Special scientific report

SHAD FISHERY OF THE
OGEECHEE RIVER, GEORGIA,
IN 1954

Marine Biological Laboratory

DEC 21 1956
WOODS HOLE, MASS.

SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT- FISHERIES No. 191

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

EXPLANATORY NOTE

The series embodies results of investigations, usually
of restricted scope, intended to ajd or direct management
or utilization practices and as guides for administrative
or legislative action, it is issued in limited quantities for
official use of Federal, State or cooperating agencies and in
processed form for economy and to avoid delay in publication.

United States Department of the Interior, Fred A. Seaton, Secretary
Fish and Wildlife Service, John L. Farley, Director

SHAD FISHERY OF THE OGEECHEE RIVER,
GEORGIA, IN 1954

by

James E. Sykes
Fishery Research Biologist

Special Scientific Report -Fisheries No. 191

Washington, D. C.
November 1956

ABSTRACT

Investigation of the Ogeechee River (Georgia) shad fishery is part of a
coastwise study of the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) sponsored by the
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission.

This report presents data on the 1954 shad fishery of the Ogeechee River,
with respect to analysis of catch, fishing effort, and tagging data used to estimate
total population, fishing rate, and spawning escapement . A spawning- ground
survey was made, and a description of the limits of this area is presented.

Recommendations are made (1) for the preservation of future shad runs,
which may be threatened if textile mills are constructed along the lower Ogeechee,
and (2) for the procurement of yearly catch and effort data which could be used in
conjunction with this study to determine factors affecting shad abundance. If
these factors can be determined and controlled, a management policy for the
Ogeechee River shad fishery can be established.

CONTENTS

Page

Description of tiie river 1

The commercial fishery 1

Population study 4

Standardization of effort 6

The sport fishery 7

Spawning area 8

Age determination from scale reading 8

Summary and conclusions 10

Literature cited 11

FIGURES

Figure 1 . - -Ogeechee River 2

Figure 2 . --Aerial view of Ogeechee River between mouth and

Kings Ferry 3

TABLES

Table 1 . --Licenced nets and catch of the commercial fishery

(full-time and part-time fishermen combined

for 1954) 5

Table 2. --Total effort, catch (number of shad), and catch

per unit of effort of each type of gear fished

in the Ogeechee River, 1954 7

Table 3. --Shad catches made at eleven sport-fishing camps

between Kings Ferry and Guyton, 1954 9

Table 4. --Estimated number of shad caught by sport fishermen
at State park and four landings between
Brooklet and Midville, 1954 9

Table 5. --Number of shad eggs collected at various stations

in the Ogeechee River, 1954 10

SHAD FISHERY OF THE OGEECHEE RIVER,
GEORGIA. IN 1954

An investigation of American shad (Alosa
sapidissima) is being conducted by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation with
the individual State fishery agencies along the
Atlantic coast. The present phase of the study,
which began in 1950, is sponsored by the At-
lantic States Marine Fisheries Commission.
The purposes are (1) to determine the underly-
ing causes of a general decline in shad pro-
duction along the coast, (2) to determine factors
favoring recovery, and (3) to provide basic
information whereby each fishery may be man-
aged to obtain a maximum sustained yield.

Shad are hatched in the fresh -water
sections of many Atlantic-coast rivers in the
spring. They spend their first summer in
these ravers and migrate to the ocean in the
fall. Sexual maturity is reached 3 to 6 years
later, at which time they reenter the rivers
to spawn.

This report concerns a study, undertaken
in 1954, of the shad fishery of the Ogeechee
River in Georgia. It deals primarily with the
determination of fishing rate, fishing effort,
total catch, and estimates of size of run and
of spawning escapement .

Appreciation is expressed to the staff of
the U.S. Fishery Laboratory, Beaufort, North
Carolina, for help in obtaining data; to David
Gould, Supervisor, Coastal Fisheries, and to
Fred J Dickson, Chief, Fish Management, of
the Georgia State Game and Fish Commission,
for furnishing license lists, and to the shad
fishermen and dealers who cooperated in fur-
nishing catch records.

