Somewhat about a few medicinal plants of New Brunswick

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SOMEWHAT ABOUT A FEW

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

BY DR., DUNCAN, OF BATHURST.

A

(petals), after which come little round knaps
or huskes, full of yedlowirh seed." "The
roote is very threddy, and of a reddish colour,
not perishing in the year, but abiding with
some leaves thereon in the winter." So saith
Syte's " Dodoens," printed at Antwerp, 1578,
supplemented by Gerarde and Parkinson.
Alongside this, we may place those descriptive
lines of Carlotte Smith —

" Wood sorrel, with its light arreen leaves,
Heart shaped, and triply folded ; and its root
Creeping like beaded coral ;"

The following original paper, contributed by Dr. Duncan, was read before
the Natural History Society, on Tuesday Evening, 5th inst. : — (2^

Oxalis Acefosella.

One of the prettiest flowers that grows in
our woods is the Oxalis Acetosella, or " wood
sorrel." No sooner does spring awaken vege-
tation than, Phoenix like, the wood sorrel
renovates the remains of last season's verdure
and, under the influence of warmth and sun-
shine, carpets beneath the shade of the firs
with a greenness all its own.

Take this specimen and let us examine its
finely pencilled characteristics. In the old
Botanists, by rare similitudes and antique but
true phrases, is presented the life-like features
of the plant, free from the technicalities of
modern botany. Though unique the language
is none the less plain or easily understood.
"Wood sorrel is a lowe or base herbe, without
stalkes, the leaves do growe from the roote,
(every one standing on a long foote stalke),
and, at their first comming foorth, are folden
together, but afterwarde they spread abroade,
and are of a faire greene colour, in number,
three, and fashioned almost like the trefoyl,
saving that each leaf hath a deep clift in the
middle," and is heart-shaped, which trefoil is
not. "Among these leaves rise up divers
slender, weake foote-stalkes, not growing
above them, with every one of them a flower
at the top," " almost made like little belles, of
a white colour, with purple veynes all alongst,"
" or in some dasht over with a small shew of
blush, and in some but on the backe side only."
" The floure consisteth of five small leaves

and those happy strokes —

"Trim Oxalis, with her pencill'd flower,

Close to the sheltring copse the irniden cleaves,

And coyly plaits her purple-tinted leaves."

These leaves, thus purple-tinted on the un-
der surface, are the old oxidised ones ; occasi-
onally they are blanched, and at times varie-
gated white and green. Like clovers, they are
sometimes in fours. On the claw of each petal
is a yellow spot, five " fairy favours " in all.
There are ten stamens a short outer row of five,
and a longer inner series opposite the petals.
One of these is mayhap the abortive inner cor-
olla needed, so says Braun, to perfect the
structure of the oxalis. The sepals, five^ in
number, equal and pers;stent, are in dry situ-
ations converted into leaves. These miniature
leaves are jointed on to red swellings, which
are repetitions of the scales of the root-stem,
and appear capable of propagating the plant
in circumstances unfavorable for the produc-
tion of seed. There are five styles pencilled at
the apex or capitate. The seed-vessel scatters
its contents in a remarkable manner. When
ripe, the fruit, a membraneous pod, erects it-
self straight, and the slightest touch, even tbe
wind, makes the seeds fly around, reminding

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

oue closely of the Impatiens fulva or " spotted
touch-me-not." The capsule is a pentagou
having 5 cells and 5 valves, opening lengthwise
and, with elasticity, down the corners, each
cell containing one or two compressed striated
seeds, which are arillated. The white fleshy
aril, (or outer integument of the seed) ringed
like a caterpillar, curls back at the maturity of
the fruit and jerks the seed to some distance,
sometimes accompanying it, and, after touch-
ing the ground, again rebounds and sends the
embryotic plaut, like an "April fool," "further
on." Thus providing tresh soil not otherwise
easily obtainable. What is commonly called
the root is simply an underground creeping
stem (rhizoma) and fleshy knobs that stud it
are either the bases of fallen leaves or single
bud-scales, giving origin to lateral buds, which
like the terminal one, increase the network by
which the plant is ever born anew.

