BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 9999 06317 674 5
WATERFOWL
STATUS REPORT
1968
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
Special Scientific Report-- Wildlife No. 122
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT 1968
Compiled and edited by
R. Kahler Martinson, Chief
James F. Voelzer and Mildred R. Hudgins
Branch of Management
DIVISION OF MANAGEMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
in collaboration with
DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 122
Washington, D. C. • December 1968
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C 20402 - Price $1.25
CONTENTS
Page
WINTER SURVEY 1
BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS 5
Alaska and Yukon Territory 5
Northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia,
and Northwest Territories 7
Northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba, and
Saskatchewan River Delta 10
Southern Alberta lk
Southern Saskatchewan .... 16
Southern Manitoba 19
Montana 22
North and South Dakota 2k
Minnesota 27
Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota 28
Washington 29
Oregon 31
Idaho 32
California 33
Nevada 3^
Utah 35
Wyoming «... 3°
Cologado ..... 37
Nebraska 39
WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY Ul
APPENDIX ^5
A. Waterfowl winter survey tables ... kj
B. Waterfowl breeding ground survey tables k$
C . Waterfowl harvest data tables 136
ii
WATERFOWL STATUS REPORT
A
1968
Data from winter surveys, breeding ground surveys of water-
fowl populations and their habitats and mail surveys of
hunters play a major role in developing annual hunting regu-
lations for waterfowl. This report presents summaries of the
1968 population and habitat surveys and the results of the
mail surveys of waterfowl hunters for the 1967-68 season.
Credit has been given to each individual or organization
that submitted a report. Although many of the narrative
statements have been briefed, and a few tables deleted or
shortened if they contained data submitted previously or in
another form, the essential information from each report has
been retained to the greatest extent possible.
WINTER SURVEY
During the first half of January a survey of winter water-
fowl habitat and its effect upon the distribution of ducks
and geese was completed by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife with assistance from State fish and game departments,
other Federal agencies and private individuals. All important
waterfowl wintering areas in the country were covered.
PACIFIC FLYWAY
Weather during the survey was clear in the Southern
States but there was snow, sleet, and rain in the Great
Basin. Also, in recent years, survey efficiency has been
affected by increasing amounts of smog and haze in the
Sacramento Valley. Sufficient moisture and adequate food
existed in the California rice fields as well as the major-
ity of the Flyway wintering areas.
The total waterfowl count for the Flyway was lU percent
below 1967. Dabbling ducks were down 10 percent from 1967
but divers were up 15 percent. The survey count of Canada
geese was 22 percent below that of 1967, and Ross' geese were
down 32 percent from last year. White-fronted and cackling
geese showed declines of 62 percent and U9 percent, respec-
tively, from 1967. However, it is felt that the 1968 counts
of these geese were not a reliable index to population trends
because of the poor survey conditions encountered in the
Central Valley of California. The population of Pacific
brant, which winters primarily along the west coast of Mexico,
was about 15 percent lower than in 1967.
CENTRAL FLYWAY
Although below freezing temperatures and winds up to 30
miles per hour prevailed .in the . northern portion of the .
Flyway during the survey, no serious operational problems
were encountered. The majority of the wintering habitat in
all States except New Mexico and Texas was ice covered and
much of the food supply was snow covered. Rain, sleet, snow,
and overcast skies, operational problems and equipment fail-
ure delayed initiation of the survey in Texas and postponed
completion of the survey on the gulf coast of that State
until February 2.
The total duck index was about 5 percent below that of
1967. Dabbling ducks were 10 percent above last year, while
diving ducks were well below last year. The total goose
count was 15-16 percent above that of 1967. Canada goose
populations appear to be higher than in 1967 while the index
for white-fronted geese, a species difficult to survey in this
region, was below that of a year ago. Numbers of snow and
blue geese were little changed from a year ago.
MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY
The annual winter survey was started throughout the Flyway
on January 8, but, because of inclement weather, was not
completed until January 22. In Northern States the survey
was completed by January 12 under generally favorable condi-
tions, except in southern Illinois where the goose count was
delayed until January l6. In the South, fog, rain, sleet,
and snow handicapped operations during the survey period.
Interruptions occurred in all of the Southern States and in
Louisiana the delay lasted an entire week.
Weather and habitat conditions were not comparable with
past years. Snow and ice had pushed most of the birds out of
the Northern States. Lake Erie and St. Claire were reported
completely frozen, while ice in Lake Michigan extended
farther offshore at the time of the survey than in any other
recent year. Birds which chose to remain were concentrated
and readily visible. Farther south, extensive flooding
caused the birds to disperse throughout the major wintering
grounds, and those moving into flooded timber were difficult
to see.
The total count of dabbling ducks was about 30 percent
below that of 1967. Numbers of diving ducks in the Flyway
increased about 80 percent, mostly because of a marked
increase in scaup counted in Louisiana. The count of white-
fronted geese in Louisiana suggested a hj percent decrease
from 1967 but it is thought that this was because of a fail-
ure to locate the birds rather than a real population decline.
Populations of snow, blue, and Canada geese showed no appreci-
able change.
ATLANTIC FLYWAY
The Flyway experienced one of the coldest survey periods in
3^ years. Icebound conditions existed from Maine to Virginia.
In addition, poor flying weather, particularly from Maryland
south, caused extended breaks or delays in timing of the
coverage. In the North, observers felt that the $.ce concen-
trated the birds, making them more visible and therefore a
higher than usual portion of the birds present were counted.
In the South, the breaks in the survey leave a question as to
whether birds were missed or counted more than once. Still
another consideration, in the Northeast, is that survey crews
endeavored to time their surveys with low tides when the birds,
particularly black ducks, are mast visible. ThiSf coupled with
the icing conditions in fresh waters and tidal marshes, prob-
ably resulted in a more complete count of birds present than
has occurred in the past.
Total figures for ducks indicate a 20 to 25 percent decline
from 1967. The survey indicates little change in dabbling
duck numbers from last year. The important diving ducks
declined 25 percent from last year. Numbers of sea ducks
counted on the survey were also down from 1967» As occurred
last year, large concentrations of scoter and scaup were
observed in the ocean off South Carolina and Georgia. None
of these birds are included in the table figures. Numbers of
snow geese were 15 percent below 1967 while the brant popula-
tion was similar to that of 1967. Whistling swans were down
about one-third from last year. The count of Canada geese
was slightly above last year indicating a continuing high
population level.
In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 2,000 waterfowl were
recorded, consisting primarily of widgeon, blue-winged teal,
scaup, ruddy ducks, and coots.
Tables A-l and A-2 of the appendix summarize the winter
survey.
BREEDING GROUND SURVEYS
ALASKA AND YUKON TERRITORY
James G. King, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife
and
Wesley Moholt, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife
Weather and habitat conditions
Weather conditions this year were quite similar to 19&7
with much of the snow evaporating early. There was mod-
erate flooding in the Koyukuk and Minto areas but these
account for only a small portion of the habitat.
Water levels are low in most areas, a condition that should
result in optimum production.
Very little ice was encountered this year except in the
Seward Peninsula and Kotzebue areas where spring seems to be
extremely late. On seven of the segments in this area the
birds were not properly dispersed as of June 9« The optimum
conditions elsewhere should easily compensate for poor condi-
tions in northwestern Alaska.
Breeding population (tables B-l through B-5)
The Alaska breeding population index of 1.9^6 million ducks
is up 73 percent from 1966 and 35 percent above the 10 -year
average. This is the highest index in 13 years of comparable
surveys. All species showed a sharp increase except goldeneye,
bufflehead and eider. The dabbling ducks and canvasback
showed the strongest increase but scaup and scoter also are up.
Only scaup, bufflehead, and eider are below the 10-year aver-
age.
In the Old Crow area, stratum 05, a general increase of 9
percent was noted; however, only pintail showed the dramatic
increase found in Alaska and five species decreased. The
increases noted in this survey are in excess of what even
optimum I967 conditions could provide. It therefore is appar-
ent that Alaska has received an influx of birds from other
areas. In the interior the increase was 93 percent. In the
tundra areas of stratum 37 the increase was only slightly less.
The guess is then that Alaska is hosting 1.5 to 2 million ducks
displaced from other areas, perhaps the drought stricken
Canadian Prairies.
Production (table B-6)
Summer veather has been somewhat hotter than last year.
Water levels in the lakes are generally slightly lower
than last year creating increased shoreline as bars and
islands emerge; increased water temperatures with asso&-
iated increases in plankton and aquatic growth; and in-
creased density of shoreline cover. The general impression
is that the Alaskan habitat is in an optimum condition.
Breeding populations in interior Alaska were up 112 per-
cent over 1967. Dabblers and canvasback accounted for the
bulk of the increase. In spite of the striking increase in
breeding population, the numbers of broods observed increased
only moderately, 12 percent at Tetlin and 16 percent at Fort
Yukon .
The indications are that Alaska had an influx of birds from
other areas that did not necessarily nest with any great
degree of success. A few other observations support this
thesis. At Tetlin five coots and thirty-five male blue-
winged teal were observed. These are the first coots
recorded in the area and blue -winged teal are normally seen
only rarely. In addition, a redhead brood was encountered,
the first since i960. The occurrence of these species is
reminiscent of the 1959 and i960 seasons when it was felt
drought -displaced ducks were present. At Fort Yukon the
presence of displaced ducks was less obvious but a brood of
ring-necked ducks was encountered for the first time on the
study plots. At Juneau the large pond at the airport usually
hosts three to ten broods of mallards and occasionally a
brood of green -winged teal. Five broods of gadwall and two
broods of widgeon were found here as well as one brood of
green -winged teal and six broods of mallards. No blue-
winged teal, gadwall or widgeon broods had ever been
recorded here before. These were all good- sized broods indi-
cating some displaced birds succeed well.
Pintail showed a large increase in breeding population and a
slight drop in brood numbers. Vegetation this year was ex-
tremely rank and it is felt pintail broods were harder to see
than last year so that in fact there is a slight increase in
production. Mallard, shoveler, canvasback and particularly
widgeon show a very good increase in brood numbers over 1967.
Scaup and green-winged teal appear to be much the same as
last year. All species combined, this year has the highest
number of broods ever recorded on each study area.
On the Yukon Delta, swan, black brant, cackling geese, and
white -fronted geese appear to have enjoyed a season very-
similar to the good season of 1967. Ducks, no doubt, fared
equally well.
NORTHERN ALBERTA
NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
AND NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Data supplied by Edward G. Wellein and
G. Hortin Jensen, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife
Weather and habitat conditions
Temperatures in March in the mainland sections of the
Northwest Territories ranged from 3-15 degrees above normal.
Generally, the gradient was from west to east. With this
pattern an early spring was in the offing. This trend was
arrested somewhat during April with temperatures being near
normal in the west, and slightly below normal towards the east.
During May temperatures continued near normal westerly in the
survey area, and below normal to the east.
At survey time the snow line cut across Great Slave Lake near
Port Reliance and then northwestward and across the eastern
ends of the transects north of Great Slave Lake, west of Great
Bear Lake, and north and then westward across the tundra to the
Mackenzie Delta.
The larger lakes reflected this later season being white
with ice and with little water around the edges, especially the
eastern segments. However, shallow water and streams were open
over all the terrain surveyed, and larger lakes to the west
were beginning to open.
The Mackenzie River opened in late May, but extensive
stretches of the river below Norman Wells were still bank-to-
bank with floe ice. The upper Mackenzie Delta was somewhat
flooded because floe ice was packed in the main channels below
Point Separation. The Peel River was open, but channels to the
Mackenzie Delta were blocked by ice.
The sections of waterfowl habitant adjacent to and along $he
Mackenzie River were available for occupancy on schedule. In
limited areas waterfowl were excluded because of residual
winter conditions.
There was no significant precipitation during the survey-
period except in northern Alberta, where some rain fell in
late May and early June. These rains were sorely needed to
assist in combating extensive forest fires in stratum 13.
Breeding populations (tables B-7 and B-8)
With drought returning to the prairies and parklands of
southern Canada, there was expectation of a significant in-
crease in birds in the strata to the north. An increase
materialized in only three strata. These were strata lk, 15,
and 11. Only stratum 15, Athabasca Delta, showed a signifi-
cant increase. Other strata had decreases. Those showing ja
marked decrease were associated with the colder habitat condi-
tions in northeastern segments of the survey area.
A 6 percent increase in dabbling ducks from 1967 resulted
from increases in the southern strata and specifically in
mallards and pintails. Mallards showed an increase of 51,
102, and 125 percent in strata lk, 15, and 09, respectively.
The five remaining strata all showed decreases in mallards
ranging from 10-^6 percent. Mallards were 12 percent higher
than the 19&7 index and 25 percent below the 10-year average.
The pintail increase was reflected throughout all the survey
area on a hit-or-miss basis so far as individual strata were
concerned.
Diving ducks decreased about 20 percent from 1967. This
decrease resulted mainly from losses in scaup, scoter, and
oldsquaw. They are principal species, and, as such, can
significantly effect changes.
The net result of the breeding pair survey over all strata
showed 1968 to have the lowest index in the past 10 years.
This index was 2,805,000, and the highest during the past 10
years was 6,^5,000. The current indexes represent a de-
crease of 17 percent from 1967, and a 28 percent decrease from
1958-68 average.
The coot index increased phenomenally from 1967 and was 103
percent higher than the 10-year average. This is interpreted
as a shift from the droughted prairies and parklands into more
favorable habitat farther north.
Canada geese and whistling swan showed little change from
1967 but are below the 10-year average. White-fronted geese
occur in only the most northern strata and data on this
species can be erratic so this year's indicated increases
may not be real.
The sampling error increased this year to 19 percent of
the mean. In I967 i-t v&s 15 percent. The sampling error is
based on all segments from the various strata. Small sample
size from certain strata make calculation of estimate of
error from each strata inadvisable.
Summer weather and habitat conditions
A favorable early season was followed by below normal
temperatures in the mainland areas of the Northwest
Territories. These below normal temperatures continued in
the eastern and central sections with normal temperatures in
the west and in the Yukon. The result of this temperature
pattern gave a deteriorating gradient in habitat conditions
from west to east. Conditions for waterfowl were excellent
in the Yukon, good along the Mackenzie drainage, grading to
fair along the eastern edge of the sedimentary areas and
poor on the precambrian shield. Hard white ice was prevalent
north of Great Slave Lake and to the north and west towards
Coppermine. Below normal temperatures persisted into mid-
July with Hay River and Fort Resolution being 7 below normal.
Precipitation was irregular and generally light throughout
the Northwest Territories in May, June, and July. Fort Smith
recorded twice the normal rainfall in May. Precipitation was
less than one-half inch in June in the central and western
areas of the Territories. Rainfall continued below normal in
July and Sach's Harbor recorded only .02 of an inch.
In summary, rainfall during the waterfowl season allowed
favorable habitat conditions for ducks. Lateness of the
season caused by extended below normal temperatures would
remove most of the area north and east of Great Slave Lake
and north to the Arctic coast at Coppermine from waterfowl
production during the past season.
Production (tables B-9 and B-10)
In the past 6 years northern transects for broods have
utilized one-fourth mile (l/8 on both sides of the aircraft)
standard width transects. This width was continued this
year even though the "Standard Procedures" had specified l/8
mile brood transects. This change was initiated several
years ago to increase the sample size. Prior to this
duplicate runs were being made on some of the transects.
