Some results of recent anthropological exploration in Peru, with four plates

UC-NRLF

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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

ANTHROPOLOGY
ALFRED L. KROEBER

COLLECTION

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 16

SOME RESULTS OF RECENT

ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXPLORATION

IN PERU

WITH FOUR PLATES

DR. ALES HRDL1CKA

Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum

( PUBLICATION 2005)

CITY OF WASHINGTON

PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1911

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOLUME 56, NUMBER 16

SOME RESULTS OF RECENT

ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXPLORATION

IN PERU

WITH FOUR PLATES

DR. ALES HRDLICKA
*»

Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum

(PUBLICATION 2005)

CITY OF WASHINGTON

PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1911

tl/Uf)

RAI.TIMOKK, Ml) , C.

Anthropology
Add'l

SOME RESULTS OF RECENT ANTHROPOLOGICAL
EXPLORATION IN PERU1

BY DR. ALES HRDLICKA,
Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum

(WITH FOUR PLATES)

Peru may well be regarded, even in its present territorial restric-
tion, as the main key to the anthropology of South America. Due
to the numbers of its ancient inhabitants, and to their far reaching
social differentiations, indicating long occupancy, a good knowledge
of the people of Peru from the earliest times is very desirable, and
would constitute a solid basis from which it should be relatively
easy to extend anthropological comparison to all the rest of the
native peoples of the Southern Continent.

We know already, in a general way, that Peru, shortly before the
conquest, was peopled by three or four larger " races " or strains of
Indians: The Aymara (d'Orbigny) and the Quechua, in the central
and southern highlands; the Huancas (Tschudi), in the north, and
the Yungas (Calancha) or Chinchas (Tschudi), along the coast.2
Besides this, a considerable number of unclassified tribes existed in
the northeastern and northern regions of the great territory. These
various peoples are known to have spoken a number of different

1 Paper read before the Seventeenth International Congress of American-
ists, City of Mexico, September, 1910, by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, representative
of Smithsonian Institution at Congress of Americanists at Buenos Aires,
May 16 to 21, 1910, and at City of Mexico, September 7 to 14, 1910.

2 Calancha, A. de. Chronica moralizada del Orden de San Augustin en
el Peru, etc. 2 vols. Barcelona, 1639-1653.

Cieza, P. de. La Chronica del Peru. Sevilla, 1553. Anvers, 1554; Eng-
lish Transl., London, 1864-1883 (Hakluyt Soc. Pubs. Nos. 33 and 68).

Garcilasso de la Vega. Historia general del Peru. Cordova, 1616; Lon-
don, 1688.

D'Orbigny, D. A. Voyage dans 1'Amerique meridionale, etc. 9 vols., 4°.
Paris, 1835-1847.

Rivero, E. de, and J. J. v. Tschudi. Antiguedades Peruanas. 4°. Vien,
1851 ; Transl. in English. 8°. New York, 1853.

Tschudi, J. J. v. On the Ancient Peruvians. 8°. London, 1884. Travels
in Peru, etc. 8°. London, 1847.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 56, No. 16

//73

ANTHROF.
LIBRARY

2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

languages and dialects and to have differed from each other in other
respects, but their exact classification has not yet been determined,
and from the standpoint of physical anthropology most of the
groups are still enveloped in a haze of uncertainty.1 Even ethnic
units of such importance as the Ouechua and Aymara are so little
known physically that from the literature on the subject alone it
would be impossible to form a clear notion as to their main char-
acteristics.

The dearth of knowledge concerning the somatology of the peoples
of Peru is due, on the one hand, to an almost complete lack of an-
thropological observations on the living, and, on the other hand, to
the nature of the skeletal material which has thus far been collected.
Not that the material is wanting, for there are many hundreds
of Peruvian skulls scattered in our collections ; but a very large
majority of these skulls are more or less deformed, either arti-
ficially or accidentally, which renders them unsuitable for anthro-
pological determinations, and other parts of the skeleton have been
neglected. As to the skulls, there is no equally extensive territory
in the world where cranial deformations, both intentional and unin-
tentional, are as numerous as in Peru. Skulls of normal form from
that country have actually thus far been rarities.

The accessions of Bolivian and Peruvian skeletal material in the
principal American museums during the past few years have begun
to shed more light on the physical characteristics of at least the
Aymara and on a portion of the middle coast population of Peru.
In consequence, it may be said to-day with comparative certainty
that these two groups differ radically, at least so far as the cranial
type is concerned; one (the Aymara) representing dolichocephalic,
the other (middle coast) brachycephalic stock. Furthermore, we
know to-day (due principally to Bandelier's collections) that the
Aymara were in the main a people of relatively small stature, of
only moderate muscular development, and often of rather small
cranial capacity. The coast people from Ancon, Pachacamac, and
one or two other localities, were also of rather low stature, but of
somewhat stronger build, and had seemingly on the average a per-
ceptibly larger skull. In both groups there was a relatively frequent
occurrence of decidedly short and small-headed individuals. Be-
yond these few facts, however, things were problematical.

