Soil surveys--Forestry

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SOIL SURVEYS—FORESTRY

SPEECHES

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HON. CHAUNCEY MS) EPEW

OER NEW. YOrRucK

IN THE

SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

MAY 7 ann APRIL 30, 1908
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WASHINGTON
1908

42170—7749

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SPEECHES

HON. CHAUNCHY M. DEPEW.

FORESTRY.
May 7, 1908.

The Senate, as in Committee of the, Whole, having under considera-
tion the bill (H. R. 19158) making appropriations for the Department
of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909—

Mr. DEPEW said:

Mr. Presipent: I listened with great interest to the remarks
of the eloquent Senator from Idaho when this bill was last
under discussion. He illuminates every subject which he touches,
but some of us are compelled to differ with him upon his prem-
ises, his facts, and his conclusions. If we were back at the
time when the country“was all forests and wilderness and
there were few settlements, his argument would be most im-
pressive, but even under such conditions the flaw in it is
that as scientific forestry is now understood and practiced
the early settlers, instead of sweeping off the woods with reck-
less haste and waste, would have preserved a portion of them
for the benefit of themselves and their posterity, both in wood
supply and for water.

There are few subjects upon which the American people are
so keenly alive as this one of forestry. I do not believe there
is any branch of the Government where the appropriation com-
mands more general approbation. The forests on the public
domain are an estate belonging to the whole people of the United
States. The cost of their houses and food largely depends in
the future upon scientific forestry. It has been our habit always
to get all possible out of the present without reckoning the
future. We nearly killed off our game and exterminated our
song birds and insect-destroying birds for sport before we be-
came alive to the necessity of their preservation. .

We had reduced the fish in our rivers to a point where this
food was no longer available at prices which brought it within
reach of the people before we adopted a system of fish hatch-
eries. In some of the rivers when shad was thus propagated

the fishermen, who thought the price might be reduced by an
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abundance of fish, attempted to assassinate the commissioners
of the State. Within our reecent-memory we have been de-
pleting the forests of the country. It has been done-by the
most wasteful methods. The business has made some ‘of the
Jargest of multimillionaire fortunes. Now, in the older States,
tree planting is considered as necessary for agriculture or for
profit as tree cutting in the olden time was essential for the
clearings.

The State of New York has within the last few years spent
nearly two millions of dollars in purchasing what remained of
primeval forests in the Adirondack region. They were being so
rapidly depleted by wasteful lumbering that the effect was
already disastrous upon the navigation of the rivers, water for
the canals, irrigation of the farms, and the prevention of floods.
It was only day before yesterday that_a shipment of a million
trees arrived in New York City from Germany in this movement
to reforest the Adirondack region.

We have in the United States now a supply of timber suffi-
cient only for the next thirty years. When we consider the
economical uses of wood this is appalling. It will be a serious
blow to the poor man seeking to secure a home and independence
when his material must be either steel, brick, or concrete. The
cost then becomes prohibitive. Already hard wood for furniture
and domestic purposes has so risen in price as to prove a seri-
ous tax upon the homes of the American people. TEyery tree
that is cut down for ties for the railroad requires two growing
enes to replace it, and forests are cut from year to year to sup-
ply the tremendous demands of our 200,000 miles of railreads.
Every one of our great dailies exhaust in’a short time 10 acres
of spruce cut for wood pulp. There is no doubt that if our
forests were thrown open as heretofore a few great lumber com-
panies would make enormous fortunes, but at an expense to the
whole people of the United States in generations to come which
would be a thousandfold more than the fortunes thus accumu-
lated in one generation to be dissipated in another.