Description of the river

The Ogeechee River rises in Green County,
Georgia, and flows southeastward about 350
miles to Ossabaw Sound, south of Savannah,
Georgia. It is a meandering stream, particu-
larly below its junction with the Canoochee
River, 25 miles from its mouth, (figs. 1 and

2) . The Canoochee does not support a shad
run. The Ogeechee is one of the few remain-
ing east-coast rivers virtually unaffected by
domestic or industrial pollution. It is rela-
tively free from silt at all times.

At tlie present timie the river is devoid of
dams and other obstructions that would block
the passage of shad. Shad ascend the river at
least 125 miles to the vicinity of Midville. In-
dustry could alter both the water quality and
the extent of migration unless precautions are
taken. The location of textile plants 5 miles
below Kings Ferry (U.S. Highway 17) is being
considered. It is possible that a low -head dam
will be built in conjunction with the plants.
Discharge of toxic effluents into the river and/
or blocking of the river by a dam would have a
serious effect upon the shad run. It is sug-
gested that before industrial development is
authorized facilities be planned for the treat -
ment of any toxic effluent to be discharged into
the river. Also, any proposed dam should in
elude adequate facilities for the safe passage
of fish.

The commercial fishery

The commercial shad fishery extends
from the mouth of the river to Midville. Drift
and set gill nets are the only types of gear em-
ployed. Most full-time commercial fishing
takes place in a 25 -mile section of the river
from its mouth to approximately 7 miles above
Kings Ferry, while part-time fishing takes
place above Kings Ferry. The minimum legal
mesh size for both types of net is 4-1/2 inches,
stretched measure. Most fishermen used
5 -1/2 -inch stretched mesh and have changed
from linen to nylon nets within the past 5 years.

The commercial fishing season begins
January 1 and ends April 15. The fishing
week extends from sunrise on Monday to sun-
down on Friday. During the 1954 season shad
did not appear in substantial numbers until the
first week of February, and commercial fish-

SOUTH CAROLINA

AUGUSTA

% GEORGIA

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Brookltt

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SAVANNAH)

'Kings Ferry
Richmond HillT^Stata P«rk.

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Sound

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17

Figure l.--Ogeechee River.

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ing all but stopped 2 weeks before the closure
date because of poor catches .

The jurisdiction of the Coastal Fisheries
Division of the Georgia State Game and Fish
Commission extends from the mouth of the
river to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge,
1 mile below Kings Ferry. Fishing from this
point upriver comes under the authority of the
Inland Division of the Commission. The two
areas have been designated as coastal and in-
land fishing areas and are referred to as such
in this report.

The only commercial gear fished in the
coastal area are drift gill nets, averaging 100
yards in length and 18 feet in depth. Most
drifting is done on flood tide, and the average
length of time per drift is 30 minutes. There
were 15 drift nets used in this area in 1954.
When the fishing season was at its peak, these
fishermen made as many as 13 drifts each day.
Shad taken by these nets are sold to dealers in
Savannah .

The inland fishing area can be divided into
two sectors based on the type of gear fished.
The lower inland sector, known as the Kings
Ferry set -net fishery, extends from Kings
Ferry upriver for a distance of approximately
7 miles. Only set nets are fished in this sec-
tor, while in the upi.er inland sector there is
an interspersion of set and drift nets . These
will be referred to as upper set nets and upper
drift nets .

Set nets are of the same design as drift
nets, but instead of drifting with the current
one end of the net is secured to a stake near
the river bank while the other end is held by a
heavy anchor in the river. In the Kings Ferry
set -net fishery there were 40 licensed nets in
1954. They averaged 60 yards in length and
18 feet in depth . They were usually fished
during flood tide for about 4 hours each legal
fishing night . No daytime set net fishing was
done because, according to the fishermen,
clarity of the water enables shad to see the
nets and avoid them.

Besides full-time fishermen engaged in the
Kings Ferry fishery, residents of Savannah

and vicinity who fish part time for shad set
their nets here . The remainder of the inland
fishery, extending upriver to Midville, is made
up of part-time fishermen who derive their
livelihood from other means. A few of these
men sell to dealers in Savannah, but since
catches are small, most of the shad are con-
sumed locally. This fishery consisted of 182
set nets ranging in length from 5 to 60 yards
and 21 drift nets ranging in length from 30 to
80 yards. The ranges in days fished by the
several types of gear were 6 to 33 days for
coastal drift nets, 2 to 24 days for upper drift
nets, and 7 to 51 days for inland (Kings Ferry
and upper) set nets. Table 1 lists the number
of licensed nets in the coastal and inland areas
of the river and the catches by each type of
gear.

