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WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT
1974
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 189
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
WOODCOCK STATUS REPORT, 1974
Joseph W. Artmann
Office of Migratory Bird Management
Fish and Wildlife Service
Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 189
Washington, D.C. • 1975
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract iv
Introduction 1
Wing-collection survey 3
Procedures 3
Results 3
Productivity index ' h
Hunter success index 7
Regional analysis of wing-collection data . . .' 7
Sex and age ratios 7
Chronology of harvest 7
Singing-ground survey 9
Procedures 9
Results 10
Banding activities i . . . 13
Acknowledgments i. . . 13
References ^ . . 15
Appendix 16
in
ABSTRACT
The estimated continental woodcock harvest exceeded 1.5 million birds
during the 1973-7** hunting season. Wing-collection data for 1973-7** indi-
cated that productivity increased during the previous spring by 15% range-
wide, 9% in the Atlantic Region, and 21% in the Central Region. Daily and
seasonal hunting success was also greater by 8.7% and 10.0%, respectively.
The 197*+ breeding population index increased 6.5% rangewide, 2.h% in the
Atlantic Region, and 10.0% in the Central Region. Indices from 196h-lk
suggested a declining breeding population in the Atlantic Region and an
essentially stable population in the Central Region. Recoveries of 2,950
banded woodcock indicate the existence of two relatively distinct popula-
tions. More than 9*+% of the recoveries were made in the Region of banding.
IV
INTRODUCTION
During the past decade, the American woodcock has become an increasingly
popular game bird over much of its range. The species still ranks well below
waterfowl in terms of harvest, but the ratio of woodcock to waterfowl har-
vested has narrowed to 1:3, or less, in several northern States. Thus, the
species has advanced from a "specialty" game bird highly regarded by a few
hunters to a broader based recreational resource actively pursued by many
sportsmen. Owen (1975) estimated that woodcock provide between 2.5 and 3.0
million man-days of hunting recreation annually.
Because no suitable sampling framework is available in the United States
for conducting a randomized woodcock harvest survey, the magnitude of the har-
vest has been estimated from data derived primarily from the waterfowl hunter
questionnaire of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Clark 1972). The esti-
mated 1 . U million woodcock harvested during the 1973-7*+ hunting season repre-
sent an increase of approximately 70% from the average of the 196^-65 and
1965-66 seasons (Table l) . This is a crude estimate, but it provides some
insight into the utilization of the resource. Although over half the harvest
occurs in the northern zone (Fig. l) , mid-, and southern zone harvests appear
to be increasing.
In Canada, all migratory game bird hunters are required to obtain Federal
permits. Thus, in recent years woodcock harvests there have been measured
more precisely than in the United States. The 1967-73 Canadian woodcock har-
vests have averaged about 105,000 annually. Canadian harvest sampling pro-
cedures were changed in 1972, and the resulting harvest estimates are gener-
ally lower but they are believed to be more accurate. In 1973, 109,000 wood-
cock were harvested (Dobell 197*0. Combining the Canadian and U.S. harvest
estimates indicated the continental woodcock harvest exceeded 1.5 million
birds in 1973. Relatively little woodcock research has been accomplished and
much needs to be learned of the species' potential for meeting further recrea-
tional demands.
Two annual surveys presently provide the basis for establishing woodcock
hunting regulations in the United States: (l) a wing-collection survey pro-
vides data on relative reproductive success during the previous breeding
season, hunting success, changes in size and distribution of the harvest by
participating hunters; and (2) a singing-ground survey provides an index to
the breeding population.
Data collection and analysis have steadily improved in both surveys.
Although imperfect, these two surveys produce the best rangewide information
currently available for managing woodcock. This report presents data from
the 1973-7*+ wing-collection survey, the 197*+ singing-ground survey, and addi-
tional information accumulated since publication of the 1973 Status Report
(Clark 197*0 .