This innovation allows for an increase in the number of
transects flown prior to cut-off date (July 27).
The brood index this year was near average but decidedly
better than last year. All strata increased from 1967
except stratum 10. In both years in eastern sections all
strata were later than previously observed. This year an
early, warm spring was followed by lower than normal mean
temperatures. Thus, the waterfowl breeding season could
have made a good start which should have been more pro-
nounced in the sedimentary areas of the Mackenzie drainage,
but could have been critical in precambrian parts of the
survey area.
The brood size for the survey area was 5-3 compared to
6.5 in 1967- Seventy-three percent of the broods were class
II and III with 58 percent being class II.
Data for coots, not a northern bird, are always fragmen-
tary. However, northward movements of coots and other
prairie waterfowl were noted. The shift resulted from
severe drought in southern Canada.
NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, NORTHERN
MANITOBA, AND SASKATCHEWAN RIVER DELTA
Data supplied by Arthur R. Brazda and
Robert W. Slattery
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Spring weather and habitat conditions
The fall of 19^7 was generally dry, except for light rain
and a snowstorm which accumulated up to 8 inches in late
September. October and November were mild and dry, and
moisture in the form of snow was deficient throughout the
winter in northern Saskatchewan and most of northern Manitoba.
Temperatures in part of April and May were above normal with
considerable wind. Rainfall was completely lacking except
10
for scattered light showers and considerable blowing dust was
evident in the light-soil farming areas in the Prince Albert
district.
Due to the conditions described, there was practically no
runoff in Saskatchewan, and rivers and lakes were at their
lowest levels of the past 15 years. Conditions were better
in Manitoba. The larger reservoir created by the hydro-
electric project at Grand Rapids, Manitoba, was down two to
four feet, creating the best nesting habitat this area has
probably ever had. Hundreds of small islands, bars and miles
of irregular shaped shoreline were exposed.
As in Alberta, forest fires begin to flare up over western
Saskatchewan starting in mid-May. Many raged out of control
for several days, the most serious of which consumed over
160,000 acres of timberland in the Meadow Lake-Green Lake
Region.
Rain came to north-central Saskatchewan and Manitoba the
last few days in May and continued until June k. Up to three
inches were deposited locally in the Prince Albert area with
lesser amounts at Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan, The Pas, Flin Flon,
and Thompson, Manitoba. Water quality was upgraded somewhat
because of this moisture, but by mid-June, most of this had
been lost and dry conditions were again evident.
When the Grand Rapids Reservoir was established, the water
flooded several thousand acres of willow, dwarf birch and
grass-covered meadows. This past spring, much of this area
was being extensively used by spawning northern pike. Just
what the duckling loss will be to these predators will not be
known, but it could be significant in certain areas.
Phenologically, this spring was one to two weeks ahead of
1967, though the ice breakup was only about one week early,
and it came rapidly. In I967, the survey was started on May 2U,
whereas the survey was commenced May 20 this year. Aspen was
beginning to leaf out when the first reconnaissance flight was
made about mid-May. However, the ice was still rather firm on
all of the larger lakes within 100 miles radius to the north
of Prince Albert and many of the smaller water areas had ice
on them, also.
Breeding populations (tables B-ll and B-12)
The total duck index increased 30 percent over 1967* and 63
percent over the 10-year average. Dabblers indicated an in-
crease of 18 percent over last year and 68 percent over the
11
average; divers were up U5 percent and 67 percent respectively.
Mallards and gadwalls showed slight decreases from last year,
of 3 percent and 8 percent. All other species with the
exception of the mergansers, indicated an increase over last
year. These increases ranged from moderate to phenomenal.
All species except shovelers and canvasbacks were well above
the 10-year average. Shovelers indicated only an 8 percent
increase, whereas the canvasback index was the same as the
long-terra average.
Of significance were the increases indicated for the widgeon,
blue-winged teal, and the pintails. Widgeon increased 133
percent and 200 percent; pintails, 138 percent and kl percent.
The four major diver species fared as follows: redheads were
27 percent above last year and 100 percent over the average;
canvasback, 38 percent and even; scaup, l6 percent and 52 per-
cent; and ringnecks, 31 percent and 68 percent.
The coot index showed a substantial increase in all strata
except stratum 18. The coot increase was a fantastic U89 per-
cent over 1967 and 286 percent over the 10-year average. As
expected, the largest increase was in the Saskatchewan River
Delta, stratum 36. However, coots were observed in several
areas where they are not normally recorded. Practically all
coots were seen as pairs or single birds and many nests were
observed.
Overall, Canada geese increased 21 percent over I967 and
10*1- percent over the average. However, as stated in previous
reports, the Ontario data is not a reliable indicator of
abundance. Disregarding the Ontario data, the Canada goose
index was about the same as the previous year.
Summer weather and habitat condtions
Weather conditions were only fair to good during the produc-
tion period. Temperatures averaged approximately 5° below
normal from mid-June through July, dropping as low as 10
below normal during one period in the second half of July.
Unsettled conditions prevailed throughout July with a consider-
able amount of thunderstorm and rain activity, plus high 20 to
UO miles per hour daytime winds.
In May and June, many of the forest-type potholes and shallow
lakes in western Saskatchewan were either dry or greatly
reduced from their normal size. By the end of July, however,
habitat conditions had improved considerably, though much of
the moisture may have come too late to aid in the production
effort. The larger lakes did not indicate this improvement
12
and remained two to four feet below normal. The water level
near mid-July in Lake Athabasca at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta,
was approximately 6.0 feet down from 1967. Habitat condi-
tions in eastern Saskatchewan and also in northern Manitoba
remained good, as they were in May and June. In the
Saskatchewan River Delta, water levels rose after nesting
was in progress, possibly creating the situation that caused
a decrease of almost 10,000 broods in this stratum from 19&7*
Delta #2 was overshadowed by the poor production in Delta #1;
the west half of the Delta which lies south of Cumberland
House. Here, water levels appeared to have risen after the
nesting period was in progress and large areas were void of
broods. However, it does not seem that increased water levels
alone could have caused the lack of broods and it is suggested
below normal temperatures for late June and July may have con-
tributed to the; poor production.
Habitat problems of a different and more permanent nature
are developing in the Meadow Lake region of western Saskatche-
wan. The first drainage ditch was noted west of Meadow Lake
around 196k. Since that time the project has been allowed to
prosper and with the work completed this year, many hundreds
of acres of valuable waterfowl habitat have been eliminated.
Production (tables B-13 and B-lU)
The overall duck brood index for 1968 was 18 percent below
1967, 201,000 as compared to 228,000. However, it was 57 per-
cent higher than the 7-year average of 128,000. The coot
brood index was 17,000, 70 percent over last year and 89 per-
cent above the average which was 9>000. The average brood
size was 5«5> one-tenth over both 1967 and the long-term aver-
age. The average for six broods of Canada geese observed was
3.8. The duckling index was 1,03^,5^9 or 13 percent lower
than the 1967 index of 1,190,U68. Class II and III broods
made up 77 percent of the total brood index, compared with 75
percent in 1967 and 80 percent in I966.
The late nesting index for all species, 11^,000, was the
lowest recorded since 196l; this was U8 percent below last
year and U9 percent under the 7-year average. The dabbling
duck LNI was 55,000 which is k2 percent lower than 1967 and
30 percent down from the average. Diving ducks, ^2,000,
decreased 63 percent from 1967 and 58 percent from the
average .
13
SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Data supplied by K. Duane Norman,
Pacific Flyway Biologist, and
Michael F. Sorensen, Surveys Biologist
Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-15)
Good habitat conditions were few and far between in south-
ern Alberta this year. Total precipitation in the Calgary
area since last September was about 33 percent below normal
and in Edmonton, 26 percent below normal. Habitat conditions
are excellent and equal to last year in the Milk River Ridge
in the southwest corner of the Province. The number of May
ponds in stratum 28 were only slightly below the 10-year aver-
age but decreased about 3^+ percent from last year. Data for
stratum 26 show 5^ percent fewer ponds than normal and 60 per-
cent fewer than last year. Aquatic vegetation was beginning
to appear in the ponds around May 12 near Calgary. Northward,
the vegetation became more apparent.
Breeding population (tables B-l6 through B-19)
The duck breeding population index, due largely to the loss
of breeding habitat, decreased in the lower three strata
about *l-l percent from last year. In stratum 13 where the
habitat is nearly normal, there are almost 25 percent more
birds than were observed last year.
The most startling decrease is that of the pintail which
decreased 76 percent from last year.
Mallards showed a decrease of 29 percent in the index from
last year. In stratum 13> the mallard index increased about
l6 percent.
The data also showed serious decreases in the widgeon,
bluewing, and shoveler populations. Almost equal decreases
are indicated from the 10-year average. Serious decreases
are indicated in the redhead and canvasback populations
although increases are shown in stratum 13.
Increases of about l6 percent were indicated for green-
wings in the lower three strata and 160 percent in stratum 13 •
Because of the receding water levels in the parklands, visi-
bility may have been the prime cause for the apparent increase
in the index. Gadwall populations increased 21 percent from
last year and are nearly 7*+ percent greater than the 10-year
ih
average. The Canada goose population index decreased about
71 percent in the lower three strata and 67 percent in stra-
tum 13.
This year's lone drake index of 62 percent was the lowest
recorded since 1955 when the index was about 60 percent. This
low index, might indicate a late nesting season, but mild
weather, the scarcity of available breeding habitat, and the
flocking of the birds on the major water areas, suggested that
the majority of the ducks did not attempt to nest.
Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-15)
Temperatures during May in Calgary averaged slightly below
normal. Rainfall was slightly below average. In Edmonton,
May was the driest since rainfall measurements were initiated
in l88l. May was a windy month having average winds in excess
of 12 miles per hour.
June was cool, dry, and windy. The last week was warm with
temperatures reaching to the mid and high eighties. Total pre-
cipitation for the month was about two-thirds of normal. Some
frost damage was reported in Calgary on the 13th and l^th.
The first half of July was warmer than normal and quite dry.
Less than 2 percent of the rainfall normally received has fal-
len in Calgary. Seven percent of the normal rainfall has been
received in Edmonton.
Waterfowl habitat conditions in southern Alberta were very
poor. Permanent potholes, large lakes, and highly productive
marshes were dry. The total decrease in available waterfowl
habitat was 37 percent since the May survey and kj, percent
since 19^7-
Production (tables B-20 through B-22)
The breeding pair survey data indicated a decrease of h2 per-
cent in the breeding population from last year in southern
Alberta. The brood index decreased U2 percent from last year
and was 52 percent below the 10-year average.
The average brood size decreased nearly 12 percent from last
year. In the poorest habitat, strata 26 and 28, the average
brood size decreased 29 percent and 37 percent respectively,
but increased slightly in the better habitat of stratum 27.
The age class composition of the broods in the survey area in-
dicated about 30 percent of the broods are class I, hj percent
are class II, and 17 percent are class III. The brood compo-
sition this year little changed from that of last year.
15
The late -nesting index for southern Alberta decreased 5
percent from last year and is 8l percent below the 10-year
average. The dabbler index decreased 17 percent from last
year, but the diver index increased ^5 percent. The total
late -nesting index remained unchanged for strata 26 and 28
but decreased in stratum 27 from last year.
SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Data supplied by Rossalius C. Hanson and
R. David Purinton, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife
Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-23)
Water conditions throughout the prairies of Saskatchewan
this spring were very poor. The pond index for the overall
area was down 62 percent from I967 and down 5^ percent from
the long-term average. Since 1955, only the years of 1959
and 1961 had fewer ponds . Every stratum was down from last
year. Water in many ponds was of poor quality. Many potholes
had only a few inches of water, and vegetation was rapidly
taking over the basins. The situations that appeared most
likely to last out the breeding season were in the parklands.
They were found mostly east, north, and west of Saskatoon.
The spring was early and at least a week or 10 days ahead
of normal. There was a late snowfall on May 9 that covered
southern and southwestern portions of the Province. A few
isolated places had U-6 inches. Most other areas had only
a trace. It turned warm, and the snow barely lasted out the
day. May was generally moderate except for the snow. No
cold snaps were reported, and nesting conditions were quite
favorable during the month.
Burning was not a noticeable problem in early May. However,
the latter part of the month saw extensive burning throughout
the parklands. Much of it was in conjunction with land
clearing.
16
During the past few years, sporadic land clearing in the
parklands was observed. This is the type of clearing where
the aspen and willow complex surrounding potholes was knocked
down, pushed into piles, and burned. This year, however,
clearing of this kind has become widespread throughout the
Province and on a noticeably larger scale. There is no ques-
tion about the loss of ponds as the fields are opened up, as
well as the loss of wildlife habitat in general. This prac-
tice now appears to be in full swing, and the resultant det-
rimental effect on wildlife will become evident. Expanded
large scale clearing of the "bush" in the hinterlands was
also evident. This has been a continuous thing over the
years, but it now appears to be encroaching on some very poor
and infertile lands. Some areas, recently cleared, have
little top soil.
Breeding populations (tables B-2^ and B-25)
There was a decline in overall waterfowl populations this
year compared to last year and the long-term average. All
ducks were down from last year by 22 percent and 33 percent
from the long-term average. The noticeable declines were in
the puddle ducks with pintails showing the greatest effect of
the water shortage. Pintails were down 50 percent from last
year and down 57 percent from the average. Surprisingly, mal-
lards held their own this year compared to last year but were
down 3 percent from the long-term average. Gadwalls showed
no change from last year and were up jk percent over the long-
term average.
The important diving ducks showed no change from last year
but were still down substantially from the average. Buffle-
heads, not important numerically, were conspicuous this year
by their abundance --more were seen this year than at any time
on record.
Coots were up over last year, and the index was better than
it had been since i960. A decline was expected in coots with
the poor water situations but they congregated in the better
watered areas.
The lone drake index for mallards, pintails, and canvasback
this year was 78 percent. This figure appears to be low for
such an early year and this lower figure may be partially an
indication of nonbreeding pairs. Another influencing factor
may have been high nest losses because of predation.
17
Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-23)
Because of low rainfall in May and June, pond conditions
continued to deteriorate. Rainfall was off from 25 to 50
percent from the normal during this period. During July,
showers and thunderstorms helped grain crops but did little
for duck ponds. The parklands were in better shape than the
grasslands, but all were in poor condition. The pond index
was lower than all the years except 1961 and 1962--down Ul
percent from I967 and down 70 percent from the long-term
average. The remaining water was found in the deeper, more
permanent sloughs. Even many of the larger marshes had
dried up. There were a few exceptions where water conditions
were reasonably good and these areas had most of the water-
fowl.
Production (tables B-26 through B-28)
The duck brood index was 8l, 500 this July, down 17 percent
from 1967 and 58 percent below the long-term average. Years
in which brood indexes were lower were 1961 through 1965.
The average brood size was 5-0 which was about normal.
The coot broods were a little better this year than last
but still were $k percent below the average.
The brood distribution by age classes was much the same as
last year; 75 percent of the broods counted in class I and II.
Class I broods made up 3U percent of the total. It was evi-
dent that many of the broods were just hatching.
The late -nesting index of "jQ, k-00 was 32 percent under last
year and 22 percent below the long-term average, indicating
a fairly poor late -nesting effort.