Mr. Cleveland, who did many things in his Administration
for which he will receive the praise of posterity, commenced
the policy of forest reserves. He placed under the protec-

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tion of the Government about 20,000,000 acres, but for several
years there was no policy of administration for the forests.
On the contrary, they were practically locked up. This left
them subject to forest fires and timber thieves. Unpopularity
of this isolation of a product of public necessity led whole
communities to condone the stealing of the wood. In 1898 Mr.
Gifford Pinchot was asked to take the head of a Bureau of
Forestry. He was at that time the only thoroughly educated
and experienced forester in the United States. There were
only, two others besides himself who had ever given attention
or study to the business. He was, happily, so situated as to
independence that he could lay aside careers which were open
to him in the professional and business world, where large
accumulations might have been had, to devote his time, talents,
and experience to the public service. This he has done for
ten years with astonishing and most beneficent results. When
he took up the work the United States had but , 40,000,000
acres of this locked-up and unadministered forests. Now there
are one hundred and fifty millions, but so managed that the pub-
lic of the whole country are deriving inestimable benefits from
their preservation and use. Mr. Pinchot, as a profound student
of this question, had not only learned methods and results in
older countries, but experimented practically upon the estate
of,a gentleman who was deeply interested in the preservation
of the woods.

It is an illuminating experience for an American to travel
over the continent of Hurope and to see the care and scientific
skill with which governments there look after the woods. I
know of communities in Germany where the forests, owned in
common by the municipality, pay the entire taxes by their
annual yield under a system by which they are kept unim-
paired. Happily for Switzerland, the early inhabitants, over a
thousand years ago, saw the effects upon their hillsides and yal-
leys of the destruction of the forests. After visiting deforested
mountain sides and devasted valleys in the United States, it is a
liberal education to see the Swiss mountains cultivated up to
the snow line, the farm houses perched so high that they look
like fairy cabins in the air, and the trees so growing as to

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eatch and hold the rainfall and the water from the melting
snow. Except for this intelligent care Switzerland would to-
day be uninhabitable, these farms would long ago have disap-
peared from the mountain sides, the valley farms would have
peen destroyed by torrents, and the streams rendered useless by
the uneven fall of the water. There is almost as much care in
Switzerland, Germany, and France of the tree as there is of a
human being to prevent injury or to punish injury.

These countries not only keep their forests up to a full state
of efficiency and replacement, but they derive an income of from 2
$3 to $5 an acre from them. There was more wastefulness of
the forest in France than in any other of the European coun-
tries; but in repairing this France has been spending about
$50,000,000 in reforestation. During the last year the floods
destroyed in some departments of France twenty-five to thirty
millions of property and ruined thousands of families. The
French have found that this was wholly due to cutting the
zvees from the hillsides, and it has led to an enormous increase
of efforts for reforestation.

I had occasion at one time to study the Appalachian situa-
tion in our own country, and I came to the conclusion that with
the deforesting of the Appalachian Mountains, which has al-
ready taken place, there has been a loss along the rivers which
find their sources in these hills of more than $20,000,000, a
year.

Mr. BRANDEGEE. Mr. President

The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from New York
yield to the Senator from Connecticut?

Mr. DEPEW. Certainly.

Mr. BRANDEGEDR. Let me suggest to the Senator that not
only are floods caused by deforestation, but the floods are suc-
ceeded by droughts, which destroy the navyigability of the

streams.

Mr. DEPEW. That is absolutely true. The droughts not
only destroy the navigability of the streams, but the streams
are filled up. %

Que of the greatest triumphs, in my judgment, of Mr. Pinchot

and of his able assistants has been that he has captured the
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intelligent lumbermen of the country. The lumbermen of the
country see already the necessity of the work he is doing. I
think it was at the last meeting of the Lumber Association of
the United States that they passed resolutions to endow a chair
of forestry in one or mere of the universities of the country.
Of course there are some great interests that are still opposed
to this forest-reserve policy—and those great interests are
sustained by honest, well-meaning, and intelligent people

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. Mr. President 2

The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from New York
yield to the Senator from Wyoming?

Mr. DEPEW. Certainly.

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. I dislike to interrupt the Sen-
ator

Mr. DEPEW. It is all right.

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. But for my personal information
I should like to be advised as to what the great interests are

and of whom they are composed that are opposing the forest
policy ?

Mr. DEPEW. I understand that many of the great sheep
interests are opposed to the forest policy, and I understand that
many of the cattle raisers are opposed to the forest policy, and
I understand that many lumber companies

and they have come
into these forests in spite of everybody and everything—are
opposed to the forestry policy.