WING-COLLECTION SURVEY
The primary objective of the wing-collection survey is to determine
woodcock reproductive success the previous spring as reflected by the age
and sex composition of the harvest sample. The survey also produces infor-
mation on changes in the temporal distribution of the harvest and daily and
seasonal hunter success. Response by hunters to the wing-collection survey
has been excellent since its inception in 1959, varying from 8,786 wings
that year to 23,112 for the 1973-7^ season and averaging about 15,000 annually.
Procedures
Procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing survey data were
described by Clark (1970, 1973). Survey participants are assembled from a
variety of sources, including those hunters who cooperated in the survey the
previous year, respondents who indicated on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service's waterfowl questionnaire and State harvest surveys that they hunted
woodcock, and requests by individuals that they or their friends be included
in the survey. Clark (1970) discussed biases associated with assembling a
survey sample from these sources, but speculated that major changes in pro-
ductivity and harvest rates could be detected. When only data from comparable
hunters are used, presumably some of this bias is reduced.
Because the number of wings received from each State may not be propor-
tional to the woodcock harvest of that State, data used to compute overall
productivity and harvest index trends must be weighted. No one has devised
a completely satisfactory weighting method because of the lack of a uniform
sampling framework. Current weighting procedures are based upon a combination
of data from the Service's waterfowl questionnaire survey, duck stamp sales,
and State license sales (Clark 1970). Wing totals vary between different
tables in this report because incomplete information necessitated exclusion
of a few wings from some tabulations. A linear regression model was used to
determine long-term trends .
Results
Although 1% fewer hunters were contacted in the 1973-7^ woodcock wing-
collection survey, 8% more responded. They contributed 23,112 wings, which
is 21$? more than in 1972-73. Distribution of hunter contacts by States and
contact codes revealed that the response rate was better in northern States
than in southern States and averaged 29% overall (Table 2). To improve the
distribution of the wing sample, more hunters in midlatitude and southern
States have been contacted in recent years (Table 3). Generally adequate
samples are available from northern States .
A State-by-State comparison of the number of cooperators , envelopes
returned, and wings received for the past two hunting seasons is shown in
Table k. Data on average number of wings per envelope and number of enve-
lopes received during 1973-7*+ are not strictly comparable because data from
previous years did not include envelopes in which no wings were submitted.
These envelopes represented hunts during which no woodcock were bagged.
Hence the decrease in the number of wings per envelope may have been par-
tially caused by procedural methods.
Age and sex data from 1963-61+ through 1973-71+ wing Collections show
about an equal proportion of adults (1+8.1+$) and immatures (51.6$) in the
harvest (Table 5). The immatures were almost equally divided between males
and females (50.7$ vs. 1+9.3$), while among adults there was a greater pro-
portion of females (59-9$) than males (1+0.1$). The latter difference was
statistically significant (P<0.01, t = 3.99). It is not known if this dif-
ference is real or caused by the method of data collection. If differential
hunting mortality is occurring, then it could affect age ratios in the harvest
sample. Data for woodcock banded in Maine indicate that survival rates for
adult males and females, and immature females were similar while those for
immature males were significantly lower (Krohn et al. 197I+). Hence, immature
male mortality apparently occurs between the time the harvest is sampled and
males are banded as adults. Further study is needed to determine where and
when mortality occurs. Does it occur on the wintering or breeding areas or
during migration? Is it a result of weather conditions, predation, or other
factors?
Productivity Index
Because woodcock can be aged and sexed by wing plumage characters
(Martin 196I+), the ratio of immatures per adult female in the wing survey
provides a measure of reproductive success during the preceding breeding
season (Table 6). Considerable variation in age ratios occurs among differ-
ent harvest areas (States or Provinces) and between years for the same har-
vest areas. These variations are probably caused by differences in hunting
season dates, weather conditions, hunting restrictions, and possibly a com-
bination of differential migration and hunting vulnerability.
Some variation has been eliminated by computing the weighted productiv-
ity index with only data from hunters who participated in the survey for 2
consecutive years. Before the 1970-71 season, annual changes in age ratios
were small when range-wide data were weighted and combined (Fig. 2). Large
fluctuations occurred in 1970-71 (25$ increase) and in 1971-72 (26$ decrease).