It was under these conditions that an opportunity, regrettably a

1 For literature on the physical anthropology of Peru, see the end of this
paper.

NO. l6 EXPLORATION IN PERU HRDLICKA 3

limited one, presented itself to the writer during the summer of
1910, to visit the Peruvian coast, and as the time at his disposal
could not be extended, it was decided to visit the two most im-
portant districts on the coast, namely, Pachacamac, and Chan-chan
or Gran Chimu. Due to exceptional circumstances, and to kind
friends, especially Dr. Max Uhle, the Director of the Museo
Nacional, at Lima, and Sr. D. Victor Larco Herrera of the valley
of Chicama, and also to the courtesy of the Peruvian Govern-
ment, it was not merely possible to make these visits with despatch,
but with unlocked for results. The writer was enabled to examine
over thirty separate cemeteries, and to gather upwards of 3400
crania, with a large quantity of other skeletal parts. And more
fortunately still, a large percentage of the gathered skulls, particu-
larly from the Chimu district, are free from artificial deformation,
so that they will show clearly the cranial type of the people occupy-
ing and congregating in these regions.

With this material, and the available collections from Ancon and
other localities of the Peruvian littoral, it will now be possible to
learn definitely the physical characteristics of the population of the
Peruvian coast for a distance of over 400 miles, and establish a firm
foundation for anthropological comparisons for the rest of the
country.

This report, preliminary to a detailed study of the collections,
will give only the general results of the writer's observations.

THE PACHACAMAC REGION

The great ruins of the temples and city of Pachacamac are situ-
ated at the lower end of the valley of Lurin, about 18 miles south
of Lima, whence they are reached part of the way by trolley and
part horseback. The location is an exceptionally favored one scen-
ically. It comprises a cluster of moderate barren elevations, in
proximity to the ocean and its rocky islands toward the west, the
highly picturesque, green, narrowing mountainous valley on the
south and east, and the desert plain and elevations to the north.
The ruins themselves are extensive, as well as impressive in char-
acter. They comprise not only remnants of two of the most im-
portant of the pre-Columbian Peruvian temples and those of an
interesting " Inca " convent, but also an extensive, somewhat
fortress-like central structure, and several complexes of habitations
spreading over the hill and slopes toward the west and northwest
of the principal portion of the ruins.

4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

For a detailed history and description of Fachacamac, the writer
must refer to the work of Dr. Uhle.1 Pachacamac was a famous
religious center, comparable to the Egyptian Thebes or the Mo-
hammedan Mecca. It originally contained a shrine of the " creator "
god, Pachacamac, to which flocked " pilgrims coming from all
parts of Peru, three hundred leagues or more" (Estete), and later,
after conquest of the place by the Peruvians of the highlands, it
also had a famous Temple of the Sun. It was at the same time a
political center, the seat of a chief who ruled over the populous
valleys of Lurin, Rimac, Chancay, Huacho, Supe, and Huanan
(Garcilasso). Its decline dates from the year of the entrance of the
Spaniards (1533) and the destruction by them of the venerated
statue of the principal deity of the place (Pachacamac). In the
early fifties of the sixteenth century the Augustinian monks trans-
ferred the town to the valley, and in the first part of the seven-
teenth century it was already a desolate pile of ruins (Calancha).

The inhabitants and the pilgrims of Pachacamac disappeared,
leaving scarcely a trace in history, but they left behind a vast
number of graves. Uhle estimates the total number of burials that
existed within and about the ruins at between 60,000 and 80,000.
There are six or more aggregations of the graves which may be
regarded as distinct cemeteries, but burials, often two deep, existed
apparently in every available part of the ground, within the temples,
and even about and within the dwellings. The middle part of the
region, bounded by the principal ruins, and especially the front of
the Temple of Pachacamac, look like one vast burial place.

These cemeteries, with the exception of a smaller one, heretofore
unknown, found by the writer on the south side, have been for
many years, in common with the majority of other burial places in
Peru, the prey of the peons, engaged in searching for pottery and
precious metals, which are carried to Lima for sale. Considerable
and scientifically conducted work has been done here by Uhle,
particularly in the neighborhood of the temples, but the area of
depredations is much greater. The result of the peons' work is the
destruction of thousands of mummy bundles, and often of the
mummies themselves, scattering of the bones, damage to the walls
and foundations, and destruction or abandonment of everything
that cannot be sold with profit. The skulls, bones, wrappings,
damaged fabrics, broken jars, etc., are left to litter the surface of

1 Uhle, M. Pachacamac. University of Pennsylvania Publications, Folio,
Philadelphia, 1903.

NO. 1 6 EXPLORATION IN PERU HRDLICKA 5

the sands or are but partly buried by the earth thrown out from the
excavations. On the writer's arrival, the place looked like a ver-
itable Golgotha, or some great barbaric battlefield, with skulls and
bones whitening the ground and ruins in every direction.

