
1984)  :4. 

Goodway,  M.  "Work  cited,"  Journal  of  the  American  Institute  for  Conserva- 
tion 23(1983)  :pp.  63-64.  "A  cautionary  note  on  the  presence  of  silver 
cyanide  on  museum  objects,"  by  Donna  Strahan.  See  "CAL  4366." 

Goodway,  M.  "News  of  Archaeometallurgy."  Society  of  Archaeological  Sci- 
ences Newsletter  6,  no.  4(1983). 

Goodway,  M.  "News  of  Archaeometallurgy."  Society  of  Archaeological  Sci- 
ences Newsletter,  7,  no.  1(1983). 

Goodway,  M.  "Theodore  A.  Wertime  (obituary),"  Journal  of  the  Historical 
Metallurgy  Society,  17,  no.  2(1983)  :81-82. 

Goodway,  M.  "Notes  and  News  from  Washington,  D.C.,"  Journal  of  the  His- 
torical Metallurgy  Society,  17,  no.  2(1983)  :130-131. 

Maggetti,  M.;  Westley,  H.;  and  Olin,  J.  S.  "Provenance  and  Technical  Stud- 
ies of  Mexican  Majolica  Using  Elemental  and  Phase  Analysis."  In  Archaeo- 
logical Chemistry  III,  ACS  Advances  in  Chemistry  Series  No.  205,  edited 
by  Joseph  Lambert,  pp.  152-191.  American  Chemical  Society,  Washington, 
D.C.,  1984. 

Allen,  R.  O.;  Hamroush,  H.;  Nagle,  C;  and  Fitzhugh,  W.  "Use  of  rare  earth 
element  analysis  to  study  the  utilization  and  procurement  of  soapstone 
along  the  Labrador  coast."  Archaeological  Chemistry  III,  ACS  Advances  in 
Chemistry  Series  No.  205,  edited  by  Joseph  Lambert,  pp.  3-18.  American 
Chemical  Society,  Washington,  D.C.  1984. 

Rogers,  M.;  Allen,  R.  O.;  Nagle,  C;  and  Fitzhugh,  W.  "The  utilization  of 
rare  earth  element  concentration  for  the  characterization  of  soapstone 
quarries."  Archaeometry  25(1983)  :186-195. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  555 


Olin,  J.  S.,  ed.  Future  Directions  in  Archaeometry.  Smithsonian  Institution 
Press,  1982. 

Rose,  C.  L.,  and  Von  Endt,  D.  W.,  eds.  Protein  Chemistry  for  Conservators. 
American  Institute  for  Conservation,  Washington,  D.C.,  1984. 

Von  Endt,  D.  W.  "Protein  Chemistry  and  the  Structure  of  Bone  and  Skin." 
In  Protein  Chemistry  for  Conservators,  Rose,  C.  L.  and  Von  Endt,  D.  W., 
eds.,  pp.  1-17,  American  Institute  for  Conservation,  Washington,  D.C., 
1984. 

Von  Endt,  D.  W.  "Deterioration  of  Bone."  In  Protein  Chemistry  for  Conserv- 
ators, Rose,  C.  L.  and  Von  Endt,  D.  W.,  eds.,  pp.  31-35,  American  Institute 
for  Conservation,  Washington,  D.C.,  1984. 

Von  Endt,  D.  W.  "Protein  Adhesives."  In  Protein  Chemistry  for  Conserva- 
tors, Rose,  C.  L.  and  Von  Endt,  D.  W.,  eds.  pp.  39-47,  American  Institute 
for  Conservation,  Washington,  D.C.,  1984. 

Von  Endt,  D.  W.  "Analytical  Techniques  for  Proteins."  In  Protein  Chemistry 
for  Conservators,  Rose,  C.  L.  and  Von  Endt,  D.  W.,  eds.,  pp.  107-122, 
American  Institute  for  Conservation,  Washington,  D.C.,  1984. 

Westley,  H.  "Provenance  and  Technical  Studies  of  Mexican  Majolica  Using 
Elements  and  Phase  Analysis."  In  Archaeological  Chemistry  III,  ACS  Ad- 
vances in  Chemistry  Series  No.  205,  ed.  Joseph  Lambert,  Chapter  9,  Amer- 
ican Chemical  Society,  Washington,  D.C.,  1984. 

Papers  Presented  at  Technical  Meetings 

Ballard,  M.  "Mothproofing  Museum  Textiles."  ICOM  (International  Council 
of  Museums)  Seventh  Triennial  Meeting,  Copenhagen,  September  1984. 

Ballard,  M.  and  Baer,  N.  "Risk  Assessment  and  the  Use  of  Fumigants." 
Sixth  International  Biodeterioration  Conference,  George  Washington  Uni- 
versity, Washington,  D.C.,  August  1984.       , 

Bishop,  R.  L.;  Sayre,  E.  V.;  and  van  Zelst,  L.  "Characterization  of  Meso- 
american  Jade."  Fifth  International  Seminar,  "Applications  of  Science  in 
Examination  of  Works  of  Art,"  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  September 
1983. 

Bishop,  R.  L.;  Harbottle,  G.;  Reents,  D.  J.;  Sayre,  E.  V.;  and  van  Zelst,  L. 
"Compositional  attribution  on  non-provenienced  Maya  polychrome  ves- 
sels." Fifth  International  Seminar,  "Applications  of  Science  in  Examination 
of  Works  of  Art,"  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston,  September  1983. 

Bishop,  R.  L.  "Compositional  traditions  in  2000  years  of  Greater  Nicoya 
Pottery."  Tercer  Congreso  sobre  la  Ceramica  de  la  Gran  Nicoya  y  Panora- 
ma Arqueologio  de  Costa  Rica,  August  13-21,  1984. 

Bishop,  R.  L.  "La  Gran  Nicoya  de  Costa  Rica:  una  perspectiva  arqueo- 
metrica."  Museo  Nacional  de  Costa  Rica,  August  13-21,  1984. 

Bishop,  R.  L.;  Olin,  J.  S.;  and  Blackman,  M.  J.  "SARCAR:  A  new  archaeo- 
metric  resource."  ICOM  Seventh  Triennial  Meeting,  Copenhagen,  Septem- 
ber 1984. 

Blackman,  M.  J.  "The  History  of  the  CAL-SI/NBS  Collaborative  Effort  in 
Archaeometric  Research.  NBS  Analytical  Chemistry  Division  Seminar, 
Gaithersburg,  MD,  February  1984. 

Spielmann,  K.  S.,  and  Blackman,  M.  J.  "Neutron  Activation  Analysis  of 
Smoky  Hills  Jasper."  Plains  Archaeological  Conference,  November  1983. 

Spielmann,  K.  S.,  and  Blackman,  M.  J.  "Trace  Element  Variability  within  an 
Outcrop:  Smoky  Hills  Jasper  from  Collyer,  Kansas."  Second  Conference  on 
Prehistoric  Chert  Exploitation,  Carbondale,  111.,  March  1984. 

Blackman,  M.  J.;  Olin,  J.  S.;  and  Jornet,  A.  "The  Use  of  Interlaboratory  Data 
Sets  in  Provenience  Studies."  Twenty-fourth  International  Symposium 
on  Archaeometry,  Washington,  D.C.,  May  1984. 


556  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Olin,  C.  H.;  Cheng,  Y.;  Blackman,  M.  J.;  and  Olin,  J.  S.  "Neutron  Induced 
Autoradiography:  A  Novelty  or  a  Useful  Tool."  AIC  (American  Institu- 
tion for  Conservation)  Annual  Meeting,  Los  Angeles,  May  1984. 

Deal,  E.  C.  "Determining  the  Provenance  on  Works  of  Art  and  Comparative 
Samples  by  Lead  Isotopic  Ratio  Analysis."  Poster  Session  and  Abstract; 
Twenty-fourth  International  Symposium  on  Archaeometry,  Washington, 
D.C.,  May  1984. 

Barnes,  I.  L.;  Deal,  E.  C;  Chase,  W.  T.;  Holmes,  L.;  Meyers,  P.;  and  Sayre, 
E.  V.  "The  Nine  Tripods  and  the  Six  Formulas:  Lead  and  Lead  Isotope 
Ratios  in  Ancient  Chinese  Bronzes."  Twenty-fourth  International  Sym- 
posium on  Archaeometry,  Washington,  D.C.,  May  1984. 

Barnes,  I.  L.;  Brill,  R.  H.;  Deal,  E.  C;  and  Piercy,  G.  V.  "Lead  Isotope 
Studies  of  Some  of  the  Finds  from  the  Serce  Limani  Shipwreck."  Twenty- 
fourth  International  Symposium  on  Archaeometry,  Washington,  D.C.,  May 
1984. 

Erhardt,  D.;  Hopwood,  W.;  Padfield,  T.;  and  Veioz,  N.  "The  Durability  of 
Incralac:  Examination  of  a  Ten  Year  Old  Treatment."  ICOM  Seventh 
Triennial  Meeting,  Copenhagen,  September  1984. 

Frohlich,  B.  "Non-connecting  Terrain  Conductivity  Measurements  at  Qalat 
al  Bahrein,  Arabian  Gulf."  Twenty-fourth  International  Symposium  on 
Archaeometry,  Washington,  D.C.,  May  1984. 

Jornet,  A.;  Olin,  J.  S.;  and  Blackman,  M.  J.  "Analysis  of  Glazed  Ceramics 
from  Sevilla  (Spain)."  Conference  on  Underwater  Archaeology,  Seven- 
teenth Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society  for  Historical  Archaeology,  Williams- 
burg, VA,  January  5,  1984. 

Jornet,  A.;  Blackman,  M.  J.;  and  Olin,  J.  S.  "Hispanic  Majolica  in  North 
America:  New  Explorations  in  Archaeology  and  Archaeometry."  Confer- 
ence on  Underwater  Archaeology,  Seventeenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
Society  for  Historical  Archaeology,  Williamsburg,  VA,  January  5,  1984. 

Jornet,  A.;  Blackman,  M.  J.;  Westley,  H.;  and  Olin,  J.  S.  "Study  of  Majolica 
from  Three  Production  Areas  of  Spain."  Twenty-fourth  International  Sym- 
posium on  Archaeometry,  Washington,  D.C.,  May  1984. 

Jornet,  A.;  Blackman,  M  J;  Westley,  H.;  and  Olin,  J.  S.  "Xlllth  to  XVIIIth 
Century  Ceramics  from  the  Paterna-Manises  Area  (Spain)."  Eighty-sixth 
Annual  Meeting  and  Exposition  of  the  American  Ceramic  Society,  Pitts- 
burgh, May  1984. 

Maggetti,  Marino,  visiting  CAL  scientist.  University  of  Freibourg,  Switzer- 
land, "Provenience  and  Technical  Studies  of  Mexican  Spanish-Colonial 
Majolica  Using  Phase  Analysis,"  Conference  on  Underwater  Archaeology, 
Seventeenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society  for  Historical  Archaelogy, 
Williamsburg,  VA,  January  5,  1984. 

Myers,  J.  E.  "Inherent  Production  Rates  of  Two  Potting  Techniques:  Impli- 
cations for  Social  Analysis."  Forty-eighth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society 
for  American  Archaeology,  November  1983. 

Myers,  J.  E.  "Pottery  Production  in  a  Medieval  Economy."  Seventeenth  An- 
nual Conference  of  the  Center  for  Medieval  and  Early  Renaissance  Studies, 
and  the  Eighty-second  Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Anthropological 
Association,  Chicago,  1983. 

Olin,  J.  5.;  Blackman,  M.  J.;  and  Jornet,  A.  "Elemental  Analysis  of  Spanish- 
Colonial  Majolica  to  Determine  Provenience."  Conference  of  Underwater 
Archaeology  Seventeenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society  for  Historical 
Archaeology,  Williamsburg,  VA,  January  1984. 

Padfield,  T.,  and  Erhardt,  D.  "A  Cooled  Display  Case  for  George  Washing- 
ton's Commission,"  ICOM  Seventh  Triennial  Meeting,  Copenhagen,  Sep- 
tember 1984. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  557 


Vitale,    T.    "The    Operating    Parameters    and    Uses    of    'Large'    and    'Small' 

Tables."  ICOM  Seventh  Triennial  Meeting,  Copenhagen,  September  1984. 
Von  Endt,  D.   W.,   and  Jessup,  W.   C.   "The  Deterioration   of  Proteinaceous 

Materials   in   Museums."   Sixth   International   Biodeterioration   Conference. 

George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.C.,  August  1984. 
Wright,  R.  P.  "Standardization  as  Evidence  for  Craft  Specialization:  A  Case 

Study."  Eighty-second  Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Anthropological 

Association,  Chicago,  November  1983. 
Wright,    R.    P.    "Technology    and   Style    in    Ancient    Ceramics."   Eighty-sixth 

Annual    Meeting   and   Exposition,   American   Ceramic   Society,   Pittsburgh, 

May  1984. 

OFFICE  OF  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

Native  American  Museums  Program/Office  of  Museum  Programs.  Bibliog- 
raphy on  Native  American  Museums:  Development  and  Related  Issues. 
Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution,  Revision  1984. 

Spiess,  Philip  D.,  II.  "Kellogg  Project:  Programs,  Guidelines,  Applications." 
Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution,  1983. 

Office  of  Museum  Programs.  "Survey  of  Audiovisual  Programs."  Smithsonian 
Institution,  Revision  1983-1984. 

Non-Print  Media 

Videotapes : 

On  Guard:  Protection  Is  Everybody's  Business. 

Preventive  Care  of  Outdoor  Sculptures:  The  Hirshhorn  Museum  and  Sculp- 
ture Garden. 

Slide  Programs: 

Office  of  Museum  Programs  Slide  Program. 

Tribal  Archives  II:  Basic  Responsibilities  and  Operations. 

Photographic  Negatives  in  the  Juley  Collection:  Their  Care  and  Preservation. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  ARCHIVES 

Bain,  Alan  L.,  and  Massa,  William  R.,  jr.,  eds.  "Smithsonian  Institution 
Archival,  Manuscript,  and  Special  Collection  Resources."  Washington, 
D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Archives,  1984. 

Deiss,  William  A.,  Museum  Archives:  An  Introduction.  Chicago:  Society  of 
American  Archivists,  1984. 

Henson,  Pamela  M.  "Media  and  Oral  History."  In  The  Craft  of  Public  His- 
tory: An  Annotated  Select  Bibliography,  eds.  David  F.  Trask  and  Robert 
W.  Pomeroy,  III.  Westport,  Conn.:  Greenwood  Press  and  the  National 
Council  on  Public  History,  1983. 

Massa,  William  R.,  Jr.  "Guide  to  the  Charles  D.  Walcott  Collection,  1851- 
1940."  Guides  to  Collections  in  the  Smithsonian  Archives,  no.  2.  Archives 
and  Special  Collections  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Washington,  D.C.: 
Smithsonian  Archives,  1984. 

Moss,  William  W.  "Oral  History:  Evaluation,  Standard,  and  Criticism."  In 
The  Craft  of  Public  History:  An  Annotated  Select  Bibliography,  eds.  David 
F.  Trask  and  Robert  W.  Pomeroy,  III.  Westport,  Conn.:  Greenwood  Press 
and  the  National  Council  on  Public  History,  1983. 


558  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  LIBRARIES 

Bedini,  Silvio  A.  "Jefferson,  Man  of  Science."  Frontiers,  Annual  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  3(1981-82)  :10-23. 

.   [Historical  introduction,   text   summary   and   bibliography]    Giuseppe 

Campani.  Discorso  Intorno  A'Suoi  Muti  Orologi.  1660.  Con  V Aggiunto  della 
Lettera  di  Pier  Tommaso  Campani  Nelle  Quale  Dimostra  I'Origine  e  I'Arti- 
ficiio  dell'Oriolo.  Milano:  Edizioni  II  Polifilo,  1983. 

.  "The  Cobbler's   Clockwork."  Annali  dell'Istituto   e  Museo   di  Storia 


della  Scienza  8,  no.  1(1983)  :77-87. 

[Review]  Surveyors  and  Statesmen:  Land  Measuring  in  Colonial  Vir- 


ginia, by  Sarah  S.  Hughes.  Technology  and  Culture,  24,  no.  2(April  1983) : 
267-69. 

[Review]  Geomagnetic  Instruments  Before  1900,  by  Anita  McConnell. 


Technology  and  Culture  24,  no.  2(April  1983)  :267. 

-,  with    Harris,    Elizabeth    M.,   and   Wright,    Helena.    [Exhibition   cata- 


logue] "The  Naming  of  America,"  October  1983-1985,  National  Museum 
of  American  History. 

-.  [Review]   The  Compleat  Surveyor,  by  James  A.  Bennett  and  Olivia 


Brown.  Annals  of  Science  40,  no.  6(November  1983)  :672. 

-.  [Review]  The  Whipple  Museum  of  the  History  of  Science.  Catalogue 


1.  Surveying,  by  Olivia  Brown.   Annals   of  Science,  40,   no.   6  (November 
1983)  :671-72. 

"The   Mechanical   Clock   and   the   Scientific   Revolution."   Swiss   Air 


Gazette,  Zurich  (November  11,  1983)  :11-17,  19-20.  Reprinted  in  L'Otelier, 
Zurich  (1984). 

"The  Scientific  Instrumentation  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition.' 


Journal  for  Great  Plains  Studies,  4,  no.  1  (January  1984):54-69. 

[Review]  Los  Relojes  y  Automatas  de  Juanelo  Turriano  by  Jose  A. 


Garcia-Diego.  (Madrid/ Valencia:  Albatros  Ediciones,  1982),  ISIS  75,  no.  2 
(1984)  :396-97. 

"Memorial.    Derek   J.    DeSolla   Price    (1922-1983)."    Technology   and 


Culture  25,  no.  3(1984)  :701-5. 

-.  Thomas  Jefferson  and  His  Copying  Machines.   Charlottesville,  Va. : 


The  University  Press  of  Virginia,  1984. 

"Eulogy.   Derek    J.    DeSolla    Price"    with    complete    bibliography    of 


Price's  publications.   Annali  dell'Istituto   e  Museo   di   Storia   della   Scienza 
(1984). 

"La  Biblioteca  di  Bernardo  Pacini  Fabbricante  di  Strumenti  Scientifici 


a  Venezia  e  Piacenza  (1665-1731)."  Bolletino  Storico  Piacentino  (Septem- 
ber 1984). 

Child,  Margaret  S.  [Consulting  Report]  "Statewide  Functions  and  Services." 
Documenting  America:  Assessing  the  Condition  of  Historical  Records  in 
the  States  (June  24-25,  1983)  :47-57. 

Kenyon,  Kay  with  Ryan,  Kathleen.  "Zoological  Libraries."  Sci-Tech  News 
38,  no.  2(1984)  :33-34. 

Levin,  Amy  Evans.  Part-time  work:  A  Bibliography.  Second  Edition.  Alex- 
andria, Va.:  Association  of  Part-time  Professionals,  Inc.,  1983. 

Ratner,  Rhoda  S.  "Report  to  ARLIS/NA  on  museum  libraries  sessions  held 
at  the  AAM."  Art  Documentation,  5:2(October  1983)  :129-30. 

,  ed.    [Session   proceedings]    Cost   Effectiveness    in   Museum   Libraries. 

American  Association  of  Museums  Annual  Meeting,  San  Diego,  California, 
June,  1983.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries,  1984. 

Staff,  Smithsonian  Institution  Libraries  National  Air  and  Space  Museum 
Branch.    The  Aerospace   Periodical  Index   1973-1982.   Smithsonian   Institu- 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  559 


tion  Libraries   Research  Guide  No.  2,  Boston,  Mass.:  G.  K.  Hall  &  Co., 

1983. 
Stanley,  Janet  L.  [Review]  Transformation  and  Resiliency  in  Africa  as  Seen 

by    Afro-American    Scholars,    eds.    P.    T.    Robinson    and    Elliott    Skinner. 

Library  Journal  (August  1983). 
,  with    Olaniyan,    Richard.    Ife,    The    Holy    City    of    the    Yoruba:    An 

Annotated  Bibliography.  Ile-Ife:   University  of  Ife  Press,  1982   [i.e.  1984]. 
-.  "Smithsonian  African  Art  Activities."  Africana  Libraries  Newsletter 


37(February  1984). 

.  [Review]  Rock  Art  of  Africa,  by  A.  R.  Willcox.  Library  Journal  (July 

1984). 

Wells,  Ellen.  [Exhibition  catalogue]  Donor  Exhibition:  Gifts  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Libraries  1982.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion Libraries,  1983. 

,  and  Rutledge,  Renata.  Book  Collecting.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Libraries,  1983. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  TRAVELING  EXHIBITION  SERVICE 

Books  and  Exhibition  Catalogues 

Altshuler,  David,  ed.  The  Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures  from  the  Czech- 
oslovak State  Collections.  New  York:  Summit  Books,  and  Washington, 
D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1983. 

Arte/Objeto:  Sculpture  from  the  Tane  Silversmiths  Collection.  Washington, 
D.C.:  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Burstein,  Chaya.  Joseph  and  Anna's  Time  Capsule:  A  Legacy  from  Old 
Jewish  Prague.  New  York:  Summit  Books,  and  Washington,  D.C. :  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Corn,  Joseph  J.,  and  Brian  Horrigan.  Yesterday's  Tomorrows:  Past  Visions  of 
the  American  Future.  New  York:  Summit  Books,  and  Washington,  D.C: 
Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Keaveney,  Raymond.  Master  European  Drawings  from  the  Collection  of  the 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution 
Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1983. 

Northern,  Tamara.  The  Art  of  Cameroon.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian 
Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Share,  Marjorie,  L.,  and  Deborah  Lerme  Goodman.  Bee  Quilting.  Washing- 
ton, D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1983. 

Stevens,  Andrea,  and  Katherine  Chambers,  eds.  Update,  1983-84.  Washing- 
ton, D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1983. 

Weisberg,  Gabriel  P.  Edgar  Chahine:  La  Vie  Parisienne.  Washington,  D.C: 
Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1983. 

Paper  Panel  Exhibition 

Swerdlow,  Joel,  and  Herb  Golden.  Getting  the  Picture:  The  Growth  of  Tele- 
vision in  America.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling 
Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Booklets 

Chambers,  Katherine,  ed.  Siteline,  nos.  17,  18.  Washington,  D.C:  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Kavasch,  Barrie.  Herbal  Traditions:  Medicinal  Plants  in  American  Indian 
Life.  Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Ser- 
vice, 1984. 


560  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Nooter,  Nancy  Ingram.  The  Art  of  Cameroon.  Washington,  D.C.:  Smith- 
sonian Institution  Traveling  Exhibition  Service,  1984. 

Posters 

Exploring  Microspace 

The  Image  of  the  Black  in  Western  Art 

The  Long  Road  Up  the  Hill:  Blacks  in  Congress,  1870-1983 

The  Magic  of  Neon 

Marconi 

Master  European  Drawings  from  the  Collection  of  the  National  Gallery  of 
Ireland 

The  Precious  Legacy:  Judaic  Treasures  from  the  Czechoslovak  State  Collec- 
tions (4  posters) 

Yesterday's  Tomorrows:  Past  Visions  of  the  American  Future 

PUBLIC  SERVICE 

OFFICE  OF  FOLKLIFE  PROGRAMS 

Hunt,  Marjorie.  "Born  into  the  Stone:  The  Carvers  of  Washington  Cathe- 
dral." Folklife  Annual  1984.  Washington,  D.C. :  Library  of  Congress,  1984. 

.  "Older    Adults    as    Museum    Resources."    Roundtable    Reports:    The 

Journal  of  Museum  Education  9,  no.  4(Fall  1984). 

-,  and  Paul  Wagner.  The  Stone  Carvers.  (A  documentary  film.)  16mm 


color  sound  film,  29  min.  Filmed  at  the  Washington  Cathedral,  Washing- 
ton, D.C,  1984. 

Jamieson,  Stu.  Playparties  from  Anglo-American  Tradition.  (A  teaching  man- 
ual.) Washington,  D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution,  1984. 

Licht,  Michael.  "America's  Harp."  Folklife  Center  News  7,  no.  3 (July-Septem- 
ber, 1984)  :6-9. 

Seitel,  Peter.  [Review]  "Allegories  of  the  Wilderness:  Ethics  and  Ambiguity 
in  Kurauko  Narratives,"  by  Michael  Jackson.  Journal  of  American  Folk- 
lore 97,  no.  285 (July-September,  1984):  362-63. 

.  [Review]  "Proverbs  in  Israeli  Folk  Narrative:  A  Structural  Semantic 

Analysis,"  by  Galit  Hasan-Rokem.  Proverbium  1(1984)  :213-20. 

Vennum,  Thomas,  Jr.  [Introduction  and  Afterword]  The  Federal  Cylinder 
Project:  A  Guide  to  Field  Cylinder  Collections  in  Federal  Agencies.  Wash- 
ington, D.C:  Library  of  Congress,  1984. 

.  At  Laskiainen   in  Palo,  Everyone  is  a  Finn.    (A  documentary  film.) 

Smithsonian  Folklife  Studies  Series.  16mm  color  sound  film,  57  min.  Filmed 
in  Palo,  Minnesota,  1980  and  1981. 

,  ed.  1954  Festival  of  American  Folklife  Program  Book.  Washington, 

D.C:  Smithsonian  Institution,  1983. 

Zeitlin,  Steve,  and  Paul  Wagner.  Free  Show  Tonite.  (A  documentary  film.) 
16mm  color  sound  film,  60  min.  Filmed  in  Bailey,  North  Carolina,  1980. 

OFFICE  OF  TELECOMMUNICATIONS 

SMITHSONIAN  GALAXY — 104  two-and-one-half-minute  radio  features. 

RADIO  SMITHSONIAN — 52  half-hour  radio  programs. 

The  partial  listing  of  segments,  which  follows,  contains  material  based  on 

research  done  by  Smithsonian  curators  or  other  personnel: 

"Gravitational  Images  in  Space"  Images  that  demonstrate  how  light  is  bent 

by  gravity   from   nearby  galaxies   are   observed   for   the  first  time.    (SAO) 

October  2,  1983. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  561 


"Flight  of  the  Monarchs"  Scientists  ponder  the  wanderings  of  Monarch 
butterflies  on  migrations  covering  thousands  of  miles  from  the  United 
States  to  South  America.  (MNH)  October  16,  1983. 

"An  Appreciation  of  Orchids"  Orchids  are  admired  not  only  for  their  beauty, 
but  also  for  their  unique  evolutionary  abilities.  (STRI)  October  23,  1983. 

"Beach  Bugs"  Just  when  you  thought  it  was  safe  to  go  back  on  the  sand,  out 
come  the  water  bears,  mud  dragons  and  nematodes.  (MNH)  October  23, 
1983. 

"Swing  Time"  An  audio  tour  of  America's  big  band  era.  (SI  Press)  Novem- 
ber 27,  1983. 

"Ban  Chiang"  An  exhibition  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  reveals  a 
lost  bronze  age  rediscovered  in  northeastern  Thailand.  (MNH)  December 
4,  1983. 

"The  Leonids  Meteor  Shower"  Smithsonian  astronomers  recall  history's 
greatest  recorded  shooting  star  spectacle.  (NASM)  December  11,  1983. 

"Tracks  of  the  Stars"  Participants  in  the  First  International  Conference  on 
Ethnoastronomy  trace  man's  relationships  with  the  sun,  moon,  planets  and 
stars.  (NASM)  January  8,  1984. 

"Words  On  Birds"  Smithsonian  Secretary  S.  Dillon  Ripley  on  the  birds  of 
India;  Roger  Tory  Peterson  on  bird  ecology  in  the  U.S.A.  (Secretary's 
Office)  February  12,  1984. 

"Coping  With  Cold"  Researchers  at  the  National  Zoo  reveal  the  wintering 
strategies  of  bears,  birds  and  other  beasts.  (NZP)  February  26,  1984. 

"Cosmic  Super  Structures"  Smithsonian  scientists  explore  the  nature  of 
gigantic  galactic  "superclusters"  and  massive  "voids"  in  space.  (SAO) 
March  5,  1984. 

"Sino-Soviet  Science"  Smithsonian  botanist  travels  to  Russia  and  China  to 
establish  scientific  and  cultural  ties.  (MNH)  March  5,  1984. 

"Batting  Around  the  Zoo"  An  examination  of  the  ways  and  means  of  bats. 
(NZP)  April  8,  1984. 

"Aldabra  Must  Be  Saved"  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  world's 
largest  coral  island  and  one  of  the  last  outposts  of  pristine  wilderness, 
struggles  for  survival.  (MNH)  April  8,  1984. 

"Early  Ellington"  A  Smithsonian  researcher  presents  rare  recordings  of  Duke 
Ellington.  (MAH)  May  27,  1984. 

"Star  Spots"  Astronomers  at  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory 
track  the  activities  of  gigantic  magnetic  fields  on  distant  stars  in  order  to 
learn  more  about  similar  occurrences  on  the  Sun.  (SAO)  June  24,  1984. 

"Tales  Told  in  Bones"  New  chemical  detection  methods  are  revealing  the 
dietary  and  social  habits  of  ancient  human  cultures.  (MNH)  June  24,  1984. 

"Acid  Rain"  Smithsonian  scientists  offer  some  answers  about  the  nature  of 
acid  rain.  (CBES)  July  1,  1984. 

"For  the  Love  of  the  Skies"  A  new  facility  at  the  Smithsonian's  Whipple 
Observatory  in  Arizona  is  dedicated  to,  and  for,  amateur  astronomers. 
(SAO)  July  29,  1984. 

"The  Stuff  Between  the  Stars"  Research  at  the  Smithsonian's  Whipple  Ob- 
servatory in  Arizona  explores  the  interstellar  medium,  gamma  ray  photog- 
raphy, and  the  Multiple  Mirror  Telescope.  (SAO)  August  5,  1984. 

"The  1984  Festival  of  American  Folklife"  Highlights  of  this  year's  festival  in- 
clude Alaskan  songs  and  customs  and  big-city  sounds  from  Philadelphia. 
(OFP)  August  12,  1984. 

"First  Landing:  The  British  Come  to  America"  A  festival  in  North  Carolina, 
co-sponsored  by  the  Smithsonian,  celebrates  the  landing  of  the  first  English 
colonists  and  explorers  to  set  foot  in  the  New  World.  (Co-sponsored  by 
SI)  August  19,  1984. 


562  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


"Apollo's  Legacy"  Moon  rocks  brought  back  to  earth  by  the  Apollo  astro- 
nauts have  allowed  scientists  to  determine  the  origin  and  make-up  of  the 
moon  and  meteorites.  (SAO,  NASM)  September  2,  1984. 

"One  Million  Mosquitos"  The  Smithsonian's  mosquito  collection,  with  more 
than  half  the  world's  species  represented,  is  an  invaluable  aid  for  scientists 
studying  insects  and  diseases.  (MNH)  September  23,  1984. 

"The  World's  Biggest  Tenderfoot"  Little-known  elephant  facts  and  lore  are 
revealed  along  with  a  look  at  attempts  to  preserve  endangered  elephant 
species.  (NZP)  September  30,  1984. 

HERE  AT  THE  SMITHSONIAN  .  .  ., — 20  two-minute  TV  features. 

This  partial  listing  contains  material  based  on  research  done  by  Smithsonian 
curators  or  other  personnel: 

"Keeping  Perfect   Time"   Smithsonian   scientists   build   the   hydrogen   maser 

clock,  the  stablest  chronometer  ever  made.  (SAO)  February  21,  1984. 
"Nature  Through  a  Viewfinder"  Nature  photographer  Kjell  Sandved  travels 

the    world    with    Smithsonian    scientists,   his    photographs    adding    a    new 

dimension  to  their  research.  (MNH)  February  21,  1984. 
"Surgery  is  Painless"  A  tribute  to  the  TV  series  M*A*S*H  complete  with 

its  operating  room  set.  "Pain  and  its  Relief,"  exploring  the  development  of 

anesthesia  in  surgery.  (MAH)  February  21,  1984. 
"Islam  In  Africa"  An  exhibition  at  the  National  Museum  of  African  Art 

explores  the  blending  of  Islamic  and  African  cultures  in  the  art  of  Africa. 

(AFA)  February  21,  1984. 
"Big  Ideas  in  Small  Packages"  A  look  at  19th-century  patent  models — from 

Bell's   telephone  and  Morse's   telegraph   to  the  "newest  and  best"  ironing 

boards  and  sewing  machines.  (MAH)  April  23,  1984. 
"The  20,000-Year-Old  Man"  A  renowned  anthropologist  and  his  young  as- 
sistant piece  together  a  human  skeleton  from  Egypt.  (MNH)  April  23,  1984. 
"Microscopes  Make  It  Big"  A  special  exhibition  now  lets  the  public  see  the 

latest  microscopes  in  action.  (MNH)  April  23,  1984. 
"The  Plastic  Historian"  A  look  at  the  works  of  the  celebrated  sculptor  Jo 

Davidson.  (NPG)  April  23,  1984. 
"More  Than  Whistler's  Mother"  A  major  exhibition  on  the  work  of  Ameri- 
can-born artist  James   McNeil  Whistler  reveals   there   was  much   more   to 

his  art.  (FGA)  June  26,  1984. 
"Collecting  The  'Stuff'  Of  Politics"  Smithsonian  visitors  can  see  some  of  the 

30,000  banners,  buttons,  and  political  paraphernalia  collected  from  nearly 

every  campaign  since  George  Washington's  time.  (MAH)  June  26,  1984. 
"The  Golden  Age  of  Aviation"  Aviation  and  pioneers  like  General  Jimmy 

Doolittle  and  Jimmy  Mattern  gather  to  reminisce  about  the  "golden  age" 

of  aviation.  (NASM)  June  26,  1984. 
"Celebrating  American  Folklife"  The  sights  and  sounds  of  the  Smithsonian's 

annual  Festival  of  American  Folklife — from  Alaskans  panning  for  gold  to 

the  dances  of  black  Philadelphians.  (OFP)  August  30,  1984. 
"Eyes  On  The  Universe"  The  revolutionary  six-mirror  design  of  the  Multiple 

Mirror  Telescope  has  just  been  recommended  for  an  even  bigger  national 

telescope  to  be  built  later  this  century.  (SAO)  August  30,  1984. 
"Strike  Up  The  Band"  The  Smithsonian's  newest  addition  is  a  19th-century 

bandstand,   bringing   the   pleasures   of  old-fashioned   brass   bands  back  to 

the  National  Mall.  (MAH)  August  30,  1984. 
"An  Ancient  Game  Reborn"  The  game  mankala  is  one  of  the  world's  oldest, 

and  it's  now  experiencing  a  new  surge   of  popularity.   (AFA)   August  30, 

1984. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  563 


"Past  Visions  of  the  Future"  A  compilation  of  ideas  and  paraphernalia  show- 
ing how  Americans  have  viewed  the  future.  (SITES)  August  30, 1984. 

FILM  AND  VIDEO  PRODUCTIONS 

This  listing  contains  material  based  on  research  done  by  Smithsonian  cura- 
tors or  other  personnel: 

Lou  Stovall — 14y2  minutes.  A  look  at  how  the  artist  creates  his  unusual  silk- 
screen  prints.  (ANM)  October  1983. 
Smithsonian    Orientation — 4V2    minutes.    A    brief   overview   of    Smithsonian 

museums  for  prospective  visitors.  (VIARC)  March  1984. 
The  Work  of  Peace — 30  minutes.  A  chronicle  of  the  significant  events  sur- 
rounding the  signing  of  the  1783  Treaty  of  Paris.  (MAH,  NPG)  June  1984. 
An  Introduction  to  the  Museum  Support  Center — 10  minutes.  A  behind-the- 
scenes  tour  of  this  model  facility.  (MSC)  June  1984. 
Yesterday's  Tomorrows:  Visions  of  the  Future  on  Film — 18  minutes.  A  com- 
pilation  of   key   scenes   from   futuristic   and   scientific   films   from   1902   to 
1982.  (SITES)  August  1984. 
The  Sea:  A  Quest  For  Our  Future — 60  minutes.  A  documentary  of  the  com- 
plex ecosystems  of  tropical  coral  reefs.  (MNH)  September  1984. 

MEMBERSHIP  AND  DEVELOPMENT 

SMITHSONIAN  RESIDENT  ASSOCIATE  PROGRAM 

The  Smithsonian  Associate,  monthly  32-  to  52-page  newsletter,  Janet  W. 
Solinger,  publisher/executive  editor,  and  Karen  Sagstetter,  editor. 

Invitations 

An  Evening  of  Art:  Different  Worlds,  Different  Eras,  November  1983. 
Treasures  from  the  Shanghai  Museum:  6,000  Years  of  Chinese  Art,  August 
1984. 

READING  IS  FUNDAMENTAL,  INC. 

RIF  Newsletter.  Published  three  times  a  year,  the  Newsletter  reports  on  RIF 
activities  nationwide.  A  technical  assistance  insert,  addressing  local  proj- 
ects' requests  for  information  on  how  to  motivate  youngsters  to  read,  is 
included  in  Newsletters  sent  to  RIF  projects.  The  Newsletter  reaches  20,000 
people  throughout  the  United  States  and  offshore  territories. 

Books  To  Crow  On:  A  Parent's  Guide  to  Encouraging  Young  Readers.  A 
magazine  for  parents  of  children  from  infancy  to  age  11. 

The  RIF  Book  of  Ideas.  A  series  of  booklets  on  fundraising,  on  how  to  select 
books  for  young  people,  and  how  to  motivate  children  to  read. 

/  Want  You.  A  brochure  to  assist  RIF  projects  in  recruiting  and  training 
volunteers. 

Reading  Is  Fun:  Tips  for  Parents  of  Children  Age  Birth  to  Eight  Years. 
Guidelines  for  parents  on  how  to  promote  reading  in  the  home. 

Profiles.  Descriptions  of  the  publishers  and  distributors  that  serve  RIF 
projects.  The  Profiles  list  special  discounts  and  services  offered  by  each 
supplier  and  are  distributed  annually  to  all  projects. 

NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  ART 

Ash,  Nancy,  "A  Note  on  the  Use  of  Magnesium  Bicarbonate  in  Hydrogen 
Peroxide  Solutions."  AIC  Book  and  Paper  Group  Annual,  2(1983). 


564  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Backlund,  Caroline  H.  [Foreword]  Art  Research  Methods  and  Resources.  A 
Guide  to  Finding  Art  Information.  Dubuque:  Kendal/Hunt,  1984.  2nd  ed. 
revised  and  enlarged. 

Brown,  David.  Leonardo's  Last  Supper:  The  Restoration.  Washington,  D.C.: 
National  Gallery  of  Art,  1983. 

,  contributor.    Leonardo's    Last    Supper:    Precedents    and    Reflections. 

Washington,  D.C.:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1983. 

Chotner,  Deborah,  contributor.  The  Orientalists:  Delacroix  to  Matisse.  [Ex- 
hibition catalogue]  Washington,  D.C.:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1984. 

Cikovsky,  Nicolai,  Jr.  "Thomas  Eakins:  Strength  of  Mind."  Art  and  Antiques 
(September  1984)  .76-9. 

,  contributor.  The  Orientalists:  Delacroix  to  Matisse.  [Exhibition  cata- 
logue] Washington,  D.C.:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1984. 

Cowart,  Jack.  "Dale  Chihuly:  Cause  &  Effects."  Catalogue  essay  in  Chihuly: 
A  Decade  of  Glass.  Bellevue,  Washington,  1984. 

DeGrazia,  Diane.  Le  Stampe  dei  Carracci.  Bologna:  Alfa,  1984. 

.  [Exhibition  catalogue]  Correggio  and  His  Legacy:  Sixteenth  Century 

Emilian  Drawings.  Washington,  D.C.:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1984. 

-,  contributor.    Renaissance    Drawings    from    the    Ambrosiana.    Notre 


Dame,  1984. 

Denker,  Eric.  [Exhibition  catalogue]  Annotated  bibliography  and  research 
for  Drawing  Near,  Whistler  Etchings  from  the  Zelman  Collection,  by  Ruth 
Fine.  Los  Angeles:  Los  Angeles  County  Museum  of  Art,  June  1984. 

Doumato,  Lamia.  Arthur  Erickson  and  Sir  Denys  Lasdun.  Monticello,  Illi- 
nois: Vance  Bibliographies,  1984. 

,  contributor.  American  Reference  Books  Annual.  Littleton,  Colorado: 

Libraries  Unlimited,  1984. 

.   [Review]  Alice  Neel.  Choice  (February  1984)  :74. 

-.  [Review]  Contemporary  Photographers.  Reference  Quarterly,  23(FaIl 


1983)  :102. 

Edelstein,  J.  M.  [Review]  Passages  by  Stephen  Vincent,  and  Shaving  at  Night 
by  Charles  Simic.  Fine  Print,  10,  no.  2(April  1984)  :69. 

Fine,  Ruth.  [Exhibition  catalogue]  Drawing  Near:  Whistler  Etchings  from  the 
Zelman  Collection.  Los  Angeles:  Los  Angeles  County  Museum  of  Art,  1984. 

Fletcher,  Shelley.  "Two  Monotype-pastels  by  Degas  at  the  National  Gallery 
of  Art."  Print  Quantity,  I,  no  l(March  1984):53-55. 

.  "A  Preliminary  Study  of  the  Use  of  Infrared  Reflectography  in  the 

Examination  of  Works  of  Art  on  Paper."  /COM  (September  1984). 

Freedberg,  Sydney  J.  "Titian  and  Marsyas."  FMR  50,  no.  4(September  1984). 

,  with  Cox-Rearick,  Janet.  "A  Pontormo  (Partly)  Recovered."  Burling- 
ton Magazine. 

'A  Fugue  of  Styles:   Roman  Drawings  of  the  Sixteenth  Century." 


The  Art  Institute  of  Chicago  Centennial  Lectures. 

"Raphael,   Michelangelo   and   Others:   Raphael   and  His   Contempo- 


raries in  Rome."  Vassar  College. 

Graselli,  Margaret,  with  Rosenberg,  Pierre.  Watteau,  1684-1721.  Washington, 
D.C.:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1984. 

Grier,  Margot  E.  Art  Serials /National  Gallery  of  Art.  Washington,  D.C.:  Na- 
tional Gallery  of  Art,  1983. 

.  "Notes  on  Problems  and  Irregularities."  Art  Documentation,  3,  no.  3 

(Fall  1984). 

Grossman,  Sheldon.  Caravaggio,  the  Deposition  from  the  Vatican  Collections. 

Washington,  D.C.:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1984. 
Hirschauer,   Gretchen,   contributor.   Leonardo's   Last  Supper:   Precedents   and 

Reflections.  Washington,  D.C.:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1983. 


Appendix  6.  Publications  of  the  Staff  I  565 


Lewis,  Douglas.  "The  Sculptures  in  the  Chapel  of  the  Villa  Giustinian  at 
Roncade,  and  their  Relation  to  those  in  the  Giustinian  Chapel  at  San 
Francisco  della  Vigna."  Mitteilungen  des  Kunsthistorischen  Institutes  in 
Florenz  27,  no.  3(1983)  :307-52. 

Luchs,  Alison.  "Demonet's:  Architecture  and  Ice  Cream  on  Connecticut  Ave- 
nue." Records  of  the  Columbia  Historical  Society,  51(1984)  :144-57. 

Mann,  Donna.  "American  Naive  Paintings  at  the  National  Gallery  of  Art." 
Antique  Market,  4,  no.  6(June  1984):20-24. 

Price,  Maria.  "About  Juan  Gris."  The  Washington  Gallery /Museum  News, 
1,  no.  2(October  1983)  :3. 

Skalka,  Michael,  contributor.  Margaret  Bourke-White:  The  Humanitarian 
Vision.  Syracuse:  Joe  and  Emily  Lowe  Art  Gallery,  1983. 

Sturman,  Shelley  G.  "Sorbitol  Treatment  of  Leather  and  Skin:  A  Preliminary 
Report."  In  Preprints  to  the  Seventh  Triennial  Meeting,  Copenhagen. 
ICOM,  1984. 

.  Photographs    of    papyrus    manufacture    in    Our    Green    and    Living 

World.  Washington,  D.C. :  Smithsonian  Institution,  1984. 

Wheelock,  Arthur  K.,  Jr.  Dutch  Painting  in  the  National  Gallery  of  Art. 
Washington,  D.C:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1984. 

,  contributor.  Leonardo's  Last  Supper:  Precedents  and  Reflection  [Ex- 
hibition catalogue]  Washington,  D.C:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1983. 

[Review]    Haarlem:    The   Seventeenth    Century    (exhibition   held    at 


Rutgers,  The  State  University).  The  Burlington  Magazine,  CXXV   (1983): 
386. 

-.  The  Age  of  Rembrandt:  Dutch  Painting  of  the  Seventeenth  Century. 


[Annotated  slide  presentation]  Washington,  D.C:  National  Gallery  of  Art, 
1983. 

-,  with  Kaldenbach,  C  J.  "Vermeer's  View  of  Delft  and  his  Vision  of 


Reality."  artibus  et  historiae,  6(1982)  :9-36. 

Williams,  William  James.  "The  Introduction  of  Porcelain:  The  Medici  Experi- 
ment." Washington  Antiques  Show  [Catalogue],  1984:47. 

Wilmerding,  John.  Audubon,  Homer,  Whistler  and  19th-century  America. 
(3rd  edition)  New  York:  Jupiter  Art  Library,  1984. 

.   [Exhibition  catalogue]  The  Masters  of  America:  Nineteenth-Century 

American  Paintings  of  Rivers,  Lakes  and  Waterfalls.  New  Orleans,  Louis- 
iana: The  Historic  New  Orleans  Collection  and  New  Orleans  Museum  of 
Art,  1984. 

Wolff,  Martha,  contributor.  Leonardo's  Last  Supper:  Precedents  and  Reflec- 
tions. Washington,  D.C:  National  Gallery  of  Art,  1983. 


566  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


APPENDIX  7.     The  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries, 
September  30,  1984 


OFFICE  OF  THE  SECRETARY 

THE  SECRETARY   ROBERT  McCORMICK  ADAMS 

(Appointed  9/17/84) 
S.  DILLON  RIPLEY 
(Retired  9/17/84) 

Executive  Assistant   James  M.  Hobbins 

Special  Assistant    Joseph  Coudon 

Administrative  Assistant 

(Appointments)     Mary  Lee  Nissley 

Supervisor,  Secretary's  Files   Betty  J.  Edwards 

OFFICE  OF  THE  UNDER  SECRETARY 

The  Under  Secretary Phillip  S.  Hughes 

OFFICE  OF  THE  SPECIAL  ASSISTANT 
TO  THE  SECRETARY 

Special  Assistant  to  the  Secretary Richard  H.  Howland 

Curator,  Smithsonian  Institution 
Building    James  M.  Goode 

OFFICE  OF  AUDITS 

Director    Chris  S.  Peratino 

Assistant  Directors 

Internal  Audits  Jerry  L.  Chandler 

Internal  Audits  John  C.  Fawsett 

External  Audits    Patrick  J.  Stanton 

Policy  Section  Benedict  T.  Maltagliati 

NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM 

Director    Walter  J.  Boyne 

Deputy  Director  Donald  S.  Lopez 

Associate  Director  for  External  Affairs .  Brian  Duff 

Associate  Director  for  Research Paul  A.  Hanle 

Administrative  Officer Wendy  A.  Stephens 

Historian  Emeritus    Paul  E.  Garber 

Director,  Advanced  Projects   Hernan  I.  Otano 

Museum  Facilities  Manager Claude  D.  Russell 

Chief,  Records  Management  Division  . .  Karl  P.  Suthard 

Registrar    Robin  A.  Schroffel 


567 


Assistant  Director  for  Resource 

Management    M.  Antoinette  Amos 

Theater  Manager  Ronald  E.  Wagaman 

Chief,  Public  Affairs  and  Museum 

Services  Division  Rita  C.  Cipalla 

Special  Events  Coordinator Marilyn  E.  Lyons 

Chief,  Office  of  Research  Support Kerry  M.  Joels 

Decent  and  Tour  Program  Manager.  .       Patricia  E.  Johnston 
Chief,  Special  Projects  and 

Publications  Division   Helen  C.  McMahon 

Editor    Patricia  J.  Graboske 

Chairman,  Department  of  Aeronautics.  .       Edmund  T.  Wooldridge 

Special  Advisor  for  Technology Howard  S.  Wolko 

Senior  Curator   Robert  C.  Mikesh 

Curators  Tom  D.  Crouch 

R.  E.  G.  Davies 
Von  D.  Hardesty 

Associate  Curators Claudia  M.  Oakes 

Dominick  A.  Pisano 
C.  Glen  Sweeting 

Assistant   Curators    Jay  P.  Spenser 

Robert  van  der  Linden 
Chairman,  Center  for  Earth  and 

Planetary  Studies  Ted  A.  Maxwell 

Geologists    Patricia  A.  Jacobberger 

Priscilla  L.  Strain 

Research  Associate Constance  G.  Andre 

Chairman,  Department  of  Space 

Science  and  Exploration    Paul  A.  Hanle 

Curators David  H.  DeVorkin 

Louis  R.  Purnell 

Associate  Curators    Gregory  P.  Kennedy 

Allan  A.  Needell 

Research  Historian    Frank  H.  Winter 

Assistant  Director  for  Exhibits 

and  Production  Operations  Edward  B.  Chalkley 

Chief,  Exhibits  Division Nadya  A.  Makovenyi 

Chief,  Design  Unit   Lucius  E.  Lomax 

Chief,  Production  and 

Coordination  Unit  Harold  J.  Pippin 

Chief,  Audiovisual  Unit John  E.  Hartman 

Chief,  Spacearium  Unit   James  H.  Sharp 

Chief,  Art  Collection  Unit    Mary  H.  Valdivia 

Chief,  Preservation  and 

Restoration  Operations Walter  R.  Roderick 

Supervisory  Museum  Specialist   . . .       Alfred  J.  Bachmeier 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY/ 
NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  MAN 

Director    Richard  S.  Fiske 

Associate  Director  James  F.  Mello 

(Resigned  4/23/84) 

Acting  Assistant  Director   Stanwyn  G.  Shetler 

(Appointed  4/23/84) 


568  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Special  Assistant  to  the  Director Catherine  J.  Kerby 

Special  Assistant  to  the  Director Stanwyn  G.  Shetler 

(Appointed  1/1/84) 
Special  Assistant  to  the  Associate 

Director    Jerome  A.  Conlon 

Writer-Editor     Thomas  R.  Harney 

Administrative   Officer    Mary  Rakow  Tanner 

(Appointed  2/19/84) 
Budget  Analyst Claretta  B.  Jackson-Niles 

(Retired  8/30/84) 
Administrative  Assistant   Noreen  Dinndorf 

(Appointed  4/1/84) 

Management  Analyst    John  C.  Townsend,  Jr. 

Program  Manager   Marsha  Cox 

(Appointed  8/7/83) 

Registrar    Margaret  A.  Santiago 

Building  Manager    Edward  McCoy 

Supervisory  Information  and  Education 

Specialist    Joan  C.  Madden 

Information  Systems  Manager, 

Automatic  Data  Processing  Program  .       T.  Gary  Gautier 
Acting  Chief,  Office  of  Exhibits Carl  A.  Alexander 

(Reassigned  3/2/84) 
Assistant  Director  for  Exhibits Laurence  P.  O'Reilly 

(Appointed  3/4/84) 
Supervisory  Museum  Specialist, 
Scanning  Electron  Microscope 
Laboratory  Walter  R.  Brown 

Anthropology 

Chairman  Douglas  H.  Ubelaker 

Administrative  Assistant   Clara  Ann  Simmons 

Collections  Manager Priscilla  Rachun  Linn 

Conservation  Laboratory,  Supervisor  . . .  Carolyn  L.  Rose 

Illustrator,  Supervisor George  R.  Lewis 

Public  Information  Specialist   Ann  Kaupp 

(Appointed  4/2/84) 

HANDBOOK  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS 

General  Editor    William  C.  Sturtevant 

Managing  Editor    Colin  I.  Busby 

(Resigned  11/1/83) 

Production  Manager   Diane  Della-Loggia 

Management  Services  Assistant Melvina  Jackson 

Anthropologist    Johanna  C.  Scherer 

Linguist    R.  H.  Ives  Goddard,  III 

Librarian    Lorraine  H.  Jacoby 

HUMAN  STUDIES  FILM  ARCHIVES 

Director    Herman  J.  Viola 

Assistant  Director   Berbara  Johnson 

NATIONAL  ANTHROPOLOGICAL  ARCHIVES 

Director    Herman  J.  Viola 

Assistant  Director  James  R.  Glenn 

Deputy  Director  Paula  Fleming 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  569 


LATIN  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGY 

Curator Robert  M.  Laughlin 

Associate  Curator    William  H.  Crocker 

Expert   Betty  J.  Meggers 

NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGY 

Curators   William  W.  Fitzhugh 

Bruce  D.  Smith 
Dennis  J.  Stanford 
William  C.  Sturtevant 

Associate  Curator William  L.  Merrill 

OLD  WORLD  ANTHROPOLOGY 

Curators   Adrienne  Kaeppler 

William  B.  Trousdale 
Gus  Van  Beek 

Associate  Curators Ivan  Karp 

(Appointed  12/13/83) 
Paul  Taylor 

PHYSICAL  ANTHROPOLOGY 

Curators   J.  Lawrence  Angel 

Donald  J.  Ortner 
Douglas  H.  Ubelaker 

LINGUISTICS 

Curator R.  H.  Ives  Goddard,  III 

RESEARCH  ASSOCIATES,  COLLABORATORS,  AND  AFFILIATED  SCIENTISTS 

James  Adovasio  (Archeology)  Richard  T.  Koritzer  (Physical 

John  Albanese  (Geology)  Anthropology) 

Larry  Banks  (Archeology)  JoAnne  Lanouette  (Education) 

Virginia  L.  Bavendam  (Ethnology)  Paulina  Ledergerber  (Archeology) 

Kathleen  J.  Bragdon  (Linguistics)  Mary  McCutcheon  (Anthropology) 

Sarah  Brett-Smith  (Ethnology)  David  Meltzer  (Archeology) 

Alison  S.  Brooks  (Archeology)  Jerald  T.  Milanich  (Archeology) 

Ernest  S.  Burch,  Jr.  (Archeology)  Stephen  Potter  (Archeology) 

Margaret  Caldwell  (Physical  Walter  G.  J.  Putschar  (Physical 

Anthropology)  Anthropology) 

Henry  B.  Collins  (Archeology)  Bruce  D.  Ragsdale  (Pathology) 

John  C.  Ewers  (Plains  Ethnology)  Saul  H.  Riesenberg  (Ethnology) 

Don  D.  Fowler  (Archeology)  Lucile  E.  St.  Hoyme  (Physical 

George  Frison  (Archeology)  Anthropology) 
Bruno  Frohlich  (Physical  Anthropology)         Robert  G.  Schmidt  (Geology) 

Gordon  D.  Gibson  (Ethnology)  Shirley  J.  Schwarz  (Archeology) 

Kathleen  Gordon  (Physical  Andrew  Sillen  (Physical 

Anthropology)  Anthropology) 

James  B.  Griffin  (Archaeology)  T.  Dale  Stewart  (Physical 

Gary  Haynes  (Archeology)  Anthropology) 

Brian  Hesse  (Zoo-Archaeology)  Jean  Umiker-Sebeok  (Linguistics) 

Neil  C.  Hughes  (Archeology)  Paula  C.  Wapnish  (Archeology) 

Tirachai  Kambhu  na  Ayutthaya  Mildred  M.  Wedel  (Archeology 

(Ethnology)  and  Ethnohistory) 

Bennie  C.  Keel  (Archeology)  Waldo  R.  Wedel  (Archeology) 

Eugene  Knez  (Ethnology)  Pamela  J.  Wintle  (Film  Archives) 

Melinda  Zeder  (Archeology) 


570  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Botany 

Chairman  Mark  M.  Littler 

Administrative  Assistant    Nella  F.  Lloyd 

Collections  Manager   George  F.  Russell 

Senior  Botanists   Edward  S.  Ayensu 

Richard  S.  Cowan 
Mason  E.  Hale,  Jr. 

PHANEROGAMS 

Curators   Dan  H.  Nicolson 

Robert  W.  Read 
Stanwyn  G.  Shetler 
Dieter  C.  Wasshausen 
John  J.  Wurdack 

Associate  Curators Robert  B.  Faden 

Vicki  A.  Funk 
Marie-Helene  Sachet 
Laurence  E.  Skog 

FERNS 

Associate  Curator    David  B.  Lellinger 

GRASSES 

Curator Thomas  R.  Soderstrom 

CRYPTOGAMS 

Curators   James  N.  Norris 

Harold  E.  Robinson 

PALYNOLOGY 

Curator Joan  W.  Nowicke 

PLANT  ANATOMY 

Curator Richard  H.  Eyde 

RESEARCH  ASSOCIATES,  COLLABORATORS,  AND  AFFILIATED  SCIENTISTS 

Pamela  Balough  (Orchids)  Kittie  F.  Parker  (Compositae) 

Katina  Bucher  (Algae)  Duncan  M.  Porter  (Phanerogams) 

Jose  Cuatrecasas  (Flora  of  Tropical  Muriel  E.  Poston  (Loasaceae) 

South  America)  Clyde  F.  Reed  (Phanerogams) 

Paul  E.  Desautels  (Orchids)  Amy  Y.  Rossman  (Fungi) 

James  A.  Duke  (Flora  of  Panama)  Velva  E.  Rudd  (Leguminosae) 

F.  Raymond  Fosberg  (Tropical  Edith  E.  B.  Scott  (Bryophyta) 

Island  Plants)  Lyman  B.  Smith  (Flora  of  Brazil) 

Aaron  Goldberg  (Phanerogams)  Frans  A.  Stafleu  (Phanerogams) 

Charles  R.  Gunn  (Seeds)  William  L.  Stern  (Plant  Anatomy) 

LeRoy  H.  Harvey  (Grasses)  Phillip  R.  Taylor  (Marine 
Mark  Edward  Hay  (Marine  Algae)  Botanical  Ecology) 

Joseph  H.  Kirkbride,  Jr.  (Rubiaceae)  Edward  E.  Terrell  (Phanerogams) 

Elbert  L.  Little,  Jr.  (Dendrology)  Egbert  H.  Walker 
Diane  S.  Littler  (Marine  Algae)  (East  Asian  Flora) 

Alicia  Lourteig  (Neotropical  Botany) 

Entomology 

Chairman Wayne  N.  Mathis 

Collections  Manager  Gary  F.  Hevel 

Senior  Scientist    Karl  V.  Krombein 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  571 


NEUROPTEROIDS  AND  DIPTERA 

Curators  Oliver  S.  Flint,  Jr. 

Wayne  N.  Mathis 

LEPIDOPTERA 

Curators  John  M.  Burns 

Don  R.  Davis 

W.  Donald  Duckworth 

Robert  K.  Robbins 

COLEOPTERA 

Curators  Terry  L.  Erwin 

Paul  J.  Spangler 

HEMIPTERA 

Curator    Richard  C.  Froeschner 

HYMENOPTERA 

Senior  Scientist    Karl  V.  Krombein 

Curator     Ronald  J.  McGinley 

(Appointed  1/9/83) 

MYRIAPODA  AND  ARACHNIDA 

Curator Jonathan  A.  Coddington 

(Appointed  12/11/83) 

RESEARCH  ASSOCIATES,  COLLABORATORS,  AND  AFFILIATED  SCIENTISTS 

Joachim  Adis  (Coleoptera)  W.  L.  Jellison  (Mites,  Ticks) 

Annette  Aiello  (Lepidoptera)  James  E.  Keirans  (Ticks) 

Donald  W.  Anderson  (Coleoptera)  John  M.  Kingsolver  (Coleoptera) 

Edward  W.  Baker  (Mites)  Lloyd  Knutson  (Diptera) 

S.  W.  T.  Batra  (Hymenoptera)  James  P.  Kramer  (Homoptera) 

S.  Franklin  Blanton  (Diptera)  Paul  M.  Marsh  (Hymenoptera) 

Barnard  Burks  (Hymenoptera)  Arnold  S.  Menke  (Hymenoptera) 

Robert  W.  Carlson  (Hymenoptera)  Douglass  R.  Miller  (Homoptera) 

J.  F.  Gates  Clarke  (Lepidoptera)  Scott  E.  Miller  (Microlepidoptera) 

Carleton  M.  Clifford  (Ticks)  Carl  F.  W.  Muesebeck 
Margaret  Collins  (Orthoptera)  (Hymenoptera) 

Jerry  Coyne  (Diptera)  David  F.  Nickle  (Orthoptera) 

Hilary  Crusz  (Insects  of  Sri  Lanka)  Paul  A.  Opler  (Lepidoptera) 

K.  C.  Emerson  (Mallophaga)  David  L.  Pearson  (Coleoptera) 

John  H.  Fales  (Lepidoptera)  Robert  V.  Peterson  (Diptera) 

Douglas  C.  Ferguson  (Lepidoptera)  Kenelm  W.  Philip  (Lepidoptera) 

Richard  H.  Foote  (Diptera)  Robert  W.  Poole  (Noctuidae) 

John  G.  Franclemont  (Lepidoptera)  George  W.  Rawson  (Lepidoptera) 

Raymond  J.  Gagne  (Diptera)  Mary  Livingston  Ripley  (General 
Robert  D.  Gordon  (Coleoptera)  Entomology) 

E.  Eric  Grissell  (Hymenoptera)  Louise  M.  Russell  (Homoptera) 

Ashley  B.  Gurney  (Orthoptera)  Curtis  W.  Sabrosky  (Diptera) 

Ralph  E.  Harbach  (Diptera)  Jay  C.  Shaffer  (Microlepidoptera) 

Thomas  Henry  (Hemiptera)  Sunthorn  Sirivanakarn  (Mosquitoes) 

John  B.  Heppner  (Lepidoptera)  Gordon  B.  Small,  Jr.  (Lepidoptera) 

Jon  L.  Herring  (Hemiptera)  Robert  L.  Smiley  (Mites) 

Ronald  W.  Hodges  (Lepidoptera)  David  R.  Smith  (Hymenoptera) 

Harry  Hoogstraal  Theodore  J.  Spilman  (Coleoptera) 

(Medical  Entomology)  George  C.  Steyskal  (Diptera) 


572  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Manya  B.  Stoetzel  (Homoptera)  Ronald  A.  Ward  (Medical 
F.  Christian  Thompson  (Diptera)  Entomology) 

Edward  L.  Todd  (Lepidoptera)  Richard  E.  White  (Coleoptera) 

Robert  Traub  (Siphonaptera)  Donald  R.  Whitehead  (Coleoptera) 

Hayo  H.  W.  Velthuis  Willis  W.  Wirth  (Diptera) 

(Hymenoptera)  David  Wooldridge  (Coleoptera) 

Invertebrate  Zoology 

Chairman  Clyde  F.  E.  Roper 

Senior  Zoologist Horton  H.  Hobbs,  Jr. 

