^ • • •• • '-.
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LIBRARY
WISCONSIN GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
W. O. HOTCHKISS, A. R. WHITSON,
Director and State Geologist In Charge, Division of Soils
SOIL SURVEY IN COOPERATION WITH THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
H. L. RUSSELL, Dean.
BULLETIN NO. 52-D SOIL SERIES NO. 19
SOIL SURVEY
OF
DOOR COUNTY
WISCONSIN
BY
A. R. WHITSON, W. J. GEIB, AND H. V. GEIB
OF THE
WISCONSIN GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
AND
CARL THOMPSON
of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils.
SURVEY CONDUCTED IN COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF SOILS,
. MILTON WHITNEY, CHIEF
CURTIS F. MARBUT, IN CHARGE SOIL SURVEY
MADISON, WISCONSIN
PUBLISHED BY THE STATE
1919
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
EMANUEL L. PHILIPP,
Governor of State.
EDWARD A. BIRGE, President,
President of the University of Wisconsin.
President of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences. Arts, and Letters.
CHARLES P. GARY, Vice-President,
State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
HENRY L. WARD, Secretary,
iSTAiFF OF SURVEY
ADMINISTRATION :
William 0. Hotchkiss, iState Geologist. In immediate charge of
Geology Division.
Lillian M. Veerhusen, Clerk.
GEOLOGY DIVISION:
William 0. Hotchkiss. In Charge.
T. C. Chamberlin, Consulting Geologist, Pleistocene Geology.
Samuel Weidman, Geologist, Areal Geology.
E. F. Bean, Geologist, In Charge of Field Parties.
0. W. Wheelwright, Geologist, In Charge of Field Parties.
iR. H. Whitbeck, Geologist, Geography of Lower Fox Valley.
Lawrence Martin, Geologist, Physical Geography.
.F. E. Williams, Geologist, Geography and History.
NATURAL HISTORY DIVISION:
Edward A. Birge, In Charge.
Chancey Juday, Lake Survey.
H. A. Schuete, Chemist. .
DIVISION OF SOILS:
A. R. Whitson, In Charge.
W. J. Geib* Editor and Inspector, In Charge of Field Parties.
W. M. Gibbs, Analyst, In Charge of Soil iSurvey Laboratory.
T. J. Dunnewald, Field Assistant and Analyst.
Martin 0. Tostrud, Assistant and Analyst.
H. V. Geib, Field Assistant.
* Scientist in Soil Survey, In charge of field operations in Wisconsin for
the Bureau Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OP CONTENTS iii
ILLUSTRATIONS '• v
] INTRODUCTION vii
Soil Classification viii
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 11
SOILS 15
CHAPTER II.
GROUP OF HEAVY SOILS < •. 19
Miami silt loam 19
Superior clay loam 20
Superior clay loam, rolling phase 22
Fox silt loam 24
Chemical composition and methods for the improvement of
heavy soils 25
CHAPTER III.
GROUP OF LOAMS AND FINE SANDY LOAMS 29
Miami loam 29
Miami fine sandy loam 33
Superior loam, rolling phase 35
Superior fine sandy loam, rolling phase 37
Chemical Composition and Improvement of Loams and Fine
Sandy Loams 38
CHAPTER IV.
GROUP OF POORLY DRAINED SOILS 41
Poygan loam 41
Clyde silt loam 42
Clyde loam 42
Chemical Composition and Improvement of Poygan and Clyde
loams, and Clyde Silt Loam 44
Peat 45
Muck 46
Chemical Composition and Improvement of Peat 47
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER V.
Page
GROUP OP MISCELLANEOUS SOILS 49
Miami gravelly sandy loam 49
Miami gravelly loam 50
Miami fine sand 51
Plainfield sand 5'2
Plainfield fine sand 52
Chemical composition and improvement of fine and medium
sands 53
Rough Stony Land ........ 54
Beach sand . 55
CHAPTER VI.
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 57
SUMMARY.
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES AND FIGURES
Page
Plate I. View of Superior clay loam, Rolling phase 22
Plate II. Young cherry orchard on Miami loam 30
Plate II. Picking cherries in Door County 30
Plate III. View along shore of Green Bay in Peninsula Park ... 58
Plate III. Good Roads traverse Door County 58
Figure 1. Sketch map showing areas covered by the Soil Survey 11
Figure 2. Map showing length of growing season 68
Figure 3. Map showing average for six growing months 68
MAP
Soil Map of Door County Attached to back cover.
INTRODUCTION
Before the greatest success in agriculture can be reached it is
necessary that the farmer should have a thorough knowledge of
the soil upon his own farm. A soil may be well adapted to one
crop, and poorly adapted to another crop. Clover will produce a
vigorous growth and profitable yields on the average loam soil
which contains lime and is in a sweet condition ; but on a sandy
soil which is sour, or in an acid condition, clover will not make
a satisfactory growth. We may say, therefore, that failure is cer-
tain tq be invited when such important facts are disregarded, or
overlooked. The degree of success which it is possible to win on
any farm is in direct proportion to the practical knowledge pos-
sessed by the farmer concerning the soil and its adaptation to
crops. A thorough knowledge of the soil is as essential to the
farmer as a knowledge of merchandise and business methods is
to the merchant.
The State of Wisconsin, working in cooperation with the
United States Department of Agriculture, is making a careful
study of soils and agricultural conditions throughout Wisconsin,
and is preparing soil maps and soil reports of all counties in
the State. A soil map shows the location and extent of the differ-
ent kinds of soil. Tracts of 10 acres and over are mapped, but
often areas of even smaller extent are shown. The soil map is
prepared by trained men, who go over a county thoroughly,
and examine the soil by making a sufficient number of borings
to a depth of 36 inches to keep account of all variations. A re-
port is also made, to accompany and explain the map, and this
is based upon a careful study of the soils within the region sur-
veyed, and upon such other features as have a direct bearing
upon the agriculture of the area.
It is the object of this survey to make an inventory of the
soils of the State, and to be of practical help to farmers by lo-
cating and describing the different soils, by determining their
8 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
physical character and chemical composition, and by offering
suggestions for their management, based upon the work of the
Soil Survey within the area, covered in the report, and upon
the results of field tests made by the Experiment Station.
Soil fertility depends upon two factors : ' first, upon the phy-
sical characteristics of the soil, such as water holding capacity,
workability, etc., and second, upon the chemical composition of
the material composing the soil. The chemical composition de-
pends upon the mode of origin of the soil, and the source of
material from which the soil is derived.
Water holding capacity and other physical properties of soil
all depend chiefly upon texture, which refers to the size of the
individual soil grains, or particles. A coarse sandy soil, for ex-
ample, will not retain moisture so long as a loam soil, or clay
loam, because the finer the soil grains, the greater will be the
total soil-grain surface area to which moisture may adhere.
Texture is determined in the field by rubbing the soil .between
the thumb and fingers, and with experience one soon becomes
expert at judging the size of soil grains. This field judgment
is verified in the laboratory by a mechanical analysis, which is
made by a simple method of separating soil grains into different
groups, of which there are seven. These are known as clay, silt,
very fine sand, fine sand, medium sand, coarse sand and fine
gravel.
A chemical analysis is also made of the soil to determine the
amounts of various essential plant-food elements which are pre-
sent. A chemical analysis shows whether the soil contains a large
store of plant food, or only a small quantity, and it indicates
which kinds of plant food will probably be needed first. The
amount of organic matter in the soil is also determined, and tests
are made to show conditions relative to soil acidity.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION.
Soils are grouped according to texture into soil classes, a soil
class being made up of soils having the same texture, though
differing in other respects. A fine sand, for example, may be
light colored and of alluvial origin, while another fine sand may
be dark in color and of residual origin, while a third fine sand
may have been blown into sand dunes by the wind, yet all of
INTRODUCTION 9
these soils would belong to the same class, because the greater
proportion of the soil grains have the same size or texture. Thus
we may have different kinds of clays, loams, sands, etc., and the
class to which any soil will belong depends upon the size of the
individual soil grains of which it is composed, and not upon its
color, origin, topographic position, or agricultural value.
SOIL CLASSES
SOILS CONTAINING LESS THAN 20% SILT AND CLAY
Coarse sand.— Over 25% fine gravel and coarse sand, and less than 50%
of any other grade of sand.
Sand.— Over 25% fine gravel, coarse and medium sand, and less than
50% fine sand.
Fine sand.— Over 50% fine sand, or less than 25% fine gravel, coarse
and medium sand.
Very fine sand. — Over 50% very fine sand.
SOILS CONTAINING BETWEEN 20 — 50% OF SILT AND CLAY „
Sandy loam. — Over 25% fine gravel, coarse and medium sand.
Pine sandy loam. — Over 50% fine sand, or less than 25% fine gravel,
coarse and medium sand.
Sandy clay. — Less than 20% silt.
SOILS CONTAINING BETWEEN 20-50% OF SILT AND CLAY
Loam. — Less than 20% clay, and less than 50% silt.
Silt loam. — Less than 20% clay, and over 50% silt.
Clay loam. — Between 20 and 30% clay, and less than 50% silt.
Silty clay loam.— Between 20 and 30% clay, and over 50% silt.
Clay.— Over 30% clay.
,Soils may be grouped in another way. Where soils are closely
related through similar sources of the material from which de-
rived, mode of origin, topographic position, etc., so that the dif-
ferent soils constitute merely a graduation in texture of other-
wise uniform material, such a group is called a soil series. It
corresponds to the family which is made up of different indi-
viduals having the same parentage. The Miami series, for ex-
amples, includes light colored, glacial material where the soils
have been derived largely from the underlying limestone, and
the soils in the series range%in texture from a clay loam to sand
and gravel. The Plainfield series includes .light colored soils in
10 SOIL PURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
regions where no limestone is present, where the parent rock
was largely sandstone, and where the material occurs as outwash
plains or stream terraces. The soils in this series also have a wide
range in texture. The name used for a soil series usually indi-
cates the locality where that particular series was first recognized
and mapped by the Soil Survey. By uniting the soil class
with the soil series we get the soil type which is the basis
or unit of classifying and mapping soils. A soil type thus, is a
soil which is uniform throughout its entire extent in texture,
color, topographic position, and other physical properties, and
having a distinct agricultural unity, that is, being adapted to
the same crops, and requiring the same treatment. It is also uni-
form in the source of material from which it is derived, and the
mode of origin which, taken together, determine the chemical
composition. - Since the soil type is the unit in classifying and
mapping soils, and the basis upon which experimental work
should be conducted, every farmer should be familiar with the
soil types on his farm, and their leading characteristics.
SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY,
WISCONSIN
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA.
Door County is situated in the eastern part of Wisconsin,
forming part of the peninsula which separates Green Bay from
Lake Michigan proper. Washington Island, which forms part
Fig. 1. — Sketch Map Showing Area iSurveyed.
of the county, is separated from the mainland by Porte des Morts
Passage, about 4 miles across at its narrowest point.
Door County is bordered by Kewaunee County on the south.
It is nearly cut in two by Sturgeon Bay ; in fact, since the com-
12 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
pletion of the Sturgeon Bay ship canal the northern end of the
peninsula is really an island. The peninsula is 18 miles wide at
the base and gradually tapers to a width of about 4 miles. Its
shores are very irregular, being indented by numerous bays and
harbors. There are over 200 miles of shore line in the county.
The distance from the extreme southwest corner of the county
to Gills Rock, at the northern point of the peninsula, is nearly
60 miles. From Gills Rock to the northernmost point, of Wash-
ington Island is 10 miles. The county comprises a total area of
469 square miles, or 300,160 acres.
The most prominent topographic feature in the county is the
long line of rugged bluffs bordering Green Bay, extending al-
most unbroken from a short distance north of Sturgeon Bay to
the northeast point of the peninsula. In. some places the bluffs
reach the water's edge; elsewhere they may be some distance
back from the shore. Government Bluffs, on Sturgeon Bay in
Nasewaupee Township; Eagle Bluff, at Ephraim; and the bluffs
at Fish Creek and Ellison Bay are the highest and most striking
in the county. They rise to elevations of 20 to 200 feet above the
lake. From the top of these bluffs there is a gradual slope
toward the eastern side of the peninsula, where a low narrow
strip of Beach sand, or in places beach gravel, occurs. Just back
of this beach are extensive areas of Peat. In the town of
Claybanks high bluffs occur less than one-fourth mile back
from the lake shore, in contrast to the conditions existing to
the north of the Sturgeon Bay ship canal. The topography of
the county in general is undulating to gently rolling, very little
of the land being too rough for ordinary agricultural use. Some
nearly level areas occur, principally in the swamps. Limestone
escarpments and rock outcrops are quite abundant in that part
of the county north of Sturgeon Bay. The surface here is
typical of a glaciated region, with swamps and depressions scat-
tered throughout the rolling upland. The southern part of the
county is less rolling than that portion north of Sturgeon Bay,
and marshes are smaller and more numerous than farther north,
where most of the Peat occurs in a few large areas. A few small
terraces occur -on both shores of the peninsula. The topography
of Washington Island is similar to that of the northern part
of the county, varying from undulating to gen'tly rolling.
Chambers Island in Green Bay is nearly level, and is practically
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 13
•
free from stone and rock. The elevation of the mainland of
the county probably averages '100 to 150 feet ]above Lake
Michigan, which lies 580 feet above sea level.
Door County has no large streams within its borders. The
largest is the Ahnapee River, which flows south through Forest-
ville and enters Lake Michigan at Algoma in Kewaunee County.
That part of the county north of Sturgeon Bay has a few short
streams, some of which are dry during a large part of the year.
The southern part of the county is quite well traversed by small
streams, some flowing into Green Bay and some into Lake
Michigan, but owing to the heavy nature of the soil and sub-
soil drainage is in many places deficient.
Door County was formally opened for settlement in 1831. In
1835 the first white settler located on what is now called Little
Sturgeon Point. The county was organized in 1851. In 1852
a colony of Moravians settled at Ephraim, in the northern
end of the peninsula. In 1853 a colony of Belgians took up
settlement at Brussels, in the southern part of the county. A
settlement was very early made on Washington Island. In
the northern end of the county, especially in the neighborhood of
Ephraim, Baileys Harbor, and Ellison Bay, the population con-
sists largely of Scandinavians. Quite a number of Germans
and Poles live in the county. Other nationalities are also
represented, some of the settlers coming from neighboring coun-
ties and some from other States. In 1910 the population of
Door County was 18,711, all but 4,262 of which was classed
as rural.
Sturgeon Bay, the county seat, with a population in 1910 of
4,262, is the largest town. It is surrounded by an excellent
farming community. Sturgeon Bay is the center of a large
cherry growing section and a distrubuting center for the greater
part of the county. Egg Harbor, Fish Creek, Ephraim, Sister
Bay, Ellison Bay, Baileys Harbor, and Jacksonport are small
coast towns north of Sturgeon Bay. Some of these towns,
notably Fish Creek, Ephriam, and Sister Bay, are noted sum-
mer resorts, attracting thousands of tourists every year. The
agreeable climate, the large bodies of water, the excellent roads.,
and the fine scenery combine to make Door County one of the
most famous summer resorts in this section of the United States.