Population study

Population parameters were estimated by
means of a tagging and recovery program . To
obtain shad for tagging. Fish and Wildlife
Service biologists fished a drift gill net near
the mouth of the river below all commercial -
fishing areas, beginning February 1. Peter-
sen-type tags were used, consisting of two
red plastic disks and a 4-inch nickel pin.
Mail -return instructions were printed on one
disk . A disk was secured to each side of the
fish by the pin which was passed through the
back below the dorsal fin. Each shad upon re-
moval from the net was weighed and measured.
Sex was determined by observation of size and
body depth and size and shape of the vent . The
body depth in females is greater in proportion
to length than in males and the vent is more
pronounced in females . Scale samples were
taken, and each fish was tagged before being
returned to the water.

All buyers of commercial shad fishing
licenses were interviewed and given logbooKs
so that type and size of gear used, location
fished, number of days fished, and catch
could be recorded. Data were copied out of
the logbooks once each week, and at the same
time tags were redeemed for 50 cents each .
Some tags were returned through the mail,
partially as a result of local newspaper ac-
counts of the research program.

Table 1 . --Licensed nets and catch of the commercial fishery

(full-time and part-time fishermen combined) for 1954

Fishing area and gear

Number of
licensed
nets

Number
of shad
caught

Coastal area:

Coastal drift nets
Inland area:

Kings Ferry set nets
Upper set nets
Upper drift nets

Total

15

40

182

21

258

9,490

4,359
4,341
1,906

20,096

We fished for tagging specimens almost
every day throughout the season, because it
was difficult to obtain as many live shad as de-
sired. A total of 235 shad were tagged through-
out the fishing season. During this same period
133 tags were recaptured by the commercial
fishery. The calculated commercial -fishing
rate in 1954 was 133/235 or 56.6 percent.

In a study of the Umpqua River in Oregon,
Gharrett (1950) found that Petersen -type tags
caused fish to become entangled in the gear,
thus malcing it selective for tagged fish. Should
the tags used in this study have been selective
the proportion of tagged fish in the catch of the
coastal area would have been greater than that
of the inland area. To determine whether this
occurred, the tag-recovery data from the
coastal and inland areas were subjected to a
chi- square test:

Number of

Catch

tagged fish
in catch

Coastal area

9,730

68

Inland area

10,366
20,096

—

65

Total

133

X^

-- 0.397;

P-

'0

.50

The analysis shows that there was no sig-
nificant difference in the proportion of tagged
to untagged fish in the catch of the coastal
fishery compared with that of the inland fish-
ery. Thus no evidence of selectivity was found
in this study.

The following formula was used to esti-
mate the size of the 1954 Ogeechee River shad
run:

s
where

t - number of tagged shad (235)

n ; number subsequently sampled
(20,096)

s r number of tagged shad in sample
(133)

y\

N - estimate of total number of shad

in population

The estimated population (N) = 35,508 shad.
Confidence limits were determined for this
estimate using a method given by Chapman
(1948). With 95 -percent confidence, the true
population was found to range between 30,000
and 42,000 shad.

By subtracting the catch from the best
estimate of population size (35,508 - 20,096)
the estimated escapement from the commercial
fishery was 15,412 shad or 43 percent of the
total run .

Standardization of effort

To determine the fishing effort of the 1954
Ogeechee River shad fishery, 100 yards of
gill net was chosen as a unit of gear . One unit
of gear fished for I day was termed 1 unit of
effort or 1 net-day. Total units of effort fished,
catch, and catch per unit of effort for each
type of gear are given in table 2 .

To obtain total fishing effort, the effort of
the various types of gear must be combined.
It can be seen (table 2) that the catch per unit
of effort differs between types of gear. This
may be attributable to a difference in fishing
efficiency of each type of gear.

The fishing efficiency of the various types
of gear can be determined by use of a method
described by Fredin (1954) . A comparison of
the fishing power of the various types of gear
will make standardization of fishing effort
possible. Fishing power can be defined as the
ability of I unit of gear (100 yards of gill net)
to capture a certain fraction of the fish present
in 1 day's fishing. This function will be desig-
nated as p and can be considered to be constant
within a season and between seasons, provided
(l)there is no alteration in the design or opera-
tion of fishing gear which would change its
efficiency, (2) the fishing effort is uniform
throughout the season, and (3) the migration
pattern of shad within the river is the same
each year.