The leaflets, like those of the Mimosa pudica
or Sensitive plant, possess the remarkable
property of self-moving. When those which
are spread in a horizontal position, are stroked
upwards or are pressed upon at the base they
gradually droop. The same thing is noticed
after plucking a portion of the plant. If
placed in water some time elapses before it re-
covers its composure and permits the leaflets to
again expand. An exotic species of Oxalis,
the Oxalis sensitiva, is so remarkably irritable
that its leaves contract at the gentlest touch,
and is for this reason held in superstitious
veneration in the East Indies, the priests em-
ploying it in their magic rites and as a charm
against diseases too powerful for their skill.
It has been observed that most of such plantes
irritables are acid. An old writer remarks
that the "leaflets close against rain," and an-
other has it that "the leaves shut before rain
and when it is fair open again." Linnaeus,
however, says they expand in rainy and con-
tract in dry weather. At no time certainly
have I observed the leaves more horizontal
than in rain, the few that remained drooped,
appearing to be influenced by the dry soil and
had not yet been gladdened by a draught of
nature's cordial. This is, as might be expected,
in spite of Pliny's dictum to the contrary.
Among his "Prognostica Tempestiva" he enu-
merates : "Trifolium quoque inhorrescere, et
folia tempestatum subrigere certum est."

The sleep of the leaves is best observed by
removing a portion of the plant into the house
and placing it in water, when the leaflets will
be seen to droop in rest at night.

The little white flower with its delicate pur-
plish veins is a Sun Worshipper, following it
during the day and looking towards it ere it
sets, pays homage by folding up its blossom.
It is also a good natural Hygrometer. This
was noticed by Linnaeus, who in his "Tour in
Lapland" remarks : "Here also grew Hepatica
and Woodsorrel. Their blossoms were all
closed. Who has endowed plants with intelli-
gence to shut themselves up at the approach
of rain ? Even when the weather changes from
sunshine to rain, though before expanded,
they immediately close." An old botanist,
Fuchsius by name, states that, not only in his
own experience, but in that of many others, an

abundance of flowers in this plant foretokens
copious rains and inundations for that year, if
few, a drought. Last spring and throughout
the whole year till late in autumn the Oxalis
Acetosella flowered in abundance, hence, no
doubt, the late floods and inundations.

The wood sorrel chooses northern exposures
and shady cool woods, particularly those of
pine and fir, where the light soil gives free
access to its suckers. It loves also the mould-
ering trunks and roots of old trees, beautifying
them in their decline and fall. It is every-
where plentiful around Bathurst, and flowers
in June. It is found all over the northern
regions of North America, Lake Superior,
northerwards, south to the Alleghanies, and
gladdens the botanist of Europe, equally in
Lapland and the Alps, as in the heath-clad
Cheviots (hence not confined to woods) There
is a pretty pink variety, which I have seen
several times. It is the variety "fl ores purpures"
in Kay's Synopsis. Camerarius considered this
to be male and the white the female plant — so
little were the sexes in plants known to the older
writers. De Candolle mentions a blue variety.

It has long been in use as a salad. Ur. Win.
Turner, one of the earlist English botanists,
(1562,) reckoned it "very good to make salettes
of." Linnaeus avers that the acidity of the
leaves is more agreeable and delicate than that
of a lemon. Philip Miller recommends a
border of it in every kitchen garden.

From an early period wood sorrel has been a
member of the Materia Medica. It is described
as refrigerant, antiscorbutic, diuretic and
antiseptic. Of its stomachic effects mention is
made as far back as Pliny, whom Gerarde thus
paraphrases "S >rrell 'du Bois or wood
sorrell, stamped and used for green sauce, is
good for them that have sick and feeble
stomachs; for it *treai*theneth the stomache,
procureth appetite, and of all sorrel sauces is
the best,not onely in vertue but also in pleasant-
nesse of his taste." It is still used on the con-
tinent of Europe as a fish sauce, and as a sub-
stitute for lemonade. From its leaflets resemb-
ling the heart it has been regarded as a cardiac,
but, like most Frenchmen around Bathurst,
the old physicians appear to have confounded
heart and stomach, so that what comforted
the one cheered the other. The practitioners
of Germany write, that "the distilled water of
Alleluya cooleth well and comforteth the
heart, and quencheth thirst and that it is irood
in all hote diseases and inflammations. They
hold also that the distilled water of Wood
Sorrel is good to be tempered with alumn for
the wounds and sores of the mouthe." Infused
in milk, to form whey, or as a tea it is said to
be used in putrid and other fevers with good
success. The leaves and stalks, wrapped in a
cabbage leaf and macerated in warm ashes
until reduced to a pulp, have been applied to
scrofulous sores. It is recommended by W.
H. Taylor (Lancet, June 5th, 1869), as extra-
ordinarily efficacious in scurvy, bavins: effected
cures after lemon-juice had failed. The fresh
plant may be eaten raw, or 4 grains of the
Quadroxalate of Potash, a salt obtained from
its expressed juice, may be used three times a
day.