Peninsula Park, the largest 'of the State parks, includes the
14 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
•
whole peninsula between the villages of Fish Creek and Ephraim
and covers about 6 square miles. Fishing is an important in-
dustry in the towns and bays along the coast. Many people
depend on fishing for a livelihood, and at numerous points it is
engaged in on a very large scale during the entire year. Wash-
ington Island is noted for its fisheries and summer resorts.
The Ahnapee & Western Railroad, which runs from Green Bay
to Sturgeon Bay, is the only railway in the county. Two auto-
mobile stage lines carrying freight and passengers, one from
Sturgeon Bay to Ellison Bay on the west side of the peninsula,
and the other from Sturgeon Bay to Baileys Harbor on the east
side, make daily trips in both directions. Lake steamers make
regular stops at Sturgeon Bay, Egg Harbor, Fish Creek, Eph-
raim, and Washington Harbor during the summer season and
at less frequent intervals during the spring and fall, giving di-
rect communication with Milwaukee, Chicago, and other lake
parts.
The main roads of Door County are as good as any in the State.
On both sides of the peninsula there are excellent macadamized
roads, one from Sturgeon Bay to Ellison Bay and the other
from Sturgeon Bay to Baileys Harbor. In 1916 there were 125
miles of macadamized road in Door County, and the mileage
has been extended since then. The abundance of limestone
makes possible the construction of good roads at a comparatively
low cost. In the heavy red clay section in the southern part
of the county the roads which have not been macadamized are
usually difficult to travel during rainy seasons and in the spring
and late fall.
Rural mail-delivery routes reach practically every farm in the
Bounty. The stage from Sturgeon Bay brings mail to post
offices in the northern part of the county, and from these sta-
tions rural routes reach all sections. Mail is delivered daily
to Washington Island from Ellison Bay.
Sturgeon Bay furnishes a market for considerable farm pro-
duce and provides a shipping point for fruit and other products.
More fruit is shipped from Sturgeon Bay than from any other
city in Wisconsin. Much of the farm produce is shipped by
water.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 15
SOILS.
Door County, in common with all northern and eastern Wis-
consin, owes the general character of its surface materials to
glaciation. Three more or less distinct periods of glaciation
have existed, but the Late Wisconsin drift is the surface forma-
tion over practically all the county. The bedrock, which is
frequently exposed, is the Niagara limestone. The soils are all
derived from glacial or lacustrine material, or both. In the
southern part of the county lake-laid material has been deposited,
probably during interglacial times. Its most (characteristic
feature is the occurrence of heavy red clay in the subsoil and
frequently in the surface soil. Since its deposition this material
has been more or less modified by the moving ice sheet, which
changed the topography from nearly level to rolling and very
materially altered the texture, of the surface soil.
The underlying limestone has entered largely into the forma-
tion of the glacial surface covering, but the occurrence of
granitic bowlders and other rocks foreign to the region indicates
that the soil material has come in part at least from distant
areas. While the entire county was undoubtedly covered by
ice during the Late Wisconsin glaciation, some of the soil has
strong indications of being of residual origin. This is true
of the shallow soils of the Miami series. It is probable that
the glacier in passing scraped all the soil from some of the high-
est land, and after receding left areas of bare rock exposed.
Since then various agencies have changed the exposed rock to
soil, giving rise to some of the shallow soil occurring in different
parts of the peninsula.
Since the glacial period, numerous changes in the surfaee
material have taken place. Stream action, weathering, accumu-
lation of organic matter, and other processes have been import-
ant factors in changing soils to their present condition. Soils
of 6 separate series with 4 miscellaneous types, have been
mapped in Door County. The Miami series includes the light-
colored timbered upland soils derived from glaciated limestone
material. The soils of glacial-lake origin are classed in the Su-
perior, Poygan, and Clyde series, and those occupying outwash
plains or terraces in the Fox and Plainfield series.
16 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
The Miami is the most extensive series in Door County. The
Miami soils are light brown to brown, with a lighter colored
subsoil which grows somewhat heavier with increased depth.
As a rule these soils are quite shallow and stony, and contain
numerous outcrops of the underlying limestone. They are de-
rived from the weathering of glacial material of a generally
calcareous nature. The topography is undulating to rolling,
and the natural drainage is excellent.
;The Superior series is developed in Wisconsin in the region
bordering Lake Michigan and Lake Superior and in the Lake
Winnebago region. It is characterized by grayish to reddish-
brown or red surface soils, underlain by red or pinkish-red,
heavy clay subsoils. The soil material was laid down originally
as glacial-lake deposits, but it has been plowed up by subsequent
glaciation and mixed with varying quantities of gravel and
stony material. The topography varies from level or gently
rolling to rolling, and the natural surface drainage is usually
good, though the under drainage is often deficient. Where soils
of this series are rolling and naturally well drained this phase
has been separated from the level portions and indicated on
the soil maps by a distinct color.
The surface soils of the Poygan series are dark brown to black.
The subsoil is a heavy red clay, similar to that of the Superior
soils. The series is closely associated with the Superior and
has the same origin, except that it occupies low, wet depres-
sions in which the decay of a luxuriant growth of vegetation
has resulted in a black color of the surface soil.
The soils of the Clyde series are dark brown to black, over-
lying gray, brown or yellowish subsoils. The Clyde soils have
been formed in lakes, ponds, or other low, swampy areas along
streams or on the borders of swamps, and are confined to gla-
ciated limestone regions. Through the influence of poor drain-
age and the accumulation of decayed vegetation the surface
soils are black and very high in organic matter.
The Fox series consists of light-brown to brown surface soils
and yellowish-brown subsoils. In topography, location, and or-
igin the series is similar to the Plainfield, but it differs in
being derived largely from limestone material. It occurs on
outwash plains, in filled-in valleys, or on terraces along streams
or lake shores. Occurring in a limestone region and containing
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 17
considerable limestone these soils are ordinarily not acid, or
only slightly so. Soils lighter than fine sandy loam seldom
occur in this series.
The Plainfield series includes light-brown soils with yellow
subsoils. The material has been derived largely from sandstone
and deposited on stream or lake terraces, in filled-in valleys,
or as glacial outwash. The -surface is level or gently undulating,
and the subsoil is stratified. The series is confined chiefly to
noncalcareous glaciated regions, but is encountered also in un-
glaciated sections of the United States in filled-in valleys and -on
stream terraces, and also in limestone regions where through
excessive leaching all the lime carbonate has been removed and
the soil is acid. The lighter types predominate in this series,
and the soils tend to leachy and droughty.
Peat includes low, wet areas of partially decomposed plant re-
mains, containing varying amounts of mineral matter. Muck
includes low, wet • soils high in organic matter, intermediate
between Peat and the soils of the Clyde series.
Beach sand consists of material which has been washed up
on the shore by the waves. Much of it, especially the areas of
fine sand, has been blown by the wind to such an extend as to
produce a broken surface.
Rough stony land includes steep, rocky slopes, extensive rock
outcrops, extremely stony areas, and land otherwise unfit for
cultivation, and valuable only for the small amount of timber
and grazing it supplies.
In the following pages of this report the various soils of
Door County are described in detail and discussed in their rela-
tion to agriculture. The distribution of the soils is shown on the
accompanying map, and the table following gives the name and
the actual and relative extent of each type.
2 — D. C.
18
SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
Areas of Different Soils.
Soil.
Acres.
Percent.
Miami loam 94,720
Superior loam, rolling- phase 53, 760
Peat 41,408
Miami fine sandy loam 30,528
Superior clay loam 3,008
Rolling phase 17,600
Beach sand : 8,192
Miami silt loam 7,680
Miami gravelly loam 7,616
Miami gravelly sandy loam 6,780
Clyde loam 6,208
Rough stony land...... 5,696
Coloma fine sand ... ' 4,800
Poygan loam 1 3,584
Plainfield sand. ." 1,894
Muck 1,792
Clyde silt loam. . .N 1,536
Superior fine sand loam, rolling1 phase 1,344
Plainfield fine sand 1,152
Fox silt loam 768
Total... 300,160
31.5
17,9
13.8
10.2
1.0
5.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.2
.7
.6
.5
.4
.4
.3
GROUP OF HEAVY SOILS 19
CHAPTER II.
GROUP OP HEAVY SOILS.
MIAMI SILT LOAM.
Extent and distribution.— There are 7,680 acres of Miami
silt loam in Door County. It occurs largely in the town of
Sevastopol. Small areas are scattered over the northern part
of the county.
Description. — The surface soil of the Miami silt loam con-
sists of a brown mellow silt loam extending to an average depth
of 8 inches. The content of fine sand is quite high, and when
dry the soil has a loamy appearance. The subsoil is a light-
brown or grayish silt loam, usually quite compact and sticky, in
the lower depths. The heavy subsoil is characteristic of this
type. Most of the- type is more than 3 feet deep. Directly
above the bedrock there is a heavy, reddish layer which con-
tains numerous small fragments of limestone. There are usually
a few limestone pebbles in the subsoil, and -in places stones
occur on the surface.
This soil is quite uniform. The most important variation is
in the depth to bedrock, which varies from 1 to more than 3
feet. In very few places is the bedrock within 1 foot of the
surface. Some rock outcrops occur, but the type is not as stony
as the Miami loam and fine sandy loam.
Topography and drainage. — The surface varies, as in Miami
loam, from gently undulating to rolling. This type is not as rol-
ling and in some places, as in sec. 21 and the NW.% of sec. 22,
T. 28 N., R. 26 E., and in the immediate vicinity of the Institute,
there are some nearly level areas. In the rolling sections the
surface drainage is excellent, but in the more level areas where
a heavy subsoil occurs the underdrainage, and even the surface
drainage, is quite commonly deficient.
20 80-IL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
Origin. — The Miami silt loam is derived from glacial debris laid
down mostly in the form of a ground moraine. The surface soil,
which is quite silty, may have been deposited in part by winds.
The gravel and stones are largely limestone, and it is probable
that limestone from the .bedrock has entered largely into the
formation of the type. The subsoil does not show an acid re-
action, but the surface material has been leached to such an
extent that a slightly acid condition has developed in places.
Native vegetation. — The original forest growth on this type
consisted of maple, basswood, elm, balsam, birch, white pine, and
different varieties of oak. All the valuable timber has been re-
moved, and approximately 60 per cent of the type is now
under cultivation. Part of it is still uncleared and used as
woodlots or for permanent pasture
Present agricultural development. — This is a very valuable
type agriculturally. The chief line of farming carried on is
dairying. All the common farm crops are grown and produce
good yields. Corn, small grains, and grasses are well adapted to
this soil. Some cherries and apples are grown, and good results
are obtained where the surface is sufficiently rolling and the
subsoil is not so heavy as to prevent good drainage. Some
cherry orchards set out on level areas with the heavy subsoil
have made poor growth or died.
This type is somewhat harder to work than the other Miami
soils and requires more thorough cultivation to maintain a pro-
per physical condition. On account of its heavy subsoil, it
remains wet until late in the spring. Stable manure is the only
fertilizer used, and where cherries are grown the greater part
of this is applied to the orchard. The rotation commonly fol-
lowed consists of corn, a small grain for 2 years, and timothy or
clover. This soil seems best suited to dairying and the growing
of general farm crops. * *
SUPERIOR CLAY LOAM.
Extent and distribution. — The Superior clay loam with its
rolling phase occupies a toal of 20,608 acres, of this total
amount 3,008 acres are classed as the typical soil having a
level surface, and 17,600 acres is classed as the rolling phase
**For a discussion of the chemical composition of this soil, and
methods for its improvement see page 25.
GROUP OF HEAVY SOILS 21
because of its more uneven surface features. The level phase
is found most extensively in the Town of Brussels, although
there are a number of small tracts scattered throughout the.
southern portion of the county. There is none of this soil
north of Sturgeon Bay.
Descrijttinn. — The typical Superior clay loam to a depth of
G or 8 inches consists of a dark-brown to reddish-brown clay
loam. In places the surface soil is gray. The subsoil is a
heavy, compact, red clay, extending to depths below 3 feet.
Occasionally a little gravel occurs 011 the surface, and there
is usually some gravel in the subsoil. Very few stones occur
in this type.
Some variations occur in color and texture. In the area
just south of Brussels and in section 25 of Union Town the
surface soil is darker than typical, but not dark enough to
be typical of the Poygan soils. Near the edges of marshes
and bordering soils of the Poygan or Clyde series the surface
soil is usually dark colored. In some places the surface soil
is more nearly a loam than a clay loam. The red clay is seldom
exposed at the surface.
Topography and drainage. — Owing to the level to vary gently
undulating surface and heavy texture, the drainage of this
soil is very deficient. In many places, especially in depres-
sions, water stands until late in the spring and after heavy
rains at other seasons of the year.
Origin. — This soil has been derived largely from lacustrine
material, but has been modified somewhat since its first depo-
sition by the action of ice. The original level surface was
only slightly changed by the passing glacier, and little gravel
and but few stones were mixed with the soil.
Native vegetation. — The original timber consisted of maple,
elm, oak, ash, hickory, some beech, and in places pine.
Present agricultural development. — A considerable portion of
this type is under cultivation. Part of it still supports the
original forest, and some areas are covered with a second
growth of poplar. The chief crops grown are oats, barley,
rye, corn, clover, and timothy. In wet seasons crops often pro-
duce very poor yields. In ordinary years the yields are good.
The yield of hay is especially good.
22 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
The Superior clay loam is a difficult soil to handle, and
requires very thorough tillage to maintain a satisfactory seed
be. When plowed too wet it is apt to puddle, and in the
heavier areas large clods are frequently turned up. The type,
especially in the low, wet spots remains wet and soggy until
late in the spiing. Stable nitiivuv i^ the only fertilizer used.
SUPERIOR CLAY LOAM
(ROLLING PHASE)
Extent and distribution. — Next to the Superior loam,
rolling phase, this is the most extensive and important soil
in the southern part of the county. The most extensive tracts
are found in the Town of Brussels, with a number of smaller
tracts in the Town of Garden, and other scattering patches
throughout the region south of Sturgeon Bay. This soil is
associated chiefly with other types of the Superior series, and
it also borders Miami soils in a few instances.
Description. — The rolling phase of Superior clay loam to
an average depth of 8 inches consists of a reddish-brown clay
loam 'which contains a high percentage of silt and is low in
organic * matter. Gravel, stones and bowlders are scattered
over the surface in places. The subsoil consists of a heavy,
compact, red clay loam, which extends to the underlying lime-
stone rock. In the subsoil, especially just above the bedrock,
angular gravel, bowlders, and small fragments of limestone are
encountered, but the gravel is not as abundant as in the loam.
A small percentage of the gravel and bowlders is of rocks
foreign to the region, such as granite, quartz and gneiss.
The depth and color of the surface soil vary somewhat. In
depressions and on gentle slopes the soil is deeper and darker
than typical, while on hills and knolls the red clay is frequently
exposed. The depth to bedrock also varies. In some places the
depth is less than 3 feet and elsewhere it may be 15 feet or more.
In sections 4, 5, 8, 17, and 24, of Gardner Town, and on the
plateau-like formation in sections 21, 22, 28, and 29, Brussels
Town, the depth to the underlying rock is less than typical,
being in many places less than 3 feet. A number of outcrops
also occur in these sections. In sections 22, 23, and 26, in the
town of Brussels, the surface is less rolling than typical, but
GROUP OF HEAVY SOILS
23
1 1n- soil is hardly sufficiently level to be included with the Super-
ior soil.