In one sense, of course, these conditions, however they may be
regretted, proved of great service, giving an invaluable opportunity
for investigation and collection of skeletal material. It made pos-
sible the examination on the spot of several thousands of individual
skulls, a good proportion of which, however, were not removed be-
cause of damage done by the shovel or the elements.

As to collecting the skeletal remains, the writer at first hesitated,
because the place was the focus of pilgrimages from a large part
of ancient Peru and doubtless the last resting place of numerous
visitors from distant sections. But examination of the material
soon revealed such a degree of anthropological uniformity, that it
was decided to make as extensive a gathering as possible. In con-
sequence, all the well-preserved crania and a large part of the long
bones, besides other skeletal parts, were gradually transported to
Lima and there packed, with Doctor Uhle's kind help and super-
vision, to be eventually shipped to Washington. The total collection
from this locality (now safely housed in the U. S. National Mu-
seum) numbers over 2200 crania, and several thousands of other
bones that are of special value for anthropological determinations.

It is not as yet possible to speak of the full scientific value of the
collection, but it is not readily overestimated. A number of the
more important points which presented themselves during the
preliminary work in the cemeteries, are as follows :

It was seen first of all that the remains were derived partly from
mummies, which were especially numerous in the neighborhood of
the Temple of Pachacamac, and in part from simple burials ; also,
that in rare instances cremation had been practiced.

The mummies were not only artificial as to their exterior, but
there appeared evidence that the bodies themselves, or at least some
of their parts, had been specially treated ; thus a number of skulls,
for the most part such as were damaged by wounds, were found
filled with cotton.

All the larger cemeteries contained burials of males, females, and
even children, but the last were nowhere very numerous and were in
a decided minority near the temples. Males and also a few adult
and elderly females were collected from about the Temple of the
Sun. On the southeast terrace of this temple, Uhle reports 1 finding

1 Pachacamac, p. 84.

6

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

a burial place containing some 90 graves. Forty-six skulls were
actually discovered. Objects unearthed with the burials showed
pure Cuzco forms of culture. All persons interred in this cemetery
were women, and none of these had died a natural death, but were
victims of strangulation. All were adults ; one of the skulls showed
gray hair. It is probable that the victims were strangled as sacri-
fices to the deity of the temple.

The people buried at Pachacamac were in general of moderate
stature and physical development, with shorter and weaker indi-
viduals not infrequent.

The crania belong very largely to the brachycephalic type. An
unusually high percentage, for Peru, of the crania are free from
deformation and show their type perfectly.

The majority of the skulls present either simple occipital, or a
fronto-occipital artificial compression, either of which, ho'wever,
was seldom extreme and such as to prevent the recognition of the
real type of the skull. Deformed crania were particularly frequent
in the large burial ground in front, that is north, of the old temple
(that of Pachacamac).

Besides the more rounded skulls there were found, particularly
in tront of the old temple, some crania purely dolichocephalic.
These were plainly strangers to the original population, visitors or
invaders, in all probability part of the Inca Peruvians. The ma-
jority of these narrower skulls were without any deformation, while
a few showed some occipital compression of accidental or cradle-
board origin.

Absolutely no specimen was seen which presented the Aymara
type of deformation, which shows that these highland people did not
visit the Pachacamac temples, and were not among the conquerors
of the place.

A number of submicrocephalic and even niicrocephalic but other-
wise normal crania were found. They have nothing in common
with the small skulls of our idiots.

Finally, the long and other bones were found to offer many
features of interest, some of which will be touched upon before
the conclusion of this paper.

CHAN-CHAN1 (GRAND CHIMU)

The second region visited by the writer exceeds probably in
importance even that of Pachacamac. This was the district of Tru-

1 Term used among the local natives and probably more correct than
" Chimu."

NO. l6 EXPLORATION IN PERU HRDLICKA 7

jillo, with the ruins and cemeteries of Moche, Chan-chan or Gran
Chimu, and the extensive, shallow valley of the Chicama.

This region was the main seat of the powerful Chimu people and
abounds in their remains, ruins, huacas,1 and cemeteries. The ceme-
teries are particularly numerous in the valley of the Chicama, and
it was there, at the Estancia Roma, with Senor Victor Larco, the
owner of a large part of the valley and one of the most enlightened
Peruvians, that the writer made his headquarters.