18
SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Data supplied by Morton M. Smith and
Richard Droll, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife
D. R. Halladay, Canadian Wildlife Service
Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-29)
As a result of a dry fall and open winter, there was a
moisture deficit in Manitoba this spring. Blowing dust was
encountered on May 6 en route to Winnipeg and on May 13 in the
vicinity of Shoal Lake. Despite the moisture deficit, enough
rain and snow fell in April and May so that growing season pre-
cipitation was above normal in southern Manitoba.
May mean temperatures were below normal at Winnipeg and this
was typical of the entire survey area. The month was generally
cool and wet.
In contrast to the very late, cold season of 19^7 May 1968
was a near normal year. Potholes were open on May h and the
southern part of lake Manitoba had substantial open water May
5. Snow covered the ground at Brandon on May 8 but melted off
the same evening. Aspens were leafing when surveys started on
May 5 and emergents were showing in the shallower ponds. The
phenology this May was about two weeks ahead of the 19^7
season. Farm .field operations proceeded rapidly this spring
in contrast to the delayed season of 1967 •
Much of extreme southern and western Manitoba has few ponds
and little or no brood water. The May ponds counts in
stratum 2h are 62 percent below the 1967 figure and-im stratum 25
ponds are down 56 percent. The pond index for southern
Manitoba in 1968 is the lowest May count recorded in l6 years.
There was fair to good water in the vicinity of Minnedosa and
the south and west slopes of the Riding Mountains but the total
area is of limited size.
Burning was widespread last fall and again this spring. The
spring burning in 1967 and 1968 is the most widespread. The
result is the destruction of many duck nests, either directly
by fire or indirectly through the increased activity of preda-
tors. Fall plowing was extensive during I967. The scene this
spring was of large cultivated areas with little or no • cover.
Many pond basins were plowed through last fall or burned off.
19
Aspen clearing continues and the usual procedure is to push
the downed trees and brush into the nearest basin — wet or
dry. Permanent drainage of pond basins is accelerating and
becoming more efficient.
The spring rains, which were a boon to farmers, have been
of little benefit to waterfowl. Most of the moisture entered
the soil and there was little runoff into the ponds.
Breeding populations (tables B-30 and B-31)
Duck numbers in southern Manitoba in 1968 are much below
the I967 count and approach the all-time low recorded in 1953 •
The 1968 duck index is 38 percent below I967 and ^0 percent
below the 15 -year average. With very minor exceptions all
species of ducks showed a decline in the I968 count. The mal-
lard was down 31 percent from the 1967 count and 50 percent below
the 15 -year average. Blue -winged teal were down kh percent
from last year and *i-8 percent from the long-term-average. The
pintail and every diving duck except the ruddy showed sub-
stantial declines in southern Manitoba in 1968.
An intensified and expanded aerial survey was conducted in
the Inter lake region in 1968. The results are not included
here but it should be noted that the duck indexes obtained in
this expanded count were no greater than those given in this
report.
Coot numbers showed an increase this year in the survey area.
Many of the coots were in rather sizeable flocks and may not
have been breeders.
The lone drake index is considered a barometer of the progress
and intensity of the nesting effort. The 1968 lone drake figure
of 73 percent is below the long-term average. We believe, how-
ever, that the aerial surveys covered the period of peak nesting.
There was some flocking of ducks in May and this tended to reduce
the lone drake index. Ground studies indicate that nesting activ-
ity in 1968 was near normal as to timing and certainly earlier
than in the late season of I967.
Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-29)
April and May were relatively wet and the accumulated growing
season precipitation, since April 1 was above normal at the end
of May. June was drier and the accumulated precipitation was
about 12 percent below normal at the end of the month. July
has been a cool month with frequent scattered thunder showers, but
growing season precipitation was still below normal in southern
Manitoba on July l6th.
20
The pond count in stratum 2U(A) was 52 percent lower than
that of 1967 and 76 percent below the average of the last Ik
years. Pond counts in stratum 25(B) are a third lower than
last year and 53 percent below the long-term average. The
pond count for the southern Manitoba unit is the second lowest
in 15 years of surveys — only 1962 had fewer ponds during July.
The only good brood water in the survey unit lies in a rela-
tively narrow band below and to the west of the Riding
Mountains. Some local areas have received heavy rains from
recent thunderstorms but this water was too late for duck pro-
duction in most instances.
Production (tables B-32 through B-3*0
The 1968 brood index was the lowest ever recorded. The esti-
mated number of broods in the Province is less than half that
of 1967 and 5^ percent below the long-term average production.
The coot brood index is 77 percent below the 1967 count and 66
percent below average.
The phenology of the spring in southern Manitoba was consid-
ered normal in 1968 and the start of nesting was also normal.
Yet nearly half of the known age broods this July were
recorded as class I. In view of the normal spring we inter-
pret this as evidence of substantial renesting following the
loss of first nests. A high percentage of young broods is not
desirable so late in a dry season but in some areas the recent
rains have increased their chances for survival.
The 1968 index to late nesting, which is a measure of "broods
to come," is the lowest ever recorded since surveys started.
Over wide areas in southern Manitoba virtually no breeding
waterfowl remained in July. Flocks of ducks of mixed sexes and
species were a common sight on the larger water areas this July.
In addition, occasional flocked ducks were feeding in field sheet
water left by recent thundershowers . None of these flocked
ducks gave any evidence of being late nesters.
21
MONTANA
Data supplied by Alva E. Weinrich,
Ash ton W. Brann, Raymond J. Buller,
and Donald W. Combs, Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife
Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-35)
Precipitation averaged about 5 inches or 35 percent below
normal this year through the survey period in the Montana
area. Snowfall was very light during the winter and spring.
In general, the permanent type waters changed the least
because of size and depth. No spring flooding occurred and
very few residual snowbanks were observed in coulees and
creeks. The natural potholes in northeast Montana east of the
Sweet Grass Hills that had good water last year in May were
mostly dry this year. These potholes are usually dry in July.
Water surface acreage is greatly reduced this year in pothole
and lake types.
Breeding populations (tables B-38 and B-39)
Pintail decreased about 65 percent followed by mallards kh
percent, blue-winged teal k-2 percent, and gadwall 19 percent
for an overall decrease of dabbling ducks of 38 percent from
the U-year average. Scaup, the most important diver, decreased
17 percent. Total ducks decreased 36 percent from the aver-
age which closely parallels the 3U percent decrease in water
areas from the average.
A slight reduction occurred in the mallard and pintail lone
drake index from last year. For mallard and pintails, nesting
progress was about normal; however, many of the other species
of ducks were late migrating compared to last year and some
large flocks of birds, indicating no nesting efforts, were
observed.
Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-35)
Generally, the precipitation in May was down about 30 percent
from I967. Temperatures varied from highs at Miles City of
103 to lows of U7 at Cut Bank. Generally, the highs ranged
80-90 degrees and the lows 50-60 degrees. Winds were generally
not strong.
22.
Rain fell in spots during June causing much variance in
range conditions, stock dam levels, and crop production.
Generally, the area around Culbertson, Sidney, Glendive,
Circle, Roundup, Billings, and Lewistown looked better than
the north and northwestern areas around Plentywood, Scobey,
Malta, Havre, Cutbank, and Great Falls. July rains were
almost nonexistant until midmonth when one to two inches fell
in eastern Montana from the 15-19 • During this same period,
some very locally severe hailstorms occurred, killing at
least one cow near Lewistown and numerous chickens. Hay,
grain, and property were likewise destroyed.
Many contradictions in water levels occurred. Lake Mason,
near Roundup had more water than it has had for several years.
Some stock dams on the Roundup study area had higher water
levels than in May. Lake Thibadeaux in the Havre study area
was nearly dry with no waterfowl and much aquatic vegetation.
Many overwater nests were observed in the vegetation of coots
or grebes but no birds sighted. Woody Island, Coulee Lakes
were dry as was the Big Marsh along the Canadian border.
Production (tables B-38 through B-Ul)
The duck brood index dropped 6 percent from last year and 17
percent from the average. The average brood size decreased 11
percent from last year and 10 percent from the average. Brood
indexes were based on observations of 67 duck broods and 1
coot in stratum k-0. These were composed of 8 class I, 30
class II, and 29 class III. Stratum Ul was based on 210 duck
broods and 7 coot broods composed of k2 class I, 86 class II,
and 82 class III.
The total duck late-nesting index decreased l6 percent from
last year and 2 percent from the average. Coot late nesting
increased a large amount from last year and the average; but,
is not significant because of so few birds involved as is also
the case with the diving ducks. Of the dabblers, only the
blue -winged teal late -nesting index increased over last year
and the average. All other dabblers decreased.
The trends in the Canada goose population during the nesting
season in the Helena Unit are given in table B-^0. Results
of the production survey trends in the same areas are outlined
in table B-kl.
23
NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA
Data supplied by Gerald Pospichal
and
Donald Frickie
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Spring weather and habitat conditions (table B-^2)
Total precipitation for 19&7 was below normal. March was
relatively dry in North Dakota and though above average pre-
cipitation was received in April it was not enough to offset
the potholes deficiencies. North Dakota temperatures for the
period September 1967 to April 1968 were generally above nor-
mal. Although the monthly winter precipitation in South
Dakota was below normal, the span between actual and normal
was not as wide as in North Dakota. Central and eastern
South Dakota received heavy snows and rains in March and
April which greatly improved pothole levels and habitat con-
ditions but the western part of the State remained dry.
North Dakota ponds were down 37 percent from 19&7 and South
Dakota ponds were down 22 percent. In the two central strata
(30 and 33) > total ponds were down 27 percent from 1967 but
were up 15 percent from the long-term average. The greatest
decreases occurred in North Dakota where water levels last
year were above average. Water quality in May was poor in
the North Dakota ponds but fair to good in South Dakota.
Cold spring weather delayed the leafing-out of trees and
slowed the growth of pond emergents. Visibility was not ham-
pered in this regard, in fact it was better than in 19&7*
Visibility was, however, affected by the low water levels and
old vegetation, particularly in the large shallow bulrush -
cattail type potholes. Vegetation was not as flattened out as
in a normal winter and the shallow water created numerous
small openings which made observation of many species dif-
ficult.
Breeding populations (tables B-^-3 through B-U5)
Total ducks showed a decrease 30 percent from 1967 and were
down 15 percent from the average with dabblers down 31 percent
from 1967 and down l6 percent from the average. North Dakota
showed a decrease- in total ducks of 52 percent while South
Dakota showed an increase of 9 percent. Coot populations were
2k
approximately the same as in 19^7 in North Dakota but were
up 3U percent in South Dakota, a further indication of the
better water conditions in that State.
It is important to note that in late May, although coots
were observed on nests, many were still observed in large
flocks (a hundred or more birds) on some of the larger
lakes and flocks of gadwalls were common.
The area lone drake index of 70.25 is below that of 1967
(78. h) but higher than the years 196^ through 1966. It
indicates a fairly normal progress in the nesting, partic-
ularly in the mallard as noted in the breakdown by species
and State. An abnormally large number of paired pintails
were observed during the survey which may have been an indi-
cation of a renesting effort. Although the weather temper-
ature was normal in May, and some heavy snow in southern
North Dakota and northern South Dakota that may have adver-
sely affected the early nesting pintails. Early June rains
were heavy in central and eastern North Dakota and pothole
levels in some areas exceeded those of early May. With
normal precipitation the late nesters and renesting may be
significant.
Summer weather and habitat conditions (table B-U2)
June and July weather in the Dakotas was generally unstable.
High winds, thunderstorms with heavy rain in some areas,
tornadoes, hail and days of low ceilings and fog were common.
Rainfall during June and July was adequate over both States to
make this year one of bumper crops in corn, small grains and
hay. The dry pothole conditions so obvious in May remained
unchanged in eastern and northwest North Dakota and south and
southeastern South Dakota; even though rains were heavy
enough to produce excellent crops and pasture. Rains were
heavy in central, southcentral, and southeast North Dakota
(six to ten inches above normal) and fair in the northcentral
part of the State. Weather conditions in these areas were
improved over May. Northern South Dakota (east of the
Missouri River), including the Leola Hills, and the northeast
part of the State had precipitation enough to hold spring
water levels. Total July ponds in the two Dakotas showed a
decrease of 19 percent from 1967. The long-term comparisons
for strata 30 and 33 (the areas that received the heaviest
rainfall in June and July), showed a decrease of only h per-
cent from 1967 but still remained 23 percent above the long-
term average. The water conditions in the central Dakotas in
25
July of 1968 are very similar to 1967 which was 30 percent
below 1966. The small grain harvest was underway by July 15
with hay cutting about completed by the 25th.
Production (tables B-U6 through B-hQ)
In strata 30 and 33 North and South Dakota, duck broods
were down 39 percent from the long-term average. The coot
brood index was down 58 percent from 1967 and down 15 percent
from the average. North Dakota was the hardest hit and
showed respective declines of ^5 and 63 percent for broods
of ducks and coots as compared to 1967- In South Dakota duck
broods dropped 9 percent from 1967* while coots declined 28
percent. The I968 survey was completed one week later than
normal so these declines are of concern. These declines were
also noted during ground surveys and by the banding crews
which were having difficulty locating bandable ducks. Large
flocks of nonbreeding ducks of mixed species and sexes as
well as flocks of 200 to 300 coot were common throughout the
area. The dry conditions in April and May in the central
and eastern Dakotas which improved with heavy rains in local
areas in June and July caused late population shifts of ducks
and coots, and apparently disrupted the nesting.
Strata 30 and 33 indicated a late-nesting index of 66 per-
cent below I967 and 5h percent below the long-term average.
Long-term trends in brood and late-nesting indexes, strata 30
and 33 show 1968 the lowest late -nesting index since i960.
Mallards, gadwall, and blue-winged teal, the three major dab-
bler species, showed decreases of 32 percent, 50 percent, and
97 percent from the long-term average and similar large de-
clines from 1967* Redhead and ruddy ducks showed declines of
77 percent and l6 percent from 1967? and 78 percent and 25
percent from the average.
It is possible that this late-nesting evaluation may be low
because of the large flocks of what appeared to be non-
breeding birds, but, large numbers of birds were also noted
in 1967 when the data also indicated the second largest late-
nesting index since i960.
26
MINNESOTA
Data supplied by Robert Jessen
Minnesota Department of Conservation
Weather and habitat conditions
A dry, mild spring in April and early May was followed by
cool, vet weather in late May and June.
The Minnesota census was started on May 15 and completed on
June 3- Suitable flying weather permitted completion of
aerial transects in the southern, western, and central por-
tions of the State by May 22. High winds and rain delayed
the northeastern transects, primarily those in stratum h,
until early June. The early warm weather and late flying
period hampered observations in the wooded portion of the
State where foliage growth was advanced.
A review of the I967 survey showed that the variability in
the data was quite large and an improved sampling procedure
was needed. It was also concluded that error could be re-
duced by using one aerial census crew throughout the State
and increasing the number of air: ground visibility transects.
Based on the premise that duck numbers are related to the den-
sity of water areas, an elaborate stratification was designed
based on the number of basins within townships. Strata were
divided into quarter-mile, east-west transects of lengths
varying from 5 to ^3 miles. A random sample of these tran-
sects was drawn with the objective of maintaining sampling
error within 20 percent at the 95 percent level of confidence
for estimates of total ducks.
The May pond index (the total estimated number of all strata)
was 172,000. This is substantially less than the 327,000 esti-
mated within the I967 sample strata.