(Retired  3/31/84 

Collections  Manager  Roland  H.  Brown 

Administrative  Assistant   Martha  J.  Vincellette 

CRUSTACEA 

Curators  J.  Laurens  Barnard 

Thomas  E.  Bowman 
Roger  F.  Cressey 
Charles  W.  Hart,  Jr. 
Robert  P.  Higgins 
Louis  S.  Kornicker 
Raymond  B.  Manning 

Associate  Curator   Brian  F.  Kensley 

ECHINODERMS 

Curators  Frederick  M.  Bayer 

David  L.  Pawson 
Klaus  Ruetzler 

MOLLUSKS 

Curators  Richard  S.  Houbrick 

Clyde  F.  E.  Roper 
Joseph  Rosewater 

WORMS 

Curators  Kristian  Fauchald 

W.  Duane  Hope 
Meredith  L.  Jones 
Mary  E.  Rice 

REGISTRY  OF  TUMORS  IN  LOWER  ANIMALS 

Director    John  Harshbarger 

Microbiologist     Sing  Chen  Chang 

Histotechnologic  Specialist    Linda  Cullen 

Museum  Specialist    Phyllis  Spero 

Biological  Research  Assistant Christine  Louton 

Research  Assistant    Marilyn  Slatick 

RESEARCH  ASSOCIATES,  COLLABORATORS,  AND  AFFILIATED  SCIENTISTS 

S.  Stillman  Berry  Stephen  L.  Gardiner 

(Deceased  5/84)  Horton  H.  Hobbs,  Jr. 

J.  Bruce  Bredin  (Emeritus  Zoologist) 

Stephen  D.  Cairns  Lipke  B.  Holthuis 

Fenner  A.  Chace,  Jr.  Roman  Kenk 

(Emeritus  Zoologist)  J.  Ralph  Lichtenfels 

Steven  Chambers  Patsy  McLaughlin 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  573 


Charles  G.  Messing  Harald  A.  Rehder 
Katherine  Muzik  (Emeritus  Zoologist) 

Isabel  Perez-Farfante  (Canet)  I.  G.  Sohn 

Richard  E.  Petit  Ronald  B.  Toll 

Marian  Pettibone  Geerart  J.  Vermeij 

(Emeritus  Zoologist)  Gilbert  L.  Voss 

Anthony  J.  Provenzano,  Jr.  Austin  B.  Williams 

David  K.  Young 
Mineral  Sciences 

Chairman Robert  F.  Fudali 

Administrator   Elizabeth  E.  Greene 

METEORITES 

Curators  Roy  S.  Clarke,  Jr. 

Brian  H.  Mason 
(Retired  4/84) 

Associate  Curator Glenn  J.  MacPherson 

Geochemist    Kurt  Fredriksson 

MINERALOGY 

Curator John  Sampson  White 

Crystallographer Daniel  E.  Appleman 

Associate  Curator Jeffrey  Post 

(Appointed  5/9/84) 

PETROLOGY  AND  VOLCANOLOGY 

Curators  Richard  S.  Fiske 

William  G.  Melson 
Tom  Simkin 

Associate  Curator Sorena  Sorensen 

(Appointed  5/9/84) 

PHYSICAL  SCIENCES  LABORATORY 

Chemists    Eugene  Jarosewich 

Joseph  A.  Nelen 
Electronics  Technician James  E.  Collins 

SCIENTIFIC  EVENT  ALERT  NETWORK 

Museum  Specialist Lindsay  R.  McClelland 

Museum  Technician    Janet  Crampton 

Elizabeth  Nielsen 


RESEARCH  ASSOCIATES,  COLLABORATORS,  AND  AFFILIATED  SCIENTISTS 


Vagn  F.  Buchwald  (Meteorites) 
William  C.  Buell  IV  (Volcanology) 
Cathy  Busby-Spera  (Petrology) 
Gary  R.  Byerly  (Petrology) 
Felix  Chayes  (Petrology  and 

Volcanology) 
Suzanne  P.  DeAtley  (Petrology  and 

Volcanology) 
Robert  T.  Dodd  (Meteorites) 
John  Filson  (Petrology  and  Volcanology) 
Michael  Fleischer  (Mineralogy) 


Martin  Flower  (Petrology  and 

Volcanology) 
Edward  Henderson  (Meteorites) 
Peter  Leavens  (Mineralogy) 
Paul  B.  Moore  (Mineralogy) 
Debra  S.  Stakes  (Petrology  and 

Volcanology) 
Geoffrey  Thompson  (Petrology  and 

Volcanology) 
Othmar  T.  Tobisch  (Petrology  and 

Volcanology) 


574  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Paleobiology 

Chairman Ian  G.  Macintyre 

Curators  Emeritus   C.  Arthur  Cooper 

C.  Lewis  Gazin 

Collections  Manager  Frederick  J.  Collier 

Administrative  Assistant    Betty  M.  Lomax 

Deputy  Collections  Manager Jann  W.  M.  Thompson 

Scientific  Illustrator Mary  A.  Parrish 

(Appointed  10/31/83) 
Lawrence  B.  Isham 
(Retired  10/3/83) 
Vertebrate  Paleontology  Preparation 

Laboratory,  Supervisor Arnold  D.  Lewis 

Senior  Scientists Richard  E.  Grant 

Porter  M.  Kier 
Senior  Scientist  and  Geological 

Oceanographer   Daniel  J.  Stanley 

Geologists    Ian  G.  Macintyre 

James  F.  Mello 

(Appointed  4/23/84) 
Kenneth  M.  Towe 

Curators  Walter  H.  Adey 

Richard  H.  Benson 
Richard  S.  Boardman 
Martin  A.  Buzas 
Alan  H.  Cheetham 
Richard  Cifelli 

(Deceased  5/21/84) 
Robert  J.  Emry 
Nicholas  Hotton  III 
Francis  M.  Hueber 
Jack  W.  Pierce 
Clayton  E.  Ray 
Thomas  R.  Waller 
Associate  Curator   Anna  K.  Behrensmeyer 

RESEARCH  ASSOCIATES,  COLLABORATORS,  AND  AFFILIATED  SCIENTISTS 

Raymond  L.  Bernor  Bruce  N.  Haugh 

Arthur  J.  Boucot  Leo  J.  Hickey 

Sankar  Chatterjee  S.  Taseer  Hussain 

Anthony  G.  Coates  Ralph  W.  Imlay 

Josephine  W.  Cooper  Jeremy  B.  C.  Jackson 

Steven  J.  Culver  Gilbert  Kelling 

Daryl  P.  Domning  Zofia  Kielan-Jaworowska 

Raymond  C.  Douglass  Carl  F.  Koch 

J.  Thomas  Dutro,  Jr.  N.  Gary  Lane 

Ralph  E.  Eshelman  Kenneth  E.  Lohman 

Jerzy  A.  Federowski  Venka  V.  Macintyre 

Robert  M.  Finks  Sergius  H.  Mamay 

Frank  A.  Garcia  Robert  B.  Neuman 

Mackenzie  Gordon,  Jr.  William  A.  Oliver,  Jr. 

Richard  Graus  Thomas  F.  Phelen 

Peter  J.  Harmatuk  John  Pojeta,  Jr. 

Jessica  A.  Harrison  Roy  H.  Reinhart 

Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  575 


Charles  A.  Repenning  Donald  Spoon 

Bruce  Runnegar  George  D.  Stanley,  Jr. 

William  J.  Sando  Steven  M.  Stanley 

Judith  Schneider  Robert  S.  Steneck 

Vincent  P.  Schneider  Margaret  Ruth  Todd 
R.  Craig  Shipp  (Deceased  8/19/84) 

Frederick  J.  Siegel  Ronald  R.  West 

Elwyn  L.  Simons  Frank  C.  Whitmore,  Jr. 

Judith  Skog  Druid  Wilson 

Roberta  K.  Smith-Everenden  Ellis  P.  Yochelson 

Norman  F.  Sohl  Rinaldo  Zinardi 
I.  Gregory  Sohn 

Vertebrate  Zoology 

Chairman W.  Ronald  Heyer 

Collections  Manager J.  Phillip  Angle 

Administrative  Assistant  Anna  L.  Datcher 

FISHES 

Curators  Robert  H.  Gibbs,  Jr. 

Victor  G.  Springer 
Stanley  H.  Weitzman 

Associate  Curator    G.  David  Johnson 

(Appointed  10/24/83) 
Richard  P.  Vari 

AMPHIBIANS  AND  REPTILES 

Curators  W.  Ronald  Heyer 

George  R.  Zug 

BIRDS 

Curators Storrs  L.  Olson 

George  E.  Watson 
Richard  L.  Zusi 

MAMMALS 

Curators  Charles  O.  Handley,  Jr. 

James  G.  Mead 

Richard  W.  Thorington,  Jr. 

Associate  Curator    Michael  D.  Carleton 

secretary's  research  laboratory 

Administrative  Specialist Adele  Y.  Issa 

Museum  Specialist Bruce  M.  Beehler 


research  associates,  collaborators, 

John  W.  Aldrich  (Birds) 
John  S.  Ash  (Birds) 
Richard  C.  Banks  (Birds) 
John  C.  Barber  (Birds) 
William  Belton  (Birds) 
Gregory  D.  Bentz  (Birds) 
Michael  A.  Bogan  (Mammals) 
Heraldo  Britski  (Fishes) 
Eleanor  D.  Brown  (Birds) 


AND  affiliated  SCIENTISTS 

Robert  L.  Brownell  (Mammals) 
Daniel  M.  Cohen  (Fishes) 
Bruce  B.  CoUette  (Fishes) 
C.  Kenneth  Dodd,  Jr.  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
Louise  H.  Emmons  (Mammals) 
Robert  K.  Enders  (Mammals) 
Carl  H.  Ernst  (Amphibians  and 

Reptiles) 


576  I  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Alan  Feduccia  (Birds) 
Sara  V.  Fink  (Fishes) 
William  L.  Fink  (Fishes) 
Mercedes  S.  Foster  (Birds) 
Herbert  Friedmann  (Birds) 
Thomas  H.  Fritts  (Amphibians  and 

Reptiles) 
Jeffery  Froehlich  (Mammals) 
Alfred  L.  Gardner  (Mammals) 
Michael  Goulding  (Fishes) 
Martha  B.  Hays  (Birds) 
Richard  Highton  (Amphibians  and 

Reptiles) 
George  J.  Jacobs  (Amphibians  and 

Reptiles) 
Frances  C.  James  (Birds) 
Clyde  J.  Jones  (Mammals) 
Warren  B.  King  (Birds) 
Gordon  L.  Kirkland  (Mammals) 
Irving  L.  Kornfield  (Fishes) 
William  H.  Krueger  (Fishes) 
Roxie  C.  Laybourne  (Birds) 
John  M.  Legler  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
Roy  W.  McDiarmid  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
Francisco  Mago-Leccia  (Fishes) 
Joe  T.  Marshall  (Birds) 
Linda  R.  Maxson  (Amphibians  and 

Reptiles) 
Naercio  Menezes  (Fishes) 
Joseph  C.  Mitchell  (Amphibians  and 

Reptiles) 
Ralph  S.  Palmer  (Birds) 


Lynne  R.  Parenti  (Fishes) 
William  F.  Perrin  (Mammals) 
Allan  R.  Phillips  (Birds) 
Ronald  H.  Pine  (Mammals) 
Gregory  K.  Pregill  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
John  E.  Randall  (Fishes) 
G.  Carleton  Ray  (Mammals) 
Randall  R.  Reeves  (Mammals) 
S.  Dillon  Ripley  (Birds) 
C.  Brian  Robbins  (Mammals) 
Alan  H.  Savitzky  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
Albert  Schwartz  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
Norman  J.  Scott,  Jr.  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
William  F.  Smith-Vaniz  (Fishes) 
David  W.  Steadman  (Birds) 
Kenneth  J.  Sulak  (Fishes) 
Stephen  G.  Tilley  (Amphibians 

and  Reptiles) 
James  C.  Tyler  (Fishes) 
Richard  J.  Wassersug  (Amphibi- 
ans and  Reptiles) 
Marilyn  Weitzman  (Fishes) 
John  S.  Weske  (Birds) 
Ralph  M.  Wetzel  (Mammals) 
Claudia  F.  Wilds  (Birds) 
E.  O.  Wiley  (Fishes) 
James  D.  Williams  (Fishes) 
Don  E.  Wilson  (Mammals) 
David  B.  Wingate  (Birds) 


Smithsonian  Oceanographic  Sorting  Center 

Director    Leslie  W.  Knapp 

Administrative  Assistant    Patricia  Buckley 

Marine   Biologists    Frank  D.  Ferrari 

Gordon  L.  Hendler 
Betty  Landrum 
Ernani  Menez 

Smithsonian  Marine  Station  at  Link  Port 

Administrative  Officer June  J.  Jones 

Scientist  in  Charge Mary  E.  Rice 

Research  Assistants William  D.  Lee 

Sherry  Anne  Retry 
Julianne  Piraino 
Hugh  F.  Reichardt 

MUSEUM  SUPPORT  CENTER 

Director    U.  Vincent  Wilcox 

Administrative  Assistant   Patti  B.  Young 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  577 


Collections  Coordinator   Wendy  C.  Jessup 

Data  Manager Joan  B.  Andrews 

Shipping  Officer Mary  L.  Sheridan 

Facility  Manager    Charles  E.  Dunn 

NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK 

Director    Michael  H.  Robinson 

(Appointed  5/21/84) 

Senior  Advisory  for  Animal  Programs .  Theodore  H.  Reed 

(Retired  7/3/84) 

Assistant  Director  for  Support  Services.  Caetano  G.  Calise,  Jr. 

Assistant  Director  for  Research  and  Devra  G.  Kleiman 

Educational  Activities   (Appointed  7/12/84) 

Assistant  Director  for  Conservation  and  Christen  M.  Wemmer 

Captive  Breeding  Programs (Appointed  7/12/84) 

Special  Assistant  to  the  Director Robert  J.  Hoage 

Registrar,  Animal  Programs   Judith  Block 

Chief,  Office  of  Management  Services  . .  Vincent  J.  Doyle 

Chief,  Office  of  Education Judith  White 

Department  of  Herpetology 

Curator Dale  L.  Marcellini 

Department  of  Mammalogy 

Curator Edwin  Gould 

Research  Primatologist Benjamin  Beck 

Department  of  Ornithology 

Curator Scott  Derrickson 

(Appointed  7/12/84) 

Department  of  Zoological  Research 

Scientist-in-Charge    Devra  R.  Kleiman 

Scientific  Staff Eugene  S.  Morton 

Katherine  S.  Ralls 
Miles  Roberts 

research  associates  and  affiliated  scientists 
(zoological  research)  : 

Associate  in  Ecology S.  Dillon  Ripley 

Collaborators James  G.  Hallett 

Adelmar  Coinbra-Filho  Susan  Lumpkin 

Priya  Davidar  Charles  McDougal 

Wolfgang  Dittus  Jeffrey  A.  McNeely 

John  F.  Eisenberg  Nancy  Muckenhirn 

Richard  Estes  Douglas  Richards 

Richard  Faust  John  Robinson 

John  Frazier  Rasanayagam  Rudran 

Theodore  Grand  Kenhelm  W.  Scott 

Kenneth  M.  Green  Melvin  Sunquist 

Russell  G.  Greenberg  Susan  Wilson 

578  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Department  of  Animal  Health 

Veterinarian-in-Charge  R.  Mitchell  Bush 

Associate  Veterinarian   Lyndsay  Phillips,  Jr. 

Animal  Physiologist David  Wildt 

Research  Associates Michael  D.  Abramowitz 

Prabir  Chakraborty 
Beverly  Gilroy 

Collaborators Richard  Alsakar 

Max  J.  Appel  Bill  Lasley 

Glen  Boch  Douglas  W.  McKay 

Kenneth  C.  Bovee  Stephen  J.  O'Brien 

Art  Clexton  Carroll  Platz 

M.  Kathryn  Hammock  Barry  Potter 

A.  Everette  James,  Jr.  Edward  Ruley 

John  Knight  U.  S.  Seal 

Seth  A.  Koch  Patricia  Schmidt 

Department  of  Pathology 

Pathologist-in-Charge   Richard  J.  Montali 

Research  Associates George  P.  Allen 

Richard  Alsaker  Charles  Shoem 

Max  J.  G.  Appel  Bruce  Smith 

Chris  Gardiner  John  Strandberg 

Ted  L.  Hatfield  Bernard  Zook 
Robert  B.  Shillinger 

Department  of  Conservation,  Front  Royal,  Virginia 

Curator-in-Charge    Christen  M.  Wemmer 

Research  Associates Joel  Berger 

Richard  Estes  Hemanta  Mishra 

Charles  McDougal  Rodney  Jackson 

Facility  Manager John  N.  Williams 

Office  of  Support  Services 

Office  of  Construction  Management 

Chief Donald  Muddiman 

Office  of  Graphics  and  Exhibits 

Chief Robert  E.  Mulcahy 

Office  of  Facilities  Management 

Chief Emanuel  Petrella 

Office  of  Police,  Safety,  &  Health 

Chief Samuel  L.  Middleton,  Jr. 

Friends  of  the  National  Zoo 

Executive  Director  Sabin  Robbins 

OFFICE  OF  FELLOWSHIPS  AND  GRANTS 

Director    Gretchen  Gayle  Ellsworth 

Assistant  Director  .  Roberta  W.  Rubinoff 

Administrative   Officer    Catherine  F.  Harris 

Grants  Program  Manager Francine  C.  Berkowitz 

Grants  Program  Assistant Jacki  T.  Rand 

Academic  Network  Coordinator Magali  M.  Carrera 

Acting  Academic  Programs  Specialist  . .       Mary  Estelle  Kennelly 

Academic  Programs  Assistant Jennifer  Cutting 

Records  Manager Grace  Murphy 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  579 


SMITHSONIAN  ASTROPHYSICAL  OBSERVATORY 
Director    Irwin  Shapiro 

Eugene  H.  Avrett  Daniel  E.  Harris  John  C.  Raymond 

Robert  W.  Babcock  Lee  W.  Hartmann  Robert  D.  Reasenberg 

Sallie  L.  Baliunas  John  P.  Huchra  Mark  J.  Reid 

William  P.  Blair  Christine  Jones  Thinniam  N.  Rengarajan 

Nathaniel  P.  Carleton  Kenneth  Kalata  George  B.  Rybicki 

Frederic  H.  Chaffee,  Jr.  Wolfgang  Kalkofen  Rudolph  E.  Schild 

Kelly  Chance  Scott  J.  Kenyon  Daniel  A.  Schwartz 

John  F.  Chandler  Kate  Kirby  Joseph  Schwarz 

John  H.  Chappell  Frederick  K.  Knight  Frederick  D.  Seward 

Allan  F.  Cook,  II  David  G.  Koch  Michael  Shao 

Alexander  Dalgarno  John  L.  Kohl  Jack  W.  Slowey 

Robert  J.  Davis  Michael  J.  Kurtz  Graeme  Smith 

Andrea  K.  Dupree  Robert  L.  Kurucz  Robert  Stachnik 

Martin  Elvis  Victor  H.  S.  Kwong  Steven  W.  Stabler 

Giuseppina  Fabbiano  Gregory  P.  Lafyatis  Robert  P.  Stefanik 

Daniel  G.  Fabricant  Donald  Q.  Lamb,  Jr.  Harvey  D.  Tananbaum 

Giovanni  G.  Fazio  David  W.  Latham  Jose  Torrelles 

George  B.  Field  Myron  Lecar  Wesley  A.  Traub 

Edward  L.  Fireman  Alan  P.  Lightman  Ginevra  Trinchieri 

William  Forman  Enrico  Lorenzini  Wallace  H.  Tucker 

Jane  L.  Fox  Tommaso  Maccacaro  Giuseppe  S.  Vaiana 

Fred  A.  Franklin  Richard  E.  McCrosky  Leon  P.  van  Speybroeck 

Larry  D.  Gardner  Brian  G.  Marsden  Robert  F.  C.  Vessot 

John  C.  Geary  Ursula  B.  Marvin-  George  A.  Victor 

Margaret  J.  Geller  Edward  M.  Mattison  Trevor  C.  Weekes 

Owen  Gingerich  Charles  W.  Maxson  Shen  Wei 

Isabella  M.  Gioia  Gary  J.  Melnick  Barbara  L.  Welther 

Zachary  M.  Goldberg  James  M.  Moran,  Jr.  Fred  L.  Whipple 

Evelyn  Goldfield  Stephen  S.  Murray  Charles  A.  Whitney 

Leon  Golub  Philip  C.  Myers  Belinda  Wilkes 

Paul  Gorenstein  Peter  Nisenson  Steven  P.  Willner 

Margaret  M.  Graff  Robert  W.  Noyes  George  L.  Withbroe 

Mario  D.  Grossi  Costas  Papaliolios  John  A.  Wood 

Steven  L.  Guberman  William  H.  Parkinson  Kouichi  Yoshino 

Gordon  E.  Gullahorn  Michael  R.  Pearlman  Zhai  Zao-Cheng 

Alan  H.  Guth  Francis  A.  Primini  Xing-Wu  Zheng 

Shadia  Rifai  Habbal  Harrison  E.  Radford  Martin  V.  Zombeck 

F.  R.  Harnden,  Jr.  Harvey  Rarback 

SMITHSONIAN  ENVIRONMENTAL  RESEARCH  CENTER 

Director    William  H.  Klein 

Assistant  Directors    David  L.  Correll 

Walter  Shropshire,  Jr. 

Executive  Officer Carolyn  M.  Walker 

Administrative  Officers Joseph  C.  Fisher 

Donald  L.  Wilhelm 

Facilities  Manager  Robert  N.  Davis 

Programs  Assistants  for  Public 

Information Linda  Chick 

Judy  Collins 

Agricultural  Engineer John  Sager 

Anthropologist    Robert  Stuckenrath 

Biochemist   Maurice  Margulies 


580  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Biologist Elisabeth  Gantt 

Geneticist     Roy  W.  Harding,  Jr. 

Microbiologist Maria  A.  Faust 

Physicist Bernard  Goldberg 

Plant  Ecologist   Dennis  F.  Whigham 

Plant  Physiologists Charles  F.  Cleland 

Gerald  Deitzer 
Bert  G.  Drake 
William  O.  Smith 

Zoologists    Anson  H.  Hines 

James  F.  Lynch 
Affiliated  Scientists 

Biochemist Barbara  Chereskin 

Ecologists Thomas  E.  Jordan 

Timothy  Spira 
Lisa  Wagner 
Jacob  Weiner 

Modelers Henry  McKellar 

Donald  Weller 

Mycologist Elizabeth  Moore-Landecker 

Plant  Biologist Israel  Levy 

Plant  Physiologists    M.  G.  Holmes 

Kyotoshi  Takeno-Wada 
Laura  Thompson 
Zoologist    Romuald  Lipcius 

Visiting  Scientists 
Biologist     David  S.  Dennison 

(Dartmouth) 
Biophysicist  Danuta  Frackowiak 

(Poland) 
Plant  Physiologist   Yosi  Ben-Tal 

(Israel,  Hebrew  University) 
Visiting  Student  Michael  J.  Krones 

(University  of  Maryland) 

Interns    Linda  Jones 

Sahle  Melles 

Work/Learn  Students   Cynthia  Campisano 

David  Cramer  Elizabeth  Farnsworth 

Craig  Kelly  Devin  Reese 

Christine  Ross  Lynn  Sagramoso 

Anatol  Sucher  Mark  Tedesco 

SMITHSONIAN  OFFICE  OF  EDUCATIONAL  RESEARCH 

Director    John  H.  Falk 

Administrative  Assistant   Mary  Mangone 

Senior  Research  Psychologist   John  D.  Balling 

Research  Psychologist Deborah  D.  Hilke 

SMITHSONIAN  TROPICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE 

Director    Ira  Rubinoff 

Deputy  Director  Michael  H.  Robinson 

(Resigned  5/19/84) 
James  R.  Karr 

(Appointed  8/19/84) 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  581 


special  Assistant  to  Director Adela  Gomez 

(Retired  1/1/84) 

Program  Specialist Elena  Lombardo 

Senior   Scientist    Martin  Moynihan 

Executive  Officer   Franklin  Morris 

Superintendent,  Barro  Colorado 

Nature  Monument  Gilberto  Ocafia 

Facilities  Manager   Ramon  Ely 

Educational  Coordinator Georgina  de  Alba 

Budget  Analyst Carmen  Sucre 


Scientific  Staff 

John  H.  Christy 
Richard  G.  Cooke 
John  Cubit 
Robert  L.  Dressier 
William  G.  Eberhard 
Peter  W.  Glynn 
Stephen  P.  Hubbell 
Jeremy  J.  C.  Jackson 


Nancy  Knowlton 
Egbert  G.  Leigh,  Jr. 
Harilaos  A.  Lessios 
Olga  F.  Linares 
G.  Gene  Montgomery 
A.  Stanley  Rand 
D.  Ross  Robertson 
Arcadio  F.  Rodaniche 


David  W.  Roubik 
Alan  P.  Smith 
Neal  G.  Smith 
Nicholas  Smythe 
Mary  Jane  West-Eberhard 
Donald  M.  Windsor 
Hindrik  Wolda 
S.  Joseph  Wright 


RESEARCH  ASSOCIATES 

Annette  Aiello 
Robin  Andrews 
Carlos  Arellano 
Charles  Bennett,  Jr. 
Nicholas  Brokaw 
Gordon  M.  Burghardt 
Terry  E.  Christenson 
Mireya  Correa 
Luis  D'Croz 
Kerry  Ann  Dressier 


Robin  Foster 
Nathan  Gale 
Pedro  Galindo 
Judy  Gradwohl 
Jeffrey  B.  Graham 
Leslie  Johnson 
Ross  Kiester 
Yael  Lubin 
Ernst  Mayr 
Jorge  Motta 


Anthony  Ranere 
Michael  Ryan 
Myra  Shulman 
Gordon  B.  Small 
W.  John  Smith 
Frank  G.  Stiles 
Henry  Stockwell 
Katherine  Troyer 
Paulo  E.  Vanzolini 
Fritz  Vollrath 


HISTORY  AND  ART 

Assistant  Secretary   John  E,  Reinhardt 

Special  Assistants Dean  Anderson 

Beverly  Lang 

Administrative  Officer    Patricia  DuVall 

ANACOSTIA  NEIGHBORHOOD  MUSEUM 

Director    John  R.  Kinard 

Administrative  Officer Audrey  M.  Archer 

Historian    Louise  Daniel  Hutchinson 

Exhibits  Program  Manager Vacant 

Education  Specialist Zora  Martin  Felton 

Supervisory  Visual  Information 

Specialist    Sharon  A.  Reinckens 

Supervisory  Exhibits  Specialist James  E.  Mayo 

Photographer Christopher  Capilongo 


582  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


ARCHIVES  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

Washington  Headquarters  Offices 

Director    Richard  N.  Murray 

Senior  Curator   Garnett  McCoy 

Curator  of  Manuscripts   Arthur  Breton 

Collections  Manager   Judy  E.  Throm 

Area  Collector Liza  Kirwin 

Administrative  Oificer    Sherrill  Berger 

New  York  Headquarters  Office 

Deputy   Director    Susan  A.  Hamilton 

Development  Officer   Ilene  Rubin 

Administrative  Assistant   Larry  Clark 

Midwest  Regional  Center 

Regional   Director    Sue  Ann  Kendall 

New  York  Regional  Center 

Regional   Director    William  McNaught 

New  England  Regional  Center 

Regional   Director    Robert  Brown 

West  Coast  Regional  Center 

Regional   Director    Paul  Karlstrom 

SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA  RESEARCH  CENTER 

Area  Collector    Stella  Paul 

CENTER  FOR  ASIAN  ART 
FREER  GALLERY  OF  ART  and  the 

ARTHUR  M.  SACKLER  GALLERY  OF  ART 

Director    Thomas  Lawton 

Assistant  Director,  Freer  Gallery Richard  Louie 

Assistant  Director,  Sackler  Gallery  ....  Milo  C.  Beach 

Administrative  Officer    Sarah  Newmeyer-Hill 

Curator,  Chinese  Art Shen  C.  Y.  Fu 

Curator,  Japanese  Art Yoshiaki  Shimizu 

Assistant  Curator,  Japanese  Art Ann  Yonemura 

Coordinator  of  Special  Programs  Esin  Atil 

Head  Conservator,  Technical 

Laboratory W.  Thomas  Chase  III 

Conservation  Scientist    John  Winter 

Conservator Paul  Jett 

Head  Conservation  Specialist Ryo  Nishiumi 

Conservation  Specialist Yoshiyuki  Nishio 

Museum  Specialist  (Ceramics)    Louise  A.  Cort 

Museum  Specialist  (Ceramics)    Josephine  H.  Knapp 

Librarian    Ellen  A.  Nollman 

Assistant  Librarian   Lily  Chia-Jen  Kecskes 

Registrar    Eleanor  Radcliffe 

Registrarial    Specialist    Harriet  McWilliams 

Docent  Coordinator Gayle  Southworth 

Honorary  Associates   Richard  Edwards 

Calvin  French 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  583 


COOPER-HEWITT  MUSEUM 

Director    Lisa  Taylor 

Assistant  Director   Harold  Francis  Pfister 

Administrator   Linda  Dunne 

Administrative  Assistant  to  Director  . . .  George  King 
Administrative  Assistant  to  Assistant 

Director    William  Gaske 

Business  Office  Manager   Elizabeth  McKirdie 

Curator  of  Drawings  and  Prints Elaine  Evans  Dee 

Curator  of  Decorative  Arts David  Revere  McFadden 

Curator  of  Textiles Milton  Sonday 

Textiles   Assistant    Gillian  Moss 

Librarian    Kathy  Martinez 

Conservator,  Textiles    Lucy  Commoner 

Conservator,  Paper    Konstanze  Bachmann 

Registrar    Cordelia  Rose 

Editor    Nancy  Akre 

Exhibition  Coordinator Dorothy  Globus 

Exhibition  Designer Robin  Parkinson 

Exhibition  Researcher Lucy  Fellowes 

Public  Information  Manager Isabelle  Silverman 

Development  Manager  Eileen  White 

Special  Events  Coordinator  Chauncie  McKeever 

Program  Coordinator   Susan  Yelavich 

Education  Specialist Andrew  Svedlow 

Chief  of  Security   Luis  Palau 

Building  Manager Jim  Ledford 

Building  Foreman Ben  Feudi 


HIRSHHORN  MUSEUM  AND  SCULPTURE  GARDEN 

Director    Abram  Lemer 

Deputy    Director    Stephen  E.  Weil 

Executive  Officer   Nancy  F.  Kirkpatrick 

Chief    Curator    Charles  W.  Millard 

Curator  of  Exhibitions   Cynthia  J.  McCabe 

Associate  Curators    Valerie  Fletcher 

Howard  N.  Fox 
Frank  B.  Gettings 
Phyllis  Rosenzweig 
Judith  Zilczer 

Librarian    Anna  Brooke 

Chief  Conservator  Felrath  Hines 

(Retired  July  31,  1984) 

Conservators  Leland  Aks 

Clarke  Bedford 
Susan  Lake 
Antoinette  Owen 

Registrar    Douglas  Robinson 

Chief,   Education    Edward  Lawson 

Chief,  Exhibits  and  Design Joseph  Shannon 

Public  Information  Specialist   Sidney  Lawrence 

Photographer Lee  Stalsworth 

Building  Services  Coordinator   Frank  Underwood 


584  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


JOSEPH  HENRY  PAPERS 

Editor    Nathan  Reingold 

Associate  Editor Marc  Rothenberg 

Assistant  Editors   Kathleen  W.  Dorman 

Paul  Theerman 

Administrative  Officer Beverly  Jo  Lepley 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AFRICAN  ART 

Director   Sylvia  H,  Williams 

Associate  Director  for 

Collections  and  Research Roy  Sieber 

Assistant  Director  Jean  Salan 

Founding  Director  Emeritus   Warren  Robbins 

Curators  Lydia  Puccinelli 

Roslyn  Walker 

Assistant  Curator/ Archives  Assistant  . .  Bryna  Freyer 

Public  Information  Officer Margaret  Bertin 

Curator  of  Education Edward  Lifschitz 

Operations  Manager Basil  Arendse 

Registrar    Lee  Williams 

Conservator Renee  Welfeld 

Docent/Intern  Coordinator   Gretchen  Jennings 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

Director    Charles  C.  Eldredge 

Assistant  Director,  Chief  Curator Elizabeth  Broun 

Assistant  Director,  Programs   Barbara  Shissler  Nosanow 

Assistant  Director,  Resources  Charles  J.  Robertson 

Assistant  to  the  Director Julie  Schimmel 

Administrator   Sherwood  A.  Dowling 

Senior  Curatorial  Advisor Adelyn  Breeskin 

Director,  Renwick  Gallery Lloyd  Herman 

Curator,  Renwick  Gallery   Michael  Monroe 

Curator,  Research    Lois  M.  Fink 

Curator,  Barney  Studio  House Jean  Lewton 

Curators,  Painting  and  Sculpture Virginia  Mecklenburg 

Harry  Rand 
William  H.  Truettner 
Associate  Curator,  Painting  and 

Sculpture    Robin  Bolton-Smith 

Curator,  Graphic  Arts Janet  Flint 

Associate  Curators,  Graphic  Arts   Merry  Foresta 

Martina  Norelli 
Assistant  Curator,  Joseph  Cornell 

Study  Center Lynda  Roscoe  Hartigan 

Deputy  Assistant  Director  for 

Museum  Programs Judith  O'Sullivan 

Chief,  Office  of  Design  and  Production  David  Keeler 
Chief,  Design  Unit,  Office  of 

Design  and  Production Val  Lewton 

Chief,  Office  of  Intern  Programs  Patricia  H.  Chieffo 

Chief,  Office  of  Public  Affairs Margery  Byers 

Chief,  Office  of  Research  Support Eleanor  Fink 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  585 


Assistant  Chief,  Office  of 

Research  Support Rachel  Allen 

Chief,  Office  of  Special  Programs Margaret  P.  Cogswell 

Senior  Conservator   Stefano  Scafetta 

Editor,  Office  of  Publications Carroll  S.  Clark 

Registrar    W.  Robert  Johnston 

Producer,  Art  Documentaries   Alison  Abelson 

Head  of  Docents  and  Volunteer 

Services    Nora  Panzer 

Chief  Photographer Michael  Fisher 

Librarian  nmaa/npg Cecilia  Chin 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Director    Roger  G.  Kennedy 

Deputy  Director Douglas  E.  Evelyn 

Assistant  Director  for  Administration  . .        Ronald  E.  Becker 

Assistant  Administrator Richard  J.  Nicastro 

Special  Assistants  to  the  Director Naomi  Glass 

Lawrence  A.  Bush 
Richard  S.  Virgo 
Eleanor  Trowbridge 
Museum  Program  Coordinator Susan  B.  Beaudette 

National  Philatelic  Collections 

Executive  Director  Herbert  R.  Collins 

Curators  Reidar  Norby 

James  H.  Bruns 
National  Numismatics  Collections 

Historians    Elvira  Clain-Stefanelli 

Curator     Coralee  C.  Gillilland 

Eisenhower  Institute  for  Historical  Research 

Historians    Forrest  C.  Pogue 

Michael  R.  Beschloss 

Fellows   Pricilla  Roberts 

Merritt  Roe  Smith 

Research  Associate    Derek  Leebaert 

Office  of  Building  Management 

Building  Manager William  F.  Sanford 

(Deceased  9/1/84) 
James  Whoolery 
Division  of  Conservation 

Head  Conservator  J.  Scott  Odell 

Department  of  Exhibits 

Assistant  Director  for  Exhibits J.  Michael  Carrigan 

Deputy  Assistant  Director Leonard  Faber 

Acting  Chief  of  Design  Deborah  M.  Bretzfelder 

Chief,  Exhibits  Production Walter  N.  Lewis 

Chief,  Historic  Restoration Charles  Rowell 


586  /  Smithsortian  Year  1984 


Department  of  Public  Programs 

Assistant  Director  Josiah  Hatch 

Deputy    Lonn  Taylor 

Public  Information  Officer Mary  Dyer 

Director,  Program  in  Black 

American  History    Bernice  Reagon 

Editor    Robert  Selim 

Production   Director    Harold  Closter 

Performance  Director  James  Weaver 

Office  of  the  Registrar 

Registrar    Martha  M.  Shannon 

Assistant  Registrar   Katherine  Spiess 

Archives  Center 

Senior  Archivist  John  Fleckner 

Archivist    Robert  Harding 

Historian    Spencer  Crew 

Technology  &  Culture 
Editor    Robert  Post 

Afro-American  Communities  Project 
Director    James  O.  Horton 

Department  of  Social  and  Cultural  History 

Chairman Gary  B.  Kulik 

Vice  Chairman  Susan  H.  Myers 

Ceramics  and  Class 

Curator    Susan  H.  Myers 

Curators  Emeriti    Paul  V.  Gardner 

J.  Jefferson  Miller  11 
C.  Malcolm  Watkins 

Research  Associate    Ivor  Noel  Hume 

Consultant Maureen  R.  Torgerson 

Community  Life 

Curators  Richard  E.  Ahlborn 

Carl  H.  Scheele 

Costume 

Curator Claudia  B.  Kidwell 

Curator  Emeritus   Anne  W.  Murray 

Fellows   Valerie  Fahnestock  Steele 

Catherine  Beeker 
Domestic  Life 

Curators  Anne  C.  Golovin 

Rodris  C.  Roth 
Barbara  C.  Smith 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  587 


Graphic  Arts 

Curators Elizabeth  M.  Harris 

Helena  C.  Wright 
Musical  Instruments 

Curators  John  T.  Fesperman 

Cynthia  A.  Hoover 

Fellow Mark  Tucker 

Collaborators    Robert  H.  Hazen 

Margaret  Hindle  Hazen 
Sheridan  Germann 
Political  History 

Curators  Margaret  B.  Klapthor 

(Retired  12/31/83) 
Edith  P.  Mayo 
Keith  E.  Melder 
Textiles 

Curator Rita  J.  Adrosko 

Department  of  the  History  of  Science  and  Technology 

Chairman Arthur  P.  Molella 

Deputy   William  L.  Withuhn 

Electricity  and  Modern  Physics 

Curators  Bernard  Firm 

Paul  Forman 
Extractive  Industries 

Curators  James  C.  Daniel 

John  T.  Schlebecker 
George  T.  Sharrer 
Mathematics 

Curator Uta  C.  Merzbach 

Mechanisms 

Curators Otto  Mayr 

(Resigned  4/1/84) 
David  F.  Noble 
Carlene  Stephens 
Medical  Sciences 

Curators Audrey  B.  Davis 

Ramunas  A.  Kondratas 
Barbara  Melosh 

Curator  Emeritus  Sami  K.  Hamameh 

Mechanical  and  Civil  Engineering 
Curator Robert  M.  Vogel 

Armed  Forces  History 

Curators Edward  C.  Ezell 

Donald  E.  Kloster 
Harold  D.  Langley 


588  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Historian    James  Hutchins 

Curator  Emeritus  Craddock  R.  Coins,  Jr. 

Photographic  History 

Curator Eugene  Ostroff 

Physical  Sciences 

Curators Deborah  J.  Warner 

Jon  B.  Ekiund 

Transportation 

Curators  John  H.  White 

William  L.  Withuhn 
Philip  Lundeberg 

Senior  Historian's  Office 

Senior  Historian Brooke  Hindle 

Senior  Scientific  Scholar Robert  P.  Multhauf 

Historian    Steven  Lubar 

NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY 

Director    Alan  Fern 

Assistant  Director  for  Collections Carolyn  K.  Carr 

(Appointed  11/27/83) 
Assistant  Director  for  History  and 

Public  Programs Marc  Pachter 

Executive  Officer   Barbara  A.  Hart 

Chief  Curator  of  Painting  and  Sculpture  Robert  G.  Stewart 

Curator  of  Exhibitions  Beverly  J.  Cox 

Curators  of  Painting  and  Sculpture  ....  Monroe  Fabian 

Ellen  Miles 

Curator  of  Prints  Wendy  Wick  Reaves 

Curator  of  Photographs  William  F.  Stapp 

Curator  of  Education Kenneth  Yellis 

Editor  of  Publications Frances  S.  Wein 

Chief,  Design  and  Production Nello  Marconi 

Keeper,  Catalog  of  American  Portraits  Mona  Dearborn 
National  Survey  Coordinator,  Catalog  of 

American  Portraits    Richard  K.  Doud 

Editor  of  the  Charles  Willson  Peale 

Papers  and  Historian  of  American 

Culture  Lillian  B.  Miller 

Librarian    Cecilia  Chin 

Conservator     Cindy  Lou  Molnar 

(Appointed  6/4/84) 

Senior  Photographer Eugene  Mantie 

Registrar    Suzanne  Jenkins 

Public  Affairs  Officer  Sandra  Westin 

OFFICE  OF  AMERICAN  STUDIES 

Director    Wilcomb  E.  Washburn 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  589 


MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

Acting  Assistant  Secretary William  N.  Richards 

Special  Assistant   , W.  Donald  Duckworth 

Program  Analyst Thomas  J.  Peyton 


CONSERVATION  ANALYTICAL  LABORATORY 

Director    Lambertus  van  Zelst 

Deputy  Director  Alan  W.  Postlethwaite 

Administrative  Officer Vernetta  M.  Williams 

Information  Specialist Marjorie  W.  Cleveland 

Conservation  Information  Aide   Bernard  W.  Gallagher 

Conseroation 

Supervisory  Conservator    Eleanor  McMillan 

Senior  Textile  Conservator   Mary  W.  Ballard 

Senior  Paintings  Conservator Roland  H.  Cunningham 

Senior  Objects  Conservator Carol  A.  Grissom 

Objects  Conservator   Mary  Lou  Garbin 

Senior  Paper  Conservator   Timothy  J.  Vitale 

Senior  Furniture  Conservator  Marc  A.  Williams 

Furniture   Conservator    Donald  Williams 

Conservation  Technician   Thomas  MCT  Raysor 

Conservation  Science 

Supervisory  Scientist Timothy  D.  Padfield 

Conservation  Scientist    Joan  W.  Mishara 

Contract  Instrumentation  Engineer  ....  John  Frieman 

Metallurgist     Martha  E.  Goodway 

Organic  Chemists    David  W.  Erhardt 

David  W.  Von  Endt 

Chemists    Walter  R.  Hopwood 

Harold  Westley 

Archaeometry 

Administrator  of  Archaeometry Jacqueline  S.  Olin 

Archaeologist    Ronald  L.  Bishop 

Research  Chemist    James  M.  Blackman 

Physical  Science  Analyst Yu-Tarng  Cheng 

Chemist    Emile  C.  Deal 

Contract  Archaeologist Bruno  Frolich 


Research  Associates 


Susan  Hobbs 
Robert  M.  Organ 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM  ACT  PROGRAMS 
Coordinator Barbara  K.  Schneider 

590  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


OFFICE  OF  EXHIBITS  CENTRAL 
Chief,  OEC 

Director  of  Design James  A.  Mahoney,  Jr. 

Assistant  Chief 

Chief  of  Production John  Widener 

Assistant  to  the  Chief 

Chief,  Editor's  Office Karen  Hummer  Fort 

Administrative  Officer    William  M.  Clark,  Jr. 

xA.ssistant  Chief  of  Production 

Supervisor,  Graphic  Production James  A.  Speight,  Jr. 

Supervisor,  Fabrication Kenneth  R.  Clevinger 

Supervisor,  Models  Shop  Walter  G.  Sorrell 

OFFICE  OF  HORTICULTURE 

Director    James  R.  Buckler 

Assistant  Director  John  W.  Monday 

Chief  of  Education  Division Lauranne  C.  Nash 

Foreman,  Grounds  Management  Division  Kenneth  Hawkins 

Manager,  Greenhouse/Nursery  Division  August  A.  Dietz  IV 

OFFICE  OF  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 

Director    Jane  R.  Glaser 

Assistant  Program  Manager  and  Native 

American  Museums  Program 

Coordinator Nancy  J.  Fuller 

Kellogg  Project  Coordinator Philip  Spiess  II 

Kellogg  Project  Program  Assistant   ....  Margo  Del  Vecchio 

Museum  Evaluator Robert  L.  Wolf 

Training  Program  Coordinator Mary  Lynn  Perry 

Intern  and  Visiting  Professionals 

Program  Coordinator    Raymond  Branham 

On-5ite  Workshop  Program  Coordinator  Pamela  W.  Leupen 

Audiovisual  Program  Coordinator Laura  Schneider 

A.V.  Production  Specialist Roger  Wedgeworth 

Distribution  Coordinator Bettie  J.  Lee 

Administrative  Clerk Mary  J.  Paden 

Museum  Reference  Center  Librarian  . .  Catherine  Scott 

OFFICE  OF  THE  REGISTRAR 

Registrar    Philip  Leslie 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  ARCHIVES 

Archivist    William  W.  Moss 

Deputy  Archivist   William  A.  Deiss 

Associate  Archivists   Alan  L.  Bain 

Richard  V.  Szary 

Assistant  Archivists    William  E.  Cox 

Susan  Westgate  Glenn 
Harry  G.  Heiss 
William  R.  Massa,  Jr. 
James  A.  Steed 
Diane  L.  Vogt-O'Connor 

Historian    Pamela  M.  Henson 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  591 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  LIBRARIES 

Director    Robert  Maloy 

Research  Associate    Jean  Chandler  Smith 

Special  Assistant   Silvio  A.  Bedini 

Manager,  Planning  &  Administration  . .  Mary  Augusta  Rosenfeld 

Publications  Specialist    Nancy  L.  Matthews 

Associate  Director  and  Manager, 

Bibliographic  Systems  Division   Vija  L.  Karklins 

Systems    Administrator    Thomas  Garnett 

Chief,  Acquisition  Services   Mildred  D.  Raitt 

Supervisor,  Monographs  Purchasing 

and  Gifts/Exchanges  William  B.  Neff 

Supervisor,  Serials  Purchasing  ....  Lucien  R.  Rossignol 

Supervisor,  Binding  Purchasing  . . .  James  E.  Lawson 
Chief,  Automated  Bibliographic 

Control     Victoria  Avera 

Chief,  Catalogue  Records Brooke  Henley 

Chief,  Original  Indexing  Services   . . .  Mary  Jane  H.  Linn 

Cataloguers   Bertha  S.  Sohn 

Margaret  A.  Sealor 
Helen  Nordberg 

Trade  Literature  Indexer   Mildred  Scharf 

Assistant  Director  and  Manager, 

Research  Services  Division  Margaret  Child 

Chief  Librarian,  Central  Reference 

and  Loan  Services  Mary  Clare  Gray 

Reference    Librarians    Gloria  Atkinson 

Barbara  Veloz 

Library  of  Congress  Liaison   

Librarian    Janette  K.  Saquet 

Chief  Librarian,  Museum  Reference 

Center     Catherine  D.  Scott 

Chief  Librarian,  Special  Collections  . .  Ellen  B.  Wells 

Branch  Research  Libraries 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  SERC  . .  Angela  Haggins 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  CHM   .  .  Katharine  Martinez 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  NASM  .  Frank  Pietropaoli 

Reference  Librarians  Philip  Edwards 

Amy  Levin 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  NMAf  A  Janet  L.  Stanley 
Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch, 

Museum  Support  Center   Karen  Preslock 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  NMAH.  Rhoda  S.  Ratner 

Reference    Librarian    Charles  Berger 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  NMNH.  Sylvia  J.  Churgin 

Assistant  Librarian   Ruth  Schallert 

Assistant  Librarian   Angeline  Smith 

Senior  Science  Reference  Librarian.  Jack  Marquardt 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  NZP  . . .  Kay  Kenyon 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  STRI  .  .  .  Carol  Jopling 

Chief  Librarian,  SIL  Branch,  SAO  . . .  Joyce  M.  Rey 
Assistant  Director  and  Manager, 

Collections  Management  Division  . . .  Nancy  E.  Gwinn 


592  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Book  Conservation  Laboratory: 

Chief  Conservator  Johannes  H.  Hyltoft 

Conservator     Maria  Nugent 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  TRAVELING  EXHIBITION  SERVICE 

Director    Peggy  A.  Loar 

Executive  Assistant  Irene  Owsley 

Associate  Director  for  Program Eileen  Rose 

Assistant  Director  for  Exhibition 

Development  Anne  R.  Gossett 

Senior  Exhibition  Coordinator   Martha  Cappelletti 

Exhibition  Coordinators   Judith  Bell 

Lori  Dempsey 
Elizabeth  Driscoll 
Matou  Goodwin 
Donald  McClelland 
Susan  Schreiber 
Betty  Teller 
Associate  Director  for  Administration  .  .        Antonio  Diez 

Head  Registrar Mary  Jane  Clark 

Registrar  for  Scheduling  Vera  Hyatt 

Registrar  for  Shipping  Janet  Freund 

Budget  Assistant    Robert  Thacker 

Associate  Director  for  Communications       Vacant 

Publications  Officer   Andrea  Stevens 

Head  Education  Coordinator Marjorie  Share 

Education  Coordinator   Julia  Shepherd 

Public  Information  Officer Vacant 


PUBLIC  SERVICE 

Assistant  Secretary   Ralph  Rinzler 

Administrative  Officer    Andrew  McCoy 

OFFICE  OF  ELEMENTARY  AND  SECONDARY  EDUCATION 

Director    Ann  Bay 

Museum  Education  Specialists Alan  Gartenhaus 

Thomas  E.  Lowderbaugh 

Coordinator  for  Special  Education Janice  Majewski 

Career  Awareness  Program  Coordinator       Montrose  Cones 

Assistant  Intern  Coordinator   Fernando  Silva 

Administrative  Assistant   Mary  Williams 

Program  Assistants   Evelyn  Reese 

Ruth  Sheets 

OFFICE  OF  FOLKLIFE  PROGRAMS 

Director    Peter  Seitel 

Festival  Co-Director    Diana  Parker 

Senior  Ethnomusicologist Thomas  Vennum,  Jr. 

Ethnomusicologist    Kazadi  wa  Mukuna 

Folklorist    Marjorie  Hunt 

Administrative  Officer Betty  Beuck  Derbyshire 

(Sabbatical  Leave) 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  593 


Acting  Administrative  Officer Jewell  Dulaney 

Festival  Services  Manager Barbara  Strickland 

Technical  Production  Specialist   Richard  Derbyshire 

Program  Specialist Arlene  Liebenau 

Audio-Visual  Assistant    Cal  Southworth 

Designer Daphne  Shuttleworth 

Clerk-typist    Yvette  C.  Duffy 

OFFICE  OF  INTERNATIONAL  ACTIVITIES 

Director    Kennedy  B.  Schmertz 

Deputy  Director Richard  T.  Conroy 

International  Activities  Specialists Saundra  Thomas 

Brian  J.  LeMay 

OFFICE  OF  SMITHSONIAN  SYMPOSIA  AND  SEMINARS 

Director    Wilton  S.  Dillon 

Associate  Directors   Dorothy  Richardson 

Carla  M.  Borden 

OFFICE  OF  TELECOMMUNICATIONS 

Director    Nazaret  Cherkezian 

Assistant  Director   Paul  Johnson 

Director  of  Special  Projects Karen  Loveland 

Telecommunications  Specialists    Ann  M.  Carroll 

Jean  B.  Quinnette 

Production  Coordinator Lawrence  E.  Kline 

TV  Production  Specialist Peter  R.  C.  Erikson 

Motion  Picture  Production  Specialist  .  . .       John  W.  Hiller 

Radio  Production  Specialists Jesse  E.  Boggs 

John  P.  Meehan 
Ken  Mason,  Jr. 
Radio  Production/Marketing  Specialist  .       Denise  E.  Freeland 
Administrative  Officer Kate  M.  Hartley 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  PRESS 

Director    Felix  C.  Lowe 

Assistant  Director  Vincent  L.  MacDonnell 

Financial  Manager John  R.  Ouellette 

Marketing  Consultant William  Kelty 

Administrative  Officer Dorothy  Blaska 

University  Press  Division 

Assistant  Director  and  Managing  Editor  Maureen  R.  Jacoby 

Senior  Science  Editor Edward  F.  Rivinus 

Editor,  Special  Projects Martin  Williams 

Acquisitions  Editor   Paula  Roberts 

Production  and  Design  Manager Lawrence  J.  Long 

Series  Publications  Supervisor Barbara  J.  Spann 

Distribution  Section  Supervisor   Rosa  E.  Maness 

Direct  Mail  Book  Division 

Editor-in-Chief    Patricia  Gallagher 

Senior  Editor Alexis  Doster  III 


594  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Recordings  Division 

Executive  Producer James  R.  Taylor 

Associate  Producer Margaret  Robinson 

Editorial  and  Design  Coordinator Jane  Sapp 

SMITHSONIAN  MAGAZINE 

Editor    Don  Moser 

Executive  Editor  Ralph  Backlund 

Members,  Board  of  Editors: 

Caroline  Despard  Nancy  Seaman 

Jim  Doherty  Paul  Trachtman 

Timothy  Foote  John  P.  Wiley,  Jr. 
Bennett  Schiff 

Publisher    Joseph  J.  Bonsignore 

Associate  Publisher,  Advertising   Thomas  H.  Black 

Associate  Publisher,  Circulation Anne  Keating 

General  Manager  Carey  O.  Randall 

Printing  and  Distribution Ruth  Ravenel 

Production  Manager   E.  Cherry  Doyle 

Consultant  to  the  Magazine Edward  K.  Thompson 

VISITOR  INFORMATION  AND  ASSOCIATES' 
RECEPTION  CENTER 

Director    Mary  Grace  Potter 

Deputy  Director   Carolyn  Clampitt 

Manager,  Information  Resources 

Division    Maria  Heasly 

Manager,  Staff/Volunteer/Intem 

Service   Unit    Sally  Covel 

Manager,  Public  Inquiry  Mail  Unit  ....  Debora  Fletcher 
Manager,  Telephone  Information 

Program   Katherine  Neill 

Coordinator,  Group  Information  Services  Julia  Daniel 
Coordinator,  Information  Outreach 

Program   Molly  Sawyer  Campbell 

Office  Manager Bee  Gee  Livsey 


ADMINISTRATION 

Assistant  Secretary   John  F.  Jameson 

Planning  Officer   Robert  L.  Farrell 

Contracting  Officer,  Contracts  Office  .  .  .  Elbridge  O.  Hurlbut 

Director,  Management  Analysis  Office   .  John  G.  Motheral 

Director,  Office  of  Equal  Opportunity  .  .  Will  Douglas,  Jr. 

Director,  Office  of  Facilities  Services  .  .  .  Tom  L.  Peyton,  Jr. 

Director,  Office  of  Design  and 

Construction    Phillip  K.  Reiss 

Director,  Office  of  Plant  Services  ....  Kenneth  E.  Shaw 

Director,  Office  of  Protection  Services  Robert  B.  Burke,  Jr. 
Director,  Office  of  Information  Resource 

Management    Richard  H.  Lytle 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  595 


Director,  Office  of  Personnel 

Administration    Howard  Toy 

Director,  Office  of  Printing  and 

Photographic  Services James  H.  Wallace,  Jr. 

Director,  Office  of  Programming  and 

Budget    Jon  E.  Yellin 

Director,  Office  of  Supply  Services    .  .  .        Robert  P.  Perkins 
Director,  Travel  Services  Office  Ann  H.  Krafthofer 


FINANCIAL  MANAGEMENT  ACTIVITIES 

Treasurer   Ann  R.  Leven 

(Appointed  8/1/84) 

Assistant  to  the  Treasurer John  R.  Clarke 

Financial  Analyst  Frances  C.  Rooney 

Assistant  Treasurer,  Office  of 

Accounting  and  Financial  Services  .  . .  Allen  S.  Goff 

Senior  Systems  Analyst John  P.  Howser 

Cash  and  Investment  Analyst Adele  R.  Bock 

Chief,  Systems  and  Payroll  Division.  .  Edward  J.  Ballotta 
Assistant  Director,  Office  of  Accounting 

and  Financial  Services Shireen  L.  Dodson 

Deputy  Assistant  Director Forrest  R.  Park 

Director,  Office  of  Grants  and  Risk 

Management    Phillip  H.  Babcock 

Assistant  Director,  Grants 

Management    Rick  R.  Johnson 

Assistant  Director,  Risk  Management  Robert  J.  Fellerath 

Director,  Business  Management  Office  .  James  J.  Chmelik 

Product  Licensing  Specialist Ann  I.  McClellan 

Parking  Coordinator Carolyn  E.  Jones 

Food  Services  Administrator Roland  W.  Banscher 

Director,  Smithsonian  Museum  Shops  Samuel  J.  Greenberg 

Director,  Mail  Order  Division Donald  E.  Press 


OFFICE  OF  THE  GENERAL  COUNSEL 

General  Counsel Peter  G.  Powers 

Associate  General  Counsels   Marie  C.  Malaro 

Alan  D.  Ullberg 
Assistant  General  Counsels: 

Robert  A.  Dierker  Marsha  S.  Shaines  James  I.  Wilson 

George  S.  Robinson  Sharon  White  Senghor 


OFFICE  OF  MEMBERSHIP  AND  DEVELOPMENT 

Director    James  McK.  Symington 

Deputy  Director  E.  Jeffrey  Stann 

Development  Officers   Donna  B.  Ari 

Catherine  E.  Baer 
Salvatore  G.  Cilella,  Jr. 
Arthur  W.  Gardner 
Research  Coordinator Susan  J.  Kalcik 


596  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


NATIONAL  ASSOCIATE  PROGRAM 

Director    Jacqueline  Austin 

Administrative  Assistant  Irene  losefsohn 

Program  Coordinator  for 

the  Women's  Committee Marta  Doggett 

Lecture  and  Seminar  Program 

Program  Manager   Charlene  James-Duguid 

Program  Assistants   Amy  Kotkin 

MaryBeth  Mullen 
Nancy  Starr 
Contributing  Membership 

Program  Manager   Janet  Fesler 

Program  Assistant  William  Stewart 

Associates  Travel 

Program  Manager,  Domestic 

Study  Tours Prudence  Clendenning 

Program  Manager,  Foreign 

Study  Tours Barbara  Tuceling 

RESIDENT  ASSOCIATE  PROGRAM 

Director    Janet  W.  Solinger 

Associate  Director,  Administration  ....       Eugene  S.  Szopa 

Associate  Director,  Programming   Edmund  H.  Worthy,  Jr. 

Program  Coordinators    Roslyn  Beitler 

Paul  J.  Edelson 
Moya  B.  King 
Carol  L.  Malmi 
Marcus  L.  Overton 

Associate  Program  Coordinators Anna  Caraveli 

Penelope  P.  Dann 
Karen  M.  Gray 
Elizabeth  H.  McClung 
Alice  D.  Spencer 
Susan  S.  Taub 

Art  Director Margaret  V.  Lee 

Public  Information  Specialist/Editor  . . .       Karen  R.  Sagstetter 

Associate  Editor Bruce  E.  Tapper 

Publicist  Catherine  J.  Cole 

Membership  Coordinator Jeanne  B.  George 

Assistant  Membership  Coordinator  ....       Claudette  E.  Moore 

Registration  Manager  Marjorie  L.  Walker 

Assistant   Registration  Manager   Xenia  S.  Arnelle 

Volunteer  Coordinator   Elinor  K.  Emlet 


OFFICE  OF  COORDINATOR  OF  PUBLIC  INFORMATION 

Coordinator  Lawrence  Taylor 

Executive  Officer Eileen  Hall 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  597 


OFFICE  OF  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 

Director    Alvin  Rosenfeld 

Assistant  Director   Madeleine  Jacobs 

Public  Affairs  Specialists: 

Susan  Bliss  Margaret  Langrall  Linda  St.  Thomas 

Mary  Combs  Kathryn  Lindeman  William  G.  Schulz 

Johnnie  Douthis  David  Maxfield  Rachel  Sears 

Richard  Friedman  Ingrid  Mendelsohn  Lilas  Wiltshire 

OFFICE  OF  CONGRESSIONAL  LIAISON 

Special  Assistant  to  the  Secretary Margaret  Hird 

Congressional  Liaison  Assistant Carey  Wilkins 

OFFICE  OF  SPECIAL  EVENTS 

Director    Barbara  Spraggins 

Assistant  Director   Anne  Blattberg 


READING  IS  FUNDAMENTAL,  INC. 