Topography and drainage. — The surface varies from undu-
lating to gently rolling, and in a few places to very rolling.
The area surrounded by the rock escarpment in sections 20, 21,
28, and 29, Brussels Town, is elevated considerably above the sur-
rounding country and presents a plateau like appearance. The.
surface here is more nearly level than is typical. The type is
more poorly drained than the Kewaunee loam and tile drains can
profitably be installed especially where the surface is nearly level
or where depressions occur.
Origin. — The soil -was originally laid down in a lake bed
a?id later reworked by the glaciers. Some of the underlying
Niagara limestone was broken up and mixed with the soil,
t<nd the surface features changed from level to undulating
or rolling. The lime content increases with depth. In some
places leaching has left the surface material in an acid condition.
Xafive Vegetation.— The native forest growth consisted chiefly
of maple, beech, oak, hickory, elm, ash, with some hemlock
and pine.
Present agricultural development. — This soil is naturally
very productive and the greater part of the type is under
cultivation. The chief crops grown are oats, wheat, rye, barley,
corn, potatoes, clover, and timothy. Excellent yields of hay are
obtained and the other crops produce well. New varieties
of corn mature, but corn does not always ripen. It can always
be depended upon, however, to reach the stage where it makes
good silage. Dairying is the most important line of farming
followed. The soil is ideal for growing hay and for maintain-
ing good pasture.
The following table gives the results of mechanical analyses
of samples of the soil and subsoil of the Superior clay loam,
rolling phase.
Mechanical <inalyxct<, of ^np<ri<>r clay loam, rolling phase.
Description.
Fine
trravel.
Coarse
sand.
Medium
sand.
Fine
sand.
Very fine
sand.
Silt.
Clay.
Per crn/.
rer cent.
Percent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent,
Percent,
Soil . ..
0 5
3 3
4 4
20 0
HA
25.2
Subsoil
1 0
8 "
4 7
19 9 •
14 fl
27.4 .
24 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
FOX SILT LOAM.
There are only 768 acres of this kind of land in Door
County, and it is the least extensive of any of the soils. Small
patches occur near Sturgeon Bay and elsewhere in the north-
ern part of the peninsula. It is confined to the region of
Miami soils.
The Fox silt loam to an average depth of 8 inches consists
of a grayish to dark-brown, friable silt loam, which has a smooth
feel when moist and assumes an ashen-gray appearance when
dry and pulverized. The subsoil consists of a gray or yellow-
ish-brown loam or fine sandy loam. The deep subsoil is often
stickly and sometimes consists of a light-colored marl-like mater-
ial. The limestone bedrock usually is encountered within 3
or 4 feet of the surface. The soil is usually neutral or calcareous.
The surface is level to very gently undulating and the natural
drainage is frequently somewhat deficient.
The Fox silt loam occurs on outwash plains, in filled-in val-
leys, or on lake or stream terraces, and consists of material
deposited by water chiefly by streams issuing from the glacier.
The soil has been formed from glacial debris ground mainly
from the limestone underlying this part of the State.
The original forest growth on this soil consisted chiefly of
elm, ash, birch, and maple, with willow in the lower situations.
Some areas are under cultivation, and where drainage condi-
tions are favorable the yields average about the same as on
the Miami silt loam and loam. Corn, oats, barley, and hay
do well. This soil usually forms parts of fields in which the Miami
loam is the predominating type, and the methods of cultiva-
tion, crop rotation, and fertilization are practically the same
as on the latter soil.
Some small areas of a fine sandy loam are included with the
Fox silt loam. This coarser soil consists of an average of
8 inches of friable, dark-brown fine sandy loam, with a sub-soil
of light-colored fine sandy loam which becomes lighter in texture
with depth. The deep subsoil is usually a pale-yellow very fine
sand. In some places a sticky layer of sandy clay may occur
at about 2 feet, but this layer is usually underlain by sand.
This coarser soil occupies a total area of less than 1 square mile.
The largest area occurs on Washington Island, in the vicinity
GROUP OF HEAVY SOILS 25
of Detroit Harbor. A few small patches occur in other parts
of the county, all north of Sturgeon Bay. The surface is level,
but drainage is fairly good on account of the sandy subsoil.
The soil is derived from the weathering of glacial outwash
material, and contains considerable limestone gravel. It differs
from the Plainfield soils in that it has been derived largely from
limestone, while the Plainfield soils have been derived largely
from sandstone. A considerable part of this fine sandy loam soil
is under cultivation. It produces good yields of the common
crops. It can be easily worked into good tilth.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HEAVY SOILS.
In chemical composition these types of soil are quite similar.
They all contain approximately 1200 pounds of phosphorous
in the surface 8 inches per acre.
The total amount of potassium is large in all of these types,
varying from apporximately 44,000 to 55,000 pounds in the
surface 8 inches of an acre. The problem of the potassium
supply for crops on these soils is chiefly that of having sufficient
organic matter to produce the necessary chemical changes in
the inert potassium compounds of the soil to render them avail-
able to plants. The total amount of organic matter is approx-
imately 3 per cent, or 60,000 pounds per acre. This is relatively
small and should be increased by every practical method. The
total nitrogen content is also relatively small and should be
increased by the growth of legumes in all rotations.
The amount of lime or Lime carbonate contained in these
soils is extremely variable. As a rule, fields which have been
cropped for a number of years have lost nearly or quite all
the lime originally contained in the surface soil, and have in
some cases become acid. The subsoil, however, often still
contains very large amounts of this material, sometimes run-
ning as high as 20 per cent, but for the insurance of good
growths of plants requiring lime, especially alfalfa, this will
have to be supplied in all cases where the surface shows a dis-
tinct acid reaction.
*The "Truog Test" for determining soil acidity is a new method
which has just been perfected by E. Truog of the Soils Department of
the University of Wisconsin, by which the relative degree of acidity
can be accurately determined in the field or laboratory in a few minutes
time. For a detailed description of this method write the Soils Depart-
ment, College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis.
26 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
In the improvement of this group of soils the factor which
may well be given first consideration is a means of increasing
the amount of organic matter and the supply of nitrogen.
As the supply of stable manure is usually inadequate, it should
be supplemented by green manuring crops of which the legumes
are the best. Plowing under a second crop of clover once
during each rotation will greatly assist in increasing the
productivity of the soil. This will not only increase the supply
of nitrogen in the soil but it will also improve the physical
structure, which is highly desirable^ especially in the case
of the Superior clay loam. The presence of a large amount
of organic matter will also assist in making available for the
plant a larger amount of potassium.
As indicated by various field experiments, the Superior clay
loam,* responds very well to the application of phosphate fertil-
izers supplementing the stable manure.
By using ground rock phosphate to supplement manure the
yield of clover hay was increased 43 per cent over plots which
received only stable manure. Likewise the yield of potatoes
was increased 47 per cent by the use of ground rock phos-
phate. The rock phosphate may be applied at Jie rate of about
600 pounds per acre, once during each crop rotation. As the
phosphorus in this form is only slowly available there will be
but little, if any, loss if larger applications are made.
Similar results may be expected on the Miami and Fox
silt loams, with rock phosphate. The element phosphate may
also be supplied in the form of acid phosphate and as such
becomes available immediately to the plants. Application should
be from 200 to 300 pounds per acre, and may be made to small
grain or corn at the time of planting.
Whenever an acid condition is found to exist on any of these
soils this should be corrected by the application of ground lime-
stone. About two tons per acre will be required, but the
exact amount will depend upon the degree of acidity. The
limestone may be applied at any convenient time as it is slowly
soluble and will remain in the soil for a number of years. It
should be applied evenly to the surface of a plowed field and
harrowed or disked in so as to be thoroughly mixed with the
soil. It should not be plowed under.
* For more information on heavy clay soils consult Bulletin 202,
consin Experiment Station on "How to Improve Our Heavy Clay Soils"
GROUP OF HEAVY SOILS 27
The question of drainage* is a very important one, espec-
ially on the typical Superior clay loam where the surface is
level and where the water moves oft' slowly. Practically all
of this soil would be greatly benefited by tile drains, and
while their use is not essential to the production of profitable
yields, it is known that when properly placed they will pay
for themselves in the course of a few years. As land values
in this section are high it is important that every portion of
the farm should produce maximum yields, but such yields can-
not be secured unless the soil is well drained. Because of wet
conditions which often pevail in the spring, planting is fre-
quently delayed and it is not uncommon to see numerous low
spots in a field which produce nothing. There are a number
of places on the rolling phase of the Superior clay loam, and
on the Miami silt loam which would also be benefited by tile
drains. Open ditches may frequently be used to advantage
to supplement the tile drains, but they should not be depended
upon entirely. Where the surface is level the land may be
plowed in narrow strips leaving dead furrows from 2 to 4
rods apart. When these are kept clean the surface water will
fiow through them into open ditches along the side of the field.
This system - has given very good results when used by itself,
but the drainage of the land is much more complete, and bet-
ter results are obtained when such surface drains are used to
supplement a system of tile drains.
Another factor which is very important in the improving of
heavy soils is cultivation. The Superior clay loam is more
difficult to handle than the silt loam types in this group, and
great care should be exercised in all cultural operations. All
working of heavy clay soils should be done only when dry
enough not to puddle. Plowing when too wet will have a bad
effect in 3 or 4 years. Before a crop is planted the soil should
be thoroughly pulverized and the seed bed in a loose, mellow
condition. All after cultivation of intertilled crops should be
sufficiently frequent to maintain a good surface mulch, to con-
serve the moisture and to permit a free circulation of air
through the soil.
The silt loam types may be worked under a considerably
wider range of moisture conditions than the clay loam, and
* See Wisconsin Bulletins 229 and 284.
28 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
fields can« be kept in good physical condition with a smaller
amount of labor, but the necessity of thorough cultivation on
all of the soils should not be overlooked.
On the Superior clay loam a 4 or 5 year rotation seems to
give the best results. The first crop may be small grain, such
as rye, oats, barley or wheat, seeded down to clover, with a
little timothy mixed in it. The second year the clover will
be grown, the first cutting for hay and the second left to
grow for seed. The third year, crops of mixed clover and
timothy will be harvested. Manure may be spread on the sod
either before plowing in the fall or on the plowed land in the
winter. The fourth year the land should be put into culti-
vated crops. In this ^scheme of crop rotation, one-fourth of
the land is in grain, one-fourth in clover, one-fourth in mixed
clover and timothy and one-fourth in cultivated crops. This
same system may well be followed on the silt loam types, but
minor modifications may be necessary to fit the conditions of
individual farms.
While the dairy industry' is highly developed on these soils
it could be profitably extended to still greater proportions.
Alfalfa has proven to be a successful crop, and it should be
grown on every dairy farm. Sugar beets, mangels, rutabaga >, t.nd
turnips do well and may often be added to the list of profitable
crops. When green manuring is to be practiced the second
crop of clover may be plowed under and followed by corn, and
two small grain crops grown in the rotation in place of one.
GROUP Or LO.LJ/N .t.V/> VINE SANDY LOAMS
CHAPTER III.
GROUP OF LOAMS AND FINE SANDY LOAMS.
MIAMI LOAM.
E.rtcut and distribution. — Miami loam is the most extensive
and important type of. soil in Door County. It covers a total
of 94,720 acres or 31.5 per cent of the county. It is the
predominating soil throughout the country north from Sturgeon
Bay, occurring in association with other types of the Miami
series.
Description. — The surface 6 to 8 inches of the Miami loam
consists of a yellowish-brown to grayish-brown loam. The sub-
soil consists of a yellowish-brown loam or fine sandy loam grading
into a thin layer of compact, reddish loam which contains frag-
ments of partially decomposed limestone. This heavy layer rests
upon the bedrock, which typically occurs within 3 feet of the sur-
face. The type grades into a fine sandy loam on one hand and
into a silt loam on the other, but so gradually that a sharp
boundary cannot always be drawn. As this was originally a
const region the soil is somewhat deficient in organic matter. In
vii^iii areas there are numerous bowlders and fragments of
Jim estone. The stoniness is quite a serious handicap in farming
especially in the northern end of the peninsula where the soil
.is particularly shallow and bowlders numerous. In some small
an-as where the soil is extremely shallow angular limestone ^ :avel
occurs. These areas are indicated on the map by symbol.
The type is quite uniform in texture, although it does include
small areas in which the surface soil is either too light or too
heavy to be typical, and others in which the subsoil is too heavy
to be typical. The most important variation is in the depth to
the underlying rock, which varies from 1 to 3 feet. Areas in
which the soil is less than 1 foot deep, as well as those in which
it is more than 3 feet deep, are indicated on the map by symbol.
The typical Miami loam has a depth of soil of 1 to 3 feet.
30 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
Topography and drainage. — The topography is undulating
to gently rolling. In some sections large plateaulike elevations
rise to a considerable height above the surrounding land. A
large orchard north of Sturgeon Bay is located on such a plateau.
In places there are very pronounced steep slopes or escarpments.
Beginning several miles north of Sturgeon Bay there occur rug-
ged limestone cliffs ranging in height from 20 to over 100 feet.
These are confined largely to the Green Bay side and to the north
end of the peninsula. Owing to the undulating topography, the
natural drainage is good except in a few small depressions.
Origin. — The Miami loam has been derived from glacial ma-
terial which has undergone considerable weathering. The drift
contains considerable limestone material, but bowlders of other
kinds of rock also are intermixed with the soil. It is probable
that most of the soil was originally ground by the glacier from
the underlying limestone.
Native vegetation. — The original vegetation consisted of oak,
maple, basswood, elm, balsam, beech and white pine. In numer-
ous unimproved areas a second growth of • poplar has sprung
up.
Present agricultural development. — About 60 per cent of the
Miami loam is under cultivation. Aside from fruit growing,
which is a very important v industry on this soil, general farm-
ing is the most important typa of agriculture. Until a few
years ago the tendency was to go more and more extensively
into fruit growing, but within the last year or two dairying
is becoming more important. The principal crops produced
are oats, barley, rye, peas, hay, and corn. Corn does not always
mature before the first killing frost in the fall, but it always
makes sufficient growth to produce good silage. In the vicinity
of Sturgeon Bay, where a pea cannery is operated, a consid-
erable acreage is devoted to the growing of peas for canning.
The most important fruit grown is the cherry. Apples, plums,
currants, grapes, strawberries, and other small fruits and berries
are also grown on a commercial scale.
This soil is not hard to handle. The drainage is nearly always
thorough, and the soil is sufficiently loose and mellow to make
tillage easy. Where the soil is shallow, that is, only slightly
over 1 foot deep, crops soon suffer in dry periods. The type is
almost invariably plowed in the fall except in the case of or-
Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey.
Plate II.
VIEW OF YOUNG CHERRY ORCHARD ON MIAMI LOAM.
There are over 94,000 acres of this soil in Door County, and the fruit in-
dustry has been most highly upon this type of soil. This view shows the
usual surface features of Miami loam.
Small fruits and vegetables are frequently planted between the rows in
young orchards.
PICKING CHERRIES IN DOOR COUNTY.
It is claimed that Door County now has the largest cheery orchard in the
world. The picking season offers employment and recreation to large num-
bers of people from the cities.