The cause of these unusual fluctuations has not been determined but adverse
weather shortly after hatching may be a factor (Clark I97I+). The 1973-71+
index showed a 15$ increase over 1972-73 (Table 7). However, the linear
regression model does not show any significant long-term trend in productivity
(r = -.1+6).
Separating rangewide productivity data into regional components also
failed to show statistically significant long-term trends (Fig. 3). The
weighted productivity ratio for the Atlantic Region increased 9$ over 1972-73
while that for the Central Region increased 21$. In the Atlantic Region, the
ratio has varied widely, especially since the 1969-70 season. Before 1972-73,
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Central Region
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Hunting seasons
3. Regional trends in weighted age ratio indices, as determined by woodcock
wing-collection survey data from comparable hunters (Base Year - 1969-70)
the ratio of immatures per adult female was generally higher in the Atlantic
Region. Fluctuations in the Central Region have been less extreme, with a
general decline from 1963-6^+ to 1966-67 and an increase thereafter.
Hunter Success Index
Based on data from comparable hunters, daily and seasonal hunting success,
as indicated by average number of wings per envelope and per cooperator,
increased by 8.1% and 10.0%, respectively (Table 8). Daily and seasonal suc-
cess for the past 11 years are plotted on Fig. k. The curves appear similar
but a linear regression analysis indicated a significant decline (r = 0.72,
P<0.01) in daily hunting success but not for seasonal hunting success. Common
data were used to calculate both success indices; consequently the results
should be viewed cautiously.
Daily hunting success is also indicated by the daily bag size distribu-
tion. Daily bag size data for the 1973-7^ season and the average daily bag
size from 1969 through 197^ are presented in Table 9- The 1973-7^ season was
more successful because a larger percentage of hunters attained the daily bag
limit than in previous years. Conversely, fewer bags contained only one
woodcock.
Regional Analysis of Wing-Collection Data
Sex and Age Ratios
An investigation of factors affecting productivity and hunter success
was initiated in 1970. Since differential migration by sex and age groups
in conjunction with the timing of hunting seasons would materially influence
the productivity index, the first step was to analyze regional sex and age
ratios by time periods .
Wing-collection data were divided into 10-day segments for regional com-
parisons. These segments were subsequently grouped into three major periods
so that approximately 50% of the wings were in the middle period and 25% each
in the first and last periods. If seasonal trends in sex or age ratios
occurred, this broad separation between the early and late seasons should
make them more apparent. Because weather probably influences the timing of
migration and the availability of woodcock, yearly weather variations make
the interpretation of the results difficult. Data for the 1969-70 through
1973- 7U seasons are summarized for the Atlantic and Central Regions (Tables
10 and 11) . Differences have been noted, but the results are not yet
conclusive.
Chronology of Harvest
With a season length of 65 days States can generally select a season
encompassing the period of greatest woodcock abundance. A few States, how-
ever, continue to set woodcock hunting seasons with resident game species in
mind. This reduces woodcock hunting opportunity because the period of greatest
woodcock abundance may be missed in many years.
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Distributions of the 1971-72 through 1973-7^ harvests by 10-day periods
are shown for the Atlantic and Central Regions (Tables 12 and 13). Because
no adjustment was made for periods encompassing less than 10 hunting days,
these data only approximate migrational chronology. Such periods may occur
at the beginning or end of the hunting season, but heavier hunting pressure
on opening day or first weekend may partially compensate for the shortened
period. However, the typical concentration of hunting effort and harvest
in the beginning of the season probably is not as great for woodcock as for
other species .
Wing-collection data from 1970 through 1973 were also summarized by
7-day periods beginning with the opening date in each State (Tables ll+ and
15). The shorter period provides better information on the chronology of
harvests but makes regional pooling of data more difficult because it accen-
tuates State-to-State variations in opening dates. In contrast, it eliminates
variation associated with 10-day periods, where the first period may contain
from 1 to 10 days and one or two weekends. The effect of weekend hunting
varies depending if Sunday hunting is permitted.