Chairman  of  the  Board Mrs.  Elliot  Richardson 

President    Ruth  Graves 

Executive  Assistant   Nancy  Sullivan 

Director  of  Development  Wade  St.  Clair 

Director  of  Supplier  and 

Organizational  Relations   Barbara  Atkinson 

Director  of  Financial  Operations Todd  Palmquist 

Director  of  Parent  Services  and 

Publications     James  Wendorf 

Program  Services  Officer Jessie  L.  Lacy 

Regional  Program  Coordinator Mary  Chor 

Subcontract  and  Data  Retrieval  Officer  .  Don  Perron 

Resource  Coordination  Specialist Harry  Noles 

Finance  Manager   Donna  M.  Wagley 

Materials/Supplies  Manager    Calvin  L.  McFadden 

Writer/Editors    Gail  Oerke 

Victoria  Heland 


WOODROW  WILSON  INTERNATIONAL  CENTER 
FOR  SCHOLARS 

Director    James  H.  Billington 

Deputy  Director  Prosser  Gifford 

Editor    Peter  Braestrup 

Librarian    Zdenek  V.  David 

Publications  Program  Manager Elizabeth  Dixon 

Assistant  Director  for  Administration  . .  William  M.  Dunn 

Secretary,  Kennan  Institute Herbert  J.  Ellison 

Secretary,  American  Society  and  Politics 

Program    Michael  J.  Lacey 

Secretary,  Latin  American  Program  ....  Richard  M.  Morse 

Secretary,  Asia  Program   Ronald  A.  Morse 


598  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Assistant  Director  for  Development  ....       George  Liston  Seay 
Assistant  Director  for  Fellowships  and 

Coordinator  of  History,  Culture,  and 

Society    Ann  Sheffield 

Executive  Assistant  to  the  Director Mernie  Wright  Weathers 

Secretary,  International  Security  Studies 

Program   Samuel  F.  Wells,  Jr. 


JOHN  F.  KENNEDY  CENTER  FOR  THE  PERFORMING  ARTS 

Artistic  Director Marta  Istomin 

Director  of  Operations  Thomas  R.  Kendrick 

Deputy  Director  of  Operations    Geraldine  M.  Otremba 

General  Manager  of  Theaters Judith  O'Dea  Morr 

Associate  Manager  of  Theaters Richard  H.  Owens 

Controller    Clifton  B.  Jeter 

Director  of  Development  Jillian  H.  Poole 

Director  of  Building  Services Edward  G.  Schessler 

Budget  Officer Verda  V.  Welch 

Administrative  Assistant  for 

Programming     Wayne  Richardson 

Director  of  Education Jack  W.  Kukuk 

Marketing  Director   John  H.  McAuIiffe 

Director  of  Communications Laura  Longley 

Manager  of  Sales  Carl  A.  Matte 

Data  Systems  Manager Thomas  A.  Hickok 

Multi-Cultural  Affairs  Adviser Archie  L.  Buffkins 

Executive  Director,  Friends  of  the 

Kennedy  Center  Thomas  J.  Mader 


NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  ART 

President    John  R.  Stevenson 

Vice-President Carlisle  H.  Humelsine 

Director    J.  Carter  Brown 

Deputy  Director John  H.  Wilmerding 

Dean,  Center  for  Advanced  Study  in 

the  Visual  Arts Henry  A.  Millon 

Treasurer    Robert  C.  Goetz 

Administrator   Joseph  G.  English 

Secretary-General  Counsel Carroll  J.  Cavanagh 

Chief  Curator  Sydney  J.  Freedberg 

Construction  Manager Hurley  F.  Offenbacher 

Assistant  to  the  Director,  Music   Richard  Bales 

Assistant  to  the  Director,  Public 

Information   Katherine  Warwick 

Assistant  to  the  Director,  Special  Events  Genevra  Higginson 
Assistant  to  the  Director, 

Corporate  Relations A.  C.  Viebranz 

Planning  Consultant   David  W.  Scott 

Chief  Librarian J.  M.  Edelstein 

Chief,  Education  Department Danielle  Rice 


Appendix  7.  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Its  Subsidiaries  I  599 


Head,  Extension  Programs    Ruth  R.  Perlin 

Head,  Art  Information  Service Elise  V.  H.  Ferber 

Editor    Frances  Smyth 

Chief,  Photographic  Laboratory   WilUam  J.  Sumits 

Curator  of  Photographic  Archives Ruth  Rowe  Philbrick 

Head,  Photographic  Services  Ira  A.  Bartfield 

Head  Conservator   Ross  M.  Merrill 

Chief  of  Exhibitions  Program D.  Dodge  Thompson 

Chief,  Department  of  Design  and 

Installation    Gaillard  F.  Ravenel 

Acting  Registrar Mary  E.  Suzor 

Managing  Curator,  Records  and  Loans .  Suzannah  Fabing 
Senior  Curator,  Curator  of  Prints 

and  Drawings  Andrew  C.  Robison,  Jr. 

Curators  of  Northern  Renaissance 

Painting    John  O.  Hand 

Martha  A.  Wolff 
Curator  of  Southern  Renaissance 

Painting    David  A.  Brown 

Curator  of  Northern  Baroque  Painting.  .  Arthur  K.  Wheelock 

Curator  of  Southern  Baroque  Painting.  .  Sheldon  Grossman 

Curator  of  American  Art   Nicolai  Cikovsky 

Curator  of  Sculpture Douglas  Lewis,  Jr. 

Curator  of  Twentieth-Century  Art Jack  Cowart 

Curator  of  Italian  Drawings Diane  DeGrazia 

Curator  of  French  Prints   H.  Diane  Russell 

Curator  of  Contemporary  Prints   Ruth  Fine 

Assistant  Dean,  Center  for  Advanced 

Study  in  the  Visual  Arts  Marianna  S.  Simpson 

Assistant  Treasurer/Controller Michael  W.  Levine 

Assistant  Administrator  George  W.  Riggs 

Associate  Secretary-General  Counsel   . .  Elizabeth  A.  Croog 

Assistant  Secretary    Kathrvn  K.  Bartfield 

Personnel  Officer   Michael  B.  Bloom 


600  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


APPENDIX  8.     Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in 
Fiscal  Year  1984 


The  Board  of  Regents  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  join 
with  the  entire  staff  in  thanking  all  of  the  Institution's  friends  for  their  gen- 
erous financial  support  and  for  their  gifts  to  the  collections.  If  perchance  the 
name  of  any  donor  has  been  omitted  from  the  following  list,  it  is  an  inad- 
vertence and  in  no  way  diminishes  the  Institution's  gratitude.  Many  gifts  were 
received  from  donors  who  prefer  to  remain  anonymous;  the  Smithsonian 
wishes  to  thank  them  for  their  generosity. 


SCIENCE 

NATIONAL  AIR  AND  SPACE  MUSEUM 
Donors  of  Financial  Support 

Estate  of  James  P.  Cahill  National  Space  Club 

Fairchild  Industries  Northrop  Corporation 

D.  M.  Hacker  Mr.  Grant  E.  Powell,  Jr. 

Mr.  Sidney  M.  Hicks  Senator  Jennings  Randolph 

Mr.  J.  Mark  Holmquist  Rolls  Royce 

IDS  Advisory  Mr.  George  O.  Sims 

Mr.  Robert  M.  Lunny  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Irwin  Winkler 

Mrs.  Helen  J.  McCray  Melvin  Simon  and  Associates,  Inc. 

Donors  to  the  Collection 

Acorn  Products  (through  David  Quinn) :  2  slipper  socks. 

Aerospatiale  Inc.  (through  Georges  P.  Roche,  President) :  painting,  Avante- 
garde  of  Vertical  Flight,  by  Jack  Pardue. 

Agawam  Historical  Society  (through  Marilyn  Curry) :  concrete  door  lintel. 

Atlas  Van  Lines  (through  Bill  Muncey  Industries) :  Atlas  Van  Lines  U-1  hydro- 
plane. 

Mrs.  Bernt  Balchen:  flying  helmet  and  goggles. 

Lt.  Jeff  Bauer:  U.S.  Air  Force  navigator  badge,  and  a  325th  bomber  squadron 
patch. 

Mr.  Donald  O.  Beck:  aircraft,  Beck-Mahoney  Sorceress. 

Mr.  Mike  Bortsheller:  model,  Taylor  E-2  cub. 

Mr.  Michael  Boss:  2  paintings,  Winnie  Mae,  and  Alhambra  Morning,  by 
Michael  Boss. 

California  Institute  of  Technology  (through  James  A.  Westphal) :  3  vidicon 
tubes. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Warren  Bush  (Phyllis) :  painting.  Spring  Morning,  by  William  S. 
Phillips. 

Ms.  Kathleen  Cantin:  painting.  Lone  Eagle,  by  Kathleen  Cantin. 

Civil  Air  Patrol  Historical  Committee  (through  Col.  Louisa  S.  Morse) :  collec- 


601 


tion  of  awards  and  insignia  of  the  Civil  Air  Patrol  including  3  chevrons, 
35  badges,  9  insignias,  4  patches,  2  pins,  3  ribbons,  1  crest,  and  1  medal. 

Cessna  Aircraft  Company:  collection  of  avionic  equipment  (88  items). 

Color  Marketing  Concepts  (through  Edward  E.  Mullen) :  2  bronze  sculptures. 
Dig  and  Continental  Divide,  by  Greg  LeFevre. 

Mr.  Steve  Cox:  painting,  untitled  (P-26  Peashooter),  by  Steve  Cox. 

Mrs.  C.  M.  Cunningham:  aircraft.  Quickie,  homebuilt. 

Captain  Arthur  D.  Dean,  Jr. :  U.S.  Navy  winter  flying  suit.  World  War  II. 

E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  and  Company:  aircraft.  Solar  Challenger. 

Egyptian  Air  Force  (through  General  Saad  Shabaan) :  aircraft,  Hispano  HA- 
200  Cairo. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Eney:  windscreen  frame  from  Pitcairn  Mailwing. 

Federal  Aviation  Administration  (through  General  Services  Administration, 
region  9) :  aircraft,  Fairchild  C-123  Provider. 

Federal  Express  Corporation:  aircraft,  Dassault  Falcon. 

Mr.  John  R.  Fleischer:  2  paintings.  Gee  Bee  at  Springfield  and  Rapide,  by 
John  Fleischer. 

Mr.  James  Frederick:  4  drawings,  Stearman,  P-26  Peashooter,  J-3  Piper  Cub, 
and  T-6  Texan,  by  James  Frederick. 

Mr.  Louis  Gallo:  gunsight,  German  World  War  II. 

Mr.  Paul  W.  Gillan:  painting.  First  Commercial  Air  Mail,  by  Paul  W.  Gillan. 

Mr.  Marvin  M.  Green:  photo  album  with  autographs. 

Mr.  Robert  K.  Grubb:  painting.  The  Duck,  by  Robert  Grubb. 

Mr.  Billy  J.  Guinnane :  two-blade  wood  propeller. 

Mr.  George  D.  Guzzi,  Jr.:  2  paintings.  We  dell-Williams  Racer  and  Super- 
marine  S6B,  by  George  D.  Guzzi,  Jr. 

Mr.  J.  Clifford  Hanna:  poster,  French,  World  War  I. 

High  Altitude  Observatory,  National  Center  for  Atmospheric  Research:  Lit- 
trow  spectrograph. 

Mr.  Frank  G.  Hoffman:  painting,  Curtiss  Carrier  Pigeon,  by  Frank  Hoffman. 

Mr.  Larry  Janoff:  2  paintings,  Montana  Mail  Contract  and  Cavorting  Around 
the  Cumulus,  by  Larry  Janoff. 

Mr.  Richard  Johnson:  U.S.  Navy  World  War  II  flying  jacket. 

Mrs.  Betty  Johnson-Shoon  and  Allie  B.  Johnson:  U.S.  Army  Air  Service  uni- 
forms and  memorabilia.  World  War  I:  2  garrison  caps,  service  coat,  service 
breeches,  4  pairs  of  leggings,  dress  service  coat,  dress  service  breeches,  ser- 
vice cap,  helmet,  service  shirt,  gas  mask,  2  duffle  bags,  sewing  kit,  identifi- 
cation tags,  eyeglasses,  2  medals,  lapel  pin,  4  books,  trench  mirror,  and 
collection  of  personal  papers  of  Forrest  Larkin  Berry. 

Kaman  Corporation:  painting.  The  Lamps  Team,  by  Donald  Vance  Cox. 

Mr.  Craig  Kodera:  painting,  Beechcraft  Means  Business,  by  Craig  Kodera. 

Mr.  Sarkis  Kojoyian:  pitot-static  tube. 

Mrs.  Eva  Kollsman:  Kollsman  altimeter. 

Mr.  Hugh  Laidman:  painting,  Winnie  Mae  Hung  up  in  Siberia,  by  Hugh 
Laidman. 

Mr.  Peter  Lautenslager:  painting,  untitled,  by  Peter  Lautenslager. 

Mr.  George  Lee:  model,  Sikorsky  Spirit  of  America. 

Mr.  Anthony  W.  Levier:  aircraft,  Monocoupe  Model  70. 

Mr.  Charles  Lock:  painting.  Checking  Drift:  First  Transpacific  Flight,  May, 
1928,  by  Charles  Lock. 

Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co. :  camera,  aerial,  Moby  Dick. 

Marathon  Battery  Company  (through  Richard  W.  Cowan) :  painting.  Mercury 
Astronauts,  by  Ted  Wilbur. 

Martin  Marietta,  Denver  Division:  scale  model.  Titan  Centaur  launch  vehicle. 

Mrs.  Chet  McCall:  painting.  Polar  Expedition,  by  C.  A.  L.  Laterman. 


602  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


McDonnell  Douglas  Corporation:  composite  rudder,  composite  speed  brake 

for  F-15,  and  Gemini  spacecraft  material  samples. 
Mr.  J.  G.  Mercer:  sailplane,  Applebay  Zuni  II. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  Miller  (Ivonette),  Wilkinson  and  Marion  Wright,  Horace 

and  Susan  Wright,  Milton  Wright  and  John  Jameson:  original  propeller  for 

Wright  1903  Flyer. 
Mr.  Frank  Mitchell :  model,  Boeing  P12E  aircraft. 
Mr.  Brian  David  Moose:  painting.  Wrong-way  Corrigan's  Robin,  by  Brian 

David  Moose. 
Mr.  William  H.  Morris:  U.S.  Army  Air  Force  World  War  II  escape  map  and 

2  escape  flags. 
Mrs.  William  Nance  (Nancy) :  uniform  accessories  from  Mohawk  airlines. 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration,  Ames  Research  Center:  air- 
craft, HiMAT  remotely  piloted  vehicle. 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration,  Headquarters,  Washington, 

D.C. :   Guion  Bluford's   STS-8   inflight   coverall   garment,   2   STS-8   mission 

patches,  and  the  publication  Black  Wings:  The  American  Black  in  Aviation 

carried  on  the  Space  Shuttle  Challenger. 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration,  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory: 

model,  Seasat  remote-sensing  satellite. 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration,  Johnson  Space  Center:  STS-5 

checklist,  Richard  Truly's  Space  Shuttle  inflight  coverall  garment,  Apollo 

16  lunar  surface  cosmic  ray  experiment,  quadrant  reaction  control  system, 

six  samples  of  space  food  from  STS-1. 
Mr.  Robert  Nevin:  model,  Curtiss  1911  Hydroplane. 
Ms.  Kena  Rae  O'Connor:  1  gun  camera. 
Mr.  William  Odell :  model,  gunnery  training  aid. 

Ms.  Jeanne  Parker:  painting,  A  Bit  of  Aviation  History,  by  Jeanne  Parker. 
Mrs.  Jefferson  Patterson:  New  Testament  circa  1918,  U.S.  Army  Air  Force. 
Mr.  Martin  Pearl :  Breda  machine  gun  for  Italian  aircraft.  World  War  II. 
Mr.  Davis  Perkins:  2  drawings,  Alaska  Smokejumper,  Practice  Jump,  and  a 

painting  Lindbergh's  Enroute  to  Nome,  by  Davis  Perkins. 
Petrus  Operating  Company  (through  H.  Ross  Perot  Sr.) :  helicopter,  Bell  206L- 

I  LongRanger  II,  Spirit  of  Texas. 
Mr.  Robert  L.  Plogman:  painting.  Island  Airline's  Tin  Goose,  by  Robert  L. 

Plogman. 
Popular  Mechanics    (through   John   Linkletter,   Editor) :   painting.   If.    George 

Bush,  1943,  by  Ted  Wilbur. 
Post  Offers  International,  Inc.    (through  Jack  Carroll,  President) :   painting. 

Space  Shuttle  Columbia:  The  Pathfinder,  by  Kenneth  Kotik. 
Mr.  George  Pounden:  German  magneto. 

Mr.  Blair  Tarley  Pruitt:  handwritten  notebook  on  Liberty  engine,  circa  1918. 
Radio  Corporation  of  America,  Government  Systems  Division:  2  radio  trans- 
ceivers and  2  radio  control  sets. 
Mr.  Jack  Reed :  Balcomp  model  PBM-3  computer. 

Mr.  Lawrence  L.  Rice:  painting.  The  Ultimate  Flight,  by  Lawrence  L.  Rice. 
Mr.  Edwin  H.  Ryan:  painting.  Buttoned  Up  for  Paris,  by  Edwin  H.  Ryan. 
Mr.  Herbert  Schimmel:  2  prints,  Wright  Brothers  and  Concorde,  by  Ay-O. 
Mr.  Mark  W.  Scott:  painting,  Sikorsky's  Classic,  by  Mark  W.  Scott. 
Mrs.  Vikki  Slowe:  3  prints.  Eclipse,  Saturn  Rings  I,  and  Saturn  Rings  II,  by 

Vikki  Slowe. 
Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory:  Baker-Nunn  camera. 
Smithsonian  Institution  Resident  Associate  Program:  print.  View  of  the  Mall 

from  the  Castle,  by  Richard  Hass. 
Mrs.  Mary  Smookler:  Norden  bombsight. 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  603 


Mr.  Max  R.  Stanley :  painting.  Flying  Wing,  by  Harlan  Krug. 

Mr.  Ralph  B.  Steele:  painting,  Winnie  Mae  at  the  Volga,  by  Ralph  B.  Steele. 

Mrs.  St.  Clair  Streett:  Mackay  medal,  and  Aero  Club  of  America  medal. 

Society  of  Flight  Test  Engineers :  Kelly  Johnson  Award  Trophy. 

Mr.  A.  L.  Sutton:  aircraft,  Bellanca  monoplane,  circa  1948. 

Mr.  Stanley  Tate:  two-blade  wood  propeller. 

Mr.  Edward  Tindall:  9  propellers,  4  carburetors,  2  oil  coolers,  2  antenna  masts, 
wheel  assembly,  rudder  pedals,  lift  strut,  and  ailerons. 

United  Technologies  (through  Sikorsky  Aircraft  Division) :  painting.  Evolution 
of  a  Helicopter,  by  Victor  Olson. 

U.S.  Army,  Aircraft  System  Division,  St.  Louis,  Missouri  (through  Paul  Hen- 
drickson) :  engine,  Lycoming  turboshaft. 

U.S.  Army,  Center  of  Military  History:  4  Japanese  World  War  II  bomb  fuses, 
2  aircraft  signals,  and  3  pairs  of  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps  flying  trousers. 

U.S.  Navy  (through  James  F.  Goodrich,  Secretary  of  the  Navy) :  aircraft, 
Grumman  G-21  Goose. 

U.S.  Navy,  Naval  Air  Propulsion  Center,  Trenton,  New  Jersey  (through 
Labro  Parish) :  Japanese  tire. 

U.S.  Navy,  Naval  Air  Station,  Willow  Grove,  Pennsylvania:  Junkers  Jumo  004 
turbojet  engine. 

U.S.  Navy,  Naval  Air  Systems  Command  Headquarters:  Allison  T78A-2  tur- 
boprop engine. 

U.S.  Postal  Service  (through  William  Bolger,  Postmaster  General) :  STS-8 
philatelic  cover. 

Mr.  Virgil  W.  Vaughan:  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps  garrison  cap,  service  coat,  dress 
gloves,  handkerchief,  scarf,  and  Air  Transport  Command  garrison  cap,  ser- 
vice coat,  service  shirt,  and  a  pair  of  trousers  with  belt. 

Mr.  Myron  Verville:  engineering  instruments;  German  depth  guage,  2  plani- 
meters,  a  pair  of  proportional  dividers,  and  a  turn  buckle. 

Mr.  James  Webb:  Presidential  medal  of  freedom,  2  pairs  of  bookends,  a 
plaque,  and  an  autographed  $20  bill. 

Mr.  T.  M.  Whaley:  wire  spoke  wheels  with  tires. 

Mr.  Gordon  E.  White:  collection  of  aircraft  radio  equipment;  49  radio  receiv- 
ers, 15  radio  transmitters,  relay  unit,  converter  unit,  2  glidescope  indicators, 
navigation  control  switch,  identification  unit,  4  tuning  units,  10  antennas, 
direction  finder,  test  set,  2  amplifiers,  automatic  selector,  27  control  boxes, 
5  frequency  meters,  2  generators,  9  test  units,  switch  box,  2  radio  filters, 
microphone,  7  radio  racks,  7  radio  mounting  bases,  signal  converter,  4  junc- 
tion boxes,  3  radio  compasses,  test  harness,  4  power  units,  dynamotor,  beam 
filter,  5  coil  sets,  keyer,  aligner  adapter,  vacuum  tube,  and  a  carrier  homer 
unit. 

Mrs.  Mary  A.  Yattaw:  U.S.  Navy  winter  flying  trousers.  World  War  II. 


Donors  to  the  Records  Management  Division 

Allied  Air  Force  Intelligence  Summaries:  Documents  (7  cubic  feet)  on  World 

War  II. 
Mr.  Warren  Bodie :  250  aircraft  photographs  and  negatives. 
Mr.  Gary  Brounstein:  146  photographs  and  756  negatives  of  aircraft  located 

in  European  museums. 
Mr.  Walter  J.  Boyne:  300  miscellaneous  aircraft  photographs. 
General  Ira  Eaker:  Photographs  and  scrapbooks  from  General  Eaker's  aide, 

James  Parton. 
Fairchild  Industries :  87  boxes  of  aircraft  technical  manuals. 


604  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  Vic  Fisher:  142  photographs  of  aircraft  in  the  Pima  Air  Museum. 

Ms.  C.  E.  Ganse:  Polish  Pioneer  Scrapbook. 

Mr.  Chalmers  H.  Goodliri:  Biographic  and  Burnelli  documentation  and  photo- 
graphs on  B-24  nose  art. 

Mr.  B.  P.  Gracie:  4  photographs  of  the  Burnelli  X-10. 

Mr.  Peter  Grosz:  Weyl-Grosz  Collection. 

Mrs.  P.  I.  Gunn  and  Mrs.  Victor  Bonnano:  Clippings  and  biographical  infor- 
mation on  P.  I.  "Pappy"  Gunn. 

Mr.  Terry  Gwynn-Jones :  150  early  flight  hand-tinted  slides. 

Mr.  K.  Hull:  4  photographs  of  Grumman  seaplanes  in  Alaska. 

Dr.  Patricia  Jacobberger:  Autographed  picture  of  Jimmy  Doolittle  in  his  Gee 
Bee  Racer. 

Mr.  Allen  Levine:  Mercenary  pilots  information. 

Mrs.  Sarah  Lindsey:  150  books  and  copies  of  U.S.  aeronautical  charts  from 
Mr.  McMullen's  collection. 

Mr.  Elliott  Robinson:  7  scrapbooks  of  general  aviation  photographs  taken  in 
Washington,  D.C.  area  pre-World  War  II. 

Mr.  Victor  Rosholt:  Magazine  and  9  photographs  of  the  Flying  Tigers. 

Mr.  Colin  Smith:  Postcards  of  Royal  Air  Force  and  aviation  events — first-day 
covers. 

Prof.  Luigi  Stipa:  Photographs,  postcards,  and  a  book  on  Stipa  Caproni  air- 
craft. 

St.  Clair  Street:  Photographs  and  personal  papers. 

United  Airlines:  Manuals  on  Boeing  SST  and  McDonnell  Douglass  DCX-200. 

Mr.  Bernard  Vosh:  Copies  of  the  Wright  brothers'  letters  and  sale  of  the 
Army  Flyer. 

Mr.  Woodbridge  Williams:  6  photos  of  Peterson  Field,  Colorado,  in  World 
War  II. 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY/ 
NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  MAN 

Donors  of  Financial  Support 

American  Gloxinia  &  Gesneriad  Society,  National  Capitol  Area 

American  Ornithologists'  Union 

Bruce  A.  Anderson 

Dr.  J.  Lawrence  Angel 

Anonymous 

Atlantic  Richfield  Foundation 

Mrs.  Virginia  E.  Blair 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Moren  Brown 

Mrs.  Beatrice  L.  Burch 

Dr.  John  M.  Burns 

Mr.  Paul  Caron 

Chevron  U.S.A.,  Inc. 

Daphne  D.  Comegys 

The  Cousteau  Society 

Mrs.  Roberta  D.  Cranmer 

Virginia  Dalton 

Estate  of  Francis  Drouet 

Earthwatch  Expeditions,  Inc. 

Dr.  Terry  L.  Erwin 

EXXON  Corporation 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  605 


Dr.  Oliver  S.  Flint,  Jr. 

University  of  Georgia 

Sumner  Gerard  Foundation 

Mr.  Gordon  P.  Getty 

Guilford  Industries,  Inc. 

Frances  D.  Haverkampf 

Mrs.  Betty  Jane  Hays 

Amy  E.  Higgins 

Dr.  Robert  Higgins 

The  Henry  L.  Hillman  Foundation 

Houghton  Mifflin  Company 

International  Union  for  Conservation  of  Nature  and  Natural  Resources 

John  B.  Iverson 

Jeremy  F.  Jacobs 

Mrs.  Sara  F.  Kraus 

Dr.  Karl  V.  Krombein 

Robert  Lehman  Foundation,  Inc. 

Dr.  E.  Lewis  Lipps 

Edgar  J.  Maiz 

Lilly  King  Manning 

Dr.  Wayne  N.  Mathis 

John  H.  Miles,  Jr. 

Mill  Pond  Press,  Inc. 

Mrs.  Rosemary  Monagan 

National  Geographic  Society 

National  Institute  on  the  Holocaust 

Joan  W.  Nowicke 

The  Jessie  Smith  Noyes  Foundation,  Inc. 

Mr.  Phillip  OTarrall 

Mr.  Lloyd  E.  Raport 

Eugene  and  Elise  Resnick 

Mrs.  Mary  L.  Ripley 

The  Rock  Foundation 

Susan  B.  Rubnitz 

Evert  I.  Schlinger 

James  and  Shirley  Seamen 

Stanwyn  G.  Shetler 

The  South  Florida  Chapter  of  the  Palm  Society,  Inc. 

Marguerite  M.  Stinson 

Mary  Horner  Stuart  Foundation 

Texaco,  Inc. 

Andrea  Treiber 

The  Washington  Biologists'  Field  Club,  Inc. 

Elizabeth  M.  Watson 

Elizabeth  S.  Watts 

Cynthia  Marie  Weinand 

Mrs.  Carole  M.  Weinstein 

Carolyn  H.  Weinstein 

Mrs.  Annie  B.  Wetmore 

Weyerhauser  Company  Foundation 

Mr.  John  White 

Caroline  W.  Wilkes 

Mrs.  Priscilla  N.  Williams 

Jean  Davies  Wright 

George  R.  Zug 


606  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Donors  to  the  National  Collections 

INDIVIDUALS 

Aaronheim,  Robert  E.:  325  butterflies  (358116,  358517). 

Abbott,  Dr.  R.  Tucker:  1  mollusk  (356602). 

Agard,  John:  29  mollusks  (355556). 

Albini,  Anthony  J.:  3  minerals  (354606,  359316). 

Al-Far,  Dr.  Darwish  Mostafa:  1  meteorite  (359989). 

Alvarez,  M.  Belinda:  8  sponges  (358236). 

Amestoy,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Simon:  1,117  miscellaneous  insects  (357182),  188  moths 

(358508). 
Amrine,  Dr.  J.:  16  black  flies  (358108). 

Anderson,  Mrs.  Verne  E.:  500  fossils,  500  mollusks  (358002). 
Andrews,  George:  1  fossil  whale  rostrum  (354780). 
Angle,  J.  Phillip:  1  mink  (360549). 
Arif,  Syed  M.:  9  minerals  (355930). 
Arnal,  Robert  E.:  28  fossils  (356099). 

Ashby,  Wallace  L. :  1  porpoise  skull  and  skelton  (355504). 
Asheim,  Arne:  9  minerals  (355918,  356825,  exchanges). 
Asher,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Charles:  29  fossils  (359800). 
Ausich,  Dr.  William  I.:  52  crinoids  and  cystoids  (359831). 
Avick,  Ben:  See  also  Charles  Meltzer  (340415). 
Ayala  L.,  J.  Manuel:  1  butterfly  (360353). 
Axelrod,  Miriam:  12  reptiles  and  amphibians  (347624). 
Babcock,  Loren  E.:  22  fossils  (355855,  356558,  358155). 
Baker,  Alan:  1  echinoderm  (359187). 

Baker,  Aura  L. :  8  fossil  seal  and  flounder  remains  (358191). 
Baker,  Wayne:  1  portion  of  a  fossil  whale  skull  (358193). 
Ball,  Dr.  George  E.:  8  insects  (360139). 
Barlow,  F.  John:  15  quartzs  (359351). 
Baum,  John  L.:  4  minerals  (354676,  359331). 
Baumann,  Dr.  R.  W.:  2  stoneflies  (359382). 
Begley,  R.:  1  crystal  model  (355958). 
Bell,  Rex  R.:  mineral  samples  (359329). 
Bell,  Dr.  Ross  T.:  2  insects  (361336). 
Belsky,  Howard:  12  minerals  (356748). 
Bernabe,  Ezio:  18  minerals  (357529). 

Beus,  Professor  Stanley  S.:  21  fossils  and  10  fossil  casts  (360721). 
Bevins,  Dr.  R.  E.:  1  mineral  (360029). 
Bideaux,  Richard:  2  minerals  (359339). 
Biernbaum,  Dr.  Charles  K.:  450  worms  (360043). 
Bivin,  Kenneth  L.:  1,636  beetles  (360333). 
Blade,  Arlene:  8  plants  (356146). 
Blanchard,  Andre:  4  small  moths  (358098). 
Blasdell,  Francis  S.:  2  amphibians  (353804). 
Blood,  Fred  B.  See  also  Marceile  B.  Riddich  (307412). 
Blodgett,  Dr.  R.  B.:  8  fossils  (358224). 
Bogar,  Daniel  S.:  32  insects  (358076,  360330). 
Boggs,  Robert:  5  minerals  (359938). 
Bogoch,  Dr.  Ron:  1  mineral  (357522). 
Bogum,  Mary:  1  fossil  seal  toe  bone  (358192). 
Bohaska,  David  J.:  37  fossil  seal  and  bird  remains   (357302,  358035,  359928, 

360132). 
Boone,  Daniel:  5  plants  (357051,  357059). 
Boucot,  Dr.  A.  J.:  1  brachiopod  (359892). 
Boyce,  James  R.:  43  fossil  plants  and  vertebrates  (357449). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  607 


Boyd,  John:  1  fossil  whales  tooth  (354784). 

Braswell,  Alvin  L.:  4  lizards  (357935). 

Bray,  Dr.  Dale  F.:  9  metallic  wood  boring  beetles  (358516). 

Brayfield,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  William:  1  cast  of  a  fossil  walrus  tusk  (360514). 

Brenkle,  Dr.  Paul:  148  fossils  (356682). 

Brenner,  David:  6  plants  (349698). 

Brett-Surman,  Michael:  1  fossil  cast  (360657). 

Brinkhurst,  Dr.  Ralph  O.:  26  worms  and  20  worm  slides  (360386). 

Brisbin,  I.  Lehr:  3  birds  (358618). 

Brittain,  Mary  Ann:  1  fossil  seal  phalanx  (358064). 

Brostoff,  Bill:  2  worms  (358120). 

Brou,  Vernon  Antoine:  50  insects  (360331,  361342). 

Brown,  Dr.  Harley  P.:  13  riffle  beetles  (360362). 

Brozdowski,  Dr.  Robert  A.:  See  also  Dr.  Gene  C.  Ulmer  (358406). 

Buchanan,  Paul  and  Helen:  12  fossil  vertebrates  (355568). 

Buchanan,  Helen:  See  also  Paul  Buchanan  (355568). 

Burges,  Roy  H.:  1  fossil  gray  seal  (360128). 

Burns,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Thomas:  3  fossil  seal  bones  (359918). 

Cadle,  John  E.:  2  fishes  (350235). 

Callegari,  Mario  C:  76  insects  (361338). 

Campbell,  Robert  H.:  16  fossil  woods  (359216). 

Canepari,  Dr.  Claudio:  234  beetles  (357195,  exchange). 

Cannon,  Bart:  See  also  Stuart  Fund  (357553). 

Cary,  Steve  J.:  13  skippers  and  butterflies  (359374). 

Cardinale,  Gary:  1  fossil  seal  vertebra  (358226). 

Case,    Gerard    R. :    1    partial    fossil    sea    cow   rib   and   30   fossil    vertebrates 

(358916). 
Caspi,  Uri:  2  butterflies  (358082). 
Cekalovic  K.,  Dr.  Tomas:  1  insect  (360340). 
Chace,  Dr.  Fenner  A.,  Jr.:  1  crab  claw  (358152). 
Chapman,  Ralph  E.:  5  fossils  (356943). 
Chavez,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Henry:  1,188  moths  (358509). 
Chemsak,  Dr.  John  A.:  26  beetles  (358100). 
Cheng,  Hsien  Yu:  119  geckos  (357967). 
Chess,  Dr.  Tony:  12  worms  (355220). 
Chilman,  Mrs.  Ruth  E.:  90  ostracodes  (358492). 
Clarke,  A.  H.:  50  freshwater  mollusks  (359160). 
Clarke,  Dr.  J.  F.  Gates:  253  insects  (358103,  361535). 
Clench,  Dr.  William  J.:  980  land  and  brackish  water  mollusks  (359850). 
Cocroft,  Rex:  1  bird  (356032). 
Coffman,  John  F.:  68  moths  (359368). 
Collette,  Bruce  B.:  1  ratsnake  (357969). 
Collins,  Dr.  Henry  B.:  1  walrus  (357353). 
Collins,    Dr.    Margaret    S.:    25,967    miscellaneous    insects    and    arthropods 

(361555). 
Coon,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  William:  3  fossil  seal  and  whale  remains  (358062). 
Correia,  Robert  F.:  1  fossil  turtle  pygal  (356928). 
Coull,  Dr.  Bruce  C:  56  worms  (357024,  360975). 
Covell,  Dr.  Charles  V.,  Jr.:  35  butterflies  and  moths  (358512). 
Coveney,  Raymond  M.,  Jr.:  2  minerals  (359941). 
Cranfill,  Julian:  15  minerals  (354677,  356761). 
Crawford,  Robert:  7  birds  (355758). 
Cuffey,  Dr.  Roger  J.:  5  zoarias  and  4  epoxys  (357878). 

Cullinan,  Michael  D.:  2  fossil  blue  crabs  and  a  fossil  seal  phalanx  (359164). 
Cutler,  Dr.  Edward  B.:  41  worms  (358065). 
D'Attilio,  Anthony:  3  mollusks  (358997). 


608  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Dastych,  Dr.  Hieronim:  1  worm  (355567). 

Davis,  Dr.  Don  R.:  228  moths  (358500). 

Davis,  Mark  S.:  270  insects  (358102). 

De  C.  Rios,  Dr.  Eliezer:  2  mollusks  (355885). 

Degener,  Dr.  Otto:  14  plants  (358798). 

Dejong,  Dr.  D.  C.  D.:  1  plant  (356234). 

DeMark,  Ramon  5.:  14  minerals  (355891,  exchange);  1  mineral  (356823). 

Denham,  Dale  L.:  1  plant  (356175). 

Deno,  Dr.  Robert:  8  butterflies  (359377). 

Desautels,  Paul:  4  minerals  (361030). 

de  Vaugelas,  Dr.  Jean:  50  worms  (360367). 

Dillon,  Dr.  Lawrence  5.:  383  mammalian  hearts;  1  bird  heart  (353670). 

Dinerstein,  Dr.  Eric:  3  bats  (357377). 

Diniz,  Frei  Jorge  L.  Machado:  4  ants  (354140). 

DiSalvo,  Dr.  Louis  H.:  43  mollusks  (354130,  355517). 

Ditadi,  Dr.  A.  S.  F.:  1  worm  (356593). 

Douglas,  Raymond:  31  fossil  fish,  bird,  and  mammal  remains  (357441). 

Downs,  Dr.  William  G.:  8  caddisflies  (361334). 

Drez,  Paul  E.:  1  partial  fossil  sirenian  rib  (354732). 

Dunlap,  Harry  C:  2  gray  squirrels  (357364). 

Eaton,  Dr.  Stephen  W.:  81  bird  skeletons  and  4  bird  skins  (347819). 

Echols,  Thomas  G.:  1  frontlet  with  horns  (360543). 

Eisele,    Reverand    Robert:    102    butterflies    (358085,    361340);    114    butterflies 

(358101,  exchange). 
Eldredge,  Glen  A.:  80  mollusks  (359883). 
Eleischer,  Dr.  Michael:  1  beryl  (358371). 
Emerson,  Dr.  K.  C.:  3,005  insects  (361552). 
Erdman,  Donald  5.:  12  crustaceans  (358239). 
Eriksson,  Roland:  18  minerals  (357518). 
Erseus,   Christer:    81    worms   and   23    worm   slides    (358269,   359479,    359819, 

361310). 
Eshelman,  Dr.  Ralph  E.:  1  fossil  whale  periotic  (354782). 
Evitt,  Dr.  W.  R.:  374  fossils  (359169). 
Ewing,  R.  Michael:  5  worms  (358156). 
Feather,  Russell,  II:  3  minerals  (359341). 

Feinglas,  Dr.  Mark:  24  minerals  {2>57575,  357576,  359335,  exchanges). 
Felix-Alves,  Dr.  Ilidio  A.:  538  marine  and  freshwater  mollusks  (352510). 
Ferguson,  Albert  L.:  1  fossil  seal  tibia,  fibula,  and  pelvis  (358222,  359501). 
Ferguson,  Dr.  George  R.:  20  wasps  (358496,  361315). 
Ferraiolo,  James:  2  minerals  (358421). 
Ferris,  Dr.  C.  D.:  215  butterflies  (359372). 
Finney,  Dr.  Stanley  C.:  7  graptolites  (358347). 
Fishelson,  Professor  Lev:  10  marine  mollusks  (360310). 
Fletcher,  Art:  1  mineral  (357528). 
Fonger,   George   C.:   fossil   fish,   mammal   and   reptile   remains,  1   fossil   seal 

skull,  2  fossil  bird  bones  (358219,  359125). 
Ford,  Everett  J.:  3  beetles  (358483,  exchange). 
Fordyce,  Dr.  R.  Ewan:  11  casts  of  fossil  whales  (355524). 
Foster,  Dr.  Nancy  M.:  354  worms  (356882). 
Foye,  Harry:  5  minerals  (354670,  358434). 
Franclemont,  Dr.  John  G.:  251  moths  (358106). 
Frazier,  Dr.  John  C.:  8  worms  (356745). 
Freed,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Charles  L.:  3  minerals  (357544). 
Freidberg,  Dr.  Amnon:  44  sawflies  (361539). 
Freitag,  Thomas  M. :  5  freshwater  mollusks  (358326). 
Friedrichsen,  Gary:  6  birds  (349940). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  609 


Fugler,  Charles  M.:  1,844  reptiles  and  amphibians  (350381,  351804,  351806). 

Funk,  Dr.  Vicki:  424  plants  (356160). 

Gaines,  Richard  V.:  3  tektites  (359991). 

Galli,  Don:  4  worms  (361360). 

Galvani,  G.:  14  minerals  (355896,  exchange). 

Garcia-Vidal,  Dr.  Miguel:  2  scarab  beetles  (361343). 

Garmo,  Torgeir  T.:  2  minerals  (356796). 

Gauthier,  Gilbert:  11  minerals  (358365). 

Gaylord,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Frank  and  Brian:  1  fossil  seal  jaw  (358346). 

Ceding,  Dr.  Dan:  6  bees  (360361). 

Gibson,  Mark  E.:  61  crustaceans  (313514). 

Gibson-Smith,  Dr.  J.:  19  marine  moUusks  (356979). 

Cigase,  Dr.  Paul  L.:  1  fossil  whale  skull  and  earbone  (357431). 

Gill,  Bruce:  59  ground  beetles  (361341). 

Gilmore,  I.  K.:  1  fossil  sea  cow  vertebra,  rib,  and  rib  fragments  (358466). 

Goodyear,  James:  3  toads  and  1  lizard  (298063). 

Grady,  Fred:  2  birds  (358616). 

Cray,  James  M.  and  Catherine  D. :  1  petrified  log  (357189). 

Gunther,  Lloyd  F.:  1  fossil  rock  slab  and  4  eocrinoids  (359798). 

Hahn,  Carl  R.:  1  mollusk  (358289). 

Hall,  Jack  C:  298  insects  (361639). 

Hammond,  Dr.  Paul  L.:  2  butterflies  (361350). 

Hansen,  Ernest  E.:  1  mineral  (356822). 

Harding,  Dr.  R.  R.:  4  minerals  (358435). 

Hardy,  Dr.  Alan:  12  beetles  (359531). 

Hardy,  Dr.  Clyde  T.:  1  meteorite  (358357). 

Hardy,  David:  1,000  crustaceans  (345606). 

Haridasan,  V.  K.:  21  plants  (356269). 

Haritos,  Mike:  2  quartzs  (355932). 

Harlan,  Major  Harold  J.:  268  true  bugs  (359370). 

Harmatuk,   Peter   J.:   3,931    fossil   vertebrates,   fossil   fish,   reptiles,   bird   and 

mammal  remains  (357440,  357651,  358261,  358535,  358876,  359167). 
Harrington,  Francis  A.:  24  bats  (350063,  353649). 
Harris,  Dr.  C:  1  mineral  (359980). 
Harris,  Dr.  Steven  C:  31  caddisflies  (358071,  360345). 
Harrison,  Dr.  Jessica:  43  casts  of  Tertiary  mammal  remains  (360534). 
Hartley,  Dr.  John:  13  worms  (356708). 
Hartsell,  Joe:  1  fossil  seal  canine  (357432). 
Hartshorn,  Dr.  Gary  S.:  3  plants  (357844). 
Hartstein,  Eugene:  fossil  shark,  bird,  and  seal  bones  (358154). 
Harvey,  Dr.  LeRoy:  83  plants  (357818). 
Haslam,  Dr.  H.  W.:  1  mineral  (360012). 
Hatziolos,  Marea:  20  marine  mollusks  (359478). 
Hauser,  Trudy,  Estate  of:  3,320  fossils  (355632). 
Hawes,  Bill,  Jr.:  66  fossil  seeds,  flowers,  cones,  and  leaves  (359162). 
Hayes,  Howard  J.:  9  crustaceans  (356670). 
Hayward,  Dr.  Bruce  W.:  7  fossils  (358989). 
Henderson,  Dr.  E.  P.:  10  minerals  (358387). 
Henderson,  William  A.,  Jr.:  4  minerals  (354667). 
Hendey,  Dr.  O.  B.:  188  mollusks  (355468). 
Hentz,  Dr.  Tucker:  1  fossil  (360515). 
Herman,  Dr.  Rudy:  7  worms  (356603). 
Hespenheide,  Dr.  Henry  A.:  31  beetles  (359373,  361537). 
Hevel,  Gary  F.:  14,454  insects  (360334). 
Higgins,  Dr.  Robert  P.:  1,000  worms  (357020). 
Highton,  Richard:  11  salamanders  (356039). 


610  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Hills,  Iris:  1  fossil  mastodon  lower  molar  (359927). 

Hilsenhoff,  Dr.  William  L.:  5  caddisflies  (361333). 

Hitchcock,  Dr.  Stephen  W. :  9,325  insects  and  arthropods  (357865). 

Hlavin,  Dr.  William  J.:  8  fossils  (359133). 

Hodges,  James  C,  Jr.:  200  caddisflies  (359379,  359903). 

Hollmann,  Ken:  4  minerals  (354671,  354675). 

Holzenthal,  Ralph  W.:  12  caddisflies  (360337). 

Horodyski,  Dr.  Robert  J.:  8  fossils  (355511,  360699). 

Houart,  Roland:  2  mollusks  (361139). 

Houchins,  Dr.  Lee:  1  arctic  fox  skin  (357397). 

Houser,  Mrs.  Trudy:  1,276  minerals  (355990). 

Howden,  Dr.  Henry:  1,700  beetles  (358495). 

Howe,  William:  78  butterflies  (360350). 

Hronik,  Richard:  11  minerals  (355916,  359955). 

Hubbard,  Dr.  F.  H:  1  mineral  (359299). 

Hueber,  Dr.  Francis  M. :  1  fossil  plant  (357019). 

Hughes,  John  M. :  5  minerals  (357506). 

Hulings,  Neil  C:  151  mollusks  (357200). 

Hutchings,  Dr.  Pat:  67  worms  (356467). 

Hyatt,  Dr.  John  A.:  19  skippers  and  butterflies  (357637,  358497). 

Hyne,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Frank:  1,289  fossil  fish,  bird,  reptile  and  mammal  remains, 

fossil  vertebrates  (356513,  358258,  358348,  359165). 
Ikezaki,  Dr.  Yoshishiro:  11  flower  flies  (357639,  exchange). 
Ikuji,  Dr.  Yukio:  163  fossils  (358259). 
Iliffe,  Dr.  Thomas:  25  worms  (342201). 
Ismay,  Dr.  John  W.:  764  flies  (361551). 
Ivie,  Michael  A.:  760  insects  (358104,  360360,  361335). 
Jacobs,  Jeremy  F.:  1  gecko  (357968);  13  beetles  (358077). 
Jamieson,  Dr.  Barrie:  2  worms  (360312). 
Jaxel,  Robert:  1  mineral  (361031). 

Jensen,  James  A.:  1  fossile  slab  of  bird  tracks  (356656). 
Jensen,  Martin:  25  minerals  (354666). 
Jinright,  Prince  E.,  Jr.:  1  fossil  sea  cow  rib  (360516). 
Johnson,  Bill:  1  worm  (355579). 

Johnson,  Dr.  C.  D.:  817  seed  beetles  (360341,  361339). 

Johnson,  Dr.  Gary  D. :  300  fossil  fish,  amphibian,  and  reptile  remains  (358342). 
Johnson,  Paul  J.:  2  pill  beetles  (360359). 
Johnson,  Thomas  T. :  3  brachiopods  (358661). 
Johnson,  Walter:  4  tiger  beetles  (358086,  exchange). 
Johnston,  Mary:  5  echinoderms  (355683). 
Jones,  Dr.  Garry  D.:  179  fossils  (360085). 
Jones,  Larry  and  Mark:  1  fossil  seal  sternebra  (357872). 
Jones,  Dr.  Robert  H.:  4,000  insects  (358494). 
Joy,  Dr.  James  E.:  3  worms  (357662). 
Kanhouwa,  Dr.  S.:  1  worm  (356980). 
Karr,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  J.:  7  fossil  fish  skulls  (358220). 
Kato,  Dr.  Akira:  1  mineral  (359308). 
Kauffman,  Garnet:  1  fossil  seal  tibia  (357031). 
Kavanaugh,  Dr.  David:  22  beetles  (360332). 
Kawakatsu,  Dr.  Masaharu:  16  worms  (355685). 
Kendall,  Roy  O.:  4  moths  (358087). 
Kenk,  Dr.  Roman:  8  worms  (356466). 
Key,  Charles:  3  minerals  (354648,  356762). 
Kilburn,  R.  N.:  1  mollusk  (356978). 
King,  Vandall:  3  minerals  (356769). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  611 


Kingery,  Dennis:  2  fossil  fruits  (358954). 

Kirchner,  Dr.  R.  F.:  17  insects  (360338,  360346). 

Klein,  William  L.:  2  sponges  (359518). 

Knisley,  Dr.  C.  Barry:  1  wasp  (358504);  4  tiger  beetles  (358515). 

Kohn,  Dr.  Alan  J.:  25  mollusks  (358450). 

Kolic,  John:  10  minerals  (354669,  357519,  359297). 

Kondratieff,  Dr.  Boris  C:  113  insects  (358110,  358115,  358499,  361549). 

Korpi,  Chris:  10  minerals  (354640,  exchange). 

Kosnar,  Richard  A.:  1  mineral  (355928). 

Krantz,  Dr.  Grover  S.:  4  plaster  casts  of  a  hand  and  a  footprint  of  "Big  Foot" 

(358068). 
Kranz,  Karl  R.:  1  reptile  (353661). 
Kraus,  Dr.  Karl:  11  crustaceans  (358530). 
Krauss,  Dr.  N.  L.  H.:  387  insects  (360344). 
Kristensen,  Dr.  Reinhardt:  50  worms  (358544,  358545). 
Kristoffersson,  Torgny:  7  minerals  (354656,  357533). 
Kudenov,  Dr.  Jerry  D.:  30  worms  (360323). 
Kurz,  Richard  M.:  3  mollusks  (358339). 
Lago,  Paul  K.:  1  ground  beetle  (361347). 
Lake,  Dr.  R.  W.:  20  blackflies  (360336). 
Lane,  John:  10  butterflies  (358081). 

Lanoie,  Dr.  Leo  O.:  7  snakes  (350027);  1  African  squirrel  (357371). 
Larsson,  Ronny:  2  echinoderms  (356738). 
Leitheuser,  Arthur  T. :  3  crayfishes  (358020). 
LeMone,  Dr.  David  V.:  1  fossil  (355853). 
Lenczy,  Dr.  Rudolph:  243,726  insects  (361553). 
Leobrera,  Carlos  and  Fely:  6  mollusks  (356740). 
Ling,  Cliff  E.:  3  minerals  (354429). 
Little,  Dr.  Elbert  L.,  Jr.:  240  plants  (357711). 
Loeblich,  Dr.  Alfred  R.,  Jr.  and  Dr.  Helen  Tappan  Loeblich:  47  fossils  (356581, 

361024). 
Longino,  Dr.  Jack:  10  stink  bugs  (358073). 
Maciolek-Blake,  Dr.  Nancy:  7  worms  (357663). 
Macielek,  Dr.  John  A.:  1,023  crustaceans  (299205). 

Mackay,  Anna  Case,  Estate  of:  1  emerald  and  diamond  necklace  (359946). 
Magnusson,  Fred:  1  fossil  (357457). 
Maksimovic,  Zoran:  9  minerals  (359943). 
Maldonado  Capriles,  Dr.  J.:  305  insects  (358088,  361534). 
Malinow,  Mrs.  Frances  C. :  2  fossil  teeth  (358343). 
Manby,  Dr.  G.  M.:  1  mineral  (360013). 
Mancke,  Dr.  Rudolph  E.:  12  fossil  teeth  (359762). 
Mariano,  Dr.  Anthony  N. :  1  mineral  (358424). 
Marrow,  Maxwell  P.:  50  mollusks  (359511). 
Marshall,  Elsie  J.:  44  mollusks  (355884). 
Martin,  Larry:  64  mollusks  (359852). 
Masner,  Dr.  Lubomir:  5  insects  (356920,  358123). 
Mather,  Bryant:  1  insect  (358507). 
Maxson,  Linda:  2  frogs  (357958). 
Mayer,  Dr.  John  J.:  1  mammal  (357305). 
McCoy,  Dr.   Floyd   and   Dr.    Grant   Heiken:   11    samples    of   dacitic   pumice 

(359933). 
McGuire,  Dr.  William  W.:  43  insects  (359386). 
McKinstry,  Mrs.  Tish:  1  fossil  (360383). 
McLean,  Dr.  James  H. :  29  mollusks  (358451,  exchange). 
McLellan,  Jack  H. :  3  fossils  echinoids  (358654). 


612  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Means,  D.  Bruce:  4  reptiles  (357943). 

Megaw,  Peter:  2  minerals  (359312);  2  minerals  (359312,  exchange). 

Meltzer,  Charles  and  Samuel,  and  Charles  Kaufman:  1  chrysoberyl  (340415). 

Merchant,  Ginger:  1  hawk  (355761). 

Messer,  A.  C:  2,536  insects  (361550). 

Metcalf,  Dr.  Arthur:  1  mollusk  (360140). 

Mikkelsen,  Paul  and  Paula:  26  mollusks  (356857). 

Miller,  H.  Lyman:  1  fossil  seal  skull  (357443). 

Miller,  Scott:  5  frogs  (356004). 

Mills,  Dr.  J.  W.:  10  fossils  (358257). 

Moler,  Paul:  5  frogs  and  tadpoles  (356086). 

Moore,  Dr.  Donald  R.:  2  mollusks  (361275). 

Moore,  Dr.  Paul  B.:  4  minerals  (358415). 

Moran,  Nancy:  6  insects  (360328). 

Morgan,  Leonard:  12  minerals  (354665). 

Morse,  Dr.  John  C:  56  insects  (359109). 

Morton,  Professor  Brian:  9  mollusks  (358878). 

Mortvedt,  Art:  43  mammals  (353613). 

Murdy,  Dr.  Edward  O.:  1  fish  (356310). 

Murphy,  William  L.:  297  flies   (358091);   370  miscellaneous  insects   (359371, 

360352). 
Murter,  Mrs.  Ruth:  1  fossil  seal  left  humerus  (357429). 
Muus,  Mrs.  Kristen:  500  worms  (357021). 
Nelson,  Thomas  W.  and  Jane  P.:  2  plants  (356194). 
Nemuras,  Kenneth  T. :  5  bog  turtles  (356061). 
Nestell,  Dr.  M.:  25  brachiopods  (360384). 
Neumann,  A.  C:  1  worm  (359248). 
Newton,  Dr.  Alfred:  1  insect  (358136). 
Norris,  Dr.  James  N. :  2  fishes  (356314). 
Nunnally,  Douglas  E. :  1  fossil  seal  astragalus  (358225). 
Oglesby,  Dr.  Larry:  1  worm  (291629). 

Opler,  Dr.  Paul  A.:  1,858  butterflies  and  dragonflies  (358498,  358501). 
Osorio,  R.  Cecelia:  100  mollusks  (360643). 
O'Sullivan,  John:  2  mollusks  (360938). 
Outlaw,  C.  B.:  21  minerals  (355941). 
Pague,  Chris  A.:  51  amphibians  (356063). 
Parker,  Dr.  C.  R.:  3  insects  (358111). 
Parr,  Dr.  W.  H. :  1  mineral  (357520). 
Parson,  Donald:  64  birds  (358631). 
Peacor,  Dr.  Donald  R.:  3  minerals  (355974). 
Pecor,  James:  265  insects  (358099). 
Pence,  Jesse:  1  fossil  walrus  jaw  (359231). 
Pericart,  Dr.  J.:  2  lace  bugs  (360343). 
Pessagno,  Dr.  Emile  A.,  Jr.:  8  fossils  (360044). 
Petersen,  Dr.  John  L.:  27  blackflies  (359381). 
Peterson,  Dr.  Mary  E. :  40  worms  (358024). 
Petit,  Dick:  44  fossils  (357875). 
Philip,  Dr.  Kenelm  W.:  3  butterflies  (358083). 
Phillips,  Charles:  1  mineral  (356760). 
Pickett,  Joseph  F.,  Sr.:  71  crustaceans  (342348,  357461). 
Pinch,  William  W.:  29  minerals  (357549,  357558). 
Pinkerton,  Mrs.  C.  E.:  26  mollusks  (355600). 
Pippin,  Dr.  Warren  F. :  2  worms  (356707). 
Pletsch,  Dr.  Donald  J.:  1,093  mosquitos  (361546). 
Pocklington.  Pat:  2  worms  (359260). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  613 


Polhemus,  John  T. :  161  true  bugs  (358511). 

Por,  Professor  F.  D.:  250  worms  (357022). 

Preston,  Douglas:  4  ranid  frogs  (356015). 

Pulawski,  Dr.  W.  J.:  10  insects  (358131). 

Quick,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Murphy:  2  fossils  (356897). 

Radowsky,  Dr.  Frank:  36  insects  (359532). 

Rahn,  Russell  A.:  1,012  insects  (357194,  358069,  361401). 

Razowski,  Dr.  Jozef :  1  insect  (358097). 

Reddell,  Dr.  James:  8  true  bugs  (358506). 

Reed,  Clyde  F.:  6  plants  (359603). 

Reese,  Dr.  Ernst  S.:  60  worms  (292714). 

Rehder,  Dr.  Harald  A.:  4  snails  (360072). 

Reid,  Dr.  David  G.:  369  mollusks  (356896,  361306). 

Reiger,  George:  4  birds  (355791). 

Rice,  Dr.  Stanley  A.:  3  worms  (361202). 

Riddick,  Marceile  B. :  2,000  fresh  water  mollusks  (307412). 

Rigby,  Dr.  J.  Keith:  1  fossil  (356848). 

Riker,  Norman   L.:   25   fossil   bird,   seal,   and   fish   remains    (357430,   359232, 

360123);  4  sharks  teeth  (358958). 
Riva,  Dr.  John:  26  fossils  (358953). 
Rivers,  Ann:  1  fossil  mastodon  tooth  (358341). 
Roberts,  Willard:  3  minerals  (358410,  359313). 
Robinson,  Dr.  A.  G.:  14  insect  slides  (358514,  360347). 
Robinbson,  George:  2  minerals  (357524). 
Rodriquez,  Charles:  1  fossil  marlin  hypural  (360655). 
Roemhild,  Dr.  George:  2  insects  (361349). 
Rozman,  Dr.  X.  S. :  55  brachiopods  (357301). 
Russell,  David:  300  worms  (359170). 
Sabrosky,  Dr.  Curtis  W.:  1,790  flies  (358084,  360342). 
Sachet,  Dr.  M.  H.:  45  snails  (360071). 
Sala,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Frank  P.:  353  moths  (358505). 

Salers,  Thomas:  1  fossil  mammoth  tooth  and  partial  scapula  (358340). 
Sato,  Professor  Naonobu:  1  meteorite  (356753). 
Schmetzer,  Dr.  Karl:  2  minerals  (357523,  357593). 
Schmieder,  Dr.  Robert  W. :  21  crustaceans;  525  worms  (355566). 
Schneider,  Vincent  P.:  244  fossil  vertebrates  (358312,  360656). 
Schneider,  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Vincent  P.:  5,260  fossil  fish,  reptile,  bird,  and  mammal 

remains  (357458);  3,370  fossil  vertebrates  (358256). 
Schultz,  Dr.  George  A.:  11  crustaceans  (356668). 
Scott,  Dr.  David:  6  fossils  (358983,  361193). 
Scott,  Dr.  R.  W.:  1  fossil  (355854). 
Scott,  Randy:  4  fossil  seal  portions;  2  teeth  (357188). 
Scudder,  Dr.  G.  G.  E.:  29  true  bugs  (358114). 
Sheldon,  Mrs.  Alice  Bradley:  25  ambers  (356786). 
Sherman,  Kevin:  14  worms  (357879). 
Shipp,  Dr.  J.  L.:  9  flies  (358112). 
ShuUey,  J.:  1  fossil  whale  vertebra  (355569). 
Simpson,  Dr.  Karl  W. :  40  worms  (356706). 
Skafer,  Jeffrey:  1  mineral  (357580). 
Smith,  Anna  M. :  1  fossil  walrus  skull  (358344). 
Smith,  Doris:  1  fossil  tooth  (358484). 
Smith,  Dr.  Julian  P.  S.,  Ill:  4  worms  (358917). 
Smith,  Larry:  1  sharks  tooth  (360126). 
Snyder,  Dr.  Scott  W.:  3  fossil  teeth  (354783,  358988). 
Sobrevila,  Claudia:  60  spiders  (360339). 


614  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Soponis,  Dr.  Annelle  R.:  7  insect  slides  (359385). 

Spangler,  Dr.  Paul:  10  crustaceans  (318427). 

Spry,  Dr.  Paul  G.:  2  minerals  (358402). 

Squires,  Dr.  Hubert  J.:  30  crustaceans  (357889). 

Sreenivasan,  P.  V.:  6  mollusks  (355886). 

Staines,  Charles:  333  water  beetles  (359380). 

Stanaland,  Mrs.  L.  J.:  1  fish  (357238). 

Stark,  Dr.  William  P.:  2  stoneflies  (359383). 

Starnes,  Dr.  Wayne:  8  crustaceans  (356531). 

Steadman,  David  W. :  1  mammal  (353607). 

Steiner,  Warren:  7  butterflies  (358074). 

Stewart,  Dr.  K.  W.:  3  stoneflies  (361348). 

Stewart,  R.  L.:  4  minerals  (358433). 

Steyskal,  George  C. :  44  insects  (361541). 

Stockwell,  Henry  P.:  6  weevills  (359375);  159  ground  beetles  (358105). 

Stolburg,  Craig  S. :  5  minerals  (354693). 

Struve,  Dr.  Wolfgang:  9  plaster  casts  of  3  brachiopods  (357459). 

Sturmer,  Dr.  W.:  8  fossils  (356098). 

Sullivan,  Dr.  Boiling:  2  crustceans  (358542). 

Swanson,  Fran:  1  pair  of  shark  jaws  (357212). 

Swartz,  Mrs.  Ruth  H.:  5,000  ostracodes  (357877). 

Swindell,  Clyde:  171  fossil  vertebrates  (358237,  359258). 

Tasch,  Dr.  Paul:  235  fossils  (359855,  359931). 

Taylor,  Calvin  E.:  9  fossil  bird  and  pinnipeds  (358221). 

Taylor,  Harold  M.:  11  minerals  (355894). 

Taylor,  Dr.  Paul  M.:  10,436  insects  (359376). 

Teichgraeber,  Dr.  R. :  1  mineral  (357578). 