Breeding populations (tables B-U9 and B-50)
Pair densities indicated breeding pairs and groups of birds
were tallied on sample transects and these values expanded for
each stratum. The unadjusted population index for mallards
was 5^,000 and for blue-winged teal 66,000. The breeding pop-
ulation index for all ducks was 186,000. State-wide estimates
when compared to the 1967 survey indicate a decline in breeding
ducks in Minnesota. Total ducks declined in the general magni-
tude of 20 percent, with mallard and blue-winged teal down 30
27
to 't-0 percent. However, it is important to recognize that
changes in the routes censused beginning in 1968 and limited
air: ground visibility corrections may mean that our state-
wide estimates are subject to considerable error.
CHIPPEWA NATIONAL FOREST
MINNESOTA
Data supplied by Jay Janecek,
Robert Chesness, Leon Johnson,
Roger Lehmann, and Robert Craig
Minnesota .Depart-aeit ot Conservation
John Ma this en
U.S. Forest Service
Lew Cowardin, David Gilmer,
Irvin Ball, and Bill Ellerbrock
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Habitat conditions
The water level in the Mississippi flowage had been drawn
down to approximately 8.2 feet as of April 1 but 13.2 inches
of rainfall, of which 7 inches was recorded in June, made the
area about 5 feet above normal at the time of the census. Ex-
cessive discharge of water from Lake Winnibigoshish and Leech
Lake created water conditions 11 inches above normal for the
Mud Lake area.
Submergent vegetation was not as heavy as last year. Hard
stem bulrushes were quite heavy in some areas. Wild rice
growth appeared to be good to excellent. The Third River area
continues to have numerous small islands of cattail bogs
making numerous openings and channels throughout the area.
Breeding populations and production (tables B-51 and B-52)
The six main species of breeding ducks on the Chippewa
National Forest area have been the mallard, widgeon, golden-
eye, blue-winged teal, ring-necked duck, and wood duck.
28
Other ducks include merganser, redhead, Scaup, and green-
winged teal.
The brood average of class III mallards for the total survey-
area in 1968 is 7-1 as compared to the all time average of
6.6. Incomplete broods and maternal hens have not been in-
cluded.
The 1968 waterfowl survey indicated a 57 percent decrease
as compared to the par year 1939-^0 and down from last year
since Mud Lake was included this year. The adult population
increased slightly over last year.
Several factors influenced the count. Excessive water was
present on most areas, sloughs and potholes adjacent to the
census areas and surrounding country contained water, heavy
rains in June appeared to have caused some nest destruction,
and changing the census of the Third River count from before
noon to afternoon can be considered.
WASHINGTON
Data supplied by Robert G. Jeffery
and Ellis L. Bowhay. Washington
State Game Department
Weather and habitat conditions
Some of the pothole areas of central Washington received
more runoff during the winter and spring, and improved per-
ceptibly in duck production capabilities. However, the once
important potholes in the far-eastern part of the State con-
tained the least amount of water in the history of the survey.
The number of potholes counted in the May sample was 19 per-
cent below the average of the dry-cycle years, 1962-67. In
other breeding habitats, water and weather were adequate for
average or better waterfowl production.
29
Breeding populations (table B-53)
In I968 there were over 120,000 adult ducks on the breeding
grounds of Washington. This represented a 9 percent decrease
from the I967 index. Dabblers, except for mallards, gadwall,
and widgeon, increased, while diving ducks were uniformly
below I967. Most of the decrease in duck pairs took place in
the pothole habitat.
Production (table B-5'0
Estimates of duckling production were based on brood counts.
Brood pair ratios were compared with long-term averages to
determine nesting success values. The State production index
for all ducks was 307,300. The index was 5 percent below that
of I967. Young ducks made tip 6l percent of the index, a ratio
that has remained unchanged for 3 years. Duck production in
the far-eastern potholes was down 32 percent. Most other im-
portant areas were either static or improved in productivity,
with the irrigated lands showing a 29 percent increase over
the 1967 index. Mallards, gadwall, and widgeon, and diving
ducks as a group, all showed decreases. The three teal species,
shovelers, pintail, and wood ducks offset the decline to a con-
siderable extent.
The production index for Canada geese was 11,650, up 3 per-
cent from 1967. More nests were found on the survey, and im-
proved nesting success offset some locally heavy losses to
predators. A joint project of State and Federal agencies
resulted in the salvage of 1,250 Canada goose eggs before inun-
dation of nesting islands behind the John Day dam on the
Columbia River. From these, 920 goslings were raised for
release on the river or for nuclei in the establishment of
management flocks of geese.
30
OREGON
Data supplied by Chester E. Kebbe
Oregon State Game Commission
Weather and habitat conditions
The mild winter of 1967-68 was one of the driest on record
for southeastern Oregon, the region containing the major
waterfovl production marshes in the State. Relatively little
precipitation fell, either as rain or snow, during the winter
or spring months. As a result many of the small marshes and
potholes went dry before the start of the breeding season and
water levels of the large marshes, reservoirs, lakes, and
streams were drastically reduced. The drought continued into
the summer period further shrinking the amount of waterfowl
production habitat.
Production (tables B-55 and B-56)
Goose production in Oregon declined 28 percent from the
peak production year in 1967* an& 13 percent from the previous
6-year average. The decline is due primarily to the loss of
habitat. There was little apparent shift of breeders from
drought-stricken regions to permanent water areas.
In spite of the loss of considerable marsh habitat in south-
eastern Oregon duck production on a statewide basis is up 2k
percent from the low production year of 1967. A major shift
of breeding birds occurred from areas of drought to permanent
water areas, with increased production recorded on most tran-
sects. Production of dabblers increased 7 percent, with teal
and wood ducks showing substantial increases and gadwalls a
marked decline.
All divers showed striking increases in production with a
major shift of breeders to the Klamath Basin quite apparent.
An increase in production of redheads, canvasbacks, and ruddy
ducks of 73 percent from an extremely poor productive season
in 1967^ was recorded.
31
IDAHO
Data supplied by Elmer R. Norberg
Idaho Fish and Game Department
Weather and habitat conditions
Comparatively dry weather conditions prevailed in Idaho
during the winter and spring of 1968. As a result, the snow
pack in the mountains was well below normal resulting in a
reduced spring water flow. Conditions were further aggravated
during the early spring months when unseasonably warm weather
prevailed which removed the snow pack early at the middle and
low elevations and reduced the soil and moisture. As a result,
the stream flow in most Idaho streams was well below normal
and did not fluctuate as greatly as during most years. Draw-
down of reservoirs began earlier than usual as a result of the
reduced water supply.
Breeding populations (table B-57)
Aerial counts of breeding Canada geese in southern Idaho
indicated that these populations were down 13 percent from 19&7
but still up approximately 10 percent from the long-term aver-
age. In general, the breeding population in southwestern
Idaho appeared to be holding up somewhat better than the one in
eastern Idaho.
Production (table B-58)
Canada goose production based on nest surveys indicates a 10
percent reduction from that of 1967 and 11 percent reduction
from the long-term average.
Duck production based on one trend route, Blackfoot
Reservoir, was the lowest on record and 8l percent below the
long-term average.
32
CALIFORNIA
Data supplied by J. R. LeDonne,
F. M. Kozlik, Harry George, and
H. McKinnie
California Department of Fish and Game
Weather and habitat conditions
Water and habitat conditions in northeastern California
were well below the excellent water year of 19^7 • ^e perma-
nent water impoundments and marshes were showing signs of the
lack of runoff. Conditions were spotty with some areas at
normal level and other areas almost dry. The temporary water
areas that produced waterfowl last year were dry this year as
a result of the dry winter and mild, warm spring.
The Central Valley received" below normal amounts of rainfall,
although more important to production in this area is the
weather and rain during the late winter and spring months
which affects farming operation. This area is composed mostly
of artificial and regulated water impoundments such as rice
fields, gun clubs, grasslands and pastured areas. The rice
and associated vegetation was earlier than in 1967 due to the
warm and dry weather that occurred during the spring months.
The late winter and spring months were dry with the northern
migration of waterfowl on schedule. The majority of the birds
departed from the wintering grounds by the first part of April.
Most of the waterfowl production occurring in California is
found in northeastern California and on the rice lands of the
Sacramento Valley. Other areas covered by this survey are:
The Suisun Marsh, the grasslands, and rice and pasture areas
of the Central San Joaquin Valley. Other smaller areas pro-
duce some ducks, but the accumulated total is of little signi-
ficance this year.
Breeding populations and production (tables B-59 and B-60)
Pairs of geese showed a U5 percent increase with a similar
3h percent increase in the fall population index. This con-
trasted with the overall figure for northeastern California
which showed a decrease in breeding pairs and fall population
index.
Breeding pairs of ducks were up 25 percent and the fall popu-
lation index was up 17 percent.
33
Coots were up 18 percent in pairs and 27 percent in the
fall population index.
NEVADA
Data supplied by Fred E. Wright
Nevada Fish and Game Commission
Weather and habitat conditions
Weather was generally good for waterfowl production as the
spring warmed earlier than last year and the temperatures
have been averaging higher. Water conditions were good in west
central Nevada due to carry-over but are deteriorating due to
evapotranspiration. Conditions in northern Nevada are generally
poor, although the northeast improved due to late rains.
Habitat in eastern Nevada is good.
Breeding populations (table B-6l)
Total population of all species was down 3^ percent, except
that geese are the same as last year. Pairs recorded were about
the same as the low of 1962. When examining the production
figures, it is difficult to explain the drop in pairs observed.
Production (table 62)
Production recorded this year is the highest since 1959 when
26,lkk young were classified, however, average brood size has
changed very little. One key area reports that hatching success
has been found to be about double of that previously estimated.
3^
UTAH
Data supplied by John E. Nagel
Utah Fish and Game Department
Weather and habitat conditions
The winter of 1967-68 provided Utah with above average
amounts of precipitation. Spring storms and heavy runoff
created optimum nesting conditions for vaterfowl throughout
the State. All managed marsh areas were in excellent condi-
tion when breeding waterfowl returned this spring. Natural
marsh areas around the Great Salt Lake and wetland areas in
eastern and southern Utah also were enhanced by heavy amounts
of precipitation and runoff. Wetland habitat throughout the
State remained in excellent condition throughout the spring
and early summer.
Continued periods of rain through the end of June has placed
little demand on waters stored in irrigation reservoirs. This
resulted in sustained high flows into managed marsh areas in
northern Utah and slower than average deterioration of natural
wetland habitat throughout the State should remain in good to
excellent condition throughout the rest of the summer and into
the fall hunting season.
Breeding populations and production (tables B-63 through B-66)
Aerial surveys indicate a fairly substantial increase in
breeding ducks on northern Utah trend areas. Ground counts on
managed marsh areas indicate little or no increase in breeding
birds from 1966 levels. However, better habitat conditions
throughout the State and especially in areas immediately adja-
cent to developed marsh areas accounted for significant in-
creases in the number of birds utilizing these areas and in
the amount of habitat available to breeding waterfowl. This is
essentially the same situation experienced in both 1966 and
1967.
Breeding populations of mallards, redheads, gadwall, ruddy
ducks, and shovelers on major census areas can be considered as
normal. No major shift in species composition between northern
and southern breeding areas was noted.
Canada goose brood counts made during this spring indicate
above average production of Great Basin Canada geese throughout
35
the State. Major production areas in northern Utah including
Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge indicate a substantial in-
crease in numbers of breeding pair and goslings. Production
areas throughout the remainder of the State with the exception
of southern Utah reflect the same upward trend.
WYOMING
Data supplied by George Wrakestraw
Wyoming Game and Fish Commission
Weather and habitat conditions
Water conditions were average. A good carry-over of water
areas from 1967 was observed and precipitation amounts were
adequate throughout the State to maintain existing water areas.
Spring appeared to arrive early, but cold weather in April
and May delayed the growing season by as much as two to three
weeks. Waterfowl were apparently undaunted by the change in
seasons and nesting got underway in many localities at an
extremely early date. Hatching was two weeks earlier in these
areas. In the southern part of the State, from the Laramie
mountains to western Wyoming, and all of the higher elevations,
snow storms and frozen streams and ponds were found the third
week of May and birds were not yet on these areas. It is
certain that many ducks were "sitting out" the weather at lower
elevations and, if the survey areas had been open then, many
more birds would have been recorded. Thus, the reported in-
crease in birds would have been much greater than that recorded.
Weather and habitat conditions were ideal for Canada geese and
only a limited number of nests were effected by weather and run-
off.
Breeding populations (tables B-67 and B-68)
The estimated duck breeding pair population for 1968 shows an
increase of 31 percent from 1967 and an increase of 67 percent
from the long-term average. All species were found in greater
36
abundance, with the exception of shovelers and ruddy ducks.
The total number of ducks observed during the 1968 survey-
shows an increase of 35 percent from 1967 and an increase of
70 percent from the 1955-1967 average.
Coots and mergansers were also in greater abundance this
year.
The trend of breeding geese is steadily upward and con-
tinues to fulfill management objectives of filling vacant
nesting habitat. Total geese observed represents a 15 per-
cent increase from 19&7 and a 105 percent increase from aver-
age. The 1968 count reflects twice as many geese on the
survey areas as found in 1953* the peak year between 1952 and
I962. Production surveys at Ocean Lake, Bear River, and in
Goshen County indicate good goose production for 1968.
COLORADO
Data supplied by Richard M. Hopper
Colorado Game, Fish and Parks Department
Weather and habitat conditions
Weather conditions favorable for waterfowl nesting existed
in Colorado during the spring and early summer of 1968.
Winter snowpack, heavy in some areas, was delayed in melting
because of a cool spring. Water supplies were generally good,
with about normal precipitation and reservoir storage hold-
over. Water conditions were less desirable on the eastern
plains in I968 than in I967. The reverse situation appeared
to be true for the mountain parks and valleys.
Breeding populations and production (tables B-69 and B-70)
Breeding pair estimates for 1968 were larger than for 1967
in most areas. The San Luis Valley and Yampa Valley showed
37
slight decreases. The large increase in North Park in 1968
was because of a change in methods of projecting the estimate;
thus, 1968 figures for this area and the total estimate are
not comparable to 1967 and the lU-year average. For all years
prior to 1968, a standard visibility ratio of 0.'+5 was applied
to aerial counts of all species in North Park. Air: ground
comparison studies in the United States and Canada have shown
that the various species of ducks are not equally visible from
the air. Studies in the San Luis Valley indicate that a visi-
bility ratio of O.U5 is too large, even for the mallard. The
similarity in habitat between North Park and the San Luis
Valley prompted the application of San Luis Valley visibility
ratios to North Park aerial counts in 1968. A more realistic
estimate by species now seems apparent, particularly for gad-
walls, pintails, and teals. This new method produced little
change in the mallard estimate for North Park.
Comparisons between 1968 figures and the other two sets of
figures are not valid because of the change in methods of pro-
jecting estimates for North Park in 1968, as noted above.
This change reduced the percent species composition for mallard
in 1968 and raised the percentages of pintails, gadwalls, and
green -winged teals to a more acceptable level.