The combined data suggest that some States could benefit from earlier
or later seasons than those selected in recent years. Although results may
be biased by inadequate sample sizes in some States, a high percentage of the
total harvest in the first 2 weeks suggests that an earlier season might be
desirable. In contrast, concentration of the harvest toward the end of the
season suggests that a later season may be appropriate. States having small
survey samples may profit by examining data from States in the same general
latitude .
SINGING-GROUND SURVEY
Procedures
The singing-ground survey, which involves counts of singing males heard
along predetermined routes, is interpreted as an index to the size of the post-
mi grational breeding population. Between I96U and 1970, the survey has grad-
ually changed from routes located in average or better quality woodcock habi-
tat to routes randomly distributed throughout the major breeding range (Clark
1970). Since 1970, the breeding population index has been based solely on
random routes which provide better statistical reliability.
The 197*+ index was derived from data collected on 908 routes comparable
with those sampled the previous year (Table 16). This number of comparable
routes is 135? greater than in 1973. In computing the index, data from each
State were weighted according to its proportion of the total land area (inland
water area excluded)' in the region or in the range of the species (Table 17).
Routes on which no breeding males were heard at any of the 10 stops for 2
consecutive years under comparable circumstances are placed in the "Constant 0"
group. They are included in the number of comparable routes but are not field-
checked annually. At 5-year intervals they are rechecked to determine if wood-
cock are present.
Because the group of routes paired with comparable routes the preceding
year is not necessarily the same group paired with comparable routes the subse-
quent year, it is illogical to depict numbers of singing birds heard per route.
Conversion to random routes, which averaged fewer birds than management routes,
also precludes portraying the average number of birds per route. In order to
compare the results, the data were adjusted by the percentage change between
years with 1970 as base year (Clark 1973). A linear regression model was used
to determine trends.
Results
In 1971+ , the number of woodcock heard per comparable route increased by
6.5$ range-wide, 2.h% in the Atlantic Region and 10.0% in the Central Region
(Table 16) . A summary of weighted regional and range-wide changes for the past
10 years follows :
Percentage change from previous year
Year
Atlantic Region
Central Region
Rangewide
1965
-o.i*
-11.1
-6.5
1966
+2.1+
-0.5
+1.7
1967
+1.5
-3.5
0
1968
-8.lt
-U.5
-6.9
1969
+ 1+.2
+12.1
+8.8
1970
0
+ 3.1
+2.1
1971
-9.8
-7-3
-8.1+
1972
+1.6
+ 3.7
+2.7
1973
-6.3
-2.8
-1+.3
197^
+2.1+
+10.0
+6.5
Range-wide data are plotted in Fig. 5, but no long-term trend is apparent.
However, differences appear if range-wide data are separated into regional com-
ponents (Fig. 6). Overall, the Atlantic Region breeding population index (BPI)
declined from I96I+ to 1971+. The linear regression model indicates an annual
rate of decline of 2% per year (r = -O.85, P<0.0l). In contrast, the Central
Region's BPI declined before 1969 and since then has fluctuated around the mean.
The regression analysis indicated an overall increasing BPI at an annual rate
of about 0.5% per year; however, the increase was not statistically significant
(r = 0.28).
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BANDING ACTIVITIES
Greater banding effort at the northern edges of main breeding areas would
provide data for a better understanding of the origins of wintering and migrant
populations as well as the timing of migrations. Population origin and migra-
tion data are needed to evaluate the influence of weather on reproduction and
other factors of vital importance to woodcock management. Banding in southern
areas would help to identify local populations, their migrational character-
istics, and the impact of late hunting seasons. During 1973, 5>^70 woodcock
were banded, 2,9^+7 in the Atlantic Region and 2,523 in the Central Region.
Expansion of banding effort during 1961-73 is reflected in Table 18. The
increase, particularly evident in preseason banding, is illustrated in Fig. 7-
Comparisons of recovery data for 2,950 banded woodcock show two rela-
tively distinct woodcock populations (Table 19) • More than 9&% of the recov-
eries for woodcock banded in the Atlantic Region occurred in that Region.