Tczap,  Brenda:  1  fossil  crustacean  (358453). 

ten  Hove,  Dr.  Harry  A.:  1  mollusk;  265  worms  (357652). 

Terrell,  Dr.  E.  E.:  2  plants  (357060). 

Theokritoff,  Dr.  George:  23  trilobites  (360535). 

Thomas,  Richard:  15  blind  snakes  (353824). 

Thomasson,  Joseph  R. :  30  fossil  miocene  sedges  (361257). 

Thompson,  Dr.  John  N.:  1  moth  (358493). 

Thompson,  Dr.  Lynn  C:  10  ground  beetles  (358113). 

Tichenor,  Harold  W.:  1  fossil  (360501). 

Tillmanns,  Dr.  E. :  3  minerals  (358350). 

Titgen,  Richard  H. :  1  worm  (360974). 

Townsend,  Dr.  Forrest  I.,  Jr.:  1  whale  skull;  1  dolphin  skull  (357375). 

Trauth,  Stanley  E.:  2  geckos  (353802). 

Trelawney,  John  J.:  1,590  minerals  (325152). 

Trinkaus,  Dr.  Erik:  6  casts  of  Neanderthal  skeletons  (358066), 

Tucker,  John  K.:  10  mollusks  (356681). 

Turner,  Mrs.  Lillian:  1  jadeite  bracelet  (355931). 

Turner,  Dr.  Ruth:  100  worms  (308383). 

Tutt,  Mrs.  Henry,  III:  1  fossil  seal  vertebra  (358223). 

Ulmer,  Dr.  Gene  C:  35  igneous  rocks  and  xenoliths  (358406). 

van  Achterberg,  Dr.  Ing.  C:  4  insects  (358122). 

van  Dyk,  Marius  F.:  1  mineral  (358407). 

van  der  Vecht,  Dr.  J.:  5  wasps  (358107,  exchange). 

Van  Dooren,  Dr.:  1  mineral  (358398,  exchange). 

Vardy,  Dr.  Colin:  2  insects  (360953). 

Yokes,  Dr.  Emily  H.:  3  mollusks;  8  fossils  (358452). 

Wagner,  Paula:  1  partial  fossil  seal  postcanine  (357876). 

Walenta,  Dr.  Kurt:  6  minerals  (357521,  358436). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  615 


Warwick,  Dr.  Richard  M.:  30  worms  (357023). 

Wass,  Dr.  Robin:  2  bryozoas  (356683,  358911). 

Watkins,  Dr.  Rodney:  21  brachiopods;  3  latex  pulls  (359891). 

Waiters,  G.  Thomas:  3  marine  mollusks  (359851). 

Weaver,  Dr.  John:  16  caddisflies  (359378). 

Weems,  Dr.  Robert  E.:  240  fossils  (358345). 

Weir,  Dugan  R.:  3  opals  (354664). 

Welzenbach,  Michael:  1  fossil  mackeral;  1  fossil  drumbfish  (359233). 

Wemple,  Peter:  2  turtles  (356005). 

Werner,  Tracey  K.:  1  long-tailed  weasel  (350023). 

Westcott,  Jim:  1  meteorite  (357515). 

Wheeler,  Dr.  Walter  H.:  1  fossil  whale  (354781). 

White,  John  Sampson:  1  mineral  (360030). 

Whitney,  Dr.  Nathaniel  R.,  Jr.:  1  grey  owl;  1  grouse  (355811). 

Wighton,  Dennis  C:  1  fossil  plant  (360248). 

Wilbur,  E.  T.:  2  petrified  woods  (359259). 

Wilke,  Dr.  E.  J.:  1  mineral  (358384). 

Williams,  Dr.  James  D.:  8  shrimps  (358668), 

Williams,  Margaret  A.:  1  mollusk  (360642). 

Wilson,  David  H.,  Estate  of:  8,000  minerals  (339767). 

Wilson,  John:  1  fossil  manatee  tooth  (358190). 

Wilson,  Robin:  5  worms  (360503). 

Winters,  Mrs.  Charles  E.:  15  minerals  (354673). 

Wolff,  Dr.  Jerry  O.:  1  white-footed  mouse  (357403). 

Woodhead,  Alfred  B.,  Ill:  1  fossil  (357442). 

Wright,  Eugenia  I.:  1,295  marine  mollusks  (355563). 

Yager,  Jill:  3  shrimps  (355725). 

Yntema,  J.:  21  beetles  (358079). 

Young,  Dr.  Frank  N.:  1,011  water  beetles  (358080,  359388). 

Yount,  Victor:  5  minerals  (356797,  359305). 

Yuou-ren,  Dr.  Chen:  10  brachiopods  (357018). 

Zeihen,  Dr.  Lester  G.:  6  minerals  (357534). 

Zibrowius,  Dr.  Helmut:  100  echinoderms  (355872). 

Zimmerman,  Dr.  James  R. :  6,800  beetles  (361548). 

Zottoliu,  Dr.  Robert:  14  worms  (355723). 

Zullo,  Dr.  Victor  A.:  32  fossil  barnacles  (358944,  360698) 

NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK 

Donors  of  Financial  Support 
Anonymous 
Ms.  Christine  E.  Haley 
The  Harkness  Fellowships 
T.  H.  Harris  Junior  High  School  students 
Dr.  July  S.  McKee 
Olalla  Guest  Lodge 
Ms.  Samantha  Pendleton 
Ms.  Nikki  Schaubroeck 
Ms.  Joan  M.  Sobczak 
Mr.  Jay  VanDerZee 
The  Warden-Garden  School 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  C.  Warren 

Grants 
American  Association  of  Zoo  Veterinarians 
Friends  of  the  National  Zoo 


616  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


The  Wildcat  Foundation 

Wildlife  Preservation  Trust  Fund  International,  Inc. 

World  Wildlife  Fund 

Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia 

SMITHSONIAN  TROPICAL  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE 

ALTERNATIVES  TO  DESTRUCTION 

W.  Alton  Jones  Foundation 

DEFORESTED  AREAS  PROJECT 

J.  Sn\ithson  Society-Smithson  Award 

MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  GREEN  IGUANA 

J.  Smithson  Society 

CONSERVATION  IN  PANAMA 

The  Women's  Committee  of  the  Smithsonian  Associates 

AGRO-SILVICULTURE  PROJECT 

Downstate  Medical  Center 

FELLOWSHIp/aSSISTANTSHIP  PROGRAM 

Citibank,  N.  A. /Panama  Market  Managers  Limited,  5.  A. 

Exxon  Corporation  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ben  L.  Moyer 

Panama  Kodak  Companies 

DIVING  PHYSIOLOGY  OF  SEA-SNAKES 

Tupper  Foundation 

ROBERT  L.  SILBERGLIED  MEMORIAL  FUND 

M.  Joseph  Gordon  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  Newman 

Professor  James  W.  Crier  Eileen  K.  Schofield 

HISTORY  AND  ART 

ANACOSTIA  NEIGHBORHOOD  MUSEUM 

Austin  Edmund  Bladen:  Bill  of  Sale  by  Lee  Whitson  for  one  Negro  woman 
charity,  dated  16  November  1826;  two  five  dollar  bills  of  the  Confederate 
States  of  America;  one  one-hundred-dollar  bill  of  the  Confederate  States  of 
America. 

ARCHIVES  OF  AMERICAN  ART 

Donors  of  Financial  Support 

$10,000  AND  ABOVE 

The  Brown  Foundation  The  Henry  Luce  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joel  S.  Ehrenkranz  The  Andrew  W.  Mellon  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  B.  Ford,  II  The  John  Sloan  Memorial  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cordon  P.  Getty  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  Alfred  Taubman 

The  Henry  E.  Huntington  Library  Times  Mirror  Foundation 

and  Art  Gallery  Warner  Communications 
The  Lehman  Foundation 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  617 


$5,000  AND  ABOVE 


Miss  Caroline  R.  Alexander 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  Stanton  Avery 
Viola  E.  Bray  Charitable  Trust 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Julian  Ganz,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Henry  C.  Johnson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dwight  M.  Kendall 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilbert  H.  Kinney 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Irvin  A.  Levy 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Howard  W.  Lipman 

Miss  Julienne  Michel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  L.  Mitchell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  H.  Murdock 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  F.  Shapiro 

Mrs.  Otto  L.  Spaeth 

Mrs.  Marcia  S.  Weisman 


$1,000  AND  ABOVE 

Anonymous 

"The  AE  Fund" 

Atlantic  Richfield  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jeffrey  Paul  Beck 

Mrs.  Marion  W.  Berger 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  A.  Bergman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Phillip  J.  Berman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Myron  Blank 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eli  L.  Broad 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Lee  Bunce 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Preston  Butcher 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  C.  Butler 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  J.  Carlson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Saul  Z.  Cohen 

Mr.  William  N.  Copley 

Mrs.  Robert  Coryell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Crichton 

Mr.  Trammell  Crow 

Mrs.  Susan  L.  Cullman 

Mrs.  Lucile  Daum 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  de  Cuevas 

Mrs.  John  de  Menil 

Mrs.  Peggy  de  Salle 

Mrs.  George  C.  Dillon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ahmet  M.  Ertegun 

First  Interstate  Bank  California 

Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Max  Fisher 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  D.  Forsch 
Mrs.  Helena  Fraser 
Mr.  Marshall  M.  Fredericks 
The  Garrett  Corporation 
The  Wallace  Alexander  Gerbode 

Foundation 
Goldsmith-Perry  Philanthropies,  Inc. 
George  and  Mary  Josephine  Hamman 

Foundation 
Mrs.  Alfred  C.  Harrison 
Mrs.  James  T.  Holland 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  L.  Kemper 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  F.  Kieschnick 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  L.  Klein,  Jr. 


Mrs.  James  D.  Klingbeil 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  R.  Landsman 

Mr.  Leonard  Lauder 

Mrs.  Harry  Lenart 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Manella 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Manney 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Manoogian 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Tom  F.  Marsh 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  D.  Mayer 

Mobil  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stuart  G.  Moldaw 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Truman  W.  Morsman 

Mrs.  Nancy  B.  Negley 

Mrs.  Muriel  Kallis  Newman 

The  New  York  Times  Company 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dan  Oppenheimer 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  David  B.  Pall 
The  Estate  of  Betty  Parsons 
Margaret  M.  Patch 
Mrs.  Shirley  Polykoff 
Mrs.  Dorothy  H.  Rautbord 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  P.  Reed 
Mrs.  William  L.  Richards 
Mrs.  Ednah  Root 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Rosekrans 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harris  Rubin 
Mrs.  Madeleine  H.  Russell 
Mrs.  Adolph  Schman 
Mrs.  Arlene  Schnitzer 
Mr.  Peter  Jay  Sharp 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Maury  L.  Spanier 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ronald  P.  Stanton 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerry  I.  Speyer 
Mrs.  Harold  Uris 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Vaughn,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Paul  Wattis 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerome  Westheimer 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dave  Williams 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred  S.  Wilsey 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  Bagley  Wright 


618  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


$500  AND  ABOVE 

Mrs.  Manville  H.  Abramson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  R.  Acquavella 

Mrs.  Anna  Bing  Arnold 

Mrs.  Alice  O'Neil  Avery 

Mrs.  Lionel  Bell 

Mrs.  Courtney  M.  Benoist 

Mrs.  F.  Henry  Berlin 

Mrs.  Marcia  Bielfield 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  L.  Biggs 

Mrs.  Harry  Bond 

Warren  and  Margot  Coville 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Burrill  B.  Crohn 

Leonard  and  Sophie  Davis 

Mrs.  Gladys  K.  Delmas 

Mrs.  Maria  Mercedes  de  Medina 

Mrs.  Lewis  W.  Douglas,  Jr. 

Mr.  James  F.  Duffy,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Dorothy  H.  Dunitz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barney  A.  Ebsworth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Feder 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  A.  Fleischman 

Mrs.  Ralph  G.  Fletcher 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  C.  Ford 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Fraad,  Jr. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Lewis  Fraad 

Miss  Elizabeth  H.  Fuller 

Mr.  Frederic  J.  Fuller,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  L.  Gitterman,  III 

Mr.  Arnold  B.  Glimcher 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  L.  Goldberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  E.  Haas 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Melville  W.  Hall 

Mrs.  David  Handleman 

Mrs.  lola  S.  Haverstick 

Mr.  James  R.  Harvey 

Mrs.  David  Hinks 

Mrs.  Alexander  Hixon 

Mrs.  Augusta  Jacobson  Hoiles 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sidney  Katzman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ralph  Konheim 

The  Koret  Foundation 

Mrs.  Joseph  Lauder 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ronald  S.  Lauder 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sam  Maddox,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Fleur  Manning 

Mrs.  James  E.  Marcus 

Mr.  Donald  B.  Marron 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  A.  Marstellar 

Miss  Eileen  E.  McKeon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  L.  McNeil 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  Melville 

Mrs.  Vaughn  B.  Meyer 

Mr.  Jack  Nash 

Mrs.  William  Negley 

The  Nusbaunas 

Mrs.  Henry  O'Neil 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  Oronshnik 

Mrs.  Henry  Pearlman 

Mr.  Stephen  M.  Peck 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerome  Pustilnik 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Chapin  Riley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Felix  Rohatyn 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Roob 

Mrs.  Herbert  D.  Schimmel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sherman  Schreier 

Mrs.  Mary-Leigh  C.  Smart 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nathan  Smooke 

Mr.  Ira  Spanierman 

Elaine  McKeon  Steil 

Mrs.  Jay  Sternberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mark  C.  Stevens 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  Susman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  L.  Swig 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  J.  Syufy 

Thiry  Foundation 

Mrs.  Alice  Traub 

Mr.  J.  T.  Trotter 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  Troubh 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  Tufo 

Mrs.  Barry  Wagner 

Mrs.  William  C.  Wallstein 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Weinstein 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Warren  R.  Woodward 

Mrs.  Edward  Wylie 


$250  AND  ABOVE 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  G.  Altschul 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Derby  F.  Anderson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leslie  H.  Arps 

Mr.  W.  N.  Banks 

Mr.  Morton  Barak 

Mr.  Robert  A.  Belfer 

Mr.  John  Berggruen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Max  N.  Berry 

Mrs.  W.  Earl  Blackburn 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  L.  Bradley 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  M.  Brown 

Mr.  H.  B.  Camden 

Mrs.  Edward  W.  Carter 

Mrs.  Chisholm  Cole 

Cynthia  Collins 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  D.  Dahling 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  M.  Danziger 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Francis  de  Marneffe 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  619 


Mrs.  Madelyn  dey  Smith 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  V.  Erickson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  Evins 

Mrs.  Robert  L.  Farmer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  G.  Fisher 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  W.  Fisher 

Ms.  Audrey  Flack 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  J.  Fried 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  J.  Friedlander 

Mrs.  K.  Evan  Friedman 

Mrs.  F.  Daniel  Frost 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seth  M.  Glickenhaus 

Mr.  Hyman  N.  Glickstein 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Goldman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Abner  Goldstone 

Mr.  David  S.  Gottesman 

Mr.  Gordon  Reeve  Gould 

Mrs.  Hugh  J.  Grant 

Mr.  Bernard  Green 

Mrs.  Robert  5.  Greenbaum 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sydney  Gruson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  V.  Hall 

Mr.  Joseph  Hardy 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  C.  Harris 

Mr.  Alfred  C.  Harrison,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  L.  Henritzy 

Mrs.  Walter  W.  Hess,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Karen  J.  Hixon 

Mr.  William  J.  Hokin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Siavosh  Honari 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Humphry,  III 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  David  Jacknow 

Mrs.  Katherine  A.  Johnson 

Mr.  Forrest  L.  Jones 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Lowell  Jones 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  S.  Kaufman 

Kennedy  Galleries,  Inc. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  Kessler 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leonard  E.  Kingsley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nat  Korash 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  W.  Kornblatt 

Mr.  Richard  P.  Kughn 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alvin  S.  Lane 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  I.  H.  Leopold 

Mr.  Warner  Leroy 

Mrs.  Fernand  Leval 

Mrs.  Janice  Levin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Levin 

Mrs.  Leonard  Levine 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alan  D.  Levy 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sydney  Lewis 

Mrs.  Irene  Chapellier  Little 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Lockwood 

Mrs.  Robert  A.  Magowan 


Mr.  Peter  L.  Malkin 

Mrs.  Phillis  P.  Marra 

Nini  Tobin  Martin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  P.  J.  Maveety 

Mr.  Robert  B.  Menschel 

Mr.  Douglas  D.  Mercer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  F.  Merriam 

Mr.  Jack  Mognaz 

Mrs.  Franklin  Murphy 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  D.  Murray 

Mrs.  Annalee  Newman 

Mr.  James  Niven 

Mr.  William  E.  O'Reilly 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  R.  F.  Penido 

Elizabeth  Spencer  Pfau 

Mrs.  Herbert  Polacheck 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leon  B.  Polsky 

Riva  Poor 

Mrs.  Barrie  Ramsay 

Mrs.  Dana  M.  Raymond 

Mrs.  John  P.  Renshaw 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Steven  Robinson 

Mrs.  Edwin  M.  Rosenthal,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Derald  Ruttenberg 

Yvonne  Sangiacomo 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  Scheuer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Schwartz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  Seid 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Steven  A.  Seiden 

Mrs.  Daniel  N.  Selin 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Silver 

Mr.  Louis  Sloss 

Mrs.  Robert  L.  Smith 

Mrs.  Nelson  E.  Smyth 

Mrs.  Arnold  P.  Spinosa 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Michael  Stein 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  W.  Stroh 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  J.  Supino 

Willard  and  Frederieke  Taylor 

Mrs.  William  C.  Tost 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lynn  A.  Townsend 

Mrs.  Hooper  Truetter 

Mrs.  Richard  Wagner 

Mr.  Sherle  Wagner 

Mrs.  Hudson  D.  Walker 

Ms.  Patricia  R.  Warner 

Mrs.  Ann  Kirk  Warren 

Mrs.  Joan  Washburn 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alvin  Wasserman 

Mrs.  Robert  R.  Williams 

C.  Wilson 

Mrs.  Enid  S.  Winslow 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  J.  Young,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roy  Zurkowski 


620  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


$100  AND  ABOVE 

Anonymous 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edmund  T.  Ahee 

Dr.  R.  Ajluni 

Mrs.  Richard  F.  Alden 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Gilman  Alkire 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hale  R.  Allen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  A.  Allesee 

Dr.  Lourdes  V.  Andaya 

Mr.  Adolphus  Andrews,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerome  Ash 

Miss  Susan  J.  Ashbrook 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  C.  Austin 

Mrs.  Samuel  Ayers,  III 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  Bade 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eliot  Bailen 

Mrs.  Norma  Baker,  Jr. 

Mr.  Richard  Brown  Baker 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lewis  E.  Ball,  II 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Bannon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  P.  Barnard 

Mrs.  Joyce  Barnes 

Mrs.  Will  Barnet 

Lola  Bauer 

Mrs.  S.  Baumgold 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bogdan  Baynert 

Mr.  Gifford  R.  Beal 

Mrs.  James  H.  Beal 

Toni  Beauchamp 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.  G.  Bechhoefer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sherman  Becker 

Mr.  Sidney  L.  Bergin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mandell  L.  Berman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Herbert  Bernard 

Mrs.  Lise  M.  Besthoff 

Mrs.  Peter  S.  Bing 

Mrs.  Laura  M.  Bishop 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  Glen  Bixby 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  Blanck 

Chotsie  and  Allan  Blank 

Mr.  Bill  Blass 

Mrs.  Robert  J.  Blinken 

Mrs.  Alvin  L.  Blume 

Miss  Florence  M.  Blume 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Johnson  S.  Bogart 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  Borman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  J.  Bortz 

Mrs.  Rena  Bransten 

Mrs.  Michael  Braude 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  L.  Braun 

Mr.  Fred  Braun,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Christoper  Brent 

Dr.  Philip  L.  Brewer 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  J.  Briggs 

Frances  and  Sidney  Brody 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  R.  C.  Brown 

Mr.  Peter  A.  Brown 

Miss  Doris  Bry 

Mrs.  Gilda  Buchbinder 

Mrs.  J.  Lawrence  Buell 

Bullock  and  Jones 

Mrs.  John  B.  Bunker 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kelton  M.  Burbank 

Mrs.  Patricia  Hill  Burnett 

Mrs.  Gene  Burton 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Irving  Burton 

Mrs.  Helen  R.  Busch 

E.  Button 

Mrs.  Martin  L.  Butzel 

Maria  Theresa  Caen 

Mr.  Alan  L.  Cameros 

Mrs.  Montgomery  Carter 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Courtney  J.  Catron 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Chambers 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Girard  Chester 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roger  Choukroun 

Mr.  Alfred  C.  Clark 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  D.  Clark 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  I.  Clarke 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ralph  F.  Colin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Timothy  Collins 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Jeffrey  J.  Colton 

Mrs.  David  Z.  Cook 

Mrs.  Janet  Coors 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  duPont  Cornelius 

Mr.  Gardner  Cowles 

Mr.  John  F.  Coy 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Earle  E.  Crandall 

Mrs.  Charles  Crocker 

Mrs.  Joanne  Toor  Cummings 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ronald  Daitz 

Mrs.  Chester  Dale 

Miss  Bernice  F.  Davidson 

Mrs.  Marion  S.  Davidson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Phillip  Davidson 

Mrs.  Mary  Macauley  Davis 

Mrs.  Walter  Davis 

Mrs.  Richard  M.  Day 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  R.  Day 

Mr.  Henry  De  Baldwin 

A.  De  Bretteville 

Christian  De  Guigne,  IV 

Messrs.  Dudley  and  Michael 

Del  Balso 
Mr.  Stephen  N.  Dennis 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  S.  Desilva 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Irwin  J.  Deutch 
Mrs.  Hallie  B.  Dewar 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Martin  Diamond 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  621 


J.  Digrazia 

Mr.  C.  Douglas  Dillon 

Gail  C.  Docktor 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  P.  Doerer 

Mrs.  Ray  Dolby 

Mr.  Wilfred  B.  Doner 

Mrs.  Lewis  W.  Douglas,  Jr. 

Mr.  Lawrence  F.  du  Mouchelle 

Larry  and  Jeanne  Dunlap 

Mr.  Frederick  Eberstadt 

Mrs.  Marriner  Eccles 

Mr.  Sanford  B.  Ehrenkranz 

Mrs.  George  M.  Endicott 

Mr.  Mats  Engstrom 

Mrs.  Robert  F.  Erburu 

Mrs.  Jimmy  Ernst 

Mr.  Edward  Estreito 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alex  Etkin 

Mr.  Richard  Evans,  II 

Mr.  Howard  Farber 

Mr.  Burton  D.  Farbman 

Anne  F.  Farish 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  L.  Feigen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morton  Feigenson 

Mr.  Stuart  P.  Feld 

Mrs.  Hortense  F.  Feldblum 

Mrs.  Florence  Feldman 

Mrs.  John  H.  Ferguson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Michael  R.  Fielding 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Findlater 

Fischbach  Gallery  Association,  Inc. 

Mrs.  Charles  T.  Fisher,  III 

Mr.  George  H.  Fitch 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Larry  E.  Fleischmann 

Mrs.  Mortimer  Fleishhacker 

Joan  H.  Fleming 

Mrs.  Edgar  B.  Flint 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Flood 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Norman  Foster 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thome  S.  Foster 

Xavier  Fourcade,  Inc. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barry  Frank 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ivan  Frankel 

Mrs.  Lonna  Franklin 

Mrs.  Frank  Freed 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Jacob  Freedman 

Mrs.  Richard  D.  Freemon 

Mrs.  John  5.  French 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.  H.  Friedman 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  M.  W.  Friedman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  Robert  Friedman 

Mr.  Vincent  Friia 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sheldon  Fuller 

Mrs.  David  B.  Fyfe 

Mr.  Karl  Gabosh 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alan  Gage 

Mrs.  Barbara  T.  Galpin 

Mr.  Marvin  Gerstein 

Mrs.  Florence  Gerstin 

Mr.  George  P.  Giaed,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Ross  Gilbert 

Mr.  Howard  Gilman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Emilio  Gioia 

Mr.  Herbert  Glantz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  Glen 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  C.  Glover 

Mr.  J.  Whitney  Godwin 

Ruth  Goetz 

Mrs.  Jay  Gold 

Mr.  Harmon  H.  Goldstone 

Mrs.  James  L.  Goodwin 

Mrs.  Mason  L.  Gordon 

Mr.  Alan  L.  Gornick 

Mr.  William  T.  Gossett 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  Graber 

Mr.  Charles  Grace 

Mrs.  Faye  S.  Green 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  J.  Greene 

Mrs.  Arthur  N.  Greenberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bernard  A.  Greenberg 

Ms.  Juliane  Greenwalt 

Mr.  Robert  Grew 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  Grinstein 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ceroid  M.  Grodsky 

Adrian  Gruhn 

Mr.  Thomas  Guinzburg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sherwood  W. 

Gumbinder 
Mrs.  Joseph  Haddad 
Mr.  Philip  J.  Hahn 
Anthony  Hail  Studio 
Mrs.  Emma  Swan  Hall 
Mrs.  Samuel  Hamburger 
Mrs.  Robert  Hamilton 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  H.  Hamm 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  E.  Hammonds 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Milton  Handler 
L.  Harlocker 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Reginald  Harnett 
Dr.  Susan  E.  Harold 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  Jan  Hartmann 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Neil  Haslett 
Mr.  Frank  G.  Hathaway 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  H.  Heaton 
Mrs.  Barbara  Whipple  Heilman 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Scott  R.  Heldfond 
Mrs.  Stephen  Heller 
Mrs.  Doris  Hepner 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Reinaldo  Herrera 
Mr.  David  Hill 


622  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  Frederick  D.  Hill 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Berry  Hill 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lee  Hills 

Mr.  Gerald  D.  Hines 

Hippo  Hamburgers 

Mrs.  Oveta  Gulp  Hobby 

Mrs.  Peter  Holbrook 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace  F.  Holladay 

Mrs.  Arthur  W.  Hoppe 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gedale  Bob  Horowitz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  J.  Horowitz 

Mrs.  Leonard  J.  Horwich 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Reagan  Houston 

Nancy  Hoving 

Mrs.  Edward  A.  Howard 

Mr.  Thomas  Garr  Howe 

Lisa  Hubbard 

Mrs.  J.  Stewart  Hudson 

Mr.  Frederick  G.  L.  Huetwell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  D.  Hulings 

Mrs.  Hadlai  A.  Hull 

L.  Hull 

Mrs.  Robert  E.  Hunter,  Jr. 

Miss  Milka  Iconomoff 

Mr.  John  D.  Ingraham 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lewis  Iselin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Herbert  H.  Jacob 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Earl  R.  Jacobs 

Mr.  Edward  Jacobson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  F.  Jewett,  Jr. 

Gatherine  H.  Johnson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred  Winslow  Jones 

Miss  Ghrystine  W.  Jones 

Mr.  Raymond  F.  Jones 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wolf  Kahn 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jacob  Kainen 

S.  R.  Kalt 

Mr.  Ron  Kane 

Mr.  Richard  L.  Kaplin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Maxwell  E.  Katzen 

Mr.  Eli  Kaufman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  B.  Kaufmann 

Mr.  Walter  Keating 

Mr.  Martin  A.  Kellman 

Mr.  Matthew  E.  Kelly 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Marvis  P.  Kelsey 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  M.  Kemper 

Mr.  William  Kemper 

Mrs.  Philip  J.  Keon 

Mr.  Tibor  Kerekes,  Jr. 

Mr.  Tarek  Kettaneh 

Mrs.  Virginia  W.  Kettering 

Mrs.  Thais  H.  Keuls 

Mrs.  Randolph  A.  Kidder 

Lyn  S.  Kienholz 


Leslie  J.  Kitselman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Klein 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  A.  Klingenstein 

Diana  Dollar  Knowles 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  L.  Koenigsberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  G.  Kokas 

Mrs.  Norma  Kosann 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Kramer 

Mrs.  Sylvia  Krause 

Mrs.  Annette  Kraushaar 

Miss  Brenda  Kuhn 

Mrs.  Geraldine  S.  Kundstadter 

Mrs.  Richard  Kux 

Mrs.  Roger  M.  Kyes 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Vernon  Lambertson 

Mrs.  W.  Loeber  Landau 

Dr.  Henry  G.  Landon,  III 

Mrs.  Richard  E.  Lang 

Dr.  Aveline  E.  Laxa 

Mrs.  Rodney  M.  Layton 

Mr.  Raymond  J.  Learsy 

Harriet  Lebish 

Mrs.  Herbert  G.  Lee 

Mr.  Orin  Lehman 

Mr.  Budd  Levinson 

Mrs.  Marcia  D.  Levine 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Noel  Levine 

Mr.  Walter  Levy 

Mrs.  Maryon  Davies  Lewis 

Mr.  Orme  Lewis 

Mr.  S.  H.  Lewis 

Dr.  Marjorie  Lewisohn 

Mrs.  Kim  Lie 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Liebowitz 

Mrs.  Ann  J.  Light 

Dr.  Donald  G.  Linker 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Morris  J.  Lipnick 

Mr.  Garl  D.  Lobell 

Mr.  Peter  Loeb 

Mrs.  Renee  Logan 

Marjorie  S.  Loggia 

Mr.  Meredith  Long 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  Lopatin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  O.  Love 

Mrs.  Madeline  M.  Low 

Mrs.  Hugh  Lowenstein 

Mr.  Henry  Luce,  III 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  M.  Luhn 

Jane  Lurie 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Munro  L.  Lyeth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Russell  Lynes 

Mr.  G.  Richard  MacGrath 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  D.  Mack 

Mrs.  Walter  S.  Mack,  Jr. 

Mr.  Russell  MacMasters 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  623 


Cyril  Magnin 

Mrs.  Robert  F.  Maguire,  III 

Mrs.  Lydia  W.  Malbin 

Mr.  Alexander  P.  Marchessini 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  P.  Marcus 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwin  Marks 

Mrs.  Samuel  Maslon 

Barbara  Mathews 

Mr.  David  H.  McAlpin 

Mrs.  Peter  McBean 

Mrs.  Eugene  McDermott 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  P.  McDowell 

Mrs.  Nan  Tucker  McEvoy 

Mr.  James  T.  McKay 

Mrs.  Hiram  W.  McKee 

R.  McLellan 

Mr.  Roderick  A.  McManigal 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Allen  Meier,  Jr. 

Mr.  Richard  Meier 

Crete  Meilman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  K.  Meisel 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Abraham  Melamed 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Phillip  H.  Meltzer 

Judith  S.  Merrill 

Drs.  Paul  and  Laura  Mesaros 

Mrs.  Jane  B.  Meyerhoff 

Mr.  Sam  Michaels 

Mrs.  John  Miller 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Martin  Miller 

Mrs.  Barbara  B.  Millhouse 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Irving  J.  Minett 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  A.  Minowitz 

Mrs.  Ralph  Mishkin 

Mrs.  William  H.  Moorhouse 

Mrs.  Kyra  Montagu 

Mr.  Edwin  Lee  Morrell 

Aaron  and  Barbara  Morris 

Mr.  Peter  Morris 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  Mortimer 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hugh  Mullan 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  S.  Myers 

Mr.  Raymond  D.  Nasher 

Mrs.  John  U.  Nef 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Netter 

Mrs.  Eldo  Netto 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roy  R.  Neuberger 

Jeanne  Martin  Neville 

E.  Newman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  L.  Nine 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Noble 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  Roderick  Nordell 

Mrs.  Dorothy  S.  Norman 

Louise  R.  Noun 

Mr.  Calvin  W.  Odom 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Kevin  O'Donnell 


Mrs.  Ernst  Ophuls 

Mrs.  Janice  C.  Oresman 

Mr.  Herbert  H.  Owens 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  John  Q.  Owsley,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Lynda  Palevsky 

Joan  R.  Palmer 

Mrs.  Patricia  M.  Papper 

Mrs.  Henry  Colb  Parkinson 

Pasadena  Art  Alliance 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Blair  C.  Pascoe 

Mr.  Arthur  Choate  Patterson 

Mrs.  Carl  Pearl 

Fannie  W.  Pelavin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  Pelosi 

Mrs.  Gerd  Perkins 

Mr.  Klaus  G.  Perls 

Mrs.  Cornelia  Perry 

Sally  Blevins  Peter 

B.  Petrie 

Mrs.  Donald  A.  Petrie 

Mr.  Donald  Petrulis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Laughlin  Phillips 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  Robert  Phillips 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gifford  Phyllips 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  Lynn  Pierson 

Ms.  Jeffie  Pike 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  Plotnick 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Terry  A.  Podolsky 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Saul  Poliak 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  J.  Poplack 

Mr.  Charles  Porter 

Mr.  William  Postar 

Mrs.  Robert  E.  Power,  Jr. 

Mrs.  John  Pritzker 

Virginia  Pyke 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Rakolta,  Jr. 

Mr.  Harvey  Rambach 

Ann  M.  Ramsay 

Ms.  Nanci  J.  Rands 

Mrs.  James  A.  Rawley 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Beach  Rea 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benjamin  Reder 

A.  Reeves 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jeffrey  M.  Resnick 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edgar  P.  Richardson 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  Rifkin 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bruno  Ristow 

Dr.  Launey  F.  Roberts,  Jr. 

Mr.  Trevor  C.  Roberts 

Sylvia  Robins 

Esther  and  Robert  Robles 

Mr.  David  Rockefeller 

Mrs.  James  J.  Rorimer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Rose 

Mr.  Frederick  P.  Rose 


624  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  Z.  Rose 

Dr.  Victor  J.  Rosen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Rosenberg 

Mrs.  Shirley  S.  Rosenberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mark  Rosenfeld 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  Cal  Rossi 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jeffrey  Roth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  M.  Roth 

Mrs.  Georgina  L.  Rothenberg 

Mary,  Viscountess  Rothermere 

Mr.  Irving  A.  Rubin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  W.  Russell,  Jr. 

Anna-Wells  Rutledge 

Mr.  Valerian  Rybar 

Saks  Fifth  Avenue 

Ms.  Judith  Ann  Schaffer 

M. Schangen 

Dr.  Ivan  C.  Schatten 

Mrs.  Ann  McGovern  Scheiner 

Rep.  and  Mrs.  James  H.  Scheuer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Abbott  Schlain 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  F.  Schlesinger 

Mrs.  Jo  Anne  Schneider 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Schoelkopf 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  Schoenith 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morton  L.  Scholnick 

Mr.  Harold  Z.  Schreiber 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Douglas  Schubot 

Mr.  Jacob  Schulman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  H.  Schultz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alan  E.  Schwartz 

Mrs.  Eugene  M.  Schwartz 

Miss  Ethel  Reduer  Scull 

Mrs.  Germain  Seligman 

Miss  Judith  Selkowitz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  C.  Seybolt 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arnold  Shapero 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederic  A.  Sharf 

Mrs.  Allan  Shelden,  III 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Harvey  S.  Sherber 

Mrs.  Richard  E.  Sherwood 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilbert  B.  Silverman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Simon 

Mr.  Anthony  Skvarla 

Mrs.  Charles  P.  Slater 

Mrs.  Helen  Farr  Sloan 

George  M.  and  Mable  H.  Slocum 

Foundation 
SLSRKJL  &  G  Charitable  Committee 
Mrs.  Lawrence  M.  C.  Smith 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  D.  Sohier 
Ms.  Janet  W.  Solinger 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gerald  Solomon 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerome  H.  Solomon 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Solomon 


Mr.  Robert  Sosnick 

Mr.  A.  G.  Spanos 

Mr.  Joel  Spears,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  P.  Spencer 

Mr.  Sam  Spiegel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marvin  A.  Starensier 

Mrs.  Alfred  R.  Stern 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  R.  Stevenson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sidney  Stoneman 

Mrs.  Leonard  H.  Straus 

Mrs.  Philip  A.  Straus 

Mr.  Peter  W.  Stroh 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  A.  Stulberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Emanuel  M.  Sulkes 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Sullivan 

Jane  E.  Suydam 

Mr.  Ernest  J.  Tall 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  Tanner 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jack  Tanzer 

Mrs.  Barbara  Temby 

Jacob  Y.  Terner,  M.D. 

Mr.  Eugene  Victor  Thaw 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  Harrison  Thayer,  III 

Mrs.  Louis  Tishman 

Mrs.  Barbara  B.  Toole 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kenneth  Toth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  L.  Tower 

Mrs.  Joyce  W.  Treiman 

Mrs.  Louise  Talbott  Trigg 

Mrs.  George  T.  Trumbull 

Mrs.  Helen  S.  Tucker 

Mr.  Richard  W.  Tucker 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerome  Turken 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  Anthony  Ullman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carl  Ulstrup 

Mrs.  Helen  Urban 

Mrs.  Joseph  A.  Vance 

Mrs.  Esteban  Vicente 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  C.  H.  Vortriede 

Mr.  Abbott  W.  Vose 

Miss  Lois  Wagner 

Mrs.  Sigmund  Wahrsager 

Mrs.  Michael  Wainstock 

Duane  A.  Wakeham 

Mrs.  Norton  Walbridge 

Mrs.  Brooks  Walker,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  M.  M.  Warburg 

Mrs.  Jeanne  L.  Wasserman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cameron  Waterman 

Mr.  F.  Carrington  Weems 

Mr.  Maurice  Weir 

Benjamin  Weiss 

Stephen  H.  Weiss 

Mrs.  Rudolph  W.  Weitz 

Mrs.  Elaine  Graham  Weitzen 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  625 


Herbert  C.  Wells 

Mrs.  Richard  Wengren 

Mrs.  Karl  L.  Wente 

Mrs.  Victor  Wertz 

Mrs.  Kathleen  L.  Westiri 

Mrs.  Harry  H.  Wetzel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Buff  Whelan 

Mrs.  Warren  Whipple 

Mrs.  Frances  J.  Whitney 

Mr.  Brayton  Wilbur,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  J.  Williams 

Mrs.  Frank  Willie 

Mrs.  Wallace  S.  Wilson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  H.  Wineman 

Mrs.  Isadore  (Beryl)  Winkleman 


Mr.  James  L.  Winokur 

Mr.  Marion  J.  Wise,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  W.  Wojtalik 

Mr.  Erving  Wolf 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  A.  Wollenzin,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Lois  E.  Womer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  A.  Wood 

Mr.  Robert  Carleton  Woolley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  H.  Wulfmeier,  III 

Mrs.  C.  Lacoppiban  Wyers 

Miss  Virginia  Zabriskie 

Mr.  Edward  Zampa 

Mr.  A.  Robert  Zeff 

Mr.  Jerome  R.  Zipkin 

Mrs.  Margaret  B.  Zorach 


COOPER-HEWITT  MUSEUM 
Donors  to  the  Collection 

Anonymous 

Associated  American  Artists 

Tony  Atkin 

Michelle  Beiny 

Mr.  &  Mrs.  Charles  Biggs 

Bradbury  and  Bradbury  Wallpaper 

Robert  Brooks 

Boris  Bucan 

California  Drop  Cloth 

Thomas  Carnese 

Mrs.  William  Chappell 

Cleveland  Museum  of  Art 

Cohama  Riverdale  Decorative  Fabrics 

Robert  Coleman 

William  Conklin 

Rosemary  Corroon 

Jacqueline  Davidson 

Dayton's  Department  Store 

Hellmuth  and  Hellgah  Dieken 

Ann  Dorfsman 

Etalage  Fabrics  and  Wallcoverings 

Milton  Glaser 

John  Goelet 

Yves  Gonnett  Inc. 

Marcia  and  William  Goodman 

Rose  Gottschalk 

Donna  Guimaraes 

Frank  Haines 

HGH  Designs 

Olav  Holden 

I.C.F.,  Inc. 

Andrea  Jeffries 

Mrs.  Ely  Jacques  Kahn 

Steven  and  Judith  Katen 

Michael  Knigin 

Knoll  International 


Charles  Lamar 

David  Landau 

Carolyn  Lansing 

Jack  Lenor  Larsen 

Nicholas  Meredith  Lederer,  Jr. 

Jurgen  Lehl  Co.  Ltd. 

Sonia  List 

Mary  Matthews 

Paul  Maurer 

Janet  Mavec 

Joseph  McCrindle 

Elinor  Merrell 

Mira-X  International  Furnishings 

Henrietta  Mueller 

Ruth  J.  Newman 

Marion  L.  Nickel 

Oslo  Museum  of  Applied  Art 

Marielle  Patnaude 

Glen  Peckman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  Pflueger 

Bernard  Poteau 

Public  I  Publicity  Services 

Rosanne  Raab 

Carolyn  Ray 

Elizabeth  Riley 

Kjell  Ringi 

S.  Dillon  Ripley 

Barbara  Rogoff 

Mary  and  Marcella  Roladelli 

Mrs.  Marvin  Rosen 

Alta  Grant  Samuels 

Lanette  Scheeline 

Ethel  Stein 

John  Torson 

Jeroen  Vinken 

Tsirl  Waletzky 


626  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Leonard  Weiss 

Mark  Feigenbaum  &  Ray  Wenzel 

Page  Williams 

Mrs.  Edith  H.  Yewell 


Dr.  George  A.  Zak 
Horst  Zimmer 
Zoo-Ink 


Donors  of  Financial  Support 

$50,000  OR  MORE 

Simpson,  Thatcher  &  Bartlett 

UP  TO  $50,000 
Schieffelin  &  Company 

$20,000  OR  MORE 

Mrs.  Karen  Johnson  Boyd 

$10,000  OR  MORE 

Mrs.  Helen  W.  Buckner 
Mr.  Lester  Morse 


Mobil  Oil  Corporation 


Janet  A.  Hooker  Charitable  Trust 
Helena  Rubinstein  Foundation 


$5,000  OR  MORE 

Cadwalader,  Wickersham  and  Taft 
Cleary,  Gottlieb,  Steen  and  Hamilton 
Charles  E.  Sampson  Memorial  Fund 
Haines  Lundberg  Waehler 

$1,000  OR  MORE 

Mrs.  Christan  Aall  (The  Port  Royal 

Foundation,  Inc.) 
Anonymous 

American  Express  Company 
Barnett  Banks  of  Florida 
Louis  L.  Brizel 

Coach  Leatherware  Foundation 
Conde  Nast  Publications 
DMC  Corporation 
Hallmark  Cards 
IBM  Corporation 
Knapp  Communication 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alexander  Kristal 
Lee/Jofa 
Helen  R.  and  Harold  C.  Mayer 

Foundation 

$500  OR  MORE 

William  A.  Anderson  Foundation 

Bloomingdale's 

Edward  Lee  Cave 

Anne  S.  Dayton 

A.  Theodore  Dell 

Mr.  Edward  Finkelstein 


Johnson  Matthey,  Inc. 
The  Pfizer  Foundation,  Inc. 
Salomon  Brothers,  Inc. 


Metropolitan  Life  Foundation 

Neuberger  &  Berman 

The  Ohrstrom  Foundation 

Lilliam  Nassau  Palitz 

Edith  and  Bill  Rudolph  Philanthropic 

Fund  of  the  Jewish  Communal 

Fund 
Frederick  P.  Sapirstein 
Dr.  Milton  Sapirstein 
Joseph  E.  Seagrams  and  Sons,  Inc. 
Mrs.  Ben  J.  Slutsky 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  Stanton 

(Through  New  York  Community 

Trust) 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  S.  Watkins 
John  E.  Wiley  &  Sons,  Inc. 


Harmon  Goldstone 

Grey  Advertising  &  Good  Neighbor 

Foundation 
Mrs.  Donald  Klopfer 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Sackler 
Eric  Shrubsole 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  627 


FREER  GALLERY  OF  ART 


Donors  of  Financial  Support 

AT&T 

Mr.  Franz  Bader  (Harold  P.  Stern  Memorial  Fund) 

Clark  Endowment  Fund 

Mr.  Peter  F.  Drucker 

Mrs.  Katharine  C.  Gettens  (John  A.  Pope  Memorial  Fund) 

Mrs.  George  Hegstrom 

Mrs.  Silvia  D.  Horvath 

Mr.  Thomas  Lawton  (John  A.  Pope  Memorial  Fund) 

Mr.  Richard  Louie 

Mr.  John  A.  Pope,  Jr.  (John  A.  Pope  Memorial  Fund) 

Reader's  Digest  Foundation  (John  A.  Pope  Memorial  Fund) 

Mr.  Marvin  Sadik  (Harold  P.  Stern  Memorial  Fund) 


Donors  to  the  Collection 

Anonymous:  In  Memory  of  Collector 

and  Connoisseur 

Helen  Dalling  Ling 
Mrs.  Margarite  Church 

Donors  to  the  Study  Collection 

Antique  Porcelain  Society  of 
Washington,  D.C.,  through 
Mrs.  Samuel  S.  Jack 

Mr.  Montgomery  Sears  Bradley 

Mrs.  Emily  L.  Callaghan 

Mrs.  Elinor  L.  Horwitz 

Donors  to  the  Library 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Winfred  H.  Anders 
Mrs.  Grace  Caley 
Lily  and  William  Chang 
Charlottesville/ Albemarle  Foundation 

for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Arts 
Institute  of  Oriental  Culture, 

The  University  of  Tokyo 
International  Cultural  Society  of 

Korea 


Mary  Livingston  Griggs  and  Mary 

Griggs  Burke  Foundation 
James  Smithson  Society 
Dr.  Stephen  R.  Turner 
Mr.  Mason  M.  Wang 

Mrs.  Nancy  H.  Keiser 
Mr.  William  Krossner 
Mr.  Fred  L.  Miller,  Estate  of 
Mrs.  Mildred  R.  Palmer 
Mr.  Robert  Lyle  Rinehart 


Mr.  James  W.  Kerr 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Murray  Lebwohl 

Mrs.  Dora  Lee 

Margaret  Mead,  Estate  of 

Mr.  Laurence  Roberts 

Ellen  Bayard  Weedon  Foundation 

Miss  Akiko  Yamagata 


HIRSHHORN  MUSEUM  AND  SCULPTURE  GARDEN 


Donors  of  Financial  Support 

William  and  Virginia  Brody 

Foundation 
Embassy  of  the  Federal  Republic  of 

Germany 
T.  M.  Evans 

Donors  to  the  Collection 

Thomas  J.  Bacas 
Lorenzo  Bonechi 
Mrs.  Kate  Champa 


Jerome  Greene 

Sydney  and  Frances  Lewis  Foundation 

Women's  Committee  of  the 

Smithsonian  Associate  Program 
L.  Yaseen  Foundation 


Gene  Davis 

Estate  of  John  Day 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sol  Fishko 


628  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Elinor  Fleming 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Herbert  Friedman 

Mrs.  Estella  Katzenellenbogen 

One  anonymous  donor 

Max  Robinson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leonard  Rubin 

Donors  to  the  Library 
Abram  Lerner 

Donors  to  the  Curatorial  Files 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sylvan  Schendler 


William  Schack 

Smithsonian  Institution  Resident 

Associate  Program 
Smithsonian  Institution  Mail 

Order  Division 


Charles  Millard 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AFRICAN  ART 


Donors  of  Financial  Support 

Atlantic  Richfield  Foundation 

Martin  W.  Bell 

Nancy  Bloch 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.  L.  Brody 

Rosemary  F.  Crockett 

David  C.  Driskell 

John  B.  Duncan 

Emil  Eisenberg 

Friends  of  the  National  Museum  of 

African  Art 
Joseph  Gerofsky 
Stanley  N.  Goff 
Hon.  S.  I.  Hayakawa 
Mrs.  Milton  P.  Higgins 
Michael  and  Janine  Hymann 
Nancy  Hull  Keiser 

Donors  to  the  Collection 

Vincent  Abramo 

Anonymous 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ernst  Anspach 

Samir  Borro 

Maria  Bush 

Richard  M.  Cohen 

Marc  Leo  Felix 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Chaim  Gross 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Lois 

Mr.  Salomao  Julio  Manhica 


David  Lloyd  Kreeger 
Richard  A.  Long 
John  L.  Loughran 
Beatrice  C.  Mayer 
G.  William  and  Ariadna  Miller 
Frank  E.  Moss 
Robert  H.  Nooter 
Phelps-Stokes  Fund 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  A.  Samuels 
Shell  Companies  Foundation 
Siff  Charitable  Foundation 
Irwin  Smiley,  C.L.U. 
Michael  R.  Sonnenreich 
Walter  E.  Washington 
Women's  Committee  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution 


Nancy  McMurray 

Robert  and  Nancy  Nooter 

Mrs.  Arthur  Okun 

Mme.  Aristides  Pereira 

Ms.  Maria  Carmen  de  Oliveira 

Ramos 
Warren  Robbins 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arnold  Syrop 
Mr.  Jorge  Tembe 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Luell  A.  Watts 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  ART 
Donors  to  the  Collection 


Mrs.  Gertrude  Aarons 
Steven  Aarons 
Donald  B.  Anderson 
Franz  Bader 
Dr.  Ruth  B.  Benedict 
Berry-Hill  Galleries,  Inc. 


Milton  C.  Bickford,  Jr. 
Adelyn  D.  Breeskin 
Herbert  Brook 
Conrad  Buff,  III 
William  Christenberry 
Haryette  and  Marcus  Cohn 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  629 


Max  Arthur  Cohn 
Columbia  Historical  Society 
Barbara  Latham  Cook 
Joseph  and  Robert  Cornell 

Memorial  Foundation 
Mrs.  Stefano  Cusumano 
Olin  Dows,  Estate  of 
Werner  Drewes 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Foster 
Messrs.  Melvin  and  H.  Alan  Frank 
W.  David  Frenzel 
Eugenie  Gershoy 
Albert  Glinsky 
Gordon  Holler 
Robert  Indiana 

Institute  of  the  American  West 
Mary  and  Richard  Isaacson 
Mrs.  Milton  Janus 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  Kaufman 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  Crosby  Kemper,  Jr. 
Gilbert  Kendrick 
David  Lloyd  Kreeger 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ferdinand  LaMotte  III 
Scott  H.  Lang 
Jack  Lenor  Larsen 
Carole  Sue  Lebbin 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Murray  Lebwohl 
William  H.  Levitt 
Lee  Lozowick 
Mary  Ryan  Gallery 
Mrs.  Alice  Lowdon  McGowan 
Catherine  Mcintosh 
Dr.  Francis  J.  Newton 
Frederick  C.  Page  and  Lowell  B. 

Page,  Jr. 


Mrs.  Jefferson  Patterson 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  School 

of  Dental  Medicine  (Thomas  W. 

Evans  Collection) 
Mrs.  Carl  W.  Peters 
Henry  H.  Ploch 
Mrs.  Charles  Prendergast 
Henry  Ward  Ranger  Fund,  through 

the  National  Academy  of  Design 
Juliet  Man  Ray 
Edward  Reep 
James  R.  Renwick  Collectors' 

Alliance 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Archives  of 

American  Art  (Transfer) 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Museum  of 

African  Art  (Transfer) 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Resident 

Associate  Program 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jeremiah  W. 

Robinson,  III 
Chuck  and  Jan  Rosenak 
Judge  and  Mrs.  Oliver  Seth 
Laura  Shechter 
Carlyle  H.  Smith 
Carolann  Smurthwaite,  Estate  of 
Janet  W.  Solinger 
Eloise  Spaeth 
Prentiss  Taylor 
Miss  Mildred  A.  Thompson 
U.S.  Federal  Trade  Commission 

(Transfer) 
Raymond  Wilkins 
Virginia  Zabriskie 


ART-IN-ARCHITECTURE  PROGRAM 

U.S.  General  Services  Administration 
(Transfer) 

Donors  of  Financial  Support 

The  Joe  L.  and  Barbara  B.  Allbritton 

Foundation 
Louise  Okie  Baker 
Sondra  Bleich 
Ruth  F.  and  G.  B.  Bohn 
Colleen  Brown 

Crystal  M.  and  Wesley  A.  Brown 
George  W.  Brown 
Simonne  L.  and  John  L.  Brown 
C&P  Telephone 
Mr.  Paul  Chesbro 
Chesebrough-Ponds  Inc. 
William  Montague  Cobb 
Harryette  and  Marcus  Cohn 


D.C.  Postsecondary  Education  Fund 

Dr.  A.  W.  and  Sophie  Danish 

Christine  Ray  and  Steve  G.  Davis 

Sylvia  V.  Dean 

Vera  Deckelbaum 

Cleveland  H.  Dodge  Foundation,  Inc. 

Dresher,  Inc. 

Jane  M.  and  Charles  C.  Eldredge 

Phyllis  G.  Fauntleroy 

Mary  Louise  and  Edward  D. 

Friedman 
Mrs.  Johnson  Garrett 
Mrs.  Secondris  A.  Haukins 
The  Hechinger  Foundation 


630  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Libby  B.  Dunn  Hertzmark 

Howard  University 

Thomas  C.  Howe 

Caroline  H.  Hume 

Jane  L.  Hummer 

Gertrude  T.  Hunter,  M.D. 

Idaho  Art  at  the  Smithsonian 

Industrial  Bank  of  Washington 

Elizabeth  Johnson 

Edith  A.  and  Alton  M.  Jones 

Ambassador  William  B.  and 

Joanne  R.  Jones 
Enid  and  Crosby  Kemper  Foundation 
R.  C.  Kemper  Charitable  Trust 

and  Foundation 
Kathryn  and  Christopher  Kent 
David  Lloyd  Kreeger  Charitable 

Foundation 
Beverly  J.  Lang 
John  D.  and  Catherine  T.  MacArthur 

Foundation 
Michal  W.  Mainwaring 
Doris  and  Lawrence  S.  Margolis 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  S.  P.  Massie 
Rosamond  E.  and  Joseph  O. 

Matthews 
Judith  F.  Mazo 
Nan  Tucker  McEvoy 
Helen  P.  Medwed 
Evalina  P.  and  James  A.  Mitchell 
Edna  M.  Morris 
Dr.  Jean  C.  Mosee 
Nazarian  Brothers,  Inc. 
Majorie  H.  and  Barrington  D.  Parker 


D.  Cynthia  Peters 

Donna  M.  Peterson 

Delilah  W.  Pierce 

Lois  Jones  Pierre-Noel 

Ruth  G.  and  Hildrus  A.  Poindexter 

David  S.  Purvis 

Austra  Puzinas 

Dorothy  Quander 

Mr.  Michael  M.  Rea 

Mary  R.  Robbins 

Judith  N.  and  Wilbur  L.  Ross,  Jr. 

Marilyn  R.  and  Jessie  H.  Roy 

Katherine  C.  and  Charles  H.  Sawyer 

Louise  C.  and  Robert  L.  Scranton 

Caroline  T.  Simmons 

Elaine  D.  and  William  H.  Simons 

William  B.  Snyder 

Elosie  Spaeth 

Carol  Spilman 

Stamford  Community  Arts  Council 

Nelda  C.  and  H.  J.  Lutcher  Stark 

Foundation 
Malan  S.  Strong 
May  M.  Sullivan 
Betsy  Summer 
Mary  H.  D.  Swift 
Miss  John  Maurice  Thomas 
Thurlow  E.  Tibbs,  Jr. 
Dr.  Bennetta  B.  Washington 
The  Washington  Craft  Show 
The  Washington  Post 
The  Washington  Print  Club 
Doris  Y.  Wilkinson 
Virginia  Bloedel  Wright 


NATIONAL  MUSEUM  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY 

Donors  to  the  Collection 

3M  Company  (through  R.  L.  Johnson):  2  keychains  with  samples  of  Tartan 
brand  track-surfacing  material  attached  and  a  sample  mounted  on  hard- 
board  (1983.0319). 

Ita  Aber:  embroidered  Passover  matzo  cover,  ca.  1935,  and  a  pillowcase  cut 
down  in  1950  from  a  tablecloth  made  by  Tess  Eichler  Aber  in  1922  (1983. 
0892);  embroidered  cover  for  a  Passover  matzo  box  signed  "Ita  1974" 
(1984.0025);  Jewish  wedding  canopy  made  by  Ita  Aber,  1980  (1984.0163). 

Anne  E.  and  Ronald  D.  Abramson:  black  and  red  "reeded"  glass  bowl  titled 
1st  Survivor  made  in  New  York  by  Mary  Ann  Hall,  also  known  as  "Toots 
Zynsky,"  1981  (1981.0699). 

Anne  E.  and  Ronald  Abramson,  Mrs.  Charles  Carroll,  Jean  S.  and  John 
Michael,  Elmerina  L.  and  Dr.  Paul  D.  Parkman,  Samuel  J.  Rosenfeld,  and 
Anne  and  Jack  Ryan:  glass  "prism  cut"  vase  made  by  Tom  McGlauchlin, 
1981  (1982.0189). 

Acousticon:  43  hearing  aids,  1902-68  (1978.0328). 

Dr.  Willis  A.  Adcock:  Regency  model  TR-1  pocket  transistor  radio  (1984. 
0040). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  631 


Hartwig  M.  Adler,  M.D. :  microtherm  unit,  cameron  unit,  central  field  pro- 
jector and  screen,  bipolar  cautery,  ultraviolet  light,  and  a  box  of  eye  instru- 
ments (1980.0363). 

Rita  J.  Adrosko:  8  curtain  pins  and  2  baby  carriage  blanket  clips,  ca.  1930 
(1984.0177);  3  prayer  cards,  2  photographs,  a  prayer  book  The  Shield  of 
Faith:  Reflections  and  Prayers  for  Wartime,  and  a  book  New  Testament: 
Roman  Catholic  Version  (1984.0404);  glass-covered  cocktail  tray  with 
patent  date  of  August  3,  1926,  and  an  aluminum  cooking  pot  marked 
"Majestic  Cook-Ware,"  ca.  1927  (1984.0405). 

Richard  E.  Ahlborn:  "Bowman"  patch  archery  award,  1944,  and  a  ticket  for 
the  Cracker  Jack  Old  Timers  Baseball  Game  held  at  RFK  stadium,  July  19, 
1982  (1983.0530). 

Government  of  Aitutaki,  Post  Office,  Philatelic  Branch:  12  souvenir  sheets 
and  6  first-day  covers  of  Aitutaki  (1983.0336);  3  mint  stamps  and  a  first- 
day  cover  of  Aitutaki  (1984.0257). 

W.  Albersheim:  studio  view  camera  with  stand  and  accessories  (1984.0401). 

John  W.  Aldrich:  red  earthenware  ring  jug  with  white  slip  under  clear  glaze 
inscribed  "Seth  Aldrich,"  possibly  19th  century  (1982.0812). 

Alenco  Corporation  (through  Jerry  Allman) :  3  display  boards  of  electronic 
watch  components  (1984.0093). 

Albert  (Johnny)  and  Raymond  C.  Altieri:  bellhop  uniform  jacket,  pants,  and 
cap  used  by  Albert  (Johnny)  Altieri  in  his  public  relations  role  as  "Johnny 

Morris,  Jr."  with  the  Philip  Morris  Company,  1935-82,  and  5  advertising  signs 
featuring  "Johnny"  (1983.0391). 

American  Greetings  Corporation  (through  Joy  Sweeney) :  23  Christmas  greet- 
ing cards,  13  seals,  4  pictures,  3  printed  messages,  and  a  brochure,  all  made 
for  presidents  and  other  government  officials,  1960s  and  1970s  (1983.0593). 

The  American  University,  Office  of  Continuing  Education,  Campaign  Manage- 
ment Institute  (through  Paul  David  Munger) :  program  and  flyer  about  the 
1984  election  season  (1984.0214). 

Donald  W.  Amstutz:  envelope  of  72  cartes  de  visite  (1983.0837). 

Dorothy  May  Anderson:  album  containing  name  cards,  acknowledgment 
cards,  greeting  cards,  advertising  cards,  a  bookmark,  and  a  card  of  68 
needles  and  a  threader,  19th  century  (1983.0411). 

George  Aneiro:  parchment  diploma  from  Harvard  University  awarding  a 
Bachelor  of  Arts  degree  to  Robert  Hebert  Terrell  in  1884,  mounted  in 
wooden  frame,  ca.  1890  (1984.0287). 

Anonymous:  photograph  of  the  "Rockville  Bridge,  Pennsylvania  Railroad" 
(1982.0672). 

Government  of  Antigua,  Barbuda  Dependency,  Barbuda  Post  Office,  Philatelic 
Bureau:  119  mint  stamps  and  first-day  covers  of  Barbuda  (1984.0260). 

Arena  Stage  (through  Mary  Ann  Powell) :  6  women's  dresses,  a  2-piece  suit, 
mantle,  and  a  jacket,  all  late  19th  to  early  20th  century  (1981.0023). 

Government  of  Argentina,  Postal  Administration:  242  mint  stamps  and  sou- 
venir sheets  of  Argentina  (1984.0258). 

Willy  Arnheim:  17  stone  anchors,  dowels,  and  bolts  used  during  construction 
of  the  National  Museum  of  American  History  building,  1961-64  (1984.0125). 

Dr.  Joseph  and  Rochelle  D.  Aschheim:  poster  of  South  Vietnam  depicting  the 
voting  process  in  six  drawings,  1967  (1983.0583);  lacquered  wedding  photo- 
graph album  from  Saigon,  South  Vietnam,  1960s  (1983.0815). 

Rochelle  D.  Aschheim:  button  kit  for  "The  Self-Adjusting  Patent  Boot  But- 
tons," 1875-1925,  and  a  box  of  "Regalia  White  Lace  Collar  Supports  for 
Gentlewomen,"  1890-1915  (1982.0650). 

Horst  Augustinovic:  first-day  cover  commemorating  the  50th  anniversary  of 
air  mail  service  to  Bermuda,  issued  April  28,  1975  (1983.0526). 


632  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Reserve  Bank  of  Australia  (through  A.  H.  Wilson):  Australian  $100  note 
numbered  350,  first  issued  on  March  26,  1984  (1984.0519). 