GROUP OF LOAMS AND FINE SANDY LOAMS 31
chanls. which arc usually plowed in the spring. Stable manure
is the only fertilizer used for general farm crops. Where cherries
or other fruits are grown there is a tendency to apply
much of the manure to the orchard, at the expense of the
other crops.
There are included with the Miami loam on the map and.
indicated by means of symbols, isolated areas which differ only
in their extreme stoniness. The surface 8 inches consist of a
friable, brown loam, which is underlain by a lighter colored
loam or sandy loam. The depth to bedrock is variable, but is
usually less than 3 feet. Bowlders, large and small, are scat-
tered over the surface. Excepting the Bough stony land, it is
the most stony soil in the county. It is of very small extent
and of little importance. Small areas are scattered throughout
the northern part of the county in association with the other
Miami soils. Only a small proportion of the land is cleared,
and this is used almost wholly for pasture, as the stoniness
practically prohibits cultivation. The soil is not included with
the Rough stony land because of the possibility that the stones
may eventually be removed and the land placed under culti-
vaiton, while the Rough stony land apparently will always be
nonagricultural.
Areas of the Miami loam in which the underlying limestone
rock is more than 3 feet below the surface are distinguished
on the map from the typical soil by means of symbols. The
surface soil to an average depth of 8 inches consists of a rather
heavy, brown loam. With a few exceptions it is practically
free from gravel, and stones are not as numerous as in the
typical areas. The subsoil consists of a yellowish-brown loam
which usually becomes slightly heavier with depth. In some
areas, which are indicated on the map by symbols, the subsoil
is so heavy and sticky that the drainage is very deficient. The
deep areas of Miami loam occur largely in. the towns of Sturgeon
Bay and Sevastopol. Smaller areas are scattered through the
county. The surface varies from gently undulating to undulat-
ing, with some small nearly level areas in hollows or other depres-
sions. In places where the heavy subsoil occurs, and where the
drainage is deficient unless the slope is quite steep, cherry trees
do not thrive as well as on the shallower soils where the heavy
subsoil is lacking, and in several instances cherry orchards have
32 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
died. The soil retains moisture well, and crops Buffer less during
long dry. spells than on most of the other soils of the county. The
deep areas of Miami loam are productive, and probably over
SO per cent of the soil in under cultivation. The remainder
is still in forests or is used as pasture. The original timber
growth was the same as on the typical soil. Some of the
finest and oldest cherry orchards in the county are located on
the deep areas of Miami loam. Where the subsoil is not too
heavy cherries do better than on any other soil. Farm crops
of all kinds produce good yields. Oats, barley, rye, potatoes,
corn, and hay are grown extensively. Clover and alfalfa do well
and are increasing in acreage each year. Dairying is becoming
quite an important industry, a considerable number of pure-bred
dairy herds being kept. In general, the same methods of farm-
ing are followed as on the typical soil. The drainage is not
as thorough in all places, however, and tile drains could profit-
ably be installed.
A shallow variation of the Miami loam is also distinguished on
the map. It consists of a brown, friable loam, which remains
unchanged until just above the bedrock, where a thin, com-
pact layer of loam or clay loam occurs. This lower layer con-
tains numerous fragments of partially decomposed limestone,
and angular limestone pebbles often occur on the surface and
through the soil. Bedrock is invariably reached at depths of
3 to 12 inches below the surface. Stones are quite numerous,
in many places seriously retarding cultivation. Rock outcrops
are more numerous than in the areas of typical Miami loam.
The shallow variation is rather unimportant soil. It occurs in
small areas in various parts of tjie county, associated with the
other types of the Miami series. The surface is mainly undulating
to gently rolling, but there are small plateaulike areas where the
surface is nearly level. While this soil occurs in the glaciated
region it is probably in part of residual origin. In passing,
the glacier scraped the rock free from soil and left no deposit.
The weathering of the rock has produced the thin mantle of soil.
The angular gravel, stones, and fragments of the bedrock mixed
with the soil indicate that it is largely of residual origin. A
smaller proportion of this shallow soil is under cultivation than
of the typical Miami loam. Some of it is used for pasture
and some is still forested, the timber consisting chiefly of oak,
GRO UP OF LOAM N t A 7 > /• 7 .V /•; N A\I>Y LOAMS
33
maple, balsam, and pine. Cherry trees are grown consid-
erable success on this shallow soil, as the roots enter cracks and
crevices in the rocks. The same methods of farming, fertiliza-
tion, and crop rotation are followed as on the typical Miami
loam.
The selling price of land of the typical Miami loam is quite
variable, depending upon the location and development. In the
vicinity of Sturgeon Bay the price is high, but in the northern
end of the county near Ephraim and Ellison Bay improved
land can be purchased for $40 to $60" an acre. Thrifty cherry
or apple orchards which have come into bearing sell for $400 to
$600 an acre.
The following table gives the results of the mechanical analyses
of samples of the soil and subsoil of the Miami loam :
Mechanical analyses of Miami loam.
Description.
Fine
gravel.
Coarse
sand.
Medium
sand.
Fine
sand.
Very fine
sand.
Silt.
Clay.
Soil
Per cent.
1.4
Per cent.
4.1
Per cent.
5.4
Per cent.
28.2
Per cent.
17.5
Per cent.
34.2
Per cent.
9.0
Subsoil
1 6
4 2
5 8
33 3
19 8
25 9
9 6
MIAMI FINE SANDY LOAM.
The Miami fine sandy loam is quite widely distributed through-
out the county, chiefly north of Sturgeon Bay, where it occurs
in association with other soils of the Miami series. It is most
extensively developed in the towns of Sevastopol and Liberty
Grove. More than one-third of Washington Island is occupied
by this soil. It covers a total area in the county of 30,528 acres,
and is one of the four most extensive types of soil in Door
County.
The surface soil consists of a friable, brown to grayish-brown
fine sandy loam, about 8 inches deep. In some areas gravel oc-
curs on the surface and in the soil mass, while in other places
the texture may approach that of a sandy loam. The line
separating this type from the Miami loam cuuici not everywhere
be sharply drawn. Bowlders in considerable numbers were
originally found upon the surface, and rock outcrops are quite
3-D. C.
34 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
common. The subsoil to within about 2 inches of the bedrock
is composed of a yellow light-brown fine sandy loam. In some
places the material in the lower depths is quite sandy, but
directly overlying the rock there is a thin layer of darker
colored, sticky loam which carries scattered fragments of par-
tially decomposed limestone.
There are only slight variations in this type. The depth to
bed-rock varies considerably, although it is usually less than
3 feet. On the highest hills and in the most rolling areas there
is usually a considerable depth of glacial debris above the bed-
rock. In sections 9, 16, 20, 21, and 29, Claybanks town, the
subsoil is heavier and the depth to the underlying limestone
much greater than typical. In places the deep subsoil is a red
clay, and in some of the road cuts this clay appears at depths
varying from 3 to 7 feet.
The surface of the type varies from undulating to quite roll-
ing. Occasionally it occupies long ridges. On account of the
surface relief and the sandy texture the drainage is excellent.
In the most sandy areas it is excessive and the soil tends to be
droughty.
The Miami fine sandy loam has been derived from the weather-
ing of glacial drift which occurs chiefly in the form of ground
moraine, although there are a few kames and drumlins included
in the type. Ground-up material from the underlying limestone
has entered largely into the composition of the soil, although
the presence of granitic bowlders shows that at least a portion
of the drift must have come from farther north.
The original forest growth consisted chiefly of maple, birch,
balsam, basswood, white pine, and different varieties of oak.
The Miami fine sandy loam is an important type agriculturally.
Probably over 60 per cent of it is under cultivation, the re-
mainder being in woodlots or used for permanent pasture.
While the average yields of general farm crops are not quite
as high as on the Miami loam, it is a fairly good soil. It is
best adapted to such crops as potatoes, corn, rye, and truck
gardening. While there are a number of fairly good cherry
orchards on this soil the general opinion seems to be that it
is not as well adapted to cherries and other fruits common to
the region as is the Miami loam type of soil.*
* For a discussion of the chemical analysis and methods for the im-
provement of this soil see page 33.
GROUP OF LOAMS AND FINE SANDY LOAMS 35
SUPERIOR LOAM.
[ROLLING PHASE.]
and distribution. — The Superior Loam, rolling phase, is
the most extensive and important soil in the southern part of
Door County, and it is the second soil in extent in the whole
county. The total area is 53,760 acres. With the exception
of a small area in section 5 in the Town of Sturgeon Bay, and
another in section 7 in the Town of Sevastopol it is confined
entirely to the portion of the county south of Sturgeon Bay.
Here it is closely associated with Superior clay, from which
it was frequently difficult make a clear distinction.
Description. — The surface soil consists of a grayish-brown
loam varying in depth form 10 to 20 inches. It contains some
angular gravel and fragments of limestone in places, bowlders
are abundant on the surface in some areas, and here and there
the bedrock outcrops. As in the case of the other timbered up-
land soils, the supply of organic matter is low. The subsoil
consists of a brownish-red to chocolate-colored clay loam which
contains sufficient sand and other coarse material to give it a
gritty feel. The gravel, rock fragments, and bowlders consist
largely of limestone, but some rocks foreign to the region are en-
countered. The depth to the limestone bedrock varies, but is
more than 3 feet in most places. The subsoil of this type in Door
County is somewhat different from that of the typical Superior
loam as it occurs on the shores of Lake Superior. It contains
much more coarse material and therefore lacks the smooth,
plastic feel of the typical subsoil. Glacial action is doubtless
responsible for the modification.
The texture of this soil type is very uniform. The principal
variations are in the depth of the underlying rock and in the
quantity of stones on the surface. In the northern part of
Nasewaupee Town, in much of Gardner Town, and in sections
3 and 4 of Brussels Town, the depth of bedrock is less than usual,
being in many places less than 3 feet. Rock outcrops and stones
are more numerous here than in the typical areas. In the im-
mediate vicinity of outcrops and where stones are numerous, both
which conditions are shown on the map by symbols, the soil is
usually shallow.
36 SOIL, SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
Topography and drainage.— The surface varies from gently
undulating to gently rolling. In general it is not rolling as
are the Miami soils, and only a very small part of the type is
excessively rough or broken. In. the town of Claybanks high
bluff's rise a short . distance back from the lake shore. The
natural drainage of the type is good except in depressions or
along the borders of marshes or of low-lying soils like the
Poygan. In such places tile drains could be profitably installed.
On the tops of some of the knolls and hills the surface soil has
been washed away, leaving the subsoil exposed. Such spots,
however, are rare, and erosion is not serious.
Origin — The Superior loam, rolling phase, has originated
partly from lacustrine and partly from glacial material. The
red clay was deposited in the quiet waters of a lake before
the Glacial Period. The glacier mixed this clay with gravel
bowlders, and rock fragments, and left the surface undulating
and broken. The underlying limestone was broken and crushed,
giving rise to fragments which njow are scattered through
the soil and subsoil. Through the long intervening period
of weathering the lime has been leached from the surface mate-
rial, so that it is now usually in an acid condition.
Native vegetation. — The original timber growth on this type
consisted of both pine and hardwoods. In some sections white
pine predominated, in other areas hardwoods alone grew, while
in still others hemlock, pine, and hardwroods formed a mixed
growth. The principal hardwoods were maple, birch, basswood,
beach, elm, and some oak and hickory. All the valuable timber
was removed long ago, and in many places a second growth
of birch and poplar has sprung up.
Present agricultural development. — The Superior, loam
rolling phase is highly improved, and the greater part of it is
under cultivation. Some of the largest and most up-to-date
farms in the county are on this soil. General farming, with
dairying as the principle side line, is carried on. The most
important crops produced are oats, peas, barley, rye, corn,
timothy, clover, andypotatoes. On most farms the chief source
of income is dairying, which is rapidly becoming more im-
portant. Many pure-bred herds, principally Holstein and
Guernsey, are kept. The soil produces excellent yields of hay,
while corn, although it does not always mature, never fails
GROUP OF LO.l.l/x AND FINE x.l.VDY LOAMS
37
to reach the stage where it can be used for silage. Man}'
j'aiins are no\v equipped with silos, more of which are being
constructed yearly. In the vicinity of Sawyer some peas are
m<>\vn for canning, and in areas near the water cherries and
apples are grown. The type, however, is not as well adapted to
the growing of fruit as are the Miami soils. Oats are grown
more extensively than any other grain. Yields ordinarily range
from 30 to 50 bushels per acre. Barley yields 20 to 35 bushels,
rye 15 to 20 bushels and potatoes 125 to 200 bushels. Timothy
and clover produce heavy crops.
Land of this type sells for $75 to $125 an. acre, depending
on the location and improvements.
This soil works up readily and is on the whole quite easily
handled, in spite of the heavy subsoil. Fall plowing is prac-
ticed almost exclusively. In some of the more nearly level
areas some system of artificial drainage should be installed.
Stable manure is the only fertilizer used to any extent.
Often the crop rotation followed is not the one best suited to
conditions. The organic content of this type is low.
The following table shows. the results of mechanical analyses
of samples of the soils and subsoil of the Superior loam, rolling
phase.
Mechanical anary*es of Superior lo im, rolling phase,
Description
Fine Coarse Medium
travel sand sand.
Fine
sand.
Very fine
sand.
Silt.
Clay.
Soil
Percent. Per cent . Per cent .
1.0 3,6 4.5
Per cent.
20.8
Pt-r cent.
23.1
Per cent.
37.6
Per cent.
8 9
Subsoil
.7 3.7 5.2
22.8
19.1
30.2
18.5
SUPERIOR FINE SANDY LOAM.
[ROLLING PHASE.]
This is a soil of minor importance, there being only 1344
acres in Door County. The largest tract occurs in sections
27 and 28 in the town of Union. Small areas are also found
near the bay shore in sections 30 and 31 Sevastopol Town.
38 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
The upper 8 inches of this soil consists of a brown fine
sandy loam which is underlain by a lighter colored fine sandy
loam to fine sand which extends to an average depth of about
30 inches. The deep subsoil consists of a heavy, red clay which
extends to the bedrock. Some gravelly material occurs in
the soil and subsoil, and bowlders are scattered over the sur-
face in places. In a number of places the surface soil is
lighter in texture than typical. In the town of Claybanks
just back of the strip of lowland along the lakeshore much of
the material classified as Miami fine sandy loam is like the
Superior series in the presence of a red clay substratum, but
the depth to this stratum is so great as to have little influence
on the soil and it therefore is mapped with the Miami series.
The type_ has a gently rolling to rolling surface. In sec-
tion 30, Sevastopol ' Town, it occurs on a long, high hill, with
a few rock outcrops on the slope. The type has good natural
drainage, and on account of the clay subsoil it retains mois-
ture very well, except possibly in the area of Sevastopol Town,
where the rock is close to the surface.
In origin this soil is similar to other types of the Superior
series, being partly lacustrine and partly glacial. The sur-
face is very often found to be acid, owing to the leaching
of the lime carbonate. The red clay subsoil usually contains
considerable carbonates, especially in the lower depths.
The original timber consisted chiefly of maple, beech, bass-
wood, oak, hickory and some pine.