The valley of Chicama is a large plain, but little elevated above
the sea level, traversed by a small river, the Chicama, and bounded
on all sides except the west and the northwest, in an irregular and
broken way, by hills and mountains. It is incompletely separated
from the Chan-chan plain by a mass of hills known as Cerro de
Cabra. Over its surface are several isolated rocky elevations, and
toward the northwestward it connects with sandy flats which extend
along the coast in the direction of Pacasmayo.

The valley shows only a limited number of ruins which, however,
include an interesting and relatively well-preserved fortress. These
are a short distance south of Chiquitoi, one of the haciendas belong-
ing to Senor Larco. Besides this, however, numerous old huacas
are situated southeast, west, and northwest of Chiquitoi, and, lining
the bases of the hills within the valley or projecting into the same,
as well as in the sands of the sea-shore, there are many cemeteries
of the former native population.

The Chicama cemeteries, like those of Pachacamac, have fallen
a prey to the greed of the peon, and of the collectors who incite and
profit by the peon, with the result that a large portion of the burials,
in some places even all, have been destroyed. And, as at Pacha-
camac so here, the skulls and bones, and such objects as could not
well be sold, were left everywhere strewn over the surface of the
ground.

In this region the writer was able to remain for nearly two weeks
and through the generous aid of Senor Larco, who provided him
freely with men, animals, and even the use of his local railroads,
he was able to visit over 30 of the cemeteries, to make examination
of their skeletal contents and to gather much of the better preserved
material. The bones that passed through his hands in this valley
amounted to many thousands of specimens, and the collections com-
prise over noo crania, all the skeletal parts from two of the largest
cemeteries, and many additional specimens, particularly long bones,
from other burials.

1 Mounds, constructed in the main of sun-dried bricks.

8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

Among the cemeteries seen were some quite extensive ones includ-
ing hundreds of graves, while others were small, with only a few
score of burials. In a few cases the cemeteries were confluent, but
for the most part they were separated, though the distance between
them in some instances was no more than a few yards.

The examination of the skeletal material and other objects made
it evident that some of the cemeteries in this valley were more
modern than others ; that different cemeteries served for the burial
places of different groups, clans, or tribes of people ; and that in
numerous instances late and even recent intrusive burials in small
number have taken place in the old cemeteries.

It was possible further to determine that the huacas which dot the
lower part of the valley were nothing but construction-cemeteries
of the old coast inhabitants. They are burial mounds built of sun-
dried brick and earth, instead of earth alone as usually.

Furthermore, higher in the valley, the cemeteries were evidently
those of the agricultural populations of the region, while along the
coast they were those of fishermen.

The burials were for the most part simple, the body being laid
in the ground wrapped in a blanket. More elaborate mummy-
bundles, however, were occasionally encountered, but nothing was
seen or learned that would point to intentional mummification of the
body or any of its parts, as at Pachacamac. In rare instances, also,
there was cremation.

As at Pachacamac, so here, too, burials in the contracted position
were the rule.

An indisputable fact, applicable to all the Chicama cemeteries, is
the relative scarcity of the remains of children. This is not due to
the earlier decay of children's bones, for where such were found
they were in just as good condition as those of the adults. It
indicates either a general scarcity of children, separated interments,
or a low infant mortality.

Besides the Chicama valley cemeteries, there were examined that
of the Cerro de Virgen, near Chan-chan, as well as that about the
Huaca of the Moon near Moche ; and skeletal material was seen
and in a small part collected from Chan-chan (Gran Chimu) itself.

The large cemetery about the Cerro de Virgen, was found to be a
general burial ground for men and women, but there were seen
no bones of children. The Huaca of the Moon appears to be
mainly, if not entirely, an immense and archeologically important
burial mound, built from sun-dried brick.

NO. l6 EXPLORATION IN PERU HRDLICKA 9

From the standpoint of physical anthropology, the examination
of the skeletal material from the cemeteries in the district of Chi-
quitoi, and in the rest of the valley of Chicama, proved exceed-
ingly interesting, for the majority of the people were found to have
been of exactly the same type as those of the region of Pachacamac,
that is, moderate in stature and brachycephalic.

However, it also became evident that the valley of Chicama was
peopled, in the course of time, by more than one tribe of natives,
though all or nearly all such tribes belonged probably to the same
original stock. In some of the cemeteries were found only the
undeformed and brachycephalic skulls, with those showing the
accidental occipital flattening. In others there were a great pre-
ponderance of crania with highly developed occipital flattening and,
mixed with these, were individuals with the fronto-occipital, or
" flathead," intentional deformation. Finally, besides all these, and
as at Pachacamac, there were encountered now and then individuals,
or little groups of burials, with the dolichocephalic cranial type.
The skulls of these were undeformed, or merely accidentally flat-
tened in the occiput.