Auto-Bus,  Inc.  (through  Robert  E.  White) :  school  bus  window  broken  during 
desegregation  violence  in  Boston,  1974  (1983.0457). 

B  &  M  Sales  and  Service,  Inc.  (through  Robert  J.  Odee  and  Michael  J.  Rosa) : 
Atco  taximeter,  ca.  1930  (1983.0503). 

Wilfred  E.  Babcock,  Estate  of  (through  John  J.  Laffey) :  6  letters  and  a  tele- 
gram from  Frances  F.  Cleveland  to  Mrs.  E.  M.  Bacon  dated  1905-7  and  an 
envelope  addressed  to  Mrs.  Grover  Cleveland  (1983.0478). 

Bernice  Baer:  plastic  penlight  flashlight  with  inscription  "American  Women 
1963,  1983,  2003"  (1983.0594). 

Brian  M.  Bailey:  red  and  black  plastic  "Mouseguitar,"  ca.  1957  (1984.0031). 

Betty  B.  Baker:  campaign  button  from  Louisiana  with  slogan  "J'aime  Ike" 
(1984.0137). 

Susan  Harriet  Baker  in  memory  of  Robert  H.  Baker:  Harrington  &  Richard- 
son revolver,  P.  Berretta  semi-automatic  pistol  with  2  magazines,  and  an 
officer's  garrison  cap  (1983.0875). 

Government  of  the  People's  Republic  of  Bangladesh,  Ministry  of  Posts 
(through  Mayeedul  Islam) :  15  mint  stamps  and  a  first-day  cover  of  the 
People's  Republic  of  Bangladesh  (1984.0259). 

M.  Elizabeth  Barger:  duckpin,  ca.  1930,  duckpin  ball,  ca.  1950,  trophy  won  by 
Ms.  Barger,  1953-54,  and  a  bowling  shirt  which  belonged  to  David  Volk, 
1961  (1984.0200). 

La  Vita  Barnett:  American  Definition  Spelling  Book  by  Abner  Kneeland,  1809 
(1983.0563);  Dowmetal  cigarette  roller  and  a  book  of  Zig-zag  cigarette 
paper  (1983.0610). 

Laura  L.  Barnhart:  2-piece  gym  suit  worn  by  Ms.  Barnhart  at  Towson  High 
School,  Maryland,  1977-80  (1983.0690). 

Ann  I.  Barone:  pair  of  white  canvas  bathing  shoes  with  black  binding,  metal 
eyelets,  and  laces,  1910-20  (1984.0038). 

Helen  Lawrence  Barr:  3  model  steam  engines  constructed  by  Sven  John  Law- 
rence (1984.0194). 

Mary  E.  Bartelmes:  banner  made  in  Upper  Volta  with  wording  in  French  con- 
cerning the  International  Women's  Year  of  1975  (1983.0846). 

Jeanne  M.  and  Preston  R.  Bassett:  3y2-hour  sandglass  timepiece  used  in  a 
Swiss  monastery  (1984.0065). 

Bruce  S.  Bazelon:  14  reproduction  and  replica  18th-  and  19th-century  buttons 
(1983.0890). 

Joyce  Becker's  Soap  Opera  Festivals  (through  Joyce  Becker  and  Allan  Sugar- 
man) :  6  Soap  Opera  Festivals  posters  from  throughout  the  U.S.  (1983.0726). 

Paul  P.  Becker:  "Piccolino"  gown  designed  by  Bernard  Newman  and  worn  by 
Ginger  Rogers  in  the  RKO  film  Top  Hat,  1935  (1984.0434). 

Dr.  Paul  Bedoukian:  medal  commemorating  the  consecration  of  St.  Vartan 
Armenian  Church  in  New  York  City  (1978.2496). 

Burk  E.  Beerli:  safe  used  by  the  post  office  at  "Little  America,  South  Pole"  by 
Admiral  Byrd's  second  expedition,  1935  (1984.0015). 

Henry  S.  Belden  III  and  Margaret  D.  Belden:  first  inaugural  ball  gown  worn 
by  Mrs.  William  McKinley,  top  hat  and  derby  hat  worn  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley,  and  a  baby  shawl  made  for  the  McKinley  daughters  (1983.0889). 

Don  Bell:  nylon  rope,  a  pair  of  silver  spurs,  and  a  pair  of  leather  cowboy 
boots  used  by  Mr.  Bell  during  his  career  as  a  rodeo  rider  and  range  cowboy 
(1984.0253). 

Archbishop  Bergan  Mercy  Hospital  (through  Elizabeth  G.  Cambridge,  R.N. 
and  Becky  Gunthert,  R.N.) :  Gomco  Surgical  Company  electric  breast  pump 
with  10  nipple  shields  and  2  glass  bottles,  ca.  1947  (1982.0450). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  633 


Maurice  H.  Berlin:  Aman  plastic  bugle  made  for  use  by  the  U.S.  Army  during 
World  War  II  (1983.0622). 

Ronald  D.  Berman:  empty  soda  can  of  the  "American  Bicentennial  Patriot 
Series  1776-1976"  with  a  picture  of  John  Jay  (1984.0136). 

Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation,  Lackawanna  Plant,  Department  of  Plant  Engi- 
neering (through  Jerry  Soltis) :  last  blast  furnace  cast  of  pig  iron  and  the 
last  basic  oxygen  furnace  heat  sample  of  steel  produced  at  the  Lackawanna 
Plant  in  October  1983  (1983.0887). 

Billie  Billing:  Joss  cue  stick  given  to  Ms.  Billing  for  producing  and  promoting 
the  first  Women's  Professional  Billiard  Alliance  tournament  in  August  1977, 
a  chalk  cube,  and  3  posters  (1983.0580). 

Countess  Mona  von  Bismarck:  6  dresses,  a  jacket,  and  a  2-piece  suit  by 
Givenchy,  2  blouses  by  Emilio,  a  blouse  by  Chanel,  2  belts  by  Fortuny,  a 
purse  by  Hermes,  3  hairpins,  a  bracelet,  pair  of  earrings,  and  a  ring  (1981. 
0801). 

Richard  Blackston:  11  decals,  10  bumper  stickers,  7  banners,  6  posters,  and 

2  broadsides  all  relating  to  Republican  campaigns  (1983.0581). 

Mel  Blanc:  7  animation  cells  of  Mel  Blanc's  most  famous  voice  characters,  4 
posters  from  Warner  Bros,  movies,  3  Mel  Blanc  phonorecords,  2  talking 
Bugs  Bunny  dolls,  a  Bugs  Bunny  clock.  Bugs  Bunny  toy  telephone,  and  a 
talking  Tweety  Bird  bank  (1983.0555). 

Charles  A.  Blank:  globe  "Cold  Medal"  accordian  with  case  made  in  Ger- 
many, ca.  1930  (1983.0588). 

A.  R.  Bonorden:  4  electric  gas  lamp  igniters  (1983.0756). 

Mrs.  Gertrude  (Arthur  L.)  Bostedt:  Disabled  American  Veterans  uniform 
worn  by  Arthur  Bostedt  consisting  of  a  blue  wool  jacket  with  DAV  pins  on 
lapels,  pants,  hat,  and  a  yellow  tie,  1930s-40s  (1984.0440). 

Marguerite  Z.  Bottorff  (through  William  Gundlach) :  5  programs  of  the  NBC 
orchestra  conducted  by  Arturo  Toscanini,  4  bound  musical  scores,  and  2 
flyers  mounted  on  a  card  (1983.0549). 

Robert  D.  Bowser:  map  of  the  March  4,  1889,  inaugural  parade  route  and  a 
business  calling  card  from  the  National  Mosiac  Co.,  Inc.  (1984.0377). 

Helen  King  Boyer:  85  prints  and  sketches,  11  greeting  cards  and  bookplates, 

3  aluminum  plates  executed  in  dry  point,  and  2  sketch  books  by  Louise  M. 
Boyer,  57  prints  and  sketches  by  Helen  King  Boyer,  and  16  prints  and 
drawings  by  Ernest  W.  Boyer  (1984.0338). 

Mrs.  Charles  R.  Brady:  red  plastic  University  of  Arkansas  "Razorback"  hog 

helmet,  ca.  1977  (1984.0104). 
William  G.  Brandt  and  Bill  Dietze:  book  Lincoln  Campaign  Songster,  1864 

(1984.0216). 
Todd  M.  Brennan:  162  trading  cards,  4  dolls,  2  bottles  of  hair  conditioner, 

2  T-shirts,   and  a   pillow  case   relating   to   the   television   series   "Charlie's 

Angels"  (1984.0495). 
Helene  Bress:  spool  rack  with  4  spools,  6-arm  reel,  squirrel  swift,  and  a  flax 

brake  all  used  in  3-yarn  processing  (1983.0807). 
British  Information  Services  (through  P.  Beckingham) :  videotape  cassette  of 

British  political  campaign  advertisements  (1983.0672). 
Claudia    Kyle    Brush:    folding    umbrella-style    canvas    tent    with    stakes    and 

poles,  ca.  1925  (1983.0392). 
Dr.  Ruth  Dowling  Bruun:  Stanley  "Steamer"  model  60  roadster,  1910  (1982. 

0417). 
Ervin  T.  Bullard,  Mary  B.  Duncan,  Agnes  B.  Maglin,  and  Dorothy  J.  Stewart: 

Bausch  and  Lomb  microscope  (1978.0982). 
Helen  Duprey  Bullock:  life  portrait  of  Thomas  Jefferson  drawn  in  1804  by 

Fevret  de  Saint-Memin  (1983.0600). 


634  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Bulova  Watch  Company,  Inc.  (through  Benjamin  Matz) :  8  Bulova  watch  heads 
(1984.0096). 

John  5.  Burgess:  pair  of  black  rubber  Khmer  Rouge  sandals  from  Aranya- 
pratet,  Thailand,  1980  (1983.0765). 

Helen  Burner:  2  cards,  2  medals,  a  bonnet,  hatchet,  belt,  coat,  pair  of  pants, 
envelope,  and  a  booklet,  all  used  by  Otto  Fischer  as  a  member  of  the 
Order  of  Red  Men  (1984.0312). 

Carol  Burnett:  charwoman  costume  worn  by  Ms.  Burnett  on  various  televi- 
sion and  theater  programs  (1984.0223). 

2d  Lt.  Richard  B.  Burns:  3  shirts  of  Soviet  and  Cuban  manufacture  and  2 
shovel  covers  of  East  German  manufacture  taken  during  U.S.  military  ac- 
tion on  the  Island  of  Grenada  in  1983  (1984.0414). 

Wayne  E.  Busbice:  2  phonorecords  of  bluegrass  artist  Buzz  Busby  (1983.0893). 

Frank  B.  Bushey:  2  booklets  about  Buffalo  Bill's  Wild  West  Show,  1907-8,  and 
2  booklets  about  the  King  Brothers  Circus,  1951-52  (1984.0042). 

Iva  M.  Bushman:  armor  mounted  on  a  plaque  and  a  metal  chain  used  by 
Francis  X.  Bushman  as  "Messala"  in  the  1926  motion  picture  Ben  Hur,  an 
oil  portrait  of  Mr.  Bushman  wearing  the  armor,  and  a  painting  of  the 
movie's  chariot  race  scene  (1983.0564). 

CBS/Fox  Studios  (through  Robert  W.  Norvet) :  brown  felt  Stetson  hat  worn 
by  James  Arness  as  "Matt  Dillon"  on  the  television  series  "Gunsmoke" 
(1983.0687). 

Leopoldo  Cancio:  6  bonds  and  certificates  issued  by  the  International  Bank 
of  Reconstruction  and  Development  and  the  World  Bank  (1983.0446); 
bronze  coin  struck  at  the  recently  discovered  mint  of  Pedasa  in  the  Jonian 
Provence  of  Asia  Minor,  3rd  or  2nd  century  B.C.  (1984.0460);  2  specimen 
registered  bond  certificates,  1982  (1984.0462). 

Dr.  Edward  W.  and  Irene  E.  Cannon:  15  reproducing  piano  rolls  by  Ampico 
(1983.0589). 

Rev.  Howard  W.  Carroll  on  behalf  of  the  Carroll  Family:  cover  with  letter 
carried  by  U.S.  Navy  seaplane  N.C.-4  from  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia  across  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Azores  in  May  1919  (1982.0681). 

David  C.  Carruth  in  memory  of  Mildred  Carruth:  4  necklaces,  4  pairs  of  ear- 
rings, a  set  of  2  buckles,  a  bracelet,  and  a  brooch,  all  mid-20th  century 
(1983.0384). 

Harold  D.  Carter:  Hall  Braille  writer,  ca.  1910,  and  a  Marburg  German  lan- 
guage Braille  writer,  ca.  1960  (1984.0240). 

John  F.  Cataldi:  stained  glass  window  in  metal  frame  of  Gothic  arch  design 
possibly  made  by  Frank  &  Co.,  New  York,  late  19th  to  early  20th  century 
(1981.1001). 

Catholics  Act  for  Equal  Rights  Amendment  (through  Maureen  Fiedler) :  4 
flyers,  3  letters,  2  envelopes,  and  2  membership  forms  concerning  women's 
rights  (1982.0415). 

Rafael  Cepeda  Atiles:  2  pandereta  tambourines  made  by  Jesus  Cepeda  in 
1983,  a  bomba  drum  made  in  1954,  and  a  rasp  and  scraper,  ca.  1982  (1983. 
0686). 

James  F.  Channning:  commemorative  Centennial  cotton  bandana  with  a  black 
leather  presentation  case,  1876  (1984.0073). 

Eloise  D.  and  John  W.  Charlton:  leather  case  containing  96  glass  stereo  trans- 
parencies and  negatives  by  Albert  Noel  (1983.0785). 

Marie  Cheatham:  black  straw  mourning  hat  and  a  pair  of  scissors  used  by 
Ms.  Creatham  as  "Stephanie  Wyatt"  on  daytime  television  series  "Search 
For  Tomorrow"  (1984.0199). 

Government  of  the  Republic  of  China,  Postal  Administration  (through  the 
Director  General  of  Posts) :  435  postage  stamps,  131  specimen  stamps,  65 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  635 


first-day  covers,  14  souvenir  sheets,  and  8  covers  of  the  Republic  of 
China  (1984.0261). 

Elvira  Clain-Stefanelli:  hybrid  aureus  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Antoninus 
Pius  (1979.1252);  96  silver  and  bronze  commemorative  medals  (1980.0943); 
2  steel  dies  with  cast  bronze  inserts  for  striking  counterfeit  silver  staters 
from  Tarentum  in  Calabria,  302-281  B.C.  (1981.1063);  4  steel  dies  for  strik- 
ing counterfeit  gold  coins  from  Populonia,  Etruria,  450-350  B.C.  (1981. 
1064);  2  steel  dies  with  cast  bronze  inserts  for  striking  counterfeit  solidi 
in  the  name  of  Aelia  Zenonis,  wife  of  Emperor  Basiliscus,  A.D.  475-476 
(1981.1065);  2  steel  dies  with  copper  inserts  for  striking  counterfeit  gold 
half  staters  of  Tarentum,  340-334  B.C.  (1981.1066);  2  steel  dies  with  cast 
bronze  inserts  for  striking  counterfeit  silver  octadrachms  of  King  Ptolemy 
I  of  Egypt,  323-285  B.C.  (1981.1067);  2  German  and  Greek  commemorative 
medals,  a  Russian  badge,  and  a  French  art  medal  (1983.0436). 

V.  Clain-Stefanelli:  2  dies  with  copper  inserts  for  striking  counterfeit  silver 
didrachms  of  Himera,  Sicily,  482-472  B.C.  (1981.1057);  2  steel  dies  with 
cast  bronze  inserts  for  striking  counterfeit  aurei  and  denarii  of  Mark 
Antony  and  Octavius  with  the  name  Marcus  Barbatius,  ca.  41  B.C.  (1981. 
1058);  2  dies  with  cast  bronze  inserts  for  striking  a  counterfeit  denarius  or 
"tribute  penny"  of  Roman  Emperor  Tiberius,  A.D.  14-37  (1981.1059);  2 
steel  dies  with  cast  bronze  inserts  for  striking  counterfeit  gold  medallions 
of  Queen  Helena,  mother  of  Constantine  the  Great,  A.D.  307-337  (1981. 
1060);  4  steel  dies  for  striking  counterfeit  gold  coins  from  Populonia  in 
Etruria,  450-350  B.C.  (1981.1061);  2  steel  dies  with  copper  inserts  for 
striking  counterfeit  silver  staters  from  Tarentum  in  Calabria,  ca.  375  B.C. 
(1981.1062). 

J.  F.  Gates  Clarke:  29  teapots  and  2  sugar  bowls  illustrated  with  "Rebekah 
at  the  Well"  scene,  6  molded  earthenware  pitchers,  and  2  12-paneled  tea- 
pots, all  19th  century  American  (1981.0134). 

Thomas  P.  Cocke:  woman's  pink  silk  dress  with  skirt,  2  bodices,  and  trim- 
mings, 1880-90  (1980.0872). 

Barbara  J.  Coffee:  bridge  tally  in  the  shape  of  a  hatchet  (1983.0119). 

William  H.  Cohrs  and  John  Steele:  wooden  bowl  from  the  propeller  steamer 
Vernon  which  foundered  in  Lake  Michigan  on  October  29,  1887  (1983. 
0496). 

Coin  World  (through  Margo  Russell) :  8  bronze  medals  commemorating  the 
U.S.  mints  issued  by  Coin  World  newspaper  (1984.0461). 

Pearl  B.  Cole:  7  buttons  and  2  pins  from  political  campaigns  (1984.0447). 

College,  U.S.A.  (through  Kerry  H.  Stowell) :  publicity  poster  for  the  animated 
film  /  Go  Pogo  (1983.0554). 

Government  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  Postal  Administration:  92  first-day 
covers  and  2  presentation  folders  of  Colombia(1984.0262). 

Colorado  Railroad  Historical  Foundation,  Inc.,  Colorado  Railroad  Museum 
(through  Robert  W.  Richardson) :  harp-style  switch  stand  of  the  Denver  & 
Rio  Grande  Railway,  ca.  1880  (1982.0521). 

Aileen  Harris  Conkey:  black  and  white  photograph  of  President  Truman 
decorating  General  Eisenhower  with  the  Congressional  Medal  of  Honor 
(1984.0021). 

Government  of  the  Cook  Islands,  Ministry  of  Posts,  Post  Office,  Philatelic 
Bureau:  37  postage  stamps,  22  souvenir  sheets,  and  15  first-day  covers  of 
the  Cook  Islands  (1984.0263). 

John  Cook:  bronze  medal  designed  by  Mr.  Cook  for  the  U.S.  delegation  of 
the  1983  Federation  Internationale  de  la  Medaille  Congress  in  Florence, 
Italy  (1983.0675). 

Gisela  S.  Cooke:  used  cover  with  Amelia  Earhart  label,  1948  (1983.0362). 


636  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Diane  M.  Cornell:  pillow  with  picture  and  signature  of  Franklin  D.  Roose- 
velt (1983.0500). 

Cracker  Jack  Old  Timers  Baseball  Classic  (through  Larry  Moffi) :  2  programs 
and  2  posters  from  the  1982  and  1983  games  and  a  baseball  and  ticket 
from  the  1983  annual  game  (1984.0229). 

Government  of  Cuba,  Minister  of  Communications,  Philatelic  Services:  49 
stamps,  23  first-day  covers,  a  souvenir  sheet,  and  a  mini  sheet  all  of  Cuba 
(1984.0264). 

C.  E.  Curtis:  polychrome  pieced-work  wool  bed  cover  made  by  Jewett  W. 
Curtis,  1889-93  (1984.0406). 

Government  of  the  Republic  of  Cyprus,  The  Director  of  the  Department  of 
Postal  Services,  Ministry  of  Communications  and  Works:  2  mint  specimen 
stamps  "Europa  83"  (1983.0369);  General  Post  Office,  Philatelic  Service: 
121  stamps  and  first-day  covers  of  the  Republic  of  Cyprus  (1984.0265). 

Government  of  the  Turkish  Federated  State  of  Cyprus,  Director  of  the  Postal 
Department:  85  mint  stamps,  21  first-day  covers,  2  souvenir  sheets,  2  com- 
memorative mailing  labels,  and  a  post  card  with  first  day  cancellation  all 
of  the  Turkish  Federated  State  of  Cyprus  (1984.0266). 

Gail  B.  Dalmat:  3  posters,  2  bumper  stickers,  a  sticker,  and  a  balloon  con- 
cerning women's  rights.  Senator  Sarbanes,  and  jobs  for  Americans  (1982. 
0593). 

Rep.  Tom  Daschle:  50-star  U.S.  flag  adorned  with  eagle  claws,  feathers,  and 
native  American  beadwork  (1983.0324). 

Diane  V.  Daum,  M.D.:  political  button  "Elect  Marty  VINIKOOR  City  Coun- 
cil Republican"  (1984.0131). 

Jim  Davis:  original  drawing  and  proof  for  the  first  "Garfield"  comic  strip 
by  Jim  Davis  for  United  Feature  Syndicate,  Inc.,  1978  (1983.0480). 

Joy  Powell  Davis:  embroidered  and  appliqued  wool  quilt  top  signed  and 
dated  "Frances  M  Jolly  1839"  (1983.0241). 

Martha  B.  Davis:  4  dishes,  2  dresser  bottles  with  stoppers,  a  bowl,  and  a 
creamer  and  sugar  bowl  of  cut  lead  glass  and  a  "book"  flask  of  non-lead 
cut  glass  with  silver  cap,  all  1900-20  (1983.0195). 

Edith  Joy  Dawson:  photograph  of  Eleanor  Roosevelt  with  American  military 
personnel,  September  1943  (1984.0395). 

L.  F.  Deardorff  &  Sons,  Inc.  (through  Merle  S.  Deardorff) :  Deardorff  camera 
with  carrying  case  and  lenses,  a  view  camera,  Zeiss  lens,  and  a  Meyer  dou- 
ble plasmat  lens  (1984.0045). 

Mary  A.  DeLaurier:  "Champion  of  Champions"  belt  presented  to  John  L.  Sul- 
livan as  the  last  heavyweight  bare-knuckles  boxing  champion  on  July  4, 
1887,  and  a  wooden  case  (1983.0401). 

Don  Dellair  and  Tommy  Wonder  123:  2  red  velvet  jackets  studded  with  glass 
beads  and  2  pieces  of  sheet  music  (1983.0070). 

Dorothy  Norton  Denecke  and  Frederick  Whitney  Denecke  in  memory  of 
Helen  Marie  and  James  Patrick  Norton:  Peerless  "pail-a-day"  hot  water 
supply  boiler  manufactured  by  the  Eastern  Foundry  Co.,  ca.  1920  (1984. 
0178). 

M.  G.  Detweiler:  Leica  camera  in  leather  case  with  accessories   (1983.0793). 

Ruth  Freeman  Dickinson:  engraving  of  John  Dickinson  and  a  letter  of  autho- 
rization and  a  payment  authorization  both  signed  by  John  Dickinson  (1984. 
0221). 

Eddie  Dimond:  62-button  concertina  made  by  inventor  C.  Wheatstone  of  Lon- 
don, early  20th  century  (1981.0778). 

Eileen  K.  Dodd:  woman's  2-piece  suit  designed  by  Christian  Dior  of  Paris, 
France,  1960-65  (1982.0581). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  637 


Robert  "Bo"  Donly:  bumper  sticker  "Re-Elect  'Bo'  DONLY  for  Dania  .  .  ." 
(1984.0222). 

Ann  Hysa  Dorfsman:  ribbon  sash  from  the  National  ERA  March  in  Chicago, 
Illinois  on  May  10,  1980  (1983.0590). 

John  R.  Doss:  267  ancient  Greek  bronze  coins  and  medallions  of  Cilicia 
(1979.0703). 

Gladys  C.  Dougherty:  5  phonorecords,  a  2-deck  card  set,  and  a  "Coca-Cola" 
cribbage  board  (1983.0117);  white  metal  lime  squeezer,  lid  opener,  bottle 
opener,  punch  can  opener,  tongs,  and  a  lemon  twist  peeler  (1984.0107); 
13  phonograph  records  in  8  record  albums  (1984.0134). 

Jean  T.  Downs:  magazine  insert  about  the  John  Birch  Society,  ca.  1963  (1983. 
0585). 

Lawrence  Drake  and  M.  G.  Drysdale:  6  candleshades  with  cast  metal  orna- 
ments, 3  clear  mica  candleshades,  a  pair  of  metal  candleshades  with  6 
liners,  and  a  pair  of  pink  silk  candleshades  in  their  original  boxes  (1983. 
0371). 

J.  Harry  DuBois:  110  historical  plastic  artifacts  (1983.0538);  32  18th-  through 
20th-century  plastic  artifacts  (1983.0626);  20  bakelite  and  plastic  artifacts, 
early  20th  century  (1984.0138);  19  artifacts  of  molded  and  cast  bakelite, 
resin,  nylon,  and  urea  plastics  (1984.0410). 

Duke  University,  William  R.  Perkins  Library,  Manuscript  Department 
(through  Ellen  G.  Gartrell) :  7  swatches  of  printed  cotton  fabric  found  in 
the  ledger  of  a  general  store  in  Yadkin  County,  North  Carolina,  1850-60 
(1983.0312). 

Robert  Duphorne:  3  U.S.  financial  documents  (1983.0575). 

E.  L  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Company,  Incorporated  (through  C.  R.  Burt 
and  Kenneth  M.  Smith) :  DeVry  35-mm  motion  picture  news  reel  camera 
in  case  (1983.0223);  Central  Research  &  Development  Department,  Experi- 
mental Station  (through  D.  E.  Arch);  automatic  photometer  (1983.0523). 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ernest  du  Pont:  2  refined  earthenware  portrait  busts,  one  in- 
scribed "Washington"  and  the  other  "Old  English  Gentleman,"  Stafford- 
shire, England,  19th  century  (1982.0549). 

June  W.  Echols:  brown  Rockingham-glazed  ceramic  pitcher  with  portrait 
busts  of  President  James  A.  Garfield,  ca.  1881  (1981.0626). 

Carl  Ek:  5  cut  glass  plates,  a  cut  glass  dish,  cut  and  engraved  glass  bowl,  cut 
glass  covered  sugar  bowl  with  "pillar"  rib  and  fan  pattern,  blown  glass 
covered  compote,  three-quarter  whisky  tumbler  with  engraved  floral  deco- 
rations and  the  initials  "WC,"  and  a  "craquelle"  glass  covered  jar  with  gilt 
and  green  snake  decoration,  all  19th  century  (1982.0501). 

Harold  W.  Ellis:  7  posters,  2  flyers,  2  brochures,  a  newspaper,  official  program, 
pamphlet,  map,  and  a  button,  all  from  the  20th  anniversary  "March  on 
Washington,"  August  27,  1983  (1983.0545). 

Margaret  Northcross  Ellis,  Madison  E.  Mayre,  Elizabeth  B.  and  Julia  Ellis 
Robinson,  and  Tyler  Robinson  Stuart:  white  chiffon  crepe  dress  worn  by 
Julia  Gardiner  Tyler  when  presented  at  the  Court  of  Louis  Philippe,  ca. 
1843  (1984.0491). 

Mrs.  Robert  B.  Ellison:  medical  examination  chair  (1980.0355). 

Dorothy  Olcott  Elsmith:  5  boxes  containing  wooden  trays  of  glass  stereo 
slides,  a  wooden  Taxiphote  stereo  viewer,  and  a  stereo  hand  viewer  (1984. 
0044). 

Lt.  Col.  William  K.  Emerson:  19  chevron  insignia,  late  19th  century  (1983. 
0509);  6  enlisted-rank  collar  insignia  manufactured  in  Germany,  1950s 
(1984.0148). 


638  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Evan-Picone   Fashion   Studio   (through   Frank   R.   Smith) :   ruler,   square,   tape 

measure,  grader,  weight,  and  needlepoint  pattern  tracer,  all  mid-20th  cen- 
tury (1982.0015). 
Sarah  Eveleth  Antiques   (through  Sarah  C.  Hansen) :  porcelain  teabowl  and 

saucer  from  Nyon,  Switzerland,  early  19th  century  (1982.0427). 
Dr.    Mabel    R.    Farson:    gold    pocket    watch    marked    "Jean   Hendrik    Kuehn, 

A.  Amsterdam,"  ca.  1800  (1982.0302). 
Henning  Fernstrom  2nd:  souvenir  stamp  case  with  a  booklet  of  12  2-cent  U.S. 

postage    stamps    commemorating    President    William    McKinley's    second 

inauguration  on  March  3,  1901  (1984.0028). 
Marabeth  S.  Finn:  pair  of  woman's  high-heeled  pumps  made  of  Corf  am  syn- 
thetic leather  (1983.0623). 
Charles  P.  Fisher:  bass  viol  made  in  New  England  in  the  late  18th  century 

(1983.0633). 
Shelly  J.  Foote:  wooden  darning  egg  with  handle  (1984.0180). 
Elsie  B.  Ford:  2  officer's  collar  insignia  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  World  War 

II  (1984.0145). 
Alice  Woodson  Forester:  glass  vase  titled  Fantasy  Vessel  made  by  David  R. 

Huchthausen,  1977  (1982.0419). 
Jacqueline  Fowler:  woman's  chemise,  1800-50  (1982.0526). 
Dauphine  and  Patricia  A.  Frame:  box  of  110  cartes  de  visite,  tintypes,  cabinet 

prints,  and  oval  prints,  all  late  19th  and  early  20th  centuries  (1983.0376). 
The  Franklin  Mint:  5  bank  notes  from  Botswana  and  3  bank  notes  from  the 

Solomon   Islands    (1981.0637);   2   silver   medals   from   the   "History   of   the 

United  States"  series  (1983.0680). 
Kurt  Fredriksson:  4  sheets  of  160  Vatican  City  stamps  commemorating  Pope 

Paul  VI's  visit  to  New  York  in  1965  (1984.0116). 
Helen-Marie    Fruth:    lead    glass    chocolate    pot    and    cover    with    engraved 

Chinoiserie     decoration,     probably     of     19-century     English     manufacture 

(1983.0305). 
Frederick  C.  Gaede:  reproduction  of  a  Civil  War  blanket  (1984.0311). 
D.  L.  Ganz:  6-piece  process  set  of  official  Hawaiian  statehood  medals,  1959 

(1979.1242);  gilt  presentation  medal  of  Pope  Leo  XIII  designed  by  F.  Bian- 

chi,  1879  (1984.0002). 
Paul  V.  Gardner:  polychrome  millifiori  plaque  made  by  Mr.  Gardner  while 

an  assistant  to  Frederick  Carder  at  Steuben  Glass  Works,  ca.  1930  (1983. 

0811). 
Mary  Potter  Garrett:  James  K.  Polk  silver  Indian  peace  medal  (1984.0003). 
Carl  W.  Gatter:  2  velvet  carpet  fragments  and  a  matching  border  strip  from 

the  Parry  House,  Wyncote,  Pennsylvania,  19th  century  (1982.0061). 
Jane  K.  and  John  E.  Gehring:  dark  blue  cobalt  glass  bottle  and  stopper  titled 

Ancient  Plum  Blossom   Tree  Bottle  made   by  John   F.   Nygren   of  Walnut 

Cove,  North  Carolina,  February  15,  1980  (1982.0811). 
General  Electric  Company   (through  Guido  DiGrigorio  and  Kenneth  J.  Hig- 

gins) :  Burgmaster  drilling  machine  and  a  General  Electric  Mark  II  numeri- 
cal control  unit   adapted  to   function   with   the   drilling  machine,   ca.   1958 

(1982.0674);    (through   George   Wise):    4   comic   books   about   light,   space, 

electronics,  and  jet  power  (1983.0671). 
Edward  J.   Gentsch   in  memory  of  Hugo   E.   Gentsch:   16   woodworking   and 

metalworking  drill  bits  used  by  Hugo  Gentsch  to  train  machinists  during 

World  War  II  (1982.0607). 
Estate   of   Wilma    L.    Gerber   (through   Truman   N.    Case) :    U.S.   government 

thrift  card  with  4  25-cent  thrift  stamps  attached,  issued  to  Ms.  Gerber  in 

1918  (1983.0429). 
Sylvia  M.  and  William  Gersch:  miniature  teapot,  teabowl  and  saucer,  a  pear- 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  639 


shaped  cream  piacher,  and  a  blue  jasper  cup,  all  late-18th-century  ceramics 
and  a  "Lord  Nelson"  portrait  tankard,  egg-shaped  tankard,  simulated  cop- 
per glazed  jug,  unglazed  mortar  and  pestle,  pink  lusterware  teabowl  and 
saucer,  and  a  covered  box,  all  19th-century  ceramics  (1982.0808). 

Barry,  M.,  and  Robin  Gibb:  3  sets  of  costumes  worn  by  the  BeeGees  during 
their  1979  concert  tour  and  17  phonorecords  (1983.0781). 

Madeleine  R.  and  Sidney  Gleason:  silk  commemorative  menu  from  a  dinner 
to  celebrate  the  79th  anniversary  of  the  American  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence held  in  Melbourne,  Australia,  1855  (1984.0439). 

Sen.  John  Glenn:  videotape  cassette  from  the  Glenn  for  President  campaign 
titled  "Believe  in  the  Future  Again"  (1983.0773). 

Dorothy  T.  and  Steve  Globus:  5  glass-decorated  metal  curtain  pins,  ca.  1930 
(1984.0176). 

Mrs.  Rachel  M.  Goetz:  decorated  ostrich  egg  commemorating  the  1956  presi- 
dential campaign  of  Adlai  E.  Stevenson  (1984.0129). 

Ira  M.  and  Lawrence  S.  Goldberg:  117  California  gold  coins  (1981.0498). 

Jose  C.  Gomez:  charro-type  Mexican  saddle  with  a  pair  of  spur  straps,  strap 
with  end  loops,  machete  in  scabbard,  and  a  breast  band,  1972  (1984.0456). 

James  M.  Goode:  green  painted  hand-carved  wooden  window  cornice,  1825- 
60  (1984.0341). 

Mack  L.  Graham:  glass  vessel  decorated  with  4  blue-green  and  red  butterflies 
made  by  Mark  Peiser,  1973  (1982.0810). 

L.  Gramberg:  engraving  titled  The  Exhibition  and  an  engraved  plate  for 
printing  From  the  Bridge,  both  by  Liliana  Gramberg  (1983.0709). 

Juanita  Gray:  2  costumes  worn  by  Mrs.  Gray  while  a  rodeo  trick  rider  (1983. 
0346). 

The  Greater  New  York  Conference  on  Soviet  Jewry  (through  Carolyn 
Greene) :  2  T-shirts  "Speak  Out  For  Those  Who  Can't"  and  "Run  March 
For  Soviet  Jewry"(1983.0597). 

Ralph  Greenhill:  photograph  of  John  Roebling's  Allegheny  River  Bridge  at 
Pittsburgh,  1859-60,  and  an  advertising  card  from  the  H.  &  F.  Blandy 
Steam  Engine  Works  at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  ca.  1876  (1983.0891). 

Nicholas  Grossman:  Carl  Zeiss  and  Jena  "zieldosechs"  rifle  telescope  (1983. 
0614). 

Grove  Corporation  (through  Philip  K.  Edwards) :  Grove  medical  orthoprobe 
(1984.0036). 

Algirdas  Gustaitis:  2  covers  commemorating  the  50th  anniversary  of  the 
transatlantic  flight  by  Stephen  Darius  and  Stanley  Girenas  in  1933 
(1984.0079). 

Beth  A.  Hager:  red  metal  button  with  slogan  "I  don't  bowl  .  .  .  and  I  keep 
my  figure!"  (1983.0573). 

Doris  Williams  Hailey:  2  books  Congressional  Vest-Pocket  Directory  and 
Platforms  of  the  Two  Great  Political  Parties,  1856-1912  by  Senator  Joseph 
L.  Bristow  (1984.0236). 

Conrad  5.  Ham:  3  surveyor's  transits,  2  surveyor's  compasses,  surveyor's 
chain,  wye  level,  Burt  solar  compass,  and  an  Astro  solar  compass 
(1983.0548). 

Faye  J.  Hamilton:  blood  transfusion  bottle,  early  20th  century   (1984.0547). 

William  G.  Hamilton:  home-crafted  hand-operated  drill  press  (1983.0857). 

Frances  Miller  Hanover:  manuscript  about  Dr.  Dayton  C.  Miller  and  an 
x-ray  photograph  of  Dr.  Miller  (312613). 

Florence  E.  Hardwick:  black  lace  shawl  in  shape  of  butterfly  wings  made 
for  the  wife  of  President  Benjamin  Harrison  (1984.0083). 

Hart  Schaffner  and  Marx  (through  Robert  G.  Connors) :  18  suit  jackets 
showing  variety  of  sizes  manufactured  in  1974   (1979.0883). 


640  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Harvard  University,  Department  of  Physics,  Gordon  McKay  Lab:  2  labial 
organ  pipes  (322616). 

Herbert  H.  Harwood,  Jr.:  4  floor  plans,  a  cross  section,  and  a  rendering  of 
the  facade  of,  possibly,  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  station  at  Syra- 
cuse, ca.  1930  (1983.0854). 

Robert  Hauser:  wood  engraving  of  a  paper  marbler's  workshop  and  a  book 
titled  American  Decorative  Papermakers,  1983  (1983.0880). 

Helen  M.  and  Werner  K.  Hausmann:  139  ancient  Jewish  bronze  coins 
(1983.0453). 

Haverford  College  (through  G.  Holger  Hansen) :  14  19th-century  astrophysical 
instruments  (1981.0745). 

Clayton  R.  Hawkins:  baseball  autographed  by  members  of  Washington 
Senators  baseball  team,  1924,  and  a  souvenir  booklet  World  Series,  1924 
(1984.0201). 

Jerry  Hawkins:  phonorecord  titled  "Lord  I  Was  Born  to  Ride  a  Harley" 
by  Jerry  Hawkins  (1983.0370). 

Eleanor  R.  and  Province  M.  Henry:  48  19th-century  glass  objects  manu- 
factured in  New  England,  Pittsburgh,  and  the  Ohio  area  (1979.1262). 

Glenn  S.  Hensley:  cast  brass  patent  data  plate  from  a  Busch-Sultzer  diesel 
engine,  patents  date  1895-1900  (1984.0010). 

Elerder's  Cutlery,  Inc.  (through  Lynn  H.  Walker) :  33  name  punches,  9 
scissors,  8  advertising  objects,  6  buttonhole  cutters,  6  miscellaneous  hand 
tools,  4  sharpening  and  honing  stones,  3  metalworking  tools,  3  razors,  3 
buttonhooks,  2  printing  plates,  a  set  of  razor  blades,  razor  case  with  stop- 
per, crochet  needle,  lot  of  claim  tagsfi  ice  skate,  skate  print  block,  and  a 
stool  all  made  or  used  by  Herder's  Cutlery,  Inc.,  19th-20th  centuries 
(1983.0406). 

Bernard  L.  Herman:  T-shirt  with  slogan  "Give  'em  an  Inch  and  We  Get 
Three  Miles"  made  for  the  Great  Washington  Meltdown  demonstration 
on  May  6,  1979  (1983.0669). 

Leo  Hershkowitz:  2  rubber  bands,  ca.  1844  (1983.0624). 

Hewlett-Packard  Company,  Desktop  Computer  Division  (through  Michael  R. 
Radisich):  32-bit  chip  in  a  block  of  lucite  (1984.0029). 

Marion  A.  Hickernell:  pair  of  brown  shoes  worn  by  Louise  M.  Ayres  on  her 
wedding  day,  October  13,  1889  (1982.0448). 

Susan  Hickmott:  woman's  dress  designed  by  Claire  McCardell,  1946 
(1983.0243). 

Sheila  B.  Hoermann:  deep  amethyst  transparent  glass  tumbler  decorated  with 
polychrome  enamel  coat-of-arms,  beaded  bands,  and  inscription,  possibly 
made  in  Germany,  1850s-90s  (1983.0812). 

Lawrence  Hoes:  handkerchief,  black  billfold,  and  a  pair  of  silk  lavender 
evening  shoes  (1983.0123). 

John  N.  Hoffman  (through  Rev.  Dr.  James  B.  Parsons) :  5  patent  model 
school  desks,  a  patent  model  lawn  seat  patented  in  November  1873,  and  a 
patent  model  barber/dentist  chair  patented  in  June  1871  (1983.0508); 
folding  armchair  patent  model,  patent  granted  to  George  E.  Whitmore  of 
New  Haven  Folding  Chair  Co.  on  March  16,  1875  (1983.0642). 

Mrs.  Hoge:  Spencer  microscope  with  4  cover  slides,  a  monocular  in  case  with 
3  objectives,  2  oculars,  2  bottles  of  immersion  oil,  a  test  tube  holder,  and 
a  test  tube  (321702). 

Muriel  C.  Hoitsma:  82  phonograph  records  (1982.0613). 

David  Holland:  7  panels  and  2  racks  from  the  first  numerically  controlled 
machine  tool,  developed  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
1949-52  (1983.0712). 

Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  641 


Prof.  James  C.  Holland:  photographs  of  a  temporary  rock  crushing  operation 

and  a  lumber  mill  yard  of  the  late  19th  century  and  a  blast  furnace  and 

molding  floor  in  Alabama,  ca.  1900  (1984.0074). 
Prof.  James   C.   and  Mary   G.   Holland:   albumen   photograph   of   Litchfield's 

Granite    Quarry    in    Fitchburg,    Massachusetts    (1983.0762). 
George    B.    and    Nancy    T.    Holmes:    autoharp    by    American    Victor    Harp 

Company  with  key,  probably  early  20th  century  (1983.0605). 
Stu  Holzman:  Johnson  model  D  bus  fare  box,  ca.  1949  (1983.0321). 
Herbert  Hoover  III:  hip-length  pale  green  satin  cape  with  matching  chiffon 

lining  worn  by   Lou  Henry   Hoover   (1983.0596). 
Dr.  Richard  H.  Howland:  photographic  print  of  the  Duchess  of  Kent,  Princess 

Marinia  of  Greece,  by  the  photographer  Cecil  Beaton  (1983.0834);  bill  of 

sale  for  furniture  sold  to  C.  A.  Hubbard  by  Potter,  Denison  &  Company  in 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  December  9,  1868   (1984.0397). 
Debra  M.  and  V.  Bruce  Hunt:  blue  denim  infant's  diaper  covers  designed  by 

Calvin   Klein   and   an   infant's    knit   T-shirt   with    decal    heart,   both    1981 

(1982.0585). 
Dora    Pedery    Hunt:    bronze    medal     representing    Erasmus    of    Rotterdam 

(1983.0632). 
R.   Peter  Hutchinson:   2   flour   sacks   concerning   war   relief   embroidered  by 

Stephanie  Demeestere  while  a  refugee  from  Belgium  during  World  War  I 

(1983.0220). 
Insilco  Corporation  (through  Donald  J.  Harper  and  John  J.  Weber) :  6-piece 

tea  and  coffee  service,  4  open  salts,  2  cake  baskets,  a  coffee  urn,  butter 

dish,  syrup  pitcher  with  stand,  fruit  stand,  jewel  box,  and  a  card  receiver, 

all  silver-plated,  made  by  Meriden  Britannia  Co.,  ca.  1876  (1984.0424). 
Kathy    Merlock    Jackson:    cowrie    shell    with    carved    inscription    "Souvenir/ 

Mother  from/Galveston"  (1984.0350). 
Jacques  N.  Jacobsen,  Jr.:  overseas  cap  and  insignia  patch  from  the  Civilian 

Conservation  Corps,  ca.  1939  (1984.0385). 
Jacuzzi   Whirlpool    Bath    (through    Roy   Jacuzzi) :    prototype    and    production 

models  of  the  Jacuzzi  Hydromassage  whirlpool  bath   (1982.0121). 
Kurt  Jaeger:   German   World   War   II   20   Reichsmark   emergency   bank   note 

(1983.0574). 
James   Industries   Incorporated    (through   Betty   M.   James) :    "Slinky"   spring 

toy  used   by   the   over-all   winner  of   a   charitable   fund-raising   contest   in 

1975  (1984.0182). 
Eric  C.  Jenkins:  pair  of  shoes  and  rubber  covers,  1898,  excavated  from  Camp 

Alger,  Virginia  (1983.0015). 
Edward  C.  Johnson,  O.D. :  student's  microtome  (1984.0484). 
Col.   William   P.   Jones,   Jr.:   2   Brazilian   "bull's    eye"   postage   stamps,   1843 

(1984.0080). 
W.  J.  Jung:  "Washington"  style  hand  press   made  by   the  Cincinnati  Type 

Foundry  (1983.0452). 
Albert  E.  Kane:  telescopic  revolving  back  Graflex  camera  with  Zeiss,  Mentor, 

and  Ihagee  lenses,  2  carrying  cases,  and  accessories  (1983.0423). 
Alvin    R.    and    Marjorie    5.    Kantor:    undivided    20    percent    interest    of    the 

Benjamin   Franklin   General   Post   Office   Account   written   entirely   in   Mr. 

Franklin's  own  hand  and  includes  8  of  his  signatures,  1770-72  (1982.0786). 
Alice  A.  and  Aubrey  F.  Kelch,  Jr.:  13  coronary  artery  bypass  graft  markers 

made  of  stainless  spring  steel  (1983.0799). 
Dorothy  E.  Kellum:  book  Poems  by  Yanks  in  Britain  written  by  members  erf 

the  U.S.  armed  forces,  1942-45  (1983.0772). 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gordon  Kennedy,  Sr.:  18th-century  Windsor  fanback  chair  and 

stretcher-based  table  and  a  19th-century  oblong  wooden  bowl  (1983.0770). 


642  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Roger  G.   Kennedy:   reed   organ   made   by   Alexandre   Pere   et   Fils   of   Paris, 

France,  ca.  1898  (1983.0497). 
Paulette  Kerstitch:  jacquard  woven  silk  portrait  of  J.  M.  Jacquard  (1982.0311). 
Claudia    B.    Kidwell:    freshman    beanie    worn    by    Richard    Kidwell    at    the 

University  of  Maryland,  1956-60  (1983.0534). 
The    Martin    Luther    King,    Jr.    Center    for    Nonviolent    Social    Change,    Inc. 

(through  D.  Louise  Cook) :  T-shirt  with  slogan  "Jobs/Peace/Freedom"  from 

the  20th  anniversary  "March  on  Washington,"  August  27,  1983  (1984.0205). 
Mrs.  Leonard  Kirby:  flag  with  eagle  and  13  stars  on  a  shield   (1984.0077). 
Miriam  L.  Kirkland:  European  red  shawl  with  asymmetrical  paisley  design 

(1982.0368). 
Frank  E.  Klapthor:  signed  pen  and  ink  drawing  titled  Coif  Girl  by  Charles 

Dana  Gibson  (1983.0531). 
Dorothy   L.   Klausli:   "Tekniklavier"   practice   keyboard   instrument   made   by 

Mrs.  A.  M.  Virgil,  early  20th  century  (1983.0482). 
Hendrine  Kleinjan:  jacquard  woven  silk  picture  of  the  Zurcherische  Seiden- 

webschule  1881  (1980.0404). 
Ted  Knight:  blue  blazer  worn  by  Mr.  Knight  as  "Ted  Baxter"  on  "The  Mary 

Tyler  Moore  Show"  television  series,  1972-77  (1983.0201). 
Janet   Kogut   in   honor   of   Delia   Kogut:   woman's   yellow   dress   with   fabric 

flower  decorations,  1948  (1982.0618). 
Noelle  Kominoth:  T-shirt,  shorts,  shoes,  and  socks  worn  by  Ms.  Kominoth 

while  playing  elementary  school  soccer  (1984.0347). 
Howard  Koslow:  etching  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  by  Howard  Koslow,  1983 

(1983.0855). 
Theodore   A.    Krieg:    14   brass    pulleys,   9   brass    and   iron   picture   hooks,   3 

decorated  window  shades  designed  by  Frederick  Krieg,  and  2  nickel  shade 

pulls  (1983.0567). 
Cameron  J.  LaClair,  Jr.:  Philips  radio  receiver,  model  B3X98A  (1983.0187). 
Gloria  LaFay:  2  pairs  of  skis  and  a  pair  of  ski  boots  on  a  stand  (1983.0387). 
Mary  Lily  H.  LaMar:  letter  from  Eleanor  Roosevelt  to  Mrs.  James  B.  LaMar 

dated  April  1,  1944  (1984.0444). 
Ruth  J.  Lambries:  2  letters,  one  from  Anwar  El-Sadat  and  the  other  from 

Mahmoud  H.  Abdel  Nasser,  written  to  Mrs.  Lambries  (1984.0085). 
Landes  Manufacturing  Company   (through   Martin  R.   Liebhold) :   3  units   of 

Northridge  storage  systems  designed  by  Jerry  Johnson  in  1977  and  made 

by  Landes  Manufacturing  Company  (1984.0102). 
John  P.  Langellier,  Ph.D.:  2  pairs  of  shoulder  knots,  a  cap  insignia,  helmet, 

and  a  coat,  all  of  the  Signal  Corps,  ca.  1890   (1983.0615);  white  summer 

helmet,  kepi  cover,  leather  gauntlets,  and  a  pair  of  cavalry  shoulder  knots, 

all  late  19th  century  (1984.0141);  2  bugle  cords,  2  fatigue  hats,  a  cap  with 
shawl,  shoulder  knot,  havelock,  and  a  white  cap  (1984.0402). 
Lige   H.    Langston:    braided    rawhide   quirt   made   by   Leo    Duarte,   ca.    1970 

(1984.0156). 
Gracie   and   Walter   Lantz:    21    pieces    of   original    art   work    from    the    first 

Woody  Woodpecker  cartoon  titled  Knock,  Knock,  1940,  2  16-mm  films, 
2  videotape  cassettes,  and  a  wooden  model  of  Woody  Woodpecker  (1982. 
0567). 

Benjamin  T.  Layton:  Lord  Elgin  wrist  watch  (1984.0094). 

Jack  LaZard,  Jr.:  serigraph  Roebling's  Dream  Realized  by  Otto  Neals,  1983 

(1984.0109). 
Edmond  J.  LeBreton:  Christmas  card  signed  "Tip  O'Neill"   (1983.0413). 
Estate  of  Adelaide  Leier   (through  Eugene  F.   Behlen) :   19  19th-century  U.S. 

coins  and  17  17th-  through  19th-century  foreign  coins   (1980.0986). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  64,3 


Jane   Lentz:    3   woman's    felt   hats    and    2   pairs   of    stockings,    20th    century 

(1982.0065). 
Erminia  C.  Leonardo  (through  Ercole  Leonardo) :  2  hand  irons  and  an  electric 
iron  used  by  tailor  Enrico  Leonardo,  1910-49  (1982.0431);  10-piece  Ameri- 
can Legion  uniform,  12  badges,  4  ribbons,  2  medals,  a  cuff  link,  tie  pin, 
plate,  and  a  flag-tenna  from  Ms.  Leonardo's  American  Legion  activities 
from  the  1920s  through  the  1970s  (1983.0516). 
Sara   L.   Lepman:   2  political  banners   and   a   poster   from   the   campaigns   of 

Thomas  E.  Dewey  and  Earl  Warren  (1983.0668). 
Hope  Anthony  Levy:  2  cotton  towels,  2  lengths  of  ingrain  carpeting,  2  cover- 
lets, a  tablecloth,  piece  of  embroidered  canvas,  pair  of  sheap  shears,  and  a 
brass  name  stencil,  all  19th  century,  an  18th-century  glazed  wool  quilt,  a 
copy  of  Mrs.  Levy's  book  The  Craft  of  Needlepoint,  and  a  proof  sheet, 
work  sampler,  and  stitch  diagram  used  to  make  the  book's  cover  design 
(1981.1020). 
Mrs.   Stanley  C.   Lewis:   Shaker-style   dark   red  wool   doll's   cloak  with   cape 

collar  and  lined  hood,  early  20th  century  (1984.0175). 
David   K.    Lieberman:   political   button   "NATIONAL   War   Fund   SCHOOLS 

New  York"  (1984.0206). 
Robert  Loeffler,  M.D.  and  Vera  Loeffler:  glass  sculpture  of  a  3-dimensional 
grid-like  rectangular  form  made  by  Steven  L  Weinberg,  1981   (1981.0964); 
glass  vase  titled  Aventurine  Star  by  Michael  Clancy,  1982  (1982.0814). 
Charles  T.  G.  Looney:  aluminum  tray,  dish,  and  knife   (1984.0394). 
George  T.  Lopez:  cedar  and  cottonwood   sculpture  of  San  Rafael   made  by 

Mr.  Lopez  and  dated  February  10,  1982  (1983.0774). 
Jack  Lord:  19  objects  used  by  Jack  Lord  in  the  portrayal  of  the  title  character 
on  the  television  series  "Stoney  Burke"  and  a  poster  of  Mr.  Lord's  photo- 
graph used  as  a  TV  Guide  cozier  (1984.0388). 
Lorimar  (through  Russel  Goldsmith  and  Larry  Hagman) :  hat  worn  by  Larry 
Hagman    as    "J.    R.    Ewing"    on    the    television    series    "Dallas,"    1979-83 
(1984.0193). 
Alice   Tucker   Lowe:    pink   satin    cape   worn    to    the   Lincoln   Inaugural    Ball 

(1983.0661). 
Mrs.  Marion  Lund:  3  ophthalmoscopes  (1983.0742). 

Kenneth  Lynch   (through  Patricia  A.   Lynch) :  8   axe  handle  patterns,   3   saw 
hammTs.  a  horse  collar  mallet,  shoe  hammer,  stake  anvil,  and  a  cooper's 
anvil  (1983.0403). 
Roberta  A.  McAllister:  3  U.S.  Army  insignia  and  a  pair  of  blousing  bands, 

1970s  (1983.0357). 
M.  Sgt.  Charles  W.  McCann:  5-star  Fleet  Admiral's  flag,  7-star  commission 
pennant,  and  a  photograph  of  the  USS   Dauntless  with  her  crew.  World 
War  II  (1983.0416). 
Patricia  Hill  McCloy  and  Kathryn  Hill  Meardon:  appliqued  and  embroidered 
wool  quilt  titled  Solar  System  and  signed  "E.  H.  Baker  A.D.  1876"  (1983. 
0618). 
Russell   L.   McLaughlin:   "A   Sound   Mind   in   a   Sound   Body"   health   medal 

given  by  the  Pittsburgh  High  Schools  (1983.0204). 
A.  W.  MacLeod,  M.R.C.V.S.:  pair  of  field   glasses   made  by  T.   W.  Watson 

of  London  and  a  leather  case,  early  19th  century   (1983.0515). 
William  McMillen:   shoemaker's  round  knife   (1983.0333). 
James  Madison  University,  Physics  Department   (through  James  D.  Lehman 
and  Raymond  A.  Serway) :  educational  seismic  system  sensor  and  illumina- 
tion case  built  by  James  D.  Lehman  (1984.0017). 
Nadya  Makovenyi:  15  phonorecords  (1984.0004). 


644  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Katheryn  Dorflinger  Manchee:  cut  glass  vase  and  a  vase  with  green  glass 
casing  made  by  Christian  Dorflinger  &  Sons,  ca.  1900  (1983.0288). 

Hessina  Mann:  lead  glass  vase  decorated  in  a  "Brilliant  Period"  cut  pattern, 
1900-17  (1982.0502). 

Marble  Collectors'  Society  of  America  (through  Claire  W.  and  Stanley  A. 
Block) :  348  glass,  ceramic,  and  stone  marbles  and  2  ceramic  carpet  balls 
(1981.0746). 

Francis  Marion  College,  Francis  Marion  College  Library  (through  Paul  Dove) : 
memento  card  from  the  memorial  service  of  President  James  Abram  Gar- 
field (1983.0660). 

James  E.  Maros:  Ronald  McDonald,  Mayor  McCheese,  and  Big  Mac  dolls 
created  by  Mr.  Maros,  ca.  1968  (1983.0366). 

Elizabeth  B.  Martin:  blue  parasol,  long  white  silk  knit  mitts,  black  lace  mitts, 
widow's  veil,  and  2  mourning  handkerchiefs  all  owned  and  used  by  Mrs. 
William  McKinley  (1983.0598). 

Alyce  Maylard:  8-keyed  boxwood  flute  made  by  Thomas  Key  of  London, 
England  in  the  early  19th  century  (1984.0339). 

Otto  Mayr:  electric  "Booklite"  lamp  in  original  container,  ca.  1953  (1983. 
0769). 

Medtronic,  The  Medtronic  Archive  on  Electricity  in  Medicine  and  Biology 
(through  Dennis  Stillings) :  3  slide  sets  titled  Myocardial  Implant,  Endo- 
cardial Unipolar,  and  Endocardial  Bipolar,  ca.  1973   (306405). 

Herbert  Melnick:  $50  note  on  the  Citizens  Bank  of  Louisiana  at  Shreveport 
(1980.0945). 

Darroll  Ann  Midgette:  2-piece  gym  suit  worn  by  Ms.  Midgette  at  State 
University  College  in  New  Paltz,  New  York,  1968-69,  and  a  gym  blouse 
worn  by  Flora  Di  Paolo  Midgette,  ca.  1923  (1983.0685). 

Charles  W.  Millard  III:  portfolio  of  95  prints  and  photographs   (1983.0838). 

George  L.  Miller:  English  earthenware  muffin  plate  with  black  transfer 
printed  image  inscribed  "The  Potters'  Art/Printing,"  mid-19th  century 
(1982.0804). 

Stanley  Millimet:  field  overcoat  with  liner,  1946  (1982.0690). 

Ruth  H.  Millington:  2,404  color  transparencies,  99  prints,  and  miscellaneous 
publications,  illustrations,  correspondence,  and  ozalid  prints  all  on  the 
subject  of  covered  bridges  collected  by  Raymond  E.  Wilson,  and  a  photo- 
graph of  Mr.  Wilson  taken  in  1912  (1984.0009). 

R.  S.  Moody:  100  pairs  of  spectacles  and  cases  (317912). 

Charles  Moravec:  52  phonograph  records  (1983.0822). 

Meyer  Morse:  U.S.  Silver  Center  cent,  1792  (1981.1022). 

David  L.  Moser:  Robinson  templet  odontograph  used  to  mark  and  shape 
gear  teeth,  in  original  case  with  instruction  booklet,  ca.  1883   (1983.0353). 

Frances  M.  Rudell  Moyer:  2  woman's  brooches,  a  woman's  cape,  girl's 
bracelet,  and  a  pair  of  infant's  shoes,  all  early  20th  century  (1982.0456). 

William  Mozey:  New  York  State  Militia  cap  plate,  ca.  1825  (1983.0355). 

Ms.  Foundation  for  Education  and  Communication,  Inc.,  Ms.  Magazine 
(through  Patricia  Carbine  and  Joanne  Edgar) :  cover  of  Ms.  magazine  with 
feature  story  on  Sally  Ride,  first  U.S.  woman  astronaut,  January  1983 
(1984.0230). 

Wm.  P.  Mulvaney,  M.D.,  F.A.C.S.:  baseball  autographed  by  Babe  Ruth  and 
Hank  Aaron  (1984.0479). 

Mrs.  John  H.  Murray:  woman's  black  dress  with  long  net  sleeves,  1969 
(1982.0580);  11  examples  of  pewterware,  set  of  20  pieces  of  chrome-plated 
nickel-silver  flatware,  and  a  minature  brass  and  wood  bedwarmer  (1983. 
0566). 

Musicbox,  Inc.  (through  Dean  and  Sheryl  Foster) :  courier  tuxedo  consisting 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  645 


of  pants,  jacket,  shirt,  cuff  links,  studs,  gloves,  shoes,  and  a  bow  tie  and 
3  badges,  2  buttons,  and  2  plaques  from  the  singing  telegram  service 
Musicbox,   Inc.   and   Western   Union,   Inc.    (1983.0572). 

Susan  H.  Myers:  3  reproductions  of  Moravian  roof  tiles  made  of  coarse 
earthenware  by  Epro,  Inc.,  1968-69,  and  a  coarse  red  earthenware  drain 
pipe,  19th  century  (1982.0505). 

Perham  C.  Nahl:  132  U.S.  first  flight  covers  (1984.0013). 

County  of  Nassau,  Department  of  Recretation  and  Parks,  Nassau  County 
Black  History  Museum  (through  Willie  Houston) :  cacheted  cover  com- 
memorating the  69th  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Colored  People  (1983.0269). 

The  National  Committee  for  the  Bicentennial  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris  (through 
Joan  R.  Challinor) :  first-day  cover  signed  by  Graham  Elson  commemorating 
the  bicentennial  of  ballooning  and  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  1783-1983 
(1983.0438). 

National  Education  Association  Communications  (through  Keith  B.  Geeger) : 
2  videotape  cassettes,  2  posters,  poster  art,  and  a  storyboard  (1983.0601). 

National  Organization  for  Women  (through  Judy  Goldsmith) :  5  videotape 
cassettes  of  newsclips  and  a  videotape  cassette  of  the  "ERA  Countdown" 
film  (1983.0126). 

National  Society  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  (through  Patricia  W. 
Shelby):   Yorktown  Bicentennial  bronze  medal,   1981    (1981.0545). 

Mortimer  L.  Neinken:  6  Indian  Hundi  notes  of  the  King  George  V  period 
(1980.0896);  106  ancient  Greek  coins  and  5  weights  from  the  Black  Sea 
region  (1980.0942). 

Willie  Nelson:  black  polyester  "Willie  and  Family  on  the  Road  Again"  tour 
jacket  and  a  red  cotton  neck  scarf  (1983.0551). 

Y.  T.  Nercessian:  6  Armenian  Los  Angeles  medals  (1984.0246). 

The  City  of  New  York,  Department  of  Consumer  Affairs  (through  Simon  P. 
Gourdine  and  Edward  I.  Koch) :  27  weighing  and  measuring  devices,  19th 
and  early  20th  centuries  (1983.0514). 