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

The juice reddens vegetable blues, coagu-
lates milk and instantly precipitates litne from
its solutions. It owes its acidity to the super
or Binoxalate of Potash, which is crystalised
from the expressed juice, and sold as ''Essential
Salt of Lemons." The French name it "Salt
of Sorrel." Like Oxalic Acid it is poisonous.
It is frequently (very I may truly say) adulter-
ated with Cream of Tartar and, somtimes,
Sulphuric Acid or Vitriol and Cream of Tartar
are substituted for it. It is used to take iron
moulds and ink stains out of linen, and as a
test for the presence of lime

The Wood S >rrel is now pretty generally
considered to be the ancient Irish Shamrock,
into au examination of its claims, aowever, I
shall not enter.

The Generic name Oxalis, adopted by Lin-
nceu-s, did not belong to this plant, but was
given to a species of Dock by Dioscorides.
Pliny's name, Oxys, whieh like Oxalis, means
sharp-pointed or metaphorically acid, or sour,
is that made use of by the older botanists.
A cetosella (little sorrel), preserved in the French
"la petite oseille," seems to have been used by
the Pharmacopoeias, in order to distinguish it
from Acitosa the sorrel proper. It bears the
same name in German, French, Spanish aud
Italian, and among nicknames may be men-
tioned " Cuckoo's bread." ** Gowk's meat,''''
(Scotch) " Woodsour," " Stubworf" -from its
growing on old roots and stumps (stubs), and
"Alleluya''' — one of its oldest English names,
given to it in Roman Catholic times, owing to
its appearing in blossom between Easter and
Whitsuntide, the season at which the Psalms
ending with that word were sung. The Welsh
call the flowers, "tairy bells," and believe that
they ring ths merry peals which call the elves to
'"moonlight dance aud revelry." "Whence

hast thou won thy names thou simple fl >wer?"

* * *■ * * * *

"Thin ancient, solemn title, sure was given,
Pale Alleluia, by grey monks of old,
What time the chanted service rosa to Heaven,
When paced the bretheru forth, barefoot and stoled.

* #■ * * -*

To f ir-off fanes in h>ary forest h d
Where pealing bells for Easter masses rung.
"It chanced upon the good St. Patrick's Day,
A warrior, wounded, fell with riven crest ;
Thy little careless plant bluomed where he lay,
And hope rtvivintj- sprang within his breast.
'Erin-go-bragh' — he iluck'd the trefoii'd stem,
And vow'd a vow by holy Patrick's shrine,
A Zjhramroclc chaplet for a diadem,
Erin's, green Erin's burnish'd helm should twine.
Then came so ne village leech, down-bent and old,
And placed thee in his widely-^athet'd store. |

Though long he mused upon thy healing power,
The names ne yave —uncouth they were and rude;
'Stubworf he ctll'd thee, 'Oxalis,' 'Woodsour,'
That by his skill the cooling draught imbued.
'J he unlearn'd peasant 1 >ves thy fragile form,
And Gipsy children seek thy mossy bed,
When da\ s are long, and April suns are warm,
'Ihey lau^h and say, thou art 'The Cuckoo's Bread.' "

Anemone nemorosa- Wood Anemone.

Of spring favorites rone prettier than the

"Courageous windflower, loveliest of the frail."