Total flock size of geese and production in I968 represent a
considerable increase over 1967 and are the highest ever
recorded in the 13-year history of the survey. This situation
is mostly the result of the large increase in goose use and
production at Brown's Park National Wildlife Refuge along the
Green River, brought about by greatly improved habitat condi-
tions. The Yampa River still contributes the greatest produc-
tion and total number of geese, but the Green River has now
surpassed the Little Snake in both categories and promises to
continue its increase.
High water appeared to have little effect on goose production.
Snowpack in the high country in 1968 was normal or above normal,
but cool spring weather delayed runoff until most nests had
hatched. Little evidence of nest flooding could be detected.
38
NEBRASKA
Data supplied by John T. Sweet
Nebraska Game, Forestation and Park
Commission
Weather and habitat conditions
Water conditions throughout the Sandhills were fair to poor
at the time of the May surveys. The extreme western area and
a narrow band along the northern edge of the Sandhills re-
ceived good April rains and were in good to excellent condi-
tion. The May water index was 10 percent above the 1967 May
index.
The Sandhills production area has remained dry throughout
the spring and summer. Some local rainfall helped to main-
tain water levels in some areas but many areas were extremely
dry at the time the July brood surveys were made. Only the
extreme western and northern portions remained in fair to good
condition. The 1968 July water index was 27 percent below the
I967 index.
The southcentral Rainwater Basin production area of the
State was quite dry at the time of the May surveys. July
brood surveys were not made because of the lack of water and
habitat in the area.
Weather conditions were relatively cool during the spring
and early summer with only a few days of very high tempera-
tures. Extremes of both high and low temperatures were expe-
rienced during the month of June, however.
Breeding populations (table B-7l)
Breeding pair transects were flown in the Rainwater Basin
area on May 10, 1968, and over the Sandhills area during the
period May 20 through May 25. The 1968 Rainwater Basin
breeding population index was ll,2Uo. Surveys were not made
in 1967 because of the lack of habitat. The 1968 Sandhills
breeding population index of 100, 069, all species combined,
was k percent above that of I967.
Production (table B-72)
Aerial brood transects were flown over the Sandhills area
during the period July 15 through July 21, 1968.
39
A total of 3^ broods were observed. Good counts -were
obtained on 29 broods with l6l ducklings. The total number
of broods observed was the same as for 1967- The number of
ducklings was k percent below that of 1967- There were 5.55
ducklings/brood as compared to the 19&7 figure of U.91.
Surveys indicate that the hatch in Sandhills area is con-
siderably later than normal and somewhat irregular. Class I
pintail broods were common past mid-July. The size of many
broods would indicate first nesting attempts. Age class per-
centages for the ducklings sighted on the aerial survey were
hf, UU, and 9, respectively, for the age classes I, II, and
III.
1*0
WATERFOWL KILL SURVEY
Data supplied by Elwood M. Martin, Samuel M. Carney,
and Robert L. Croft
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Scope and Methods
This report presents estimates of waterfowl hunting acti-
vity and success, including bag by species, for the 1967
waterfowl season and compares each estimate with its 1966
season counterpart (Special Scientific Report -- Wildlife
No. 111). These estimates are based on information obtained
through the Bureau's annual Cooperative Waterfowl "arts
Collection and Mail Questionnaire Surveys of United States
Waterfowl Hunters. Duck stamp sales figures were provided
by the Post Office Department. Preliminary estimates, based
on reports of duck stamp sales through the third quarter of
fiscal year 1968, were made available for the annual water-
fowl regulations meetings in early August in Administrative
Report 157. Final estimates, based on total sales for all
four quarters, are presented here.
Sampling, hunter contact, stratification, junior hunter
expansion, and bias correction procedures are comparable to
those used previously (Special Scientific Report -- Wildlife
No. 99). As usual, all hunting activity and harvest esti-
mates have been assigned to the State in which the hunter
purchased his duck stamp, except as otherwise indicated
(Washington, D. C). In most cases, this is also the State
in which the hunting occurred but, when it is not, the indi-
cated distribution of hunting effort among States may be
slightly disproportionate.
Species composition figures for the States having late
black duck or extended sea duck seasons have been refined by
adding information obtained in the questionnaire surveys to
that obtained in the parts collection surveys. For more
detailed species composition data by State, see Administrative
Reports 150 (ducks) and 151 (geese). The latter report also
contains information on goose age ratios, while additional
data on the duck bag appears in Administrative Reports 152
(age ratios) and 153 (sex ratios). Administrative Report
154 contains estimates of the Illinois and Wisconsin Canada
goose bags obtained independently of questionnaire survey
figures.
'H
Estimates of waterfowl hunting activity and success during
the experimental October season in Colorado's San Luis Valley,
the September teal season in 21 States in the Mississippi and
Central Flyways, and the whistling swan season in Utah are
not included in this report. For information on these special
seasons refer to Administrative Reports 155 (teal season),
148 (swan season), and 158 (San Luis Valley season). Hunting
activity and harvest figures for the experimental late black
duck season in Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, and
for the extended sea duck season of 108 days in nine States
of the Atlantic Flyway are included in the estimates pre-
sented here, which, therefore, represent total waterfowl
hunting effort in these areas.
Results
Table C-l summarizes bias -adjusted duck and coot bag esti-
mates by species for each flyway and Alaska, together with
unretrieved and total kill figures for ducks and coots.
Table C-2 presents information on retrieved, unretrieved,
and total goose kill in the same manner. Approximately
12,353,000 ducks were bagged in the United States during the
1967 season, 5 percent more than during the previous season.
Increases were registered for each of the four major species
in the bag -- the mallard (up 9 percent), the pintail (up
27 percent), the green-winged teal (up 24 percent), and the
American widgeon (up 1 percent) . Changes for other species
of special interest were: black duck, down 4 percent; blue-
winged and cinnamon teal in combination, up 23 percent; wood
duck, down 24 percent; redhead, up 10 percent; and canvasback,
down 47 percent. The number of coots bagged during the 1967
season is estimated to have been about 755,000, 21 percent
fewer than during the previous season. The total 1967 season
bag of 1,135,000 geese is 19 percent below the 1966 figure,
a decrease to which all four major species of geese -- the
Canada goose (down 6 percent), the snow goose (down 42 percent),
the blue goose (down 15 percent), and the white-fronted goose
(down 22 percent) -- contributed. Both species of brant also
showed decreases in total bag.
k2
Daily duck bag and possession limits, season lengths, and
estimated numbers of potential adult waterfowl hunters,
together with average and total numbers of days hunted and
ducks and geese bagged, unadjusted for response bias, are
presented by State for each flyway beginning with Alaska and
the Pacific Flyway in table C-3. Duck stamp sales records,
together with figures showing their breakdown into nonhunters
and active and successful waterfowl hunters, are also summa-
rized by State for each flyway beginning with Alaska and the
Pacific Flyway in table C-4. Final reports indicate that
1,926,613 duck stamps were sold in 1967, 7.2 percent more
than in 1966, and that waterfowl hunting provided about
12,050,000 hunter-days of recreation in 1967 for an increase
of 6 percent from the previous season.
A brief resume of hunter activity and success by flyway
for 1967, showing degree of change from the previous year,
follows.
Alaska
Duck stamp sales totaled 10,358 (-3 percent) and 69,800
ducks (+34 percent), 500 coots (-44 percent), and 11,000
geese (+49 percent) were bagged during 52,500 hunter-days
afield (+43 percent). Those persons buying duck stamps for
hunting hunted an average of 4.8 days (+49 percent) and
bagged a total of 8.3 ducks (+39 percent) and 1.2 geese
(+52 percent) each. The estimates for Alaska are contained
in tables C-l, C-2, C-3, and C-4.
Pacific Flyway
An estimated 4,373,800 ducks (+25 percent), 151,800 coots
(-9 percent), and 318,900 geese (-28 percent) were bagged in
2,614,200 hunter-days (+7 percent), with 381,583 duck stamps
(+1,785 stamps) being sold. Potential adult hunters reported
averages of 6.4 hunter-days (+6 percent), 13.9 ducks bagged
(+24 percent), and 0.9 geese bagged (-29 percent). Pacific
Flyway estimates are shown in tables C-l, C-2, C-3, and C-4.
^3
Central Flyway
Duck stamp sales totaled 359,938 (+16 percent), with
2,033,100 ducks (+5 percent), 64,300 coots (+53 percent),
and 277,100 geese (-34 percent) having been bagged in
2,316,200 hunter-days (+9 percent). Potential adult hunters
hunted an average of 6.0 days (-7 percent) for a total
retrieved kill of 7.2 ducks (-10 percent) and 0.9 geese
(-43 percent) each. Figures for the Central Flyway are
shown in tables C-l, C-2, C-5, and C-6.
Mississippi Flyway
With duck stamp sales standing at 813,797 (+7 percent),
4,522,500 ducks (-6 percent), 437,100 coots (-31 percent),
and 334,900 geese (-4 percent) were bagged in 5,160,300
hunter-days (+5 percent), and averages of 6.0 days (-3 per-
cent), 6.9 ducks bagged (-13 percent), and 0.5 geese bagged
(-13 percent) per potential adult hunter were recorded. Esti-
mates for the Mississippi Flyway appear in tables C-l, C-2,
C-7, and C-8.
Atlantic Flyway
Totals of 1,371,600 ducks (-4 percent), 101,600 coots
(-8 percent), and 192,700 geese (+6 percent) were bagged
during 1,906,600 hunter -days (+5 percent), with averages
of 5.1 days (-3 percent), 4.2 ducks bagged (-12 percent),
and 0.7 geese bagged (-1 percent) being registered per
potential adult hunter as duck stamp sales reached 360,937
(+7 percent). The Atlantic Flyway figures are recorded
in tables C-l, C-2, C-9, and C-10.
kk
APPENDIX
A. WATERFOWL WINTER SURVEY TABLES
TABLE A-l, — Survey of waterfowl on their winter habitat, January 1968
/nearest hundreds/
Species
Pacific
Central
Mississippi
Atlantic
Total
Flyway
Flyway
Flyway
Flyway
Ducks:
Dabblers t
Mallard
1,847,700
2,454,100
2,200,500
150,500
6,652,800
Black duck
—
—
135,500
336,600
472,100
Mottled duck
—
7,400
63,000
1,700
72,100
Gadwall
35,000
59,800
812,700
31,900
939,400
American widgeon
768,200
128,600
643,100
94,000
1,633,900
Green-winged tea]
. 349,800
176,600
573,800
53,200
1,153,400
Blue-winged teal
5,500
8,900
164,700
8,700
187,800
Shoveler
317,600
21,000
169,200
20,900
528,700
Pintail
1,378,500
391,700
829,400
134,100
2,733,700
Tree duck
«a
1,000
—
—
1,000
Wood duck
3,000
—
— —
—
3,000
Subtotal
4,705,300
3,249,100
5,591,900
831,600
14,377,900
Divers :
Redhead
4,100
124,700
58,700
172,800
360,300
Canvas back
69,200
7,200
36,700
94,100
207,200
Scaup
162,100
57,900
785,800
526,000
1,531,800
Ring-necked duck
5,100
4,100
105,800
65,700
180,700
Goldeneye
44,300
4,900
12,600
60,200
122,000
Bufflehead
26,600
5,600
6,800
41,800
80,800
Ruddy duck
112,300
4,900
36,000
26,600
179,800
Subtotal
423,700
209,300
1,042,400
987,200
2,662,600
Miscellaneous:
Eider and Scoter
99,900
—
—
189,600
289,500
Oldsquaw
—
~
MH
3,100
3,100
Merganser
21,000
90,500
—
44,300
155,800
Subtotal
120,900
90,500
—
237,000
448,400
Unidentified
56,000
11,400
38,800
34,000
140,200
Total ducks
5,305,900
3,560,300
6,673,100 2
,089,800
17,629,100
«5
TABLE A-l. --Survey of waterfowl on their winter habitat, January 1968--
continued
Species
Pacific
Flyway
Central
Flyway
Mississippi
Flyway
Atlantic
Flyway
Total
Geese: _
Snow goose 505,800
Blue goose (3)
White-fronted goose 70,900
Canada goose 171,700
Cackling goose 63,600
164,200
97,800
12,200
275,200
58,000
305,000
24,400
445,300
50,500
1,200
615,200
778,500
kGH, 000
107,500
1,507,400
63,600
Total geese
Brant t
Swans :
Whistling swan
Trumpeter swan
812,000
154,300
35,600
700
549,400
100
832,700
666,900
213,500
45,600
2,861,000
367,800
81,200
800
Total swans
Coots t
36,300
755,700
100
101,900
694,500
45,600
300,200
82,000
1,852,300
Grand total
1 = — _
7,064,200
4,211,700
8,200,300
3,316,000
22,792,200
Includes west coast of Mexico
, Includes Ross' goose
Combined with Snow geese
46
TABLE A -2. --Distribution of wintering waterfowl, 1968
^nearest hundreds/
State
Ducks
Geese
Brant
Swans
Coots
Total
Itecific Flyway:
Washington
l,260,8O0
68,1+00
15,700
1,1+00
1+2, 600
1,388,900
Oregon
286,200
63,200
900
7,700
W+,500
1+02,500
Idaho
525,000
5,100
--
1+00
25,700
556,200
Nevada
21,-900
If, 500
—
300
8,000
3^,700
California
3,038,800
662,1+00
1,700
26,000
597,000
1+, 325, 900
Utah
18,200
1,300
—
300
1,1+00
21,200
Arizona
1*4,200
l+,6oo
—
200
27,700
76, 500
Montana
82,700
2,200
--
100
8,300
93,1*00
Wyoming
^,500
200
—
--
500
5,300
Colorado
17,000
100
—
—
—
17,100
New Mexico
6,600
—
—
--
100
6,700
Mexico (west coast
)
--
136,000
--
--
136,000
Flyway total
5,305,900
812,000
15^,300 36, Uoo
755,,800
7,o6i+,i+oo
Central Flyway:
Colorado
333,500
65,900
—
—
—
399 ,U00
Nebraska
358,100
7,800
—
—
—
365,900
Kansas
709,600
23,600
--
--
—
733,200
Oklahoma
395,000
1+3,700
—
—
6,000
l+l+l+,700
New Mexico
101,200
12,000
--
--
2,1+00
115,600
Texas
1,366,200
383,000
--
—
93,500
1,81+2,700
Montana
1+6,000
1,000
—
--
-_
1+7,000
Wyoming
28,700
300
--
--
--
29,000
North Dakota
2,300
.--
—
—
--
2,300
South Dakota
220,000
12,100
— —
100
— —
232,200
Flyway total
3,560,600 5^9, UOO
100 101,900 1+, 212,000
1+7
TABLE A -2.— Distribution of wintering waterfowl, 1968— continued
/nearest hundreds/
State
Ducks
Geese
Brant
Swans
Coots
Total
Mississippi Flyway
:
Minnesota
8,700
8,800
—
—
17,500
Wisconsin
17,900
4,300
—
—
—
22,200
Michigan
61,300
2,800
—
—
64,100
Iowa
107, 4oo
1Q0
—
—
107, 500
Missouri
186,700
129,400
«
—
1,000
317,100
Illinois
17^,800
178,200
--
—
—
353,000
Indiana
14,700
900
—
—
15,600
Ohio
33,000
10,100
—
--
—
43,100
Arkansas
971,300
6,500
--
—
33,300
1,011,100
Mississippi
378,600
1,700
—
--
19,500
399,800
Louisiana
4,235,600
376,900
—
621,900
5,234,400
Alabama
91,200
46,800
—
7,900
145,900
Kentucky
34,900
10,700
—
200
45,800
Tennessee
357,ooo
55,500
™~
— *
10,700
423,200
Flyway total
6,673,100
832,700
~
~
694, 500
8,200,300
Atlantic Flyway:
Maine
67,300
300
--
--
--
67,600
New Hampshire
2,200
1,900
—
—
4,100
Vermont
2,900
--
«
—
—
2,900
Massachusetts
149, 500
9,500
100
—
--
159,100
Connecticut
22,000
500
--
--
--
22,500
Rhode Island
.21,400
500
—
—
--
21,900
New York
164,900
3,600
15;
,4oo
—
--
183,900
New Jersey
164,900
5,500
182.