The more modern nature of some of the cemeteries and burials
was shown especially by the pottery. In two examples in particular
a vessel was seen which represented clearly conditions known only
after the Spanish invasion.

There was again not a single skull which presented the Aymara
type of deformation. It is certain that the Aymara proper did not
reach either this valley or Pachacamac, either as pilgrims or as
settlers after the conquering Incas. Squier mentions 1 having seen
some skulls with the Aymara deformation, possibly the remains of
soldiers, about the " Castillo " at Chan-chan, but the many ordinary
cemeteries examined by the writer failed to show any such instances.

One or two facts were learned of special interest to archeology.
Although only very limited excavations were undertaken, it was
nevertheless possible to observe an association of certain types of
pottery with definite types of people ; and there is also a strong
probability that differences in pottery existed at different periods of
occupation of the valley. In general, the huacas and cemeteries near
the sea and belonging to the original people of the valley, the old
coast brachycephals, show pottery of simpler forms and more
sombre colors than that found in some of the more inland burial

1 Squier, E. G. Peru. 8°. New York, 1877, P- 123.

IO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

grounds. The ware also reminds one of some of the more northern
types (pis. i, 3, and 4).

In several of the more inland cemeteries, on the other hand, the
differentiation of form in pottery and also its fineness have reached
a high level. Finally, graves which appear to be more modern yield
especially vessels with large, flaring borders characteristically decor-
ated in red with various figures, some of which represent natural
objects, as animals, warriors, etc., while others are apparently of
complex symbolic meaning. Two graves, which yielded undeformed
dolichocephalic skulls, contained highly ornamented pottery which
probably belongs to the last mentioned period (pi. 2).

CONCLUSIONS

Although the detailed study of the large series of specimens col-
lected about Pachacamac and in the district of Trujillo will un-
doubtedly bring out numerous points which can scarcely as yet be
foreseen, it is nevertheless possible from the preliminary examina-
tion of the material to state certain important facts bearing on the
anthropology of the people represented by the collections.

In the first place, it can now be positively stated that the whole
coast of Peru, at least from Pisco, well south of Pachacamac, to
Pacasmayo, north of the valley of Chicama, was peopled by one and
the same type of natives, the brachycephalic Indian of moderate
stature. This bears out to a large extent the statement of Calancha
(Vol. 2, chap. 29), that "the people of the coast, the Yungas, the
dwellers of the plain and of the sandy desert, extended over all the
district from Piura to Arica, 300 leagues in length and from 12 to 15
in breadth, according to the width of the coast land."

Chronologically, the earliest people in these regions were evidently
those whose remains are found in the huacas and in some of the
cemeteries where the pottery is of simpler, though often interesting
forms. In these cemeteries metal is scarce and is principally gold.

These people were followed by others of the same fundamental
physical type, but of modified habits, shown in part by the pro-
nounced occipital head fiattenings, which indicates the use of cradle-
boards to which the infant was tied for a prolonged period, and
especially in the frequent practice of the intentional fronto-occipital
skull deformation. These deformations represent apparently a
change of habits with the times, or the immigration of people with
such customs, rather than a manifestation of caste, though this may
not have been without influence. Belonging to this period are large

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 56, NO. 16, PL. 1

TWO BOWLS FROM AN ANCIENT HUACA, NEAR THE HACIENDA CHIQUITOY, IN THE

VALLEY OF CHICAMA. THE HUACA YIELDED ONLY BR ACH YCEPH ALIC SKULLS

OF THE ORIGINAL CHIMU POPULATION (GREATEST BREADTH

OF RIM, UPPER VESSEL 17.6 CM., LOWER 18.8 CM.)

NO. l6 EXPLORATION IN PERU HRDLICKA II

cemeteries, in which the graves yield copper or bronze, with some
gold, besides the before mentioned interesting pottery.

At about the time of the greatest prevalence of the deformed
crania, there appear individual elements of the dolichocephalic type
of the Indian. These are not local developments, for intermediary
cranial forms, which in that case would be numerous, are lacking.
Nor are they the Aymara who, though dolichocephalic, have since
early Tiahuanaco times practiced the peculiar ^ircular^head defor-
mation which now bears their name. It seems most probable that
these dolichocephals came with or after the invading forces of the
central or highland Peruvians and represent some of the more
eastern or northern tribes of Peru. It was from the graves of such
individuals that the writer obtained the ornamented pottery, shown
in pi. 2, which is very distinct from any that occur in the old huacas
and the coast burials.