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. The Senator, however, would not
attempt to specialize as to what lumber interests are in favor
of the policy and what lumber interests are opposing it?

Mr. DEPEW. No; I would not do that; but I know human
nature and how it works, and I know how it has worked ‘in the
past. I call the Senator’s attention especially to how the lum-
ber interests have worked when they have had their own sweet
will, unrestricted by the Government or by anything but their
own judgment, in Wisconsin, in Minnesota, and in Michigan.

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. I would ask the Senator whether
or not he is informed that the largest private lumber interests
in the world, the Weyerhauser interests, are in favor of the
exact policy which the Forest Reserve Service is now carry-
ing on?

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Mr. DEPEW. Because they have been converted.

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. After having acquired, substan-
tially, all of the lumber in the United States save that which
is owned by the Government.

Mr. DEPEW. Mr. Weyerhauser has got enough. He knows
that if the Government should yield what it has, he would get
that; but he does not want nor think it wise to have it all in
private ownership.

Mr. FLINT. Mr. President

The VICE-PRESIDENT. . Does the Senator from New York
yield to the Senator from California?

Mr. DEPEW. Certainly.

Mr. FLINT. I would suggest to the Senator from Wyoming
that if the forest reserves had not been created the timber

that has now been preserved and is in the forest reserves would
be in Mr. Weyerhauser’s possession, and he would have control
ef every bit of the timber in the United States.

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. I am afraid the Senator from
California misapprehended my position. I want to assure him
that I am in favor of forest-reserves and not against them.

Mr. FLINT. I understand that.

Mr. DEPEW. Mr. President, under the administration of
Mr. Pinchot the work of forestry has been carried to the woods,
where it ought to be done. It is no longer mere bureau work
of secretaries and bookkeepers. In 1900 we had about eleven
foresters in this country who understood the business, and in
1908 we have more than twelve hundred. All European coun-
tries have schools of forestry, where young men are educated
to enter upon forest care, both for the public and for private
individuals as a career. One of the greatest successes of Mr.
Younchot is that he has convinced the lumbermen themselves
how unwise it is to destroy in a few years this source of peren-
nial wealth. There is no greater reproduction in actual life
of the fable of the goose that laid the golden egg than the
cutting off of the forests. Thelumbermen now understand that,
and at their annual meeting they decided to endow chairs of
forestry in some of the universities. Under the system pur-

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sued up to the present time the waste was incalculable and
irreparable. That lumberman made the most money—and
making money was all that was desired—who could best select
the trees which would pay the best and could be most rapidly
and cheaply cut down and conveyed to the sawmill or the
market. Each year saw tens of thousands of acres rendered
worthless for all farming or agricultural purposes forever.

But they saw more than that. These vast fields were the
storage reservoirs of the rains which held the floods and dis-
tributed the water during the dry seasons so that the streams
were kept up, navigation was secured, and farms could be irri-
gated. But with the woods taken off, the humus gathered there -
for centuries acting as a sponge to hold the water, the soil
was swept into the streams and down upon the bottom lands,
and then at the seasons of the melting snow or the big rainfalls
the torrents did incalculable damage to vast regions of country.

We do not have to theorize or romance in order to establish
the disastrous results of our former practice of lumbering.
Corporations and individuals were working at their own free
will and without any Government supervision or control. Fifty
years. ago the white pine forests around the Great Lakes
stretched continuously across the northern part of the States of
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. They were the greatest
aggregation in one body of this valuable wood in the world.

To-day white pine has become so scarce and expensive as to be
almost inaccessible to the ordinary purchaser. In these forests
a half century ago was the almost incalculable amount of 350,-
000,600,000 feet, board measure. The great lumber companies
rushed in, each striving to outdo the other in the harvest of the
woods. They cut at the rate of nearly $,000,000,000 feet, board
measure, a year. They reduced the price by competition so that
it paid only to take the best trees. The cuttings and the slash-
ings and the slabs were left and became fuel for forest fires.
These fires, fanned by the fierce winds of the North, burned over
the areas from which the wood kad been cut and into the woods
themselves. They burned up the rich soil which had accumu-
lated for centuries and left only the sand underneath. Tien

came the floods which washed these sands into the rivers, so
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that many of the streams of the Northwest which were formerly
navigable are now useless. Not only was it made impossible for
these woods to grow again, but the whole region became an arid
and uninhabitable waste.