,000
100
100
352,600
Pennsylvania
11,600
6,100
—
—
—
17,700
Delaware
4i,ioo
38,800
1.
,500
—
100
81,500
Maryland
314,900
403,300
600 26,000
2,700
747,500
Virginia
89,100
74,6oo
13;
,500
2,300
4,200
183,700
West Virginia
4,300
100
--
—
100
4,500
North Carolina
205,600
100,300
300 17,200
92,200
415,600
South Carolina
366,400
15,800
100
—
61,300
443,600
Georgia
81,700
4oo
—
—
3,700
85,800
Florida
380,000
5,700
mm
~~
135,800
521, 500
Flyway total
2,089,800
666,900
213,500 45,600
300,200
3,316,000
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TABLE B-2.~ Alaska - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population
indexes by species and stratum, 1967-1968
^index numbers in thousands/
Percent change
Species
Stratum
37
Total
Average
1959-08
:
from**
1967
1968
1967
Average
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
16
60
te
76
67
* 81
♦ 13
American widgeon
ko
93
59
133
hi
+125
♦183
Green-winged teal 16
29
2k
^5
12
+ 88
♦275
Shoveler
k
28
6
32
10
+^33
♦220
Pintail
362
260
2U7
622
386
+ 152
♦ 6l
Subtotal
U38
kfO
378
908
522
+ 1^0
♦ 7^
Divers :
Canvasback
1
k2
15
1*3
17
+ I87
♦153
Scaup
186
312
31^
U98
518
♦ 59
. k
Goldeneye
19
16
38
35
21
_ 8
♦ 67
Bufflebead
1
20
30
21
28
- 30
- 25
Subtotal
207
390
397
597
584
♦ 50
+ 2
Miscellaneous:
Scoter
166
135
250
301
235
♦ 20
♦ 28
Eider
7
—
16
7
17
- 56
- 59
Oldsquaw
97
36
87
133
&k
+ 53
♦ 58
Subtotal
270
171
353
1*1
336
♦ 25
♦ 31
Total ducks
915 1,031
1,128
1,9*6
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TABLE B-5. — Old Crow Flats, Yukon - comparative status of waterfovl
breeding population indexes by species, 1968
^index numbers in thousands/
Percent
change
Species
Stratum
05
Total
Average
1958-68
from —
1967
1968
1967
Average
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
2
3
2
2
- 33
—
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13
15
13
8
- 13
* 63
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1
Tr
1
1
+100
~
Shoveler
1
--
1
—
—
—
Pintail
2k
9
2k
13
+167
+ 85
Subtotal
kl
27
kl
2k
+ 52
+ 71
Divers :
Canvasback
1
8
1
k
- 87
- 75
Scaup
33
38
33
3k
- 13
- 3
Goldeneye
7
k
7
2
* 75
+250
Bufflehead
Tr
Tr
Tr
—
--
—
Subtotal
kl
50
kl
ko
- 20
* 3
Miscellaneous:
Scoter
kl
39
kl
k2
+ 21
+ 12
Olds qua w
10
10
10
1
--
+ U3
Subtotal
57
k9
57
k9
♦ 16
* 16
Total ducks
139
126
139
113
+ 9
* 23
Note: 1959 data missing
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TABLE B-9 . — Northern Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and
Northwest Territories - long-term trend in duck brood indexes,
July 1961-68
/in thousands/
8 -year
average
Year
Stratum
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
15
15
6
3
19
9
11
21
20
29
06
283
55
133
158
709
364
505
55
283
07
122
111
93
58
3.14-7
172
114
47
128
09
41
43
27
36
79
38
50
12
41
10
291
347
282
183
378
270
304
293
273
11
54
73
28
9
27
50
78
64
102
Total
806
635
566
463
1,3^9
905
1,072
491
856
Note: Dummy comparison. Stratum 06, data lacking for 1968.
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TABLE B-l 3 /--Northern Saskatchewan, northern Manitoba and
Ontario - long-term trend in waterfowl brood and
late-nesting indexes by species, July 1962-1968
Species
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Broods :
Duck brood index ■,
82
75
152
59
100
228
201
Average brood
size
4.
8 6.
4 5.
0 5.
1 5.
4 5.
4 5.5
Coot brood in<
lex
lex:
6
2
9
6
10
10
17
Late-nesting inc
Dabblers :
Mallard
79
83
73
42
35
71
43
Gadwall
2
4
9
3
1
2
2
American widgeon
—
—
—
—
—
4
2
Green-winged teal
2
7
3
1
—
1
1
Blue-winged
teal
3
4
5
4
1
2
3
Shoveler
5
1
1
2
3
3
1
Pintail
5
9
5
4
6
10
3
Black duck
3
—
Subtotal
96
108
96
56
46
96
55
Divers :
Redhead
4
4
7
4
3
3
2
Canvasback
11
2
2
3
2
2
Tr.
Scaup
65
93
68
31
32
68
25
Ring-necked
duck
20
26
24
37
37
28
10
Goldeneye
12
7
7
Tr.
1
2
Tr.
Bufflehead
4
9
7
6
5
9
5
Ruddy duck
2
2
2
3
2
—
—
Subtotal
118
143
117
84
87
112
42
Miscellaneous
ducks
il
87
79
56
31
27
8
15
Grand tots
301
330
269
171
155
216
112
1
2
Class II and Class III broods only.
As indicated by adult pairs and singles.
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TABLE B-15. --Southern Alberta - long-term trend in pond indexes by strata
with comparisons to average and previous year - May and July
1968
/index numbers in thousands/
Year
26
Stratum
Total
37
28
May:
1959
lk6
253
99
U98
i960
287
5^9
159
995
1961
213
1^32
56
701
1962
132
3^5
k9
526
1963
189
601
59
8U9
196U
153
366
113
632
1965
299
637
103
1,039
1966
282
U90
72
8UU
1967
260
361
lUo
761
1968
1958-67
103
22U
307
92
502
Average
kke
95
765
Percent
change
from !
L967
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Percent
change
from 1
average
-5k. 0
-31-2
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July:
1959
1CA
Ihi
60
311
i960
93
262
^7
U02
1961
56
153
30
239
1962
72
257
39
368
1963
162
U71
60
693
1961+
87
162
59
308
1965
260
1+85
111
856
1966
187
23^
66
U87
1967
182
280
92
55U
1968
1958-67
90
159
66
315
Average
136
273
61
U70
Percent
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from
1967
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Percent
change
from average
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70
TABLE P-17 . —Southern Alberta - comparative status of waterfowl breeding
population indexes by species and stratum, 1968
/Index numbers in thousands/
Percent change
Species
Stratum
Tota
Average
1958-67
from —
1967 J
26~
27
28
1967
1966
\verage
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
93
277
7*
628
1*1*1*
823
-29.3
-1*6.0
Gadwall
hi
132
9
152
10k
106
+21.0
+73.6
American widgeon
21
60
22
171
103
168
-39.8
-38.7
Green-winged teal
5
kl
1*
*3
50
37
♦16.3
*35.1
Blue -winged teal
1*
56
12
161
82
130
-1*9.1
-36.9
Shoveler
2k
81
22
215
127
186
-»*0.9
-31.7
Pintail
h3
52
1*9
607
ikk
1*39
-76.3
-67.2
Subtotal
243
699 192
1,977
1,13^
1,889
-U2.6
-1*0.0
Divers :
Redhead
k
13
3
60
20
*5
-66.7
-55.6
Canvasback
3
19
2
i*o
2k
50
-1*0.0
-52.0
Scaup
27
110
18
188
155
238
-17.6
-3M
Ring-necked duck
1
3
—
12
1*
3
-66,7
♦33.3
Goldeneye
—
1
—
—
1
2
50.0
Bufflehead
Tr
10
1
19
11
18
-1*2.1
38.9
Ruddy duck
3
k
10
26
17
19
-3U.6
10.5
Subtotal
38
160
3*
3*5
232
375
-32.8
-38.1
Miscellaneous:
Scoter
1
19
1
21
21
33
—
-36.1*
Merganser
--
--
Tr
1
Tr
1
— —
— —
Total ducks
282
878 227
2,3^
1,387
2,298
-1*0.8
-39.6
Geese:
Canada goose
1
Tr
1
7
2
2
-71 A
--
Coots:
American coot
16
33
1*
119
53
77
-55.5
-31.2
Grand total
299
911 232
2,1*70
1,1*1*2
2,377
-1*1.6
-39.3
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TABLE B -19.— Southern Alberta, stratum 13 - comparative status of
waterfowl breeding population indexes by species, 1968
^index numbers in thousands/
percent change
Total
Average
1958-67
from —
1967
Species
1967
1968
Average
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
92
102
181
+ 10.9
+ +3.6
Gadwall
5
ik
6
+180.0
+133.3
American widgeon
19
32
kl
■+ 68. k
- 22.0
Green-winged teal
13
18
18
+ 38.5
N.C.
Blue -winged teal
11
5
26
- 5+. 5
- 80.8
Shoveler
15
6
19
- 60.0
- 36.8
Pintail
2k
18
U5
- 25.O
- 60.0
Subtotal
179
195
336
+ 8.9
- U2.0
Divers :
Redhead
5
10
16
+100.0
- 37.5
Canvasback
7
7
15
N.C.
- 53.3
Scaup
107
168
161+
+ 57-0
+ 2.k
Ring-necked duck
k
2
15
- 50.0
- 86.7
Goldeneye
2
2
36
N.C.
- 9^
Bufflehead
36
25
1+9
- 30.6
- U9.0
Ruddy duck
5
k
7
- 20.0
- U2.8
Subtotal
166
218
302
+ 31.3
- 27.8
Miscellaneous :
Scoter
16
16
5^
N.C.
- 70. u
Merganser
6
7
26
+ 16.7
- 73.1
Total ducks
367
h36
718
+ 18.8
- 39.3
Geese:
Canada goose
k
Tr
k
—
—
Coots:
American coot
3
29
23
+ 26.1
Grand total
37^
U65
7U5
+ 2U.3
- 37-6
Note: Transect 03 data used to obtain the index for that portion
not censused during 1968.
7k
TABLE B-20. — Southern Alberta - long-term trend in waterfowl brood and
late-nesting indexes by species, July I96O-68
^in thousands/
Species
i960
1961
1962
1963
196^
1965
1966
1967
1968
Broods :
Duck brood index
185
213
132
201+
190
107
172
165
95
Average brood size^
6.
0 5-7
6 6.
0 6.
0 6.
l 6.6 5.S
» 5.2
Coot brood index
**
1+8
1?
!?
18
17
35
25
2
p
Late -nesting index:
Mallard
3
1
1
2
3
12
15
15
Ik
Gadwall
1
1
T
1
1
8
7
7
8
American widgeon
T
T
T
T
1
5
2
2
1+
Green-winged teal
—
T
T
2
6
2
Blue -winged teal
1
1
T
T
T
7
5
3
1+
Shoveler
1
T
T
1
1
8
5
7
3
Pintail
1
1
—
T
T
8
12
9
5
Subtotal
7
h
1
1+
6
1+8
1+8
1+8
1+0
Divers :
Redhead
T
--
T
T
T
2
1
1
1
Canvasback
--
--
T
--
--
T
T
--
1
Scaup
5
2
1
1
3
lU
10
8
9
Ring-necked duck
T
T
--
Goldeneye
T
T
—
1
Bufflehead
--
T
Ruddy duck
k
1
1
2
1
5
7
2
1+
Subtotal
9
3
2
3
k
21
18
11
16
Grand total
16
7
3
7
10
69
66
59
56
1 Class II and III broods only.
2 As indicated by adult pairs and singles,
75
TABLE B-21, — Southern Alberta -waterfowl brood and late nesting indexes by
stratum compared to previous year and long-term average > 19o°
/index numbers in thousands/
Species
Stratum
Total
Average
Percent
change from
26 27 28 1967 1968 1958-1967 1967 Average
Broods :
Duck brood index
Average brood size
Coot brood index
27 62 6 165 95 198
4.5 5.7 3.7 5.9 5.2 5.9
1 1 — 25 2 36
-42.4 -52.0
-11.9 -11.9
-92.0 -94.4
te-nesting Index
Dabblers:
Mallard
4
6
4
15
14
7
Gadwall
3
5
Tr
7
8
3
American widgeon
1
2
1
2
4
1
Green-winged teal
—
2
Tr
6
2
1
Blue-winged teal
2
1
1
3
4
2
Shoveler
1
1
1
7
3
3
Pintail
2
2
1
9
5
3
Subtotal
13
19
8
49
40
20
-16.7 +100.0
Divers :
Redhead
Canvasback
Scaup
Ring-necked
Goldeneye
Buf f lehead
Ruddy duck
duck
1
1
5
1
1
Tr
2
2
Tr
Tr
2
1
1
8
Tr
2
1
1
9
1
4
1
Tr
7
Tr
Tr
Tr
3
Subtotal
9
4
3
11
16
11
+45.4
+45.4
Grand total
22
23
11
60
56
31
- 5.1
+80.6
\ Class II and
III
broods
only,
i
As indicated by adult pairs and singles
76
TABLE B-22. — Southern Alberta - lone drake index: long-term trend
expressed as a percentage of total drakes, 1959-68
Year Mallard Pintail Canvasback Total
1959
I960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
70.66
73-26
42.84
71.00
84.92
82.02
72. Ok
84.00
77.10
74.22
63.89
76.OO
82.39
83.98
5k. 32
82.00
84.99
85.25
80.08
84.86
85.28
88.14
52.65
84.57
82.07
72.17
65.02
77.85
80.97
74.99
56.09
77.94
83.60
64. Ik
70.60
79.63
6U.ll
62.13
27.78
62.46
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TABLE B-28„ —Southern Saskatchewan - lone drake
index: long-term trend expressed
as percentage of total drakes, 1955-
Year Percent of lone drakes
1955 82.3
1956 78.5
1957 80.7
1958 80.2
1959 73.0
1960 84.7
1961 71.9
1962 47.3
1963 82.6
1964 83.5
1965 81.9
1966 82.9
1967 83.8
1968 77.9
1
Lone drakes include only mallards, pintails,
and canvasbacks.