David  A.  Nicksay:  3-piece  clown  costume,  undershirt,  bow  tie,  black  shoes, 
red  felt  hat  with  rhinestones,  red  gloves,  red  socks,  2-piece  clown  boxing 
outfit,  2  pairs  of  boxing  gloves,  brass  trumpet  in  case,  make-up  kit,  sewing 
kit,  and  an  oil  painting  all  relating  to  the  career  of  Ringling  Brothers  Circus 
clown  Zapata  (1983.0571). 

Government  of  Norway,  General  Directorate  of  Posts:  19  mint  stamps  and 
first  covers  of  Norway  (1983.0136). 

Harold  L.  Oberheim,  Jr.  and  Tillie  N.  Oberheim:  2  ticket  checks  and  a  menu 
from  President  Roosevelt's  Birthday  Ball,  January  30,  1934   (1984.0220). 

Tillie  N.  Oberheim:  2  pieces  of  President  Roosevelt's  birthday  cake,  Jan- 
uary 30,  1934  (1984.0054). 

Peter  Obershoff,  M.D.:  office  model  space  eikonometer  made  by  the  American 
Optical  Company  (314554). 

Catharine  C.  Olds:  book  Anti-Suffrage  Essays  by  Massachusetts  women, 
1916  (1983.0670). 

Elisabeth  Pal:  11  puppets  made  by  George  Pal  and  2  videotape  cassettes  of 
George  Pal's  puppetoons  "Date  with  Duke"  and  "Tubby  the  Tuba" 
(1983.0361). 

Mildred  R.  Palmer:  3  woman's  silver  bracelets  set  with  rhinestones,  1927-35 
(1983.0373). 

Joseph  Parisi:  7  AFSCME  buttons  (1984.0344). 

Janie  Parker:  pair  of  ballet  slippers  worn  by  Ms.  Parker  during  Houston 
Ballet's  performance  of  The  Sleeping  Beauty  in  Washington,  D.C.  on 
October  11-16,  1983  (1983.0552). 


646  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mrs.  Jefferson  Patterson:  49  33-rpm  phonorecords,  15  45-rpm  phonorecords, 
3  riding  crops,  2  horse  show  ribbons,  a  pennant,  pair  of  ice  hockey  gloves, 
folding  fishing  knife.  Dale  Carnegie  course  pin,  and  a  set  of  cuff  links  and 
tie  clasp  with  a  ski  motif  (1983.0393);  4  medals,  2  red  silk  rally  ribbons, 
magazine  dated  April  1954,  1959  National  Republican  Associates  elephant, 
1968  Republican  campaign  bottle.  United  Nations  arm  band,  medallion, 
pro-choice  button,  banner,  straw  hat,  post  card,  and  a  paper  weight 
(1984.0308). 

Verna  G.  Patterson:  12  pieces  of  sheet  music  (1984.0024). 

Sidney  A.  Peerless,  M.D.:  165  ancient  lead  tesserae  (1982.0035). 

Magdalene  M.  Perrou:  handbill  poem  titled  The  Assassination  of  President 
McKinley  by  H.  M.  Black,  ca.  1901  (1983.0160). 

Virginia  E.  Peterson  on  behalf  of  the  children  of  James  F.  Easton,  M.D. : 
2  nebulizer  bottles,  an  electro-therapeutic  machine,  atomizer  spray  appara- 
tus, diploma,  and  a  picture  of  the  first  graduating  class  of  the  University 
of  Maryland  Medical  School  (1984.0576). 

Dr.  John  Misha  Petkevich:  13  "An  Evening  with  Champions"  skating  pro- 
grams, 1970-82  (1983.0550);  8  posters  and  a  program  from  "An  Evening 
with  Champions"  ice  skating  exhibitions  (1983.0859). 

Phelps  Dodge  Refining  Corporation,  Laurel  Hill  Works  (through  Raymond 
Scheurer) :  Herreshoff  triple  expansion  steam  engine  with  direct-connected 
Westinghouse  direct  current  generator,  ca.  1904,  a  Herreshoff  Manu- 
facturing Company  builder's  plate  dated  1904,  and  a  Westinghouse  Electric 
and  Manufacturing  Company  builder's   plate,  ca.   1892   (1983.0090). 

Clifford  F.  Pinkham:  16  World  War  II  maps  (1982.0167). 

Polish  American  Nuismatic  Association  (through  Louis  Koncza) :  2  bronze 
medals,  one  commemorating  the  300th  anniversary  of  the  Relief  of  Vienna 
and  the  other  commemorating  Pope  John  Paul  II's  60th  birthday  (1984. 
0463). 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  H.  Porter:  glass  bowl  in  Sirenes  pattern  made  by  Rene 
Lalique  et  Cie  of  Paris,  France,  ca.  1932  (1983.0495). 

Alan  W.  Postlethwaite:  silicon  transistor  slice  and  a  subminiature  transistor 
prepared  by  Raytheon  Company  for  use  by  Bulova  in  Accutron  watches 
(1984.0097). 

Vocille  M.  Pratt:  plate  and  4  stemmed  glasses  in  the  Cactus  pattern,  bowl 
decorated  with  high  relief  band  of  parakeets,  and  a  tumbler  with  a  fern 
design  made  by  Rene  Lalique  et  Cie,  1930-33,  and  a  toilette  jar  and  cover 
in  the  Dahlia  pattern  made  by  Cristal  Lalique,  ca.  1960  (1983.0312);  5-piece 
place  setting  of  blown  molded  colorless  glass  in  Cactus  pattern  made  by 
Rene  Lalique  et  Cie,  Paris,  France,  1930-33  (1983.0828). 

Procter  &  Gamble  Productions,  Inc.  (through  Fred  Bartholomew) :  coffee 
pot  and  hous«  coat  from  the  television  daytime  series  "Guiding  Light"  and 
an  apron,  globe,  and  Thank  You  card  from  the  series  "As  the  World  Turns" 
(1984.0198). 

Brian  Pugh:  2  Spalding  baseballs,  one  autographed  by  Don  Drysdale  and 
the  other  autographed  by  the  L.A.  Dodgers   (1984.0228). 

Puritan-Bennett  Corporation  (through  John  B.  Weium) :  Puritan-Bennett 
ventilator  (1982.0382). 

Railroaders  Memorial  Museum  (through  Robert  L.  Emerson) :  rail  drill 
(1983.0087). 

Juliette  K.  and  Leonard  S.  Rakow,  M.D.:  preliminary  sketch  for  the  cameo 
glass  Pegasus  vase  by  John  Northwood  I,  England,  ca.  1878  (1983.0884). 

Julian  A.  Rand,  Jr. :  blown  "Favrile"  art  glass  vase  made  by  Louis  Comfort 
Tiffany,  ca.  1915  (1983.0172). 

Thomas  M.  Raysor,  Jr.:  5  posters,  2  fans,  a  flyer,  pennant,  boutonniere,  and 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  647 


a  button,  all  from  the  20th  anniversary  "March  on  Washington,"  August 
27,    1983    (1983.0540);    yellow    felt    banner    with    purple    lettering    reading 
"Gay  Farm  Workers"  (1983.0877). 
John   P.   Remensnyder:   21   plaster   molds   and   a   stamp   from   the   American 
Pottery   Manufacturing   Company   of   New   Jersey,    1833-45,   16    pieces   of 
19th-century    American    earthenware    and    stoneware    mugs,    flasks,    jars, 
and    inkwells,    a    17th-century    possibly    Swedish    stoneware    mug,    and    a 
ceramic  tile  from   the  Rookwood  Pottery   Company  of  Ohio,   1900   (1978. 
0938). 
Estate   of  John  Paul   Remensnyder   (through   Doris   R.   Ballantyne   and   J.   P. 
Remensnyder,  M.D.) :  92  iron,  copper,  and  brass  objects  used  in  the  home 
in  the  18th  and  19th  centuries   (1982.0090);   bl  late   18th-   through   early- 
20th-century  ceramic  objects  (1982.0423). 
Barbara    G.    Reno:    phonograph    turntable,    phonograph    record    recorder,    4 
public  speech  recordings,  2  blank  disks,  2  microphones,  2  headphones,  and 
miscellaneous  cords  (1984.0098). 
Rexnord,  Inc.,   Process  Machinery   Division   (through   Richard   R.   Bains) :   40 
linen   tracings    and    drawings,   29    glass    negatives,    24    blueprints,   3    sales 
books,  3  pairs  of  double  calipers,  2  builder's  plates,  and  a  pressure  rise 
scale   used  by   the  Nordberg  Manufacturing   Company    (1984.0243). 
Ira  Rezak,  M.D. :  "Genesis"  and  "Exodus"  medals  by  Brian  Watkins   (1983. 

0676). 
Harriet  C.  Riddile:  7  woman's  dresses,  5  hairpieces,  3  cards  of  trimmings,  a 
woman's    hoop    and    instruction    sheet,    pair    of    shoes,    sweater,    chemise, 
bonnet,  and  a  pair  of  drawers,  late  19th  to  early  20th  centuries  (1981.0250). 
S.  Dillon  Ripley:  9  Bulgarian  commemorative  coins  (1983.0435);  Cyprus  500 
mils  silver  proof  coin  commemorating  the  30th  anniversary  of  the  Univer- 
sal Declaration  of  Human  Rights,  1978  (1983.0677). 
Seymour  Robins:  19  paper  graphics  designed  by  Mr.  Robins  (1984.0379). 
Rockaway  Corporation   (through  Robert  Jania) :   secondary  standard  balance 
handmade  for  Triner  Scale  &  Manufacturing  Company  by  a  German  ma- 
chinist in  1910  (1984.0583). 
Fred  Rogers:  rust  colored  knit  sweater  worn  by  Fred  Rogers  on  the  children's 

television  program  "Mister  Rogers'  Neighborhood"  (1984.0219). 
Curtis  and  Jeanette  S.  Roosevelt:  5  gowns,  4  pieces  of  lace,  3  coats,  3  collars, 
2  jackets,  a  pair  of  shoes,  pair  of  sleeves,  pair  of  cuffs,  slip,  shawl,  and  a 
piece  of  fabric  which  all  belonged  to  Eleanor  Roosevelt  (1983.0405). 
Abraham  A.  Rosen:  1,944  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  coins  (1981.1025). 
Jonathan  P.  Rosen:  1,215  ancient  and  medieval  coins  (1981.1024). 
J.  William  Rosenthal,  M.D. :  15  intraocular  lenses,  4  glasses  frames,  1930s  and 

1950s,  and  a  French  lens  edger  machine,  ca.  1750  (1984.0483). 
Rowantrees   Pottery    (through   Sheila   B.   Varnum) :   6-piece    place    setting   of 
luncheon  dishes  of  the  same  pattern  presented  to  Mrs.  Eisenhower  in  1955 
(1983.0052). 
Mrs.  Sumner  Rowe:  militia  dress  coat,  ca.  1850,  and  a  pair  of  gilt  epaulettes 

(1984.0256). 
Edwin  A.  Rowlands:  6  golf  gloves,  2  pairs  of  racing  gloves,  2  pairs  of  football 
stockings,  2  horseshoes,  2  baseballs,  a  baseball  bat,  baseball  cap,  basketball 
jersey,  hair  ribbon,  whisk  broom,  whistle,  and  an  emory  cloth  (1983.0347); 
autograph  of  J.  Honus  Wagner,  first-base  coach  of  the  Pittsburgh  Pirates, 
dated  1935  (1984.0135). 
Royal   Copenhagen   Porcelain   Corporation    (through   Per   Sorensen) :    5-piece 
silver  place  setting  in  the  Acorn  pattern  designed  by  John  Rohde  in  1915 
and  made  by  Georg  Jensen  in  1982  (1983.0645). 
John  E.  Ruedy:  4-inch  refracting  telescope  with  a  set  of  4  eyepieces,  star  diag- 


648  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


nol,  accessary  box,  equatorial  mount,  and  a  tripod,  built  by  John  A.  Bra- 
shear,  ca.  1896  (1983.0579). 
Bernard  R.  Rumbutis:  Remington  electric  typewriter  (1982.0334). 
SAS  Philatelic  Club;  7  first-flight  covers  of  the  Scandinavian  Airline  System 

(1983.0400). 
Dr.  Michael  A.  Sabia,  D.C. :  "Enswell"  device  invented  by  Dr.  Sabia  to  reduce 

eye  swelling  of  boxers  between  rounds   (1983.0076);   scoliometer  invented 

and  patented  by  Dr.  Sabia,  1983  (1984.0286). 
Estate   of   Sen.   Leverett   Saltonstall    (through   William   L.   Saltonstall) :    fence 

rail  split  by  Abraham  Lincoln  and  John  Hanks,  1829-30  (1983.0418). 
William  M.   Sandridge:   bronze   medal   of   Franklin   D.   Roosevelt   by   French 

medalist  Anie  Mouroux,  1945  (1983.0427). 
Kitchens   of   Sara   Lee    (through   Peg   Ransom) :    plaque    commemorating   the 

"Bicentennial  Birthday  Cake  of  the  United  States"  which  was  made  by  the 

Kitchens  of  Sara  Lee  and  displayed  in  Philadelphia's  Memorial  Hall,  July  4, 

1976  (1983.0663). 
Carl  H.  Scheele:  2  medals  and  a  plaquette  (1981.0621);  booklet  Family  Shelter 

Designs  (1983.0582);  shopping  bag  and  litter  bag  with  political  campaign 

slogans  (1984.0368). 
Nadine  and  William  F.  Schmitt:  solid  brass  prisopiometer  with  lenses  made 

by  the  Standard  Optical  Company,  patented  September  21,  1886   (312673). 
Catherine  M.   Schroeder:   handkerchief  box   which   belonged   to   Caroline   C. 

Fillmore,  second  wife  of  President  Millard  Fillmore  (1983.0278). 
Howard  Schwartz:  2  tickets  to  "Woodstock  Music  and  Art  Fair,"  August  16 

and  17,  1969  (1983.0154). 
Dr.   L.   Albert   Scipio   II:   9   reproduction   enlisted-rank   collar   disks,   1907-26 

(1983.0766). 
Scovill,   Inc.    (through  Josephine  Byrolly) :   1,715   coins,   tokens,   medals,   and 

campaign  buttons  (1981.0296). 
Kenneth  Akiva  Segan:  etched  print  portrait  of  Albert  Einstein  by  Mr.  Segan, 

1981  (1983.0707). 
Daniel  M.  Semel:  socket  chisel  marked  "James  Cam"  (1983.0331). 
Carl  A.  Sferrazza:  political  button  "Re-Elect  Rosalyn/First  Lady"  (1983.0351); 

2  movie  posters  and  a  pair  of  3-D  glasses  from  the  movie  Jaws  HI,  1983 

(1983.0553);   2   political   buttons,   a   Bicentennial   flag,   and   a   "Khomaniac 

Dartboard"  poster  (1983.0599);  booklet  titled  How  to  Become  a  Citizen  by 

Charles  Kallmeyer,  1925  (1983.0824). 
Neil  Shafer:  616  pieces  of  paper  scrip  items  and  tokens  given  by  food  stores 

as  change  to  customers  in  the  USDA  food  stamp  program  (1983.0454). 
Mrs.  Blanche  Shavers:   trumpet  used  by   Charlie  Shavers  and   a   framed  oil 

painting  of  Mr.  Shavers  playing  the  trumpet  (1983.0479). 
Dr.  Margery  W.   Shaw:  180  Napoleonic  and  French  Revolution   covers   and 

documents  from  volumes  8  and  9  of  the  Henry  A.  Myer  Collection  (1983. 

0780). 
David  H.  Shayt:  certificate  for  good  behavior  and  regular  attendance  awarded 

to  Allen  Searle  from  the  public  schools  of  Rochester  dated  April  13,  1865 

(1983.0203). 
William  F.  Showers,  P.E. :  Leeds  &  Northrup  temperature  recorder,  ca.  1920 

(1984.0026). 
Shriners    Hospital    for    Crippled    Children,    Burns    Institute-Cincinnati    Unit 

(through  Bruce  Glenn  MacMillan,  M.D.  and  Matthew  P.  Maley) :  2  patient 

isolator   units   with   components   used   in   specialized   treatment    of   severe 

burns  (1980.0187). 
Alberta  R.  Shy:  post  card  with  drawing  of  an  elephant  and  the  words  "Pull 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  649 


My  Tail  and  See — The  Next  President"  which  is  a  photograph  of  William 
H.  Taft,  November  1908  (1983.0483). 

Vijai  Pal  Singh,  M.D.:  6  sheets  of  261  postage  stamps  from  Nepal  (1983.0640). 

Vilma  F.  Slingerland:  petit  point  purse  with  scenes  of  George  Washington 
entering  Philadelphia  and  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  a  "Capitol 
Building"  handle  (1984.0323). 

Harriet  K.  Smith:  log  cabin  pattern  pieced-work  quilt,  19th  century  (1983. 
0731). 

Ruth  Marie  Smith:  child's  9-patch  pieced-work  quilt  embroidered  with  "Char- 
lotte Roe  Virgil,  1806"  (1984.0092). 

Velda  Tindall  Smith:  brown  tooled  leather  saddle  used  by  Velda  Smith  while 
a  rodeo  trick  rider  and  a  quilt  with  tan  squares  embroidered  with  signa- 
tures of  various  rodeo  stars  made  by  Mrs.  Smith  (1983.0386). 

Verna  E.  Smith:  Chicago  World's  Fair  stereoscopic  viewing  device  with  6 
photographic  slides  of  views  of  the  Fair  contained  in  the  original  box,  1933 
(1984.0525). 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Business  Management  Office,  Mail  Order  Division 
(through  Luna  Lambert) :  2  pressed  glass  goblets  in  Broken  Column  pattern, 
one  ca.  1886  and  the  other  a  1982  reproduction,  a  pitcher,  spoonholder,  and 
sugar  bowl  of  pressed  glass  in  Lion  pattern,  1867-1930s,  and  a  bone  china 
reproduction  of  a  Chinese  bowl,  1980  (1982.0499);  bone  china  platter  repro- 
duced from  an  18th-century  Hochst  "raised  flower"  patterned  piece  and  a 
bone  china  teapot  and  cover  reproduced  from  an  18th-century  English  tea- 
pot (1983.0161);  bone  china  cup  and  saucer  reproduced  from  an  18th-cen- 
tury Vienna  piece,  made  by  Lenox,  Inc.,  1983  (1984.0238). 

Albert  Soiland  Cancer  Foundation,  Southern  California  Cancer  Center 
(through  James  F.  Nolan,  M.D.) :  3  self-regulating  x-ray  tubes  (1981.0588). 

Joseph  C.  Sonntag:  2  samples  of  Edison  wire  and  tube,  telegraph  relay,  and 
a  cable  splice  (1983.0334). 

South  African  Mint:  set  of  8  commemorative  coins  of  South  Africa,  1979 
(1979.0822). 

Alice  L.  Sparrow:  2  woman's  2-piece  suits  designed  by  Adrian  and  Gunther 
Jaeckel,  1949-52  (1982.0177). 

Benjamin  Stack:  136  Greek  coins  from  Pontus  (1983.0512). 

Benjamin,  Harvey  G.,  and  Norman  Stack:  120  French  medals  and  plaquettes 
(1977.1210);  176  gold  mohurs  issued  by  the  Mogul  Emperors  of  India,  A.D. 
1556-1806  (1977.1214);  11  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  counterstamped  coins 
(1980.0938);  9  ancient  Greek  tetradrachms  from  Agrigentum  and  Messana 
in  Sicily,  5th  century  B.C.  (1981.1049);  10  ancient  Greek  silver  tetradrachms 
from  Syracuse  and  Messana  in  Sicily,  5th  century  B.C.  (1981.1050);  10  an- 
cient Greek  silver  tetradrachms  from  Leontini  and  Messana  in  Sicily,  5th 
century  B.C.  (1981.1055);  8  ancient  Greek  coins  from  Messana  in  Sicily  and 
a  bronze  weight  for  one  mna  from  Cyzicus  in  Mysia  (1981.1056);  10  dies  for 
striking  ancient  Greek  coins  (1981.1075);  10  dies  for  striking  Siculo-Punic 
coinage,  410-310  B.C.  (1981.1076);  copper  gilt  twenty-dollar  piece  from  the 
California  Miners  Bank,  San  Francisco,  1850  (1983.0426);  box-taler  of  Lud- 
wig  III  of  Bavaria  with  portraits,  1914-16  (1983.0428);  6  letters  and  finan- 
cial documents,  18th  and  19th  centuries  (1983.0431);  letter  written  by 
Catherine  II  of  Russia  to  Lt.  Col.  Baron  Osten  Sacken  in  reference  to  the 
Order  of  the  Holy  Apostolic  Sant  Prince  Vladimir,  written  from  St.  Peters- 
burg on  December  4,  1792  (1983.0432);  4  letters,  an  engraved  portrait,  and 
an  obituary  all  related  to  Francis  Elias  Spinner,  1802-90  (1983.0433);  23 
French  and  Italian  personal  medals  (1983.0445);  2  ancient  Greek  and  2 
Roman  Imperial  coins  (1983.0674);  28  gold  and  electrum  Byzantine  coins, 
A.D.  1025-1225  (1983.0682);  31  Roman  Republic  silver  denarii  (1983.0683); 


650  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


64   dies   used   to   strike   counterfeit   Roman   Imperial   and   Byzantine   coins 
(1983.0784). 

Harvey  G.  Stack:  145  Greek  coins  from  Paphlagonia  (1983.0510). 

Norman  Stack:  98  Greek  coins  from  Nysia  (1983.0511). 

John  N.  Stafford:  fascimile  of  a  Department  of  State  $10.00  stamp  (1984.0186). 

Carl  L.  and  Elaine  Steiner:  5  pieces  of  "tin"  glazed  porcelain  made  in  Doccia, 
Italy,  ca.  1750,  a  porcelain  basket  made  in  Worcester,  England,  1765-75, 
porcelain  cup  and  saucer  made  in  Germany,  1825-50,  and  a  porcelain 
chocolate  pot  made  in  China,  1775-1810  (1981.1026). 

Richard  L.  Steiner:  piece  of  an  18th-century  silk  brocade  dress  which  be- 
longed to  Martha  Washington  (1984.0132). 

Anne  W.  Stockvis:  carved,  burnished,  and  pit-fired  ceramic  vase  made  by 
Nancee  Meeker,  ca.  1979  (1982.0809). 

Marion  B.  Stokes:  direct  disc  recording  in  jacket  titled  "Lincoln  Mayorga 
and  Distinguished  Colleagues"  recorded  at  Sheffield  Lab  Inc.,  ca.  1968 
(1983.0577). 

Elizabeth  Dutton  Stone:  crocheted  and  embroidered  afghan  made  by  Annie  E. 

Given  Dutton  in  the  19th  century  (1983.0869). 

Lois  Greene  Stone:  plastic  "dog  tag"  identification  on  chain  worn  by  Mrs. 
Stone  as  a  school  child  in  New  York  City  during  World  War  II  (1984.0254). 

Stop  the  War  (through  Jay  Johnson):  15  post  cards  from  Nicaragua  (1983. 
0543). 

Diana  and  J.  G.  Stradling:  blown  cobalt-blue  glass  pitcher,  Pittsburgh  area, 
19th  century  (1981.1041). 

Estate  of  Alys  L.  Strauss  (through  James  H.  Ridgely) :  2-page  letters  patent 
for  an  apparatus  for  spinning  cotton  and  other  fibrous  substances  granted 
to  Asahel  M.  Lanpher  and  signed  by  Andrew  Jackson,  1834  (1983.0292). 

Leonard  H.  Strittmatter:  World  War  II  Japanese  surrender  leaflet  found  on 
the  streets  of  Naha,  Okinawa  (1984.0490). 

Mary  Stuart:  blue  cotton  apron  worn  by  Ms.  Stuart  as  "Joanne  Toureur"  on 
the  daytime  television  series  "Search  For  Tomorrow,"  1951-60  (1984.0208). 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Galen  P.  Suiter  in  memory  of  Miss  Sarah  G.  Hall:  wooden 
niddy  noddy  used  to  wind  yarn,  inscribed  "GAB  1779"  (1981.0910). 

Mrs.  W.  A.  Sutherland:  Chinese  export  porcelain  teapot,  cover,  and  stand 
decorated  with  transfer  printed  image  of  the  Goddess  Juno,  ca.  1750  (1982. 
0790). 

James  M.  Swain,  M.D. :  silver  flute  made  by  Theobald  Boehm  of  Munich, 
Germany  in  1848  and  a  period  case  (1984.0070). 

Government  of  Sweden,  PFA,  The  Swedish  Post  Office,  Stamps  and  Philatelic 
Services:  281  mint  stamps,  booklets,  and  first-day  covers  of  Sweden  (1983. 
0137). 

Dr.  Hans  Syz:  porcelain  teabowl  and  saucer  decorated  with  handpainted  Corn- 
flower pattern,  Nyon,  Switzerland,  ca.  1770,  and  a  porcelain  tureen  cover, 
Meissen  Germany,  1730-35  (1981.0931);  porcelain  saucer  made  by  Joseph 
Gaspard  Robert  in  Marseilles,  France  and  a  porcelain  coffee  pot  decorated 
with  fruit  and  butterflies  from  Zurich,  Switzerland,  both  ca.  1780  (1981. 
1027). 

David  L.  Tapscott:  white  T-shirt  with  "The  Grin  Will  Win"  in  green  (1984. 
0204). 

Samuel  Teicher:  2  account  books  from  the  National  Theater  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  1883-85  and  1899-1905  (1983.0202). 

Temple  University,  School  of  Communications  and  Theater,  Department  of 
Radio-Television-Film  (through  Prof.  Francis  L.  Heying) :  97  radio  tran- 
scriptions of  presidential  campaign  addresses  and  public  service  programs 
of  the  World  War  II  period  (1983.0578). 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  651 


Texas  Instruments  Incorporated   (through  Dr.  Willis  A.  Adcock) :  micropro- 
cessor, silicon  wafer,  and  a  solid  state  chip  (1984.0128). 
Joseph  M.  Thatcher:  3  cast  pewter  Legion  buttons,  1792-98,  excavated  from 

Ft.  Washington  and  Ft.  Jefferson  sites  in  Ohio  (1983.0817). 
Earle  A.  Thomas,  Jr.   and  Jane  M.  Thomas:   coarse   stoneware   pottery   vase 
with  rare  "Oxblood"  glaze   made  by   Hugh   Robertson's   Chelsea   Keramic 
Art  Works  in  Chelsea,  Massachusetts,  1884-89  (1984.0049). 
Andrew  F.  Thompson  in  honor  of  Anna  L.  and  Roy  W.  Thompson:  bench-top 
gear-cutting   machine   with   a   brass    table   of   ratios    plate    and    40   cutting 
wheels,  1850-75  (1983.0606). 
Harry   and   Henry   Tobias:   50   pieces   of   sheet   music   of    songs    written   by 

Charles,  Harry,  and  Henry  Tobias  (1983.0529). 
Col.  Paul  E.  Todd:  woman's  dress  with  embroidered  white  roses  and  rhine- 
stone  decorations  worn  by  the  wife  of  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  John  E. 
Osborne,  1913-15  (1982.0094). 
Paul   A.   Tolovi:   2   coat   of   arms   plaques    of   the   Defense    Communications 

Agency  (1983.0702). 
Cynthia  R.  and  Stephen  F.  Townsend  in  memory  of  Woodrow  E.  Townsend: 
banner  taken  from  a  town  building  in  Eisengen,  Germany,  April  1945  (1982. 
0504). 
Thomas  N.  Tully:  roofer's  soldering  hatchet  copper  (1983.0332). 
Lillian  Scheffers   Turner:   Lady  Diana   sculpture   of   a   woman   on   horseback 
made  by  Lenox,  Inc.,  1940s,  and  a  Lenox  porcelain  cream  pitcher  and  sugar 
bowl   with   cobalt-blue    glaze   and    silver   overlay,    1910-30    (1981.0700);    3 
Lenox  porcelain  demitasse  cups  in  silver  holders  by  Gorham  (1981.0758). 
Lillian  Scheffres   Turner:   Lady  Diana   sculpture   of   a   woman   on   horseback 
containing  a  22-karat  gold  portrait  bust  of  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.  made  by 
Compagnie   des    Cristalleries    de    Baccarat    of    France,    signed    by    sculptor 
Joseph  Goy,  1979  (1981.0032). 
Marian  B.   Tuthill:   autograph   album   containing   signatures    of   outstanding 
people  of  the  early  20th  century  collected  by  Elizabeth  Tuthill  Johanknecht 
(1983.0758). 
Naomi   Uemura:   silver  medal   commemorating  Mr.   Uemura's   solo   dog   sled 

expedition  to  the  North  Pole,  1978  (1979.0843). 
Union  Carbide  Corporation,  Speciality  Chemicals  Division   (through  Warren 
M.  Anderson  and  Dr.  Nathan  L.  Zutty) :  original  reaction  vessel  used  by 
Leo  H.  Baekeland  to  mix  the  first  batch  of  bakelite  plastic,  ca.  1909  (1983. 
0524). 
United  Nations,  Postal  Administration:   100  mint  stamps   and  panes   of  the 

United  Nations  (1983.0135). 
Unknown:  white  satin  robe  with  red  trim,  hood  with  support,  and  a  mask  of 
a  Ku  Klux  Klan  costume,  1960s   (1983.0595);  pink  crackle-glazed  Japanese 
porcelain  vase,  20th  century  (1983.0753);  souvenir  silk  stockings  from  the 
visit  of  King  George  VI  and  Queen  Elizabeth  to  the  U.S.  in  1939   (1984. 
0496). 
U.S.    American    Revolution    Bicentennial    Administration:    26    silver    and    23 
pewter   plaquettes   from   "The   Bicentennial   History   of   the   United   States 
Ingot  Series"  issued  by  the  Franklin  Mint  (1980.0947). 
U.S.  Department  of  Justice,  Drug  Enforcement  Administration  (through  Alice 
Tinn):  counterfeit  U.S.  silver  dollar,  1804   (1983.0434);  U.S.  Marshals  Ser- 
vice  (through  Michael  Spearman);   3   twenty-dollar   and   2   ten-dollar   gold 
pieces,  1883-1903  (1983.0033). 
U.S.  Department  of  the  Treasury,  Bureau  of  the  Mint  (through  Donna  Pope) : 
8  coin  and  proof  sets  composed  of  48  coins  issued  by  the  U.S.  Mint,  1980- 
82  (1983.0430). 


652  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


U.S.  Postal  Service,  Philatelic  Design  Section,  Stamps  Division  (through  Jack 
Williams) :  6  first-day  covers  commemorating  the  100th  anniversary  of  the 
opening  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge,  May  1983  (1984.0087). 

V.  Ushanoff :  lithographic  print  of  The  Formal  Transfer  Ceremony  of  Alaska 
Territory,  Oct.  18,  1867,  at  Sitka,  Alaska  by  Mr.  Ushanoff,  1983  (1983. 
0814). 

Winifred  M.  Valentine:  2  letters  handwritten  by  Susan  B.  Anthony  to  Senator 
Palmer  of  Michigan,  December  1884  (1984.0366). 

Robert  R.  Van  Deventer:  4  embroidered  doilies,  late  19th  to  early  20th  cen- 
turies (1984.0324);  Briggs  textile  marking  pen  of  glass  in  a  2-piece  wooden 
case  (1984.0325). 

Vocational  Guidance  and  Rehabilitation  Services  (through  Olive  K.  Banister) : 
dress,  bib,  slacks,  apron,  blouse,  tool  belt,  back  pack,  blanket,  and  crutch 
bag  made  by  and  for  the  handicapped  (306628). 

Martin  Vogel,  Jr.:  55  textile  objects  of  European  origin  dating  from  the  17th 
through  the  19th  centuries  (1981.0704). 

Robert  M.  Vogel:  14  photographs  documenting  the  construction  of  the 
Moravian-Silesian  North  Railway  in  Austria-Hungary,  1866-69  (1983.0634); 
7  stereographic  views  of  industrial  papermaking,  ca.  1900  (1983.0708);  3 
engraved  plates  of  a  wood  engraver's  shop  and  tools  and  an  explanatory 
letterpress  text,  all  from  Diderot's  Encyclopedie  (1983.0878). 

David  Volk:  shirt  and  rubber  duckpin  ball  used  by  Dave  Volk  and  his  1962 
DPAA  Duckpin  All-Star  Match  Game  Championship  Trophy  (1984.0197). 

James  H.  Wallace,  Jr.:  3  handouts,  2  posters,  a  letter,  and  a  bumper  sticker 
all  relating  to  the  20th  anniversary  "March  on  Washington,"  August  27, 
1983  (1983.0542). 

Florence  E.  and  Franklin  W.  Wallin:  parlor  "cocked  hat"  style  grand  piano 
made  by  Chickering  &  Sons  Co.  of  Boston,  Massachusetts  in  1857,  a  piano 
stool,  and  a  period  tuning  hammer  (1983.0377). 

Edward  J.  Ward:  cap  and  collar  insignia  of  a  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps  cadet. 
World  War  II  (1983.0886). 

Deborah  Jean  Warner:  bumper  sticker  "Harold  Washington-Punch-8-For- 
Chicago"  (1984.0403). 

C.  Malcolm  Watkins:  coarse  red  earthenware  jar  of  a  type  made  in  Buckley, 
North  Wales,  mid-18th  century,  and  a  clear  colorless  blown  glass  sugar 
bowl  and  cover  made  at  Thomas  Cains'  South  Boston  Flint  Glass  Works  or 
at  his  Phoenix  Glass  Works,  1813-30  (1981.1038);  round  brass  box  with 
art  pottery  tile  cover  made  by  Low  Art  Tile  &  Metal  Manufacturing  Co., 
1877-1902  (1982.0144);  pair  of  andirons  with  human-head-shaped  finials, 
fluted  pillars,  and  bow-shaped  front  legs,  1786-1820  (1983.0808);  crossing 
tender's  stop  sign,  early  20th  century  (1984.0112). 

Joan  Pearson  Watkins:  7  stoneware  and  earthenware  cooking  and  preserving 
objects  and  a  blown  amber  glass  bottle  (1980.0786);  9  teaspoons,  4  dinner 
forks,  4  dinner  knives,  2  serving  spoons,  and  a  butter  knife,  all  silver- 
plated  flatware  (1983.0461);  pink  "crackle"  glass  pitcher  and  lid,  1920s-30s, 
and  a  pale  aqua  glass  vase  with  striated  yellow  areas  made  by  James  M. 
Wayne,  ca.  1969  (1983.0494);  set  of  14  fork-spoons  and  a  set  of  12  picnic 
spoons  cut  from  thin  panels  of  wood  and  a  set  of  12  drapery  hooks  on 
original  cardboard  (1983.0643);  painting  of  a  Race  on  Long  Island  Sound 
between  2  steamboats,  ca.  1870  (1984.0358). 

Helen  E.  Weber:  woman's  green  coat  made  by  Zelinka  and  Matleck  and  a 
green  felt  hat,  1949-50  (1983.0850). 

Margaret  B.  Wennersten:  pillow  top  with  "Flags  of  Nations  at  War  with 
Germany"  on  one  side  and  "Remember  Me  While  I  am  Helping  to  Make 
the  World  Safe  for  Democracy"  on  the  other  side  (1981.0985). 

West  Virginia  Independence  Hall  Foundatin   (through  Dr.  Emory  L.  Kemp) : 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  653 


section  of  wrought  iron  "I"  beam  rolled  by  the  Trenton  Iron  Works  in 
1856  and  removed  from  the  Custom  House  of  Wheeling,  West  Virginia 
between  1856  and  1859  (1983.0764). 

Phyllis  S.  Wetherill:  36  cookie,  biscuit,  and  doughnut  cutters  (1983.0711). 

Rodd  L.  Wheaton:  13  samples  of  pile  carpet  from  the  Marcus  Daley  Hotel 
in  Anaconda,  Montana  and  2  samples  of  ingrain  carpet  from  Maryland 
churches,  all  19th  century  (1980.0616). 

John  N.  White:  2  reproduction  golf  clubs  and  a  set  of  6  golf  balls  mounted 
in  a  case  showing  the  development  of  golf  balls  (1983.0532). 

Maxwell  Whiteman:  14  Afro- American  figurines  (1983.0689). 

Frances  F.  Wilkins:  violin  and  bow  made  by  John  Albert  of  Philadelphia,  ca. 
1876  (1981.0781). 

Kenneth  A.  Williams:  3  fezzes  and  2  pins  used  by  Roy  G.  Genneary  while 
a  member  of  the  International  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  (1984.0315). 

Hugh  Allen  Wilson:  Chickering  &  Sons  clavichord  designed  by  Arnold  Dol- 
metsch,  1908  (1983.0157). 

Gretchen  L.  Witt:  fashion  plate  from  Petit  Courrier  des  Dames,  ca.  1837,  and 
a  woman's  dress,  1977  (1982.0447). 

George  W.  Workman:  police  chaplain's  badge.  Long  Beach,  California  (1984. 
0346). 

David  Wright:  2  ceramic  dishes  in  the  Celebron  pattern  made  by  the  Al- 
bright China  Co.  of  Ohio,  early  20th  century  (1983.0325). 

Victoria  Wyndham:  bust  of  Steve  Frame  sculpted  by  Ms.  Wyndham  on  the 
daytime  television  series  "Another  World"  (1984.0252). 

David  E.  Zeitlin:  black  basalt  stoneware  teapot  with  impression  "Turner" 
on  base,  ca.  1790,  and  a  ceramic  creamware  "loving  cup"  inscribed  "1769" 
made  by  Leeds  Pottery  (1982.0807);  2  blue  jasper  stoneware  pitchers  by 
William  Adams  &  Sons,  covered  brown  jasper-dip  stoneware  game  pie 
dish  made  at  Turner  Works,  and  a  pearlware  tea  caddy,  all  English,  ca. 
1800  (1983.0302). 

Zimmerman,  Galanty  &  Fiman  (through  Sidney  Galanty) :  2  videotape  cas- 
settes, 2  audio  tapes,  2  photographs,  2  descriptive  literature  packets,  news- 
paper advertising  art,  and  a  storyboard  from  advertising  campaigns  for 
presidential  candidate  Barry  Commoner  of  the  Citizen's  Party,  1980,  and 
for  the  Citizens  for  Common  Sense  in  National  Defense,  1982  (1983.0155). 

Zippo  Manufacturing  Company  (through  William  W.  Jones) :  3  lighters  made 
by  the  Zippo  Manufacturing  Company  in  1932,  1943-45,  and  1983  (1983. 
0394). 


NATIONAL  PORTRAIT  GALLERY 

Donors  of  Financial  Support 

Roberta  Rymer  Balfe 

Florence  Knoll  Bassett 

Barry  Bingham,  Sr. 

The  Morris  and  Gwendolyn  Cafritz 

Foundation 
Carter  Inaugural  Committee 
Danmarks  Radio 
The  Eakins  Press  Foundation 
Eastman  Memorial  Foundation, 

Lauren  Rogers  Library  & 

Museum  of  Art 
The  Gillette  Company 
Guerlain,  Inc. 


Robert  A.  Hauslohner 

The  Clarence  and  Jack  Himmel 

Foundation 
Beverly  J.  Lang 
Chester  H.  Lasell 
Katie  Louchheim 
James  E.  Macatee 
Paul  Mellon 
Merrill  Lynch,  Pierce  Fenner  & 

Smith,  Inc. 
The  National  Committee  for  the 

Bicentennial  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris 
The  New  York  Community  Trust 


654  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Peace  Pardners,  Peace  Lutheran 

Church 
Margaret  L.  Smith 
Time-Life  Books,  Inc. 

Donors  to  the  Collection 

H.  V.  Allison  Galleries 
Mrs.  Marvin  Beerbohm 
Alfred  Bendiner  Foundation 
Barry  Bingham,  Sr. 
Florence  Richberg  Campbell 
Ailene  Conkey 
S.  Arlent  Edwards,  Jr. 
Theresa  L.  Fairbanks 
Leonda  Finke 

The  Friends  of  Milton  Friedman 
Liz  Hart 

The  William  T.  Hornaday 
Conservation  Trust,  Inc. 
Douglas  S.  Jordan 
Mrs.  Jacob  M.  Kaplan 
Mrs.  Virginia  Kincaid 
Mrs.  Carroll  A.  McGowan 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Bland  Martin 
David  Mellinkoff 
James  J.  Miller 
Colonel  Merl  M.  Moore 


University  of  California 

Gale  E.  Vrtiak 

The  Washington  Post 

The  Washington  Print  Club 


Christopher  Murray 

Yasuo  Ohi 

Postamerica  Gallery 

Sylvester  G.  Prime 

Elizabeth  E.  Roth 

Marvin  Sadik 

Robert  Schoelkopf 

George  C.  Seybolt 

Eleanor  Richberg  Small 

The  Smithsonian  Institution's 

Regents'  Major  Acquisitions  Fund 
Smithsonian  Resident  Associates 
Frank  Stanton 
Robert  Stoller 
Prentiss  Taylor 

The  Veblen  Preservation  Project 
Erwin  Vollmer 
E.  Weyhe,  Inc. 
John  Wheeler 
Virginia  Zabriskie 


OFFICE  OF  MUSEUM  PROGRAMS 
Donors  of  Financial  Support 

W.  K.  Kellogg  Foundation:  grant  for  programs  to  "Expand  the  Educational 
Influence  of  Museums." 

Society  of  American  Archivists:  grant  for  production  of  slide/cassette  pro- 
gram, "Tribal  Archives  II:  Basic  Responsibilities  and  Operations." 

OFFICE  OF  HORTICULTURE 
Donors  to  National  Orchid  Collection 

Mrs.  Rudolf  Pabst:  247  rare  "stud"  orchid  plants. 
Mr.  Brad  Van  Scriver:  200  species  of  orchid  plants. 

Donors  to  the  Trees  of  Christmas  Ornament  Collection 

Judy  Ford  Hogan  and  Mary  I.  Llewellyn:  204  handmade  decorations  for  the 
Christmas  tree  "State  Birds  and  Flowers." 

Virginia  C.  Truslow:  110  handmade  decorations  for  the  Christmas  tree 
"Muslin  and  Lace." 

Embroiderers'  Guild  of  America,  Inc.,  Washington,  D.C.,  Chapter:  191  hand- 
made decorations  for  the  Christmas  tree  "Nutcracker  Suite." 

Helen  Haywood,  Dorothy  Scimshaw,  and  Priscilla  Sparks:  121  handmade 
decorations  for  the  Christmas  tree  "Crocheted  Snowflakes." 

National  Society  of  Tole  and  Decorative  Painters,  Inc.,  Nation's  Capital 
Chapter:  275  handmade  decorations  for  the  Christmas  tree  "Folk  Art  Tree." 

Sunny  O'Neil:  236  handmade  decorations  for  the  Christmas  tree  "Red, 
White,  and  Blue." 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  655 


Scandinavian  Council  of  the  Washington,  D.C.,  Area:  479  handmade  dec- 
orations for  the  Christmas  tree  "Scandinavia." 

National  Society  of  Tole  and  Decorative  Painters,  Inc.:  362  handmade  dec- 
orations for  the  Christmas  tree  "Tole  and  Decorative  Painting." 

American  Crafters:  116  handmade  decorations  for  the  Christmas  tree  "Amer- 
ican Crafters." 

Donors  to  the  Seed-Trade  Collections 

Gladys  and  Florence  Whitehead:  records,  correspondence,  and  utensils  re- 
lated to  the  Bedman  Brothers  Seed  Farm  established  in  1843  near  Rahway, 
New  Jersey. 

Donors  to  the  Floral  Crafts  Collections 
Mr.  John  Garrity:  hair  floral  cross  in  frame. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  ARCHIVES 
Donors  to  the  Collection 

INDIVIDUALS 

Barnard,  J.  Laurens:  papers  of  J.  Laurens  Barnard. 
Berger,  Andrew  J.:  papers  of  Andrew  J.  Berger. 
Coues,  William  P.:  Elliott  Coues'  "Book  of  Dates,  1896." 
Cowan,  Richard  S.:  papers  of  Richard  S.  Cowan. 
Crovello,  Theodore:  papers  of  James  A.  Peters. 
El-Baz,  Farouk:  papers  of  Farouk  El-Baz. 
Fireman,  Edward  L.:  papers  of  Edward  L.  Fireman. 
Froeschner,  Richard  C. :  papers  of  Doris  Holmes  Blake. 
Giacconi,  Riccardo:  papers  of  Riccardo  Giacconi 
Hughes,  Phillip  S.:  Smithsonian  Annual  Reports,  1854  and  1861 
Keen,  Myra:  papers  of  Myra  Keen. 

Kellogg,  Mrs.  A.  Remington:  papers  of  A.  Remington  Kellogg. 
Klapthor,  Margaret  B.:  papers  of  Margaret  B.  Klapthor. 
Marti,  Albert  R. :  exposition  postcards. 
Miller,  J.  Jefferson,  II:  taped  reminiscences. 
Peters,  T.  Michael:  papers  of  Charles  P.  Alexander. 
Ray,  Clayton  E.:  papers  of  Clayton  E.  Ray. 

Ray,  G.   Carleton:   publications  of   the  United  States   Marine  Mammal  Pro- 
gram, 1967-1971. 
Ripley,  S.  Dillon:  papers  of  S.  Dillon  Ripley. 
Walkinshaw,  Lawrence  H. :  papers  of  Lawrence  H.  Walkinshaw. 
Wallen,  Mrs.  Clare  Mills:  John  W.  Mills  Photograph  Collection. 
Williams:  Austin  B.:  papers  of  Austin  B.  Williams. 
Wilmeth,  Verna  Z.:  papers  of  A.  Gilbert  Wright. 
Wirth,  Willis  W.:  papers  of  Willis  W.  Wirth. 
Wright,  A.  Gilbert:  papers  of  A.  Gilbert  Wright. 
Yochelson,  Ellis  L.:  papers  of  Ellis  L.  Yochelson. 

INSTITUTIONS 

American  Ornithologists'  Union:  records  of  the  Union,  1850-1982. 

American  Society  of  Ichthyologists  and  Herpetologists :  records  of  the  So- 
ciety, 1947-1962,  and  1976-1982. 

Chesapeake  Research  Consortium,  Inc.:  records  of  the  Consortium,  1970— 
1981. 

Colonial  Waterbird  Group:  records  of  the  Group,  1983. 


656  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Estuarine  Research  Foundation:  records  of  the  Foundation,  1971-1983. 
International  Union  of  Directors  of  Zoological  Parks:  records  of  the  Union, 
1972-1983. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  LIBRARIES 

Donors  of  Financial  Support 

$1,000  OR  MORE 

Dibner  Fund  Inc.,  Norwalk,  Connecticut. 
Donors  to  the  Collection 

Richard  Ahlborn:  Traditional  Crafts  and  Craftsmanship  in  America. 

Burton  E.  Ashley:  Text  of  Palaeontology,  2  volumes. 

Mrs.  Bernt  Balchen:  Aerospace  and  Dirigibles  of  War. 

Russell  T.  Barnhart:  Gamblers  of  Yesteryear. 

J.  Ralph  Bell:  California  Bit  and  Spur. 

Miss  Gretchen  Bellinger:  various  journals. 

Daniel  Boorstin:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  Thomas  Bowman:  2  volumes. 

Walter  Boyne:  various  volumes. 

Michael  Brett-Surman:  5  volumes. 

Dorothy  Joesting  Brown:  1  volume. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Gates  Clarke:  Minen-Herbarium. 

Joan  Lebold  Cohen:  Painting  the  Chinese  Dream. 

Dr.  Bruce  B.  Collette:  2  volumes. 

Frederick  J.  Collier:  several  copies  of  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Paleo- 
biology. 

Mrs.  Christiane  C.  Collins:  2  volumes. 

Mrs.  Fleurette  Colucci:  39  volumes. 

Joseph  V.  Columbus:  various  books  and  journals. 

Alfred  Copeland:  Copies  of  the  Wills  of  General  George  Washington. 

Dr.  Richard  Cowan:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  Roger  Cressey:  The  Fauna  of  the  Hortobagy  National  Park,  II. 

Charles  R.  Crumly:  The  Evolution  of  Land  Tortoises  (Family  Testudinidea). 

R.  E.  G.  Davies:  4  volumes. 

Audrey  B.  Davis:  American  Cookbooks  and  Wine  Books,  1797-1950. 

Dr.  Bern  Dibner:  various  volumes. 

Robert  Dreesan:  1  volume. 

Dr.  Rex  Drescher:  1  journal. 

Polly  Dufresne:  The  Art  of  Weaving. 

Pete  Dunn:  11  volumes. 

Robert  Jr.  Elder:  Fine  di  una  civilta. 

Nigel  Elmore:  Bilinqualism:  Social  Issues  and  Policy  Implications. 

Dr.  Andrzej  Elzanowski:  Photogramme  zur  Ontogenie  der  Vogel. 

Dr.  Richard  Eyde:  Ti  Chih-wu-chieh  ti  Fa-Chan  ho  yen-hua. 

Dr.  Robert  Faden:  2  volumes. 

William  Fellenberg:  various  journals. 

Dr.  William  Field:  various  books  and  journals. 

Dr.  Michael  Fleischer:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  Oliver  Flint:  De  libellen  van  Nederland  (Odonata). 

Dr.  Richard  Foote:  various  journals. 

Dr.  Paul  Forman:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  Raymond  Fosberg:  Transactions  of  the  National  Academy  of  Science  and 
Technology,  vols.  1-111. 

Linda  Campbell  Franklin:  300  Years  of  Kitchen  Collectibles. 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  657 


Kurt  Fredriksson:  I.P.N.S.  Progress  Report,  1981-1983. 

Raymond  Gagne:  Latinsko-Russkii  Slovar. 

Dr.  Robert  H.  Gibbs,  Jr.:  various  journals. 

Dr.  Gordon  Gibson:  various  volumes. 

Cora  Lee  Gillilland:  7  volumes. 

Anne  Golovin:  Pewter  in  American  Life. 

Mary  Clare  Gray:  2  volumes. 

Guy  Greenwell:  1966  Random  House  Dictionary. 

Dr.  E.  E.  Grissell:  subscription  to  Chalcid  Forum. 

Dr.  Charles  Gunn:  A  Nomenclator  of  Legume  (Fabaceae)  Genera. 

Fritz  Hamer:  Los  Orquideas  de  El  Salvador. 

Patricia  Hammel-Schneider:  various  journals. 

Mrs.  Elisha  Hanson:  59  volumes. 

Dr.  John  Harshbarger:  Marine  Biology,  vols.  2-4. 

Raymond  J.  Herbert:  various  volumes. 

Daniel  Higman:  The  Nature  of  Naturalization  U. 

Dr.  Ronald  Hodges:  Illustrated  Flora  and  Fauna  of  Korea,  vols.  26,  27. 

W.  Duane  Hope:  3  volumes. 

Dr.  Richard  S.  Houbrick:  Seashells  of  Oman. 

Dr.  Richard  Howland:  various  books  and  journals. 

Mr.  G.  Hurd:  The  Health  Care  of  the  Crowing  Child. 

Kerry  Joels:  2  volumes. 

Dr.  Ivan  Karp:  3  volumes. 

Dr.  James  Keirans:  4  volumes. 

Dr.  Roman  Kenk:  Natural  Disasters  in  Slovenia. 

William  K.  Kershner:  4  volumes. 

John  Kingsolver:  A  Selected  Bibliography  of  Insect-Vascular  Plant  Associa- 

tional  Studies. 
Dr.  Lloyd  Knutson:  National  List  of  Scientific  Plant  Names,  vols.  1,  2. 
Ray  Kondratas:  1  volume. 
Debbie  Kransi:  various  volumes. 
Dr.  Karl  V.  Krombein:  3  volumes. 
Leo  Lehrman:  various  volumes. 
Dr.  David  Lellinger:  2  volumes. 
Dr.  Philip  Lundeberg:  2  volumes. 
Dr.  Roy  McDiarmid:  various  volumes. 
David  McFadden:  2  volumes. 
Dr.  Ron  McGinley:  various  volumes. 
Nadya  Makovenyo:  various  volumes. 
Fern  Mallis:  various  journals. 
Dr.  Arnold  Manke:  Chetyrekhkrylye  Korsary. 

Raymond  B.  Manning:  Biology  Curators  Group  Newsletter,  various  issues. 
Dr.  Joe  T.  Marshall:  17  volumes. 
Tex  Maxwell:  2  volumes. 
Marcel  W.  Mayer:  various  volumes. 
Pauline  Metcalf :  various  journals. 
Mrs.  Lee  Moss:  various  journals. 
Robert  Multhauf:  Alchemy  and  the  Occult:  A  Catalogue  of  Books  from  the 

Collection  of  Paul  and  Mary  Mellon. 
Mrs.  Anne  W.  Murray:  Master  Weaver. 
Dr.  Dan  Nicolson:  Analyse  des  Families  des  Plantes. 
Jay  Scott  O'Dell:  Thomas  Scientific  Apparatus,  82/83. 
Jacque.   Olin:   Einfuhrung   in   die   Naturwissenschaftlichen   Methoden    in   der 

Archaologie. 
Dr.  Storrs  Olson:  1  volume. 


658  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Paul  Perrot:  various  volumes. 

Capt.  Carl  F.  Pfeifer:  2  volumes. 

Dr.  Jose  Ramirez  Pulido:  2  volumes. 

Mary  Hammond  Raitt:  The  Virginia  Soldiers'  Claim  to  Western  Lands  Ad- 
jacent to  Fort  Pitt. 

Mildred  Raitt:  The  Red  Crowned  Crane. 

Dr.  Robert  Read:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  Harald  A.  Rehder:  Pearls  and  Pearling  Life. 

Dr.  John  Reinhardt:  47  volumes. 

Chava  Wolpert  Richard:  3  volumes. 

William  Richards:  Art  in  America,  4  volumes. 

Irving  Richter:  3  volumes. 

S.  Dillon  Ripley:  The  Orders  Lawes  and  Ancient  Customes  of  Swanns. 

Joseph  Rosewater:  Crustaceans  and  Mollusks  Trawled  Off  Surniname  and 
Trench  Guiana. 

Dr.  Christopher  Roy:  4  volumes. 

John  Schlebecker:  Shucks,  Shocks,  and  Hominy  Blocks. 

Nick  Schliapin:  6  volumes. 

John  Seidensticker:  Conservation  in  the  Bangladesh  Coastal  Zone. 

Anne  Serio:  2  volumes. 

Norma  Shapinsky:  2  volumes. 

Dr.  Stanwyn  Shetler:  6  volumes. 

Dr.  Walter  Jr.  Shropshire:  various  volumes. 

David  Smith:  subscription  to  Symphytos. 

Dr.  Lawrence  A.  Smith:  Flores  do  Amazones. 

Dr.  Lyman  B.  Smith:  various  volumes. 

Steve  Smith:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  Thomas  Soderstrom:  Graminees  et  Cyperacees  du  Togo. 

Dr.  Paul  Spangler:  various  books  and  journals. 

Ted  Spilman:  Segunda  Conferencia  Mundial  sobre  Parques  Nacionales. 

Dr.  Victor  Springer:  various  volumes. 

John  Stein:  Full  Speed  Ahead:  The  Story  of  the  Steamboat  Era  on  Lake 
Geneva. 

George  Steyskel:  29  volumes  of  Review  of  Applied  Entomology. 

Connie  Strawbridge:  3  volumes. 

Dr.  John  K.  Sullivan:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  F.  Christian  Thompson:  photocopy  of  Philosophia  Entologica. 

Catherine  M.  V.  Thuro:  8  volumes. 

S.  David  Tillis:  various  books  and  journals. 

Stephen  Toney:  8  volumes. 

Robert  Vogel:  various  volumes. 

Todd  M.  Volpe:  6  volumes. 

Dr.  David  Von  Endt:  Arabic  text  on  archaeology. 

William  B.  Walker:  various  journals. 

James  S.  Watkins:  funds  to  purchase  a  complete  run  of  the  London  Gazette 
on  microfilm. 

Dr.  George  E.  Watson:  various  volumes. 

Suzanne  and  Frederick  Weinstein:  5  volumes. 

Ellen  Wells:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  Christen  Wemmer:  Treasures  of  the  Smithsonian. 

Dr.  Dennis  Whigham:  various  volumes. 

John  H.  White:  various  volumes. 

John  S.  White:  various  volumes. 

Roger  White:  various  volumes. 

Dr.  James  D.  Williams:  3  volumes. 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  659 


Frank  Winter:  various  volumes. 

John  Winter:  various  issues  of  Accounts  of  Chemical  Research. 
Mary  Winters:  Geology  and  Mineral  Wealth  of  the  California  Desert. 
William  E.  Woolfenden:  various  volumes. 
Mrs.  Gesine  Worm:  various  journals. 

Dr.  Willie  Worth:  Ecology  of  the  Pollinators  of  Passion  Fruit. 
Dr.  Richard  L.  Zusi:  Myology  of  the  Purple-throated  Carib  (Eylampis  jugu- 
laris)  and  other  Hummingbirds  (Aves:  Irochilidae). 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION  TRAVELING  EXHIBITION  SERVICE 


Joan  and  Stanford  Alexander 

Anonymous 

Arabian  American  Oil  Company 

The  Weiler  Arnow  Investment 

Company 
Theodore  and  Mina  Bargman 

Foundation 
Mrs.  Saul  Becker 
Benton  Foundation 
Nancy  T.  Beren 

Dr.  Gerald  S.  and  Joan  S.  Berenson 
Norman  Bernstein  Management,  Inc. 
H.  W.  and  Goldene  Z.  Blumberg 
Mr.  Leon  H.  Bracman 
Jeffrey  Breslow 
Nancy  R.  Brizel 
Martin  Burros 
CBS  Software,  Inc. 
The  Cedarhurst  Foundation,  Inc. 
The  Clark  Foundation 
Ms.  Evelyn  G.  Clyman 
Albert  B.  and  Bernice  Cohen 
George  H.  and  Phyllis  G.  Cohen 
Joyce  Arnoff  Cohen 
Nadine  Cohodas 
Columbia  Jewish  Foundation 
Council  of  Jewish  Federations 
Council  of  Jewish  Federations  Inc. 
Arie  and  Ida  Crown  Memorial 
Dorothy  D.  Dablosky 
Paul  and  Merry  Danaceau 
Herbert  P.  and  Ruth  H.  Dooskin 
Jeremy  Dworkin 
Education  Outreach  Fund 
Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronics 

Engineers 
The  Elizabeth  Agency,  Inc. 
Alyn  V.  and  Marilyn  R.  Essman 
William  Feingold  Associates 
Bertha  Feist 
Paul  and  Lyn  Fenton 
Foundation  of  Jewish  Philanthropies 


of  the  Greater  Miami  Jewish 

Federation,  Inc. 
Victor  Arnold  Freedman 
Eugene  and  Marilyn  Click 

Foundation 
Ruth  Glickman 
Billy  B.  Goldberg  Real  Estate 
Edgar  and  Carolyn  Goldenberg 
E.  M.  Goldfine 
The  Aaron  and  Cecile  Goldman 

Foundation 
S.  R.  Goldstein 
Allen  Gordon 
Greater  Hartford  Jewish  Federation 

Endowment  Fund 
The  Green  Fund,  Inc. 
The  Gulf  and  Western  Foundation 
Ms.  Mary  Hall 
Janet  }.  Hampton 
H  J  Heinz  II  Charitable  &  Family 

Trust 
Sophia  Herman 
Marvin  S.  Holland 
Remembrance  of  the  Holocaust 

Foundation 
Stanley  Imerman  Memorial 

Foundation 
Barbara  Jackier 
Jacobi  Society  of  Washington 
Jewish  Communal  Fund 
Jewish  Community  Endowment  Fund 
Jewish  Community  Fund  of 

New  York 
The  Jewish  Federation  of  Cincinnati 
Jewish  Federation  of  Greater 

Houston,  Inc. 
The  Jewish  Federation,  Inc. 
The  Jewish  Federation  of  Palm  Beach 

County,  Inc. 
Jewish  Federation  of  St.  Louis 
Jewish  Welfare  Federation,  Inc. 
Kenneth  and  Sally  Kaplan 
Herb  Katz  Philanthropic  Fund 


660  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Ezra  Katz 

Barton  L.  Kaufman 

Dr.  Daniel  and  Barbara  Kingloff 

Kirschen  Fine  Art,  LTD. 

Sidney  and  Judith  Kirschner 

James  M.  and  Elaine  E.  Klineman 

Livingston  Kosberg 

The  Lauder  Foundation 

The  Gary  and  Bernice  Lebbin 

Foundation,  Inc. 
William  Lehman,  M.C. 
ElUot  D.  Levin 

Morris  L.  Levinson  Foundation,  Inc. 
S.  Lichter 
Jerry  Litwack 
William  J.  Lowenberg 
E.  Ralph  Lupin,  M.D. 
Noel  Brown  Mcclure 
The  A.  L.  Mailman  Family 

Foundation,  Inc. 
M  &  M  Super  Markets,  Inc. 
Barbara  &  Morton  Mandel  L. 