The statement has been made that forests cut down this way
will easily reproduce themselves without assistance or care,
but it takes eighty years for a white-pine tree to reach ma-
turity where it can be profitably cut. The lumbermen, in sweep-
ing off the trees that were marketable and burning the rest,
destroyed the possibility of a new growth, and the same would
happen if our present forests were thrown open to this de-
. Structive competition. We must remember all the while that
this destrucion is upon the public domain belonging to the
people of the United States, and of the property which should
be for all time a source of protection and revenue to the people
of the United States.

With all the figures that were presented here in regard to
Idaho being deprived of her population in the future because
of forest reserves within her borders, if I have calculated cor-
rectly from the figures given—I have not had an opportunity
to examine them since—there is only 5 per cent of Idaho in
forest reserves. But under the intelligent supervision and
under the intelligent care of the foresters to-day we accomplish
many things. They are running roads through the forests, to
which they objected. They are extending telegraph and tele-
phone lines through the forests, which were objected to.

Mr. BORAH. Mr. President

The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from New York
yield to the Senator from Idaho?

Mr. DEPEW. Certainly.

Mr. BORAH. I simply wish to ask if the Senator stated that
the forest reserves in Idaho are only 5 per cent?

Mr. DEPEW. That is the figure I have arrived at from the
statistics presented. Is it more?

Mr. BORAH. I think it is 30 per cent.

Mr. DEPHW. It is my mistake. I made the mental calcula-

tion as the Senator’s colleague spoke yesterday. They are run-
ning telegraph and telephone lines through these forests, with
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the result that there is free communication in the forests, with
the result that the homesteader can go through the forests,
and the wood can be got out.

It is said the homesteader is deprived of his claim. But
under the law passed two years ago any Jand within the forest
area which is fit for homesteading can be located the same as
it could ever have been before.

Mr. CLARK of Wyoming. I will ask the Senator if he is
informed of the fact that the proclamations creating the forest
reserves since that time have especially warned every person
from making settlement therein?

Mr. DEPEW. I do not know what proclamations have been
issued. But the law has not been repealed, and every home-
steader has his right under the law, and any prociamation
which is in violation of the law is invalid; and I do not think
such a proclamation would stand for an instant.

Mr. SMOOT. Mr. President——

The VICE-PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from New York
yield to the Senator from Utah?

Mr. DHPHW. Certainly.

Mr. SMOOT. For the information of the Senator from
Wyoming I will state that no matter whether proclamations
have been issued or not, the people are now going into the
forest reserves and making homestead entries there, and within
the last few months over a thousand have been made in the
forest reserves in this country.

Mr. DEPEW.: There is another way in which the home-
steader is protected. He has a home on the outside of the forest
reserve, and under the administration of this great Depart-
ment he can get wood free out of the forest for his house and
his fences and his domestic purposes, while if the lands were
in private hands, he would be fenced out and he would have no
such privileges.

In the course of the debate on this question at various times
there has been much said about these woods being cleared to
furnish homes, but our experience has been that the methods
we have adopted for the clearing of the woods have destroyed

thousands upon thousands of homes already in existence and
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left no region within what was the woods which could be util-
ized for homes.

Asia in ancient times supported myriads of people in coun-
tries which are now practically arid deserts: Modern scientists
have demonstrated that this vast destruction of the productive
power of the earth to sustain human beings has been the result
of the waste of the wocds.

Our forestry system, under Mr. Pinchot and his assistants,
has gone far enough to demonstrate that the woods instead of
being destroyed in thirty years can last productively forever
for the people of the United States. With a sufficient number
of trained foresters, with pathways and roadways, with tele-
phone and telegraph lines for communication, and with proper
apparatus, fires are reduced to a minimum and loss from that
cause is practically eliminated. An intelligent cutting of se-
lected trees and conservation of growing ones keeps the for-
ests for all time in healthy and productive conditions. We are
exhausting the wealth with which nature has so richly endowed
us at a terrific pace. It is estimated that in a hundred years
our coal will be gone; that within fifty years our iron ore will
be exhausted, and our other minerals will be used up with
equal rapidity.