} Agriculturally this soil is unimportant. A considerable pro-
portion is still unimproved. The area north of Sturgeon Bay
is largely forested and has an unfavorable topography. "Where
under cultivation this soil is easy to handle, and good yields
of the general farm crops are secured. The methods fol-
lowed are practically the same as on the Superior loam.*
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IMPROVEMENT OF LOAMS AND FINE
SANDY LOAMS.
• ••<*.;-*'*.'•
These soils are more open in texture than the group of
heavy soils. They have a water holding capacity which is suf-
* For a discussion of the chemical composition of this soil and its
improvement see page 37.
GROUP OF LOAMS AND FINE SANDY LOAMS 39
iiciuiit to insure good pasture, where the land is in grasses.
Because ol' the more rolling surface, the higher content of
line sand in the surface soil, and the open or rocky subsoil
the natural drainage is much better than on the heavy level
lands and the soil thus warms up earlier in the spring and
does not have the tendency to bake and crack which is char-
acteristic of some of the heavier soils. These qualities make
these types better adapted to such crops as corn and potatoes,
and also to the growing of fruit. It is on this group of
soils chiefly that the extensive fruit industry of Door County
has been developed.
The total amount of the* plant food elements phosphorus and
potassium is nearly but not quite as large in the loams and
fine sandy loams, as in the group of heavy soils previously
described. The amount of organic matter is somewhat smaller,
as is also the supply of nitrogen. Because of this and the
coarser texture the rate of chemical change may not always be
as rapid as in the heavier soils. For this reason the increase in
the supply of active or fresh organic matter and the use of avail-
able plant food either in the form of stable manure or commer-
cial fertilizer becomes more important, especially when crops
are grown which are sold from the farm.
An increase of the supply of active organic matter in these
soils is of great importance. It is desirable to have nearly
twice as much organic matter in the soil as these types now
contain. The plowing under of legumes, such as the second
crop of clover, or a crop of soy beans is a good way of
securing this result. The supply of stable manure is usually
too limited to meet the needs of the entire farm.
As in the group of heavy soils in this county, and as is
quite common in most of the state the phosphorus content
of these soils is below normal, and should be increased. Even
the use of stable manure will not itself supply the amount
of phosphorus, needed, and it is a good plan to supple-
ment the use of stable manure with a phosphate fertilizer.
Acid phosphate is the most quickly available and under pres-
ent conditions is doubtless the most profitable form to use.
This may be applied with small grain which is seeded to clover
and about 250 to 300 pounds per acre should be used. When
used with corn it may be drilled in the row with a fertil-
40 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
izer attachment to a corn planter, or drilled in with a regular
lime and fertilizer sower just before the corn is planted.
Where general farming is followed and it is desired to build
up the organic matter supply the following rotation is a good
one to use: — Corn or a cultivated crop one year, followed by
a small grain with which clover is seeded, the first crop the fol-
lowing year cut for hay, and the second plowed down as a
green manuring crop to be again used for a cultivated crop.
When commercial fertilizer is used it may be applied with
the small grain or to the corn crop. Where a second crop of*
clover is not turned down it should be fed and the manure re-
turned to the field in as liberal amounts as can be secured.
The growing of alfalfa could be greatly extended on these
soils and every farmer should consider the question of starting
a small acreage.
In connection with the handling of these soils for fruit grow-
ing it may be said that the use of commercial fertilizers has not
come into general practice. In some other regions, however,
it has been found that the use of nitrate of soda has greatly
increased both vigor and production, and in some cases mixed
fertilizers have also given profitable results. The work in Wis-
consin along this line, however, has been so limited that it is
not considered advisable to attempt to give specific recommenda-
tions for the use of commercial fertilizers for fruit growing.*
In some cases the surface soil of these types is found to
be somewhat acid. Where this is the case ground limestone
may be applied at the rate of 2 tons per acre or more, de-
pending upon the degree of acidity. The limestone may be
applied at any convenient time but it is probably best to
put it on the small grain crop which is being' seeded to clover.
It may be applied with a regular lime sower after the ground
has been prepared for seeding. It should be worked well into
the soil but should not be plowed under.
* The Agricultural Experiment Stations in New York, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and Indiana have given this question study and those interested
are directed to consult the publications issued by these Stations on the
fertilization of orchards.
GROir (>/•' rnnifLY DKMNED SOILS 41
CHAPTER IV.
GROTP OF POORLY DRAINED SOILS.
POYGAN LOAM.
There are only 3, 584 acres of Poyga-n loam in Door County
and this occurs in tracts of from 20 to 200 acres mostly in
the Towns of Brussels, Garden, and Nasewaupee, in the south-
ern part of the region covered by the survey. It is associ-
ated chiefly with the Superior soils.
The Poygan loam, to a depth of 8 to 10 inches, consists
of a heavy, black loam, high in silt. The subsoil is a heavy,,
red clay, similar to that of the Superior series, but below 24
inches the red clay is usually mixed with fragments of partially
decomposed limestone. Bedrock is sometimes encountered
within 3 feet of the surface.
The Poygan loam has a level surface, and on account of
its low, swampy position and heavy, tenacious subsoil the drain-
age is very deficient. In some areas water stands on the sur-
face a large part of the year.
The type is largely of lacustrine origin, but' has probably been
influenced sightly by glacial action. The decay and accumula-
tion of a dense growth of vegetation through long periods has
resulted in the dark color and high content of organic matter.
The surface soil is acid, but the subsoil ordinarily is neutral or
calcareous.
Orly a very small percentage of the Poygan loam is under
cultivation. Much of it remains just as it was left after the
timbt-r was removed. The forest growth consists of cedar,
ash, elm, birch, and hemlock, with a second growth of poplar
in some areas. In other sections of the State similar soils have
been drained and made to produce good yields of the common
crops. The type is well adapted to the growing of grasses.
It is heavy and quite difficult to handle and before it can
42 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
be worked successfully and made to produce provable yields
it must be thoroughly drained.*
CLYDE SILT LOAM.
This is a soil of minor importance, there being only 1,536
acres in the county. It occurs in patches of from a few acres
to about 100 acres and is scattered throughout nearly all parts
of the county.
'The Clyde silt loam, to a depth of 8 to 12 inches, consists
of a very dark colored silt loam. This is underlain by a
subsoil of heavy, slightly mottled, bluish silt loam or clay loam.
The lower depths contain considerable limestone fragments and
gravel.
Variations occur in texture, color, and depth to" bedrock.
In some depressions a shallow layer of peat may occur on the
surface, while in other spots the surface soil may approach
a loam in texture. In some places the subsoil may be sandy.
'The depth to bedrock varies, the minimum being about 2 feet.
The surface is level, and owing to its low position and
heavy subsoil the type is wet, soggy and the natural drainage
is very deficient.
The type is of both glacial and waterlaid origin. Large ac-
cumulations and decay of organic matter in the presence of
moisture have resulted in the high content of organic matter
and the dark color.
Only a small part of this type has been cleared and most
of this is used for pasture. The original forest growth con-
sisted of elm, ash, cedar, birch, and willow. The principal
need of the type is better drainage. Most of it can be drained
and made into good land, as it is inherently productive. In
other parts of the State similar soils when drained produce
good yields of corn, cabbage, hay, and various other crops.
CLYDE LOAM.
The Clyde loam covers a total area of 6,208 acres, and is
found in small tracts scattered throughout the greater part of
Door County. It is associated chiefly with the Miami soils, and
occupies depressions between hills or along streams, or along
yp—'-rr^f--* •,*:• -••• • ".' ' »•- ' \ ' ,"f! ' '' : •• ! ' " ! ~\ ''
* For a discussion of methods for the improvement of this soil and
the chemical composition see page 46.
GROUP OF POORLY DRAINED SOILS 43
the border of marshes. The size of tracts varies from a few
acres to 100 or more acres.
The Clyde loam consists of about 12 inches of black, mellow
loam containing considerable silt and organic matter, under-
lain by a subsoil of grayish fine sandy loam which becomes
lighter colored and lighter in texture with depth. The deep
subsoil is reddish in color, heavy, and compact.
The type is subject to some variation. In depressions there
may be a thin layer of peat on the surface. In places 5 or
6 inches of fine sand may be encountered immediately under-
lying the surface soil. The texture of the subsoil may vary from
a fine sandy loam to a clay loam. The depth to bedrock ranges
from 2 feet to several feet. s
A lighter textured soil is included with this type on ac-
count of its small extent. To an average depth of 8 inches it
consists of a very dark colored fine sandy loam, underlain
by a grayish fine sandy loam which becomes lighter colored with
depth. In all other respects it is similar to the Clyde loam.
Owing to the level surface and low position the natural drain-
age is poor. The water table is within a few feet of the
surface and during heavy rains in the spring and early summer
the water stands on the surface for a long time.
The surface soil of this type is slightly acid in places ow-
ing, it is thought, to acids formed by the decay of organic
matter in addition to the leaching out of lime from the soil.
This type of soil occurs in depressions where the" material has
been washed in to some extent from adjoining higher land.
Where it is found along streams it is partly alluvial and in
other places it is largely glacial, but it has all been modified
by the addition of large amount of decaying vegetable matter,
which accounts for the dark color.
A large part of the Clyde loam is still unimproved. In its
present undrained condition it can be used only for pasture.
Much of it is too wet and too thickly covered with brush to
be used even for this purpose. The timber growth consists
of elm, ash, willow, and cedar, with some birch and alder and
other water-loving trees.
Where thoroughly drained this soil is well suited to nearly
all the common farm crops, and especially to grasses. The
virgin soil is high in organic matter. In other parts of the
44 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
State similar soils when improved have given excellent yields.
returning the cost of drainage in a comparatively short time.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IMPROVEMENT OF POYUAN LOAM,
CLYDE LOAM AND SILT LOAM.
Since these soils are formed along the border line between
upland light colored soils and peaty and muck marsh soils,
they are intermediate in chemical composition between these
two extremes. Moreover, their position is such that they have
received a considerable deposition of fine silt from the higher
land with its larger content of plant food. These soils have
in the surface 8 inches approximately 2000 pound of phos-
phorus per acre ; from 30,000 to 40,000 pounds of potassium ;
and approximately 10,000 pounds of nitrogen. Since they are
surrounded by highland, the subsoils of which are rich in
ground limestone which is being continuously dissolved and
carried to the lower lands by percolating waters, they are as a
rule not acid, and in fact usually contain considerable quanti-
ties of lime carbonate.
In spite of their large content of both phosphorus and po-
tassium, it is not infrequently true that these soils show low
availability of these elements, especially of potassium. This
is probably due to the inert condition of much of the organic
matter which protects the earthy part of the soil. Where
thoroughly good artificial drainage has been developed and
nevertheless poor crops secured, this result will usually be
found to be due to lack of available potassium and in some
cases also of phosphorus. A direct experiment should be
made in these cases with potassium and phosphate fertilizers,
as suggested in the bulletins of the Experiment Station.1
The .most important question in the improvement and man-
agement of these soils is one of drainage. Practically all areas
are in need of drainage, and tile drains will be found most
practical in the majority of cases. When properly drained
and well managed, very satisfactory yields can be secured.
* For more information write to Wisconsin Experiment Station for
bulletins on drainage and fertilization of low, poorly drained tracts
of land.
For special information on drainage, see Bulletin No. 229 of the Wis-
consin Experiment Station.
GROUP OF POORLY DRAINED SOILS 45
Cabbage, onions, and sugar beets arc some special crops which
can be successfully raised on these soils, aside from the general
farm crops, such as timothy, alsike, clover, and corn. Stable
manure should not be applied to these soils as the nitrogen is
not needed. The mineral elements, where needed, may be sup-
plied in the form' of commercial fertilizers, as indicated above.
PEAT.
There are approximately 60 square miles of Peat in Door
County. A little more than half the type occurs in that part
of the county south of Sturgeon Bay. The largest area is
mapped near the east shore of the peninsula in the northern
part of the county, extending from a point just north of
North Bay to Baileys Harbor. Between the shore and the swamp
there is a narrow strip of high land. The points projecting
into North Bay, Mud Bay, and Baileys Harbor are extremely
rocky. This marsh covers about 13 square miles. Another
large marsh extends from a point about 3 miles south of the
Sturgeon Bay ship canal to Clark Lake, reaching one-half mile
to about 1% miles inland. Like all the large marshes along the
Lake Michigan shore it is separated from the lake by narrow
strips of high land, mainly beach sand. To the north of Sturgeon
Bay the western part of the county is practically free from
peat marshes; the only two of importance are the one extend-
ing southeast from Ephraim and the one extending south*
east from Ellison Bay. In the region of the Superior soils
to the south of Sturgeon Bay there are numerous areas of Peat
of various sizes. The largest is the one in sections 20, 21, 22, 26,
and 28, Gardner Town. Other areas of over 1 square mile
.occur in Nasewaupee, Forestville, and Brussels Towns.
Peat includes several kinds of swamp and marsh land the
soil of which consists chiefly of roots, grasses, sedges, leaves,
moss, and other organic matter in various stages of decompo-
sition. There is usually incorporated a small amount of mineral
matter. The soil is dark brown to black in color and 8 inches
to several feet in depth, being shallow at the border of the
marsh and deeper near the center. In some of the marshes
the subsoil consist^ of extensive deposits of marl.
All the Peat lands are level and low lying. The drainage is
pooi-, owing to the lack of drainage outlets or because of a
46 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
heavy, impervious subsoil below the organic soil. In the south-
ern part of the county the subsoil is heavy, but in the large
areas along the lake shore north of Sturgeon Bay it is more sandy
and porous. In these large areas there occur islands of sand
which are not shown on the map-.
Most of the Peat areas of Door County are wooded, the
growth consisting of cedar, tamarack, ash, willow, and some
elm and spruce. Where the peat is deepest tamarack predom-
inates, but along the border of the marshes or where the Peat
is shallow ash, elm, and willow predominate. The largest open
marsh in the county is the one extending from Ellison Bay
to Rowley Bay.
Most of the Peat areas are wet the greater part of the year,
and in the spring and during the Avet seasons water stands
on the surface. The slope . is nowhere sufficient to drain the
excess water without open ditches or tile. The large marshes
along the Lake Michigan shore do not lie very much above the
level of the lake, and drainage here would be quite difficult.
Very little of the Peat land has been reclaimed, although many
areas could be drained and profitably cultivated. Many small
marshes could be drained at comparatively low cost. Reclama-
tion of the larger ones would require large expenditures and the
organization of drainage districts.
MUCK.
Muck consists of vegetable matter in varying stages of decom-
position, with which there are incorporated large amounts of
mineral matter. It is more thoroughly decomposed than Peat,
contains more mineral matter, and may be considered as
intermediate between Peat and the soils of the Clyde series.
Practically all of the Muck is relatively shallow, and in some
places the type as mapped consists of Peat underlain at 6
-to 10 inches by silt loam or fine sandy loam. When plowed
the soil here consists of a mixture of Peat and silt loam which has
nearly the composition of true Muck.
Muck occurs only in small areas. These are scattered through-
out the area, mainly along streams or at the border of areas
of Peat. It occupies about the same topographic position as
Peat, and is poorly drained and swampy. ^Vith drainage well
established the soil is very productive, but in its present un-
GROUP OF POORLY DRAINED SOILS 47
dunned condition it is only of value for the pasture it affords
and the marsh hay which is cut from some areas.