The brachycephalic people seem to have been the first inhabitants
of the coast, for there was absolutely no trace of any previous
occupants ; and the peopling of the coast by the brachycephals,
judging from the nature and extent of the cemeteries, could not
have been of any very great duration, not over some centuries before
the arrival of the whites.

This old type of the coast people is fundamentally the same as a
large portion of the inhabitants of Equador, Colombia, Panama,
Central America, and Yucatan. The present native population was
seen by the writer to show this type as far as the southern confines
of the Peru of to-day. Farther southward, however, at Arica and
along the Chilean coast, there is found an increasingly large propor-
tion of dolichocephalic natives, and from the northern extremity of
the central part of the Chilean coast southward this latter type is the
only one encountered.

The preliminary examination of the skeletal material at Pacha-
camac and in the valley of Chicama has brought forth also some
interesting evidence of medical nature.

There was not a single instance of rachitis.1 In only one case
(Chicama) was there seen a vertebra that may have been tubercu-
lous, but the evidence was not entirely conclusive and the age of the
grave was unknown. Only two burials were encountered in which
the bones were surely syphilitic ; but both of these graves were
among the more recent, in all probability post-Columbian. Besides

1 For comparison, see the writer's Physiological and Medical Observations,
Bulletin 34, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1908.

12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

these, there were collected about thirty long bones with more or less
marked inflammatory alterations, which may be syphilitic, but the
diagnosis cannot be made with certainty. A very large majority of
the many thousands of long bones collected or examined showed no
lesions whatever. With two uncertain exceptions no single skull
out of the 3400 brought away, and the many additional ones that
were looked over, presented a case of ulceration or a lesion which
could be with confidence attributed to syphilis.

In the Chicama cemeteries, and to some lesser extent in those of
Pachacamac, there was a marked rarity of fractures of the bones.
The setting of the fractures was generally defective, indicating little
if any surgical knowledge of these conditions. On the other hand,
wounds of the skull, especially at Pachacamac, were very numerous.
Of trephining no postive example was discovered in the valley of
Chicama and but one at Pachacamac ; but there are several skulls
in which it is impossible to say whether they present a partially
healed wound from a club or a scar from trephining. It may also
be that some specimens of trephining have been taken by the peons
and brought to the local collectors ; but numerous cemeteries were
examined to which this could not apply.

From an archeological point of view the exploration brought out
with special force the fact that the scientific value of such Peruvian
collections of pottery and other antiquities as have been or are
being made by the untrained local collectors, is very small. It was
seen throughout that the peons gather indiscriminately what is
salable and dispose of it now to this buyer and now to another
according to the amount offered. These buyers make the collections
for profit and though some of them are of fair and even professional
education, they possess and care for no real archeological knowledge,
and generally do not attempt in the least any type or even locality
identification. In consequence, every large collection that has been
sold from Peru by such collectors, represents a heterogeneous mass
of articles proceeding from different epochs and even different
peoples, and what it can amount to scientifically, under such cir-
cumstances, can easily be imagined. If ancient Peru is to be known
properly, it will be necessary, as in Egypt, to re-dig the plundered
cemeteries, establish the relations between the articles buried and
the type and period of the people, and to collect and note every
object the graves offer, riot merely such as have commercial value.
Perhaps on the basis of such work it will then become possible to
properly classify the existing Peruvian archeological collections in
our institutions.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 66, NO. 16, PL. 2

A JAR, 16 CM. HIGH BY 23.5 CM. BROAD, FROM ONE OF THE LESS ANCIENT GRAVES IN
THE VALLEY OF CHICAMA, PERU. ONE OF THESE VESSELS OF SAME TYPE,
RECOVERED FROM TWO NEIGHBORING GRAVES OF MEN. THE SKULLS OF
BOTH WERE DOLICHOCEPHALIC AND FREE FROM ANY DEFORMATION.

NO. l6 EXPLORATION IN PERU— HRDLICKA 13

One word more as to the skeletal material collected. The quan-
tity of this material, which exceeds that from any other limited
region in America or elsewhere, presents a reference series of the
highest value, which will be freely open to scientific investigators
who may wish to consult it.

To the above brief report, the writer has added a bibliography,
which will enable the reader to appreciate what has hitherto been
done in Peruvian anthropology. Many of the specimens mentioned
separately, however, have been reported upon by two or even more
writers, so that the total number of described crania is much
smaller than would appear. Moreover, a great majority of the
enumerated skulls were deformed ; and the measurements or obser-
vations in many cases are very inadequate. Contributions of a more
general nature, or such as apply to special features (trephining, etc.)
are not included.1

The four plates of illustrations accompanying this paper show a
number of the more interesting specimens from the small archeo-
logical collection made by the writer in the valley of Chicama while
gathering the skeletal remains.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF PERU

BLAKE, JOHN H. Notes on a Collection from the Ancient Cemetery at the
Bay of Chacota, Peru. Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Mu-
seum of Archeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, 1878, pp. 277-304.