88
TABLE B-29«— Southern Manitoba - long-term trend in pond indexes by
strata with comparisons to average and previous year,
May and July, 1968
/index numbers in thousands/
Year Stratum A Stratum B Total A and B
May:
1954 258 428 686
1955 315 428 743
1956 391 615 1,006
1957 262 404 666
1958 352 264 616
1959 160 482 642
1960 324 295 619
1961 158 263 421
1962 135 295 430
1963 298 331 629
1964 398 331 729
1965 327 478 805
1966 372 515 887
1967 JIS 547 862
1968 119 238 357
Average 1954 through 1968
Percent cnange from 1968-
1967
.1968 from 1954-1968 average -58
283
399
682
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473
384
857
339
271
610
425
411
836
241
260
501
163
341
504
96
325
420
164
212
376
41
86
129
97
135
232
145
178
323
201
182
383
129
260
389
167
240
407
100
174
274
48
116
164
July:
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Average 1954 through 1968 199 247 446
Percent change from 1968-
1967 -52 -33 -40
1968 from 1954-1968 average -76 -53 -62
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TABLE B-34 . —Southern Manitoba - lone drake index: Long-term trend
expressed as a percentage of total drakes, 1953-68
Year Mallard Pintail Canvasback Percent lone drakes1
1953 70.1
1954 79.6
1955 87.5
1956 79. 1+
1957 88.9
1958 81.9
1959 70.0
1960 86.5
1961 67.5
1962 62.0
1963 83.7
1961* 78.0
1965 73.8
1966 84.6
1967 83.1+
1968 73. 4 66.0 7.4 72.5
-•■- Lone drakes include only mallards, pintails, and canvasback.
98
TABLE B-35. — Montana - long-term trend in pond indexes by strata with
comparisons to average and previous year, May and July,
1965-1968
^index numbers in thousands/
Stratum 1+0
Stratum 1+1
Year Stock dam
Pothole
Stream
Stock dam
Pothole
Stream
Total
May:
1965
1966
1967
1968
1+6. 9
33.9
25.3
21.1
16.8
3.8
5.2
5-7
1+7-1+
59-9
1+5. 0
37.7
23.1
30.0
19.0
15.8
5^-3
33.6
1+1.7
16.6
36.1
1+6.0
31-6
21.1+
221+.6
207.2
I67.8
118.3
Average 1965-68
179.5
Percent change
from 1967
-30
Percent change
from average
-3*
July:
1966
1967
1968
19.9
26.5
23.5
l.fc
3.5
3.0
1+1. 7
37.^
31.0
11+.8
15.9
16.3
10.3
12.5
6.3
37.6
28.1
20.0
125.7
123.9
100.1
Average 1966-68
116.6
Percent change
from 1967
-18.2
Percent change
from average
- 6
99
TABLE B-36. — Montana - trend in waterfowl breeding population
indexes by species, 1965-68
/Index numbers in thousands/
Species
1965
1966
1967
1968
Ducks :
Dabblers :
Mallard
233,3
362.8
172.7
126.0
Gadwall
52.1
60.0
35.8
38.0
American widgeon
24.7
29.7
38.1
47.9
Green-winged teal
7.7
10.2
11.7
10.9
Blue-winged teal
29.4
33.2
17.6
13.8
Shoveler
29.7
24.6
33.6
28.6
Pintail
163«3
162.5
128.3
44.4
Subtotal
540.1
683.0
437.8
309.6
Divers:
Redhead
2.0
4.5
9.4
1.6
Canvas back
2.0
.5
1.7
2.6
Scaup
10.6
17.1
21.6
13.1
Ring-necked duck
—
~
3.5
1.4
Goldeneye
—
~
—
—
Bufflehead
~
M
.9
1.0
Ruddy duck
—
—
.1
1.2
Subtotal
14.6
22.1
37.2
20.9
Miscellaneous:
Scoter
—
—
MM
— -
Merganser
—
~
MM
mm
Other
2.4
3.5
3.2
.4
Total ducks
557.1
708.6
478.2
330.9
Geese:
Canada goose
—
—
7.3
5.5
Coots :
American coot
—
—
6.0
15.4
Grand total
557.1
706.8
491.7
351.8
100
TABLE B-37o --Montana - comparative status of waterfowl breeding population
indexes by species and stratum
/Index numbers in thousands/
Percent
change
Species
Stratum
Total
Average
1965v-1968
from
40
1968
41
1967
1968
1967 Average
Ducks :
Dabblers j
Mallard
49.9
76.1
172.7
126.0
223.6
- 27
- 44
Gadwall
7.3
30.7
35.8
38.0
46.4
+ 6
- 19
American widgeon
14.6
33.3
38.1
47.9
35.1
+ 25
+ 36
Green-winged
teal
7.0
3.9
11.7
10.9
10.1
- 7
+ 7
Blue-winged '
teal
5.7
8.1
17.6
13.8
23.5
- 12
- 42
Shoveler
10.8
17.9
33.6
28.6
29.1
- 15
- 2
Pintail
11.4
33.1
128.3
44.4
124.6
- 66
- 65
Subtotal
106.7
203.1
437.8
309.6
492.6
- 30
- 38
Divers
Redhead
~
1.6
9,
.4
1,
,6
4.3
- 83
- 63
Canvasback
• 9
1.7
1,
,7
2,
.6
1.7
+ 52
+ 52
Scaup -|
3.8
9.3
21,
.6
13,
.1
15.6
- 40
- 17
Ring-necked duck
Goldeneye ■,
—
1.4
3,
,5
1.
►4
~
- 60
—
~
~
■■i
—
*■»•■»
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.6
.4
(
.1
1,
.0
.5
+900
+100
Ruddy duck
.9
.3
t
,9
1,
► 2
1.0
+ 33
+ 20
Subtotal
6.2
14.7
37,
.2
20,
► 9
22.8
- 44
- 8
Miscellaneous :
Merganser
.4
•»
3,
,2
)
,4
1.8
- 87
- 78
Total ducks
113.3
217.8
478,
,2
331,
.9
518.7
- 31
- 36
Geese: ^
Canada goose
.5
5.0
7,
,3
5,
► 5
6.4
- 25
- 14
Coots
1.4
14,0
6,
.0
15,
.4
10.7
+156
+ 43
Grand total
115.1
236.8
491,
.7
351,
,8
525.8
- 29
- 33
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TABLE B-39. — Montana - lone drake index: long-term trend expressed
as a percentage of total drakes, 1965-1968
Year
Mallard
Pintail
Total
1965
69.7
76.1
72.3
1966
79-1
85.9
81.2
19671
78. k
87.2
82. k
1968
72.0
83.7
75-2
"recalculated and
corrected.
16k
TABLE B-40. — Montana, Helena Unit - Canada goose population trend during
nesting season, 1967-1968
Area
P
1967
S G
T
P
1968
S G
T
Canyon Ferry Res.
Missouri River
Lake Helena
27
13
33
13
2
8
15
4
3
82
32
77
26
26
28
14
8
8
15
20
13
81
80
77
Totals
73
23
22
191
80
30
48
238
1
Townsend Bridge to Toston Dam,
TABLE B-41. — Montana, Helena Unit - Canada goose production survey, 1967-
1968
1967 1968
Area
NB
Adult
Young
Total
NB
Adult
Young
Total
38
46
93
177
13
18
70
101
2
10
17
29
—
2
5
7
2
58
81
141
—
66
145
211
Canyon Ferry Res ,
Missouri River
Lake Helena
Totals 42 114 191 347 13 86 220 319
Townsend Bridge to Toston Dam.
105
TABLE T$-h2. — North and South Dakota - long-term trend in pond
indexes by strata and comparisons to average and
previous years, May and July 1968
^index numbers in thousands/
Year Strata
30 and 33
May:
1959 2°9
i960 397
1961 105
1962 3^8
1963 *H3
196U 207
1965 338
1966 U75
1967, 523
19681 38^
Average 1959-1967 335
Percent change 1968 from average 1^.6
Percent change 1968 from 1967 26.6
July:
1959 110
i960 311
1961 108
1962 231
1963 275
1961* 211
1965 2U5
1966 U71
1967, 328
1968 31^
Average 1959-1967 255
Percent change 1968 23.1
Percent change 1968 from 1967 h.
Adjusted for stratum boundary changes.
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108
TABLE B-k1*-. --North Dakota - comparative status of waterfowl
population indexes by species and stratum, 1968
/index numbers in thousands/
Percent
Species
Stratum
Total
change
29
30
31
1967
1968
from 1967
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
5-0
81.9
27.1
275-5
llU.O
-58.6
Gadwall
1.1
9^.1
1.3
15^.8
96.5
-37-7
American widgeon
—
• 3
k.6
13.6
k.9
-63.9
Green-winged teal
--
2.2
--
10.0
2.2
-78.0
Blue -winged teal
1.1
79-5
k.6
1^0. 9
85.2
-39-5
Shoveler
.h
33-3
3.6
91.5
37-3
-59.2
Pintail
--
39-2
8.8
155-fc
U8.0
-69.I
Subtotal
7-6
330.5
50.0
8ia. 7
388.1
-53.9
Divers :
Redhead
—
17. k
—
25.2
17. 1+
-30.9
Canvasback
--
9-9
--
16.1
9-9
-38.5
Scaup
—
8.9
—
10.9
8.9
-18.3
Ruddy duck
—
5.7
—
9.3
5-7
-38.7
Subtotal
—
ki.9
—
61.5
U1.9
-31-9
Total ducks
7.6
372 A
50.0
903.2
U30.0
-52 .k
Coots
—
90.5
1.6
91.6
92.1
* .5
Grand total
7.6
1+62.9
51.6
99^.8
522.1
-1*7.5
109
TABLE B-l*5.-- South Dakota - comparative status of waterfowl breeding
population indexes by species and stratum, 1968
/index numbers in thousands/
Percent
Species
Stratum
Total
change
32
33
3^
1967
1968
from 1967
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
23.0
60.8
7^.3
1U6.9
158.1
+ 7.6
Gadwall
8.6
U0.3
13-7
50.3
62.6
+ 2l*.l*
American widgeon
.3
.8
11.2
20.3
12.3
-39.^
Green-winged teal
• 9
1.8
k.O
3-6
6.7
+86.1
Blue -winged teal
13.8
38.6
13.1
1*7-5
65.5
+ 37.9
Shoveler
3.9
16.0
18.7
2U.7
38.6
+ 56.3
Pintail
1*.8
23. U
ll*.7
71.2
U2.9
-39.7
Subtotal
55-3
181.7
1^9.7
36U.5
386.7
+ 6.1
Divers :
Redhead
1.1
6.0
--
3.9
7.1
+ 82.1
Canvasback
.6
1.2
--
2.5
1.8
-28.0
Scaup
2.5
5.5
3.7
5-9
11.7
+ 98.3
Ring-necked duck
.6
--
—
Bufflehead
.6
—
--
Ruddy duck
.9
.8
1.6
—
3-3
—
Subtotal
5-1
13.5
5-3
13.5
23.9
+ 77-0
Total ducks
60. h
195.2
155.0
378.0
1*10.6
♦ 8.6
Coots
9.2
1*6.8
1.8
13.1
57.8
+ 3^.1
Grand total
69.6
2U2.0
156.8
391.1
l*68.U
+ 19.8
110
TABLE B- ^6. --North and South Dakota - waterfowl brood and late -nesting
indexes by strata and compared to 1967 &n& the long-term
average, 1968
^index numbers in thousands/
Strata 30
and 33.
Percent
Percent
Long--
change
change
term
from —
from —
1968
1967
average
1967
average
Broods :
Duck brood index
26. k
*3-5
38.9
- 39-3
- 32.3
Average brood size-
1 6.0
5.5
6.0
+ 9-1
--
Coot brood index
6.5
15.3
7-6
- 57-7
- 14.5
Late -nesting index^
Dabblers :
Mallard
12.8
25.6
18.8
- 50.0
- 31-9
Gadwall
7.0
22.9
1U.0
- 69. h
- 50.0
American widgeon
.6
.h
—
—
Green-winged teal —
.8
.k
—
~
Blue -winged teal
l.k
17. k
13-6
- 92.0
- 97-1
Shove ler
—
.8
1.0
—
—
Pintail
--
2.k
1.3
--
--
Subtotal
21.2
70.5
^9.5
- 69.9
- 57-2
Divers :
Redhead
.3
1.3
l.U
- 76.9
- 78.6
Canvasback
--
.h
.2
--
--
Scaup
—
.k
.1
--
—
Ruddy duck
5-1
6.1
6.8
- I6.h
- 25.0
Subtotal
5.U
8.2
8.5
- 3^.2
- U6.5
Grand total
26.6
78.7
58.0
-66.2
- 5*.i
Class II and III broods only.
As indicated by adult pairs and singles.
* Long-term averages for strata 30 and 33 only.
Ill
TABLE B-V7. --North and South Dakota - waterfowl brood and late -nesting
by stratum compared to 1967 and the long-term averages, 1968
/index numbers in thousands/
Strata
Total
Total
Percent
29
30
31
change
and
and
and
All strata
all
from —
32
33
34
1968
1967
1967
Broods :
Duck brood index
1.0
28.8
20.5
50.3
74.5
- 32.5
Average brood size1
k.O
5.9
4.5
5.4
5-3
+ 1.9
Coot brood index
• 7
7.*
~~
8.1
I8.5
. 56.2
Late -nesting index^
Dabblers :
Mallard
• 7
Ik.k
6.8
21.9
38. 4
- U3.0
Gadwall
8.1
2.6
10.7
28.1
- 61.9
American widgeon
• 5
--
3.2
3-7
3.6
+ 2.8
Green-winged teal
—
—
—
—
1.6
—
Blue-winged teal
• 5
1.5
.6
2.6
22. 4
- 88.4
Shoveler
--
--
.6
.6
1.3
- 53-9
Pintail
--
--
--
__
8.3
"•
Subtotal
1.7
24.0
13.0
39.5
103.7
- 61.9
Divers :
Redhead
--
.4
—
.4
1.4
- 71.4
Canvasback
—
--
—
—
.4
—
Scaup
--
--
--
—
1.0
—
Ruddy duck
--
5.8
— —
5.8
7-8
- 25.6
Subtotal
—
6.2
—
6.2
10.6
- 41.5
Grand total
1-7
30.2
13.8
45.7
114.3
- 60.O
Ponds
83.9
314.0
103.5
501. If
621.1
- 19.3
1 Class II and III broods only.
As indicated by adult pairs and singles.