(MIKMICAL COMPOSITION AND IMPROVEMENT OF PEAT AND MUCK.
Peat has been largely formed by the accumulation of veget-
able matter, particularly sphagnum moss and certain sedges
and grasses. It is very low in earthy matter, running from
80 to 95 per cent of organic matter. The amount of mineral
elements is consequently low, the total weight of phosphorus
being approximately 600 pounds per acre to a depth of 8
inches, and of potassium, 700 pounds. It will be seen, on com-
parison of these statements with those made on the composition
of such soils as Miami silt loam and Fox silt loam, that the
total amount of potassium, in particular, is extremely small,
the amount in peat often being less than 2 per cent, of that
found in upland silt loam soils. While the total amount is
small, a large proportion of it is available to plants, especially if
the surface has been burnt over, and the supply may be suf-
ficient for from 1 to 3 crops. It is to be expected, therefore,
that profitable cropping is possible over a long period of years,
only by the use of some form of potassium fertilizer, either
barnyard manure, wood ashes, or the usual commercial fertil-
izers containing this element. The total sup%ply of phosphorus
is rather low, though the difference between the amounts present
in Peat and upland soils is very much less than in the case
of potassium. In the Muck soils there is a somewhat larger
supply of phosphorus and potassium than in the Peat, be-
cause of the larger amounts of fine earth which are present.
The total amount, however, is much lower than in good upland
soils. In view of the enormous quantity of nitrogen contained
in these soils, the average amount of which is over 15,000 pounds
per acre 8 inches, it is unnecessary to use stable manure, the most
valuable element of which is the nitrogen, so that on farms in-
cluding both Peat or Muck land and upland soils, th<; stable
i)>anure should be used on the upland, and commercial fertil-
izers containing phosphorus and potash, if needed, on the lower
land, unless, indeed, there is sufficient manure for the entire farm,
which is rarely the case. These marsh soils are rarely acid on ac-
count of the percolation of lime-containing water from higher
lands, though occasionally patches of Peat are found in the
48 SOIL SURVEY OF DO,OR COUNTY.
larger marshes. This acidity, however, is not so dertimental in the
c.'jsc cl! marsh lands as in the case of sand and clay soils, since
the chief objection to acidity is that it interferes with the
growth of those legumes, such as clover and alfalfa, which are
needed on the higher lands to secure nitrogen, but which arc
not needed on the marsh soils for this purpose, and to the
growth of which, indeed, the marsh soils are not so well adapted
physically.
In the improvement of Peat the question of drainage* is
the first step to be considered. Both open ditches and tile
drains can be utilized in reclaiming the marshy tracts. The major
portion of Peat areas in Door County can be drained and im-
proved, and efforts are now being extended along this line
through the establishment of drainage districts. Some drainage
work is also being carried on by individual farmers to re-
claim small marshy tracts which have sufficient fall so that
an outlet can be readily secured.
When thoroughly drained, properly cultivated and fertil-
ized Peat will produce profitable crops of timothy and alsike
clover, small grains, buckwheat, root crops, and in some regions
such special crops as celery and peppermint are grown. When
small grains are grown there is danger of lodging, but the
use of commercial fertilizers will tend to produce a stronger
straw. Corn can be grown also on Peat land but the danger
from frosts is considerable greater than on the adjoining up-
land in the same vicinity.
* For special information concerning drainage, write the Soils De-
partment of the Wisconsin Experiment Station.
GROUP OF MISCELLANEOUS SOILS 49
CHAPTER V.
GROUP OF MISCELLANEOUS SOILS.
MIAMI GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM.
The Miami gravelly sandy loam is not an extensive or im-
portant type. It covers a total area of 6,784 acres, or 2.3 per
cent of the county. It occurs in all but the southern part of
the county, occupying small areas associated with other types
of the Miami series. - Some rather large areas occur on Wash-
ington Island.
The Miami gravelly sandy loam is a somewhat variable type,
but the greater part of it is either typical or included in a
variation, which is characterized by a level to undulating sur-
face. The typical soil which has a rolling topography consists
of a loose, light-brown sandy loam to an average depth of
about 8 inches. Gravel and bowlders in varying quantities and
sizes occur on the surface and through the soil. The sub-soil
is a reddish-brown, gravelly sandy loam. The gravel content
increases with depth, and the subsoil in places is a bed of pure
gravel. The undulating areas have a typical surface soil, but
the soil here is shallow. It occurs on the points projecting into
Lalie Michigan and near the shore on the east side of the
peninsula. Bowlders and outcrops of limestone are common,
and the bedrock occurs at depths -varying from 1 to 3 feet.
The topography of the typical areas is rolling to broken and
bumpy, consisting to a considerable extent of hills, knolls, and
long narrow ridges. The drainage is thorough and rapid. The
gravelly nature makes the soil rather droughty, but in seasons
of sufficient rainfall fair yields are produced.
The typical Miami gravelly sandy loam has been derived
from glacial material, and occurs in the form of eskers, drum-
lins, and moraines. The undulating variation also has been
derived from the weathering of glaciated material, but this
4 — D. C.
50 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
was not left in morainic form as in the case of the typical
soil.
A considerable proportion of this type is under cultivation.
Some of it is still in forest. The original timber growth con-
sisted chiefly of oak, pine, maple, and some other hardwoods.
This class of land is used chiefly for general farming, but be-
cause of its rather coarse texture, open structure, and conse-
quent draughty condition average yields are considerable lower
than on the heavier soil types of the Miami series. Profitable
crop production on this soil requires careful management.*
MIAMI GRAVELLY LOAM.
This soil covers an area of 7,616 acres or 2.5 per cent of
the county. While of limited extent it occurs in numerous
areas varying in size from a few acres to one-half section or
more. It is confined to that part of the county north of Stur-
geon Bay and is associated with other t}^pes of the Miami series.
The surface soil of the Miami gravelly loam consists of a
friable, brown loam, which extends to an average depth of 8
inches. There is a large amount of gravel on the surface and
through the soil. Much of the gravel is angular, and frequently
the particles are quite large. The surface soil grades into a
light-brown or yellow gravelly fine sandy loam. m The content of
gravel increases with depth, and it is usually impossible to
penetrate the deep subsoil on account of the gravel.
This is one of the most rolling soils in the county; in fact,
the rolling topography is one of its most characteristic features.
It occurs on drumlins or eskers or in areas of choppy or broken
land in the morainic sections. The rolling topography and
gravelly subsoil make the type droughty. Erosion is active in
periods of heavy rains.
Agriculturally this is not an important soil although a con-
siderable portion of it is cleared and some of it is cultivated.
While about the same crops are raised upon it as on the heavier
soils, the average yields are much lower. Most of it can be
used to best advantage for grazing.*
* For a discussion of the chemical composition and improvement of
this soil see page 49.
*For suggestions on the permanent improvement of this soil see
page 49.
GROUP OF MISCELLANEOUS SOILS 51
MIAMI FINE SAND.
There are 4,800 acres of Miami fine sand in Door County.
This occurs in small patches on Washington Island and over
most of the Peninsula as far south as the region of red clays
in the southern part of the county.
The Miami fine sand consists of a yellowish-brown fine sand,
6 to 10 inches 'deep, underlain by a pale-yellow fine sand which
becomes a little coarser with depth. The soil is loose and open
and very low in organic matter. When the surface is bare it is
sometimes blown by the wind.
The surface is gently rolling to rolling, and owing to this
and to the loose, open character of the sand crops suffer from
drought except when the rainfall is heavy and well distributed.
This soil has been farmed with varying degrees of success. Much
of the type is still uncleared, although the original timber has
long since been removed. This consisted largely of pine and
of oak, with varying proportions of other hardwoods.
Tn wet seasons when the rainfall is well distributed good
yields of the common farm crops are obtained. Potatoes, corn,
rye, oats, buckwheat, and truck crops give the best results.
Son.e cherry orchards have been planted on this soil, but they
have either made a very poor growth or died out entirely.
The Miami fine sand is easily plowed and cultivated. It be-
fomes dry and warm very quickly, and can be worked earlier
in the spring than the heavier soils and under a mucri wider
•ange of moisture conditions. On the other hand, it is low- in
water-holding capacity and subject to wind erosion.*
A few widely scattered areas of coarser sand are included on
the map with Miami fine sand. It is similar in origin, topog-
raphy, and all other features except texture. The surface
soil of the sand type to an average depth oL' 8 inches consists
nf f. yellowish-brown sand of medium text/lire. It is loose and
oprn in structure, and low in organic matter. The subsoil is
a pale-yellow sand which becomes a little coarser with increased
depth. Most of this type is still uncleared, although the original
timber has long been removed. This consisted chiefly of pine
and oak, with scattered balsam and hardwoods other than oak.
The soil has the same agricultural adaptation as the typical
*Methods for the improvement of this soil are discused on page 33.
52 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
Miami fine sand, and it should be handled in the same way
in order to obtain profitable yields.
PLAINFIELD SAND.
This type is confined to Chambers Island in Green Bay and
a small area south of Clark Lake in Sevastopol Town. Chambers
Island, which has an area of about 4 square miles, is occupied
almost entirely by Plainfield sand.
The Plainfield sand consists of a light -brown, loose sand to a
depth of 8 to 10 inches. The subsoil is a light-colored sand
which assumes a marked yellowish tinge in the lower depths.
The little gravel that occurs consists maily of chert, quartz, or
quartzite. . The soil is very uniform throughout its development.
The surface of this type is level to gently undulating. It
was originally more nearly level than at present, wind and
other agencies having changed the topography slightly. The
crops suffer from lack of water during at least a part of nearly
every season.
Only a very small total area of the Plainfield sand is cleared
and under cultivation. The original timber growth consisted
largely of white pine, with various kinds of oak, maple, and
other hardwoods in varying amounts. On Chambers Island a
thrifty growth of young timber, mainly pine, is springing up.
The principal use of the type here is for a game preserve and
for summer homes.
In wet years when manured heavily this soil has given fairly
good yields of different crops. Corn, potatoes, rye, buckwheat,
and truck crops are well adapted to the Plainfield sand.
PLAINFIELD FINE SAND.
The Plainfield fine sand covers less than 2 square miles and
is one of the least important types in the county. It is con-
fined to two areas, one on each side of the peninsula. One
area occupies a narrow terrace lying between the foot of the
high bluffs and the Lake Michigan shore in Claybanks Town;
the other occurs along the Green Bay shore in sections 28, 21,
and 16, Union Town.
The surface soil of the Plainfield fine sand is a light-brown
to dark-brown fine sand or loamy fine sandy, about 8 inches
GROUP OF MISCELLANEOUS SOILS 53
deep. The subsoil is a lighter colored fine sand, with a marked
yellow tinge in the lower depths. Red Clay is usually en-
countered at 3 to 6 feet below the surface. In the area at
the foot of the bluffs along the lake shore.
The surface of the type is level to slightly undulating, and
it lies only 5 to 15 feet above the level of the lake, but the
natural drainage is good except at the foot of the bluffs, where
seepage from the highland keeps the soil wet.
This soil has been brought to its present position by the action
of water. The terrace on the Lake Michigan side was probably
formed when the water level was higher than it is now, the
sand in both areas being undoubtedly Beach sand. The red
clay subsoil which underlies the sand is also waterlaid.
Only a small proportion of the Plainfield fine sand is under
cultivation. The original timber growth consisted of scrub
oak, mixed hardwoods, and some white pine and hemlock. The
yields of the common farm crops are lower than on the heavier
soils, but such' crops as potatoes, strawberries, and truck do very
well.
The area in Union Town is low in organic matter Stable
manure, is the only fertilizer used. The soil is well adapted
to the growing of truck, and trucking could well be more
highly developed. .
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FINE AND MEDIUM SANDS.
• ••*'.'*-•
These soils are of limited extend and for their highest de-
velopment require more careful management than the heavier
types of soil above described.
They are quite dificient in organic matter and nitrogen.
The nitrogen content usually ranges from 1000 to 1500 pounds
per acre in the surface 8 inches. The phosphorus supply is
also low and averages from 850 to 900 pounds per acre. The
potassium in the surface 8 inches per acre is approximately
25,000 pounds which is only about half the amount present in
the heavy soils of the county.
The management of these soils to -maintain the fertility will
depend to a considerable extent on the crops grown and on
whether or not stock is maintained to which the produce of the
farm is fed. . When dairying or other live stock farming is prac-
54 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
ticed it will be less difficult to maintain the supply of the esse-
tial elements of plant food — phosphorus, potassium, and nitro-
gen. But even when stock is maintained, it is very probable
that the moderate use of some form of phosphorus fertilizers
will be found profitable, and some means for1 increasing the or-
ganic matter in addition to the use of stable manure should
be made use of as far as practicable. The growth of a crop of
soybeans or clover occasionally all of which is to be plowed
under as a green manuring crop will be found profitable in
its effect on the succeeding crop of corn or grain.
When these soils are used for the growing of potatoes or other
special crops to a considerable extent the use of commercial fer-
tilizers containing phosphorus and potassium will be found
necessary to maintain the soil at a point of productivity for a
considerable number of years. Clover or some other legume must
be grown regularly in the rotation to maintain the nitrogen,
and organic matter, and part or all of this should be plowed
under. It is often desirable to use the commercial fertilizers
containing phosphorus and potassium in order to secure a good
growth of this clover, and there is little loss in so doing since
essentially all of the phosphorus and potassium applied to the
soil for the clover becomes available to the succeeding crop
through the decomposition of the organic matter.
The use of lime in some form and also the inoculation of the
soil is of the utmost importance when alfalfa is to be grown and
will be found helpful on the older fields even for the growth of
medium red or mammoth clover.
In the improvement of these soils it will be found that the
fine sand will respond more readily than the sand, because of
the difference in texture. On the fine sand potatoes can be
grown in rotation with greater profit than on the sand. For the
extremely sandy soils of medium texture better results are
secured when' corn is used as the cultivated crop in a rotation.
For the sand a rotation of corn, small grain and clover is
good, while on the fine sand potatoes may be substituted for
the corn. In both cases the second crop of clover should be
plowed under.
BOUGH STONY LAND.
Rough stony land includes areas so rough, broken, or rocky
as to be of little or no value for farming. It occurs largely
GROUP OF MISCELLANEOUS SOILS 55
in. long, narrow strips in the form of high bluffs, slopes, or
steep cliff's. It is practically all confined to the west side of
the peninsula, where it occurs either on the shore or a short
distance back from the shore, and represents either the present
or a previous shore line. The longest area of Rough stony
land extends from a point about 5 miles northwest of the city
of Sturgeon Bay to a point about 3 miles north of the village
of Egg Harbor. The type includes the bluffs at Fish Creek,
Ephraim, Sister Bay, and Ellison Bay, and those in the State
park. On the point of land between North Bay and Mud Bay
the type is much more nearly level than typical, but the ex-
tensive rock outcrops, the stoniness, and the extremely shallow
soil render the land practically valueless for agriculture. On the
slopes and cliffs extensive outcrops of limestone occur.
The timber growth on the Bough stony land consists of maple,
birch, balsam, pine, and poplar. The best of the timber has
been removed, but considerable remains and should be left
to protect the slopes from washing.
Over some of the slopes there is only a shallow covering of
*-:oil, while some areas are well covered. The soil varies from
fine sandy loam to loam. No attempts have been made to
cultivate this land, but it may furnish some pasturage.