Not so symmetrically leaved as the oxalis,
by its greater size and the profusion of its
blossoms,it catches the eye more readily. What

more attractive sight than a bank robed in white
Anemones— the "flor stella," floral star of the
Italians. A happy fancy caught by Charlotte
Smith-
There, thickly strewn in woodland bowers,
Anemones their stars unfold."

And Mrs. Hemans—

" Dost thou see," she asks —

" Where southern winds first make their vernal

singing,
The star-gleam of the Wood Anemone ?"

The flowers give out their fragrance, thought
by some to be as choice as that of the viola
odorata, to the roving wind, which wantonly
scatters it abroad, informing us of their pres-
ence, long before seen.

Let us examine the specimen. Like the
Oxalis it is perennial with single radical leaves.
Those of the stem, three together, whorled,
forming an involucre remote from the flower
(which is apetalons), and by long
petioled, three divided, toothed and cut :
the lateral divisions often two parted (vari-
quinque folia). The sepals, 4 to 7 in number,
are oval, white — the pale anemone — sometimes
tinged with purple outside, so that though at
first plain looking, it gathers fresher tints as it
matures and at length wears a blush of beauty on
its modest cheek, gracefully pendant as they
"wait the breathing of the wind." The sepals
"close together in rainy weather, and the flow-
er hangs downwards" to "shun the impending
shower." At times may be noticed one of the
sepals partially or wholly converted into a
green leaf; and a flower-stem in its develop-
ment upwards will now and then steal away
one of the triple leaflets of the involucre, and
wear it as a trophy under the seed-carpels It
is said that purple varieties are common. Blue
and double varieties abound near Wimbledon,
of "Kolapore" fame, but I have neither seen
nor heard of their being seen in New Bruns-
wick. The blue species— Anemone Appennina
frequents the groves and thickets of Italy.
During some seasons there is quite a scarcity of
blossoms, generally due to drought, but some-
times due also to the uupreparedness of the
root-stock after particular seasons, to produce
a flower-stem. The root-stock is like a piece of
stick dead at one end. It creeps "longwise
under the upper crust of the ground, spreading
out its divers small knobs like branches, of a
dark brown color outside," and a section show-
ing "white within." According to Braun it
prolongs its subterranean growth, with alter-
nations of leaves and bud-scales for several
years before it arrives at a flower terminating
the shoot. "The number of annual bud-scales
on the horizontal root-stock increases from year
to year, rising gradually to 8, and each of these
preparatory sections terminate with a single
long-stalked leaf, till, finally, the last section,
after producing its proper number of bud-
scales, rises into an erect shaft, producing the
three-leaved whorle of stem leaves and the nod-
ding flower." How very little do we think,
while heedlessly plucking one of the blossoms,
that, by so doing, we in a moment destroy the
elaborate preparation of years ! This explains
why, when under cultivation in our gardens
the plant cannot bear to be much shifted, and

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

why it does not flower freely or in perfection
unless left to extend itself undisturbed.

Habitat. — The wood anemone flourishes from
Canada to Carolina, and on both sides of
the Rocky Mountains. Though found in
abundance around Bathurst, it is some-
what rare in our northern counties, and
more common in the southern ones. It prefers
the margins of woods and flowers with the
coming of the swallow in May. The variety
with the leaves five partite (a quiuquefolia)
ranges from Virginia to near Lake Winnipeg.
This plant is fairly scattered over Europe, be-
ing equally well known in Great Britain and
France as in Germany and the Swiss Alps.
English poets write lovingly of the " frail and
fair anemone." Thus writes Merritt :
" The queen of spring flowers— wood anemone,
In sylph like pride;
I love that flower, most delicately fair,
So fondly bending on her blender stay,
As though in love with her own leaves; and where

la field or grove
Be leaves so exquisitely wrought as they ? —
Chaplet for love."

Our own poets admire it no less warmly.
Thus Hoffman longs for

" The breeze that calls
The Wind-flower by the hillside rill,"

to lift the tresses from his true-love's cheek,
" And let me see the blush divine;"

for who doubts that our "ladies faire" have, as

Bryant puts it,

" Eyes that shame the violet,
Or the dark drop that on the pansy lies,
And foreheadd white a-s when in clusters set
The anemone* by forest fountains rise;
And the spring beauty boasts no tenderer streak
Than the soft red on many a youthful cheek."