Notes and some measurements on 7 skulls from Chacota (near
Arica).

BLAKE, CHARLES CARTER. On the Cranial Characters of the Peruvian Races
of Man. Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N. S., Vol. 2, London, 1863, pp. 216-231.

General classification.

BLAKE, C. C. On a Skull from the Chincha Islands. Journ. Anthr. Soc.,
Vol. 7, London, 1869, pp. Ixvii-lxx.

Notes, a few measurements and a discussion without importance.
BUSK, GEORGE. Remarks on a collection of 150 ancient Peruvian skulls, pre-
sented to the Anthropological Institute by T. J. Hutchinson.

In Hutchinson_(Thos. J._) : Two Years in Peru, Vol. 2, London,
1873, PP. 309-318.

Brief report on 43 skulls from Ancon, 60 from Pasmayo and 46 from
Canete valley.

1 Historical, ethnographical and other works on Peru are given, to a large
extent, but with numerous errors, in Dorsey (Geo. A.) : "A Bibliography of
the Anthropology of Peru," Field Columbian Museum Publication No. 23,
Chicago, 1898.

14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

DAVIS, J. BARNARD. On Ancient Peruvian Skulls (with pi. 9). Journ. Anthr.
Institute Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 3, London, 1874, PP- 94-100.

Also in Hutchinson (Thos. J.) : Two Years in Peru, Vol. 2, 8°,
London, 1873, pp. 318-320.

No new observations on undeformed skulls. Contests, on the basis
of a small series of deformed specimens, D. Wilson's opinion that there
are in Peru, besides the naturally brachycephalic, also naturally dolicho-
cephalic crania.

DAVIS, JOSEPH BARNARD. Thesaurus Craniorum. 8°, London, 1867, pp. 240
et seq. Supplement, 8°, London, 1875, pp. 51 et seq.

Principal measurements and some observations on 7 Aymara, 9
Quichua (without locality), 6 Arica, 3 Tucua, 8 Cerro di Oro, 4 Canete
valley, 10 near Callas, 3 Pachacamac, 2 Chincha islands, and several
other skulls from different localities.

DORSEY, GEO. A. Crania from the Necropolis of Ancon, Peru. Proc. Amer.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 43, 1894, PP- J-12-

Notes and measurements on 123 skulls from Ancon.

FLOWER, W. H. Catalogue of the Specimens ... in the Museum of the
Roy. Coll. of Surgeons of England. 2d ed., Vol. i, 8°, London, 1907,
pp. 281 et seq.

Measurements and notes on 36 skulls from Pasmayo, 7 from Santos,
27 from Ancon, 30 from Cerro del Oro, 5 from Huacho, and a num-
ber from other localities.

FORBES, DAVID. On the Aymara Indians of Bolivia and Peru. Journ. Eth-
nolog. Soc., London, Vol. 2, 1869-1870, pp. 193-305.

Observations and measurements on living Aymara.

GOSSE, L. A. Dissertation sur les races qui composaient 1'ancienne popula-
tion du Perou. Mem. Soc. d'Anthr., Vol. I, Paris, 1861, pp. 149-176.

Criticism of Tschudi's statements.

MEIGS, J. AITKEN. Catalogue of Human Crania in the Collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8°, Philadelphia, 1857.
Notes and a few measurements on 14 skulls from Arica, 77 from
Pachacamac, 44 from Pisco, 5 from Santa, 5 from Lima and 7 mis-
cellaneous. Largely the same as in Morton's Crania Americana.
MEIGS, J. A. Observations upon the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigi-
nes. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci., Phila., 1866 ; separate 8°, pp. 1-39.

Brief anthropometric notes on 104 crania from Pachacamac, 63 from
Pisco, 31 from near Arica, 14 from near Lima, 9 from Paraccas bay,
8 from Santa, 2 from Payta, and i each from Gyamay and Chimu.
MORTON, SAMUEL GEORGE. Crania Americana. Philadelphia, fol., 1839, pp.

96-133.

Observations and measurements on 23 skulls from Pachacamac, 3
from near Arica, and i each from Gran Chimu and Santa.
DE QUATREFAGES, A., and E. T. HAMY. Crania Ethnica. 4°, Paris, 1873-1882,
pp. 467, 474-475-

Brief notes and principal measurements on about 60 undeformed
crania from Bolivia and Peru (Ancon, Chancay, Pachacamac, etc.).