BEACH SAND.
The type mapped as Beach sand consists of a grayish fine or
very fine sand which continues with little change throughout
the 3-foot section, except that the subsoil has a marked pale-
yellowish tinge. There is little or no organic matter in the soil.
This type is confined largely to a narrow strip bordering
Lake Michigan from a point a short distance south of Sturgeon
Bay ship canal to the north end of the peninsula. It varies
in width from three-fourths to less than one-fourth mile, but
is not continuous along the entire east side of the county. The
widest and most typical area occurs at Jacksonport. Some
small areas are mapped on Washington Island.
The surface of this soil varies from undulating to very
rolling or bumpy, being typically quite rolling. Drainage is
excessive, and crops suffer from lack of water except in very
wet seasons.
56 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
Beach sand consists of material washed onto the shore by the
waves. Much of it has been drifted by the wind, forming
the broken, bumpy surface, and a considerable proportion con-
sists of shifting sand dunes.
On account of its low productiveness and other unfavorable
features only a small .part of this soil is under cultivation. The
timber consists mainly of pine and oak, neither of which grow
very large or dense. The type is not likely to be farmed ex-
tensively for some time. Rye, oats, corn, and potatoes, are
grown, but the yields are low except very near the shore, where
the water of the lake is but little below the surface of the land.
The system of farming on this soil should be such as to in-
crease its content of organic matter and its water-holding ca-
pacity. Stable manure should be supplemented by green-manure
crops, the soil should be limed, and commercial fertilizers used.
Great care should be taken to guard against wind erosion.
The type is better adapted to the production of truck crops
than to general farming, but owing to the long distance to
market the trucking industry has not been developed.
Some small areas of gravel are included with the Beach
sand as mapped. The soil in such areas consists of about
4 inches of gravelly sandy loam 'underlain by beds of gravel and
sand. It occurs in very narrow strips along the shore, largely
on the Green Bay side of the peninsula, and is of little im-
portance. The point of land extending into the bay at Fish
Creek is largely occupied by this soil. Another small area
occurs along the shore in sec. 34, Sturgeon Bay Town, and
in sec. 3, Claybanks Town. The surface is level to undulating.
The soil represents a beach formation consisting of material
washed up on the shore by the waves. No effort has been made to
grow crops on this soil, and it may be classed as nonagricultural.
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 5?
CHAPTER VI.
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE.
AGRICULTURE.
The first white settler in Door County located on Little Stur-
geon Point in 1835. Agricultural development, however, did
not begin until 1852-1855, when a settlement' of Moravians
was made at Ephraim and a large number of Belgians settled
at Brussels, in the southern part of the county. The entire
county was originally covered with a dense stand of timber,
which was removed long ago. The early agriculture consisted
mainly of grain production, with the growing of enough veget-
ables and fruit to supply the family. As was the case in
nearly every other section of Wisconsin, wheat was at first
the principal crop. Until about 1900 the wheat acreage was
larger than that of any other cereal. From 1880 to 1900 over
200,000 bushels of wheat were produced annually. Wheat grow-
ing proved profitable for a long periol, but gradually, owing
to poor cultivation, lack of fertilization, and continued crop-
ping without any attempt to follow a systematic rotation, the
soils produced such poor yields that some other line of farming
had to be introduced. In 1909 only 3,474 acres of wheat were
grown and 52,070 bushels produced, as compared with 16,616
acres seeded and a production of 239,000 bushels in 1899. Wheat
production gradually gave way to a more diversified system
of farming. Hay, oats, barley, rye, corn, and potatoes proved
profitable crops, and dairying was begun. Fruit growing was
taken up in place of wheat production. The principal field
crops grown at present, named in order of acreage, are hay, oats,
rye, barley, wheat, peas, potatoes, corn, flax, and buckwheat.
The total area devoted to tame hay in 1909 was 32,750 acres,
from which 42,581 tons were obtained. About two-thirds of this
consisted of clover and timothy mixed, about one-fifth timothy
58 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
alone, and one-tenth of clover alone. Very little alfalfa is
grown, although over much of the county the soils are well
adapted to this valuable legume. Only small quantities of
marsh hay are cut. Most of the hay produced is fed to stock,
but some farmers sell part of the crop each year.
Since the decline in wheat production, oats have been the
leading small grain crop. In 1909 oats occupied 16,812 acres, on
which 492,382 bushels were produced, or about 30 bushels per
acre. The crop is well adapted to the soils of the county, and
every farmer grows it. Some of the crop is sold, but the greater
part is fed to stock on the farm.
Next to oats rye is the most important grain. In 1909 there
were 8,468 acres in this crop, producing 130,260 bushels, or 15.4
bushels per acre. Barley is grown quite extensively. In 1909,
a production of 128,166 bushels was obtained from 5,272 acres,
the yield averaging about 25 bushels per acre. Considerable in-
come is derived from the sale of barley, but part of the crop
is fed on the farms. Wheat, while it has declined greatly in
importance in the last 15 years, is still grown to some ex-
tent. In 1909 the crop was grown on 3,474 acres and produced
62,070 bushels, an average of 15 bushels per acre. Since
that year, however, the growing of wheat has become less im-
portant.
Potatoes produce fairly good yields on most of the soils. The
1910 census shows a production of 225,391 bushels from 2,273
acres, and average yield of about 100 bushels per acre. Potatoes
are grown mostly for home use.
Corn is not. grown very extensively at present, but the acreage
is being increased each year. In 1909 only 1,417 acres of corn
\vere grown in the entire county, but since that year the growth
of the dairy industry and the building of silos have led farmers
to devote more land to the crop. The soils in that part of the
county north of Sturgeon Bay are better adapted to the grow-
ing of corn than is the heavy clay soil in the southern part.
Corn does not always mature, but it never fails to reach the
stage where it makes good silage. Certain early maturing var-
ieties, recently produced through scientific selection and breed-
ing, have been grown with much success.
The growing of peas for canning was for a time an important
industry in the vicinity of Sturgeon Bay. Two large canning
Yv'isconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sui'vey.
Plate III.
VIEW ALONG THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY IN PENINSULA
STATE PARK.
Peninsula State Park consists of 3,800 acres situated on the Green Bay
shore of Door County 25 miles north of Sturgeon Bay, and between the vil-
lages of Fish Creek and Ephriam. It is noted for its scenic beauty and
is visited by thousands of tourists every season.
This cliff is Niagara Limetone, which is found underlying the entire
county.
GOOD ROADS TRAVERSE DOOR COUNTY.
When this survey was made there were 125 miles of water bound ma-
cadam roads in Door County. Each year has added materially to this
mileage. An abundance of excellent road building material immediately at
hand makes the cost of road construction here much less than in many
places.
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 59
plants, one at Sturgeon Bay and the other at Sawyer, handled
the peas grown on a large acreage. In 1913 the output of the
cannery at Sturgeon Bay was 3,000,000 cans. The census re-
ports a total of 21,845 acres devoted to peas in 1909, producing
307,739 bushels. In the past few years the pea canning industry
has rapidly declined, owing chiefly to diseases of this crop.
Trucking has been developed quite extensively in conjunction
with fruit growing, especially in the vicinity of Sturgeon Bay.
For several years while the fruit trees are growing and even
after they have come into bearing there is considerable culti-
vable land between the rows of trees, and this is utilized
for the growing of truck crops. Strawberries and blackberries
raspberries are grown to a considerable extent, and veget-
ables are produced in quite large quantities. The 1910 census
reports 101 acres in small fruits, of which strawberries alone
occupied 72 acres.
Aside from fruit growing, dairying is the most important
specialized industry. Dairy farming is developed most exten-
sively in the southern part of the county on the heavy clay soils,
but it is growing in importance each year even in the fruit dis-
tricts. Quite a number of orchardists keep a dairy herd and
find the combination of fruit growing and dairying very satis-
factory, as it distributes the labor over the entire year and
insures some income in case the fruit crop is a failure. The
soils in the southern part of the county are very well adapted
to dairying, as they produce good crops of hay and corn and
supply good pasturage. The Superior soils are natural grass
soils, producing heavy yields of hay and furnishing excellent
pasturage. Perhaps the most thriving dairying community is
the so-called Belgian settlement in the vicinity of Brussels.
There are a number of fine pure-bred dairy herds in the county.
Holstein and Guernsey are the most popular breeds. Most
of the dairy animals are of grade, or 'scrub stock, but the type
is rapidly being improved by the use of pure-bred sires. There
are 55 cheese factories and 15 creameries in Door County.
Most of the cheese factories are in the southern part of the
county, but the section north of Sturgeon Bay is rapidly develop-
ing in dairying, and more cheese factories are being built
each year. There is a condensary in Sturgeon Bay which re-
ceives from 50,000 to 60,000 pounds of milk daily.
60 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
The raising of beef cattle receives little attention in Door
County, although there are numerous steep and rocky areas
which are better suited for grazing than for general farming.
Only a few farmers make a specialty of raising beef breeds, and
most of the stock sold for slaughtering consists of mixed types.
Many calves, the surplus of the dairies, are sold for veal. The
horses throughout the county, notably in the Belgian settle-
ment at Brussels, show more careful breeding than do the
cattle. Heavy draft horses are common. Many colts are raised
each year, and farmers frequently have a team to sell.
In 1909 there were 7,405 sheep in the county. Sheep raising
has never been important, but it will probably increase in the
future. Hog raising is carried on in conjunction with dairy-
ing. Practically all the farmers produce enough pork for their
own use and many have considerable income from the sale
of hogs.
The common crops are grown promiscuously on nearly
all the soils of the county. The predominant soil in the
southern part is the Superior loam, rolling phase, while in the
northern two-thirds the Miami loam predominates. On the
heavy Superior soils hay, corn, and small grains for feeding
dairy cows are grown. These soils are well adapted to such
crops. The soils in the southern part of the county are in
general very well adapted to dairying, but not to fruit grow-
ing. The fruit industry is confined largely to the Miami loam,
which is very well adapted to orcharding in both texture and
topography. More attention has been given to soil adaptation
in fruit growing than in connection with other crops.
Only a few farmers study the question of crop rotations and
follow a fixed rotation from year to year. The same rota-
tions are followed on nearly all the soils, regardless of their
suitability. A rotation well suited to most of the soils consists
of one or two years of small grain, with which grass seed is
sown. Hay is cut for one or two years, after which the sod
is plowed up and a cultivated crop like corn or potatoes planted.
If desired the field may be pastured for one year while it is in
grass, thereby increasing the length of the rotation. On the
Superior soils it is advisable to keep the land in hay longer
than on the Miami soils.
The methods of cultivation followed are not in all cases
those best suited to the needs of the soil. This is especially true
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 61
on the Superior clay loams. Poor drainage keeps the soil wet
until late in the spring, and in many cases the fields must be
cultivated before the soil is dry enough to work up properly.
This frequently leads to puddling of the soil, which requires
considerable time and labor to correct. Fall plowing is done
in most cases and gives good results, as the alternate freezing and
thawing in the winter and spring breaks up the lumps and kills
weed seeds and numerous insect and fungous pests. The stable
manure produced is in general carefully preserved and put back
on the land. The tendency is to cultivate the orchards with
more care than the land used for other crops. On most of the
larger orchards up-to-date machinery is used for cultivation.
Three noxious weeds are very abundant 'and troublesome
in Door County. The Canada thistle is the most common.
Many fields are completely overrun with this pest, and others
are overrun with wild mustard. Quack grass is very trouble-
some in places. These weeds are quite difficult to eradicate,
but they can be gotten rid of even where most abundant.1
The farm buildings throughout the county as a rule are
substantial and in good repair. On many of the dairy farms
good silos are in use, and more are being built yearly. In the
extremely stony sections stone fences are common. In the
southern part of the county and in areas where stones are less
numerous the fields are well fenced with barbed or woven wire.
The supply of hired help for the farm is usually insufficient,
and outside the fruit-growing sections members of the family
do most of the work except during extremely busy seasons.
In the fruit sections large numbers of workers, including boys
and girls of all ages, are brought in from outside cities dur-
ing the picking season. They are paid by the amount of fruit
picked.
The 1910 census reports 2,310 farms in Door County, with
an average size of 109 acres. Over 84 per cent of the land
in the county is in farms, and 53.4 per cent of this land is
improved, giving each farm an average of 58 acres of im-
proved land. Practically all the farms are operated by the
owners. Only 3 per cent are leased to tenants, and less than
1 per cent are operated by a hired manager. It is the custom
of the large orchard owners to engage skilled managers.
1 See Bui. Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta., Eradication of weeds.
62 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
The price of farm lands depends largely upon the type of
soil, the quantity* of stone present, and the location. The
highest-priced land in the county is in the fruit-growing section.
In the northern end of the county, where most of the soil is
shallow and stony, improved land can be purchased for $50
to $75 an acre. Farms on the Kewaunee loam not too far
from the railroad are valued at $100 or more an acre. Farms
on the sandy soils sell for $20 to $40 an acre. The 1910
census gives the average assessed value of land in Door
County as $37.90 an acre. Since that year, however, the aver-
age value has greatly increased. Cherry orchards in full bear-
ing and in good condition sell for $400 to $600 an acre.
Cherry trees produce their maximum yields when 10 to 20
years "of age. Orchards which have not reached the full-bearing
stage — that is, orchards about 5 or 6 years old, sell for $300
to $400 an acre, and young orchards about 2 years old for
$250 to $300 an acre. These prices are the average for
cherry orchards in the vicinity of Sturgeon Bay. In the north-
ern end of the peninsula the selling price is about $100 less
an acre for each class of cherry orchards.
FRUIT GROWING.
Fruit growing in Door County really began in 1983 when 10
acres of plums were set out near Sturgeon Bay. In 1896,
3 acres of cherries were set out. During the next 10 or 15
years farmers in the vicinity of Sturgeon Bay and in other
parts of the county made considerable plantings of cherrries,
.apples, plums, and small fruit. Immense crops of excellent
strawberries were produced. Until 1910 no very large plantings
of cherries had been made, only a few orchards being more
than 10 acres in extent. In the spring of 1910 one company
set out 40 acres of cherries and 20 acres of apples. During
the winter of 1911 many stock companies were organized and
in the spring thousands of cherry, apple, and plum trees were
planted. One company alone set out 200 acres of cherry trees,
which have since been increased to 700 acres. This is, as
far as known, the largest orchard of sour cherries in the world.
* For more detailed information on the planting and management
of orchards, see Buls. No. 201, 207, 269, Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta. Also re-
ports of the Wisconsin Horticultural .Society.
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 63
During 1912 and 1913 planting was caried on to an even greater
extent, not only at Sturgeon Bay but also at many other points
along the Green Bay side of the peninsula. At the present
time the acreage in fruit is estimated at 3,500 acres of cher-
ries, 1,700 acres of apples, and 200 acres of plums. Besides
this a considerable acreage is devoted to strawberries, currants,
raspberries, and other small fruits.
The Richmond and Montmorency are practically the only
varieties of cherries grown. The apples grown most exten-
sively on a commercial scale are the Wealthy, Oldenburg, Fa-
meuse, Mclntosh, Dudley, Northwestern, Tolman, and McMahon.