Similarly, almost 91$ of the Central Region's recoveries occurred there. Most
interregional recoveries were from birds banded near regional borders . The
lack of substantial interchange between regions indicates that management by
regional units is biologically sound.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Most data in this report would not be available without the cooperation
of the Canadian Wildlife Service; Provincial and State conservation departments;
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel of Regions 3, h, and 5; and the many
individuals who assisted in the surveys.
Special appreciation is extended to the University of Massachusetts Press
for permission to reproduce the late Mr. A. Lassell Ripley's etching "Early
Woodcock" which again appears on this report's cover.
Also, special thanks are extended to the biologists who worked at the
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md. , processing over 23,000 wood-
cock wings and coding the data for computer analysis. These cooperators and
their affiliations are as follows :
Joe Coggin Virginia Commission of Game & Inland Fisheries
Patrick 0. Corr Maine Dept. of Inland Fisheries & Game
Tom Dotson West Virginia Dept. of Natural Resources
William B. Krohn U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Tim Linkkila Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection
Fant Martin U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Robert McKee Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources
George O'Shea U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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Lee Widjeskog
Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources
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State University of New York
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REFERENCES
Clark, E. R. 1970. Woodcock status report, 1969. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish.
Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep.--Wildl. 133. 35 pp.
Clark, E. R. 1972. Woodcock status report, 1971. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish.
Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Wildl. 153. 47 pp.
Clark, E. R. 1973. Woodcock status report, 1972. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish.
Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Wildl. 169. 50 pp.
Clark, E. R. 1974. Woodcock status report, 1973. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish.
Wildl., Spec. Sci. Rep. --Wildl. 178. 43 pp.
Dobell, J. V. 1974. Current status of woodcock management in Canada. I_n
5th American Woodcock Workshop Proceedings. Athens, Ga . Dec. 3-5, 1974.
(Unpaged) .
Krohn, W. B., F. W. Martin, and K. P. Burnham. 1974. Band-recovery distri-
bution and survival estimates of Maine woodcock. I_n 5th American Woodcock
Workshop Proceedings. Athens, Ga. Dec. 3-5, 1974. (Unpaged).
Martin, F. W. 1964. Woodcock sex and age determination from wings. J.
Wildl. Manage. 28(2) :287-293.
Owen, R. B. 1975. American Woodcock (Philohela minor) . In Glen C.
Sanderson, ed . Management of Migratory Shore and Upland Game Birds
in North America. International Association of Game, Fish and Conservation
Commissioners, Washington, D.C. (In press.)
15
APPENDIX
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IT
Table 2. Distribution of contacts and response rate in 1973-7*+ woodcock wing-
collection survey (including Code U contacts added during season).
State of
residence
Packets mailed
contact code'
by
1
Total
contacted"
No. of
cooperators
Percentage
of contacts
1
2
It
7
8
9
responding
Ala.
12
51
k
72
136
16
11
Ark.
7
32
39
It
10
Conn.
132
228
2k
9
388
133
33
Del.
11
29
10
kg
10
20
D.C.
1
1
2
0
0
Fla.
11
k9
1
3
23
85
11
13
Ga.
27
52
1
1
13
158
2l+2
31+
lit
111.
28
1U2
3
1
22
190
27
11+
Ind.
31
102
1
59
191
22
12
Iowa
1
U5
1
hi
9
19
Kans .
22
22
1
5
Ky.
1*
17
12
32
6
18
La.
>+5
253
7
15
293
60k
62
10
Maine
162
21
k
16
55
337
588
239
1+1
Md.
32
88
3
2
106
231
29
13
Mass .
188
169
7
17
376
168
1+5
Mich.
157
111
13
503
Ilk
197
25
Minn.
6k
119
7
1
187
70
37
Miss .
20
91
1
10
79
190
21
11
Mo.
8
32
1
1
83
120
13
11
N.H.
62
160
1+
1
37
259
71
27
N.J.
151
12U
10
19
kk
167
50U
217
1+3
N.Y.
175
233
18
26
1+1+8
206
1+6
N.C.
32
70
1+
3
108
31
29
Ohio
95
156
5
2
25I+
73
29
Okla.
1+
17
5
25
2
8
Pa.