NO. 1 6 EXPLORATION IN PERU HRDLICKA 15

RANKE, JOHANNES. Ueber Altperuanische Schadel von Ancon und Pachaca-
mac. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe d.
Miinchen. Academic der Wissenschaften, Bd. 20, 1899-1900, pp. 631-
750, and plates.

Report on 17 skulls from Pachacamac and 12 from Ancon.
RETZIUS, A. Ueber die Schadelform der Peruaner. Ethnologische Schriften.
Fol., Leipzig, 1864, pp. 94-98.

Remarks on 8 skulls, 5 of which from Pisco, with measurements of
two.

RICCARDI, DR. PAOLO. Memoria del crani e Oggetti de gli antichi Peruviani
appartenenti al Museo Civico di Modena e al Museo di Anatomia
Umana de la R. Universita di Modena. Archiv Anthr. & Ethnologia,
Firenze, Vol. 16, 1886, pp. 305-405.

Measurements and description of 17 skulls from Ancon, I from
Arica; some data on additional 12, partly from Ancon, partly?
RIVERO, M. E., and J. J. v. TSCHUDI. Antiguedades Peruanas. 4°. Vienna,
1851; Transl, 8°, New York, 1855.

Includes dissertation on types of Peruvian crania. Repeated in
several of Tschudi's works.

RUDINGER, N. Ueber kiinstlich doformirte Schadel und Gehirne von Siidsee-
Insulanern, Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. 11, Bd. 16, Miinchen, 1887.

Includes report on two deformed skulls from Ancon, Peru.
SCHREIBER, W. Beitrag zur Kraniologie der altperuanischen Schadel ; Zeitschr.
Morphol. Anthr., Vol. 12, Stuttgart, 1909, pp. 243-260.

Observations and some measurements on 102 Bolivian and Peruvian
skulls (Ancon 60, Puno 7, Arequipa 6, Arica 4, Cajamarquilla 2, Cocha-
bamba 2, etc.).

SERGI, G., and L. MOSCHEN. Crani peruviani antichi del Museo antropologico
nella Universita di Roma. 1887. 8°. Archiv Anthrop. & Ethnol.,
Firenze, Vol. 17, 1887, pp. 5-26.

Notes and measurements on 21 skulls, 12 from the vicinity of Lima,
3 from Ancon and 6 from unknown localities on the west.
STOLYHWO, C. Cranes Peruviens. Bull. Acad. Sciences de Cracovie, Fevrier
1906, pp. 109-138.

Detailed measurements and notes on 92 skulls, nearly all deformed,
localities not given.

TSCHUDI, J. J. v. See Rivero and Tschudi.
VIRCHOW, R. Crania Ethnica Americana, fol., Berlin, 1892.

Measurements and description of 4 skulls, 2 from Paucartambo, I
from Ancon and I from Iquique. Deformation. Exostoses in auditory
canal.

VIRCHOW, R. Schadel (Peruanische). In Reiss (W.) and Stiibel's (A.) :
" Das Todtenfeld von Ancon in Peru," fol., Vol. 3, Berlin, 1887, Taf.
108-116.
Illustration, notes on and measurements of 3 skulls from Ancon.

l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 56

VRAM, UGO G. Contribute all'antropologia antica del Peru. Atti della
Societa Romana di Antiopologia, Vol. 7, Roma, 1900-1901, pp. 44-93.

Measurements and observations on 24 crania, 3 from Tacna, 3 from
Caudivilla, I from Iquique and 17 derivation not stated. Also on
some other parts of the skeleton.

VRAM, U. G. Secondo contribute all'antropologia del Peru antico. (Crani-
\/ ologia : varieta craniche con speciale riguardo all'accrescimento del

teschio). Atti Soc. Romana di Antrop., 7, 1901, pp. 67-69. Nineteen
skulls, 15 from Ancon, 4 from Lima.

WILSON, D. Physical Ethnology : The American Cranial Type. Seventeenth
Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1862, Washington, 1863, pp. 249 et seq.
Observations and some measurements on 39 Bolivian and Peruvian
skulls, 14 from near Arica, 13 from Pachacamac, 4 from Titicaca, 2
from near Lima, i from Santa and 5 locality unknown.
WYMAN, J. Observations on Crania and Other Parts of the Skeleton.
Fourth Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, Boston, 1871, pp. 10-24.

Gives measurements and some observations on 6 skulls of Aymaras
from Bolivia; and on 14 skulls from Casma, 16 from Amacavilca, 7
from Gran Chimu, 4 from Trujillo, 4 from Pachacamac, 5 from Caja-
marquilla, Peru; all, or nearly all, deformed.

WYMAN, J. Crania. Seventh Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, Cambridge, 1874,
pp. 8-15.

Observations and some measurements on 330 skulls from Ancon.

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