But the forest is never exhausted. It replenishes itself. It
is a perpetual source of reyenue, safety, health, and income,
and gives to the people of the country comfort and wealth,
without cost to the National Treasury. Experience and criti-
cism have done away with every complaint which can be legiti-
mately laid against forest reserves. Instead of the land being
taken out of public use, it is preserved for the public use. In-
stead of grazing upon the public domain being a privilege of the
strongest and the most unscrupulous, it is now under the super-
vision and operation of the Bureau of Forestry, brought within
the reach of every citizen who chooses to avail himself of the
opportunity. Of course cattlemen of great resources, who, few
in numbers, have virtually captured the whole grazing country
belonging to the United States, make ceaseless war upon this
opening to every citizen of his opportunity. Of course the
more unscrupulous of the lumbermen, who would combine and

seize upon and then destroy the forests, are opposed to the
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system of preservation, conservation, and sale of the timber,
without favors to any.

The home seeker can not complain, because if there is any
part of the forests fit for him he can locate his farm. If he
has laid out his home upon the borders of the forest, it is not
the property of a gigantic lumber company which fences him
out, but under the rules of the Bureau of Forestry he is per-
mitted to take the trees that are necessary for his fences or
his house and also the ground for the pasture of his stock.
Citizens seeking health or sport find that they are no longer
fenced out or driven out, but that the woods belonging to the
Government, and, therefore, to the people, are open to them,
and that the protection granted by the methods carried out
by the fire wardens protect them from that danger. It has
been said that the United States has no right to go into the
lumber or grazing or cattle or sheep or goat business, but the
United States has the right, instead of letting a few individuals
or corporations have the public domain for nothing, to grant the
privilege to all the people who desire to take advantage of it
of entering upon the lumber or cattle or stock business within
the public domain, upon such terms that the people of the
country shall not be taxed to pay for the privileges which these
few citizens enjoy. Those who make money by using these
forests should ceniribute a portion of the cost of their admin-
istration and preservation.

The administration of the forestry division of the Govern-
ment compares favorably not only with every other depart-
ment, but with any private business in the country.. The for-
estry administration in 1899 was without revenue to the Goy-
ernment, but in 1901 the Bureau had been practically organ-
ized. Then the cost of administration was $325,000 and the
receipts $296,000. In 1907 there was a profit of about $150,600,
and in 1908 the area of the forest reserves had risen from
about 40,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres. The cost of adminis-
tration was, in round numbers, $3,400,000. If we take out of
that the permanent improvements and the forestry investiga-
tion, which is also a permanent improvement, the cost of the
administration was only $1,450,000 and the receipts $2,000,000.

To show how the people of the Umited States, without favorit-
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ism, are enjoying the privileges of grazing within these forests,
and for which a small charge is made per head, the number of
cattle in 1901 was, in round numbers, 278,000, and in 1907,
1,200,000; of sheep and goats in 1901, 1,214,000, and in 1907,
6,660,000.

The Government received fer these grazing privileges in 1906
$515,000, and in 1907, $864,000. The timber sold in board feet
in 1904 was 113,000,000, and in 1907 1,045,000,000. The receipts
from sales of timber was, in 1904, $58,000, and in 1907, $687,000.

Mr. President, I submit as an irrefutable proposition that no
other Department of the Government can show results like
these. Our one hundred and sixty millions for pensions is a
debt of gratitude to the men who fought to save the Union and
those dependent upon them. Our two hundred millions a year
for the Army and Nayy are for the public defense in case of
war. Our hundreds of thousands for the diplomatic and con-
sular service are for peace and commerce. Our taxation
through the tariff and the internal revenue are to pay this vast
debt of gratitude and the annual expense of maintaining our
position as a world power. We spend eighty millions nearly
every year for rivers and harbors, and forty of that is thrown
away because the streams are filled up again from the floods
following the deforestation of the lands.