Some other varieties have been tried. The chief varieties of
plums grown are the Burbank, Lombard, Gueii, and Brad-
shaw.
Some grapes are produced in different parts of the county.
The varieties grown are Campbell, Moore, and Norton.
Door County is so well adapted to the growing of fruit, es-
pecially cherries, largely on account of its favorable climate
and soils. The Miami loam, on which most of the fruit is
grown, is a mellow loam soil ranging from 1 to about 4 feet
in depth, overlying limestone rock. Cherry trees have a pe-
culiar ability to take root and flourish on very shallow soil,
and in numerous cases trees planted in soil so shallow that holes
had to be blasted in the. rock have made splendid growth and
produced heavy yields. The roots penetrate the seams and
crevices and apparently obtain moisture and plant food from
the very rock. The rolling topography induces good drainage,
without which cherry trees can not grow well.
The climate of Door County is extremely well adapted to
fruit growing. The waters of Lake Michigan and Green Bay
delay the occurrence of frosts in the fall, permitting the fruit
to ripen, the buds to develop, and the new growth to mature
while the foliage is still on the tree. In the spring the cold
winds from these waters retard blossoming until danger from
frost is past. The summers are cool, with comparatively little
change in temperature from day to night, also a condition
favoring the proper development of the fruit. On the Green Bay
side of the peninsula the season is on the average about two
weeks earlier than on the Lake Michigan side, owing to the
fact that the waters of Green Bay warm up quicker in the
64 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
spring than the waters of Lake Michigan. Cherries and other
fruits grown on the Green Bay side of the county ripen and
can be put 011 the market two weeks earlier than fruit grown
on the lake side. For this reason cherry growing is confined
largely to the west side of the peninsula. In the fall, however,
the killing frosts occur earlier on the Green Bay side, owing
to the fact that the lake cools more slowly.
The principal problem which confronts the cherry grower
is to get the labor to care for the orchard and to pick the
fruit. An orchard to be- profitable requires careful plowing
and cultivating and regular spraying, and the fruit must be
picked as soon as it ripens. . On the average it takes five good
pickers per acre for a mature orchard in a good season. Some
of the larger orchard owners bring in a large number of
pickers from Milwaukee, Chicago, and other cities each season.
The pickers are housed in buildings or tents erected on the
grounds. For the last few years a summer Y. M. C. A. camp has
been maintained at Sturgeon Bay during the cherry-picking sea-
son. This camp furnishes a large number of pickers. In the im-
mediate vicinity of Sturgeon Bay children and other persons
out of employment are engaged to pick cherries. The farther
the fruit grower is from Sturgeon Bay the more difficult it is
to obtain competent help. Each season more and more pickers
will be needed, as only a small proportion of the trees planted
have reached maturity. Since the spring of 1913 110 extensive
plantings have been made except the replacing of trees that
have grown too old or have died. The average life of a cherry
tree is about 20 years. Even if no more trees are set out it is
probable that the present acreage is all that can be cared for
when the trees mature. All the trees now growing will not
reach maturity, as some orchards are planted on soil unfit for
cherry culture, where the subsoil may be too heavy, the topog-
raphy too level, and the drainage deficient. Some orchards
have been greatly injured or even ruined by improper care
or poor methods of cultivation. Spraying, which yearly be-
comes more important with increase in fungous diseases and
insect pests, is sometimes neglected.
The first step toward solving the problem of marketing cher-
ries and other fruits so as to obtain the highest prices was
taken in 1910, with the organization of the Door County Fruit
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 65
Exchange. This organization sells all the fruit collectively
and does away with local competition. This has recently been
reorganized into the Door County Fruit Growers' Union. This
organization also has a canning factory for fruits of all kinds.
The business is handled by a manager elected by the board of
directors. The highest market prices are received and the
results obtained are much more satisfactory than before organ-
ized marketing existed. Most of the cherries are marketed in
Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and other cities of the Northwest.
In the future the acreage devoted to apple will undoubtedly
increase. Apples are not nearly so perishable as cherries, they
do not require so many pickers per acres, and are not neces-
sarily marketed immediately after being gathered as is the case
with cherries. The life of an apple tree is considerably longer
than that of a cherry tree. Door County is situated near
good markets, such as Chicago, Milwaukee, and the Twin Cities
and can successfully compete with western apples.
Clean, thorough cultivation is essential in cherry growing.
The orchards are cultivated at regular intervals until about
the 10th of July. In young orchards a cover crop is sown
in the late summer or early fall. This serves as a protection
during the winter and when plowed under in the spring it
increases the supply of organic matter in the soil. In young
orchards various cultivated crops are sometimes grown between
the rows of trees. The soil would require thorough cultivation
even if no crops were grown and this use of the land gives
the owner a source of income before the orchard comes into bear-
ing. Potatoes, beans, and strawberries are the crops usually
grown in orchards. In old orchards no cover crop is ordinarily
grown, weeds being allowed to grow up after cultivation is over
for the season. The mature orchards are not plowed each year as
are the young orchards, but are first worked with a disk harrow
and cultivated during the season with some other harrow or
cultivator. Most of the growers practice hoeing around the
trees where the harrow can not be used. This not only kills
the weeds but also covers up the old, fallen leaves in which
are harbored fungous and other diseases.
Up to the present time the only fertilizer used in cherry
growing has been stable manure. Best results have been ob-
tained by applying manure yearly around the trees to cover
5 — D. C.
66 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY.
an area somewhat larger than the spreading branches. With
young trees just coming into bearing there is danger of manur-
ing too heavily, as heavy applications of fertilizer high in nitro-
gen may produce tree growth instead of fruit. It is probable
that commercial fertilizers will have to be resorted to before
long.
Spraying is recognized as a necessity in orcharding. To be
effective, spraying must be done thoroughly at the proper time,
and with the proper materials. The three most common cherry
pests are the shot-hole fungus, the brown rot, and the black
aphis. The most common pests of the apple are the codling
moth, aphis, scab, oyster-shell scale, and fire blight.
"In the earlier days of cherry culture, when the life history
of the shothole fungus was not fully known, its ravages ruined
some orchards. Eecently it has been shown that it overwinters
on the fallen leaves, and with this understanding the burying of
the leaves by early spring culture combined with a revised
spraying program has given adequate control".*
The care and management of apple and plum trees is prac-
tically the same as that for cherry trees, except that the time of
spraying and the kind of spray materials vary, with difference
in the fungus and insect pests.
* From statement of Prof. L. *R. Jones, Division of Plant Pathology,
University of Wisconsin. This Division js constantly studying and
investigating various plant diseases and pests which do injury to farm,
garden and orchard crops. New programs for spraying, and improved
methods of fighting these pests are being worked out For special in-
formation concerning plant diseases, insect pests, and how to combat
them, those interested should write the Wisconsin Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Madison, Wis.
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 67
CLIMATE.
The climate of Door County is milder on the Green Bay side
of the peninsula than on the. Lake Michigan side. This is due
to the fact that the lake being a much larger body of water
is influenced much more slowly by the seasonal changes in
temperature than are the waters of Green Bay. As the waters*
of the Bay warm up earlier in the season, and also ' reach a
higher temperature than the waters of the lake, the land border-
ing these respective bodies of water is influenced accordingly.
The average annual precipitation for Door County is a little
over 31 inches. The greater part of the precipitation comes
during the growing season, when most needed. During each
of the six months from April to September, inclusive, the mean
rainfall reaches 2.5 inches or more. There are times, however,
during nearly every season when crops suffer from lack of
moisture.
The Weather Bureau Station at Sturgeon Bay is located
on the Ship Canal near Lake Michigan, and but little above
the level of the lake As the following records were secured
from this station they represent only the condition which pre-
vails along the Lake Michigan shore. Observations over a
number of years, and the practical farming experience of the
region indicates that the growing season on the Green Bay side
of the peninsula is approximately two weeks longer than on the
lake side.
The mean temperature for the three winter months as re-
corded at Sturgeon Bay is 20.4° F. and for the months
of June, July, and August, 63.9° F. The average date of the
first killing frost in the fall as recorded at Sturgeon Bay for
the seven-year period 1909 to 1915, inclusive, is October 2 and
that of the last in the spring May 25, giving the region in
the immediate vicinity of the Weather Bureau Station an aver-
age growing season of 129 days. This is practically as long
as the growing season at North Yakima, Wash., and Hamilton,
Mont., the centers of the two leading fruit districts of the West.
The favorable climate of Door County is the principal factor
in making it such an important fruit growing district. The
winters are milder than in regions farther south removed from
lake influences, they are freer from prolonged cold snaps, and
the snow which covers the ground almost continually from De-
68
SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE
69
comber 1 to April 1 prevents deep freezing of the soil. There
is an absence of the extremes in temperature which permit of
alternate freezing and thawing in the winter. The cool waters
of Lake Michigan and Green Bay cause late springs, which re-
tard blossoming until the danger from frost is passed. The
summers are cool and clear, with a comparatively uniform tem-
perature from beginning to end, so that the fruit develops- prop-
erly and produces good quality and color. In the fall the sur-
rounding water, being warm from the summer's heat, prolongs
the season and wards off early frost, enabling the fruit buds
to develop properly and the new growth to mature.
In the following table are shown the normal monthly, seasonal,
and annual temperature as recorded at Sturgeon Bay, and the
normal and extreme monthly, seasonal, and annual temperature
and precipitation as recorded at Green Bay:
Temperature and precipitation at Sturgeon Bay and Green Bay.
Month.
Tempera ture.
Precipitation at Green Bay.
At Stur-
geon Bay
At Green Bay.
Mean.
Mean.
Absolute
max-
imum.
Absolute
min-
imum.
Mean.
Total
amount
for the
driest
year.
Total
amount
for the
wettest
year.
Inches,
0.99
.91
.83
2.73
December
°F.
24.7
18.7
17.9
~20".4~
°F.
21.3
14.6
17.2
17.7
°F.
52
51
59
59
°F.
—21
36
-33
—36
Inches.
1.81
1.69
1.60
5.10
Inches.
1.78
1.96
.74
4.48
January
February'
Winter
March
26.6
39.7
49.0
26.8
40.7
54.5
82
84
91
-23
11
26
—23
2.40
2.44
3.57
.41
1.21
4.28
.87
2.75
4.42
~~8.04~
April
May
Spring
38.4
40.7
91
8.41
5.90
June
60.4
65.7
65.7
65.1
69.5
67.0
100
100
98
~~~34~
43
40
3.55
3.51
3.10
2.37
1.44
3.71
8.68
4.95
5.25
July
August
Summer
September
63.9
67.2
100
34
10.16
7.52
18.89
59.5
47.6
34.7
4?T~
59.1
47.1
32.5
95
84
69
25
8
-12
3.12
2.37
1.96
1.24
.40
1.50
4.86
1.73
1.78
October
November
Fall
46.2
95
-12
7.45
3.14
8.37
Year
42.6
43.0
100
-36
31.12
21.04
38.03
70 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY
SUMMARY.
Door County is situated in the eastern part of Wisconsin, on
Lake Michigan. It lies within the glaciated-limestone region and
its surface varies from undulating to gently rolling. Over much
of its area the soils are shallow and quite stony. Its total
area, including Washington and Chambers Islands, is 469 square
miles or 300,160 acres.
The first permanent settlements in Door County were made
about 1852. The county was originally heavily wooded, and
for a long period lumbering was the chief industry. Nearly
all the desirable land in the county is now in farms, and much
of the soil is under cultivation.
The population, 1910, was 18,711. Sturgeon Bay, the county
seat, had, in that year, a population of 4,262.
There are only about 15 miles of railroad in the county, but
good wagon roads and automobile stage lines reach all sections.
The Late Wisconsin drift is the surface formation covering
Door County. The bedrock is Niagara limestone. The red clay
extensively developed in the southern part of the county is
of lacustrine origin, but since its deposition has been modified
more or less by glacial action.
Excluding Rough stony land, Peat, Much, and Beach sand,
6 soil series are recognized in the county.
The Miami series consists of light-colored, timbered upland
soils derived from glacial limestone material. This is the most
extensive and important series in the county. The loam is the
predominating type, and it is on this soil that most of the
cherries are grown. The silt loam is well adapted to general
farming, and dairying is becoming an important industry.
The Superior series is derived from both lake-laid and ice-laid
material, and is characterized by having heavy, red clay in either
the surface soil or subsoil. The loam is the predominating type,
but there is also considerable acreage of the clay loam and fine
sandy loam. The soils of this series make an excellent general
farming land, well adapted to dairying.
The Poygan loam is closely associated with the Kewaunee and
Superior soils and is of the same origin, but it has a black
surface soil with a red clay subsoil. It occupies low, wet, and
poorly drained areas where there has been a large accumulation
of organic matter.
GENERAL AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE 71
The Clyde series consists of black soils of alluvial or lacustrine
origin occupying old lake beds, ponded valleys, or first-bottom
areas along the streams. These soils are low and poorly drained,
but they are very productive and give good yields when drained
and improved.
The Fox series includes light-colored soils in glaciated-lime-
stone regions occupying outwash plains or stream terraces. The
series is not very extensive in this county.
The Plainfield sand and fine sand are of small extent and
of little importance. They are light-colored soils of alluvial
origin, derived largely from sandstone formations. They are
loose and open, and droughty during at least a part of each
growing season.
Peat occurs in numerous areas of varying size in different
parts of the county. It consists of vegetable matter in various
stages of decomposition, with small amounts of mineral matter.
At present most of this land is wet and undrained and of no
agricultural use whatever, but much of it can be drained and
made into valuable land.
Muck includes highly organic soils intermediate between Peat
and the Clyde soils. It is not very extensive in Door County.
Beach sand consists of material which ~ lias J been washed 011
shore by the waves and blown by the wind so as to have a
broken, bumpy topography. Much of it is shifting sand dunes,
and it is of little value.
Rough stony land comprises steep, rocky slopes or rock out-
crops where the land is too broken or the soil too shallow and
stony for cultivation.
The agriculture of Door County embraces fruit growing,
dairying, and the production of general fruit, canning, and
truck crops. The cherry is the fruit most extensively produced.
The climate and soil are apparently ideal for this fruit, and
over 3,500 acres have been set in orchards^ The apple also
thrives,
The climate of Door County is favorable for general farming
dairying, and fruit growing. The mean annual temperature is
about 43° F., the mean annual precipitation about 31 inches, and
the average length of the growing season about 129 days. The
waters of Green Bay and Lake Michigan stabilize frost occur-
rence and make conditions ideal, in this respect, for fruit grow-
ing.
72 SOIL SURVEY OF DOOR COUNTY
The length of growing season as here indicated is based
upon temperature records taken at the station on the Canal
near the Lake Michigan shore, where the influence of Lake Mich-
igan is very pronounced. The growing season on the Green Bay
side of the peninsula is approximately two weeks longer than
it is on the Lake Michigan side.
KEEP THE MAP
The Experiment Station will publish bulletins from time to
time dealing with the management of the different types mapped,
so that some way should be found by each person receiving a
copy of this report to keep a map permanently. It the map is
folded in such a way as to have the part you arc interested in of
a convenient size, and then have a simple frame with glass made
to hold it, it can be kept indefinitely. Since some of the colors
fade after being exposed to strong light for a long time, it would
be a good plan to have a protecting flap of dark cloth over the
map when not in use.
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