The method used to determine gear effic-
iency is dependent upon whether (1) the fishing
gears fish the same area or (2) the fishing
gears fish different areas. In the first in-
stance the fishing efficiency of each type of
gear can be determined by comparing their
catch -per -unit -of -effort values (Fredin, 1954)
and in the second instance it can be determined
by comparing their fishing power (Talbot, 1954).
The coastal drift nets and Kings Ferry set nets
each fish a specific area in the river, while

the upper set nets and upper drift nets fish the
same area . To determine the efficiency of the
gears fished on the Ogeechee River, both of
the foregoing methods must be used.

The catches per unit of effort of the upper
set nets and upper drift nets, which fish the
same area, were 10.7 and 17.6 respectively
(table 2) . Compared with upper drift nets,
upper set nets were 0 60 times as efficient.
If upper-set-net effort is converted with upper-
drift -net effort (407 multiplied by 0.60) the
total units of effort of the upper nets is then
352 net-days. The efforts of the upper set and
drift nets were combined, and henceforth these
gears will be termed "combined upper nets .
We now have three classifications of gear
(coastal drift nets. Kings Ferry set nets, and
combined upper nets), each fishing a different
area of the river. The fishing effort exerted
by each of these gears in net-days is as follows:
Coastal drift nets, 455; King Ferry set nets,
353; and combined upper nets, 352 .

Talbot (1954), using the formula q" = E/N
from Fredin (1954) shows a method for deter-
mining the fishing power (p) of gear fished in
separate areas of a river. Fishing effort (net-
days) is represented by n where q equals that
fraction of the population escaping one net -day's
fishing; E equals escapement from each type of
gear; and N equals total number of fish avail-
able to each type of gear .

From the tagging experiment we estimated
that the total run was 35,508 shad. Hence,
that number of shad was available to the coast-
al drift net fishery. The number of net -days
fished was 455. the catch was 9,490 shad
(table 2), and the escapement from these nets
was 26,018 (35,508 - 9,490), thus.

455 26,016

from which q = 0 . 99932

35,508
and p -- 0 00068 .

The number of fish escaping the coastal
drift net fishery and therefore available to
Kings Ferry set nets was 26,018. In 353 net-
days, the latter nets caught 4,359 fish (table 2)
and the escapement from these nets was 21,659.
In this case, q'^^^ ; 21^659^ ^^^^ ^j^.^,j^

q z 0.99948, and p^;S°.b?)052 .

6

Table 2. --Total effort, catch (number of shad), and catch per unit of

effort of each type of gear fished in the Ogeechee River, 1954.

Area

Effort
(net-days)

Catch

Catch per
unit of effort

Coastal area:

Coastal drift net
Inland area:

455

9,490

20.8

Kings Ferry set nets
Upper set nets
Upper drift nets

353
407

108

4,359
4,341
1,906

12.3
10.7
17.6

The number of fish escaping the Kings
Ferry set nets and therefore available to tne
combined upper nets was 21,659. The latter
nets tooic 6,247 fish in 352 net-days, allowing
15,412 fish to escape. Consequently,

q352 . j-5.412 ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ . 0.99903,
21,659

andp : 0.00097.

Comparing the fishing power of the Kings
Ferry set nets (p = 0.00052) and the combined
upper nets (p = 0.00097) to that of coastal drift
nets (p r 0 00068), we find that the former two
catch respectively 0.76 and 1.43 times as many
fish. Now that a measure of the fishing power
of each type of gear has been obtained it is
possible to convert all fishing effort into stand-
ard units . A standard fishing unit (s . f . u . ) day
will be defined as 100 yards of coastal drift
net fished for 1 day. Fishing effort (net -days)
of each type gear is converted to standard fish-
ing units by multiplying each net's effort by the
following conversion factors:

Effort Conversion s.f.u.

(net -days) factors days

Coastal drift nets 455

Kings Ferry set nets 353

Combined upper nets 352

Total --- --- 1226

Thus a total of 1,226 s.f.u days was re-
quired to remove 20,096 shad from an available
population of 35,508 shad.