Foundation 
Florence  &  Joseph  C.  Mandel 

Foundation 
Lilyan  &.  Jack  N.  Mandel 
Frederic  R.  Mann  Foundation 
Mendik  Realty  Company  Inc. 
Edward  and  Vivian  Merrin 
Minneapolis  Federation  for  Jewish 

Service 
Mobil  Oil  Corporation 
Elliott  and  Estelle  Nelson 
Rabbi  Norman  and  Naomi  Patz 
Optical  Society  of  America 
Jane  L.  Overman 
Perkins  School  for  the  Blind 
Joseph  G.  Perpich,  MD,  and  Cathy 

G'llzberger 
Harry  Persky 

Philip  Morris  Incorporated 
Judith  L.  Portner 
The  Regis  Foundation 
Carl  H.  Reich 
Barbara  and  Howard  Rich 
Renee  B.  Rinzler 
Irwin  R.  Rose 

Ricardo  M.  and  Nancy  Rosenberg 
Leo  Rosner  Foundation,  Inc. 
J.  A.  Rothbard 

Donald  A.  and  Sandra  L.  Rothbaum 
La  Baronnie,  Baron  Philippe  de 

Rothschild,  S.A. 
William  and  Helen  Ruder  Family 

Foundation 


Rabbi  Dennis  C.  and  Rabbi  E.  Sasso 

Susan  and  Ravmond  Schoenbaum 

Mrs.  S.  G.  Seldin 

The  Sharon  Gallery 

Selma  Shavitz 

Shell  Companies  Foundation,  Inc. 

David  S.  Sher 

Warren  M.  Silver 

Klara  and  Larry  Silverstein 

The  Sisterhood  of  the  Washington 

Hebrew  Congregation 
The  Smithson  Society 
Smithsonian  Institution  Women's 

Committee 
Harry  H.  Stone  Family  Philanthropic 

Fund 
The  Suisman  Foundation 
Iphigene  Ochs  Sulzberger 
Irwin  R.  Swartzberg 
Mark  E.  Talisman 
Tane,  S.A. 

Henry  &  Marilyn  Taub  Foundation 
Ronald  S.  and  Adele  Tauber 
Temple  Sholom  Rabbi's  Good 

Works  Fund 
Mr.  David  Tendler 
George  and  Priscilla  Tievsky 
Time,  Inc. 

Tisch  Foundation,  Inc. 
Robert  V.  Tishman 
Sidney  and  Charlene  Tuchman 
Carl  R.  Tuvin 
United  Jewish  Appeal 
United  Jewish  Appeal  Federation  of 

Greater  Washington 
Victor  E.  and  Phyllis  D.  Vernick 
Edward  J.  and  Erva  M.  Wagner 
Warner  Communications  Foundation 

Inc. 
Therma  G.  Ralph  Wechsler  Memorial 
Mrs.  Leon  Weiner 
Peter  I.  and  Marilyn  F.  Weiner 
Lawrence  A.  and  Judith  H.  Weiss 
George  Weisman 
The  Wilf  Family  Foundation 
David  &  Dianne  Yalowitz 
Elliott  A.  Yolles,  M.D.  and 

Jane  G.  Yolles 
Judy  O.  Zaban 
Eva  Zeisel 

Zeman  Endowment  Fund 
Harriet  M.  Zimmerman 
Rosanne  Diamond  Zinn 
Lois  Zoller 
Louis  and  Mary  S.  Zorensky 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  661 


OFFICE  OF  FOLKLIFE  PROGRAMS 

Alaska   Department   of   Commerce   and   Economic   Development   through   its 

Division  of  Tourism  and  the  Alaska  Seafood  Marketing  Institute 
American  Association  of  Retired  Persons 
Atlantic  Richfield  Foundation 
Music  Performance  Trust  Fund 
National  Institute  on  Aging,  National  Institutes  of  Health 


OFFICE  OF  SMITHSONIAN  SYMPOSIA  AND  SEMINARS 
Donors  of  Financial  Support 

Benton  Foundation  Charles  F.  Kettering  Foundation 

Ford  Foundation  Hideo  and  Yukiko  Nagata 

Barrick  W.  Groom  Tandy  Corporation/Radio  Shack 

SMITHSONIAN  RESIDENT  ASSOCIATE  PROGRAM 
Donors  of  Financial  Support 

Smithsonian  Women's  Committee:  partial  funding  for  the  Free  Film  Theater 
during  first  quarter  of  fiscal  year. 

Office  of  the  Mayor,  District  of  Columbia  Commission  on  the  Arts  and  Hu- 
manities; Stephenson,  Inc.,  Printers;  and  the  Educational  Outreach  Fund, 
Office  of  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Public  Service:  partial  funding  of 
"Discover  Graphics"  program  for  area  high  school  students  and  teachers. 

Office  of  the  Mayor,  District  of  Columbia  Commission  on  the  Arts  and  Hu- 
manities, and  C  &  P  Telephone  Company:  partial  funding  of  "Langston 
Lives!"  performing  arts  event. 

Educational  Outreach  Fund,  Office  of  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Public  Ser- 
vice: partial  funding  of  "Samul-Nori"  Korean  dance-drummers  performing 
arts  event. 

Educational  Outreach  Fund,  Office  of  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Public  Af- 
fairs: partial  funding  of  "Kapelye"  klezmer  band  performing  arts  event. 

Educational  Outreach  Fund,  Office  of  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Public  Ser- 
vice: partial  funding  of  "Central  Traditional  Orchestra  of  China"  perform- 
ing arts  event. 

Truman  Centennial  Commission:  partial  funding  for  "Truman's  Great  Deci- 
sions" course;  "The  Truman  Years"  film  series;  "Harry  S.  Truman,  The 
Man  and  His  Years"  seminar;  and  "The  Buck  Stops  Here"  performing  arts 
event. 

Hechinger  Foundation:  partial  funding  for  equipment  and  materials  for 
woodworking  classes  and  workshops. 

Mrs.  Milton  Turner:  partial  funding  of  "Baubles,  Bangles  and  Beads!" 

American  Chemical  Society:  partial  funding  of  "The  Cutting  Edge  of  Science" 
lecture  series  for  area  high  school  students. 

Battelle  Memorial  Institute:  partial  funding  of  "Toward  Human  Perfectability: 
Genetic  Engineering  and  Artificial  Intelligence"  seminar. 

Association  for  Educational  Communications  and  Technology:  partial  funding 
of  "The  Telecommunications  Revolution"  course  audio-bridge. 

The  American  Institute  of  Architects  and  Pennsylvania  Avenue  Development 
Corporation:  partial  funding  of  "Pennsylvania  Avenue:  Barrier  or  Break- 
through?" symposium. 


662  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


JOHN  F.  KENNEDY  CENTER  FOR  THE 
PERFORMING  ARTS 

CORPORATE  FUND  LEADERSHIP 


BOARD  OF  GOVERNORS 

Roger  B.  Smith,  Chairman 
Vice-Chairmen: 

Robert  A.  Beck 
Charles  L.  Brown 
James  E.  Burke 
Donald  F.  Craib,  Jr. 
Wm.  C.  Douce 
James  H.  Evans 
James  L.  Ferguson 
John  H.  Gutfreund 
Robert  A.  Hanson 
Edward  L.  Hennessy,  Jr. 
John  J.  Horan 
Edward  G.  Jefferson 

Harold  Burson,  Secretary 

GOVERNORS 

Warren  M.  Anderson 
J.  W.  Bates,  Jr. 
Theodore  F.  Brophy 
John  J.  Creedon 
Hugh  Cullman 
Michael  D.  Dingman 
Evans  W.  Erikson 
Thomas  F.  Frist,  Jr. 
Howard  Goldfeder 
Henry  H.  Henley,  Jr. 
Carla  A.  Hil'.s 
Edwin  K.  Hoffman 


Howard  C.  Kauffmann 
James  L.  Ketelsen 
William  F.  Kieschnick 
James  E.  Lee 
Ruben  F.  Mettler 
John  R.  Opel 
Joseph  H.  Riley 
James  D.  Robinson,  III 
Rawleigh  Warner,  Jr. 
Lew  R.  Wasserman 
John  F.  Welch,  Jr. 
Thomas  H.  Wyman 


Amory  Houghton  Jr. 
William  R.  Howell 
Charles  F.  Knight 
John  G.  McElwee 
Charles  Moritz 
Max  Pine 

Edmund  T.  Pratt,  Jr. 
Donald  E.  Procknow 
Theodore  C.  Rogers 
Thomas  F.  Russell 
Donald  R.  Sloan 


CONTRIBUTORS  TO  THE  CORPORATE  FUND  FOR  THE 
PERFORMING  ARTS 


CORPORATE  LEADERSHIP  CIRCLE 

AT&T  Foundation 
American  Digital  Systems 

Corporation 
Atlantic  Richfield  Foundation 
Conoco  Inc. 

Digital  Equipment  Corporation 
Exxon  Corporation 
The  General  Foods  Fund  Inc. 

CORPORATE  PATRONS 

Allied  Corporation  Foundation 
CBS  Inc. 


General  Motors  Foundation,  Inc. 
International  Business  Machines 

Corporation 
Merrill  Lynch  &  Co.  Foundation  Inc. 
Mobil  Foundation,  Inc. 
R.  J.  Reynolds  Industries,  Inc. 
Standard  Oil  Company  (Indiana) 


Champion  International  Foundation 
The  Chevron  Fund 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  663 


Clark  Winchcole  Foundation 
The  Community  Foundation  of 

Greater  Washington 
The  General  Electric  Foundation 
Merck  &  Co.  Inc. 
The  Proctor  &  Gamble  Fund 
Shell  Companies  Foundation  Inc. 

CORPORATE  SPONSORS 

Alcoa  Foundation 
Alexander  Grant  &  Co. 
The  Allstate  Foundation 
American  Can  Company  Foundation 
American  Express  Foundation 
American  Security  Bank,  N.A. 
Ashland  Oil,  Inc. 
Bristol-Myers 
Burson-Marsteller 
The  Chase  Manhattan  Bank 
Citicorp 

The  Coca-Cola  Company 
Deloitte  Haskins  &  Sells 
E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &.  Co.  Inc. 
Electronic  Data  Systems 
Ernst  &  Whinney 
E-Systems,  Inc. 
Ford  Motor  Company  Fund 
GTE  Foundation 
Gulf  Oil  Corporation 
Halliburton  Company 
Herrick  Foundation 
Hess  Foundation,  Inc. 
Johnson  &  Johnson  Family  of 
Companies  Contribution  Fund 

CORORATE  DONORS 

A.  Alfred  Taubman  Foundation 

A.  G.  Becker  Paribas 

American  Broadcasting  Companies, 

Inc. 
American  Can  Company  Foundation 
Anheuser  Busch  Charitable  Trust 
Arthur  Andersen  &  Co. 
BDM  International,  Inc. 
BankAmerica  Foundation 
Bankers  Trust  Company 
Bechtel  Group,  Inc. 
Bender  Foundation,  Inc. 
Beneficial  Corporation 
Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation 
Bigheart  Pipe  Line  Corporation 
The  Boeing  Company 
Borg-Warner  Foundation,  Inc. 
Brown-Forman  Corporation 
Burlington  Industries  Foundation 


Tenneco  Inc. 

Texaco  Philanthropic  Foundation 

Time  Incorporated 

Union  Pacific  Foundation 

United  States  Steel  Foundation,  Inc. 

The  Xerox  Foundation 


LKP  International,  Ltd. 

Metropolitan  Life  Foundation 

NL  Industries  Foundation,  Inc. 

Nabisco  Brands,  Inc. 

Northrop  Corporation 

Peat,  Marwick,  Mitchell  &  Co. 

Philip  Morris  Incorporated 

Phillips  Petroleum  Foundation  Inc. 

Potomac  Electric  Power  Company 

Price  Waterhouse 

The  Prudential  Foundation 

Raytheon  Company 

Sears,  Roebuck  and  Co. 

Sheller-Globe  Foundation 

Southwestern  Bell  Corporation 

Sperry  Corporation 

Sundstrand  Corporation  Foundation 

TRW  Foundation 

The  Times  Mirror  Foundation 

Warner  Communications  Program 

for  the  Arts 
The  Washington  Post  Company 
Whirlpool  Foundation 


C&P  Telephone 
Cameron  Iron  Works  Inc. 
Capital  Cities  Foundation 
Caterpillar  Foundation 
Celanese  Corporation 
Charles  E.  Smith  Companies 
Chemical  Bank 
Chesebrough-Pond's  Inc. 
Chrysler  Corporation  Fund 
CIBA-GEIGY  Corporation 
COMSAT 
The  Continental  Group  Foundation, 

Inc. 
Coopers  &  Lybrand 
Corning  Glass  Works  Foundation 
Cox  Communications  Inc. 
Dart  &  Kraft  Foundation 
District  Photo  Inc. 
Dow  Corning  Corporation 


664  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Dresser  Industries,  Inc. 

The  Dun  &  Bradstreet  Corporation 

Foundation 
Eastman  Kodak  Company 
Emerson  Electric  Co. 
Esmark,  Inc.  Foundation 
Fairchild  Industries  Foundation,  Inc. 
Federal-Mogul  Corporation 

Charitable  Trust  Fund 
Federal  National  Mortgage 

Foundation 
Federated  Department  Stores 
Fluor  Foundation 
Fox-Stanley  Photo  Products,  Inc. 
First  Virginia  Banks,  Inc. 
Gannett  Foundation 
General  Dynamics 
General  Mills  Foundation 
The  George  Hyman  Construction  Co. 
Getty  Oil  Company 
The  Gillette  Company 
Gould  Foundation 
Grace  Foundation  Inc. 
Grumman  Corporation 
HCA  Foundation 
Hallmark  Cards  Inc. 
Harris  Foundation 
Hoffmann-La  Roche  Inc. 
Honeywell  Foundation 
Hughes  Aircraft  Company 
Humana  Inc. 
International  Telephone  &  Telegraph 

Company 
Jim  Walter  Corporation  Foundation 
John  Hancock  Charitable  Trust 
Johnson  &  Higgins 
The  Johnson's  Wax  Fund  Inc. 
K  Mart  Corporation 
Kimberly-Clark  Foundation,  Inc. 
King  Ranch 

The  Kiplinger  Foundation,  Inc. 
Lomas  &  Nettleton  Financial 

Corporation 
MCA  Foundation  Ltd. 
The  McGraw-Hill  Foundation,  Inc. 
McLachlen  National  Bank 
Manufacturers  Hanover  Trust 

Corporation 
Martin  Marietta 


Mary  Horner  Stuart  Foundation 

The  May  Stores  Foundation  Inc. 

Meredith  Corporation 

Mesa  Petroleum  Foundation 

Monsanto  Fund 

Morgan  Guaranty  Trust  Company  of 

New  York  Charitable  Trust 
NEC  America,  Inc. 
N.  W.  Ayer  Incorporated 
National  Broadcasting  Company,  Inc. 
National  Distillers  and  Chemical 

Corporation 
National  Geographical  Society 
National  Intergroup,  Inc. 
Nissan  Motor  Corporation  in  U.S.A. 
Norfolk  Southern  Foundation 
The  Olayan  Group 
Occidental  Petroleum  Corporation 
Owens-Illinois,  Inc. 
J.  C.  Penney  Company,  Inc. 
The  Pfizer  Foundation,  Inc. 
Pneumo  Foundation 
The  Reader's  Digest  Association,  Inc. 
Reynolds  Metals  Company 

Foundation 
Rockwell  International  Corporation 

Trust 
St.  Regis  Corporation 
Saks  Fifth  Avenue 
Salomon  Brothers,  Inc. 
Schlumberger  Foundation 
Security  Pacific  Foundation 
The  Signal  Companies,  Inc. 
The  Singer  Company 
SmithKline  Beckman  Corporation 
Sooner  Pipe  &  Supply  Corporation 
The  Standard  Oil  Company  (Ohio) 
Sun  Company,  Inc. 
Ticor  Foundation 
Union  Carbide  Corporation 
Union  Oil  Company  of  California 

Foundation 
United  Technologies 
Warner-Lambert  Foundation 
Wells,  Rich,  Greene,  Inc. 
Wells  Fargo  Foundation 
Woodward  &  Lothrop,  Inc. 
Young  &  Rubicam  Inc. 


CORPORATE  CONTRIBUTORS 


AMF  Foundation 
AVCO  Foundation 
Abacus  Group 
Acacia  Mutual  Life 


The  Air  Products  Foundation 
The  Allen  Group,  Inc. 
Allied  Stores  Corporation 
Amerace  Corporation 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  665 


American  Airlines,  Inc. 
American  Cyanamid  Company 
American  Stock  Exchange 
Automatic  Data  Processing 
Bank  of  Oklahoma 
Batten,  Barton,  Durstine  &  Osborn, 

Inc. 
CPC  International  Inc. 
CIGNA  Foundation 
Campbell  Soup  Company 
Carter  Hawley  Hale  Stores,  Inc. 
Comerica  Inc. 

Combustion  Engineering,  Inc. 
Consolidated  Natural  Gas  Service 

Company 
Continental  Bank 
Continental  Telecom,  Inc. 
Cooper  Industries  Foundation 
Cooper  Laboratories,  Inc. 
Cross  &  Trecker  Foundation 
D'Arcy  MacManus  Masius 
Damon  Raike  and  Company 
Dancer  Fitzgerald  Sample,  Inc. 
Detroit  Bank  &  Trust  Company 
Donohoe  Construction  Co.,  Inc. 
Earle  M.  Craig,  Jr.  Corporation 
Economics  Laboratory,  Inc. 
Edward  F.  Hutton  Foundation 
Edward  Larrabee  Barnes 

Associates,  P.C. 
Ellen  Newman  Associates 
Enserch  Foundation 
Ethyl  Corporation 
Federal  Express  Corporation 
Fieldcrest  Mills,  Inc. 
The  First  Boston  Foundation  Trust 
L.  B.  Foster  Company 
G.  D.  Searle  &  Co. 
GEICO  Philanthropic  Foundation 
GK  Technologies  Incorporated 
Garfinckel's 

General  Signal  Corporation 
The  General  Tire  Foundation,  Inc. 
Giant  Food  Foundation,  Inc. 
Goldman,  Sachs  &  Co. 
B.  F.  Goodrich  Company 
Grey  Advertising  Good  Neighbor 

Foundation 
Gulf  &  Western  Foundation 
Guy  T.  Steuart  Foundation 
Handy  &  Harman  Foundation 
Harnischfeger  Foundation,  Inc. 
Hecht's 
H.  J.  Heinz  II  Charitable  and 

Family  Trust 


Hiram  Walker  &  Sons,  Inc. 
Hitachi  America,  Ltd. 
Hoover  Universal 
Howard  P.  Foley  Enterprises 
International  Paper  Company 

Foundation 
The  Interpublic  Group  of 

Companies,  Inc. 
J.  P.  Stevens  &  Co.,  Inc. 
J.  Walter  Thompson  Company 

Fund  Inc. 
Jewish  Communal  Fund 
John  Deere  Foundation 
Kellogg  Company 
Ketchum  Communications 
Kidder,  Peabody  &  Co. 
The  Kissinger  Family  Foundation 
Koret  Foundation 
Lazard  Freres  &  Co. 
Leo  Burnett  Company,  Inc. 
Levi  Strauss  Foundation 
Liberty  Foundation,  Inc. 
Litton  Industries 
Loews  Corporation 
Lutz  and  Carr 
Main  Hurdman 
Mapco  Inc. 
Mars  Foundation 
Material  Service  Foundation 
Maugus  Manufacturing,  Inc. 
McCaffrey  and  McCall,  Inc. 
Melville  Corporation 
Mickelberry  Corporation 
Milwaukee  Foundation 
Mitsui  &  Co.  (U.S.A.),  Inc. 
Morgan  Stanley  &  Co.  Inc. 
NS&T  Bank 
NVF  Company  Community  Services 

Trust  Fund 
National  Bank  of  Detroit 
National  Corporation  for  Housing 

Partnerships 
Neiman-Marcus 
Noland  Company  Foundation 
Oakleigh  L.  Thorne  Foundation 
Ogilvy  &  Mather  Advertising 
The  Oliver  T.  Carr  Company 
Owens-Corning  Fiberglas 

Corporation 
PACCAR  Foundation 
PPG  Industries  Foundation 
Parsons  Corporation 
Peoples  Drug  Stores,  Inc. 
Pittsburgh  Corning  Corporation 
Pittsburgh  National  Foundation 


666  I  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Primark  Corporation 

Pritzker  Foundation 

Raleigh  Stores  Foundation 

Reading  &  Batej  Corporation 

Republic  National  Bank  of  New  York 

Restaurant  Associates  Industries,  Inc. 

The  Riggs  National  Bank 

Rorer  Group,  Inc. 

The  Rouse  Company 

Sandoz,  Inc. 

B.  F.  Saul  Co. 

Scali,  McCabe,  Sloves,  Inc. 

The  Scott  Fetzer  Foundation 

Scurlock  Foundation 

Silverstein  Family  Foundation 

Southland  Corporation 

Sovran  Bank,  N.A. 

Square  D  Foundation 

Squibb  Corporation 

NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  ART 

Donors  during  Fiscal  Year  1984 

Sabatino  J.  Abate,  Jr. 
Acacia  Mutual  Life  Insurance 

Company 
William  A.  Albaugh 
Alcoa  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  K.  Aldworth 
Joe  L.  and  Barbara  B.  Allbritton 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  W.  Alsdorf 
American  Association  of  Retired 

Persons 
American  Express 
American  Security  Bank 
Helen  and  Paul  Anbinder 
Walter  H.  and  Leonore  Annenberg 
Anonymous 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Isaac  Arnold,  Jr. 
The  Art  Lovers  League,  Baltimore 
Arter  &  Hadden 
The  Artery  Organization,  Inc. 
Atlantic  Research  Corporation 
Avalon  Fund 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Franz  Bader 
Margaret  M.  Bailey 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  L.  Ballard 
Bankers  Trust  Company 
The  Barra  Foundation,  Inc. 
Xavier  Barral  i  Altet 
Jacques  Baruch  Gallery  in  honor  of 

Harold  Joachim 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Perry  R.  Bass 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  M.  Bass 
Bechtel  Foundation 


The  Stouffer  Corporation  Fund 

Suburban  Bank 

A.  Sulka  &  Company 

Survival  Technology,  Inc. 

SYMS  Clothing  Inc. 

Taft  Broadcasting  Company 

Technicolor,  Inc. 

Temporaries,  Inc. 

Thomas  J.  Lipton  Foundation 

The  Raymond  John  Wean  Foundation 

UOP  Foundation 

U.S.  News  &  World  Report 

USAir 

Washington  Fish  Exchange,  Inc. 

Weaver  Brothers,  Inc. 

Wechsler  Coffee  Corporation 

Weyerhaeuser  Company  Foundation 

The  Williams  Companies  Foundation 


Professor  Daniel  Bell 

Bell  Atlantic  Corporation 

Dr.  Ruth  B.  Benedict 

Diane  and  Norman  Bernstein 

Nelson  Blitz 

Charles  Blitzer 

Margaret  Bouton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  M.  Brady,  Jr. 

Gerald  J.  Brody 

William  and  Virginia  Brody 

Foundation 
David  A.  Brown 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  A.  Brown 
J.  Carter  Brown 
Ailsa  Mellon  Bruce  Fund 
The  Morris  and  Gwendolyn  Cafritz 

Foundation 
June  P.  Carey 
Family  of  Oliver  T.  Carr 
Amon  G.  Carter  Foundation 
Cassa  di  Risparmio  di  Parma 
The  Dorothy  Jordan  Chadwick  Fund 
Phillip  A.  Charles 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  V.  Charlton 
Melvin  S.  Cohen 
Mrs.  Sterling  Cole 
Collectors  Committee 
Communications  Satellite 

Corporation 
Catherine  M.  Conover 
Covington  &  Burling  in  honor  of 

David  Brown 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  667 


Allyn  Cox 

The  Marshall  B.  Coyne  Foundation 

Madeleine  R.  Cury 

Peter  Davidock,  Jr. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Edwin  J.  De  Costa 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  H.  Dittmer 

Mary  Pascall  Young  Doty 

J.  M.  Edelstein 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Edelstein 

Samuel  Edwards 

Mrs.  Robert  Eicholz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  A.  Elkins,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Charles  W.  Engelhard 

Thomas  M.  and  Betty  B.  Evans 

The  William  Stamps  Parish  Fund 

Walter  Farmer 

Dorothy  Paul 

Paul  B.  Fay,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stuart  P.  Feld 

David  Edward  and  Margaret  Eustis 

Finley 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  D.  Firestone 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  C.  Fisher 
Lawrence  A.  Fleischman 
Mrs.  Julius  Fleischmann 
Mrs.  John  Clifford  Folger 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ben  J.  Fortson 
Arnold  D.  Frese  Foundation 
The  Fuller  Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morton  Funger 
GTE  Corporation 
Jo  Ann  and  Julian  Ganz,  Jr. 
Mrs.  George  Angus  Garrett 
Mrs.  Johnson  Garrett 
The  General  Foods  Fund 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gordon  P.  Getty 
Goldman,  Sachs  &  Company 
E.  C.  Goodstein 
Herb  Gordon  Oldsmobile  Inc. 
Philip  L.  Graham  Fund 
James  K.  Gray 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  George  B.  Green 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  L.  Griswold 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Gund,  III 
Leo  S.  Guthman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Prentis  Cobb  Hale 
Gertrude  Hallo 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mark  Hampton 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gordon  Hanes 
Mrs.  Clarence  B.  Hanson 
The  Very  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Charles  U. 

Harris 
Henrietta  Harrison 
John  Davis  Hatch 
Olivia  Stokes  Hatch 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  H.  Hazen 

Henrietta  Hoopes  Heath 

Louis  J.  Hector 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  J.  Heinz  II 

Professor  Julius  S.  Held 

Leon  Hess 

Suzanne  H.  Hill 

Susan  Morse  Hilles 

Oveta  Culp  Hobby 

Mrs.  James  Stewart  Hooker 

Anne  Horan 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  R.  Hudson,  Jr. 

The  George  Hyman  Construction 

Company 
IBM  Corporation 
INTELMET  Videoconference  Service 

in  memory  of  Mrs.  Mary  Elizabeth 

"Liz"  Kinzie 
John  Irwin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  N.  Irwin,  II 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  F.  Jewett,  Jr. 
Lars  B.  Johanson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Deane  F.  Johnson 
Mrs.  J.  Seward  Johnson 
Mary  Lou  Jones 
Kaiser  Aluminum  &  Chemical 

Corporation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  M.  Kaufman 
Katharine  Campbell  Young  Keck 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stephen  M.  Kellen 
Kentucky  Educational  Television 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Randolph  A.  Kidder 
The  Elbrun  &  Peter  Kimmelman 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Richard  A.  Kirstein 
Mrs.  Donald  Klopfer 
Seymour  H.  Knox 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  P.  Kogod 
Samuel  H.  Kress  Foundation 
Ralph  Landau 
The  Lauder  Foundation 
Eva  Rita  Rowedder  Lehni 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Judd  Leighton 
Charles-Guy  and  Judy  LePaul 
Bertha  Leubsdorf,  in  memory  of  her 

husband  Karl 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Irvin  L.  Levy 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sydney  Lewis 
Mrs.  Pym  Lucas  in  memory  of 

Frank  Epping 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  McCone 
Edward  C.  MacEwen 
H.  P.  Mcllhenny 
Frank  L.  Mansell 
Martin  Z.  Margulies 


668  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


John  A.  Masters 

Mrs.  Robert  B.  Mayer 

The  Andrew  W.  Mellon  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  Mellon 

The  R.  K.  Mellon  Family  Foundation 

Dr.  Georges  and  Dr.  Lois  de  Menil 

Eugene  and  Agnes  E.  Meyer 

Foundation 
Mickelson  Gallery 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwin  Van  R.  Milbury 
Charles  Millard 
Mark  Millard 

Pepita  Milmore  Memorial  Fund 
Jan  and  Meda  Mladek 
Modern  Master  Tapestries 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  W.  Moncrief 
Mrs.  O.  Ray  Moore 
Robert  Mueller 
William  B.  Mullins 
Franklin  D.  Murphy 
Lisa  Musante 

National  Geographic  Society 
National  Security  &  Trust  Bank 
Nancy  Brown  Negley 
Hugo  V.  Neuhaus,  Jr. 
Mrs.  P.  Roussel  Norman 
John  O'Brien 

Ralph  E.  Ogden  Foundation 
William  B.  O'Neal 
Olivetti 

Ourisman  Chevrolet  Company,  Inc. 
William  S.  Paley 
Charles  Parkhurst 
Henry  Pearlman 
Perpetual  American  Federal  Savings 

&  Loan  Association 
Mrs.  Joseph  D.  Person,  Jr. 
Milton  J.  and  Carroll  Petrie 
Ruth  R.  Philbrick 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sumner  Pingree,  III 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Julius  S.  Piver 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Abe  Pollin 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leon  B.  Polsky 
Annemarie  Pope  in  memory  of 

John  A.  Pope 
Potomac  Electric  Power  Company 
The  Princeton  Club  of  Washington, 

D.C. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  N.  Pritzker 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Coleman  Raphael 
General  Dillman  A.  Rash 
Gaillard  Ravenel 
Reader's  Digest  Association,  Inc. 
Thomas  F.  Reese 
Mrs.  E.  P.  Richardson 


Riggs  National  Bank 

David  Rockefeller 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  B.  Rogers 

Cornelius  Van  S.  Roosevelt 

Rosenthal  Automotive  Organization 

Rosenwald  Collection 

Arthur  Ross 

David  Rust 

Russell  Sale 

Lili-Charlotte  Sarnoff,  in  memory  of 

her  grandfather,  Mr.  Louis  Koch 
B.  Francis  Saul,  II 
Mrs.  Melvin  E.  Sawin 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benno  C.  Schmidt 
Florence  &  John  Schumann 

Foundation 
Seymour  and  Iris  Schwartz 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stuart  Schwartz 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ivan  Selin 
Evelyn  Sharp 
William  K.  Simpson 
Carolyn  Skelly 

Dorothy  J.  and  Benjamin  B.  Smith 
Robert  H.  and  Clarice  Smith 
Smithsonian  Institution 
The  Smithsonian  Resident  Associate 

Program 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Rudolf  Sobernheim 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  R.  Sowell 
Springs  Industries 
Leonard  Richard  Stachura 
The  Starr  Foundation 
Mrs.  Jules  Stein 
H.  Peter  Stern 

Stoddard  M.  Stevens  Memorial  Fund 
Ruth  Carter  Stevenson 
David  Tatham 
Joseph  D.  Tydings 
Josephine  and  George  Vargas  in 

memory  of  D'Arch  Clyde 

Browning 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  M.  Vaughn,  Jr. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Vershbow 
Anne  M.  Walker 
Brooks  Walker,  Jr. 
John  Walker 
Lila  Acheson  Wallace 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  Howard  Walsh,  Jr. 
The  Rachel  Mellon  Walton  Fund  of 

the  Pittsburgh  Foundation 
Warner  Communications 
Rawleigh  Warner,  Jr. 
The  Washington  Post  Company 
Mrs.  Paul  L.  Wattis 
Gabriel  P.  Weisberg 


Appendix  8.  Donors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  669 


Yvonne  Weisberg  Dorothy  Woodford 

Pierre  J.  Wertheimer  Foundation,  Inc.        Ian  Woodner 

Westminster  High  School  William  and  Eleanor  Wood  Prince 

Westmoreland  Hills  Garden  Club  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  Woodward 

Harold  E.  Wethey  Mrs.  Lowe  Yost 

The  John  C.  and  Jaan  Whitehead  Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  M.  Young 

Fund  Z-Bank  of  Vienna 

Mrs.  John  Hay  Whitnev  Julius  L.  and  Anita  Zelman  Fund 

Richard  P.  Williams  Emma  P.  and  Fred  Ziprik  Memorial 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace  S.  Wilson  Fund 

Women  of  St.  Barnabas  Church 


670  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


APPENDIX  9.     Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
in  Fiscal  Year  1984 


As  a  trust  instrumentality  of  the  United  States,  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
has  received  federal  support  since  it  was  estabUshed  in  1846  to  carry  out  the 
terms  of  James  Smithson's  will.  Appropriated  funds  have  long  provided 
important  additions  to  the  trust  funds,  donated  by  Smithson  and  subsequent 
benefactors,  to  enable  the  Institution  to  carry  out  its  responsibilities  for 
research  and  exhibition  of  the  national  collections  and  maintenance  of  the 
valuable  objects  and  records  of  science,  history,  and  culture  entrusted  to  the 
Institution. 

The  Smithsonian's  basic  trust  funds  have  provided  the  Institution  with  the 
elements  of  flexibility  and  independence  essential  to  its  creative,  innovative 
growth.  Trust  funds  traditionally  have  made  possible  many  of  the  research, 
acquisition,  and  educational  programs  that  are  central  to  the  Smithsonian's 
achievements. 

The  Smithsonian  is  extremely  grateful  to  the  foundations,  corporations,  and 
individuals  listed  below  for  their  gifts,  bequests,  and  contributing  member- 
ships in  the  Smithsonian  Associates.  If  the  name  of  any  benefactor  has  been 
omitted  from  the  following  list,  it  is  unintentional  and  in  no  way  lessens  the 
Smithsonian's  appreciation. 


GIFTS  AND  BEQUESTS  TO  THE  SMITHSONIAN 


$1,000,000  or  more 


The  Kingdom  of  Saudi  Arabia 


$100,000  or  more 


Anonymous 

Atlantic  Richfield  Foundation 

The  Boeing  Company 

The  Morris  and  Gwendolyn  Cafritz 

Foundation 
Champion  International  Foundation 
Chevron  U.S.A.,  Inc. 
Commemorative  Association  for 

Japan  World  Exposition 
Estate  of  Francis  Drouet 
W.  Alton  Jones  Foundation,  Inc. 


W.  K.  Kellogg  Foundation 

Enid  and  Crosby  Kemper  Foundation 

R.  C.  Kemper  Charitable  Trust  and 

Foundation 
Mobil  Oil  Corporation 
Owens-Corning  Fiberglass 

Corporation 
Dr.  Arthur  M.  Sackler 
Elbridge  and  Mary  Stuart  Foundation 
Time,  Incorporated 


Alcoa  Foundation 

The  Alvord  Foundation 

American  Association  of  Retired 

Persons 
American  Telephone  and  Telegraph 
Anonymous 
Arabian  American  Oil  Company 


$10,000  or  more 

The  Weiler  Arnow  Investment 

Company 
Mr.  Arthur  Ross 
The  Barra  Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Perry  R.  Bass 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Keith  S.  Brown 
The  Brown  Foundation,  Inc. 


671 


Mrs.  Helen  W.  Buckner 

Burlington  Northern  Foundation 

CBS  Software,  Inc. 

Mr.  Keith  P.  Carpenter 

Carter  Inaugural  Committee 

Chemical  Manufacturer 

Chesebrough-Ponds,  Inc. 

Clark  Endowment  Fund 

Clark  Winchcole  Foundation 

The  Cousteau  Society 

Arie  and  Ida  Crown  Memorial 

Mr.  Xavier  de  Eizaguirre 

Dresher,  Inc. 

Earthwatch  Expeditions,  Inc. 

Edison  Electric  Institute 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ahmet  M.  Ertegun 

Exxon  Corporation 

Roger  S.  Firestone  Foundation 

The  Ford  Foundation 

Foundation  of  Jewish 

Philanthropies — Miami 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gordon  P.  Getty 
Mary  Livingston  Griggs  and  Mary 

Griggs  Burke  Foundation 
Mr.  Barrick  W.  Groom 
Guerlain,  Inc. 
H.  J.  Heintz,  II  Charitable  and 

Family  Trust 
Mr.  Richard  D.  Hill 
Estate  of  John  N.  Hoffman 
Janet  A.  Hooker  Charitable  Trust 
Henry  E.  Huntington  Library  and 

Art  Gallery 
International  Union  for  Conservation 

of  Nature 
The  Mary  Hillman  Jennings 

Foundation 
The  Jewish  Federation  of  St.  Louis 
Foundation  of  Jewish  Philanthropies 

of  the  Greater  Miami  Jewish 

Federation,  Inc. 
Jewish  Community  Endowment  Fund 
Jewish  Federation  of  Greater 

Houston,  Inc. 
Greater  Hartford  Jewish  Federation 

Endowment  Fund 
Josylin  Art  Museum 
David  Lloyd  Kreeger 
The  Lauder  Foundation 
Robert  Lehman  Foundation,  Inc. 
The  Henry  Luce  Foundation,  Inc. 
John  D.  and  Catherine  T.  MacArther 

Foundation 


Mr.  Paul  Mellon 

Mendik  Realty  Company,  Inc. 

Merrill,  Lynch,  Pierce,  Fenner  & 

Smith,  Inc. 
Lester  Morse  Company,  Inc. 
The  National  Geographic  Society 
Northrop  Corporation 
The  Jessie  Smith  Noyes  Foundation, 

Inc. 
Paccar  Foundation 
Pepsi  Cola  Co. 
The  Regis  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lester  Robbins 
The  Rock  Foundation 
Helena  Rubenstein  Foundation,  Inc. 
Schieffelin  &  Co. 
Lt.  General  and  Mrs.  George  M. 

Seignious,  II 
Shell  Companies  Foundation,  Inc. 
Melvin  Simon  Associates,  Inc. 
Simpson,  Thacher  &  Bartlett 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  W.  Sims 
John  Sloan  Memorial  Foundation,  Inc. 
Professor  Barbara  Smith 
Mrs.  Otto  L.  Spaeth 
The  Sporting  News  Publishing  Co. 
E.  R.  Squibb  &  Sons 
Stamford  Community  Arts  Council 
Nelda  and  H.  J.  Lutcher  Stark 

Foundation 
Mary  Horner  Stuart  Foundation 
TRW  Foundation 
A.  Alfred  Taubman  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  Alfred  Taubman 
The  Ruth  and  Vernon  Taylor 

Foundation 
Texaco,  Inc. 

Texaco  Philanthropic  Foundation,  Inc. 
Times-Mirror  Foundation 
Mr.  Robert  V.  Tishman 
Union  Pacific  Foundation 
United  Jewish  Appeal 
Mrs.  Honore  Wamsler 
Warner  Communications 
The  Washington  Post 
Estate  of  Leon  Wencmer 
Weyerhaeuser  Co.  Foundation 
World  Wildlife  Fund 
World  Wildlife  Fund— U.S. 
Mr.  J.  Wolback 
The  Women's  Committee  of  the 

Smithsonian  Associates 
American  Association  of  Zoo 

Veterinarians 


672  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


$1,000  or  more 
Joan  and  Stanford  Alexander 
Miss  Caroline  R.  Alexander 
Frances  Allen  Foundation 
Amax  Foundation,  Inc. 
American  Express  Company 
Amos  Press,  Inc. 
Mr.  William  S.  Anderson 
Dr.  J.  Lawrence  Angel 
Anonymous 

Estate  of  George  Arrowsmith 
Atwood  Foundation 
Mr.  Stanton  Avery 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  C.  Baker 
Theodore  and  Mina  Bargman 

Foundation 
J.M.R.  Barker  Foundation 
Barnett  Banks  of  Florida,  Inc. 
The  Bass  Foundation 
Florence  Knoll  Bassett 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jeffrey  Paul  Beck 
Bender  Foundation,  Inc. 
Beneficial  Foundation,  Inc. 
Benton  Foundation 
Mrs.  Marion  W.  Berger 
Berman  Family  Charitable  Trust 
Mr.  Philip  I.  Berman 
Mr.  Philip  J.  Berman 
Norman  Bernstein  Management,  Inc. 
The  National  Committee  for  the 

Bicentennial 
Mr.  William  Blackie 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Myron  Blank 
H.  W.  and  Goldene  Z.  Blumberg 
Mr.  Nicholas  F.  Brady 
Miss  Eleanor  Briggs 
Brizel  Leather  Corporation 
William  and  Virginia  Brody 

Foundation 
Mr.  Howard  P.  Brokaw 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Lee  Bunce 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Preston  Butcher 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  C.  Butler 
C&D  Paint  Supply  Corporation 
Cadwalader,  Wickersham  &  Taft 
Estate  of  James  P.  Cahill 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  J.  Carlson 
Mr.  Paul  Caron 
Mr.  Frank  T.  Cary 

Champion  International  Corporation 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Timothy  W.  Childs 
Mr.  William  H.  Chisholm 
Claneil  Foundation,  Inc. 
The  Clark  Foundation 
Cleary,  Gottleib,  Steen  &  Hamilton 


Ms.  Evelyn  G.  Clyman 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  3.  Cohen 
Columbia  Jewish  Foundation 
Communications  &  Business 

Consultants,  International 
The  Consolidated  Natural  Gas 

System  Foundation 
Mr.  Richard  P.  Cooley 
Mr.  William  N.  Copley 
Ms.  Margaret  A.  Coryell 
Council  of  Jewish  Federations,  Inc. 
Mrs.  Roberta  D.  Cranmer 
Dale  Crichton 
Crow  Administration 
Mrs.  Susan  L.  Cullman 
Mr.  Joseph  F.  Cullman,  3rd 
Mr.  W.  King  Cummings 
D.C.  Commission  on  Arts  & 

Humanities 
The  DMC  Corporation 
Dansmark  Radio 
Class  of  1930  Fellowship  at 

Dartmouth  College 
Ms.  Lucile  Daum 
Ms.  Elizabeth  De  Cuevas 
Mrs.  John  De  Menil 
Ms.  Peggy  DeSalle 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  M.  De  Windt 
The  Dibner  Fund,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  C.  Dillon 
Cleveland  H.  Dodge  Foundation 
Mrs.  Dorothy  Ranney  Donnelley 
Gaylord  and  Dorothy  Donnelley 

Foundation 
Downstate  Medical  Center 
Mr.  Peter  F.  Drucker 
The  Eakins  Press  Foundation 
The  Armand  G.  Erpf  Fund,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alyn  V.  Essman 
Estee  Lauder,  Inc. 
T. M.  Evans 
Fairchild  Industries 
Fir  Tree  Fund 
First  Interstate  Bank  of  California 

Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Max  M.  Fisher 
Walter  &  Josephine  Ford  Fund 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  D.  Forsch 
The  Fountain  Gallery  of  Art 
Mrs.  Helena  Frazer 
Mr.  Marshall  Fredericks 
Friends  of  the  Museum  of  African 

Art 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  673 


The  Jo  Ann  and  Julian  Ganz,  Jr. 

Foundation  Trust 
The  Garrett  Corporation 
Mrs.  Johnson  Garrett 
The  Wallace  Alexander  Gerbode 

Foundation 
The  Gillette  Company 
Billy  B.  Goldberg  Real  Estate 
The  Aaron  and  Cecile  Goldman 

Foundation 
Goldsmith-Perry  Philanthropies,  Inc. 
Mr.  S.  R.  Goldstein 
Aaron  Gordon  Trust 
Viola  E.  Gray  Charitable  Trust 
The  Green  Fund,  Inc. 
Mr.  Jerome  L.  Greene 
Hallmark  Cards  Incorporated 
George  and  Mary  Josephine  Hamman 

Foundation 
The  Harkness  Fellowships 
Mr.  Robert  A.  Hauslohner 
The  Honorable  S.  I.  Hayakawa 
Mr.  Peter  Hermes 
The  Henry  L.  Hillman  Foundation 
The  Clarence  and  Jack  Himmel 

Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace  F.  Holladay 
Ms.  Cynthia  C.  Holland 
Mr.  Marvin  S.  Holland 
IDS  Advisory 

Idaho  Art  at  the  Smithsonian 
Stanley  Imerman  Memorial 

Foundation 
International  Association  of 

Amusement  Parks 
Mr.  John  N.  Irwin,  II 
JFM  Foundation 
Jacobi  Society  of  Washington 
Jewish  Communal  Fund 
Jewish  Community  Fund  of 

New  York 
The  Jewish  Federation  of  Cincinnati 
Jewish  Federation  of  Palm  Beach 

Countv,  Inc. 
S.  C.  Johnson  &  Son,  Inc. 
Ms.  Dorothy  Johnson 
Ms.  Elizabeth  Johnson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  C.  Johnson 
Johnson  Controls  Foundation 
Juvenile  Sales  Co. 
Herb  Katz  Philanthropic  Fund 
Mr.  Ezra  Katz 

The  Katzenberger  Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  Robert  L.  Kemper 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dwight  M.  Kendall 


Charles  F.  Kettering  Foundation 

Mr.  W.  F.  Kieschnich 

Mr.  Warren  B.  King 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilbert  H.  Kinney 

Kirschen  Fine  Art,  Ltd. 

Ms.  Sally  A.  Klingbeil 

Mr.  Livingston  Kosbert»^ 

Estate  of  Grace  S.  Kreck 

Mr.  Alexander  Kristal 

The  Landsman  and  Katz 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  Chester  H.  LaSell 
Dr.  Catherine  Coolidge  Lastavica 
Di.  Thomas  Lawton 
Mrs.  Henry  Lenart 
Morris  L.  Levinson  Foundation,  Inc. 
Sydney  &  Frances  Lewis  Foundation 
Lilli  Ann  Corporation 
Howard  &  Jean  Lipman  Foundation, 

Inc. 
Mrs.  Kathleen  S.  Louchheim 
Mr.  William  J.  Lowenberg 
E.  Ralph  Lupin,  M.D. 
M&M  Supermarkets,  Inc 
Mr.  James  E.  MacAtee 
Ms.  Nan  Tucker  McEvoy 
Dextra  Baldwin  McGonagle 
Rand  McNally  and  Company 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  MacNeil  Rodewald 
The  Magowan  Family  Foundation, 

Inc. 
The  A.  L.  Mailman  Family 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Barbara  &  Morton  L.  Mandel 

Foundation 
Florence  and  Joseph  C.  Mandel 

Foundation 
Lilyan  and  Jack  N.  Mandel 

Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Manella 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Manney 
Mrs.  Lilly  King  Manning 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Manoogian 
Tom  and  Charlene  Marsh 
Mr.  Wayne  N.  Mathis 
The  Helen  R.  and  Harold  C.  Mayer 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  D.  Mayer 
Melville  Corporation 
Menil  Foundation,  Inc. 
Metropolitan  Life  Foundation 
Barbara  and  Clifford  Michael 

Foundation 
Houghton  Mifflin  Company 
Mill  Pond  Press,  Incorporated 


674  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Minneapolis  Federation  for  Jewish 

Service 
Minneapolis  Star  and  Tribune 

Company 
Ms.  Marian  S.  Mitchell 
Mobil  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Truman  W.  Morsman 
David  H.  Murdock  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  H.  Murdock 
The  NCR  Foundation 
The  NL  Industries  Foundation,  Inc. 
National  Space  Club 
National  Research  Council 
Mrs.  William  Negley 
Mrs.  Nancy  Negley 
The  New  York  Community  Trust 
The  New  York  Times  Company 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Mrs.  Albert  H.  Newman 
Mr.  Bruce  W.  NichoL 
Occidental  College 
The  Ohrstrom  Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dan  Oppenheimer 
Optical  Society  of  America 
PCS  Foundation 
PPG  Industries  Foundation 
Ms.  Lillian  Palitz 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  David  B.  Pall 
Paper  Group,  Inc. 
Paragon  Paint  and  Varnish 

Corporation 
Estate  of  Betty  Parsons 
Betty  Parsons  Foundation 
Mrs.  Margaret  Merwin  Patch 
Perkins  School  for  the  Blind 
Permanent  Charity  Fund  of  Boston 
Ms.  Toni  Petersen 
The  Pfaltzgraff  Company 
Phillips  Petroleum  Foundation,  Inc. 
Polaroid  Corporation 
Mrs.  Shirley  Polykoff 
The  Port  Royal  Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  David  S.  Purvis 
Mrs.  Alfred  M.  Rankin 
Mr.  Lloyd  E.  Raport 
Dr.  Milton  Ratner 
Mrs.  Dorothy  R.  Rautbord 
Mr.  Michael  M.  Roa 
Reader's  Digest  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  Pryer  Reed 
R.  J.  Reynolds  Industries,  Inc. 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  S.  Dillon  Ripley  II 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lester  Robbins 
Mr.  Francis  C.  Rooney,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Ednah  Root 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Rosenkrans,  Jr. 
Leo  Rosner  Foundation,  Inc. 
Wilbur  L.  and  Judith  N.  Ross 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  Rubin 
William  and  Helen  Ruder  Family 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Edith  &  Bill  Rudolph  Philanthropic 

Fund 
Madeleine  H.  Russell  Philanthropic 

Fund 
Charles  E.  Sampson  Memorial  Fund 
Mr.  Frederic  P.  Sapirstein 
Mr.  Milton  R.  Sapirstein 
Estate  of  Hope  Sayles 
Sarah  I.  Schieffelin  Residuary  Trust 
George  Schwartz 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  F.  Shapiro 
Mr.  Peter  Jay  Sharp 
Ms.  Selma  Shavitz 
Siff  Charitable  Foundation 
Klara  and  Larry  Silverstein 
Caroline  T.  and  Mrs.  John  Parr 

Simmons 
Mrs.  Ben  J.  Slutsky 
Mrs.  Jane  Will  Smith 
Ms.  Margaret  L.  Smith 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerry  I.  Speyer 
Dr.  Frank  Stanton 
Stephenson,  Inc. 
Mr.  Charles  A.  Steward 
The  Suisman  Foundation 
Estate  of  Donald  Sultner 
Sumner  Gerard  Foundation 
Mr.  Mark  E.  Talisman 
Tandy  Corporation/Radio  Shack 
Tane,  S.  A. 

Henry  &  Marilyn  Taub  Foundation 
The  Taubman  Company 
Mr.  David  Tendler 
Tenneco  Oil  Company,  Inc. 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  E.  Christian  Thompson 
Tisch  Foundation,  Inc. 
Transammonia,  Inc. 
Tupper  Foundation 
Mr.  Carl  R.  Tuvin 
United  Technologies 
United  Technologies  Hamilton 

Standard 
Mrs.  Harold  Uris 
Jimmy  Vaughn  Mathematical 

Foundation 
Haines  Lundberg  Waehler 
The  Washington  Craft  Show 
Ms.  Piera  Maria  Watkins 
Mrs.  Paul  Wattis 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  675 


Dr.  William  Weber 
Therma  G.  Ralph  Wechsler 

Memorial 
The  Ellen  Bayard  Weedon 

Foundation 
Mrs.  Marcia  S.  Weisman 
Mr.  Hans  Weisshaar 
Mr.  George  Weissman 
Wenner-Gren  Foundation 
Ms.  Nina  W.  Werblow 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerome  Westheimer 
Mrs.  Annie  B.  Wetmore 
The  Whitney  Foundation 
Wildlife  Preservation  Trust 

International,  Inc. 
$500  or  more 
AKC  Fund,  Inc. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Manville  H.  Abramson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  R.  Acquavella 
The  Joe  L.  and  Barbara  Allbritton 

Foundation 
William  H.  Anderson  Foundation 
Mr.  William  H.  Anderson 
Anonymous 

Mrs.  Alice  O'Neil  Avery 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lionel  Bell 
Mr.  C.  Benoist 
Mr.  Ralph  F.  Bergman 
Ms.  Ruth  M.  Berlin 
Mrs.  Barcia  Bielfield 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  L.  Biggs 
Mrs.  Virginia  E.  Blair 
Bloomingdale's 
Ms.  Althea  Bond 
Mrs.  Dorothee  N.  Bowie 
Mr.  Jeffrey  Breslow 
Ms.  Crystal  M.  Brown 
Mr.  John  M.  Burns 
C&P  Telephone  Co. 
Mr.  Edward  Lee  Cave 
Cessna  Aircraft  Company 
Cohen  Charitable  Trust-1982 
Mrs.  Joyce  Arnoff  Cohen 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Saul  Z.  Cohen 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Warren  J.  Coville 
Mrs.  Rose  B.  Crohn 
Leonard  Davis  and  Sophie  Davis 
Ms.  Anne  S.  Dayton 
Mr.  A.  Theodore  Dell 
Mrs.  Gladys  K.  Delmas 
The  Dog  Museum  of  America 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lewis  W.  Douglas,  Jr. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Saul  H.  Dunitz 
Mr.  Jeremy  Dworkin 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  J.  T.  Emend 


The  Wilf  Family  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dave  H.  Williams 

Wilsey  Foundation 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Irwin  Winkler 

Mr.  G.  Bagley  Wright 

Mrs.  Virginia  Bloedel  Wright 

Yale  Class  of  1936 

Leonard  C.  Yaseen  Foundation,  Inc. 

Eva  Zeisel  Designer 

Zeman  Endowment  Fund 

Ms.  Harriet  M.  Zimmerman 

Mrs.  Rosanne  Diamond  Zinn 

Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  Zorensky 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  A.  Feder 

Ms.  Bertha  Feist 

George  R.  &  Elsie  M.  Fink 

Foundation 
Mr.  Lawrence  A.  Fleischman 
Mrs.  Mary  M.  Fletcher 
Dr.  Oliver  S.  Flint,  Jr. 
William  and  Martha  Ford  Fund 
Garden  State  Numismatic 

Association,  Inc. 
Joseph  L.  Gitterman,  III  and 

Joanna  Gitterman 
The  Henry  L.  Goldberg  Foundation 
Mr.  E.  M.  Goldfine 
Mr.  Harmon  Goldstone 
Admiral  Alfred  M.  Granum 
Mariam  and  Peter  Haas  Fund 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Melville  W.  Hall 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  Handleman 
Ms.  Pauline  L.  Harrison 
Mrs.  Alfred  C.  Harrison 
Alice  Kales  Hartwick  Foundation 
Mr.  James  R.  Harvey 
Mrs.  lola  S.  Haverstick 
Mrs.  Betty  Jane  Hays 
Joseph  H.  Hazen  Foundation,  Inc. 
The  Hechinger  Foundation 
Mrs.  Amy  E.  Higgins 
Mrs.  David  Hinks 
Remembrance  of  the  Holocaust 

Foundation 
Mrs.  Helen  S.  Hopkins 
Howard  University 
George  A.  Jutila,  M.D. 
Mrs.  Mariam  Klein 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Falph  Konheim 
Koret  Foundation 
Kransco  Foundation 
Dr.  Karl  V.  Krombein 


676  I  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mrs.  Joseph  Lauder 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ronald  Lauder 

The  Gary  and  Bernice  Lebbin 

Foundation,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Howard  Lipman 
Mrs.  Helen  J.  McCray 
James  A.  MacDonald  Foundation 
Mr.  E.  MeKeon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sam  Maddux,  Jr. 
Fredric  R.  Mann  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  S.  Marcus 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  WilUam  A.  Marsteller 
Mr.  Ernst  Mayr 
The  Mediators,  Inc. 
Mr.  Alexander  R.  Mehran 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  Melville 
Mrs.  Rosemary  Monagan 
Mrs.  Phillip  R.  Morss 
National  Railway  Publication  Co. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stephen  Nelick 
New  York  Carpet  World 
Occidental  Petroleum  Corp. 
Odyssey  Partners  Foundation,  Inc. 
Mrs.  Henry  O'Neil 
Samuel  and  Rose  Oronshnik 
The  Pace  Gallery  of  New  York,  Inc. 
Paine  Webber  Group,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  Pearlman 
Mr.  Stephen  M.  Peck 
Joseph  G.  Perpich,  M.D.,  and 

Cathy  Sulzberger 
Ms.  Delilah  W.  Pierce 
Mr.  John  A.  Pope,  Jr. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerome  Pustilnik 
Ridgewells  Caterer,  Inc. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Chapin  Riley 
Ms.  Mary  R.  Robbins 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Felix  Rohatyn 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Roob 
Rousseau  Foundation 


Mr.  Marvin  Sadik 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  Schnitzer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sherwin  Schreier 

Mrs.  S.  G.  Seldin 

Seven  Eleven  Foundation 

S.  J.  Shrubsole  Corp. 

The  Sisterhood  of  the  Washington 

Hebrew  Congregation 
Ms.  Mary  Leigh  Smart 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nathan  Smooke 
Mrs.  Elaine  McKeon  Steil 
Mrs.  Jay  Sternberg 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mark  C.  Stevens 
Mr.  Melville  Straus 
Mr.  Malan  S.  Strong 
Mr.  Albert  Susman 
Ms.  Sally  Sweetland 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  L.  Swig 
R.  J.  and  Marcia  A.  Syufy 
Ronald  S.  and  Adele  Tauber 
Thiry  Foundation 
Tiffany  &  Company 
Mrs.  Alice  Traub 
Trotter  Education  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  Troubh 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  Tufo 
United  Jewish  Appeal  Federation  of 

Greater  Washington 
Lee  and  Rose  Warner  Foundation 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  S.  Warriner 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alvin  Wasserman 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Weinstein 
Lawrence  A.  and  Judith  H.  Weiss 
Mrs.  Priscilla  N.  Williams 
Mrs.  Robert  Williams 
Mr.  Warren  R.  Woodward 
Mrs.  Jean  Davies  Wright 
Mrs.  Edward  Wylie 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  N.  Zelle 


SMITHSONIAN  ASSOCIATES 
CONTRIBUTING  MEMBERS 

The  Contributing  Members  of  the  Smithsonian  National  Associates  support 
the  Institution's  work  through  annual  contributions  of  $50,  $100,  $250,  $500, 
and  $1,000. 

The  James  Smithson  Society  was  created  in  1977  to  encourage  and  recog- 
nize major  gifts  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  Society,  which  is  the 
highest  order  of  the  Contributing  Membership  in  the  Smithsonian  Associates, 
is  comprised  of  Annual  and  Life  Membership  categories.  Extraordinary  con- 
tributions to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  are  recognized  through  the  Society's 
Founder  Medal  award  and  Life  Membership. 

The  Smithsonian  Institution  gratefully  acknowledges  the  generous  support 
of  the  James  Smithson  Society  and  the  Contributing  Membership  of  the 
Smithsonian  Associates. 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  677 


JAMES  SMITHSON  SOCIETY  LIFE  MEMBERS 


Mrs.  Anni  Albers 

Mr.  Joseph  V.  Alhadeff 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joe  L.  Allbritton 

Mr.  David  K.  Anderson 

Mr.  Ronald  P.  Anselmo 

Mr.  Scott  R.  Anselmo 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  R.  Bains 

Mrs.  Joan  Hay  Baizerman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  John  Barlow 

Mrs.  Frederic  C.  Bartlett 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Preston  R.  Bassett 

Mrs.  Donald  C.  Beatty 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clay  P.  Bedford 

Mrs.  Edward  B.  Benjamin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Benton 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  B.  Berry 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gerald  M.  Best 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  B.  Narayana  Bhat 

Mr.  Richard  A.  Bideaux 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Blauner 

Mr.  Leigh  B.  Block 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  Beaty  Boyd 

Mr.  Lee  Bronson 

Mrs.  David  K.  E.  Bruce 

Dr.  Ruth  Dowling  Brunn  and 

Dr.  Bertel  Brunn 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  George  E.  Burch 
Mrs.  Arthur  J.  Burstein 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barnet  Burstein 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hyman  Burstein 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Maxwell  Burstein 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Benjamin  Hubbard 

Caldwell,  Jr. 
Maj.  Gen.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Stone 

Campbell 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawson  J.  Cantrell,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Catherine  B.  Cantrell 
Mr.  Allan  Caplan 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  H.  Capps 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  C.  C.  Chiu 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  G.  Cleveland 
Mr.  Robert  L.  Coleman 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  George  L.  Comptoo 
Mrs.  Howard  F.  Cook 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Roger  D.  Cornell 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  E.  J.  Cunningham 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bruce  E.  Dahrling  II 
Mr.  John  R.  Doss 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Willard  D.  Dover 
Mr.  Edward  R.  Downe,  Jr. 
Dr.  Dale  B.  Dubin 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Willis  H.  duPont 
Mr.  Duncan  L.  Edwards 


Mr.  Joseph  M.  Erdelac 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  M.  Evans 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Dan  Feriozi 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  B.  Ford  II 
Mrs.  Edwin  Gaines  Fullinwider 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  Andrew  Funt 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Garfield 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Julius  Garfield 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Lament  W.  Gaston 
Mr.  Kirkland  H.  Gibson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  Paul  Gilson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stephen  P.  Gott 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Wilbur  J.  Gould 
Mr.  Jerome  L.  Greene 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Chaim  Gross 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Melville  Hall 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Armand  Hammer 
Mrs.  Richard  Harkness 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Don  C.  Harrold 
Mrs.  Enid  A.  Haupt 
Mrs.  Lita  Annenberg  Hazen 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wayne  C.  Hazen 
Mrs.  Francis  Tracy  Henderson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  L.  Henning 
Mrs.  Edith  Mansfield  Hills 
Mrs.  Joseph  H.  Hirshhorn 
Mrs.  James  Stewart  Hooker 
Mr.  Paul  Horgan 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Howard  Ihrig 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  H.  Jacobus 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jacob  Kainen 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  E.  Kastner 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  Kaufman 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  A.  Kirk 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  Merrill  Klein 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  W.  Koffler 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  David  Landau 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lewis  Kurt  Land 
Dr.  Morris  P.  Leibovitz 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  E.  Leininger 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  E.  Lennon 
Mrs.  Sara  L.  Lepman  and 
Mr.  Joshua  M.  Lepman 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Levey 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Levey 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sydney  Lewis 
Ms.  Betty  H.  Llewellyn 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Logan 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jack  Lord 
Mrs.  Louis  Lozowick 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  A.  Magowan 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Leo  J.  Malone 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  A.  Manoogian 


678  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  John  A.  Masek 
Honorable  and  Mrs.  Robert  M. 