112
TABLE B-kQ. — North and South Dakota - lone drake index: expressed
as percentage of total drakes, 1959-68
Year Percent lone drakes1
-i " ' ' ■■ ■ ■ ■■■ ■ ■■■ i ■■ - ■ ■ ■■ i « ■■ ■■ ■ ■ - ii —i- ... - ■ i ■ -in- ■ —ii ■■■■■- -■■ ■ ■■
1959 ^5.5
1960 73.3
1961 67.I
1962 73-9
1963 77-7
196U 67.6
1965 66.6
1966 69.6
1967 78. h
1968 70.3
1 Lone drakes include only mallards, pintails, and canvasback
113
TABLE B-49. — Minnesota-waterfowl breeding population indexes for
selected areas, 1968
Species
Stratum
1
State
1 and 2
3
4
5
total
Ducks :
Dabblers:
Mallard
21,520
23,485
455
8,318
53,778
Gadwall
621
939
—
—
1,560
American widgeon
569
1,074
90
879
2,612
Green-winged teal
155
—
—
--
155
Blue -winged teal
39,470
24,961
~
1,406
65,837
Shoveler
2,017
2,147
—
—
4,164
Pintail
724
—
—
—
724
Wood duck
2,328
1,610
104
88
4,130
Subtotal
67,404
54,216
649
10,691
132,960
Divers :
Redhead
5,070
1,879
—
—
6,949
Canvasbaek
724
2,684
—
—
3,408
Scaup 2
13,915
7,515
—
264
21,694
Ring-necked duck
5,897
2,818
90
234
9,039
Ruddy duck
466
11,541
—
—
12,007
Subtotal
26,072
26,437
90
498
53,097
Total ducks
93,476
80,653
739
11,489
186,057
Coots
45,109
32,208
—
—
77,317
Total
138,585
112,861
739
11,189
263,374
The strata given here represent the following:
1&2 - high density water area of State
3 - moderate water density area
4 - infertile lake region of various water densities
5 - Roseau and Red Lake bog region of northwestern Minnesota
Scaup are not considered resident breeding ducks
114
TABLE B-50. — Minnesota - adjustments of population indexes for birds
not seen by aerial census for major ducks breeding in
Minnesota, 1968
Species
Unadjusted
population
index
Visibility
rate
Adjusted
population
index
Mallard
53,778
0.U9
110,000
Blue -winged teal
65,837
O.Ul
160, 000
Ring-necked duck
9,039
O.78
12,000
All ducks
186,057
O.kQ
390,000
115
TABLE B-51. — Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota - Trend in waterfowl
breeding populations by area, 1962-1968
Area
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Bowstring
242
238
245
301
178
138
277
Burns
24
107
109
87
93
114
41
Kitchie
34
112
204
162
160
163
200
Lower Pigeon
10
117
90
54
33
6
25
Mud Lake
151
251
141
150
170
~
120
Raven Lake
.10
-17
11
8
—
8
15
Round Lake
207
327
729
445
283
511
262
Third River
133
141
178
365
201
142
72
Lake Winnibigoshish
154
568
309
300
210
220
247
Rabideau
46
247
247
178
211
181
150
Total
1,013
2,125
2,263
2,050
1,539
1,483
1,409
TABLE B-52.— Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota - adult: juvenile ratios
by species for all ducks, 1967-1968
Species
1967
Adults
1968
Juveniles Ratio Adults Juveniles Ratio
Mallards
220
American widgeon
85
Goldeneye
51
Blue-winged teal
8
Ringneck
17
Wood duck
56
Other
12
518
1:2.3
229
169
1:2.0
64
184
1:3.6
53
11
1:1.4
16
38
1:2.2
22
107
1:1.9
76
7
1:0.6
24
474
1:2.0
136
1:2.0
121
1:2.3
18
1:1.1
40
1:1.8
104
1:1.4
32
1:1.3
116
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TABLE B-5U.— Washington- waterfowl production index - 1967 and 1968
Species
1967
1968
Percent
change
Ducks :
Dabblers :
Mallard
134,200
113,700
- 15
Gadwall
14,500
7,900
- 46
American wi<
igeon
30,500
19,900
- 35
Green-Twinged teal
4,500
8,400
+ 87
Blue-winged
teal and
36,200
64,100
+ 77
cinnamon
teal
Shoveler
9,800
13,600
+ 39
Pintail
3,800
6,700
+ 76
Wood duck
11,600
14,700
♦ 27
Subtotal
245,100
249,000
+ 2
Divers :
Redhead
19,200
18,500
- 4
Canvasback
—
400
a*w
Scaup
20,000
15,900
- 21
Ring-necked
duck
13,000
2,000
- 85
Goldeneye
9,400
7,600
- 19
Bufflehead
100
200
+100
Ruddy duck
13,300
10,200
- 23
Subtotal
75,000
54,800
- 27
Mergansers :
American merganser
700
400
- 43
Hooded merganser
1,900
3,100
+ 63
Subtotal
Total ducks
Geese:
Canada geese
Coots
2,600
3,500
322,700
11,300
26,100
307,300
11,650
31,600
+ 35
- 5
+ 3
* 20
119
TABLE B-55. — Oregon duck production index by species, 1967
and 1968
( 14 Transects )
Species
Number Young
1967 1968
Percent Change
Mallards
Gadwall
American widgeon
Blue-winged teal
Green-winged teal
Shovel er
Pintail
Wood duck
Subtotal
Redhead
Canvas back
Ruddy duck
Subtotal
Miscellaneous
Total
1,502
2,238
172
242
25
93
138
112
1,394
70
160
1,624
131
1,605
1,278
122
1,302
53
95
141
233
4,522 4,829
1,727
544
547
2,818
149
+ 6.9
- 42.9
- 2.9
+438.0
♦112.0
4 2.2
+ 2.2
+108.0
+ 6.8
+ 23.9
+677.1
+241.9
+ 73.5
+ 13.7
6,277 7,796
+ 24.2
120
TABLE B-56.-- Oregon - goose production index, 1967 and 1968
Total
broods
Total
young
Transect
1967
1968
1967
1968
Klamath River
250
188
1,132
8U8
Sprague River
—
18
--
80
Spring Lake
5
k
2U
16
Nuss Lake
22
28
97
127
Agency Lake
70
85
323
38U
Wocus Bay-
13
*9
58
222
Howard Bay-
18
59
79
266
Summer Lake
21
36
93
165
N. Lake County
50
12
211
»H
Columbia River
11
2
k9
7
Wickup Reservoir
10
1
38
5
G. I. Ranch
12
21
56
85
Jefferson County
2
1*
9
13
S. Lake County
27
2
109
7
Ladd Marsh
5
5
20
27
Hanks Marsh
2k
22
108
100
Malheur Refuge
.Wf
222
2,000
1,000
Klamath Forest Refuge
» 67
6k
300
U,706
290
Total
1,051
822
3,683
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125
TABLE B-6l. — Nevada - aerial waterfowl nesting pair surveys, 1965-68
Species I965 1966 1967 1968
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard 1,271 1,373 1,571 6U9
Gadwall 982 966 669 682
Cinnamon teal 1,524 1,389 2,134 1,217
Shoveler 228 154 84 87
Pintail 685 628 257 275
Subtotal 4,690 4,510 4,715 2,910
Divers :
Redhead 2,328 1,983 1,962 1,311
Canvasback 100 82 38 71
Ruddy duck 1,008 827 393 309
Subtotal 3,436 2,892 2,393 1,691
Miscellaneous 136 164 107 128
Total ducks 8,262 7,566 7,215 4,729
Geese 637 658 383 l8l
126
TABLE B- 62. —Nevada - waterfowl production index, by species, 1965-68
Broods Young
Species 1965 19"55 1967 19EB I965 1966 1967 19^
Docks:
Dabblers :
Mallard 100 73 h& 23^ 677 hgh 305 1,390
Gadwall 183 216 113 336 1,1*05 1,591 589 2,251
Green-winged teal k k 15 12 25 27 85 72
Cinnamon teal 255 192 139 6h8 1,806 1,560 968 U,027
Shoveler 38 10 . 8 1*1 271 25 52 221
Pintail 125 hO 42 125 852 237 280 671
Subtotal
705 535 365 1,396 5,036 3,93^ 2,279 8,632
Divers:
Redhead 215 160 12k 395 1,502 1,141 916 2,796
Canvasback 8 5 63 59 — 31 421
Ruddy duck 1+9 25 32 122 277 148 129 1*94
Subtotal 272 185 161 580 1,838 1,289 1,076 3,711
Total ducks 977 720 526 L,976 6,874 5,223 3,355 12,343
Geese:
Canada goose ~ — — 101 789 930 — 689
127
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128
TABLE B-6U.--Utah - species composition of breeding populations of
waterfowl as determined from ground survey data, 1967-68
/index numbers in thousands/
Species
Northern
Utah
Southern Utah
1967
1968
1967
1968
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallards
12.3
11.3
15.2
13.3
Gadwall
13.0
12.U
1^.5
15.2
American widgeon
1.0
Tr
1.7
1.3
Green-winged teal
1.3
• 7
3.6
3.0
Blue -winged teal
1.7
1.6
l.k
1.5
Cinnamon teal
17A
15-5
13.8
15.7
Shoveler
6.9
7.1
6.8
7.1
Pintail
7.7
8.3
10.2
10.1
Divers :
Redhead
27.3
30.7
19.8
20.7
Scaup
—
—
1.5
1.8
Bufflehead
--
--
0.5
__
Goldeneye
—
--
--
--
Ruddy duck
11. u
13-1
10.9
10.3
TABLE B-65.— Utah - Canada
geese production index,
1967-68
Number of
Area
breeding pairs
Number
of young
1967
1968
1967
1968
Cutler Reservoir
25
23
106
ll+0
Public shooting grounds
7
13
32
65
Bear Rivery Refuge and vie
inity
201
315
1,021+
1,1+86
Ogden Bay Wildlife Management
Area
85
1^3
373
61+1+
Farmington Bay Wildlife Management Area
78
75
360
359
Scipio Reservoir
2
5
12
26
Redmond Lake
10
5
57
26
Gunnison Reservoir
1+
5
19
29
Clear Lake Wildlife Management
7
8
31
38
Mona Reservoir
7
3
26
13
Wales Reservoir
9
3
1+1+
21
Rich County (Bear River)
83
lll+
11U
525
Total
518
712
2,1+78
3,372
129
TABLE B-66. — Utah - dike -line breeding pair counts of waterfowl on
four State refuges, 1967-1968
Species 1967 1968
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard 603 375
Gadwall 750 38U
American widgeon 17 k
Green-winged teal 21 8
Blue-winged teal 28 31
Cinnamon teal 901 6kk
Shoveler 277 208
Pintail klk 281
Total ducks
Geese:
Canada goose
Subtotal 3,011 1,935
Divers :
Redhead
Canvasback
Scaup
Goldeneye
Bufflehead
Ruddy duck
Subtotal
1,198
2
10
1,268
3
1
381
332
1,592
1,603
M03
3,538
177
167
130
TABLE B-67. — Wyoming - trend in waterfowl breeding populations, 1965-68
Percent
Percent
change
change
Species
1965
196b
1967
1968
from--
1967
from —
Average
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
168, 0U1
117,27^
120, 139
168,669
+ ko
+ <^k
Gadwall
23,597
I2,l8k
33,510
39,806
- 19
+181
American widgeon 29,135
11,276
11,205
30,032
+168
+202
Teal
39,638
23,928
*a, 968
3^,070
- 19
+ 53
Shove ler
10,708
7,872
16,068
lk, 196
- 12
+ 32
Pintail
23,091
13,616
17,810
30,90k
+ 7U
+ 22
Subtotal
294,210
186, 150
2^0,700
317,677
Divers :
" Redhead
2,U70
k2k
53i
2,127
+301
+ 62
Canvasback
510
1,272
53i
1,530
+188
+ 96
Scaup
3,272
5,052
2,271
5,570
+IU5
+262
Goldeneye
163
1,596
953
1,090
+ Ik
+ 8k
Bufflehead
163
320
--
218
--
—
Ruddy duck
U90
108
1,7^6
U,695
+I69
+221
Subtotal
7,068
8,772
6,032
15,230
Miscellaneous :
Merganser
9,281
9,306
7,031
9,718
+38
+ 96
Total ducks
310, 559
20k,228
253,763
3^2,625
Coots
6,083
6,U&
5,759
lk,Vf2
+151
+212
131
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132
Table B-69. — Colorado-duck breeding population by species, and the
14-year average, 1968
Number of
Species 1968
breeding pairs 9
1954-1967
1967 Average
Species comp
percent
1968 1967
1
losition,
Average
Ducks :
Dabblers:
Mallard
36,644
34,829
28,099
50.4
57.0
62.1
Gadwall
8,425
5,850
3,825
11.6
9.6
8.5
American widgeon
343
1,008
562
0.5
1.6
1.2
Green-winged teal
5,411
3,692
1,318
7.4
6.0
2.9
Blue-winged teal
and
Cinnamon teal
6,463
6,449
4,078
8.9
10.6
9.0
Shoveler
3,645
2,105
1,652
5.0
3.4
3.7
Pintail
7,970
4,093
2,973
11.0
6.7
6.6
Divers :
Redhead
2,063
1,383
1,648
2.8
2.3
3.6
Others
1,750
1,691
1,095
2.4
2.8
2.4
• Totals
72,714
61,100
45,250
100.0
100.0
100.0
A change in methods of projecting estimates in North Park in 1968
affects the comparability of the figures between 1968 and 1967,
as well as the 14-year average.
San Luis Valley averages, included here, are for the years 1964-
1967 only.
133
TABLE B-70<> --Colorado - summary of duck breeding ground
population estimates by area, and the 14-
year average for comparison, 1968
Total estimated breeding pa
irs
-yeai
1954-
Area
1968
1967
14
: average
•1967
San Luis Val]
North Park
South Platte
Cache la Pouc
Yampa Valley
Browns Park
Ley
Valley
Ire Valley
27,611
19,777
14,000
7,403
2,985
938
29,143
13,722
8,813
5,735
3,246
441
27,
6,
5,
2,
2,
,5«2
,187
,130
,177
,915
154
Total
72,714
6.1,100
44,
,108
Aerial corrected by species from visibility ratios
obtained in the San Luis Valley in 1968.
San Luis Valley averages are based on results of
1964-1967 only. The much less intensive coverage of
previous years is not included in the calculations „
134
TABLE B-71. — Nebraska, south-central -ground and aerial duck species
composition, 1968
Grounc
I
A§
^rial
Species
Number1
Percent
Number *
Percent
Populatior
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
226
14.07
34
16.19
2,314
Gadwall
50
3.11
—
—
—
American
widgeon
30
1.87
—
—
—
Green-winged
teal
52
3.24
—
—
—
Blue-winged
teal
769
47.88
149
69.94
7,400
Pintail
143
8.90
5
2.31
231
Shoveler
310
19.30
25
11.56
1,295
Divers :
Redhead
6
.37
~
—
—
Scaup
18
1.12
—
—
—
Ruddy d u<
:k
1
2
.12
—
—
—
Totals
,606
100.00
213
100.00
11,240
After lone male adjustments.
2
After correction for ducks identified as unknown.
TABLE B-72. — Nebraska-sandhills-species composition and breeding
population comparison, 1968
Stratum
1968
Total
Percent
composition
1967
Total
Percen
Species
A
B
chan;
Ducks:
Dabblers :
Mallard
21,532
3,475
25,008
25.0
27,615
- 9.4
Gadwall
10,542
590
11,132
11.1
13,553
-17.9
American widgeon
—
—
—
0.0
679
—
Green-winged
teal
179
~
179
0.2
170
+ 5.3
Blue-winged
teal
20,459
3,475
23,934
23.9
22,721
+ 5.3
Shoveler
17,154
1,159
18,313
18.3
17,124
+ 6.9
Pintail
6,522
2,027
8,549
8.5
6,277
♦36.2
Divers :
Redhead
5,450
—
5,450
5.4
679
+702.7
Canvasback
1,161
—
1,161
1.2
764
+52.0
Scaup
447
—
447
0.5
2,971
-85.0
Ruddy duck
5,897
—
5,897
5.9
3,650
+61.6
Totals
89,343
10,726
100,070
100.0
96,203
+ 4.0
135
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158
A U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1969 0 — 332-000
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart-
ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water,
fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re-
sources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major
concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources."
The Department works to assure the wisest choice in
managing all our resources so each will make its full
contribution to a better United States — now and in the future.
CONSERVATION PLEDGE
1 give my pledge
as an American to save
and faithfully to defend from
waste the natural resources of
my country— its soil and
minerals, forests,
waters, and
wildlife.
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