1/

1.00

455

0.76

268

1.43

503

By using Talbot's formula N = C

(l-q^)
in conjunction with data obtained in this study
it will be possible to determine the size of the
Ogeechee River shad run for each year in which
catch and effort records are obtained, provided
the fishing gear continues to be fished in the
same manner, fishing effort is uniform through-
out season, and the migration pattern of shad
within the river is the same each year.

The sport fishery

Sport fishermen catch shad on die Ogee-
chee River by trolling or setting lines from
anchored boats. Only artificial lures are used,
the principal ones being spoons and yellow
feather jigs.

There is no closed season on sport-fishing
for shad. The length of the season is depend-
ent upon the duration of the run. In 1954, shad
were taken by sportsmen over a period of
approximately 60 days, beginning in mid-
February and ending in mid- April.

1/ N ; size of run, C : total catch,
n = number of s.f.u. days,
q is assumed to be constant from year to
year.

In the area between Kings Ferry and
Guyton there are 11 sport-fishing camps which
rent boats. There is also a State park in this
area where no boats are rented but from which
private boats may be launched. At the request
of Fish and Wildlife Service biologists the 11
camp operators in the Kings Ferry - Guyton
area kept daily records of the number of shad
fishermen and their catches . The camps are
listed progressively upstream by numbers 1 to
1 1 in table 3 .

The number of boats fishing for shad and
the catches per boat were checked at the State
park for a total of 19 days during the season.
Each day of the week was represented in the
sample. An estimate of the total season's
catch was obtained by finding the average week -
day, Saturday, and Sunday catch per boat m the
sample and multiplying these averages by the
respective number of weekday, Saturday, and
Sunday boat -days which occurred in the season.
An estimate of the total catch for this area is
given in table 4 .

Above Guyton there are no fishing camps,
but between Brooklet and Midville there are
four well -used landings which were spot
checked on 21 days during the season. A
biologist was stationed at one of the landings
for the entire day to record shad as they were
brought in. Each landing was visited for one
weekday and for at least one weekend day each
week throughout the season. An estimate of
the catch in this area was derived in the same
manner as that for the State park (table 4) .

Based on the two estimates and the known
catches recorded by the fishing-camp operators,
the sport catch on the river totaled 3,405 shad
or 14.5 percent of the total shad catch. Of the
sport catch, 74 percent (2,528 shad) was made
in the area from the State park at Kings Ferry
to Guyton, and 26 percent (877) shad was made
between Brooklet and Midville, the upper ex-
tremity of sport fishing. The sport fishery is
an important part of the total shad fishery and
should be regarded as such in any management
plan for the river .

An estimate of the escapement from the
commercial fishery was given previously. To
obtain an estimate of the spawning escapement

it was necessary to subtract the sport catch
(3,405 shad) from the previously determined
commercial -fishery escapement (15,412 shad).
Thus our estimate of spawning escapement is
12,007 shad or 34 percent of the original popu-
lation, and the overall fishing rate is then 66
percent .

Spawning area

To determine the limits of shad spawning
in the Ogeechee River, egg -collecting nets
were set at selected stations from 3 miles be-
low the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge to
Louisville. The nets, made of nylon marquis-
ette, were 3 meters long and had a hoop
diameter of 1 meter . They were secured in
the current on the river bottom by anchors .
Nets were set four times throughout the season
at each of 19 stations, for a period of one -half
hour per set.

Sampling began on March 16 and continued
through April 27 . Eggs were obtained in the
area from Kings Ferry to Midville (table 5) .
They were taken throughout the survey although
with less frequency during the early and latter
portions than during the midperiod. Two sta-
tions were sampled in the Canoochee River,
bat no shad eggs were taken. The results of
this survey indicate that the shad- spawning
area in the Ogeechee River is between Kings
Ferry and Midville.

Age determination from scale reading

Throughout the season, 529 scale samples
were taken from tagged shad and from samples
of the commercial catch. The scales were
read by the method of Gating (1 ')33) . The read-
ings revealed that the run was made up of 1 .3
percent 3-year-old fish, 41.4 percent 4-year-
old fish, 48 .0 percent 5-year-old fish, and
9.3 percent 6 -year -old fish. There were no
repeaters (fish which have spawned previously)
in the run. This was also found to be true of
shad from St. Johns River in Florida (SyKes,
Fredin, and Walburg, ms.).