McKinney 
Mr.  Vincent  Melzac 
Mr.  Jack  L.  Messman 
Mrs.  Sandy  Levey  Miller 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  A.  Moldermaker 
Mrs.  Edmund  C.  Monell 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  A.  H.  Mosmann 
Mr.  Fredric  Mueller 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joe  H.  MuUins 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Marvin  Murray 
Mr.  Mortimer  L.  Neinken 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  James  Brooks  Newbill 
Honorable  and  Mrs.  R.  Henry 

Norweb 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  K.  Ostrow 
Mrs.  Rudolf  Pabst 
Honorable  and  Mrs.  G.  Burton 

Pearson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace  R.  Persons 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  M.  Pflueger 
Mrs.  John  H.  Phipps 
Mrs.  John  A.  Pope 
Mrs.  Abraham  Rattner 
Mr.  John  Paul  Remensnyder 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ralph  C.  Rinzler 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  M.  Roberts 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ellis  H.  Robison 
Honorable  Martin  J.  Roess 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  G.  Rogers,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Helen  Goodwin  Rose 
Mr.  Arthur  Ross 
Mrs.  Edgar  L.  Rossin 
Mrs.  Howard  J.  Sachs 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  G.  Sachs 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  M.  Sackler 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  I.  Saul 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Janos  Scholz 
Honorable  and  Mrs.  Hugh  Scott 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morton  Silverman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  J.  Slattery 

Mrs.  Helen  Farr  Sloan 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  H.  Smith 

Mr.  Raphael  Soyer 

Mrs.  Otto  Spaeth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Earl  J.  Spangler 

Mr.  Stuart  M.  Speiser 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Benjamin  Stack 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harvey  G.  Stack 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Norman  Stack 

Dr.  Richard  F.  S.  Starr 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Norman  H.  Stavisky 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Leo  F.  Stornelli 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  Hadley  Stuart,  Jr. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hans  Syz 

Mrs.  Katherine  S.  Sznycer 

The  Drs.  Yen  and  Julia  Tan 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Vernon  L.  Taylor,  Jr. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  David  J.  Tepper 

Mrs.  Edith  Hale  Thomas 

Mr.  Richard  W.  Thomssen 

Mr.  Bardyl  R.  Tirana 

Mrs.  Juan  Terry  Trippe 

Mrs.  Milton  Turner 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Adolfo  Villalon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Vojvoda 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Francis  S.  Walker 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  C.  Wang 

Mr.  Richard  W.  Weatherhead 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  E.  Whiteley 

Mrs.  Victoria  E.  Wilkinson 

Mr.  Leonard  J.  Wilkinson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  J.  Williams 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  M.  Withers 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Laurence  C.  Witten  II 

Mrs.  David  O.  Woodbury 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  Woodward 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Wu 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barry  Yampol 


$1,500  JAMES  SMITHSON  SOCIETY  ANNUAL  MEMBERS 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  G.  Altschul 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  G.  Anderson 

Mor.  and  Mrs.  William  5.  Anderson 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Walter  H.  Annenberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jack  R.  Aron 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Bartlett 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Perry  R.  Bass 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  Hood  Bassett 

Mr.  Lucius  D.  Battle 

Mrs.  Henry  C.  Beck 

Mr.  William  Blackie 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Robert  O.  Blake 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Winton  M.  Blount 

Mrs.  John  Bowles 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Nicholas  F.  Brady 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bob  Brinkerhoff 

Mr.  Alfred  Pope  Brooks 

Mr.  Keith  S.  Brown 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Wiley  T.  Buchanan,  Jr. 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Philip  Buchen 

Mrs.  Jackson  Burke 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  J.  A.  Burwell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  Butner 

Dr.  Cesar  A.  Caceres 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  679 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  D.  Campbell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  B.  Carter,  Jr. 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Henry  E.  Catto,  Jr. 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Home  Charles 

Mr.  Taylor  Chewing,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Blair  Childs 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  H.  Clement 

Mr.  David  L.  Coffin 

Mr.  Melvin  S.  Cohen 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  James  M.  Collins 

Mr.  Joseph  E.  Connor 

Mr.  Richard  P.  Cooley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gardner  Cowles 

Mrs.  Raymond  E.  Cox 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Melvin  E.  Cox 

Miss  Louise  Crane 

Mr.  John  D.  Crow 

Mr.  Joseph  F.  Cullman  III 

Mr.  Arthur  J.  Curry 

Mr.  Kent  T.  Cushenberry 

Mrs.  Justin  Dart 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Shelby  C.  Davis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  Davis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  R.  Day 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morse  G.  Dial,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  J.  DiBona 

Mr.  Norman  L.  Dobyns 

Mrs.  Kathryn  W.  Donaldson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gaylord  Donnelley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  Donner,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  T.  Dorrance,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leslie  Douglas 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  A.  Elkins,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Eric  Eweson 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  William  H.  Fitzgerald 

Mr.  John  Dulin  Folger 

Mrs.  John  Clifford  Folger 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  B.  Gantt 

Mrs.  George  A.  Garrett 

Miss  Rachel  Gay 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  T.  Gibson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred  C.  Glassell,  Jr. 

Mr.  Henry  H.  Goldberg 

Mrs.  Ted  R.  Goldsmith 

Mr.  William  B.  Graham 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  B.  Greene 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilbert  C.  Greenway 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  H.  Greer,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  L.  Hadley  Griffin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alton  B.  Grimes 

Mrs.  Olivia  A.  Griscom 

Mr.  William  A.  Hall  III 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gordon  Hanes 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  W.  A.  Harriman 

Mr.  J.  Warren  Harris 


Mrs.  Alfred  C.  Harrison 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Parker  T.  Hart 

Mr.  Joseph  H.  Hazen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Patrick  Healy  III 

John  and  Lucia  Heard 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  Heiskell 

Mr.  Richard  D.  Hill 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace  R.  Holladay 

Mr.  R.  Bruce  Hunter 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  L.  Ireland  III 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  John  N.  Irwin  II 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  D.  Jagels 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  F.  Jewett,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  E.  Johnson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  C.  Johnson 

Col.  and  Mrs.  F.  M.  Johnson,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  E.  Jonsson 

Mrs.  Garfield  Kass 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  M.  Kemper,  Jr. 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  W.  John  Kenney 

Mrs.  Virginia  K.  Kettering 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Randolph  A.  Kidder 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  M.  Kirby 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Philip  M.  Klutznick 

Mrs.  S.  K.  Legare 

Mrs.  Jean  Chisholm  Lindsey 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  M.  Love 

Jack  and  Betty  Lou  Ludwick 

Mr.  Edmund  C.  Lynch,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Edward  Macauley 

Lt.  Gen.  and  Mrs.  Sam  Maddux,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Louise  F.  Maedgen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  Willard  Marriott,  Sr. 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  William  McC.  Martin, 
Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  P.  Mascioli 

Mr.  David  O.  Maxwell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brooks  McCormick 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  George  C.  McGhee 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  S.  McNeil 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  L.  McNeil,  Jr. 

Dr.  R.  A.  McReynolds 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  W.  Meers 

Dr.  Ruben  F.  Mettler 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arjay  Miller 

Dr.  W.  Raymond  Mize,  Jr. 

Mr.  Dan  M.  Moody,  Jr. 

Mr.  M.  G.  Morris 

Dr.  Josephine  L.  Murray 

Mrs.  Nancy  B.  Negley 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Paul  H.  Nitze 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  R.  Norton,  III 

Cmdr.  Lester  E.  Ogilvy 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Ohrstrom 

Mr.  Ricard  R.  Ohrstrom 


680  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  B.  Olds 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Oliver 

Mr.  M.  G.  O'Neil 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Parker 

Mrs.  Jefferson  Patterson 

Ms.  Helen  Ann  Patton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  Wesley  Peebles 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  Emory  Phillips 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  M.  Pigott 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  S.  Pillsbury 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  F.  Polk 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malcolm  Price 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  G.  Reed 

Mr.  H.  Smith  Richardson,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  B.  Ridder 

Mrs.  Dorothy  H.  Roberts 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hamilton  Robinson 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Milton  L.  Rock 

Mr.  Laurance  S.  Rockefeller 

Mrs.  William  P.  Roth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  A.  Roth 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  Kenneth  Rush 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  R.  Solomon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.  Francis  Saul 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frates  Seeligson 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  A.  Seeligson,  Jr. 
Lt.  Gen.  and  Mrs.  George  M. 

Seignious,  II 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leonard  L.  Silverstein 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Lionel  J.  Skidmore 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  E.  Skinner 
Mr.  Gerald  Slawecki 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  F.  Smith 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Page  W.  Smith 
Hon.  and  Mrs.  Gerard  C.  Smith 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edson  W.  Spencer 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malcolm  T.  Stamper 
Ms.  Marilyn  L.  Steinbright 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  A.  Sullivan 
Mrs.  Clark  W.  Thompson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  R.  Truland 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jean  L.  Vaillant 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  Woods  Vest,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Paul  L.  Wattis 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  J.  Wean,  Jr. 
Mr.  Leigh  R.  Weiner 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  Wintermann 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Howard  S.  Wright 
Mr.  Parke  Wricht 
Mr.  James  O.  Wright 


$1,000  PATRON  MEMBERS 

Mr.  W.  Mike  Adams 

Ms.  Mary  M.  Ashmore 

Mr.  John  A.  Blakemore 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Allen  A.  H.  Blessman 

Mrs.  John  W.  Bowman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Townsend  Burden,  III 

Mrs.  Poe  Burling 

Mr.  Laurence  L.  Champion 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Francis  X.  Coleman,  Jr. 

Mr.  William  N.  Copley 

Mr.  James  H.  Curl 

Mr.  Charles  T.  Fisher,  III 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  F.  Hoover 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  B.  Kaufmann 

Mr.  E.  C.  Kubik 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  S.  Lacock 

Mrs.  Jacob  L.  Lehrman 

$500  SUSTAINING  MEMBERS 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Byrle  M.  Abbin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  Agger 

Mr.  James  E.  Akins 

Mr.  Thomas  Aldredge 

Mrs.  Paul  S.  Anderson 

Col.  and  Mrs.  John  S.  Anderson 

Mr.  F.  C.  Andreson 

Mr.  G.  J.  Andrews 


Mr.  John  G.  Makauskas 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilbert  D.  Mead 

Mr.  Paul  Mellon 

Mr.  John  F.  Olmstead 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  G.  Powell 

Mr.  Charles  Schwartzkopf 

Mrs.  Kathryn  Simonds 

Mrs.  Gardiner  Symonds 

Dr.  Arthur  L.  Thiele 

Ms.  Nancy  B.  Wagner 

Dr.  Jeremy  P.  Waletzky 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  P.  Wallerich 

Mr.  Warren  K.  Wilhelm 

Mr.  Robert  Windsor 

Mr.  W.  H.  Wolf 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  T.  Woolverton 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  S.  Antes 
Mr.  George  A.  Argabrite 
Mrs.  L.  M.  Aroniss 
Mrs.  Theodore  Babbitt 
Mr.  Jean  L.  Barker 
Mrs.  Earl  W.  Barnes 
Mrs.  W.  P.  Battell 
Mr.  James  C.  Beatty 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  681 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  R.  Bemis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  E.  Bennedict 

Col.  and  Mrs.  George  C.  Berger 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seymour  Bernett 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  Eric  Black 

Mr.  John  L.  Black 

Mr.  C.  N.  Blair 

Dr.  Joan  Blondin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  K.  Blum 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  H.  Blumberg 

Dr.  George  P.  Bogumill 

Ms.  Nona  G.  Boiling 

Mr.  J.  A.  Boorman 

Dr.  Harold  M.  Boslow 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mitchell  T.  Bowie 

Col.  Donald  S.  Bowman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  J.  Brown 

Mr.  Nicholas  Bush 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Rocco  Cassone 

Mrs.  Harold  W.  Cheel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Page  B.  Clagett 

Mrs.  Louis  Black  Clark 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerald  L.  Clark 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Warrington  C.  Cobb 

Dr.  David  A.  Cofrin 

Ms.  Virginia  M.  Collins 

Col.  J.  M.  Compton 

Mrs.  Jack  Coopersmith 

Mr.  William  N.  Copley 

Mr.  Curtis  W.  Cox 

Mr.  James  R.  Cramblett 

Ms.  Joyce  Creamer 

Mr.  Joseph  William  Cuddy 

Dr.  Robert  D.  Cunningham 

Capt.  and  Mrs.  R.  L.  Daniels 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Elwood  Davis 

Mrs.  Keith  Davis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  J.  Dean 

Mr.  Arthur  F.  Dellheim 

Mr.  Charles  S.  Draper 

Mr.  David  C.  Dressier 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  Stewart  Dunn,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Irenee  Dupont,  Jr. 

Mr.  Edward  E.  Eckert 

Mr.  F.  H.  Ellenberger 

Mr.  Ward  Ellis 

Mr.  Harry  Emlet 

Mr.  Richard  England 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  John  Esswein 

Mr.  W.  M.  Evans 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  R.  Fesler 

Mr.  Julius  Fleischman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  B.  Folladori,  Jr. 

Mr.  Kenneth  Foster 

The  Morningstar  Foundation 


Thiry  Foundation 

Mr.  Henry  W.  Franklin 

Capt.  and  Mrs.  J.  E.  Galloway 

Mrs.  J.  Gardine.' 

Mrs.  Melvin  Gelman 

Mr.  Mario  F.  George 

Mr.  Dan  Gilbert 

Mr.  Richard  W.  Goldman 

Mrs.  Seabury  S.  Gould,  IV 

Mr.  Thomas  J.  Grady 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bernard  Green 

Dr.  H.  D.  Green 

Mr.  Barron  K.  Grier 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  P.  Groves 

Mr.  David  L.  Guthrie 

Mr.  Ernest  T.  Guy 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  J.  Haas 

Mr.  Theodore  J.  Hadraba,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kingsley  W.  Hamilton 

Mr.  Howard  R.  Handler 

Ms.  Helen  Leale  Harper 

Mr.  William  J.  Harris,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Robert  K.  Hartwick 

Mr.  Mones  E.  Hawley 

Mr.  Daniel  P.  Hays 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Felder  F.  Heflin 

Mr.  Frederick  H.  Heierding 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  J.  Hickman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  M.  Hinton 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Raymond  T.  Holden 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  M.  Holden 

Col.  and  Mrs.  Harry  C.  Holloway 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edgar  W.  Holtz 

Mr.  J.  King  Horner 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  John  H.  Hoyert 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Phillip  S.  Hughes 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  N.  S.  Irey 

Mr.  Eugene  C.  Johnson 

Mr.  Edward  Jonas 

Dr.  Charles  Joseph 

Mrs.  Herbert  L.  Jukes 

Mrs.  George  C.  Keiser 

Mr.  A.  Atwater  Kent,  Jr. 

Mr.  Patrick  T.  King 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Philip  C.  Kirby 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  M.  Kirchheimer 

Ms.  Anne  Knowles 

Ms.  Elizabeth  G.  Kossow 

Mr.  Albert  Kramer 

Mr.  Norman  H.  Kreisman 

Ms.  Janet  Anastacia  Krombar 

Mr.  Stanley  J.  Kuliczkowski 

Mr.  Sanford  A.  Langworthy 

Ms.  Agatha  Larson 

Mr.  Melvin  F.  Lee 


682  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mrs.  Halleck  Lefferts 

Mr.  William  Leier 

Ms.  G.  E.  Lemos 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  William  Levy 

Mr.  Charles  Lindberg 

Mr.  Edmund  W.  Littlefield 

Edmund  Wattis  Littlefield 

Mrs.  Comfort  Lord 

Miss  Doris  J.  Lothrop 

Mr.  Robert  MacCrate 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malcolm  Maclntyre 

Mr.  E.  Mandac 

Mr.  F.  E.  Mars,  Jr. 

Ms.  Rebecca  Mathews 

Lt.  Col.  and  Mrs.  Glenn  W.  Mayer 

Mr.  Terence  McAuliffe 

Mr.  Gordon  W.  McBride 

Mr.  Thomas  C.  McCague 

Mr.  James  D.  McClary 

Mr.  E.  J.  McCormack,  Jr. 

Mr.  Clayton  McCuistion 

Mrs.  Nan  Tucker  McEvoy 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Philip  L.  McHugh 

Mr.  Marcus  Mehtonen 

Mr.  Benjamin  T.  Meintzer,  Sr. 

Miss  J.  Virginia  Messick 

Mr.  John  E.  Meyer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gordon  K.  Milestone 

Dr.  William  J.  Mitchell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  Monrose 

Mr.  Mark  Moorman 

Mr.  Michael  A.  Moran 

Mr.  James  Mulshine 

Mr.  Stuart  C.  Nichols 

Mr.  William  J.  O'Connor,  Jr. 

Ms.  R.  O'Hara 

Mrs.  John  Omaster 

Mr.  Arnold  E.  Palmer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gerald  H.  Patrick 

Mr.  C.  L.  Pecchenino 

Dr.  J.  C.  Petricciani 

Mrs.  Alys  E.  Phreantr 

Mr.  W.  M.  Piatt,  III 

Mr.  Bruce  Piegols 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Laurence  B.  Pike 

Mr.  George  B.  Pletsch 

Ms.  Doris  D.  Poole 

Mrs.  Helen  G.  Price 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Philip  E.  Ratcliffe 

Mrs.  H.  L  Rhine 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  A.  Rice 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  W.  Richardson 

Dr.  J.  Jerome  Rinaldi 

Ms.  Mary  M.  Roberts 

Mr.  Francis  C.  Rooney,  Jr. 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  W.  Root 

Mr.  Anton  H.  Rosenthal 

Mr.  Ray  W.  Rosevear 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  J.  Rowe 

Mr.  Dave  Royer 

Dr.  Philip  Rubovits-Seitz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bennett  Y.  Ryan,  Sr. 

Ms.  Louise  Sagalyn 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thorndike  Saville,  Jr. 

Mr.  Morton  W.  Schomer 

Mr.  C.  W.  Scott 

Mr.  W.  W.  Sidney 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  Silverman 

Mr.  A.  R.  Jarvis  Sinclair 

Mrs.  E.  Slack 

Mrs.  Beth  D.  Small 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Smith 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dean  Smith 

Dr.  Hugh  M.  South 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  L.  Stanford 

Mr.  John  J.  Stanton 

Mr.  Sydney  Stein,  Jr. 

Mr.  William  R.  Sullivan,  II 

Mrs.  Arthur  H.  Sulzberger 

Ms.  Jacqueline  T.  Sunderland 

Mr.  Craig  D.  Sutherland 

Mr.  S.  C.  Sviokla,  Jr. 

Ms.  Mary  Swanson 

Mrs.  May  Day  Taylor 

Ms.  Arlene  K.  Thomashow 

Dr.  John  L.  Thornton 

Mr.  H.  E.  Thurman,  Jr. 

Mr.  George  S.  Trees,  Jr. 

Mr.  Charles  Lee  Turner 

Mr.  John  H.  Turner 

Mr.  Charles  A.  Turner,  III 

Mrs.  Jean  A.  Twitchell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  W.  Valencourt,  Jr. 

Ms.  Ann  T.  Vanrosevelt 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ottie  T.  Vipperman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  L.  Vonhoffmann 

Mr.  Lawrence  Wahl 

Dr.  Joseph  Walker 

Mr.  Richard  B.  Wallace 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  S.  Walters 

Mr.  Dennis  A.  Wheeler 

Miss  Lida  Whitaker 

Col.  and  Mrs.  Grove  C.  White,  Jr. 

Mrs.  B.  A.  Whitmarsh 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  P.  A.  B.  Widener 

Mr.  Thomas  L.  Wiebe 

Mrs.  Vivian  Wildman 

Mr.  J.  Humphrey  Wilkinson 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  S.  Wilkinson,  Jr. 

Ms.  Pauline  E.  Williman 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  683 


Mrs.  John  M.  Willits 
Mrs.  Louise  W.  Wilson 
Mrs.  S.  T.  Wyland 

$250  SPONSORING  MEMBERS 

Mr.  David  E.  Aaronson 

Mrs.  David  C.  Acheson 

Mr.  John  A.  Adams 

Ms.  Drucilla  Adams 

Dr.  B.  N.  Addis 

Mr.  David  Agnew 

Mr.  P.  Albiez 

Mr.  Michael  S.  Albritton 

Mr.  Danny  Alexander 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Donald  C.  Alexander 

Mr.  Richard  T.  Alexander,  Jr. 

Mr.  Allen  W.  Alexopulo" 

Mrs.  Lynne  L.  Alfieri 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  C.  Allbert 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  K.  Allen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  H.  Allen 

Mr.  Thomas  Roy  Allen 

Mr.  Ethan  Allen 

Mr.  Charles  D.  Allen 

Ms.  Katherine  Allen 

Ms.  Marcia  Y.  Almassy 

Mrs.  Carolyn  Alper 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  Max  Ammerman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ellis  B.  Anderson 

Dr.  Thomas  W.  Anderson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  E.  Anderson 

Mr.  Samuel  David  Anderson 

Mrs.  Myron  Anderson 

Mr.  David  R.  Anderson 

Mr.  Arthur  Andraitis 

Mr.  Alfred  C.  Antoniewicz 

Miss  Marcia  Ann  Appel 

Mr.  Walter  W.  Arensberg 

Ms.  Marlene  A.  Atkinson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  C.  Atwood,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Augl 

Mr.  G.  Augustin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Norman  G.  Bach 

Ms.  Mildred  Bach 

Mr.  Harold  Baer 

Mr.  Warren  Baker 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  Balfour 

Mr.  James  R.  Ball,  II 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  R.  Ball,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  L.  Barbieri 

Mr.  Michael  Barczak 

Mr.  Jack  R.  Barensfeld 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Allen  E.  Barlow 

Mr.  Lee  Barnes 

Ms.  Janine  F.  Barre 


Mr.  Leo  A.  Young 

Mr.  Bernard  J.  Young 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  E.  Zitter 


Mr.  William  Barstow 

Mr.  Jay  Barton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  W.  Bash 

Ms.  Ileana  C.  Basil 

Ms.  Margaret  R.  Baudoin 

Ms.  M.  G.  Baumgarten 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ovid  Bay 

Mr.  Ralph  B.  Beals 

Mr.  Donald  R.  Bean 

Mr.  John  W.  Bean 

Mr.  W.  H.  Beardsley 

Mr.  R.  Gifford  Beaton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  L.  Becker 

Mr.  Kenneth  W.  Beckman 

Mr.  Charles  Beer 

Mrs.  Jack  Bender 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  W.  Benjamin 

Mr.  C.  R.  Bennett 

Dr.  C.  M.  Berfield 

Dr.  Barry  M.  Berger 

Ms.  Marie  Bergmann 

Mr.  James  H.  Berkson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  W.  Bermant 

Mr.  John  A.  Bernard 

Mr.  Samuel  W.  Bernheimer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jules  Bernstein 

Dr.  William  R.  Bertelsen 

Ms.  Margaret  Bethany 

Mrs.  Wm.  J.  Bettingen 

Mr.  Albert  J.  Beveridge,  III 

Mr.  Harry  M.  Bickford 

Mr.  John  A.  Biddle 

Mr.  Joseph  B.  Bidwell 

Ms.  Mary  E.  Biehusen 

Mr.  E.  A.  Bigornia 

Mr.  H.  Harold  Bishop 

Mr.  Timothy  N.  Black 

Mrs.  Deane  M.  Black 

Mrs.  Page  Blackstock 

Mr.  B.  Thomas  P.  Blady 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Douglas  L.  Blair 

Ms.  Annalee  Blanchard 

Mr.  James  Blaser 

Mr.  Harrye  Blethroad 

Mr.  Frank  Bliss,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Edna  F.  Blum 

Mr.  Carl  L.  Bock 

Enola  V.  Bode 

Ms.  Rosemary  V.  Bonar 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  J.  Borowsky 


684  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  Fred  W.  Borrish 

Ms.  Barbara  C.  Bottarini 

Mr.  Steven  R.  Bowen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  A.  Bowles 

Mrs.  Constance  T.  Boyd 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Gordon  Boyd 

Mr.  Jay  M.  Boyd 

Miss  Eugenie  R.  Bradford 

Mrs.  Frank  Brandon 

Mrs.  Helen  M.  Brandt 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Calvin  Brantley 

Mrs.  F.  E.  Brantley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  A.  Brechler 

Mr.  Robert  C.  Breckenridge 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Karl  K.  Breit 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roy  Bremerman,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leo  V.  Brenna 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clemens  B.  Bribitzer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stephen  B.  Brickel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ross  B.  Bricker 

Mr.  John  F.  Bricker 

Mr.  Robert  L.  Bridges 

Mrs.  Diane  A.  Bringgold 

Miss  E.  G.  Brintnall 

Mr.  Ronald  C.  Britt 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  E.  Brock 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  H.  Brodie 

Mr.  William  R.  Brown 

Ms.  Patricia  L.  Brown 

Mr.  Jack  W.  Brownyard 

Mr.  Steven  Brummel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gerard  E.  Brundige 

Mr.  Glen  W.  Bruner 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  B.  Bryant 

Mrs.  Alger  T.  Bunten 

Mr.  Frederick  P.  Burgee 

Mr.  James  M.  Burger 

Mrs.  R.  M.  Burgess 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  A.  Burka 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  F.  Burks 

Mrs.  Julia  T.  Burlen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  L.  Burnham,  Sr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  J.  Burr 

Miss  Edna-Lea  Burruss 

Miss  Martha  E.  Burton 

Mr.  Joseph  Burton 

Mrs.  Zorayda  S.  Bussom 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  L.  Buttner 

Mr.  E.  T.  Byram 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Milton  Cades 

Mr.  Boyd  W.  Caffey 

Mr.  Donald  E.  Callahan 

Mr.  G.  W.  Callender 

Gen.  Thomas  J.  Camp,  Jr. 

Mr.  George  Campbell 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jerry  Campbell 

Mr.  Lawrence  E.  Cantrell,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Mary  H.  Carder 

Mr.  Albert  L  Cardiff 

Mr.  J.  D.  Carmichael 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kenneth  S.  Carpenter 

Mrs.  Philip  L.  Garret 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  E.  Carroll 

Ms.  Patricia  Carroll 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barry  J.  Carroll 

Mr.  Mark  J.  Carroll 

Mr.  David  C.  Carruth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leo  A.  Garten 

Col.  and  Mrs.  Douglas  H.  Carter 

Mrs.  Robert  A.  Cashell 

Mr.  John  J.  Cashmire 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  H.  Casson 

Dr.  Alejandro  F.  Castro 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  J.  Catania 

Mr.  Richard  S.  Cayo 

Dr.  William  M.  Chardack 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clifford  S.  Charles 

Mr.  Harry  R.  Charles,  Jr. 

Mr.  Robert  David  Charny 

R.  Adm.  and  Mrs.  John  D.  Chase 

Mr.  Joel  Chaseman 

Mr.  Henry  S.  Chenault,  Jr. 

Mr.  Boris  E.  Cherney 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  C.  Chester 

Mr.  John  C.  Cini 

Mrs.  Sylvia  M.  Clark 

Mr.  H.  Lawrence  Clark 

Mr.  William  H.  Cochrane 

Mr.  5.  Harold  Cohen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallace  M.  Cohen 

Mr.  Victor  Cohen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sydney  Cole 

Ms.  Margaret  5.  Collins 

Mr.  T.  Clyde  Collins,  Jr. 

Mr.  Philip  L.  Collyer 

Miss  Bertita  E.  Compton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  C.  Conant 

Mrs.  Herman  Cone,  Jr. 

Miss  Vivian  G.  Conklin 

Mr.  Gerard  Conn 

Mr.  Thomas  Cook 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  L.  Coon 

Mr.  Mark  E.  Cooper 

Ms.  Gladys  O.  Cooper 

Ms.  Mary  L.  Cooper 

Mr.  Edward  M.  Cooper,  III 

Mr.  William  Copley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  L.  Cornell 

Mr.  Walter  H.  Corson 

Mrs.  Louis  Corson 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  685 


Mr.  Ralph  J.  Coselli 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  M.  Crabtree 

Mr.  Geoffrey  Creede 

Mr.  David  Cremers 

Ms.  Margery  Cridland 

Mr.  W.  Raymond  Crosier 

Mrs.  Richard  S.  Cross 

Mr.  D.  L.  Crossley 

Mr.  James  W.  Crowley 

Mr.  James  J.  Cunningham 

Mr.  Charles  S.  Curran 

Mr.  Mark  H.  Curtis 

Mrs.  Richard  M.  Cutts 

Mr.  Terry  G.  Dallas 

Mr.  Kevin  B.  Dalton 

Mrs.  Marshall  B.  Dalton 

Maj.  Robert  E.  Dalton 

Mr.  Douglas  Dalton 

Mr.  W.  Wallace  Dansereau 

Ms.  Nancy  Darby 

Dr.  T.  G.  Daughtridge 

Mr.  Charles  Alfred  Davis 

Mrs.  Evelyn  Y.  Davis 

Mrs.  Jerry  R.  Davis 

Mr.  D.  Earcy  P.  Davis,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Alva  A.  Dawson 

Mr.  E.  A.  Dawson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  L.  Day,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  Woodford  Dayton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alexander  E.  Dean 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ben  T.  Delahay 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  S.  Deming 

Dr.  Hugh  F.  Demorest 

Ms.  Margaret  St.  Denis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  E.  Denzler,  Jr. 

Mrs.  N.  J.  Detor 

Mr.  M.  Diaz 

Dr.  Paul  F.  Dickens,  Jr. 

Mr.  Hilton  B.  Dickerson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  A.  Dickerson 

Mr.  Phil  Dickey 

Ms.  M.  Dillon 

Hon.  Douglas  Dillon 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ernest  M.  Dixon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred  C.  Dobbs,  Jr. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Dobry 

Mrs.  Walter  W.  Doescher 

Mr.  Gerald  P.  Doherty 

Mr.  Thomas  I.  Dolan 

Mr.  Sumner  A.  Dole,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  R.  Dolstra 

Mr.  Sigmund  R.  Domanski 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  S.  Donaghy 

Mrs.  David  Donovan 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  D.  A.  Doran 


Mr.  Alden  Lowell  Doud 

Mr.  Joseph  F.  Douglas 

Mr.  Karl  Douma 

Mr.  George  A.  Dragan,  Jr. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  S.  Drage 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Louis  Drummeter,  Jr. 

Mr.  Russell  F.  Dubes 

Ms.  Mary  Jane  C.  Due 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  A.  Duff 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barnwell  S.  Dunlap 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Vernon  J.  Dwyer 

Mr.  A.  Dzigas 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leroy  Eakin 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Earnest 

Mr.  Mark  K.  Edmondson 

Miss  V.  A.  Edwards 

Mrs.  Eleanor  B.  Edwards 

Mr.  Edward  W.  Ehle 

Mr.  Lawrence  A.  Ehrhart 

Mr.  Bertwin  Einfalt 

Dr.  Paul  T.  Elder 

Mr.  Robert  B.  Eldridge 

Mrs.  Leila  Eley 

Mrs.  Virginia  Ellingsworth 

Mrs.  R.  E.  Ellingwood 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Russell  Ellis 

Mr.  Bernard  Ellis 

Mr.  George  T.  Elmore 

Ms.  Helen  J.  Emigh 

Mr.  Ostrom  Enders 

Col.  Charles  O.  Eshelman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  B.  Estridge 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  N.  Eustis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  G.  Evans,  Jr. 

Mr.  Henri  Eyl 

Mr.  John  Farnam 

Ms.  Marilyn  Farrand 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Avery  C.  Faulkner 

Mrs.  Ernest  R.  Feidler 

Dr.  Michael  Jon  Feinstein 

Mr.  Joseph  T.  Fenn 

Miss  Patricia  Fenton 

Col.  and  Mrs.  Lucian  M.  Ferguson 

Mr.  Nicholas  M.  Ferriter 

Mr.  Joseph  C.  V.  Ferrusi 

Col.  Gerald  Fink 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  Fischer 

Col.  and  Mrs.  Robert  B.  Fisher 

Ms.  Mary  G.  Fitzpatrick 

Miss  Caroline  L.  Flaccus 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  M.  F.  Flaherty 

Mr.  Dennis  M.  Flemons 

Mr.  Gordon  J.  Flesch 

Ms.  Josephine  E.  Flood 

Mr.  R.  E.  Fochtman 


686  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stephen  Folkerth 

Mr.  Albert  A.  Folop 

Miss  Helen  E.  Forshier 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Giraud  V.  Foster 

Miss  Alta  Fowler 

Mrs.  Janet  E.  A.  Freeman 

Mr.  Wilbur  H.  Friedman 

Mr.  Gary  J.  Frieze 

Mr.  William  G.  Frogale 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  E.  Fuller 

Mr.  Reginald  H.  Fullerton,  Jr. 

Mr.  Eugene  R.  Gabriel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  E.  Gadde 

Miss  Mildred  L.  Gambill 

Mr.  John  W.  Gardner 

Mr.  Bob  Gardner 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malcolm  O.  Garfink 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Garney 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Geoffrey  G.  Garney 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carleton  G.  Gebhardt 

Mr.  Edward  K.  Geehan 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Daniel  Geller 

Dr.  William  H.  Gerber 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  F.  Gerding 

Mr.  Carl  S.  Gewirz 

Mr.  Joseph  P.  Ghilardi 

Miss  Helen  W.  Giacobine 

Ms.  Frances  E.  Gibson 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  David  M.  Gibson 

Mr.  Wallace  E.  Giles 

Mrs.  Sara  E.  Gillis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Oscar  S.  Glasberg 

Mrs.  E.  W.  Glascock 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ezra  Glaser 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gerald  K.  Gleason 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  W.  Gleim 

Mrs.  C.  Leslie  Glenn 

Mr.  W.  J.  Godard 

Col.  and  Mrs.  Julius  Goldstein 

Mr.  Stuart  N.  Goodman 

Mrs.  Lois  R.  Gordon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  Gouldsbury 

Ms.  Margaret  Grady 

Mr.  Harold  D.  Grant,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Earle  Gray 

Mrs.  Dorothy  Green 

Ms.  Rosemary  Green 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  E.  Green,  II 

Mr.  Preston  Greene 

Mrs.  Judith  Greene 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  B.  Greenough 

Mr.  Seymour  D.  Greenstone 

Mr.  Mark  Greenwold 

Mr.  Richard  T.  Gregg 

Mrs.  Joseph  B.  Gregg 


Mr.  Richard  P.  Grill 

Mr.  William  A.  Grimes 

Mr.  Donald  O.  Grimes,  Jr. 

Ms.  Audrey  J.  Groene 

Ms.  Nancy  Grove 

Ms.  Marilyn  L.  Guerra 

Miss  Elizabeth  P.  Hagen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alexander  S.  Haig 

Mrs.  Najeeb  Halaby 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Maxwell  L.  Hall 

Mr.^and  Mrs.  Samuel  Halpern 

Mr.  Kenneth  A.  Hamman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.  C.  Hammock 

Mr.  H.  H.  Hamra 

Ms.  Morella  R.  Hansen 

Mr.  Bernard  J.  Hansen 

Mr.  Charles  C.  Hansult 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  O.  Harder 

Miss  Dorcas  Hardin 

Mr.  Paul  Hardy 

Mr.  Hardy  Hargreaves 

Dr.  Robert  A.  Harper 

Mr.  Robert  C.  Harris 

Dr.  Michael  J.  Hartman 

Mrs.  William  W.  Hatfield 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ronald  W.  Haughton 

Mrs.  Florence  Ogier  Hawley 

Dr.  John  T.  Hayes 

Dr.  Kenneth  P.  Head 

Miss  Annabelle  Heath 

Mr.  Robert  C.  Hector 

Dr.  T.  W.  Heil 

Mr.  H.  C.  Heldenfels 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Douglas  B.  Hendrick 

Mr.  Jack  E.  Herington 

Mrs.  Catherine  W.  Herman 

Mr.  Paul  C.  Herndon 

Mr.  Arnold  L.  Hespe 

Mr.  S.  O.  Hessler 

Dr.  Margaret  S.  Hibbs 

Mr.  William  L.  Higgins 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Friedrich  Hilken 

Col.  and  Mrs.  George  M.  Hinckley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  J.  Hines 

Mrs.  J.  H.  Ward  Hinkson 

Mr.  Joseph  U.  Hinshaw 

Mrs.  Robert  H.  Hoexter 

Mr.  Andy  W.  Hogan 

Mr.  Duncan  A.  Holaday 

Mr.  Nick  Holland 

Mr.  Richard  Hullander 

Mr.  John  M.  Holm 

Mr.  Franklin  P.  Holman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  R.  Hommet 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilbert  H.  Hood 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  6&7 


Ms.  Ann  Hopping 

Miss  Jennifer  J.  Horinek 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  E.  Horn 

Mr.  John  K.  Hoskinson 

Mrs.  Ruth  Houser 

Mr.  J.  W.  Howell 

Mr.  Samuel  G.  Hubbard 

Mr.  William  R.  Humphrey 

Mr.  William  R.  Hunter 

Mr.  Claude  D.  Hurd 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  D.  Hurd 

Ms.  Emma  Gade  Hutaff 

Ms.  Eleanor  Ingman 

R.Adm.  and  Mrs.  Walter  D.  E.  Innis 

Mr.  John  Ippolito 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred  Ireson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  D.  Isinger 

Dr.  Robert  R.  Jackson 

Mr.  Rollo  E.  Jacobs,  Jr. 

Dr.  John  R.  Jacoway 

Mr.  John  M.  Jacquemin 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Jonathan  Ravid  Jaffe 

Mr.  Sidney  A.  Jaf¥e 

Mr.  Reinhardt  H.  Jahn 

Mr.  William  P.  Jambor,  Jr. 

Mrs.  W.  N.  Jardine 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  T.  Jaske 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  E.  Jenks 

Mr.  J.  J.  Jeresek 

Gen.  and  Mrs.  Chester  L.  Johnson 

Ms.  Diane  S.  Johnson 

Col.  Alfred  H.  Johnson 

Mr.  Ernest  S.  Johnston 

Mr.  Charles  Johnston 

Mr.  William  J.  Jones 

Mr.  Thomas  O.  Jones 

Dr.  Gordon  W.  Jones 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  E.  Jones 

Mr.  Charles  W.  Jones 

Mr.  Quinton  Jones 

Miss  Charlotte  Jones 

Mr.  G.  Quinton  Jones,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  B.  Jones,  Jr. 

Mr.  Thomas  A.  Jordan 

Dr.  Norman  Jorgenson 

Dr.  Herbert  H.  Joseph 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edmund  J.  Kahn 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  S.  C.  Kaim 

Mr.  John  M.  Kalbermatten 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wayne  W.  Kaley 

Mr.  John  D.  H.  Kane 

Mr.  Emanuel  Karadimos 

Mrs.  R.  H.  Karns 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  A.  Kaslow 

Mr.  Walter  Keating 


Mr.  Dennis  A.  Keefe 

Major  John  R.  Keiper,  Jr. 

Mr.  Robert  Keller 

Ms.  Candace  H.  Keller 

Ms.  Juanita  C.  Kelly 

Dr.  George  A.  Kelser,  Jr. 

Rev.  Patrick  W.  Kemp 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harris  L.  Kempner,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  P.  Keijdall,  Jr. 

Mr.  David  T.  Kenney 

Ms.  Anna  Marie  Kent 

Mr.  B.  R.  Kent 

Mr.  Thomas  C.  Kerr 

Mr.  Walter  H.  Kidd 

Mr.  Gary  Kilpatrick 

Mr.  George  H.  Kinkel 

Sgm.  David  P.  Kirschbaum 

Mr.  Stephen  L.  Kitterman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  K.  W.  Klages 

Mr.  Kenneth  W.  Klein 

Ms.  Lynda  Heckman  Kling 

Mrs.  J.  K.  Knee 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  Knight 

Ms.  Diana  Sinkler  Knop 

Mr.  John  W.  Knowles 

Ms.  Jean  R.  Knutsen 

Mr.  Steven  R.  Koman 

Ms.  Jane  E.  Kosa 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  D.  Kotler 

Ms.  Anna  Kovasznay 

Mrs.  June  F.  Kraft 

Mr.  Irving  Kreisberg 

Ms.  Barbella  F.  Kuenz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Morton  J.  Kuff 

Mr.  Clarence  M.  Kuntsmann 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  O.  Kurtz,  Jr. 

Mrs.  E.  N.  Laboyteaux 

Miss  Martha  Ladd 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  A.  Ladd 

Judge  and  Mrs.  Marion  Ladwig 

Mr.  John  A.  Laird 

Mr.  James  H.  Landers,  Jr. 

Mr.  John  Lansdale 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  H.  Lauderdale 

Mr.  J.  W.  Laughlin 

Dr.  Jack  M.  Layton 

Mr.  Sperry  Lea 

Mr.  C.  W.  Ledebur 

Mrs.  Florence  J.  Lee 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  Lehfeldt 

Ms.  Jeanne  Lemmer 

Mr.  Richard  J.  Leonard 

Mrs.  Ethelynne  H.  Leonard 

Hon.  William  Leonhart 

Mrs.  Lawrence  S.  Lesser 


688  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  Daniel  W.  Leubecker 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  B.  Levin,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ernest  E.  Lewis 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Alfred  B.  Lichtenstein 

Mr.  Gayle  W.  Lichtenstein 

Mr.  James  R.  Lightfoot 

Mr.  Frank  W.  Lindenberger 

Mr.  Gary  Dean  Lindsay 

Ms.  R.  Lindstrom 

Mr.  Robert  F.  Lint 

Mrs.  Eunice  K.  Lipkowitz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  J.  List 

Dr.  R.  H.  Lloyd 

Mr.  David  H.  Lloyd 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  M.  Locker 

Mr.  C.  Henry  Lockwood,  II 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  H.  Leowy 

Mr.  Everett  J.  Long 

Mr.  William  A.  Long 

Mr.  Walter  H.  Long,  Jr. 

Mr.  Joseph  R.  Lorence 

Mr.  P.  H.  Loughlin,  III 

Mr.  Bart  W.  Lovins 

Mr.  Charles  L.  Lowery 

Mr.  La  Rue  R.  Lutkins 

Mrs.  Mike  Lyman 

Mr.  Maurice  B.  Lynch 

Mr.  James  I.  McAuliff 

Mr.  Walter  J.  McBride 

Mr.  Donald  E.  McCallister 

Mrs.  Violet  McCandlish 

Ms.  K.  M.  McCauley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Geoffrey  E.  McCool 

Mr.  John  O.  McCracken 

Mr.  Jack  H.  McCreery 

Mr.  Matthew  B.  McCullough 

Mr.  Robert  McFadden 

Mr.  Joel  U.  McFarland 

Ms.  Nancy  J.  McGinness 

Mr.  James  P.  McGranery,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kenneth  C.  McGuiness 

Mr.  John  S.  Mclnnes 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  W.  E.  Mclntyre 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Douglas  W.  McKay 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  D.  McLean 

Ms.  Priscilla  J.  McMillan 

Mr.  W.  H.  McNaughton 

Mr.  James  A.  McNeese 

Mrs.  W.  J.  McNeill 

Mr.  R.  V.  McPherron 

Mr.  Ralph  Eugene  McWhorter 

Mrs.  Alexander  F.  MacDonald 

Ms.  Marian  S.  Maclntyre 

Ms.  Ellen  B.  MacNeille 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  Martin  Macy 


Mr.  Rex  A.  Maddox 

Mrs.  James  T.  Magee 

Mr.  Philippe  L.  Maleval 

Ms.  Helen  J.  Malmstead 

Mr.  Harry  Mandil 

Mr.  Michael  L.  Mangan,  III 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Paul  Mannes 

Mr.  E.  Manuel  Manning 

Mr.  Paul  Margus 

Mr.  Edward  Marks 

Mr.  Robert  A.  Marmon 

Mr.  S.  C.  Marshall 

Mr.  Robert  C.  Marston 

Mr.  George  H.  Marston 

Mr.  Alfred  S.  Martin 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Martin 

Mr.  M.  S.  Martin 

Dr.  Robert  B.  Matheny 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Glenn  B.  Mather 

Mrs.  B.  E.  Matheson 

Mrs.  Elbert  G.  Mathews 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  J.  Mathias 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wayne  A.  Mattox 

Miss  Julia  A.  Maxwell 

Dr.  William  B.  May 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  S.  Mazza 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  David  L.  Mead 

Mr.  Hans  M.  Mende 

Mr.  Leon  A.  Mensing 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  Mercy,  Jr. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  H.  Meroney 

Mr.  Ted  S.  Merrill 

Mrs.  Kathryn  Mervenne 

Mr.  Paul  D.  Meyer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Samuel  M.  Meyers 

Mr.  Dominic  L.  Meylor 

Ms.  Carla  Michaels 

Col.  and  Mrs.  James  E.  Miller 

Mr.  Warren  G.  Miller 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  Kirkbride  Miller 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Herbert  E.  Miller 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  T.  Miller 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  T.  Milne 

Mr.  Glenn  J.  Mischel 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ford  F.  Miskell 

Mr.  Walter  W.  Mitchell 

Mr.  Earle  W.  Mitchell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  B.  Mitchell 

Mr.  Dexter  N.  Mohr 

Mr.  Leo  Molinaro 

Mr.  David  R.  Montz 

Col.  and  Mrs.  E.  W.  Moody 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  A.  Moore 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Arthur  Cotton  Moore 

Mr.  Richard  H.  Moore 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  689 


Mrs.  E.  Moore 

Mr.  Cecilio  J.  Morales 

Mr.  J.  Maxwell  Moran 

Mrs.  Theda  A.  Moreno 

Ms.  Margaret  Morgan 

Mr.  Harold  F.  Morgan 

Mr.  Shane  Moriarity 

Mr.  Charles  W.  Morns 

Mr.  J.  C.  Morris 

Mr.  Richard  E.  Morrison 

Dr.  W.  Dickson  Moss,  III 

Mr.  Philip  M.  Mount 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  F.  Mountfort 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carl  J.  Mulert,  Jr. 

Mr.  Jerry  L.  Mungo 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  John  C.  Munson 

Mr.  Burnaby  Munson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  Murphy 

Mr.  John  M.  Murray 

Mr.  Gary  A.  Murrell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  S.  Myers,  Jr. 

Mr.  Raymond  R.  Myslivy 

Dr.  Mathew  L.  Namikas 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ward  R.  Neely 

Mr.  Robert  H.  Neff 

Mr.  John  T.  Nelson 

Mr.  Clifford  M.  Nelson 

Dr.  Heidar  Nemat 

Ms.  Nancy  C.  Nersesian 

Mr.  Andrew  K.  Ness 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Newcomb 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  A.  Niles 

Mr.  Allen  Nixon 

Mr.  Donald  O.  Noehre 

Mr.  Carl  F.  Norden 

Mr.  Giles  R.  Norrington 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  L.  North 

Mr.  Milton  G.  Nottingham,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Michael  P.  Novelli 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peter  Nunez 

Col.  William  F.  O'Meara 

Mr.  Leonard  Oberlander 

Ms.  Eileen  O'Brien 

Mr.  Robert  C.  Ochsner 

Mr.  Carl  L.  Olson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  Olyniec 

Mr.  Robert  Orben 

Mrs.  Arthur  E.  Orloff 

Mr.  Robert  D.  Orton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  G.  Osborne 

Ms.  Christine  C.  Osmun 

Mr.  James  C.  Overholt 

Mrs.  Leah  H.  Owen 

Mrs.  Henry  S.  Owens 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Michael  N. 


Papadopoulos 
Cmdr.  Everett  A.  Parke 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  E.  Parker 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  J.  R.  Parsons 
Ms.  Mabel  Parsons 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leonard  E.  Pasek 
Mr.  William  Patterson 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  R.  Patton,  Jr. 
Mr.  James  R.  Peace 
The  Peacock  Foundation 
Mr.  Raymond  Pearlstine 
Mrs.  Julia  Peden 
Mr.  Louis  Peller 
Mr.  Edmund  Pendleton 
Mrs.  Doris  T.  Pendleton 
Mr.  William  C.  Penick 
Mr.  Clarence  Pennington 
Mr.  J.  Perruzzi 
Mr.  James  P.  Perry 
Ms.  Dorothy  F.  Perry 
Mr.  Gene  Perry 
Miss  Jacqueline  Perry 
Mr.  John  F.  Perry 
Mr.  John  W.  Pfeiffer 
Mrs.  Jackman  Pfouts 
Mr.  Joseph  J.  Phelan 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Howard  L.  Phillips 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  S.  Picken 
Ms.  Jacqueline  Pierce 
Mr.  Welch  Pogue 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  Stephen  Polley 
Mr.  Paul  E.  Pontius 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  L.  Poor 
Ms.  Janice  Popp 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dwight  J.  Porter 
Dr.  Reno  R.  Porter 
Mr.  Louis  Potkonski 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  W.  F.  Pounds 
Mrs.  Anne  D.  Pozzi 
Mrs.  Charles  P.  Price 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Melville  J.  Price 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  C.  Price,  Jr. 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Jerold  Principato 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  E.  Purcell 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  E.  Purnell 
Miss  Anne  E.  Quiggle 
Mr.  N.  B.  Randall 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Anthony  J.  Raso 
Mr.  Carl  Ratner 
Mr.  W.  Ray 
Mr.  Michael  F.  Reagan 
Mr.  Philip  D.  Reed,  Jr. 
Mr.  Rollin  M.  Reeder 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  B.  Reese 
Mr.  Robert  J.  Reid 


690  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  P.  Reidhead 

Dr.  Michael  J.  Reilly 

Mr.  Frank  C.  Reynolds,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  V.  Rhoads 

Mr.  George  F.  Rhodes 

Mr.  R.  L.  Rhodes,  Jr. 

Mr.  Arthur  H.  Rice 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  S.  Richards 

Ms.  Melissa  J.  Richens 

Mr.  B.  A.  Richmond 

Mr.  Daniel  M.  Ricker,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Richard  Riddell 

Dr.  Monira  K.  Rifaat 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  Donley  Ritchey 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  H.  Rixse,  Jr. 

Ms.  C.  J.  Roach 

Mr.  Lew  Roberts 

R.Adm.  W.  D.  Robertson 

Ms.  Nancy  J.  Robertson 

Mr.  Ray  Robinson 

Mr.  Walter  P.  Robinson,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Dori  Selene  Rockefeller 

Dr.  Ava  D.  Rodgers 

Mr.  D.  Roesler 

Mrs.  Claire  V.  Rogers 

Mr.  Thomas  D.  Rogers 

Mr.  John  F.  Rolph,  III 

Mr.  Irving  Rose 

Mr.  Charles  H.  Rose 

Mr.  John  H.  Rosenhamer 

Mr.  Kurt  E.  Rosinger 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  J.  Ross 

Mr.  Arnold  Rothstein 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Josiah  P.  Rowe 

Mr.  Arthur  R.  Rule 

Mr.  Peter  T.  Russell 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roy  R.  Russo 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  C.  Ruth 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jack  B.  Ryan 

Mr.  Wayne  D.  Rydberg 

Dr.  Stephen  K.  Rymer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kelsey  Y.  Saint 

Mr.  Lee  S.  Salsbery 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  E.  Sander 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cameron  H.  Sanders, 

Jr. 
Mr.  A.  Herbert  Sandwen 
Mr.  Milton  C.  Sappe 
Mrs.  Stanley  J.  Sarnoff 
Mr.  David  Saunders 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Theodore  Sawick 
Mrs.  Lillian  M.  Saxe 
Mr.  James  P.  Scannell 
Mr.  Charles  W.  Schaffer,  Jr. 
Ms.  Elizabeth  W.  Schappals 


Mr.  Michael  B.  Schaub 

Major  and  Mrs.  Ronald  A.  Schena 

Hon.  and  Mrs.  James  H.  Scheuer 

Miss  Matilda  P.  Schlicht 

Ms.  Ann  D.  Schmidt 

Miss  Marguerite  V.  Schneeberger 

Mrs.  Agnes  Schnurer 

Mr.  Anthony  A.  Schoendorf 

R.Adm.  Joe  G.  Schoggen 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  Schroeder 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frederick  P.  Schubert 

Mr.  Edward  Schuster 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  E.  Schwab 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  James  Schwartz 

Mr.  Alton  N.  Scott 

Mr.  Beldon  D.  Scott 

Mr.  Robert  M.  Scott 

Mr.  Ellwood  S.  Seifert,  II 

Mr.  Richard  J.  Sekerka 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  J.  Selinsky 

Mr.  Arnold  Selk 

Mrs.  Catherine  H.  Sells 

Mr.  Sol  Seltzer 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  E.  Seubert 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Gordon  T.  Shahin 

Mr.  James  G.  Shakman 

Shaw  Investment 

Ms.  Ada  Shearman 

Mrs.  W.  Mason  Shehan 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gerard  E.  Shelton 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  E.  Sherman 

Miss  Katherine  Shilling 

Mr.  Theodore  J.  Shively 

Mr.  Rufus  Shivers 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Abraham  Shore 

Mr.  Robert  H.  Short 

Dr.  Stefan  Shrier 

Mr.  Roy  Shrobe 

Ms.  M.  L.  Sibley 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jack  Silberman 

Dr.  A.  E.  Silver 

Mr.  M.  R.  Sim 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  Singer 

Mr.  Richard  A.  Sites 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  H.  Small 

Ms.  Janice  W.  Smith 

Mr.  Thomas  F.  Smith 

Mr.  Edward  M.  Smith 

Ms.  Ella  E.  Smith 

Mr.  James  B.  Smith 

Mr.  Zachary  Smith 

Mr.  Howard  F.  Smothers 

Mr.  W.  P.  Snyder,  III 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  G.  Sobeck 

Mr.  Richard  P.  Solloway 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  691 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  J.  Sottile 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  C.  Soxman 

Mr.  D.  B.  Spangler 

Mrs.  Roger  Squire 

Mrs.  Donna  W.  Stanford 

Mr.  Ellwood  C.  Stang 

Mr.  Gary  Staples 

Mr.  Stuart  L.  Stauss 

Mr.  R.  N.  Stefan 

Mr.  John  A.  Steib 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  B.  Stephens 

Mr.  W.  CHnton  SterUng,  III 

Mr.  WiUiam  C.  Sterling,  Jr. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  T.  Stewart 

Mr.  William  O.  Stewart 

Mr.  Donald  A.  Stev/art 

Mr.  L.  K.  Stork,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  H.  Stratton 

Dr.  Warren  J.  Strudwick 

Miss  Sally  A.  Sullivan 

Mr.  Vincent  M.  Sullivan 

Dr.  Russell  Swanson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  L.  Swart,  Jr. 

Mrs.  B.  J.  Sweetwood 

Mrs.  Phelps  H.  Swift 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  O.  Swim 

Mr.  Paul  C.  Symmons 

Mr.  Albert  Szvetics 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leland  E.  Talbott 

Dr.  H.  L.  Taylor 

Col.  and  Mrs.  J.  T.  Taylor 

Mrs.  Richard  R.  Taylor 

Mr.  John  Taylor 

Mr.  Joseph  M.  Tessmer 

Mr.  Alan  Thebert 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  A.  Therrell 

Mr.  Barry  Dan  Thomas 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Holcombe  H.  Thomas 

Mr.  Allen  D.  Thomas 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  S.  Thomas 

Mr.  W.  Thompson 

Mrs.  Gilda  B.  Thompson 

Ms.  Sylvia  Marie  Thompson 

Mr.  James  L.  Thompson 

Mrs.  Margot  K.  Thomson 

Mr.  D.  S.  Thome 

Mrs.  B.  W.  Thoron 

Mrs.  Vincent  M.  Throop 

Ms.  Barbara  L.  Tierney 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Tierney 

Mr.  Neil  Tillotson 

Mr.  Richard  Timmons 

Mr.  H.  Titchell 

Mrs.  Clarence  O.  Tormoen 

Mrs.  William  C.  Tost 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wilbur  L.  Townsend 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Anthony  Tralla 

Mrs.  Austin  E.  Trask 

Mr.  Timothy  Traub 

The  Treuhaft  Foundation 

Mr.  Robert  L.  Tull 

Mrs.  James  N.  Tulloh 

Mr.  David  S.  Turner 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lee  E.  Tuveson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  A.  Ulrich 

Mrs.  George  C.  Underwood,  II 

Mr.  S.  J.  Ungar 

Mr.  Donald  Usher 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carl  F.  Vanhaeften 

Ms.  Caroline  E.  VanMason 

Ms.  Natalie  D.  Venneman 

Mr.  Theodore  H.  N.  Wales 

Ms.  Susan  P.  Walker 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Robert  D.  WalHck 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carl  Walske 

Mrs.  Harry  Wanger 

Miss  Carolee  J.  Ward 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  D.  Warinsky 

Mr.  V.  Phillips  Weaver 

Mrs.  Mary  E.  Weber 

Mr.  Nathan  Wechsler 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Emil  P.  Weilbacher,  Jr. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  Weinberg 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eric  W.  Weinmann 

Dr.  H.  T.  Weinstein 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Alan  Weintraub 

Mr.  Leonard  W.  Weis 

Mr.  J.  R.  Weiss 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jack  W.  Wells 

Ms.  Lucille  Wendt 

Mr.  O.  B.  Werntz 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  J.  Wertheimer 

Mr.  J.  H.  Wesson 

Miss  Hilda  Wexler 

Ms.  Annette  P.  Whatley 

Ms.  Adelia  C.  Wheeler 

Mr.  George  Y.  Wheeler,  III 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  Whitaker 

Mr.  Maurice  E.  White 

Mr.  Peter  C.  White 

Dr.  John  P.  Whiteley 

Mrs.  Catherine  L.  Whitsitt 

Ms.  Mary  Wibel 

Mr.  Richard  J.  Wicklund 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  Burke  Wilkinson 

Mrs.  Dorothy  R.  Williams 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kenneth  R.  H. 
Williams,  Jr. 

Mr.  J.  Reid  Williamson 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ellis  W.  Williamson 


692  /  Smithsonian  Year  1984 


Mr.  David  C.  Willmon 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendall  W.  Wilson 

Mr.  Henry  T.  Wilson 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ralph  Wilson,  Jr. 

Mrs.  Harriet  L.  Wilt 

Mr.  Russell  R.  Witherow 

Ms.  Louise  Woerner 

Mr.  Thomas  P.  Wolf 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Payson  Wolff 

Mr.  Peter  K.  Wolff,  Jr. 

Ms.  Audrey  J.  Wolfinger 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Allan  Y.  Wolins 

Mr.  F.  Wayne  Womack,  Jr. 

Mr.  David  L.  Wood 


Dr.  Sheila  Z.  Wood 

Mr.  William  S.  Woods 

Mr.  Wayne  D.  Woodson 

Mrs.  Jane  Ludwig  Worley 

Mrs.  Mary  E.  Wright 

Ms.  Judith  C.  Wright 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nelson  Wurz 

Mr.  Frederick  B.  Wynn 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Philip  D.  Yaney 

Mr.  Gregory  B.  Young 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwin  Zimmerman 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  M.  Zorc 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barry  Zorthian 


Appendix  9.  Benefactors  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  I  693 


APPENDIX  10. 


Visitors  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
in  Fiscal  Year  1984 


Month 


Smith- 
sonian 
Institu- 
tion 
Building 


National 
Arts  and       Natural        Air  and        Freer     Museum  of 
Industries      History  Space        Gallery     American 

Building       Building       Building       of  Art        History 


October   1983    .  72,812 

November    ....  48,251 

December     32,559 

January   1984    .  25,919 

February     33,981 

March     51,306 

April     118,650 

May     91,730 

June     116,968 

July   164,141 

August     140,111 

September    69,763 

TOTALS     966,191 


74,703 

63,548 

54,933 

33,324 

46,280 

63,194 

134,867 

117,960 

113,309 

141,582 

124,881 

77,899 


368,945 
514,495 
383,057 
217,555 
286,669 
502,305 
901,050 
789,363 
672,016 
741,088 
647,309 
312,944 


856,836 

902,669 

620,362 

452,192 

561,028 

849,413 

1,607,480 

1,809,361 

2,274,958 

2,077,238 

2,105,525 

1,006,852 


22,282 
19,199 
15,489 
13,236 
15,333 
19,092 
29,982 
56,771 
51,450 
53,405 
44,336 
32,633 


353,751 
295,648 
257,924 
184,967 
221,638 
361,932 
692,388 
626,149 
724,368 
711,342 
628,000 
334,611 


Totals 


1,749,329 
1,843,810 
1,364,324 
927,193 
1,164,929 
1,847,242 
3,484,417 
3,491,334 
3,953,069 
3,888,796 
3,690,162 
1,834,702 


1,046,480   6,336,796  15,123,914   373,208   5,392,718   29,239,307 


Month 


American 
Art  and 

Portrait     Renwick 
Gallery       Gallery 


Hirshhorn 
Gallery 


Anacostia 
Neigh- 
borhood 
Museum 


Museum 
Cooper-  of 

Hewitt       African 
Museum         Art 


October  1983    .  .  26,265 

November    32,707 

December     28,095 

January    1984    .  .  33,647 

February     29,571 

March     31,408 

April   32,301 

May     31,504 

June     31,993 

July    31,397 

August    31,938 

September    27,769 

TOTALS     368,595 

Grand  Total    . . . 


12,686 

12,068 

11,214 

12,814 

11,492 

9,809 

11,733 

11,566 

9,424 

8,825 

9,418 

8,940 


79,154 

66,883 

43,729 

38,421 

52,656 

69,300 

117,637 

111,038 

107,716 

116,782 

105,702 

71,926 


1,527 
1,702 
2,033 
1,324 
2,817 
322 
2,811 
2,449 
2,052 
3,396 
2,248 
0 


13,600 

13,503 

10,490 

7,198 

8,566 

11,367 

9,033 

9,300 

13,586 

11,703 

12,472 

10,872 


3,021 
2,669 
3,705 
3,088 
5,389 
5,188 
5,145 
3,722 
5,267 
6,012 
4,381 
2,725 


Totals 


136,253 
129,532 
99,266 
96,492 
110,491 
127,394 
178,660 
169,579 
170,038 
178,115 
166,159 
122,232 


129,989    980,944    22,681    131,690    50,312    1,684,211 

30,923,518 


Note:  Not  reflected  in  the  above  tabulation  are  an  estimated  3,300,000  visitors  to  the  National 
Zoological  Park  in  fiscal  year  1984.  The  very  nature  of  the  Park,  with  its  indoor  and 
outdoor  exhibits  and  its  several  vehicular  and  pedestrian  entrances,  make  it  impos- 
sible to  obtain  exact  visitor  statistics.  To  overcome  this  difficulty,  the  Zoo  has  devel- 
oped a  reliable  sampling  system,  which  was  used  to  determine  the  FY  1984  estimates. 


694