But here is a Bureau which preserves the streams for naviga-
tion and irrigation, preserves the mountain sides and the val-
leys with their productive possibilities for the farmer, pre-
serves the timber for the manifold uses which are the necessi-
ties of the American people, and keeps down the price of the lum-
ber so that it will remain within the economical reach of our
citizens. At the same time it is carried on with such skill, efli-
ciency, and integrity that, while thus preserving and enriching
the nation, its administration is without cost to the Govern-
ment, but, on the contrary, an annual profit is paid into the
Treasury.

Sir, I trust that the amendment of the Senator from Idaho,
prohibiting the transportation of wood out of any State, will be
yoted down, and that this appropriation, paid for already with-
out taxation and without cost, will be passed as it came in the
recommendation from the Secretary of Agriculture.

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15
SOIL SURVEYS.
April 30, 1908.

Mr. DEPEW. Mr. President, I dislike always in any way to
disagree with the conclusions reached by a committee, and
would not in this case have said anything if there had not been
such a radical change in the bill as it passed the House.

The Senator from Wyoming [Mr. Warren] asks us where our
information comes from, and if by any possibility it may be
better than that which the committee received. My informa-
tion comes from agricultural societies and granges in the State
of New York. I have a letter here from a distinguished agri-
culturist inclosing a speech made by one of the members of
the New York delegation during the debate when this subject
was up before the House of Representatives.

It seems to me that the only question at issue is the time
which will be involved in the performance of this work. Every-
body admits the necessity for the work and its enormous value.
The question is, shall it be done rapidly or shall it be spread
over a longer period, and that depends upon the amount of the
appropriation.

The information which I have received from these people
who are so deeply interested and who have consulted with the
Bureau of Soils is that the difference in this appropriation as it
passed the House and is cut down by the Senate committee
makes just double the time required to perform the work al-
ready mapped out.

This Bureau has done valuable service to the agricultural in-
terests of the State of New York. The surveys which it has
made in the counties along the Lake region in regard to grape
culture have enriched that industry in that part of the State.
They are now engaged in two kinds of work which interest
greatly the farmers of New York, one in relation to the aban-
doned farms in the Southern tier and the other the cultivation
of alfalfa for the dairy interests.

One would hardly suppose that there were abandoned farms
in the State of New York, but it is a fact that in some of the
counties in the southern tier the soil has become exhausted.

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The people of the locality can not, by their own efforts, carry
on ‘the investigations which are necessary to make those farms
sufficiently productive for profit or even for a living. The re-
sult is that farms are abandoned. The work which has already
been done in a limited way by the Bureau of Soils survey has
brought many of those farms into production again, and the
whole of that section is looking with the liveliest interest to an ~
immediate and energetic continuation of the work because of

the results following what the Bureau has already done.

The dairy interests of New York are among the largest in the
United States, and those interests have been suffering by the
exhaustion of dairy soil and are alive to the necessity of find-
ing fresh materials for feeding stock. It has been found that
this necessity is abundantly supplied by alfalfa if the soil can
be located which will economically and profitably produce it.

That has been discovered in a great district, nearly 400 miles
in Jength, between Albany and the Lakes.

Now, constituents of mine who are interested personally, and
public-spirited citizens whose studies are in the line of agri-
culture, feel that unless this additional appropriation is made
the work both of reclaiming farms and producing alfalfa will
be delayed, to the infinite disadvantage of the agricultural in-
terests of the State of New York.

We find that the committee of the House appropriated, on the
information which they had, $170,000. Then, in the debate, on
information received from practical farmers on the floor of the
House, the amount was raised there to $323,000. Now, the Sen-
ate committee, on further testimony, has reduced it to $200,000.

So the whole discussion, from its origin in the House com-
mittee until its arrival on the floor here, demonstrates that it is
a fluid question, to be determined by the information we can
derive from any source where that information can be procured.

Under the circumstances, Mr. President, I am compelled,
mueh as I regret it, to differ from the conclusions of the com-
mittee and to vote for the restoration of the amount passed by
the House of Representatives.

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