NAMES.

"Anemone" occurs in Hippocrates and Dios-
corides. It is derived from the Greek "Ane-
mos," the wind, for the "floure doth never open
itselfe but when the winde doth blow,"as Pliny
writes, or, in the words of Horace Smith,
" The coy anemone, that ne'er uncloses
Her lips until they're blown on by the winds."

According to an ancient legend the anemone
is said to have sprung from the tears shed by
the Goddess of Love when she wept o'er the
body of Adonis :
" Alas the Paphian ! Fair Adonis slain !
Tears, plenteous as his blood she pours amain;
But gentle flowers are born and bloom around
From every drop that falls uuon the ground;
Where streams his blood there blushing springi

the rose,
And where a tear has dropped a Wind-flower
blows "

— Bion's Idyl.

It is doubtful if our Anemone is the same as
the classical one. It is applicable, however, to
plants of several different genera under present
arrangements. Dr. Prior thinks it was the
Cistus or rock-rose. The specific term nemo-
rosa (in the sense of pertaining to a wood), is
found in the Ranunculus nemorosus of Fachsi-
us. The French still retain the sense— a relic,
doubtless of some ancient impress given to
popular opinion — in the pretty term Sylvie.
The Anemone of Dioscorides, whatever it was,

he commends for ocular diseases, as does Pliny
and Galen. Our plant has inherited part of its
virtues, otherwise the Germans would not have
termed it "augen wartz eye-herb,," i. e., and
is said to "take away the scares and scales
which grow on the eyes." It is also called in
German "stork flower," both being equally hail-
ed as the harbinger of spring."

In ancient times the anemone had a great
reputation for its medical properties. Magici-
ans ordered every person to gather the first
they saw in the year, at the same
time repeating the following formula : —
"I gather thee for a remedy against disease."
It was then carefully preserved, and in the
event of the gatherer being ill was tied around
his neck or arm, as this was supposed to drive
away the malady. The leaves possess such an
acridity, resembling in this respect other
Ranunculacese, as to be in some measure
poisonous. They have been used as a substitute
for Cantharides in raising blisters, "producing
not only a more speedy, but less painful effect"
(Willich). It is said to act as a poison to
cattle, producing bloody urine and convulsions.
Cows naturally reject the plant, but eat it in-
advertently when shifted from the fields to the
woodland pastures, where it is common. It is
stated to have proved a speedy cure for Tinea
Capitis or Scalled Head, the bruised leaves be-
ing applied twice daily. The active principle
of the Anemone is Anemonine, a champhor-like
crystalline body. It is colorless and shining,
tasteless and neutral, and possesses powerful
toxic properties. Anemonine is found
also in Anemone Pulsatilla . Anemone
pratensis, Ranunculus Flammula ; R. sceler-
atus, and R. bulbosus. In half to one grain
doses it is very useful in irritative, cough,
asthma, and whooping coui^h. It is a favorite
remedy of the Homeopathists (as Pulsatilla)
and exerts an alterative influence on the mucus
membrane generally, rendering it useful in
ophthalmic cases, in catarrhal inflammation of
the nostrils, throat and respiratory passages.

It was my intention, when I began this pap-
er, to have included in it a larger number of
plants ; and had selected for the purpose, among
others, the "Sundew" — Drosera rotund ifoli a,
the new and successful remedy for whooping
cousfh, and whose digestive properties are now
well known since Darwin's observations on it,
and " Eyebright " — Euphrasia officinalis, a
popular remedy in diseases of the eye, and al-
most a specific in acute nasal catarrh (cold in
the head), a few drops of the tincture, taken at
the onset of the affection and repeated every
two hours, cutting it short ; but my leisure
moments in the midst of a large country prac-
tice, have been so few and far between, that
up the last minute I have only succeeded in
completing the foregoing. I have not treated
the subject from a purely medicinal stand-
point, trusting in that way to make it rather
more interesting to a not altogether profession-
al audience. Should my remarks be the means
of stirring up an interest in our "weeds" popu-
larly so called, so many of which are of con-
siderable value in combatting disease, I shall
feel amply repaid for the time spent on this.