8

Table 3. -Shad catches made at eleven sport -fishing camps between
Kings Ferry and Guyton, 1954

Sport fishing camp

Number of fishermen

Number of
shad caught

No 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

298
287
130

58
156
117

31
143

98
647
118

737
245
116

49
112
123

16
138

85
552

89

Total

2,262

Table 4. --Estimated number of shad caught by sport fishermen at State
park and four landings between Brooklet and Midville

Average

Total

Average

Estimated

Number

number of

fishing

Total boat

number

total

times

boats per

days in

days in

shad per boat

catch for

sampled

day

season

season

per day

season

State park:

Weekdays

9

2.1

41

86.1

1.3

112

Saturdays

6

10.5

8

84.0

1.1

92

Sundays

4

6.0

8

48.0

1.3

62

Total

266

Spot Checks

Brooklet to

Midville:

Weekdays

8

2.4

45

108.0

5.1

547

Saturdays

5

2.6

9

23.4

8.2

192

Sundays

8

2.8

9

25.2

5.5

138

Total

—

877

Total catch

1,143

Table 5. --Number of shad eggs collected at various stations in the
Ogeechee River, 1954

Station

No. eggs

Three miles below A. C. L. trestle

Kings Ferry

Mouth Canoochee River

Uncle Shed's Landing

Rose's Fish Camp

Morgan s Bridge

Highway 80 Bridge

Steel Bridge

Brooklet Landing

Sherwood Trestle

Oliver Bridge

Williams Landing

Ogeechee Bridge

Roctcy Ford Bridge

Scarboro Bridge

Mi Hen

Hemdon

Midville

Louisville

0

4

12

2

14

1

4

31

20

5

13

17

61

19

0

1

0

1

0

205

Summary and Conclusions

At the present time the Ogeechee River is
free of dams and pollution. However, textile
mills are being considered in the coastal area
of the river. Should they become a reality,
toxic effluents and blocking of fish by a dam
will become a menace to future shad popula-
tions unless the dam is provided with suitable
fishways and effluent concentrations are kept
below safe tolerance levels .

The results of this study indicate that the
total commercial shad catch was 20,096 shad,
the total population was 35,508 shad, the spawn-
ing escapement was 12,007 shad (34 percent of
the population) and the overall fishing rate
(exerted by commercial and sport fisheries)
was 66 percent. A study of the sport fishery
revealed that 3,405 shad were taken by hook
and line .

Catch and effort data for years prior to
1954 are not available on the Ogeechee River .

10

Therefore, population size and escapement
for past years cannot be determined. If catch
and effort records are obtained for subsequent
years on the Ogeechee River the data presented
in this report can be used as a basis to deter-
mine total population and escapement for each
year in which records are obtained . If the
factors causing fluctuations in population size
can be determined and controlled, management
recommendations can be made to obtain maxi-
mum yields . This type of study was made on
the Connecticut River (Fredin, 1954) and
Hudson River (Talbot, 1954) shad fisheries,
and it is now possible to manage these fisher-
ies scientifically.

In view of the complete absence of data
which could be used as a basis for management
recommendations, and the impossibility of
managing this fishery without such data, it is
recommended that yearly catch and effort re-
cords be obtained by the State of Georgia . When
these records have been collected for a series
of years, studies can proceed to determine
factors affecting shad abundance in the Ogeechee
River.

LITERATURE CITED

GATING, JAMES P.

1953 . Determining age of Atlantic shad
from their scales.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
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FREDIN REYNOLD A.

1954. Causes of fluctuations in abun-
dance of Connecticut River shad.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
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pp. 247-259.

CHAPMAN, D. G.

1948. Problems in enumeration of

populations of spawning sockeye
salmon . 2 . A mathematical
study of confidence limits of
salmon populations calculated
from sample tag ratios.
Intern. Pacific Salmon Fish. Comm.
BuU 2, pp. 69-85.

GHARRETT, JOHNT.

1950. The Umpqua River shad fishery.
Oregon Fish Comm. Research
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TALBOT,
1954.

G. B.

Factors associated with fluctua-
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