133
376
5
507
158
31
R.I.
20
32
2
11
12
125
186
^5
21+
S.C.
27
57
1
6
16
105
25
2k
Tenn.
8
39
1
3
85
129
lit
11
Tex.
8
29
3
3
1+3
8
18
Vt.
51
101
h
8
163
71
1+1+
Va.
20
67
Ik
3
10U
1+2
1+0
W. Va.
20
25
k
113
151
20
13
Wis.
131
1+6
16
139
3^+9
667
271
1+1
TOTAL
1,878
3,186
162
5k
371
2,660
8,ll+6
2,326
29
aCode 1 - Previous year's Code 1, 2, 1+ , 7, and 8 hunters who submitted wings,
Code 2 - Waterfowl mail survey hunters who reported hunting woodcock.
Code 1+ - Requested participation or proposed by fellow hunter.
Code 7 - Appeared on both Code 1 and Code 9 lists.
Code 8 - Previous year's Code 9 hunters who submitted wings.
Code 9 - From list provided by State, primarily from State kill survey.
Excluding packets not deliverable.
18
Table 3. Changes in regional distribution of hunter contacts, 1968-69 to
1973-74.
REFERENCE AREA
1968-69
1970-71
1972-73
1973-74
6-Year
percent
change
North Central
1,894
1,757
1,061
1,628
-14
Mid-Central
542
721
795
985
+82
South Central
286
454
939
1,037
+263
REGION TOTAL
2,722
2,932
2,795
3,650
+34
North Atlantic
2,836
2,304
2,982
2,408
-15
Mid-Atlantic
1,424
1,764
1,872
1,548
+9
South Atlantic
264
447
616
540
+105
REGION TOTAL
4,524
4,515
5,470
4,496
-1
Northern Zone
4,730
4,061
4,043
4,036
-15
Mid-Zone
1,966
2,485
2,667
2,533
+29
Southern Zone
550
901
1,555
1,577
+187
U.S. TOTAL
7,246
7,447
8,265
8,146
+12
19
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20
Table 5. Summary of woodcock wing survey age and sex data from 1963-6U
through 1973-71+. a
Hunting
ADULT
IMMATURE
Total
season
Male
Female
M/F
Male
Female
M/F
1963-61+
2,1+10
3,636
.6628
3,1+19
3,292
1.0385
12,757
196U-65
1,965
3,030
.61+85
2,785
2,650
1.0509
10,1+30
1965-66
2,386
3,1+69
.6878
2,762
2,719
1.0158
11,336
1966-67
2,550
3,633
.7018
3,338
3,091+
1.0788
12,615
1967-68
3,203
l+,l+25
.7238
3,828
3,591
1.0659
15,01+7
1968-69
3,1+18
5,021+
.6803
l+,667
l+,l+29
1.0591
17,538
1969-70
3,552
It, 961+
.7155
K 1+1+3
1+.272
l.Ol+OO
17,231
1970-71
2,961
U,6UU
.6375
5,069
5,023
1.0091
17,697
1971-72
3,607
5,678
.6352
4,636
l+,803
0.9652
18,721+
1972-73
3,617
5,639
.61+11+
14,780
l+,l+00
1.0863
18,U36
1973-7^
h, 135
6,397
.61+61+
5,787
6,01+9
O.9566
22 , 368
Total
33,80U
50,539
l+5,5ll+
l+l+,322
174,179
X
3,073
l+,595
.6687
1+,138
l+,029
1.0270
% of
overall
ig.'U
29.O
26.1
25.1+
harvest
a Unweighted data from all harvest areas (excluding wings which could not be
aged or sexed) .
21
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35
Table 16. Woodcock breeding population indices as indicated by singing-ground
surveys in 19 73 and 19 74 (random routes only)3
State or Province
Number of routes conducted
19 73
19 74
Comparable
routes"
Woodcock heard per
c ompa r ab le r out e
19 73 19 74
ATLANTIC REGION
Connecticut
Delaware
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Brunswick
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Nova Scotia
Pennsylvania
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Rhode Island
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
9
10
1
2
50
47
15
16
16
15
58
45
14
14
12
12
57
60
41
30
40
38
9
8
26
16
2
2
20
21
31
25
20
22
9
2.11
2.22
3
0.66
0.66
46
3.83
3.72
9
0.33
0.22
17
2.41
2.17
41
4.90
5.41
13
3.46
4.85
16
2.63
2.13
73
2.42
2.48
35
2.14
2.66
67
1.21
0.87
9
2.67
3.00
16
2.44
2.88
4
1.25
0.75
14
2.14
2.29
70
0.31
0.47
47
0.87
0.70
REGIONAL TOTAL, &
WEIGHTED AVG.C
REGIONAL INDEX CHANGE
421
383
489
2.49
2.55
+2.41%
CENTRAL REGION
Illinois
Indiana
Mich igan
Minnesota
Ohio
Ontario
Wisconsin
17
16
22
23
19
90
43
38
45
47
49
43
68
65
26
0.19
0.15
45
0.33
0.29
94
3.79
4.39
51
1.41
1.69
73
0.89
0.78
29
6.38
6.97
101
2.06
2.10
REGIONAL TOTAL &
WEIGHTED AVG.C
363
284
419
3.00
3.30
REGIONAL INDEX CHANGE
+10.00%
RANGEWIDE TOTAL &
WEIGHTED AVG.C
784
667
908
2.75
2.93
RANGEWIDE INDEX CHANGE
+6.55%
Survey forms received after deadline for this report will be included in a
later update.
blncludes routes carried as constant zero routes.
cWeighted averages are sums of products of woodcock heard per comparable route
and the corresponding State or Province percentage of the total land area
sampled. States or Provinces excluded where one comparable route represents
more than 2,000 square miles or where the 2-year average is less than 0.5 birds
per route.
36
Table 17. Computation of woodcock singing-ground survey weighting factors,
Land area"
Comparable
Sq.mi .per
Weightii
g factor
Survey areaa
(Sq. mi. )
routes
comp . rt .
Regional
Rangewide
ATLANTIC REGION
Connecticut
^ 870
9
5Ul
.0202
.0099
Delaware
1,982
3
661
.0083
.001+1
Maine
30,933
h6
658
.1289
.0633
Massachusetts
7,833
17
1+61
.0327
.0160
New Brunswick
27,835
Ul
679
.1160
.0S70
New Hampshire
9,033
13
695
.0377
.0185
New Jersey
7,532
16
1+71
.031!+
.0155
New York
^ 7, 869
73
656
.1995
.0982
Nova Scotia
20,1+02
35
583
.0850
.01+18
Pennsylvania
1+5,025
67
672
.1877
.0923
Prince Edward Island
2,l8U
9
2l+3
.0091
.001+ 1+
Rhode Island
1,0^9
1+
262
.001+1+
.0021
Vermont
9,27i+
ll+
662
.0386
.0190
West Virginia
2U,o8^
1+7
512
.1003
.01+93
REGIONAL TOTAL
239,905
39!+
609
• 9998
CENTRAL REGION
Michigan
56,818
9h
601+
.2291
.1165
Minnesota0
1+6,503
51
912
• 1875
.0953
Ohio
1*1,018
73
562
.1653
.081+0
Ontario0
1+9,220
29
1,697
.1981+
.1008
Wisconsin
5M6U
101
539
.2196
.1117
REGIONAL TOTAL
21+8,023
31+8
713
1.0000
RANGEWIDE TOTAL
U87,928
7l+2
658
• 9997
aExcluding States and Provinces where each comparable route represents more
than 2,000 square miles or where fewer than 0.5 birds are heard per route.
"^Land area only (inland water excluded) as listed in 1970 Commercial Atlas
and Marketing Guide - Rand-McNally & Co.
cExcluding sections of Minnesota and Ontario outside of survey area.
37
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S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1975 0 - 576-337
39
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the
Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public
lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of
our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv-
ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and
historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out-
door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral
resources and works to assure that their development is in the best
interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsi-
bility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who
live in island territories under U.S. administration.
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
WASHINGTON. D. C. 2024O
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
INT 423
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